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Bosh Sahifa Tanlangan maqolalar Yangi sahifalar Tasodifiy maqola Maqolalar indeksi Xato haqida xabar berish Yangi oʻzgarishlar Jamoa portali Qoidalar Yordam Forum Aloqa Loyihaga koʻmak Hisob yaratish Kirish Loyihaga koʻmak Hisob yaratish Kirish Bosh Sahifa Bosh Sahifa Munozara lotin/кирилл lotin кирилл Mutolaa Manbasini koʻrish Tarix Mutolaa Manbasini koʻrish Tarix Bu yerga ishoratlar Bogʻliq oʻzgarishlar Doimiy havola Sahifa haqida maʼlumot Sahifadan matn parchasi ajratish Qisqartirilgan URL-manzilni olish QR-kodni yuklab olish PDF sifatida yuklash Bosma uchun versiya Vikiombor Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Koʻptilli Vikimanba Vikitur Vikimaʼlumot Vikifunksiyalar Vikimaniya Vikiiqtibos Vikilugʻat Vikimaʼlumotlar bandi Har kim hissa qoʻsha oladigan erkin ensiklopediya boʻlmish Vikipediyaga xush kelibsiz ! Oʻzbekcha Vikipediyadagi maqolalar soni: 325 280 2026-yil 13-yanvar , seshanba Vikipediyaga xush kelibsiz ! Oʻzbekcha Vikipediyadagi maqolalar soni: 325 280 2026-yil 13-yanvar , seshanba Fan Matematika Fizika Adabiyot Geografiya Astronomiya Tarix Texnologiya Boshqa portallar Fan Matematika Fizika Fan Matematika Fizika Adabiyot Geografiya Astronomiya Adabiyot Geografiya Astronomiya Tarix Texnologiya Boshqa portallar Tarix Texnologiya Boshqa portallar Vikipediyaga xush kelibsiz ! Har kim hissa qoʻsha oladigan ochiq ensiklopediya Oʻzbekcha Vikipediyadagi maqolalar soni: 325 280 Yevro-2016 ( inglizcha : 2016 UEFA European Football Championship yoki EURO 2016 ) – Futbol boʻyicha oʻn beshinchi Yevropa chempionati . Musobaqa 2016-yilning 10-iyunidan 10-iyuligacha Fransiyada boʻlib oʻtgan. Mazkur musobaqada Ispaniya amaldagi chempion sifatida ishtirok etgan. Biroq Italiya terma jamoasiga 1/8 finaldayoq magʻlub boʻlib, ispanlar musobaqani tark etishgan. „Stade de France“ stadionida boʻlib oʻtgan final bahsida Portugaliya terma jamoasi Fransiya ustidan 1:0 hisobida gʻalaba qozonib, oʻz tarixida birinchi marta Yevropa chempionligini qoʻlga kiritgan. Birinchi marta Yevropa chempionatining final bosqichida 24 ta jamoa ishtirok etdi. 1996-yildan beri 16 ta jamoa chempionatning guruh bosqichida ishtirok etib kelayotgan edi. Yangi formatga koʻra, ishtirokchilar toʻrtta jamoadan iborat olti guruhga taqsimlangan. Soʻngra uchta raund va finaldan iborat pley-off bosqichi oʻtkazilgan. Oʻn toʻqqizta jamoa: toʻqqizta saralash guruhining har biridan 1- va 2-oʻrinni egallagan jamoalar va 3-oʻrinni egallagan eng yaxshi 4 ta terma jamoa mezbon Fransiya bilan birgalikda chempionatda qatnashish huquqiga ega boʻlishdi. 2015-yilning noyabr oyida uchinchi oʻrinni egallagan jamoalar oʻrtasida ikki oʻyindan iborat pley-off bahslari oʻtkazilgan va soʻnggi toʻrtta ishtirokchi nomi aniqlab olingan. ( Davomi... ) Nomzodlar (1) Arxiv Oʻzgartirish Toshkent mozaikalari — Oʻzbekiston poytaxti Toshkent shahrida 1960—1980-yillar oraligʻida barpo etilgan monumental mozaika sanʼati namunalari. Mazkur mozaikalar madaniy meros obyekti sanalad Bu mozaikalar shaharning sovet modernizmi ruhida qayta qurilishi jarayonida, ayniqsa, 1966-yilgi Toshkent zilzilasidan keyin boshlangan keng qamrovli arxitektura va bezak sanʼati dasturlari doirasida vujudga kelgan. Asosan XX asrning 60-yillari oxirida Toshkent shahridagi yangi turarjoy majmualarining devorlariga terib chiqilgan. Mozaikalarning yaratilishi, bir tomondan, shaharga zamonaviy qiyofa berish, ikkinchi tomondan esa mehnat, xalqlar doʻstligi, tinchlik va ilm-fan rivoji kabi ideologiyalarni targʻib qilishga qaratilgan. Sovet Ittifoqi ommaviy monumental mozaikani badiiy mahorat va gʻoyalarni yetkazishning mukammal kombinatsiyasi sifatida koʻrgan. Badiiy ijod erkinligiga cheklovlar mavjud boʻlgan boʻlsa-da, koʻplab rassomlar ushbu sharoitda ham oʻziga xos individual uslublar yaratishga muvaffaq boʻlishgan. ( Davomi... ) Nomzodlar (2) Arxiv Oʻzgartirish Filippin 1924-yil 4-maydan 27-iyulgacha Fransiyaning Parij shahrida boʻlib oʻtgan Yozgi Olimpiada oʻyinlarida ishtirok etgan. Bu mamlakatning Yozgi Olimpiada oʻyinlaridagi debyut ishtiroki boʻlgan. Filippin, shuningdek, butun Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo davlatlari orasida Yozgi Olimpiadada ishtirok etgan ilk mamlakat hisoblanadi. Delegatsiya tarkibida sprinter David Nepomuceno hamda ikki nafar rasmiy shaxslar attashe B. Minelle hamda murabbiy va ijrochi ofitser Regino Ylanan bor edi. Yana ikki nafar sportchi Fortunato Catalon va Juan Taduran ham oʻyinlarda ishtirok etishi kerak edi, ulardan Catalon Parijga yetib kelgan boʻlsa-da, musobaqada qatnashmagan, Taduran esa yelka suyagini sindirib olganligi sababli musobaqada ishtirok eta olmagan. Biroq shunga qaramay, Taduran delegatsiya tarkibida Filippin vakili sifatida oʻyinlarga tashrif buyurgan. ( Davomi... ) Nomzodlar (1) Arxiv Oʻzgartirish Soʻnggi tanlangan roʻyxat Iqtisodiyot boʻyicha Nobel xotirasi mukofoti laureatlari roʻyxati Bitta oldingi tanlangan roʻyxat Adabiyot boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti sovrindorlari roʻyxati Nomzodlar (0) Arxiv Oʻzgartirish Isroil–Hamas urushi Rossiyaning Ukrainaga bosqini „Janubiy nayza“ operatsiyasi AFC U-23 Osiyo kubogi 2026 Gulshan Alimardonova karate boʻyicha jahon chempionligini qoʻlga kiritgan ilk oʻzbekistonlik sportchiga aylandi. Javohir Sindarov (suratda) Shaxmat boʻyicha 2025-yilgi Jahon kubogi sohibi boʻldi. Falastin Buyuk Britaniya va Fransiya tomonidan mustaqil davlat sifatida tan olindi. Usmon Dembele France Football jurnali tomonidan „Oltin toʻp“ mukofoti bilan taqdirlandi. Braziliya Oliy federal sudi sobiq prezident Jair Bolsonaroni 2022-yilgi Braziliya davlat toʻntarishiga urinishdagi ishtiroki uchun 27 yillik qamoq jazosiga hukm qildi. Muhsin Muhammadiyev Brigitte Bardot Abduraim Homidov Abdulla Ubaydullayev Frank Gehry Azmiddin Sadriddinov Oʻzgartirish Zilzilalarni bashorat qilish metodi haligacha yoʻq. Islandiyadagi Eyjafjallajökull muzligi nomini dunyo aholisining 0.005 foizi toʻgʻri ayta oladi. Toʻybop qoʻshiqning matnini mashhur qiziqchi yozgan. Alfred Nobel nazariy fanlarga qiziqmagani uchun matematika boʻyicha mukofot taʼsis qilmagan (sevgilisi matematik bilan qochib ketgani uchun, degan gap esa afsonadir ). Ravshan Ermatov futbol boʻyicha jahon chempionatlarini eng koʻp boshqargan hakam sifatida Guinness rekordlar kitobiga kiritilgan. Avtomobil oynalarini qoraytirish — jinoyat emas. Kompyuter sichqonini ishlatish mumkin boʻlgan ilk kompyuter Xerox Alto (tasvirda) boʻlgan. Kelgusi sonni tayyorlash Arxiv Oʻzgartirish 532 — Vizantiya imperiyasida Nika inqilobi boshlandi. 1840 — Lexington kemasidagi (tasvirda) yongʻin tufayli 139 kishi halok boʻldi. 1915 — Italiyadagi Avetsanno zilzilasida 30 000 kishi halok boʻldi. 1953 — SSSRda „Shifokorlar ishi“ boʻyicha qamoqqa olishlar boshlandi. 1992 — Toshkentda Respublika baynalmilal madaniyat markazi tashkil qilindi. 1992 — Mongoliyaning amaldagi konstitutsiyasi qabul qilindi. 2004 — Toshkentdagi aviahalokat natijasida 37 kishi halok bo'ldi. Kelgusi sonni tayyorlash Loyiha Oʻzgartirish Arxiv Koʻproq tanlangan tasvirlar Oʻzgartirish MediaWiki Viki dasturlash Meta-Viki Vikimedia loyihalari koordinatsiyasi Vikigid Sayohat haqida maʼlumotlar Vikiiqtibos Iqtiboslar toʻplami Vikikitob Bepul kitoblar va qoʻllanmalar Vikilugʻat Lugʻat va tezaurus Vikimanba Ochiq kutubxona Vikimaʼlumotlar Bepul bilimlar ombori Vikiombor Erkin mediafayllar ombori Vikiturlar Biologik turlar katalogi Vikiversitet Ochiq oʻqitish asboblari Vikiyangiliklar Ochiq matnli yangiliklar Turkiy tillardagi Vikipediyalar Boshqirdcha Gagauzcha Janubiy ozarbayjoncha Oltoycha Ozarbayjoncha Qirgʻizcha Qoraqalpoqcha Qorachoy-bolqorcha Qozoqcha Qrim-tatarcha Tatarcha Turkmancha Turkcha Tuvacha Uygʻurcha Yoqutcha Chuvashcha العربية Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Galego עברית Hrvatski Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 ქართული 한국어 Lietuvių Latviešu Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Bu sahifa oxirgi marta 2023-yil 1-sentyabr, 00:20 da tahrir qilingan. 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1 Introduction 2 Learning through interaction 2.1 Potential benefits and potential risks Learning Efficiency. Distributed Knowledge. Resource Redistribution. Developmental and Evolutionary Potential. Task Specialization and Cooperation. Moral and Normative Transfer. Scalability and Adaptation. 2.1 Potential benefits and potential risks Learning Efficiency. Distributed Knowledge. Resource Redistribution. Developmental and Evolutionary Potential. Task Specialization and Cooperation. Moral and Normative Transfer. Scalability and Adaptation. Learning Efficiency. Distributed Knowledge. Resource Redistribution. Developmental and Evolutionary Potential. Task Specialization and Cooperation. Moral and Normative Transfer. Scalability and Adaptation. 3 Learning socially: from MARL to collectives of Gen-AI agents 3.1 MARL and social learning 3.2 Collectives of generative agents 3.1 MARL and social learning 3.2 Collectives of generative agents 4 An interactionist paradigm to study generative agents’ collective behaviors Towards an interactionist theory for Gen-AI agents’ behavior. The need for causality. Information-theoretic insights. AI beyond AI: A sociology of machines. Towards an interactionist theory for Gen-AI agents’ behavior. The need for causality. Information-theoretic insights. AI beyond AI: A sociology of machines. 5 Alternative Views LLMs Miss the Multi-Agent Mark. Gen-AI models show uniform collective behavior. Gen-AI agents still fail at simple tasks. LLMs Miss the Multi-Agent Mark. Gen-AI models show uniform collective behavior. Gen-AI agents still fail at simple tasks. 6 Conclusions Generative AI collective behavior needs an interactionist paradigm Laura Ferrarotti 1,† Gian Maria Campedelli 2,1,† Roberto Dessì 3 Andrea Baronchelli 4 Giovanni Iacca 2 Kathleen M. Carley 5 Alex Pentland 6,7 Joel Z. Leibo 8 James Evans 9 Bruno Lepri 1 1 Fondazione Bruno Kessler 2 University of Trento 3 Not Diamond 4 City St. George’s University of London 5 Carnegie Mellon University 6 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 7 Stanford University 8 Google DeepMind 9 University of Chicago † These authors contributed equally ( January 15, 2026 ) Abstract In this article, we argue that understanding the collective behavior of agents based on large language models (LLMs) is an essential area of inquiry, with important implications in terms of risks and benefits, impacting us as a society at many levels. We claim that the distinctive nature of LLMs–namely, their initialization with extensive pre-trained knowledge and implicit social priors, together with their capability of adaptation through in-context learning–motivates the need for an interactionist paradigm consisting of alternative theoretical foundations, methodologies, and analytical tools, in order to systematically examine how prior knowledge and embedded values interact with social context to shape emergent phenomena in multi-agent generative AI systems. We propose and discuss four directions that we consider crucial for the development and deployment of LLM-based collectives, focusing on theory, methods, and trans-disciplinary dialogue. 1 Introduction Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly advanced due to transformer-based scaling (Vaswani et al. , 2023 ; Radford et al. , 2019 ; Brown et al. , 2020 ) , which has endowed them with capabilities such as in-context learning and reasoning (Dong et al. , 2024 ; Wei et al. , 2023 ) . Increasingly, these models are embedded into generative AI (Gen-AI) agents that reason, act, remember, and interact with their environments (Park et al. , 2023 ; Yao et al. , 2023 ; Shinn et al. , 2023 ; Vezhnevets et al. , 2023 ) . In light of this, such agents are starting to interact with each other with increasing autonomy, and the near future will likely witness a dramatic growth in interactive systems of Gen-AI agents, across many and diverse domains (Hammond et al. , 2025 ) . * * * For simplicity, this perspective centers on LLMs and LLM-based generative agents. However, the underlying principles and frameworks discussed are broadly applicable to agents constructed upon various foundation models. While in an initial phase, researchers interested in studying the performance, behavior, and emergent abilities of LLMs and Gen-AI agents have focused on models operating in isolation (Argyle et al. , 2023 ; Horton, 2023 ; Jiang et al. , 2024 ; Fontana et al. , 2024 ; Zhang et al. , 2024 ) , or interacting solely with human users (Wang et al. , 2024a ; Salvi et al. , 2024 ; Jiang et al. , 2025a ) , with limited exploration into machine-machine interaction, a growing number of recent studies have started to tackle the emergent collective behaviors, norms, and biases of groups of LLM-based agents interacting with each other (Mukobi et al. , 2023 ; Abdelnabi et al. , 2023 ; törnberg2023simulatingsocialmediausing ; Vezhnevets et al. , 2023 ; Ren et al. , 2024 ; Becker, 2024 ; Sprigler et al. , 2024 ; Campedelli et al. , 2025 ; Liu et al. , 2024 ; Lai et al. , 2024 ; Ashery et al. , 2025 ; Jimenez-Romero et al. , 2025 ; Tran et al. , 2025 ) , as conceptualized in Figure 1 . In this work, we argue that it is essential to investigate and assess the collective behaviors of Gen-AI agents, understanding the potential benefits and risks associated with such scenarios of interaction . This endeavor will require the development of new benchmarking protocols, evaluation methodologies, and theoretical tools. To date, multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) (Busoniu et al. , 2008a ; Huh and Mohapatra, 2024 ) has served as the primary framework for studying learning through interaction within multi-agent systems. However, unlike conventional tabula rasa agents in MARL, LLM-based generative agents are initialized with substantial pre-trained knowledge, including rich priors on social behavior. This fundamental difference prompts the design of alternative theoretical frameworks better suited to the unique properties of Gen-AI agents. In particular, we call for the development of an interactionist paradigm that enables the study of how pre-trained knowledge and embedded values interact with social behavior in the emergence of collective phenomena , connecting the study of Gen-AI agents to the longstanding debate between the person and the situation in understanding the determinants of human behavior (Kenrich and Funder, 1988 ) . The core contribution of our paradigm revolves around four pillars: (a) an interactionist theory to enlighten determinants of collective behavior by examining both individual traits and emergent interaction dynamics, (b) causal inference as a methodological toolbox to develop and monitor safe and functioning systems, (c) information theory as a unified language to facilitate quantitative studies of knowledge distribution and behavior propagation, and (d) a sociology of machines as a new area for the development and testing of new theoretical and empirical frameworks, moving beyond human-centric assumptions of social theories. The proposed paradigm would thus offer a comprehensive framework to ground Gen-AI agents’ design and training with emergent collective behaviors, phenomena that cannot be fully explained by analyzing individual agents or environmental factors in isolation. By integrating theories of AI agency, causal inference, information theory, and sociological perspectives, this paradigm addresses the complexity of machine behaviors arising from the interplay between individual agents and the social systems they inhabit. Its relevance is central for the vivid debate on multi-agent systems’ (MAS) alignment (de Witt, 2025 ; Hammond et al. , 2025 ) , but transcends its boundaries, extending to scenarios that are not simply concerned with issues related to security and safety, adding to the broader discourse on MAS and their complex emergent behaviors. Notably, such a paradigm would remain highly relevant even if future AI agents were built on technologies entirely different from contemporary transformer-based models. Whatever breakthroughs ultimately underlie, future agents are likely to involve some form of pre-trained knowledge, which again motivates an interactionist approach that accounts for both individual and social dimensions of collective AI behavior. Our perspective is presented as follows: in Section 2 , we clarify what we mean by learning through interaction, linking the concept to social and cultural learning definitions. A subsection is dedicated to an analysis of the potential benefits and risks deriving from such interaction. Section 3 explores the differing requirements for investigating artificial interactive learning in the contexts of MARL and Gen-AI agents’ collectives. Section 4 illustrates the need for a new paradigm for studying the collective behavioral outcomes of Gen-AI agents, highlighting the potential benefits of cross-pollination with interactionist approaches to the study of human behaviors, the need for adopting causal methodologies and information-theoretic measures to study the propagation and effects of emergent behaviors, and more in general the urgency of a sociology of machines. Section 5 discusses potential alternative views, while Section 6 presents our concluding remarks. Figure 1 : Conceptual description of the shift from simple Gen-AI agents to a collective of Gen-AI agents . (1) On the top left, we visualize an initial phase in which an agent learns via pre-training, supervised fine-tuning (SFT), and reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). Then, two different in-context experiences are represented: (2) on the bottom left, the agent is employed in in-context learning (ICL) to solve a given task, which leads to individual behaviors; (3) on the right, instead, four agents trained according to (1) are involved in interactive ICL tasks. The interaction between the Gen-AI agents can lead to emergent complex collective behaviors that are the byproduct of individual and situational conditions. 2 Learning through interaction In natural systems, general adaptive strategies emerge through self-organization (Ha and Tang, 2022 ) . The human process for autonomous adaptation and generalization is the result of a continual process of real-time learning, often a byproduct of activities requiring observation and interaction with the surrounding environment. Moreover, the contribution to the development of personal and group skills provided by interaction with other individuals is impossible to ignore (Herrmann et al. , 2007 ; Van Schaik and Burkart, 2011 ; Henrich and Muthukrishna, 2024 ) . Learning processes that make use of knowledge obtained by observing or interacting with others are grouped under the name of social and cultural learning (Box, 1984 ; Heyes, 1994 ; Tomasello, 2004 ; Hoppitt and Laland, 2008 ) . According to classic research in the field, learning is divided into three main categories: observational learning , imitation learning , and interactive learning (Tomasello et al. , 1993 ) . For observational learning, we intend a scenario in which an individual’s behavior is based on experience gathered by observing others, combined with individual knowledge. While observational learning solely implies that the learner witnesses another individual’s behavior, imitation learning also involves an active performance, where the individual attempts to replicate the observed behavior. However, both observational and imitation learning can nowadays happen without direct interaction, for instance by watching a video. Instead, interactive learning requires all the individuals to be concurrently engaged in a common social situation, and all being at the same time source and receiver of information and stimuli (De Felice et al. , 2023 ) . Interactive learning considers an environment that is predominantly social, composed of other agents, their behaviors, and the historically accumulated norms they enforce (Flinn, 1997 ) . Mechanisms of approval, disapproval, inclusion, and exclusion act as reinforcers that strengthen or weaken behaviors over time, through evolutionary reinforcement (Cadenas, 2023 ) . Evolutionary models show that social interaction itself can be a primary selective pressure for the evolution of learning mechanisms, and that social learning strategies evolve because they allow individuals to navigate complex, socially structured environments more effectively than purely individual learning (Krafft et al. , 2021 ; Pentland, 2025 ) . In this context, interactive learning embodies an evolutionary feedback loop: agents refine their behaviors through socially mediated signals, reward, or punishment, leading not only to individual adaptation but also to the transmission and stabilization of collective norms across generations. In recent years, research has started to focus on enabling machines to learn from each other, as humans do, by considering groups of AI agents collectively improving their performance by reciprocal interaction (Li et al. , 2023 ; Chan et al. , 2023 ; Liu et al. , 2024 ) . Why should artificial social interaction matter? Interaction appears to play a crucial role in the development of adaptivity: in real scenarios, interactions are composed of temporally-extended behavior sequences during which all agents simultaneously act and adapt their strategies in response to each other (Leibo et al. , 2017 ) . This implies a constantly shifting environment partly composed of evolving others, thereby triggering innovation and adaptation as all must continually learn themselves to keep up with the learning of others (Leibo et al. , 2019 ) . In our reflection, we focus on the most general real-world multi-agent setup, characterized by completely independent agents pursuing their own goals, with no direct incentive to teach or learn from one another. We define an interactive learning system as a system of n n artificial models ℳ = { M 1 , M 2 , … , M n } \mathcal{M}=\{M_{1},M_{2},\ldots,M_{n}\} , each characterized by a learning function f i : 𝒟 i × ℰ i → ℋ i , f_{i}:\mathcal{D}_{i}\times\mathcal{E}_{i}\rightarrow\mathcal{H}_{i}, (1) which maps an element d i ∈ 𝒟 i d_{i}\in\mathcal{D}_{i} from the space of social information received from other agents, together with an observation e i ∈ ℰ i e_{i}\in\mathcal{E}_{i} from the space of environment states, to a hypothesis or internal state h i ∈ ℋ i h_{i}\in\mathcal{H}_{i} . At each time step t t , the models interact through an information exchange function ϕ t : ℋ 1 × ⋯ × ℋ n → 𝒟 1 × ⋯ × 𝒟 n , \phi_{t}:\mathcal{H}_{1}\times\cdots\times\mathcal{H}_{n}\rightarrow\mathcal{D}_{1}\times\cdots\times\mathcal{D}_{n}, (2) which determines the data (both in terms of actions performed and witnessed, and communication exchanged) each model receives as a function of all current hypotheses. Each model M i M_{i} then updates its hypothesis h i h_{i} according to h i ( t + 1 ) = f i ( e i ( t + 1 ) , d i ( t + 1 ) ) , with ( d 1 ( t + 1 ) , … , d n ( t + 1 ) ) = ϕ t ( h 1 ( t ) , … , h n ( t ) ) , \begin{split}h_{i}^{(t+1)}=f_{i}(e_{i}^{(t+1)},\,\,d_{i}^{(t+1)}),\quad\\ \text{with }\>(d_{1}^{(t+1)},\ldots,d_{n}^{(t+1)})=\phi_{t}(h_{1}^{(t)},\ldots,h_{n}^{(t)}),\end{split} (3) where e i ( t + 1 ) e_{i}^{(t+1)} indicates M i M_{i} ’s environment observation at that instant and d i ( t + 1 ) d_{i}^{(t+1)} is the information resulting from the last exchange among agents. This recursive formulation thus represents a system in which each model simultaneously serves as both source and recipient of stimuli. Such a structure distinguishes interactive learning from paradigms such as imitation or observational learning, in which the roles of source and receiver are predefined and asymmetric. In contrast, here the roles are dynamic and reciprocal, allowing all agents to benefit from interaction strategies that resemble those of traditional paradigms, while adapting to a fully mutual learning framework. 2.1 Potential benefits and potential risks In this subsection, we discuss the potential benefits and risks associated with interactive AI agents scenario, categorizing them into the following seven different dimensions: (1) learning efficiency, (2) distributed knowledge, (3) resource redistribution, (4) developmental and evolutionary potential, (5) task specialization and cooperation, (6) moral and normative transfer, and (7) scalability and adaptation (see Table 1 ). Learning Efficiency. Socially learning AI agents can lead to faster learning processes. As shown in human contexts, positive interaction accelerates learning, particularly when embedded in stimulating environments (De Felice et al. , 2022 ) . Similarly, AI agents that interact with one another can overcome limitations tied to isolated learning. However, accelerated learning through interaction also implies that undesirable behaviors can spread more efficiently. An observation with deep roots in criminological theory (Sutherland, 1939 ; Akers et al. , 1995 ) is that social learning can facilitate the imitation of deviant behavior among agents and potentially lead to emergent malicious dynamics (Campedelli et al. , 2025 ) . Distributed Knowledge. Interactive AI agents could unlock benefits in data-scarce environments by enabling collective problem-solving based on partial, distributed information (Wilson et al. , 2019 ) . This is particularly important in domains where individual agents lack full information but can solve complex problems collectively. Nevertheless, the very networked nature of these systems can cause homogeneity-related failures, error propagation, and facilitate the spread of misinformation or harmful strategies (Uyheng et al. , 2022 ; Phillips et al. , 2024 ; Hammond et al. , 2025 ) . Network science has shown how tightly connected systems enable rapid diffusion–whether of beneficial innovation or harmful behaviors (Bakshy et al. , 2012 ; Kim et al. , 2015 ; Cinelli et al. , 2020 ) . Without safeguards, errors or malicious actions may cascade throughout the network. Resource Redistribution. Social learning can democratize access to high-quality learning and capabilities. For less resourced institutions or nations, lower-end AI agents learning from more capable ones mirrors the human model of knowledge transfer from adults to children, fostering inclusion (Alonso et al. , 2020 ; Korinek and Stiglitz, 2021 ) . Yet, this redistribution raises regulatory concerns. As responsibility becomes diffused across interconnected agents, tracing accountability for errors or harms becomes more difficult (Čerka et al. , 2015 ; Turner, 2018 ) . Especially in high-stakes applications, the opacity of responsibility chains in shared learning environments could pose significant legal and ethical challenges. Developmental and Evolutionary Potential. Interactive AI agents can evolve over time, developing new competencies and adapting to changing environments, potentially giving rise to a form of developmental machine intelligence (Mesoudi et al. , 2016 ) . This can allow low-cost systems to evolve into high-performing ones, reducing barriers to innovation. However, with evolving agents comes increased unpredictability. As their learning paths diverge, monitoring their decision-making and controlling for harmful emergent behaviors become more complex–especially when such growth is unanticipated or opaque. Task Specialization and Cooperation. Learning systems that cooperate can lead to sophisticated task division and specialization, increasing performance in collaborative environments such as robotics or healthcare (Liu et al. , 2024 ) . Knowledge exchange allows agents to leverage each other’s strengths. Yet, this same interconnectedness means that a failure in one part of the system might impact others disproportionately. Cascading failures, long studied in other domains (Zhao et al. , 2016 ; Baqaee, 2018 ) , may manifest in novel and harder-to-contain ways given the adaptive nature of social learning agents. Moral and Normative Transfer. Interacting agents may inherit or share values and ethical constraints, contributing to a more norm-sensitive AI ecosystem. Furthermore, interactions can lead to the development of new normative behavior without pre-programming, which can be hard to predict (Baronchelli, 2024 ) . This transfer opens up new paths for instilling socially beneficial behaviors. However, this process can be co-opted or manipulated. Agents might adopt harmful norms through reinforcement or imitation, just as deviant human behavior can spread in social groups (Akers et al. , 1995 ) . Furthermore, humans might exploit these channels deliberately for cyber-attacks or behavioral manipulation, especially in critical infrastructure settings (Valeriano and Maness, 2015 ; Bennett, 2018 ) . Scalability and Adaptation. One of the compelling promises of social learning machines lies in their scalability. They can adapt to new environments, update internal representations based on peers, and collectively solve large-scale problems. But this scale adds layers of complexity: interconnected agents may act as “black boxes within black boxes,” where both internal and interactive behaviors are difficult to interpret or control. This makes causal inference essential–but also significantly harder in the presence of interference and networked dependencies (VanderWeele and An, 2013 ; Sussman and Airoldi, 2017 ; Ma and Tresp, 2021 ; Clipman et al. , 2022 ) . Failing to track causal chains may impede our ability to prevent the escalation of undesired outcomes. Table 1: Summary of benefits and risks emerging from systems of interactive AI agents Dimension Potential Benefit Potential Risk Learning Efficiency Faster learning from peers; improved performance in low-data contexts Rapid spread of harmful behaviors; reinforcement of biases or deviant patterns Distributed Knowledge Solving complex tasks via shared, complementary information Difficulty in identifying the origin of errors or harmful actions; challenges in causal inference Resource Redistribution Inclusion of low-resource agents in AI development; reduced inequality in tech access Dependency on powerful agents; unequal influence in networked learning settings Developmental and Evolutionary Potential Emergence of cognitive growth; bootstrapping intelligent behavior from simpler agents Two-layered opacity: one from the individual model, one from interaction dynamics Task Specialization and Cooperation Emergent cooperation and division of labor among machines with different skills Increased vulnerability to cascading failures or malicious manipulation Moral and Normative Transfer Potential for embedding ethical norms through imitation and interaction Transmission or emergence of harmful values or deviant behavior (e.g., via imitation or drift) Scalability and Adaptation Decentralized growth of adaptive, evolving systems Legal, regulatory, and attribution challenges in multi-agent, non-centralized settings 3 Learning socially: from MARL to collectives of Gen-AI agents 3.1 MARL and social learning As previously mentioned, MARL has served in the pre-LLM era as the primary framework for studying social learning within multi-agent systems. Many works demonstrate that RL can reproduce social learning phenomena without relying on any specialized mechanisms, showing that generic RL algorithms, when in opportune environments, can independently acquire social learning behaviors. These behaviors arise despite the absence of any built-in inductive bias favoring imitation or social interaction, indicating that imitation need not be treated as a primitive capability but can instead be learned as part of a general adaptive process (Leibo et al. , 2022 ) . Several concrete implementations of model-free RL support this conclusion. Borsa et al. ( 2019 ) demonstrate that observational learning can arise naturally from standard reinforcement learning, showing that an RL agent, without explicitly modeling other agents, can exploit the environmental consequences of a teacher’s actions and, when properly motivated through reward correlations, adapt its behavior based on observing another agent in a shared environment. Woodward et al. ( 2020 ) employ interactive learning as an alternative to reward or demonstration-driven learning. By enabling a first agent to learn from a second one, expert on the current task, the authors demonstrate the emergence of several interactive learning behaviors (information-sharing, information-seeking, question-answering). Ndousse et al. ( 2021 ) obtain policies capable of social learning by considering opportune training environments and introducing a model-based auxiliary loss penalizing mistakes in next-state predictions. This, in turn, enables the learning of complex skills that do not emerge from solo training, and adapt online to unseen environments in which experts are present. In Ha and Jeong ( 2023 ) , instead, deep RL agents spontaneously learn concepts of social learning, such as, for instance, copying, focusing on frequent and well-performing neighbors, self-comparison, as well as the importance of balancing between individual and social learning, without explicit guidance or prior knowledge. Finally, the use of RL in scenarios that allow for social learning is shown to promote the emergence of cultural transmission (Bhoopchand et al. , 2023 ) and cultural accumulation (Cook et al. , 2024 ) . Across this literature, the algorithms employed are fully general-purpose: they are not tailored to social domains and are, in principle, applicable to arbitrary environments. When those environments contain other agents whose behavior provides useful information, the learned policies naturally come to exploit that information through imitation and observation. Social learning therefore emerges not as a distinct computational faculty, but as a particular manifestation of generic learning dynamics in social settings (Heyes, 2012 ) . 3.2 Collectives of generative agents Figure 2 : Overview of the LLM development pipeline . The model undergoes four sequential learning phases: (1) pre-training on web-scale generalist data via next-token prediction to acquire parametric knowledge; (2) supervised fine-tuning (SFT) on curated in-domain data to learn task-specific skills such as reasoning and instruction following; (3) alignment through reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), using preference data to optimize for helpfulness, faithfulness, and truthfulness; and (4) an interactive deployment phase, where agents exhibit adaptive behavior through interactive in-context learning (ICL). To discuss collectives of LLM-based generative agents, underlying the differences with MARL, it is important to summarize first how LLMs learn. This happens in four distinct learning phases: • Pre‑training , where models learn general language patterns via next‑token prediction under a cross‑entropy loss. This phase, highly effective to learn robust language priors, allows the model to internalize syntax, semantics, and some reasoning patterns across diverse domains (He and Su, 2024 ) , while neglecting alignment with specific user needs or safety constraints (Zhang et al. , 2025 ) . • Post-training with supervised fine-tuning (SFT), where the focus is on shaping the interaction format by encouraging behaviors like instruction following and conversational dialogue through labeled examples. SFT’s action can be viewed as removing extraneous patterns from the knowledge acquired in pre-training, rather than as building completely new skills (Zhou et al. , 2023 ) , and the compliance with desired interaction formats is a characteristic that is learned directly from the supervised data rather than being emergent from general language modeling (Grattafiori et al. , 2024 ) . • Post-training with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) (Lambert, 2025 ) , which aligns model outputs with human preferences through reward modeling (Kaufmann et al. , 2024 ) and policy optimization (Bai et al. , 2022 ) . RLHF holds a crucial role in deploying aligned AI systems across domains. • In-Context Learning (ICL), enabling zero‑ or few‑shot task adaptation solely via prompt examples without weight updates ( akyürek2023learningalgorithmincontextlearning ; Dong et al. , 2024 ; Wang et al. , 2024b ) . This meta‑learning capability arises from patterns observed during pre‑training and is enhanced by instruction‑tuned models (Dong et al. , 2024 ) . ICL underpins flexible role‑playing, chain‑of‑thought prompting, and rapid domain adaptation. During ICL, the model adjusts its outputs based on the context provided in the input prompt, and this allows it to perform a variety of tasks without explicit retraining. This mirrors the human ability to adapt behavior based on situational cues and social context, and to adjust to different cultural norms and expectations. In a collective of generative agents, in particular, we can have multi‑agent interactive ICL , as summarized in Figure 2 . This paradigm is shown to foster the emergence of social behaviors (in accordance with environmental and experimental conditions like preassigned roles, contexts and objectives), such as linguistic social norms, collective biases, shifting of conventions by committed small groups (Ashery et al. , 2025 ) , self-organization into networks structures (De Marzo et al. , 2023 ) , persuasion and anti-social behavior (Campedelli et al. , 2025 ) , negotiation (Abdelnabi et al. , 2023 ) , different subjectivities and brainstorming creativity (Lai et al. , 2024 ) , cooperation, competition, and coordination (Mukobi et al. , 2023 ; Vallinder and Hughes, 2024 ; Tran et al. , 2025 ; Willis et al. , 2025 ) , in particular, in Vallinder and Hughes ( 2024 ) the emergence of cooperation is studied by considering cultural evolution across generations of agents. In light of this, it is possible to summarize the differences between the generative agents’ collectives and the traditional MARL frameworks, as demonstrated in Table 2 . Observing this table, we can notice that generative agents’ collectives inherit rich, pre‑trained priors on language, reasoning, and social behavior, that fundamentally distinguish them from tabula rasa MARL agents, whose interaction skills must be learned from scratch. This is perhaps the most fundamental difference between the two frameworks in the interactive phase. MARL systems learn in the most classical of the senses (optimizing weights) through interaction: on the one side, this allows for the emergence of new behaviors, stirred by rich informative exchanges. On the other side, issues like non-stationarity and convergence to sub-optimal policies can make adaptation harder, despite local flexibility. For generative agents’ collectives, instead, the policy is fixed at inference time, and adaptation arises from in-context learning, not gradient updates. In-context learning is closer to adaptation to context than classical learning, and it is an expression of pre-learned language priors. Although the individual emerging behaviors are not purely a fruit of interaction, we can talk of a second-order emergence of behaviors, referring to the behaviors of the collective as a whole, that are the result of interaction among single models. MARL theory assumes that agents start with minimal inductive bias and must learn coordination through exploration and explicit reward shaping (Busoniu et al. , 2008b ) . Reward shaping introduces its own set of challenges. Designing a MARL system for a specific task requires carefully constructed step-wise rewards that induce a long-term objective. In generative agents, instead, each agent’s individual objective can be specified directly in natural language through its prompt. However, it is important to note that crafting prompts to elicit desirable agent behavior can be challenging, albeit potentially more accessible due to the expressiveness of natural language. Moreover, classical MARL evaluation focuses on scalar rewards, measuring equilibrium convergence speed, stability under co‑learning dynamics, and total return in cooperative or competitive tasks (Huh and Mohapatra, 2024 ) . Benchmarking tests emphasize learning dynamics and credit assignment under non‑stationarity, but pay little heed to natural‑language interaction, high-level planning, or knowledge reuse (not spontaneously emerging in MARL (Chaabouni et al. , 2019 ; Ren et al. , 2020 ) ). While this gap is partly addressed in (Leibo et al. , 2021 ; Agapiou et al. , 2022 ; Trivedi et al. , 2024 ) by evaluating generalization across unseen social scenarios, MARL benchmarks present a second, and more important issue: they provide little insight into how pre‑trained knowledge affects interaction. These are, however, important aspects in evaluating generative agents’ collectives (Chan et al. , 2022 , 2025 ) , where the impact on behavior emergence of pre-interaction knowledge has to be quantified, as well as the impact of prompt context and conversation history. Hence, we need new theoretical constructs to describe how they shape emergent group behaviors. Analogously, novel benchmarking protocols are needed to capture emergent coordination, communication quality, and the leveraging of world knowledge–properties that do not spontaneously arise in classical MARL, and cannot be evaluated by standard cumulative‐reward metrics alone. Recently, some work has been done in this sense: MultiAgentBench introduces metrics for communication efficiency and individual contribution to milestone progression (Zhu et al. , 2025 ) . AgentQuest further modularizes evaluation, offering plug‑in metrics for planning depth and error diagnosis that rely on LLM reasoning traces (Gioacchini et al. , 2024 ) . Collab‑Overcooked measures process‑oriented collaboration, e.g., turn‑taking smoothness and real‑time adaptation (Sun et al. , 2025 ) . Table 2: Key Differences between generative agents’ collectives and MARL Interaction aspects Generative agents’ collectives MARL Goal modeling Prompt crafting Reward shaping Learning No weight updates in interaction, in-context adaptation via prompt Online actor and/or critic updates via gradient/value iterations Feedback Signal Implicit/secondary (e.g., success prompts, human ratings) Explicit quantitative rewards from the environment Non‑Stationarity Less central (fixed weights) Policies co‑evolution increases non‑stationarity, (need for stabilization techniques) Scalability issues Inference cost, prompt length, loss of coherence Combinatorial explosion of joint action space and state space Emergent Behavior From pre‑learned language priors (no new behaviors learned via weight update; novel collective phenomena emerge through interaction) Through policy co‑adaptation driven by exploration and rewards Evaluation Metrics Qualitative (coherence, user satisfaction) and task success Quantitative (cumulative reward, convergence, sample efficiency) 4 An interactionist paradigm to study generative agents’ collective behaviors To make progress in the study and deployment of socially interactive generative agents, we propose a paradigm grounded in four foundational dimensions. Each dimension addresses a critical gap in our current understanding of how generative agents behave individually and collectively in dynamic social contexts. Together, they offer a comprehensive framework for analyzing, explaining, and guiding emergent machine behaviors in a rapidly evolving technological landscape, as exemplified in Figure 3 . Figure 3 : Four areas in which our paradigm would be critical : (a) the study of emergent phenomena, exemplified by the analysis of shared meaning of concepts in debates, through the interactionist lens; (b) the evaluation policies applied to MAS via causal inference; (c) the identification of sources of behavioral diffusion in MAS via information-theoretic insights and causal inference design; (d) the development of theories via empirical scrutiny building on sociological frameworks originally designed for humans. Towards an interactionist theory for Gen-AI agents’ behavior. Inspired by the literature on the person-situation debate (Epstein and O’Brien, 1985 ; Kenrich and Funder, 1988 ) , we propose the development of an interactionist theory (Furr and Funder, 2021 ) to analyze the determinants of Gen-AI agents’ collective behaviors. While it is widely accepted that human actions depend both on individual characteristics (e.g., attitudes, traits, values) and the situations they encounter, social and behavioral sciences have long featured two competing perspectives: (i) the person-perspective , which holds that behavior is primarily driven by stable traits and dispositions, and (ii) the situation-perspective , which attributes behavior to contextual factors. This interactionist synthesis draws on deeper sociological foundations. Mead ( 1934 ) distinguished between the “I” (the spontaneous, creative aspect of self) and the “me” (internalized social attitudes), which map directly onto generative agent architectures. The “me” corresponds to pre-trained priors—what Mead termed the “generalized other,” the internalized attitudes of the social community acquired through training on human text. The “I” corresponds to the contextual, generative response. Cooley ( 1902 ) proposed the concept of the looking-glass self—wherein self-concept emerges through imagined appraisals of others—illuminates in-context learning dynamics. LLM agents continuously “read” the social situation and adjust their performed self accordingly. Goffman ( 1959 ) , through its dramaturgical framework, further clarifies: prompt-based role-playing constitutes front-stage performance, while parametric knowledge forms the backstage repertoire selectively activated by situational demands. Notably, this synthesis has also been increasingly applied to the study of delinquency and criminal behavior, integrating biological, psychological, economic, and social factors with environmental and institutional interactions (Thornberry, 1987 ; Wright et al. , 2001 ; Zimmerman, 2010 ) . Turning to Gen-AI agents, they enter any context with extensive pre-trained knowledge, encoded in their parameters through pre-training, SFT, and RLHF. Through ICL, then, such corpus of knowledge is employed, reacting to specific queries and resulting in the emergence of situation-based adaptation of behaviors. As shown in von Oswald et al. ( 2023 ) , transformers’ forward computations produce behaviors that are similar to those resulting from gradient-based learning steps performed on the examples provided in the context. Crucially, however, interaction currently influences behavior only within the active context; it does not correspond to permanent updates of the model parameters, and hence does not permanently modify the agent’s parametric internal priors (Dherin et al. , 2025 ) . In other words, while the model behavior may internally simulate the effect of gradient-style updates, this process is part of the transient computation induced by the current input context, not a lasting change to the agent itself. Once removed from a context and deployed elsewhere, previously emergent behaviors may disappear, especially if contextual data is not transferred–or evolve, depending on the agent’s capacity to retrieve prior contextual information, an area of ongoing research spurred by recent progress in factual memory retrieval (Liu et al. , 2023 ) . Pioneer empirical works already contain indications of persona-situation effects in generative models. At the single-agent level, Bigelow et al. ( 2025 ) demonstrate that both direct model modification through steering vectors, and contextual manipulation via prompt engineering, significantly influence model behavior at inference time. The authors argue that these interventions operate by altering the model belief over latent concepts. Beyond individual agents, recent studies on social contexts have adopted a similar view. Ashery et al. ( 2025 ) show the emergence of collective bias due to social interactions between generative agents even when the agents themselves had no individual bias. By jointly considering personal and social factors, their work illustrates how interaction dynamics can override individual characteristics. Similarly, Piao et al. ( 2025 ) highlight the promises of an interactionist framework for studying the complex behaviors of collective AI systems composed of generative agents. The importance of the situation factors in interactive settings is further emphasized by Liu et al. ( 2025 ) , who demonstrate that self-play in multi-turn, zero-sum games can foster enhanced reasoning abilities, without relying on human-curated data or engineered rewards. This calls for a perspective that views generative collective behavioral outcomes as shaped by the interplay between internalized priors (the “person”-perspective) and the interactive, in-context social learning phase (the “situation”-perspective). In our vision, interactionist theory is a promising framework for understanding the roots of Gen-AI collective behaviors, not as mere emergent side effects, but as adaptive mechanisms that are central in collective, social, and cultural evolution (Krafft et al. , 2021 ) . We believe the field would benefit from a rich and systematic literature examining how individual priors, biases, and pre-trained knowledge influence interactive scenarios and shape group outcomes, as well as the symmetric problem of how social interactions among agents can reciprocally influence the priors and traits of individual agents in future contexts. A key open question is how collective behaviors rising through continual interaction might in turn modify or reshape agents’ pre-trained personas, enabling a form of community-level continual learning, layered on top of fixed models, and echoing evolutionary mechanisms. The need for causality. Causality has historically played a limited role in AI research, aside from foundational work arguing that causal reasoning is essential for intelligence (Spirtes et al. , 1991 ; Pearl, 2009 ) . Recently, it has gained renewed attention in areas such as explainability, accountability, and decision-making (Janzing et al. , 2019 ; Scholkopf et al. , 2021 ; Madumal et al. , 2020 ; Verma et al. , 2024 ) . We argue that causality must now become central to the study of interactive generative AI systems. This role extends beyond embedding causal reasoning within individual agents. Causal inference is required to understand emergent phenomena arising from interactions among LLM-based agents—phenomena that cannot be explained by single-agent behavior alone. Two classes of causal problems are particularly salient. First, causal methods are needed to identify the mechanisms driving the emergence and diffusion of malicious, deviant, or unintended behaviors in multi-agent systems. This includes attributing responsibility to specific agents, traits, or interaction patterns, and isolating pathways through which beliefs, norms, or values propagate. Such attribution is challenging due to interference, where one agent’s actions affect others, rendering standard causal assumptions invalid without principled designs (Bhattacharya et al. , 2020 ) . Second, causal inference provides the tools required to evaluate interventions and policies (Athey, 2015 ) . In interactive systems, policies include safety constraints, alignment strategies, or governance rules imposed on agents or interactions. Mapping interventions to downstream collective behavior is essential for assessing both their effectiveness and unintended consequences. Methodologically, generative AI collectives differ from traditional causal settings in important ways. They offer much higher flexibility to partially mitigate the “fundamental problem of causal inference” (Holland, 1986 ) , enabling in silico experimentation, for instance. Researchers can manipulate prompts, replay interactions, and approximate counterfactuals while tracking fine-grained influence across agents. Their dynamic and stochastic nature further motivates approaches such as causal discovery over interaction graphs and causal representation learning over latent semantic states (Scholkopf et al. , 2021 ; Ahuja et al. , 2023 ) . Beyond scientific understanding, causal analysis is essential for governance and accountability. Without identifying causal pathways, it is difficult to assign responsibility for harmful outcomes or to design effective safeguards (Lehmann et al. , 2004 ) . Causal inference has long equipped the social sciences with tools to study behavior and inform policy, including in settings with interference (Angrist and Pischke, 2010 ; Ogburn and VanderWeele, 2014 ; Athey and Imbens, 2017 ; Aronow and Samii, 2017 ) . As a field, AI must now take greater responsibility for developing causal frameworks that address both the internal notions of cause and effect within agents and the causal relationships governing their interactions. These considerations motivate the need for benchmarks, evaluation protocols, and experimental designs explicitly tailored to causal questions in multi-agent generative AI. Information-theoretic insights. Information-theoretic measures, such as mutual information, entropy, and information flow, can offer insight into how knowledge is distributed and propagated among generative agents’ networks (Moskowitz et al. , 2022 ) . In particular, in the context of generative agents, mutual information among outputs within a collective can provide a measure to evaluate the presence of shared representations and norms. At the same time, entropy across agents’ outputs may reflect the level of innovation and adaptability within the population. Finally, information flow, if measured in terms of transfer entropy, might lead to valuable observations on causal relationships and influence patterns within agents, identifying the emergence of dynamics such as leader/follower or information cascades. With validation against synthetic benchmarks and cross-representation comparisons, these tools might allow us to quantify coordination, redundancy, influence, and innovation across collectives of interacting LLMs, providing a rigorous language to describe the emergence of behaviors. Undoubtedly, applying information-theoretic measures to LLM collectives presents challenges, for instance, representing agent outputs (tokens, embeddings, or probability distributions), estimating quantities like entropy or mutual information in high-dimensional spaces, and ensuring computational scalability when many agents interact over long conversations. Causal measures such as transfer entropy also require careful handling of temporal structure. Yet, recent advances in variational and embedding-based estimators (Belghazi et al. , 2021 ; Letizia et al. , 2024 ) , along with scalable strategies (Gowri et al. , 2024 ; Cohen Kalafut et al. , 2023 ) make these analyses increasingly practical. AI beyond AI: A sociology of machines. Finally, we argue that AI research must actively engage with neighboring disciplines that offer mature tools for studying emergence, coordination, and deviance in complex systems. In particular, we advocate for developing a sociology of machines . In the social sciences, AI has largely been treated as a tool for analysis (Molina and Garip, 2019 ; Grimmer et al. , 2021 ) , or more recently as a means to simulate human behavior (Filippas et al. , 2024 ; Sreedhar and Chilton, 2024 ; Xie et al. , 2024 ; Anthis et al. , 2025 ) . We argue that this perspective is no longer sufficient. As AI agents increasingly exhibit autonomy and operate in shared environments (Hammond et al. , 2025 ; Floridi, 2025 ) , they must be studied as social actors in their own right. This shift builds on early sociological critiques of viewing machines as passive artifacts (Woolgar, 1985 ) and on Actor–Network Theory, which treated social order as emerging from networks of interacting human and non-human actors (Law and Hassard, 1999 ; Latour, 2005 ) . Early efforts to connect AI and sociological theory followed in the 1990s (Carley and Newell, 1994 ; Carley, 1996 ) . Much of this lineage, however, remained largely theoretical or conceptual: we argue that it should now be operationalized to analyze contemporary multi-agent AI systems, building on more recent works that empirically advocated for sociological frameworks involving humans and machines alike (Rahwan et al. , 2019 ; Brinkmann et al. , 2023 ; Tsvetkova et al. , 2024 ) . Notably, however, this recent scholarship mostly emphasizes how machines influence humans. We instead underscore the growing need for perspectives centered on machine-machine interaction (Airoldi, 2021 ; Collins, 2025 ; Campedelli, 2025 ) . This need is increasingly urgent as LLM-based multi-agent systems are deployed at scale, including in high-stakes domains (Hammond et al. , 2025 ; de Witt, 2025 ) . Even in the absence of direct human involvement, such systems can exhibit emergent dynamics that diverge from human expectations (Campedelli, 2025 ) . Crucially, their growing deployment creates an opportunity to move beyond speculative accounts toward systematic empirical study. A sociology of machines would provide concrete tools for studying how interaction structures, roles, incentives, and learning dynamics among Gen-AI agents give rise to collective outcomes, including coordination, conflict, norm formation, and deviance. Methodologically, a sociology of machines enables testable hypotheses about collective AI behavior and supports empirical strategies such as controlled experimentation, interaction logging, and causal analysis. By treating agent interactions as social processes, researchers can better attribute responsibility for emergent outcomes, detect early signs of harmful dynamics, and evaluate interventions aimed at steering collective behavior. This perspective also helps address the opacity of complex multi-agent systems by situating individual agent actions within broader interactional contexts. Finally, while human sociological theories offer valuable starting points, they are unlikely to fully explain or predict the dynamics of autonomous AI collectives. Human sociology should therefore serve as a foundation for developing a distinct, empirically grounded sociology of machines—one capable of evolving alongside the rapidly changing architectures and capabilities of generative agents. 5 Alternative Views Three main alternative views are relevant to our proposed paradigm. We discuss them below. LLMs Miss the Multi-Agent Mark. La Malfa et al. ( 2025 ) argue that current LLM-based multi-agent systems (MAS) fail to capture core multi-agent properties and should align more closely with established MAS principles rather than motivate new frameworks. They note that LLMs lack native social behavior , attribute many MAS failures to inter-agent misalignment, and advocate for explicit multi-agent pre-training in agent-agnostic environments grounded in structured protocols and formal methods. These critiques highlight real challenges, but our interactionist paradigm addresses complementary questions largely independent of specific architectures or training regimes. Rather than prescribing agent design, it examines how agents with prior representations behave in social contexts, how influence and information propagate, and how collective phenomena emerge. Explicit social pre-training is one design choice, but emergence and alignment dynamics remain relevant across implementations. Our approach thus extends classical MAS theory, retaining its rigor while targeting different aspects of multi-agent behavior. Gen-AI models show uniform collective behavior. Shared training data and fine-tuning methods, being optimized to satisfy similar human preferences and safety constraints, make individual models converge to the same dominant behavior, rather than exploring different possibilities (Jiang et al. , 2025b ) . While this might be plausible for models acting in isolation, it is substantially less reasonable in interactive MAS. Even agents with identical pre-training can produce diverse collective outcomes, shaped by initial conditions, interaction structures, and contextual factors. In practice, agents vary in fine-tuning, prompting, retrieval context, and interaction history, and multi-agent populations may include heterogeneous model architectures altogether. Our framework captures how subtle differences in the “person” component (pre-trained priors) interact with the “situation” component (social context) to produce emergent phenomena. If convergence to uniform behaviors were unavoidable, we would not observe the range of social conventions, polarization, and coordination patterns documented in recent Gen-AI MAS studies (Piao et al. , 2025 ; Ashery et al. , 2025 ; Flint et al. , 2025 ) . Gen-AI agents still fail at simple tasks. Existing LLMs still struggle with relatively simple tasks (Williams and Huckle, 2024 ; Malek et al. , 2025 ; Xu et al. , 2025 ) , and recent work demonstrated that the performance of MAS with LLM-powered agents is outperformed by single agents across a variety of tasks (Pan et al. , 2025 ) . Yet, these failures underscore rather than diminish the importance of rigorous analysis. Understanding why multi-agent systems fail requires causal attribution, measurement of information flow breakdowns, and identification of coordination failures—exactly what the interactionist paradigm provides. Societal deployment of these systems is already outpacing theory (Hammond et al. , 2025 ; de Witt, 2025 ) , so waiting for more capable agents before developing frameworks would be irresponsible. Current failures are valuable data for theory development that will remain relevant as capabilities grow. Our paradigm focuses on the mechanisms driving agent collectives, independent of individual agent sophistication. 6 Conclusions In this perspective, we have argued that understanding the collective behavior of Gen-AI agents is an urgent challenge with far-reaching societal implications. Generative agents differ significantly from traditional agents due to their initialization with vast pre-trained knowledge, implicit social priors, and capacity for in-context adaptation. These features give rise to complex, emergent behaviors when such agents interact, behaviors that current theoretical tools, developed for the study of interaction in MARL, are ill-equipped to fully explain or manage. To support this endeavor, we have proposed the need for a new framework, grounded in transdisciplinary dialogue, drawing on insights from cognitive science, social and cultural learning theory, and machine learning. We envision concrete research directions: 1. Interactionist benchmarks : Evaluation protocols designed to isolate contributions of “situation” (prompt context, interaction history) versus “person” (pre-trained priors, model scale, alignment). 2. Causal identification strategies : Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for identifying causal pathways in networked LLM systems, building on interference-aware methods (Aronow and Samii, 2017 ; Bhattacharya et al. , 2020 ) . 3. Information-theoretic measures : Operationalizations of influence, consensus, and innovation flow within agent collectives. 4. Empirical sociology of machine societies : Using LLM collectives as model organisms for studying social processes under controlled conditions. Such a framework can help us better anticipate and steer the emergent dynamics of generative agents, whether the goal is to foster beneficial cooperation, mitigate risk, or ensure alignment with human values. Acknowledgments This work was partially supported by the following projects: Horizon Europe Programme, grants #10112- 0237-ELIAS and #101120763-TANGO. Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Health and Digital Executive Agency (HaDEA). Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. This work was also partly supported by Ministero delle Imprese e del Made in Italy (IPCEI Cloud DM 27 giugno 2022 – IPCEI-CL-0000007) and European Union (Next Generation EU). References S. Abdelnabi, A. Gomaa, S. Sivaprasad, L. Schönherr, and M. Fritz (2023) LLM-deliberation: evaluating llms with interactive multi-agent negotiation games . Cited by: §1 , §3.2 . J. P. Agapiou, A. S. Vezhnevets, E. A. Duéñez-Guzmán, J. Matyas, Y. Mao, P. Sunehag, R. Köster, U. Madhushani, K. Kopparapu, R. Comanescu, et al. 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We claim that the distinctive nature of LLMs–namely, their initialization with extensive pre-trained knowledge and implicit social priors, together with their capability of adaptation through in-context learning–motivates the need for an interactionist paradigm consisting of alternative theoretical foundations, methodologies, and analytical tools, in order to systematically examine how prior knowledge and embedded values interact with social context to shape emergent phenomena in multi-agent generative AI systems. We propose and discuss four directions that we consider crucial for the development and deployment of LLM-based collectives, focusing on theory, methods, and trans-disciplinary dialogue. 1 Introduction Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly advanced due to transformer-based scaling (Vaswani et al. , 2023 ; Radford et al. , 2019 ; Brown et al. , 2020 ) , which has endowed them with capabilities such as in-context learning and reasoning (Dong et al. , 2024 ; Wei et al. , 2023 ) . Increasingly, these models are embedded into generative AI (Gen-AI) agents that reason, act, remember, and interact with their environments (Park et al. , 2023 ; Yao et al. , 2023 ; Shinn et al. , 2023 ; Vezhnevets et al. , 2023 ) . In light of this, such agents are starting to interact with each other with increasing autonomy, and the near future will likely witness a dramatic growth in interactive systems of Gen-AI agents, across many and diverse domains (Hammond et al. , 2025 ) . * * * For simplicity, this perspective centers on LLMs and LLM-based generative agents. However, the underlying principles and frameworks discussed are broadly applicable to agents constructed upon various foundation models. While in an initial phase, researchers interested in studying the performance, behavior, and emergent abilities of LLMs and Gen-AI agents have focused on models operating in isolation (Argyle et al. , 2023 ; Horton, 2023 ; Jiang et al. , 2024 ; Fontana et al. , 2024 ; Zhang et al. , 2024 ) , or interacting solely with human users (Wang et al. , 2024a ; Salvi et al. , 2024 ; Jiang et al. , 2025a ) , with limited exploration into machine-machine interaction, a growing number of recent studies have started to tackle the emergent collective behaviors, norms, and biases of groups of LLM-based agents interacting with each other (Mukobi et al. , 2023 ; Abdelnabi et al. , 2023 ; törnberg2023simulatingsocialmediausing ; Vezhnevets et al. , 2023 ; Ren et al. , 2024 ; Becker, 2024 ; Sprigler et al. , 2024 ; Campedelli et al. , 2025 ; Liu et al. , 2024 ; Lai et al. , 2024 ; Ashery et al. , 2025 ; Jimenez-Romero et al. , 2025 ; Tran et al. , 2025 ) , as conceptualized in Figure 1 . In this work, we argue that it is essential to investigate and assess the collective behaviors of Gen-AI agents, understanding the potential benefits and risks associated with such scenarios of interaction . This endeavor will require the development of new benchmarking protocols, evaluation methodologies, and theoretical tools. To date, multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) (Busoniu et al. , 2008a ; Huh and Mohapatra, 2024 ) has served as the primary framework for studying learning through interaction within multi-agent systems. However, unlike conventional tabula rasa agents in MARL, LLM-based generative agents are initialized with substantial pre-trained knowledge, including rich priors on social behavior. This fundamental difference prompts the design of alternative theoretical frameworks better suited to the unique properties of Gen-AI agents. In particular, we call for the development of an interactionist paradigm that enables the study of how pre-trained knowledge and embedded values interact with social behavior in the emergence of collective phenomena , connecting the study of Gen-AI agents to the longstanding debate between the person and the situation in understanding the determinants of human behavior (Kenrich and Funder, 1988 ) . The core contribution of our paradigm revolves around four pillars: (a) an interactionist theory to enlighten determinants of collective behavior by examining both individual traits and emergent interaction dynamics, (b) causal inference as a methodological toolbox to develop and monitor safe and functioning systems, (c) information theory as a unified language to facilitate quantitative studies of knowledge distribution and behavior propagation, and (d) a sociology of machines as a new area for the development and testing of new theoretical and empirical frameworks, moving beyond human-centric assumptions of social theories. The proposed paradigm would thus offer a comprehensive framework to ground Gen-AI agents’ design and training with emergent collective behaviors, phenomena that cannot be fully explained by analyzing individual agents or environmental factors in isolation. By integrating theories of AI agency, causal inference, information theory, and sociological perspectives, this paradigm addresses the complexity of machine behaviors arising from the interplay between individual agents and the social systems they inhabit. Its relevance is central for the vivid debate on multi-agent systems’ (MAS) alignment (de Witt, 2025 ; Hammond et al. , 2025 ) , but transcends its boundaries, extending to scenarios that are not simply concerned with issues related to security and safety, adding to the broader discourse on MAS and their complex emergent behaviors. Notably, such a paradigm would remain highly relevant even if future AI agents were built on technologies entirely different from contemporary transformer-based models. Whatever breakthroughs ultimately underlie, future agents are likely to involve some form of pre-trained knowledge, which again motivates an interactionist approach that accounts for both individual and social dimensions of collective AI behavior. Our perspective is presented as follows: in Section 2 , we clarify what we mean by learning through interaction, linking the concept to social and cultural learning definitions. A subsection is dedicated to an analysis of the potential benefits and risks deriving from such interaction. Section 3 explores the differing requirements for investigating artificial interactive learning in the contexts of MARL and Gen-AI agents’ collectives. Section 4 illustrates the need for a new paradigm for studying the collective behavioral outcomes of Gen-AI agents, highlighting the potential benefits of cross-pollination with interactionist approaches to the study of human behaviors, the need for adopting causal methodologies and information-theoretic measures to study the propagation and effects of emergent behaviors, and more in general the urgency of a sociology of machines. Section 5 discusses potential alternative views, while Section 6 presents our concluding remarks. Figure 1 : Conceptual description of the shift from simple Gen-AI agents to a collective of Gen-AI agents . (1) On the top left, we visualize an initial phase in which an agent learns via pre-training, supervised fine-tuning (SFT), and reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). Then, two different in-context experiences are represented: (2) on the bottom left, the agent is employed in in-context learning (ICL) to solve a given task, which leads to individual behaviors; (3) on the right, instead, four agents trained according to (1) are involved in interactive ICL tasks. The interaction between the Gen-AI agents can lead to emergent complex collective behaviors that are the byproduct of individual and situational conditions. 1 Introduction Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly advanced due to transformer-based scaling (Vaswani et al. , 2023 ; Radford et al. , 2019 ; Brown et al. , 2020 ) , which has endowed them with capabilities such as in-context learning and reasoning (Dong et al. , 2024 ; Wei et al. , 2023 ) . Increasingly, these models are embedded into generative AI (Gen-AI) agents that reason, act, remember, and interact with their environments (Park et al. , 2023 ; Yao et al. , 2023 ; Shinn et al. , 2023 ; Vezhnevets et al. , 2023 ) . In light of this, such agents are starting to interact with each other with increasing autonomy, and the near future will likely witness a dramatic growth in interactive systems of Gen-AI agents, across many and diverse domains (Hammond et al. , 2025 ) . * * * For simplicity, this perspective centers on LLMs and LLM-based generative agents. However, the underlying principles and frameworks discussed are broadly applicable to agents constructed upon various foundation models. While in an initial phase, researchers interested in studying the performance, behavior, and emergent abilities of LLMs and Gen-AI agents have focused on models operating in isolation (Argyle et al. , 2023 ; Horton, 2023 ; Jiang et al. , 2024 ; Fontana et al. , 2024 ; Zhang et al. , 2024 ) , or interacting solely with human users (Wang et al. , 2024a ; Salvi et al. , 2024 ; Jiang et al. , 2025a ) , with limited exploration into machine-machine interaction, a growing number of recent studies have started to tackle the emergent collective behaviors, norms, and biases of groups of LLM-based agents interacting with each other (Mukobi et al. , 2023 ; Abdelnabi et al. , 2023 ; törnberg2023simulatingsocialmediausing ; Vezhnevets et al. , 2023 ; Ren et al. , 2024 ; Becker, 2024 ; Sprigler et al. , 2024 ; Campedelli et al. , 2025 ; Liu et al. , 2024 ; Lai et al. , 2024 ; Ashery et al. , 2025 ; Jimenez-Romero et al. , 2025 ; Tran et al. , 2025 ) , as conceptualized in Figure 1 . In this work, we argue that it is essential to investigate and assess the collective behaviors of Gen-AI agents, understanding the potential benefits and risks associated with such scenarios of interaction . This endeavor will require the development of new benchmarking protocols, evaluation methodologies, and theoretical tools. To date, multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) (Busoniu et al. , 2008a ; Huh and Mohapatra, 2024 ) has served as the primary framework for studying learning through interaction within multi-agent systems. However, unlike conventional tabula rasa agents in MARL, LLM-based generative agents are initialized with substantial pre-trained knowledge, including rich priors on social behavior. This fundamental difference prompts the design of alternative theoretical frameworks better suited to the unique properties of Gen-AI agents. In particular, we call for the development of an interactionist paradigm that enables the study of how pre-trained knowledge and embedded values interact with social behavior in the emergence of collective phenomena , connecting the study of Gen-AI agents to the longstanding debate between the person and the situation in understanding the determinants of human behavior (Kenrich and Funder, 1988 ) . The core contribution of our paradigm revolves around four pillars: (a) an interactionist theory to enlighten determinants of collective behavior by examining both individual traits and emergent interaction dynamics, (b) causal inference as a methodological toolbox to develop and monitor safe and functioning systems, (c) information theory as a unified language to facilitate quantitative studies of knowledge distribution and behavior propagation, and (d) a sociology of machines as a new area for the development and testing of new theoretical and empirical frameworks, moving beyond human-centric assumptions of social theories. The proposed paradigm would thus offer a comprehensive framework to ground Gen-AI agents’ design and training with emergent collective behaviors, phenomena that cannot be fully explained by analyzing individual agents or environmental factors in isolation. By integrating theories of AI agency, causal inference, information theory, and sociological perspectives, this paradigm addresses the complexity of machine behaviors arising from the interplay between individual agents and the social systems they inhabit. Its relevance is central for the vivid debate on multi-agent systems’ (MAS) alignment (de Witt, 2025 ; Hammond et al. , 2025 ) , but transcends its boundaries, extending to scenarios that are not simply concerned with issues related to security and safety, adding to the broader discourse on MAS and their complex emergent behaviors. Notably, such a paradigm would remain highly relevant even if future AI agents were built on technologies entirely different from contemporary transformer-based models. Whatever breakthroughs ultimately underlie, future agents are likely to involve some form of pre-trained knowledge, which again motivates an interactionist approach that accounts for both individual and social dimensions of collective AI behavior. Our perspective is presented as follows: in Section 2 , we clarify what we mean by learning through interaction, linking the concept to social and cultural learning definitions. A subsection is dedicated to an analysis of the potential benefits and risks deriving from such interaction. Section 3 explores the differing requirements for investigating artificial interactive learning in the contexts of MARL and Gen-AI agents’ collectives. Section 4 illustrates the need for a new paradigm for studying the collective behavioral outcomes of Gen-AI agents, highlighting the potential benefits of cross-pollination with interactionist approaches to the study of human behaviors, the need for adopting causal methodologies and information-theoretic measures to study the propagation and effects of emergent behaviors, and more in general the urgency of a sociology of machines. Section 5 discusses potential alternative views, while Section 6 presents our concluding remarks. 2 Learning through interaction In natural systems, general adaptive strategies emerge through self-organization (Ha and Tang, 2022 ) . The human process for autonomous adaptation and generalization is the result of a continual process of real-time learning, often a byproduct of activities requiring observation and interaction with the surrounding environment. Moreover, the contribution to the development of personal and group skills provided by interaction with other individuals is impossible to ignore (Herrmann et al. , 2007 ; Van Schaik and Burkart, 2011 ; Henrich and Muthukrishna, 2024 ) . Learning processes that make use of knowledge obtained by observing or interacting with others are grouped under the name of social and cultural learning (Box, 1984 ; Heyes, 1994 ; Tomasello, 2004 ; Hoppitt and Laland, 2008 ) . According to classic research in the field, learning is divided into three main categories: observational learning , imitation learning , and interactive learning (Tomasello et al. , 1993 ) . For observational learning, we intend a scenario in which an individual’s behavior is based on experience gathered by observing others, combined with individual knowledge. While observational learning solely implies that the learner witnesses another individual’s behavior, imitation learning also involves an active performance, where the individual attempts to replicate the observed behavior. However, both observational and imitation learning can nowadays happen without direct interaction, for instance by watching a video. Instead, interactive learning requires all the individuals to be concurrently engaged in a common social situation, and all being at the same time source and receiver of information and stimuli (De Felice et al. , 2023 ) . Interactive learning considers an environment that is predominantly social, composed of other agents, their behaviors, and the historically accumulated norms they enforce (Flinn, 1997 ) . Mechanisms of approval, disapproval, inclusion, and exclusion act as reinforcers that strengthen or weaken behaviors over time, through evolutionary reinforcement (Cadenas, 2023 ) . Evolutionary models show that social interaction itself can be a primary selective pressure for the evolution of learning mechanisms, and that social learning strategies evolve because they allow individuals to navigate complex, socially structured environments more effectively than purely individual learning (Krafft et al. , 2021 ; Pentland, 2025 ) . In this context, interactive learning embodies an evolutionary feedback loop: agents refine their behaviors through socially mediated signals, reward, or punishment, leading not only to individual adaptation but also to the transmission and stabilization of collective norms across generations. In recent years, research has started to focus on enabling machines to learn from each other, as humans do, by considering groups of AI agents collectively improving their performance by reciprocal interaction (Li et al. , 2023 ; Chan et al. , 2023 ; Liu et al. , 2024 ) . Why should artificial social interaction matter? Interaction appears to play a crucial role in the development of adaptivity: in real scenarios, interactions are composed of temporally-extended behavior sequences during which all agents simultaneously act and adapt their strategies in response to each other (Leibo et al. , 2017 ) . This implies a constantly shifting environment partly composed of evolving others, thereby triggering innovation and adaptation as all must continually learn themselves to keep up with the learning of others (Leibo et al. , 2019 ) . In our reflection, we focus on the most general real-world multi-agent setup, characterized by completely independent agents pursuing their own goals, with no direct incentive to teach or learn from one another. We define an interactive learning system as a system of n n artificial models ℳ = { M 1 , M 2 , … , M n } \mathcal{M}=\{M_{1},M_{2},\ldots,M_{n}\} , each characterized by a learning function f i : 𝒟 i × ℰ i → ℋ i , f_{i}:\mathcal{D}_{i}\times\mathcal{E}_{i}\rightarrow\mathcal{H}_{i}, (1) which maps an element d i ∈ 𝒟 i d_{i}\in\mathcal{D}_{i} from the space of social information received from other agents, together with an observation e i ∈ ℰ i e_{i}\in\mathcal{E}_{i} from the space of environment states, to a hypothesis or internal state h i ∈ ℋ i h_{i}\in\mathcal{H}_{i} . At each time step t t , the models interact through an information exchange function ϕ t : ℋ 1 × ⋯ × ℋ n → 𝒟 1 × ⋯ × 𝒟 n , \phi_{t}:\mathcal{H}_{1}\times\cdots\times\mathcal{H}_{n}\rightarrow\mathcal{D}_{1}\times\cdots\times\mathcal{D}_{n}, (2) which determines the data (both in terms of actions performed and witnessed, and communication exchanged) each model receives as a function of all current hypotheses. Each model M i M_{i} then updates its hypothesis h i h_{i} according to h i ( t + 1 ) = f i ( e i ( t + 1 ) , d i ( t + 1 ) ) , with ( d 1 ( t + 1 ) , … , d n ( t + 1 ) ) = ϕ t ( h 1 ( t ) , … , h n ( t ) ) , \begin{split}h_{i}^{(t+1)}=f_{i}(e_{i}^{(t+1)},\,\,d_{i}^{(t+1)}),\quad\\ \text{with }\>(d_{1}^{(t+1)},\ldots,d_{n}^{(t+1)})=\phi_{t}(h_{1}^{(t)},\ldots,h_{n}^{(t)}),\end{split} (3) where e i ( t + 1 ) e_{i}^{(t+1)} indicates M i M_{i} ’s environment observation at that instant and d i ( t + 1 ) d_{i}^{(t+1)} is the information resulting from the last exchange among agents. This recursive formulation thus represents a system in which each model simultaneously serves as both source and recipient of stimuli. Such a structure distinguishes interactive learning from paradigms such as imitation or observational learning, in which the roles of source and receiver are predefined and asymmetric. In contrast, here the roles are dynamic and reciprocal, allowing all agents to benefit from interaction strategies that resemble those of traditional paradigms, while adapting to a fully mutual learning framework. 2.1 Potential benefits and potential risks In this subsection, we discuss the potential benefits and risks associated with interactive AI agents scenario, categorizing them into the following seven different dimensions: (1) learning efficiency, (2) distributed knowledge, (3) resource redistribution, (4) developmental and evolutionary potential, (5) task specialization and cooperation, (6) moral and normative transfer, and (7) scalability and adaptation (see Table 1 ). Learning Efficiency. Socially learning AI agents can lead to faster learning processes. As shown in human contexts, positive interaction accelerates learning, particularly when embedded in stimulating environments (De Felice et al. , 2022 ) . Similarly, AI agents that interact with one another can overcome limitations tied to isolated learning. However, accelerated learning through interaction also implies that undesirable behaviors can spread more efficiently. An observation with deep roots in criminological theory (Sutherland, 1939 ; Akers et al. , 1995 ) is that social learning can facilitate the imitation of deviant behavior among agents and potentially lead to emergent malicious dynamics (Campedelli et al. , 2025 ) . Distributed Knowledge. Interactive AI agents could unlock benefits in data-scarce environments by enabling collective problem-solving based on partial, distributed information (Wilson et al. , 2019 ) . This is particularly important in domains where individual agents lack full information but can solve complex problems collectively. Nevertheless, the very networked nature of these systems can cause homogeneity-related failures, error propagation, and facilitate the spread of misinformation or harmful strategies (Uyheng et al. , 2022 ; Phillips et al. , 2024 ; Hammond et al. , 2025 ) . Network science has shown how tightly connected systems enable rapid diffusion–whether of beneficial innovation or harmful behaviors (Bakshy et al. , 2012 ; Kim et al. , 2015 ; Cinelli et al. , 2020 ) . Without safeguards, errors or malicious actions may cascade throughout the network. Resource Redistribution. Social learning can democratize access to high-quality learning and capabilities. For less resourced institutions or nations, lower-end AI agents learning from more capable ones mirrors the human model of knowledge transfer from adults to children, fostering inclusion (Alonso et al. , 2020 ; Korinek and Stiglitz, 2021 ) . Yet, this redistribution raises regulatory concerns. As responsibility becomes diffused across interconnected agents, tracing accountability for errors or harms becomes more difficult (Čerka et al. , 2015 ; Turner, 2018 ) . Especially in high-stakes applications, the opacity of responsibility chains in shared learning environments could pose significant legal and ethical challenges. Developmental and Evolutionary Potential. Interactive AI agents can evolve over time, developing new competencies and adapting to changing environments, potentially giving rise to a form of developmental machine intelligence (Mesoudi et al. , 2016 ) . This can allow low-cost systems to evolve into high-performing ones, reducing barriers to innovation. However, with evolving agents comes increased unpredictability. As their learning paths diverge, monitoring their decision-making and controlling for harmful emergent behaviors become more complex–especially when such growth is unanticipated or opaque. Task Specialization and Cooperation. Learning systems that cooperate can lead to sophisticated task division and specialization, increasing performance in collaborative environments such as robotics or healthcare (Liu et al. , 2024 ) . Knowledge exchange allows agents to leverage each other’s strengths. Yet, this same interconnectedness means that a failure in one part of the system might impact others disproportionately. Cascading failures, long studied in other domains (Zhao et al. , 2016 ; Baqaee, 2018 ) , may manifest in novel and harder-to-contain ways given the adaptive nature of social learning agents. Moral and Normative Transfer. Interacting agents may inherit or share values and ethical constraints, contributing to a more norm-sensitive AI ecosystem. Furthermore, interactions can lead to the development of new normative behavior without pre-programming, which can be hard to predict (Baronchelli, 2024 ) . This transfer opens up new paths for instilling socially beneficial behaviors. However, this process can be co-opted or manipulated. Agents might adopt harmful norms through reinforcement or imitation, just as deviant human behavior can spread in social groups (Akers et al. , 1995 ) . Furthermore, humans might exploit these channels deliberately for cyber-attacks or behavioral manipulation, especially in critical infrastructure settings (Valeriano and Maness, 2015 ; Bennett, 2018 ) . Scalability and Adaptation. One of the compelling promises of social learning machines lies in their scalability. They can adapt to new environments, update internal representations based on peers, and collectively solve large-scale problems. But this scale adds layers of complexity: interconnected agents may act as “black boxes within black boxes,” where both internal and interactive behaviors are difficult to interpret or control. This makes causal inference essential–but also significantly harder in the presence of interference and networked dependencies (VanderWeele and An, 2013 ; Sussman and Airoldi, 2017 ; Ma and Tresp, 2021 ; Clipman et al. , 2022 ) . Failing to track causal chains may impede our ability to prevent the escalation of undesired outcomes. Table 1: Summary of benefits and risks emerging from systems of interactive AI agents Dimension Potential Benefit Potential Risk Learning Efficiency Faster learning from peers; improved performance in low-data contexts Rapid spread of harmful behaviors; reinforcement of biases or deviant patterns Distributed Knowledge Solving complex tasks via shared, complementary information Difficulty in identifying the origin of errors or harmful actions; challenges in causal inference Resource Redistribution Inclusion of low-resource agents in AI development; reduced inequality in tech access Dependency on powerful agents; unequal influence in networked learning settings Developmental and Evolutionary Potential Emergence of cognitive growth; bootstrapping intelligent behavior from simpler agents Two-layered opacity: one from the individual model, one from interaction dynamics Task Specialization and Cooperation Emergent cooperation and division of labor among machines with different skills Increased vulnerability to cascading failures or malicious manipulation Moral and Normative Transfer Potential for embedding ethical norms through imitation and interaction Transmission or emergence of harmful values or deviant behavior (e.g., via imitation or drift) Scalability and Adaptation Decentralized growth of adaptive, evolving systems Legal, regulatory, and attribution challenges in multi-agent, non-centralized settings 2 Learning through interaction In natural systems, general adaptive strategies emerge through self-organization (Ha and Tang, 2022 ) . The human process for autonomous adaptation and generalization is the result of a continual process of real-time learning, often a byproduct of activities requiring observation and interaction with the surrounding environment. Moreover, the contribution to the development of personal and group skills provided by interaction with other individuals is impossible to ignore (Herrmann et al. , 2007 ; Van Schaik and Burkart, 2011 ; Henrich and Muthukrishna, 2024 ) . Learning processes that make use of knowledge obtained by observing or interacting with others are grouped under the name of social and cultural learning (Box, 1984 ; Heyes, 1994 ; Tomasello, 2004 ; Hoppitt and Laland, 2008 ) . According to classic research in the field, learning is divided into three main categories: observational learning , imitation learning , and interactive learning (Tomasello et al. , 1993 ) . For observational learning, we intend a scenario in which an individual’s behavior is based on experience gathered by observing others, combined with individual knowledge. While observational learning solely implies that the learner witnesses another individual’s behavior, imitation learning also involves an active performance, where the individual attempts to replicate the observed behavior. However, both observational and imitation learning can nowadays happen without direct interaction, for instance by watching a video. Instead, interactive learning requires all the individuals to be concurrently engaged in a common social situation, and all being at the same time source and receiver of information and stimuli (De Felice et al. , 2023 ) . Interactive learning considers an environment that is predominantly social, composed of other agents, their behaviors, and the historically accumulated norms they enforce (Flinn, 1997 ) . Mechanisms of approval, disapproval, inclusion, and exclusion act as reinforcers that strengthen or weaken behaviors over time, through evolutionary reinforcement (Cadenas, 2023 ) . Evolutionary models show that social interaction itself can be a primary selective pressure for the evolution of learning mechanisms, and that social learning strategies evolve because they allow individuals to navigate complex, socially structured environments more effectively than purely individual learning (Krafft et al. , 2021 ; Pentland, 2025 ) . In this context, interactive learning embodies an evolutionary feedback loop: agents refine their behaviors through socially mediated signals, reward, or punishment, leading not only to individual adaptation but also to the transmission and stabilization of collective norms across generations. In recent years, research has started to focus on enabling machines to learn from each other, as humans do, by considering groups of AI agents collectively improving their performance by reciprocal interaction (Li et al. , 2023 ; Chan et al. , 2023 ; Liu et al. , 2024 ) . Why should artificial social interaction matter? Interaction appears to play a crucial role in the development of adaptivity: in real scenarios, interactions are composed of temporally-extended behavior sequences during which all agents simultaneously act and adapt their strategies in response to each other (Leibo et al. , 2017 ) . This implies a constantly shifting environment partly composed of evolving others, thereby triggering innovation and adaptation as all must continually learn themselves to keep up with the learning of others (Leibo et al. , 2019 ) . In our reflection, we focus on the most general real-world multi-agent setup, characterized by completely independent agents pursuing their own goals, with no direct incentive to teach or learn from one another. We define an interactive learning system as a system of n n artificial models ℳ = { M 1 , M 2 , … , M n } \mathcal{M}=\{M_{1},M_{2},\ldots,M_{n}\} , each characterized by a learning function f i : 𝒟 i × ℰ i → ℋ i , f_{i}:\mathcal{D}_{i}\times\mathcal{E}_{i}\rightarrow\mathcal{H}_{i}, (1) which maps an element d i ∈ 𝒟 i d_{i}\in\mathcal{D}_{i} from the space of social information received from other agents, together with an observation e i ∈ ℰ i e_{i}\in\mathcal{E}_{i} from the space of environment states, to a hypothesis or internal state h i ∈ ℋ i h_{i}\in\mathcal{H}_{i} . At each time step t t , the models interact through an information exchange function ϕ t : ℋ 1 × ⋯ × ℋ n → 𝒟 1 × ⋯ × 𝒟 n , \phi_{t}:\mathcal{H}_{1}\times\cdots\times\mathcal{H}_{n}\rightarrow\mathcal{D}_{1}\times\cdots\times\mathcal{D}_{n}, (2) which determines the data (both in terms of actions performed and witnessed, and communication exchanged) each model receives as a function of all current hypotheses. Each model M i M_{i} then updates its hypothesis h i h_{i} according to h i ( t + 1 ) = f i ( e i ( t + 1 ) , d i ( t + 1 ) ) , with ( d 1 ( t + 1 ) , … , d n ( t + 1 ) ) = ϕ t ( h 1 ( t ) , … , h n ( t ) ) , \begin{split}h_{i}^{(t+1)}=f_{i}(e_{i}^{(t+1)},\,\,d_{i}^{(t+1)}),\quad\\ \text{with }\>(d_{1}^{(t+1)},\ldots,d_{n}^{(t+1)})=\phi_{t}(h_{1}^{(t)},\ldots,h_{n}^{(t)}),\end{split} (3) where e i ( t + 1 ) e_{i}^{(t+1)} indicates M i M_{i} ’s environment observation at that instant and d i ( t + 1 ) d_{i}^{(t+1)} is the information resulting from the last exchange among agents. This recursive formulation thus represents a system in which each model simultaneously serves as both source and recipient of stimuli. Such a structure distinguishes interactive learning from paradigms such as imitation or observational learning, in which the roles of source and receiver are predefined and asymmetric. In contrast, here the roles are dynamic and reciprocal, allowing all agents to benefit from interaction strategies that resemble those of traditional paradigms, while adapting to a fully mutual learning framework. 2.1 Potential benefits and potential risks In this subsection, we discuss the potential benefits and risks associated with interactive AI agents scenario, categorizing them into the following seven different dimensions: (1) learning efficiency, (2) distributed knowledge, (3) resource redistribution, (4) developmental and evolutionary potential, (5) task specialization and cooperation, (6) moral and normative transfer, and (7) scalability and adaptation (see Table 1 ). Learning Efficiency. Socially learning AI agents can lead to faster learning processes. As shown in human contexts, positive interaction accelerates learning, particularly when embedded in stimulating environments (De Felice et al. , 2022 ) . Similarly, AI agents that interact with one another can overcome limitations tied to isolated learning. However, accelerated learning through interaction also implies that undesirable behaviors can spread more efficiently. An observation with deep roots in criminological theory (Sutherland, 1939 ; Akers et al. , 1995 ) is that social learning can facilitate the imitation of deviant behavior among agents and potentially lead to emergent malicious dynamics (Campedelli et al. , 2025 ) . Distributed Knowledge. Interactive AI agents could unlock benefits in data-scarce environments by enabling collective problem-solving based on partial, distributed information (Wilson et al. , 2019 ) . This is particularly important in domains where individual agents lack full information but can solve complex problems collectively. Nevertheless, the very networked nature of these systems can cause homogeneity-related failures, error propagation, and facilitate the spread of misinformation or harmful strategies (Uyheng et al. , 2022 ; Phillips et al. , 2024 ; Hammond et al. , 2025 ) . Network science has shown how tightly connected systems enable rapid diffusion–whether of beneficial innovation or harmful behaviors (Bakshy et al. , 2012 ; Kim et al. , 2015 ; Cinelli et al. , 2020 ) . Without safeguards, errors or malicious actions may cascade throughout the network. Resource Redistribution. Social learning can democratize access to high-quality learning and capabilities. For less resourced institutions or nations, lower-end AI agents learning from more capable ones mirrors the human model of knowledge transfer from adults to children, fostering inclusion (Alonso et al. , 2020 ; Korinek and Stiglitz, 2021 ) . Yet, this redistribution raises regulatory concerns. As responsibility becomes diffused across interconnected agents, tracing accountability for errors or harms becomes more difficult (Čerka et al. , 2015 ; Turner, 2018 ) . Especially in high-stakes applications, the opacity of responsibility chains in shared learning environments could pose significant legal and ethical challenges. Developmental and Evolutionary Potential. Interactive AI agents can evolve over time, developing new competencies and adapting to changing environments, potentially giving rise to a form of developmental machine intelligence (Mesoudi et al. , 2016 ) . This can allow low-cost systems to evolve into high-performing ones, reducing barriers to innovation. However, with evolving agents comes increased unpredictability. As their learning paths diverge, monitoring their decision-making and controlling for harmful emergent behaviors become more complex–especially when such growth is unanticipated or opaque. Task Specialization and Cooperation. Learning systems that cooperate can lead to sophisticated task division and specialization, increasing performance in collaborative environments such as robotics or healthcare (Liu et al. , 2024 ) . Knowledge exchange allows agents to leverage each other’s strengths. Yet, this same interconnectedness means that a failure in one part of the system might impact others disproportionately. Cascading failures, long studied in other domains (Zhao et al. , 2016 ; Baqaee, 2018 ) , may manifest in novel and harder-to-contain ways given the adaptive nature of social learning agents. Moral and Normative Transfer. Interacting agents may inherit or share values and ethical constraints, contributing to a more norm-sensitive AI ecosystem. Furthermore, interactions can lead to the development of new normative behavior without pre-programming, which can be hard to predict (Baronchelli, 2024 ) . This transfer opens up new paths for instilling socially beneficial behaviors. However, this process can be co-opted or manipulated. Agents might adopt harmful norms through reinforcement or imitation, just as deviant human behavior can spread in social groups (Akers et al. , 1995 ) . Furthermore, humans might exploit these channels deliberately for cyber-attacks or behavioral manipulation, especially in critical infrastructure settings (Valeriano and Maness, 2015 ; Bennett, 2018 ) . Scalability and Adaptation. One of the compelling promises of social learning machines lies in their scalability. They can adapt to new environments, update internal representations based on peers, and collectively solve large-scale problems. But this scale adds layers of complexity: interconnected agents may act as “black boxes within black boxes,” where both internal and interactive behaviors are difficult to interpret or control. This makes causal inference essential–but also significantly harder in the presence of interference and networked dependencies (VanderWeele and An, 2013 ; Sussman and Airoldi, 2017 ; Ma and Tresp, 2021 ; Clipman et al. , 2022 ) . Failing to track causal chains may impede our ability to prevent the escalation of undesired outcomes. Table 1: Summary of benefits and risks emerging from systems of interactive AI agents Dimension Potential Benefit Potential Risk Learning Efficiency Faster learning from peers; improved performance in low-data contexts Rapid spread of harmful behaviors; reinforcement of biases or deviant patterns Distributed Knowledge Solving complex tasks via shared, complementary information Difficulty in identifying the origin of errors or harmful actions; challenges in causal inference Resource Redistribution Inclusion of low-resource agents in AI development; reduced inequality in tech access Dependency on powerful agents; unequal influence in networked learning settings Developmental and Evolutionary Potential Emergence of cognitive growth; bootstrapping intelligent behavior from simpler agents Two-layered opacity: one from the individual model, one from interaction dynamics Task Specialization and Cooperation Emergent cooperation and division of labor among machines with different skills Increased vulnerability to cascading failures or malicious manipulation Moral and Normative Transfer Potential for embedding ethical norms through imitation and interaction Transmission or emergence of harmful values or deviant behavior (e.g., via imitation or drift) Scalability and Adaptation Decentralized growth of adaptive, evolving systems Legal, regulatory, and attribution challenges in multi-agent, non-centralized settings 2.1 Potential benefits and potential risks In this subsection, we discuss the potential benefits and risks associated with interactive AI agents scenario, categorizing them into the following seven different dimensions: (1) learning efficiency, (2) distributed knowledge, (3) resource redistribution, (4) developmental and evolutionary potential, (5) task specialization and cooperation, (6) moral and normative transfer, and (7) scalability and adaptation (see Table 1 ). Learning Efficiency. Socially learning AI agents can lead to faster learning processes. As shown in human contexts, positive interaction accelerates learning, particularly when embedded in stimulating environments (De Felice et al. , 2022 ) . Similarly, AI agents that interact with one another can overcome limitations tied to isolated learning. However, accelerated learning through interaction also implies that undesirable behaviors can spread more efficiently. An observation with deep roots in criminological theory (Sutherland, 1939 ; Akers et al. , 1995 ) is that social learning can facilitate the imitation of deviant behavior among agents and potentially lead to emergent malicious dynamics (Campedelli et al. , 2025 ) . Learning Efficiency. Socially learning AI agents can lead to faster learning processes. As shown in human contexts, positive interaction accelerates learning, particularly when embedded in stimulating environments (De Felice et al. , 2022 ) . Similarly, AI agents that interact with one another can overcome limitations tied to isolated learning. However, accelerated learning through interaction also implies that undesirable behaviors can spread more efficiently. An observation with deep roots in criminological theory (Sutherland, 1939 ; Akers et al. , 1995 ) is that social learning can facilitate the imitation of deviant behavior among agents and potentially lead to emergent malicious dynamics (Campedelli et al. , 2025 ) . Distributed Knowledge. Interactive AI agents could unlock benefits in data-scarce environments by enabling collective problem-solving based on partial, distributed information (Wilson et al. , 2019 ) . This is particularly important in domains where individual agents lack full information but can solve complex problems collectively. Nevertheless, the very networked nature of these systems can cause homogeneity-related failures, error propagation, and facilitate the spread of misinformation or harmful strategies (Uyheng et al. , 2022 ; Phillips et al. , 2024 ; Hammond et al. , 2025 ) . Network science has shown how tightly connected systems enable rapid diffusion–whether of beneficial innovation or harmful behaviors (Bakshy et al. , 2012 ; Kim et al. , 2015 ; Cinelli et al. , 2020 ) . Without safeguards, errors or malicious actions may cascade throughout the network. Distributed Knowledge. Interactive AI agents could unlock benefits in data-scarce environments by enabling collective problem-solving based on partial, distributed information (Wilson et al. , 2019 ) . This is particularly important in domains where individual agents lack full information but can solve complex problems collectively. Nevertheless, the very networked nature of these systems can cause homogeneity-related failures, error propagation, and facilitate the spread of misinformation or harmful strategies (Uyheng et al. , 2022 ; Phillips et al. , 2024 ; Hammond et al. , 2025 ) . Network science has shown how tightly connected systems enable rapid diffusion–whether of beneficial innovation or harmful behaviors (Bakshy et al. , 2012 ; Kim et al. , 2015 ; Cinelli et al. , 2020 ) . Without safeguards, errors or malicious actions may cascade throughout the network. Resource Redistribution. Social learning can democratize access to high-quality learning and capabilities. For less resourced institutions or nations, lower-end AI agents learning from more capable ones mirrors the human model of knowledge transfer from adults to children, fostering inclusion (Alonso et al. , 2020 ; Korinek and Stiglitz, 2021 ) . Yet, this redistribution raises regulatory concerns. As responsibility becomes diffused across interconnected agents, tracing accountability for errors or harms becomes more difficult (Čerka et al. , 2015 ; Turner, 2018 ) . Especially in high-stakes applications, the opacity of responsibility chains in shared learning environments could pose significant legal and ethical challenges. Resource Redistribution. Social learning can democratize access to high-quality learning and capabilities. For less resourced institutions or nations, lower-end AI agents learning from more capable ones mirrors the human model of knowledge transfer from adults to children, fostering inclusion (Alonso et al. , 2020 ; Korinek and Stiglitz, 2021 ) . Yet, this redistribution raises regulatory concerns. As responsibility becomes diffused across interconnected agents, tracing accountability for errors or harms becomes more difficult (Čerka et al. , 2015 ; Turner, 2018 ) . Especially in high-stakes applications, the opacity of responsibility chains in shared learning environments could pose significant legal and ethical challenges. Developmental and Evolutionary Potential. Interactive AI agents can evolve over time, developing new competencies and adapting to changing environments, potentially giving rise to a form of developmental machine intelligence (Mesoudi et al. , 2016 ) . This can allow low-cost systems to evolve into high-performing ones, reducing barriers to innovation. However, with evolving agents comes increased unpredictability. As their learning paths diverge, monitoring their decision-making and controlling for harmful emergent behaviors become more complex–especially when such growth is unanticipated or opaque. Developmental and Evolutionary Potential. Interactive AI agents can evolve over time, developing new competencies and adapting to changing environments, potentially giving rise to a form of developmental machine intelligence (Mesoudi et al. , 2016 ) . This can allow low-cost systems to evolve into high-performing ones, reducing barriers to innovation. However, with evolving agents comes increased unpredictability. As their learning paths diverge, monitoring their decision-making and controlling for harmful emergent behaviors become more complex–especially when such growth is unanticipated or opaque. Task Specialization and Cooperation. Learning systems that cooperate can lead to sophisticated task division and specialization, increasing performance in collaborative environments such as robotics or healthcare (Liu et al. , 2024 ) . Knowledge exchange allows agents to leverage each other’s strengths. Yet, this same interconnectedness means that a failure in one part of the system might impact others disproportionately. Cascading failures, long studied in other domains (Zhao et al. , 2016 ; Baqaee, 2018 ) , may manifest in novel and harder-to-contain ways given the adaptive nature of social learning agents. Task Specialization and Cooperation. Learning systems that cooperate can lead to sophisticated task division and specialization, increasing performance in collaborative environments such as robotics or healthcare (Liu et al. , 2024 ) . Knowledge exchange allows agents to leverage each other’s strengths. Yet, this same interconnectedness means that a failure in one part of the system might impact others disproportionately. Cascading failures, long studied in other domains (Zhao et al. , 2016 ; Baqaee, 2018 ) , may manifest in novel and harder-to-contain ways given the adaptive nature of social learning agents. Moral and Normative Transfer. Interacting agents may inherit or share values and ethical constraints, contributing to a more norm-sensitive AI ecosystem. Furthermore, interactions can lead to the development of new normative behavior without pre-programming, which can be hard to predict (Baronchelli, 2024 ) . This transfer opens up new paths for instilling socially beneficial behaviors. However, this process can be co-opted or manipulated. Agents might adopt harmful norms through reinforcement or imitation, just as deviant human behavior can spread in social groups (Akers et al. , 1995 ) . Furthermore, humans might exploit these channels deliberately for cyber-attacks or behavioral manipulation, especially in critical infrastructure settings (Valeriano and Maness, 2015 ; Bennett, 2018 ) . Moral and Normative Transfer. Interacting agents may inherit or share values and ethical constraints, contributing to a more norm-sensitive AI ecosystem. Furthermore, interactions can lead to the development of new normative behavior without pre-programming, which can be hard to predict (Baronchelli, 2024 ) . This transfer opens up new paths for instilling socially beneficial behaviors. However, this process can be co-opted or manipulated. Agents might adopt harmful norms through reinforcement or imitation, just as deviant human behavior can spread in social groups (Akers et al. , 1995 ) . Furthermore, humans might exploit these channels deliberately for cyber-attacks or behavioral manipulation, especially in critical infrastructure settings (Valeriano and Maness, 2015 ; Bennett, 2018 ) . Scalability and Adaptation. One of the compelling promises of social learning machines lies in their scalability. They can adapt to new environments, update internal representations based on peers, and collectively solve large-scale problems. But this scale adds layers of complexity: interconnected agents may act as “black boxes within black boxes,” where both internal and interactive behaviors are difficult to interpret or control. This makes causal inference essential–but also significantly harder in the presence of interference and networked dependencies (VanderWeele and An, 2013 ; Sussman and Airoldi, 2017 ; Ma and Tresp, 2021 ; Clipman et al. , 2022 ) . Failing to track causal chains may impede our ability to prevent the escalation of undesired outcomes. Table 1: Summary of benefits and risks emerging from systems of interactive AI agents Dimension Potential Benefit Potential Risk Learning Efficiency Faster learning from peers; improved performance in low-data contexts Rapid spread of harmful behaviors; reinforcement of biases or deviant patterns Distributed Knowledge Solving complex tasks via shared, complementary information Difficulty in identifying the origin of errors or harmful actions; challenges in causal inference Resource Redistribution Inclusion of low-resource agents in AI development; reduced inequality in tech access Dependency on powerful agents; unequal influence in networked learning settings Developmental and Evolutionary Potential Emergence of cognitive growth; bootstrapping intelligent behavior from simpler agents Two-layered opacity: one from the individual model, one from interaction dynamics Task Specialization and Cooperation Emergent cooperation and division of labor among machines with different skills Increased vulnerability to cascading failures or malicious manipulation Moral and Normative Transfer Potential for embedding ethical norms through imitation and interaction Transmission or emergence of harmful values or deviant behavior (e.g., via imitation or drift) Scalability and Adaptation Decentralized growth of adaptive, evolving systems Legal, regulatory, and attribution challenges in multi-agent, non-centralized settings Scalability and Adaptation. One of the compelling promises of social learning machines lies in their scalability. They can adapt to new environments, update internal representations based on peers, and collectively solve large-scale problems. But this scale adds layers of complexity: interconnected agents may act as “black boxes within black boxes,” where both internal and interactive behaviors are difficult to interpret or control. This makes causal inference essential–but also significantly harder in the presence of interference and networked dependencies (VanderWeele and An, 2013 ; Sussman and Airoldi, 2017 ; Ma and Tresp, 2021 ; Clipman et al. , 2022 ) . Failing to track causal chains may impede our ability to prevent the escalation of undesired outcomes. Dimension Potential Benefit Potential Risk Learning Efficiency Faster learning from peers; improved performance in low-data contexts Rapid spread of harmful behaviors; reinforcement of biases or deviant patterns Distributed Knowledge Solving complex tasks via shared, complementary information Difficulty in identifying the origin of errors or harmful actions; challenges in causal inference Resource Redistribution Inclusion of low-resource agents in AI development; reduced inequality in tech access Dependency on powerful agents; unequal influence in networked learning settings Developmental and Evolutionary Potential Emergence of cognitive growth; bootstrapping intelligent behavior from simpler agents Two-layered opacity: one from the individual model, one from interaction dynamics Task Specialization and Cooperation Emergent cooperation and division of labor among machines with different skills Increased vulnerability to cascading failures or malicious manipulation Moral and Normative Transfer Potential for embedding ethical norms through imitation and interaction Transmission or emergence of harmful values or deviant behavior (e.g., via imitation or drift) Scalability and Adaptation Decentralized growth of adaptive, evolving systems Legal, regulatory, and attribution challenges in multi-agent, non-centralized settings 3 Learning socially: from MARL to collectives of Gen-AI agents 3.1 MARL and social learning As previously mentioned, MARL has served in the pre-LLM era as the primary framework for studying social learning within multi-agent systems. Many works demonstrate that RL can reproduce social learning phenomena without relying on any specialized mechanisms, showing that generic RL algorithms, when in opportune environments, can independently acquire social learning behaviors. These behaviors arise despite the absence of any built-in inductive bias favoring imitation or social interaction, indicating that imitation need not be treated as a primitive capability but can instead be learned as part of a general adaptive process (Leibo et al. , 2022 ) . Several concrete implementations of model-free RL support this conclusion. Borsa et al. ( 2019 ) demonstrate that observational learning can arise naturally from standard reinforcement learning, showing that an RL agent, without explicitly modeling other agents, can exploit the environmental consequences of a teacher’s actions and, when properly motivated through reward correlations, adapt its behavior based on observing another agent in a shared environment. Woodward et al. ( 2020 ) employ interactive learning as an alternative to reward or demonstration-driven learning. By enabling a first agent to learn from a second one, expert on the current task, the authors demonstrate the emergence of several interactive learning behaviors (information-sharing, information-seeking, question-answering). Ndousse et al. ( 2021 ) obtain policies capable of social learning by considering opportune training environments and introducing a model-based auxiliary loss penalizing mistakes in next-state predictions. This, in turn, enables the learning of complex skills that do not emerge from solo training, and adapt online to unseen environments in which experts are present. In Ha and Jeong ( 2023 ) , instead, deep RL agents spontaneously learn concepts of social learning, such as, for instance, copying, focusing on frequent and well-performing neighbors, self-comparison, as well as the importance of balancing between individual and social learning, without explicit guidance or prior knowledge. Finally, the use of RL in scenarios that allow for social learning is shown to promote the emergence of cultural transmission (Bhoopchand et al. , 2023 ) and cultural accumulation (Cook et al. , 2024 ) . Across this literature, the algorithms employed are fully general-purpose: they are not tailored to social domains and are, in principle, applicable to arbitrary environments. When those environments contain other agents whose behavior provides useful information, the learned policies naturally come to exploit that information through imitation and observation. Social learning therefore emerges not as a distinct computational faculty, but as a particular manifestation of generic learning dynamics in social settings (Heyes, 2012 ) . 3.2 Collectives of generative agents Figure 2 : Overview of the LLM development pipeline . The model undergoes four sequential learning phases: (1) pre-training on web-scale generalist data via next-token prediction to acquire parametric knowledge; (2) supervised fine-tuning (SFT) on curated in-domain data to learn task-specific skills such as reasoning and instruction following; (3) alignment through reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), using preference data to optimize for helpfulness, faithfulness, and truthfulness; and (4) an interactive deployment phase, where agents exhibit adaptive behavior through interactive in-context learning (ICL). To discuss collectives of LLM-based generative agents, underlying the differences with MARL, it is important to summarize first how LLMs learn. This happens in four distinct learning phases: • Pre‑training , where models learn general language patterns via next‑token prediction under a cross‑entropy loss. This phase, highly effective to learn robust language priors, allows the model to internalize syntax, semantics, and some reasoning patterns across diverse domains (He and Su, 2024 ) , while neglecting alignment with specific user needs or safety constraints (Zhang et al. , 2025 ) . • Post-training with supervised fine-tuning (SFT), where the focus is on shaping the interaction format by encouraging behaviors like instruction following and conversational dialogue through labeled examples. SFT’s action can be viewed as removing extraneous patterns from the knowledge acquired in pre-training, rather than as building completely new skills (Zhou et al. , 2023 ) , and the compliance with desired interaction formats is a characteristic that is learned directly from the supervised data rather than being emergent from general language modeling (Grattafiori et al. , 2024 ) . • Post-training with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) (Lambert, 2025 ) , which aligns model outputs with human preferences through reward modeling (Kaufmann et al. , 2024 ) and policy optimization (Bai et al. , 2022 ) . RLHF holds a crucial role in deploying aligned AI systems across domains. • In-Context Learning (ICL), enabling zero‑ or few‑shot task adaptation solely via prompt examples without weight updates ( akyürek2023learningalgorithmincontextlearning ; Dong et al. , 2024 ; Wang et al. , 2024b ) . This meta‑learning capability arises from patterns observed during pre‑training and is enhanced by instruction‑tuned models (Dong et al. , 2024 ) . ICL underpins flexible role‑playing, chain‑of‑thought prompting, and rapid domain adaptation. During ICL, the model adjusts its outputs based on the context provided in the input prompt, and this allows it to perform a variety of tasks without explicit retraining. This mirrors the human ability to adapt behavior based on situational cues and social context, and to adjust to different cultural norms and expectations. In a collective of generative agents, in particular, we can have multi‑agent interactive ICL , as summarized in Figure 2 . This paradigm is shown to foster the emergence of social behaviors (in accordance with environmental and experimental conditions like preassigned roles, contexts and objectives), such as linguistic social norms, collective biases, shifting of conventions by committed small groups (Ashery et al. , 2025 ) , self-organization into networks structures (De Marzo et al. , 2023 ) , persuasion and anti-social behavior (Campedelli et al. , 2025 ) , negotiation (Abdelnabi et al. , 2023 ) , different subjectivities and brainstorming creativity (Lai et al. , 2024 ) , cooperation, competition, and coordination (Mukobi et al. , 2023 ; Vallinder and Hughes, 2024 ; Tran et al. , 2025 ; Willis et al. , 2025 ) , in particular, in Vallinder and Hughes ( 2024 ) the emergence of cooperation is studied by considering cultural evolution across generations of agents. In light of this, it is possible to summarize the differences between the generative agents’ collectives and the traditional MARL frameworks, as demonstrated in Table 2 . Observing this table, we can notice that generative agents’ collectives inherit rich, pre‑trained priors on language, reasoning, and social behavior, that fundamentally distinguish them from tabula rasa MARL agents, whose interaction skills must be learned from scratch. This is perhaps the most fundamental difference between the two frameworks in the interactive phase. MARL systems learn in the most classical of the senses (optimizing weights) through interaction: on the one side, this allows for the emergence of new behaviors, stirred by rich informative exchanges. On the other side, issues like non-stationarity and convergence to sub-optimal policies can make adaptation harder, despite local flexibility. For generative agents’ collectives, instead, the policy is fixed at inference time, and adaptation arises from in-context learning, not gradient updates. In-context learning is closer to adaptation to context than classical learning, and it is an expression of pre-learned language priors. Although the individual emerging behaviors are not purely a fruit of interaction, we can talk of a second-order emergence of behaviors, referring to the behaviors of the collective as a whole, that are the result of interaction among single models. MARL theory assumes that agents start with minimal inductive bias and must learn coordination through exploration and explicit reward shaping (Busoniu et al. , 2008b ) . Reward shaping introduces its own set of challenges. Designing a MARL system for a specific task requires carefully constructed step-wise rewards that induce a long-term objective. In generative agents, instead, each agent’s individual objective can be specified directly in natural language through its prompt. However, it is important to note that crafting prompts to elicit desirable agent behavior can be challenging, albeit potentially more accessible due to the expressiveness of natural language. Moreover, classical MARL evaluation focuses on scalar rewards, measuring equilibrium convergence speed, stability under co‑learning dynamics, and total return in cooperative or competitive tasks (Huh and Mohapatra, 2024 ) . Benchmarking tests emphasize learning dynamics and credit assignment under non‑stationarity, but pay little heed to natural‑language interaction, high-level planning, or knowledge reuse (not spontaneously emerging in MARL (Chaabouni et al. , 2019 ; Ren et al. , 2020 ) ). While this gap is partly addressed in (Leibo et al. , 2021 ; Agapiou et al. , 2022 ; Trivedi et al. , 2024 ) by evaluating generalization across unseen social scenarios, MARL benchmarks present a second, and more important issue: they provide little insight into how pre‑trained knowledge affects interaction. These are, however, important aspects in evaluating generative agents’ collectives (Chan et al. , 2022 , 2025 ) , where the impact on behavior emergence of pre-interaction knowledge has to be quantified, as well as the impact of prompt context and conversation history. Hence, we need new theoretical constructs to describe how they shape emergent group behaviors. Analogously, novel benchmarking protocols are needed to capture emergent coordination, communication quality, and the leveraging of world knowledge–properties that do not spontaneously arise in classical MARL, and cannot be evaluated by standard cumulative‐reward metrics alone. Recently, some work has been done in this sense: MultiAgentBench introduces metrics for communication efficiency and individual contribution to milestone progression (Zhu et al. , 2025 ) . AgentQuest further modularizes evaluation, offering plug‑in metrics for planning depth and error diagnosis that rely on LLM reasoning traces (Gioacchini et al. , 2024 ) . Collab‑Overcooked measures process‑oriented collaboration, e.g., turn‑taking smoothness and real‑time adaptation (Sun et al. , 2025 ) . Table 2: Key Differences between generative agents’ collectives and MARL Interaction aspects Generative agents’ collectives MARL Goal modeling Prompt crafting Reward shaping Learning No weight updates in interaction, in-context adaptation via prompt Online actor and/or critic updates via gradient/value iterations Feedback Signal Implicit/secondary (e.g., success prompts, human ratings) Explicit quantitative rewards from the environment Non‑Stationarity Less central (fixed weights) Policies co‑evolution increases non‑stationarity, (need for stabilization techniques) Scalability issues Inference cost, prompt length, loss of coherence Combinatorial explosion of joint action space and state space Emergent Behavior From pre‑learned language priors (no new behaviors learned via weight update; novel collective phenomena emerge through interaction) Through policy co‑adaptation driven by exploration and rewards Evaluation Metrics Qualitative (coherence, user satisfaction) and task success Quantitative (cumulative reward, convergence, sample efficiency) 3 Learning socially: from MARL to collectives of Gen-AI agents 3.1 MARL and social learning As previously mentioned, MARL has served in the pre-LLM era as the primary framework for studying social learning within multi-agent systems. Many works demonstrate that RL can reproduce social learning phenomena without relying on any specialized mechanisms, showing that generic RL algorithms, when in opportune environments, can independently acquire social learning behaviors. These behaviors arise despite the absence of any built-in inductive bias favoring imitation or social interaction, indicating that imitation need not be treated as a primitive capability but can instead be learned as part of a general adaptive process (Leibo et al. , 2022 ) . Several concrete implementations of model-free RL support this conclusion. Borsa et al. ( 2019 ) demonstrate that observational learning can arise naturally from standard reinforcement learning, showing that an RL agent, without explicitly modeling other agents, can exploit the environmental consequences of a teacher’s actions and, when properly motivated through reward correlations, adapt its behavior based on observing another agent in a shared environment. Woodward et al. ( 2020 ) employ interactive learning as an alternative to reward or demonstration-driven learning. By enabling a first agent to learn from a second one, expert on the current task, the authors demonstrate the emergence of several interactive learning behaviors (information-sharing, information-seeking, question-answering). Ndousse et al. ( 2021 ) obtain policies capable of social learning by considering opportune training environments and introducing a model-based auxiliary loss penalizing mistakes in next-state predictions. This, in turn, enables the learning of complex skills that do not emerge from solo training, and adapt online to unseen environments in which experts are present. In Ha and Jeong ( 2023 ) , instead, deep RL agents spontaneously learn concepts of social learning, such as, for instance, copying, focusing on frequent and well-performing neighbors, self-comparison, as well as the importance of balancing between individual and social learning, without explicit guidance or prior knowledge. Finally, the use of RL in scenarios that allow for social learning is shown to promote the emergence of cultural transmission (Bhoopchand et al. , 2023 ) and cultural accumulation (Cook et al. , 2024 ) . Across this literature, the algorithms employed are fully general-purpose: they are not tailored to social domains and are, in principle, applicable to arbitrary environments. When those environments contain other agents whose behavior provides useful information, the learned policies naturally come to exploit that information through imitation and observation. Social learning therefore emerges not as a distinct computational faculty, but as a particular manifestation of generic learning dynamics in social settings (Heyes, 2012 ) . 3.1 MARL and social learning As previously mentioned, MARL has served in the pre-LLM era as the primary framework for studying social learning within multi-agent systems. Many works demonstrate that RL can reproduce social learning phenomena without relying on any specialized mechanisms, showing that generic RL algorithms, when in opportune environments, can independently acquire social learning behaviors. These behaviors arise despite the absence of any built-in inductive bias favoring imitation or social interaction, indicating that imitation need not be treated as a primitive capability but can instead be learned as part of a general adaptive process (Leibo et al. , 2022 ) . Several concrete implementations of model-free RL support this conclusion. Borsa et al. ( 2019 ) demonstrate that observational learning can arise naturally from standard reinforcement learning, showing that an RL agent, without explicitly modeling other agents, can exploit the environmental consequences of a teacher’s actions and, when properly motivated through reward correlations, adapt its behavior based on observing another agent in a shared environment. Woodward et al. ( 2020 ) employ interactive learning as an alternative to reward or demonstration-driven learning. By enabling a first agent to learn from a second one, expert on the current task, the authors demonstrate the emergence of several interactive learning behaviors (information-sharing, information-seeking, question-answering). Ndousse et al. ( 2021 ) obtain policies capable of social learning by considering opportune training environments and introducing a model-based auxiliary loss penalizing mistakes in next-state predictions. This, in turn, enables the learning of complex skills that do not emerge from solo training, and adapt online to unseen environments in which experts are present. In Ha and Jeong ( 2023 ) , instead, deep RL agents spontaneously learn concepts of social learning, such as, for instance, copying, focusing on frequent and well-performing neighbors, self-comparison, as well as the importance of balancing between individual and social learning, without explicit guidance or prior knowledge. Finally, the use of RL in scenarios that allow for social learning is shown to promote the emergence of cultural transmission (Bhoopchand et al. , 2023 ) and cultural accumulation (Cook et al. , 2024 ) . Across this literature, the algorithms employed are fully general-purpose: they are not tailored to social domains and are, in principle, applicable to arbitrary environments. When those environments contain other agents whose behavior provides useful information, the learned policies naturally come to exploit that information through imitation and observation. Social learning therefore emerges not as a distinct computational faculty, but as a particular manifestation of generic learning dynamics in social settings (Heyes, 2012 ) . 3.2 Collectives of generative agents Figure 2 : Overview of the LLM development pipeline . The model undergoes four sequential learning phases: (1) pre-training on web-scale generalist data via next-token prediction to acquire parametric knowledge; (2) supervised fine-tuning (SFT) on curated in-domain data to learn task-specific skills such as reasoning and instruction following; (3) alignment through reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), using preference data to optimize for helpfulness, faithfulness, and truthfulness; and (4) an interactive deployment phase, where agents exhibit adaptive behavior through interactive in-context learning (ICL). To discuss collectives of LLM-based generative agents, underlying the differences with MARL, it is important to summarize first how LLMs learn. This happens in four distinct learning phases: • Pre‑training , where models learn general language patterns via next‑token prediction under a cross‑entropy loss. This phase, highly effective to learn robust language priors, allows the model to internalize syntax, semantics, and some reasoning patterns across diverse domains (He and Su, 2024 ) , while neglecting alignment with specific user needs or safety constraints (Zhang et al. , 2025 ) . • Post-training with supervised fine-tuning (SFT), where the focus is on shaping the interaction format by encouraging behaviors like instruction following and conversational dialogue through labeled examples. SFT’s action can be viewed as removing extraneous patterns from the knowledge acquired in pre-training, rather than as building completely new skills (Zhou et al. , 2023 ) , and the compliance with desired interaction formats is a characteristic that is learned directly from the supervised data rather than being emergent from general language modeling (Grattafiori et al. , 2024 ) . • Post-training with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) (Lambert, 2025 ) , which aligns model outputs with human preferences through reward modeling (Kaufmann et al. , 2024 ) and policy optimization (Bai et al. , 2022 ) . RLHF holds a crucial role in deploying aligned AI systems across domains. • In-Context Learning (ICL), enabling zero‑ or few‑shot task adaptation solely via prompt examples without weight updates ( akyürek2023learningalgorithmincontextlearning ; Dong et al. , 2024 ; Wang et al. , 2024b ) . This meta‑learning capability arises from patterns observed during pre‑training and is enhanced by instruction‑tuned models (Dong et al. , 2024 ) . ICL underpins flexible role‑playing, chain‑of‑thought prompting, and rapid domain adaptation. During ICL, the model adjusts its outputs based on the context provided in the input prompt, and this allows it to perform a variety of tasks without explicit retraining. This mirrors the human ability to adapt behavior based on situational cues and social context, and to adjust to different cultural norms and expectations. In a collective of generative agents, in particular, we can have multi‑agent interactive ICL , as summarized in Figure 2 . This paradigm is shown to foster the emergence of social behaviors (in accordance with environmental and experimental conditions like preassigned roles, contexts and objectives), such as linguistic social norms, collective biases, shifting of conventions by committed small groups (Ashery et al. , 2025 ) , self-organization into networks structures (De Marzo et al. , 2023 ) , persuasion and anti-social behavior (Campedelli et al. , 2025 ) , negotiation (Abdelnabi et al. , 2023 ) , different subjectivities and brainstorming creativity (Lai et al. , 2024 ) , cooperation, competition, and coordination (Mukobi et al. , 2023 ; Vallinder and Hughes, 2024 ; Tran et al. , 2025 ; Willis et al. , 2025 ) , in particular, in Vallinder and Hughes ( 2024 ) the emergence of cooperation is studied by considering cultural evolution across generations of agents. In light of this, it is possible to summarize the differences between the generative agents’ collectives and the traditional MARL frameworks, as demonstrated in Table 2 . Observing this table, we can notice that generative agents’ collectives inherit rich, pre‑trained priors on language, reasoning, and social behavior, that fundamentally distinguish them from tabula rasa MARL agents, whose interaction skills must be learned from scratch. This is perhaps the most fundamental difference between the two frameworks in the interactive phase. MARL systems learn in the most classical of the senses (optimizing weights) through interaction: on the one side, this allows for the emergence of new behaviors, stirred by rich informative exchanges. On the other side, issues like non-stationarity and convergence to sub-optimal policies can make adaptation harder, despite local flexibility. For generative agents’ collectives, instead, the policy is fixed at inference time, and adaptation arises from in-context learning, not gradient updates. In-context learning is closer to adaptation to context than classical learning, and it is an expression of pre-learned language priors. Although the individual emerging behaviors are not purely a fruit of interaction, we can talk of a second-order emergence of behaviors, referring to the behaviors of the collective as a whole, that are the result of interaction among single models. MARL theory assumes that agents start with minimal inductive bias and must learn coordination through exploration and explicit reward shaping (Busoniu et al. , 2008b ) . Reward shaping introduces its own set of challenges. Designing a MARL system for a specific task requires carefully constructed step-wise rewards that induce a long-term objective. In generative agents, instead, each agent’s individual objective can be specified directly in natural language through its prompt. However, it is important to note that crafting prompts to elicit desirable agent behavior can be challenging, albeit potentially more accessible due to the expressiveness of natural language. Moreover, classical MARL evaluation focuses on scalar rewards, measuring equilibrium convergence speed, stability under co‑learning dynamics, and total return in cooperative or competitive tasks (Huh and Mohapatra, 2024 ) . Benchmarking tests emphasize learning dynamics and credit assignment under non‑stationarity, but pay little heed to natural‑language interaction, high-level planning, or knowledge reuse (not spontaneously emerging in MARL (Chaabouni et al. , 2019 ; Ren et al. , 2020 ) ). While this gap is partly addressed in (Leibo et al. , 2021 ; Agapiou et al. , 2022 ; Trivedi et al. , 2024 ) by evaluating generalization across unseen social scenarios, MARL benchmarks present a second, and more important issue: they provide little insight into how pre‑trained knowledge affects interaction. These are, however, important aspects in evaluating generative agents’ collectives (Chan et al. , 2022 , 2025 ) , where the impact on behavior emergence of pre-interaction knowledge has to be quantified, as well as the impact of prompt context and conversation history. Hence, we need new theoretical constructs to describe how they shape emergent group behaviors. Analogously, novel benchmarking protocols are needed to capture emergent coordination, communication quality, and the leveraging of world knowledge–properties that do not spontaneously arise in classical MARL, and cannot be evaluated by standard cumulative‐reward metrics alone. Recently, some work has been done in this sense: MultiAgentBench introduces metrics for communication efficiency and individual contribution to milestone progression (Zhu et al. , 2025 ) . AgentQuest further modularizes evaluation, offering plug‑in metrics for planning depth and error diagnosis that rely on LLM reasoning traces (Gioacchini et al. , 2024 ) . Collab‑Overcooked measures process‑oriented collaboration, e.g., turn‑taking smoothness and real‑time adaptation (Sun et al. , 2025 ) . Table 2: Key Differences between generative agents’ collectives and MARL Interaction aspects Generative agents’ collectives MARL Goal modeling Prompt crafting Reward shaping Learning No weight updates in interaction, in-context adaptation via prompt Online actor and/or critic updates via gradient/value iterations Feedback Signal Implicit/secondary (e.g., success prompts, human ratings) Explicit quantitative rewards from the environment Non‑Stationarity Less central (fixed weights) Policies co‑evolution increases non‑stationarity, (need for stabilization techniques) Scalability issues Inference cost, prompt length, loss of coherence Combinatorial explosion of joint action space and state space Emergent Behavior From pre‑learned language priors (no new behaviors learned via weight update; novel collective phenomena emerge through interaction) Through policy co‑adaptation driven by exploration and rewards Evaluation Metrics Qualitative (coherence, user satisfaction) and task success Quantitative (cumulative reward, convergence, sample efficiency) 3.2 Collectives of generative agents To discuss collectives of LLM-based generative agents, underlying the differences with MARL, it is important to summarize first how LLMs learn. This happens in four distinct learning phases: • Pre‑training , where models learn general language patterns via next‑token prediction under a cross‑entropy loss. This phase, highly effective to learn robust language priors, allows the model to internalize syntax, semantics, and some reasoning patterns across diverse domains (He and Su, 2024 ) , while neglecting alignment with specific user needs or safety constraints (Zhang et al. , 2025 ) . Pre‑training , where models learn general language patterns via next‑token prediction under a cross‑entropy loss. This phase, highly effective to learn robust language priors, allows the model to internalize syntax, semantics, and some reasoning patterns across diverse domains (He and Su, 2024 ) , while neglecting alignment with specific user needs or safety constraints (Zhang et al. , 2025 ) . • Post-training with supervised fine-tuning (SFT), where the focus is on shaping the interaction format by encouraging behaviors like instruction following and conversational dialogue through labeled examples. SFT’s action can be viewed as removing extraneous patterns from the knowledge acquired in pre-training, rather than as building completely new skills (Zhou et al. , 2023 ) , and the compliance with desired interaction formats is a characteristic that is learned directly from the supervised data rather than being emergent from general language modeling (Grattafiori et al. , 2024 ) . Post-training with supervised fine-tuning (SFT), where the focus is on shaping the interaction format by encouraging behaviors like instruction following and conversational dialogue through labeled examples. SFT’s action can be viewed as removing extraneous patterns from the knowledge acquired in pre-training, rather than as building completely new skills (Zhou et al. , 2023 ) , and the compliance with desired interaction formats is a characteristic that is learned directly from the supervised data rather than being emergent from general language modeling (Grattafiori et al. , 2024 ) . • Post-training with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) (Lambert, 2025 ) , which aligns model outputs with human preferences through reward modeling (Kaufmann et al. , 2024 ) and policy optimization (Bai et al. , 2022 ) . RLHF holds a crucial role in deploying aligned AI systems across domains. Post-training with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) (Lambert, 2025 ) , which aligns model outputs with human preferences through reward modeling (Kaufmann et al. , 2024 ) and policy optimization (Bai et al. , 2022 ) . RLHF holds a crucial role in deploying aligned AI systems across domains. • In-Context Learning (ICL), enabling zero‑ or few‑shot task adaptation solely via prompt examples without weight updates ( akyürek2023learningalgorithmincontextlearning ; Dong et al. , 2024 ; Wang et al. , 2024b ) . This meta‑learning capability arises from patterns observed during pre‑training and is enhanced by instruction‑tuned models (Dong et al. , 2024 ) . ICL underpins flexible role‑playing, chain‑of‑thought prompting, and rapid domain adaptation. In-Context Learning (ICL), enabling zero‑ or few‑shot task adaptation solely via prompt examples without weight updates ( akyürek2023learningalgorithmincontextlearning ; Dong et al. , 2024 ; Wang et al. , 2024b ) . This meta‑learning capability arises from patterns observed during pre‑training and is enhanced by instruction‑tuned models (Dong et al. , 2024 ) . ICL underpins flexible role‑playing, chain‑of‑thought prompting, and rapid domain adaptation. During ICL, the model adjusts its outputs based on the context provided in the input prompt, and this allows it to perform a variety of tasks without explicit retraining. This mirrors the human ability to adapt behavior based on situational cues and social context, and to adjust to different cultural norms and expectations. In a collective of generative agents, in particular, we can have multi‑agent interactive ICL , as summarized in Figure 2 . This paradigm is shown to foster the emergence of social behaviors (in accordance with environmental and experimental conditions like preassigned roles, contexts and objectives), such as linguistic social norms, collective biases, shifting of conventions by committed small groups (Ashery et al. , 2025 ) , self-organization into networks structures (De Marzo et al. , 2023 ) , persuasion and anti-social behavior (Campedelli et al. , 2025 ) , negotiation (Abdelnabi et al. , 2023 ) , different subjectivities and brainstorming creativity (Lai et al. , 2024 ) , cooperation, competition, and coordination (Mukobi et al. , 2023 ; Vallinder and Hughes, 2024 ; Tran et al. , 2025 ; Willis et al. , 2025 ) , in particular, in Vallinder and Hughes ( 2024 ) the emergence of cooperation is studied by considering cultural evolution across generations of agents. In light of this, it is possible to summarize the differences between the generative agents’ collectives and the traditional MARL frameworks, as demonstrated in Table 2 . Observing this table, we can notice that generative agents’ collectives inherit rich, pre‑trained priors on language, reasoning, and social behavior, that fundamentally distinguish them from tabula rasa MARL agents, whose interaction skills must be learned from scratch. This is perhaps the most fundamental difference between the two frameworks in the interactive phase. MARL systems learn in the most classical of the senses (optimizing weights) through interaction: on the one side, this allows for the emergence of new behaviors, stirred by rich informative exchanges. On the other side, issues like non-stationarity and convergence to sub-optimal policies can make adaptation harder, despite local flexibility. For generative agents’ collectives, instead, the policy is fixed at inference time, and adaptation arises from in-context learning, not gradient updates. In-context learning is closer to adaptation to context than classical learning, and it is an expression of pre-learned language priors. Although the individual emerging behaviors are not purely a fruit of interaction, we can talk of a second-order emergence of behaviors, referring to the behaviors of the collective as a whole, that are the result of interaction among single models. MARL theory assumes that agents start with minimal inductive bias and must learn coordination through exploration and explicit reward shaping (Busoniu et al. , 2008b ) . Reward shaping introduces its own set of challenges. Designing a MARL system for a specific task requires carefully constructed step-wise rewards that induce a long-term objective. In generative agents, instead, each agent’s individual objective can be specified directly in natural language through its prompt. However, it is important to note that crafting prompts to elicit desirable agent behavior can be challenging, albeit potentially more accessible due to the expressiveness of natural language. Moreover, classical MARL evaluation focuses on scalar rewards, measuring equilibrium convergence speed, stability under co‑learning dynamics, and total return in cooperative or competitive tasks (Huh and Mohapatra, 2024 ) . Benchmarking tests emphasize learning dynamics and credit assignment under non‑stationarity, but pay little heed to natural‑language interaction, high-level planning, or knowledge reuse (not spontaneously emerging in MARL (Chaabouni et al. , 2019 ; Ren et al. , 2020 ) ). While this gap is partly addressed in (Leibo et al. , 2021 ; Agapiou et al. , 2022 ; Trivedi et al. , 2024 ) by evaluating generalization across unseen social scenarios, MARL benchmarks present a second, and more important issue: they provide little insight into how pre‑trained knowledge affects interaction. These are, however, important aspects in evaluating generative agents’ collectives (Chan et al. , 2022 , 2025 ) , where the impact on behavior emergence of pre-interaction knowledge has to be quantified, as well as the impact of prompt context and conversation history. Hence, we need new theoretical constructs to describe how they shape emergent group behaviors. Analogously, novel benchmarking protocols are needed to capture emergent coordination, communication quality, and the leveraging of world knowledge–properties that do not spontaneously arise in classical MARL, and cannot be evaluated by standard cumulative‐reward metrics alone. Recently, some work has been done in this sense: MultiAgentBench introduces metrics for communication efficiency and individual contribution to milestone progression (Zhu et al. , 2025 ) . AgentQuest further modularizes evaluation, offering plug‑in metrics for planning depth and error diagnosis that rely on LLM reasoning traces (Gioacchini et al. , 2024 ) . Collab‑Overcooked measures process‑oriented collaboration, e.g., turn‑taking smoothness and real‑time adaptation (Sun et al. , 2025 ) . Interaction aspects Generative agents’ collectives MARL Goal modeling Prompt crafting Reward shaping Learning No weight updates in interaction, in-context adaptation via prompt Online actor and/or critic updates via gradient/value iterations Feedback Signal Implicit/secondary (e.g., success prompts, human ratings) Explicit quantitative rewards from the environment Non‑Stationarity Less central (fixed weights) Policies co‑evolution increases non‑stationarity, (need for stabilization techniques) Scalability issues Inference cost, prompt length, loss of coherence Combinatorial explosion of joint action space and state space Emergent Behavior From pre‑learned language priors (no new behaviors learned via weight update; novel collective phenomena emerge through interaction) Through policy co‑adaptation driven by exploration and rewards Evaluation Metrics Qualitative (coherence, user satisfaction) and task success Quantitative (cumulative reward, convergence, sample efficiency) 4 An interactionist paradigm to study generative agents’ collective behaviors To make progress in the study and deployment of socially interactive generative agents, we propose a paradigm grounded in four foundational dimensions. Each dimension addresses a critical gap in our current understanding of how generative agents behave individually and collectively in dynamic social contexts. Together, they offer a comprehensive framework for analyzing, explaining, and guiding emergent machine behaviors in a rapidly evolving technological landscape, as exemplified in Figure 3 . Figure 3 : Four areas in which our paradigm would be critical : (a) the study of emergent phenomena, exemplified by the analysis of shared meaning of concepts in debates, through the interactionist lens; (b) the evaluation policies applied to MAS via causal inference; (c) the identification of sources of behavioral diffusion in MAS via information-theoretic insights and causal inference design; (d) the development of theories via empirical scrutiny building on sociological frameworks originally designed for humans. Towards an interactionist theory for Gen-AI agents’ behavior. Inspired by the literature on the person-situation debate (Epstein and O’Brien, 1985 ; Kenrich and Funder, 1988 ) , we propose the development of an interactionist theory (Furr and Funder, 2021 ) to analyze the determinants of Gen-AI agents’ collective behaviors. While it is widely accepted that human actions depend both on individual characteristics (e.g., attitudes, traits, values) and the situations they encounter, social and behavioral sciences have long featured two competing perspectives: (i) the person-perspective , which holds that behavior is primarily driven by stable traits and dispositions, and (ii) the situation-perspective , which attributes behavior to contextual factors. This interactionist synthesis draws on deeper sociological foundations. Mead ( 1934 ) distinguished between the “I” (the spontaneous, creative aspect of self) and the “me” (internalized social attitudes), which map directly onto generative agent architectures. The “me” corresponds to pre-trained priors—what Mead termed the “generalized other,” the internalized attitudes of the social community acquired through training on human text. The “I” corresponds to the contextual, generative response. Cooley ( 1902 ) proposed the concept of the looking-glass self—wherein self-concept emerges through imagined appraisals of others—illuminates in-context learning dynamics. LLM agents continuously “read” the social situation and adjust their performed self accordingly. Goffman ( 1959 ) , through its dramaturgical framework, further clarifies: prompt-based role-playing constitutes front-stage performance, while parametric knowledge forms the backstage repertoire selectively activated by situational demands. Notably, this synthesis has also been increasingly applied to the study of delinquency and criminal behavior, integrating biological, psychological, economic, and social factors with environmental and institutional interactions (Thornberry, 1987 ; Wright et al. , 2001 ; Zimmerman, 2010 ) . Turning to Gen-AI agents, they enter any context with extensive pre-trained knowledge, encoded in their parameters through pre-training, SFT, and RLHF. Through ICL, then, such corpus of knowledge is employed, reacting to specific queries and resulting in the emergence of situation-based adaptation of behaviors. As shown in von Oswald et al. ( 2023 ) , transformers’ forward computations produce behaviors that are similar to those resulting from gradient-based learning steps performed on the examples provided in the context. Crucially, however, interaction currently influences behavior only within the active context; it does not correspond to permanent updates of the model parameters, and hence does not permanently modify the agent’s parametric internal priors (Dherin et al. , 2025 ) . In other words, while the model behavior may internally simulate the effect of gradient-style updates, this process is part of the transient computation induced by the current input context, not a lasting change to the agent itself. Once removed from a context and deployed elsewhere, previously emergent behaviors may disappear, especially if contextual data is not transferred–or evolve, depending on the agent’s capacity to retrieve prior contextual information, an area of ongoing research spurred by recent progress in factual memory retrieval (Liu et al. , 2023 ) . Pioneer empirical works already contain indications of persona-situation effects in generative models. At the single-agent level, Bigelow et al. ( 2025 ) demonstrate that both direct model modification through steering vectors, and contextual manipulation via prompt engineering, significantly influence model behavior at inference time. The authors argue that these interventions operate by altering the model belief over latent concepts. Beyond individual agents, recent studies on social contexts have adopted a similar view. Ashery et al. ( 2025 ) show the emergence of collective bias due to social interactions between generative agents even when the agents themselves had no individual bias. By jointly considering personal and social factors, their work illustrates how interaction dynamics can override individual characteristics. Similarly, Piao et al. ( 2025 ) highlight the promises of an interactionist framework for studying the complex behaviors of collective AI systems composed of generative agents. The importance of the situation factors in interactive settings is further emphasized by Liu et al. ( 2025 ) , who demonstrate that self-play in multi-turn, zero-sum games can foster enhanced reasoning abilities, without relying on human-curated data or engineered rewards. This calls for a perspective that views generative collective behavioral outcomes as shaped by the interplay between internalized priors (the “person”-perspective) and the interactive, in-context social learning phase (the “situation”-perspective). In our vision, interactionist theory is a promising framework for understanding the roots of Gen-AI collective behaviors, not as mere emergent side effects, but as adaptive mechanisms that are central in collective, social, and cultural evolution (Krafft et al. , 2021 ) . We believe the field would benefit from a rich and systematic literature examining how individual priors, biases, and pre-trained knowledge influence interactive scenarios and shape group outcomes, as well as the symmetric problem of how social interactions among agents can reciprocally influence the priors and traits of individual agents in future contexts. A key open question is how collective behaviors rising through continual interaction might in turn modify or reshape agents’ pre-trained personas, enabling a form of community-level continual learning, layered on top of fixed models, and echoing evolutionary mechanisms. The need for causality. Causality has historically played a limited role in AI research, aside from foundational work arguing that causal reasoning is essential for intelligence (Spirtes et al. , 1991 ; Pearl, 2009 ) . Recently, it has gained renewed attention in areas such as explainability, accountability, and decision-making (Janzing et al. , 2019 ; Scholkopf et al. , 2021 ; Madumal et al. , 2020 ; Verma et al. , 2024 ) . We argue that causality must now become central to the study of interactive generative AI systems. This role extends beyond embedding causal reasoning within individual agents. Causal inference is required to understand emergent phenomena arising from interactions among LLM-based agents—phenomena that cannot be explained by single-agent behavior alone. Two classes of causal problems are particularly salient. First, causal methods are needed to identify the mechanisms driving the emergence and diffusion of malicious, deviant, or unintended behaviors in multi-agent systems. This includes attributing responsibility to specific agents, traits, or interaction patterns, and isolating pathways through which beliefs, norms, or values propagate. Such attribution is challenging due to interference, where one agent’s actions affect others, rendering standard causal assumptions invalid without principled designs (Bhattacharya et al. , 2020 ) . Second, causal inference provides the tools required to evaluate interventions and policies (Athey, 2015 ) . In interactive systems, policies include safety constraints, alignment strategies, or governance rules imposed on agents or interactions. Mapping interventions to downstream collective behavior is essential for assessing both their effectiveness and unintended consequences. Methodologically, generative AI collectives differ from traditional causal settings in important ways. They offer much higher flexibility to partially mitigate the “fundamental problem of causal inference” (Holland, 1986 ) , enabling in silico experimentation, for instance. Researchers can manipulate prompts, replay interactions, and approximate counterfactuals while tracking fine-grained influence across agents. Their dynamic and stochastic nature further motivates approaches such as causal discovery over interaction graphs and causal representation learning over latent semantic states (Scholkopf et al. , 2021 ; Ahuja et al. , 2023 ) . Beyond scientific understanding, causal analysis is essential for governance and accountability. Without identifying causal pathways, it is difficult to assign responsibility for harmful outcomes or to design effective safeguards (Lehmann et al. , 2004 ) . Causal inference has long equipped the social sciences with tools to study behavior and inform policy, including in settings with interference (Angrist and Pischke, 2010 ; Ogburn and VanderWeele, 2014 ; Athey and Imbens, 2017 ; Aronow and Samii, 2017 ) . As a field, AI must now take greater responsibility for developing causal frameworks that address both the internal notions of cause and effect within agents and the causal relationships governing their interactions. These considerations motivate the need for benchmarks, evaluation protocols, and experimental designs explicitly tailored to causal questions in multi-agent generative AI. Information-theoretic insights. Information-theoretic measures, such as mutual information, entropy, and information flow, can offer insight into how knowledge is distributed and propagated among generative agents’ networks (Moskowitz et al. , 2022 ) . In particular, in the context of generative agents, mutual information among outputs within a collective can provide a measure to evaluate the presence of shared representations and norms. At the same time, entropy across agents’ outputs may reflect the level of innovation and adaptability within the population. Finally, information flow, if measured in terms of transfer entropy, might lead to valuable observations on causal relationships and influence patterns within agents, identifying the emergence of dynamics such as leader/follower or information cascades. With validation against synthetic benchmarks and cross-representation comparisons, these tools might allow us to quantify coordination, redundancy, influence, and innovation across collectives of interacting LLMs, providing a rigorous language to describe the emergence of behaviors. Undoubtedly, applying information-theoretic measures to LLM collectives presents challenges, for instance, representing agent outputs (tokens, embeddings, or probability distributions), estimating quantities like entropy or mutual information in high-dimensional spaces, and ensuring computational scalability when many agents interact over long conversations. Causal measures such as transfer entropy also require careful handling of temporal structure. Yet, recent advances in variational and embedding-based estimators (Belghazi et al. , 2021 ; Letizia et al. , 2024 ) , along with scalable strategies (Gowri et al. , 2024 ; Cohen Kalafut et al. , 2023 ) make these analyses increasingly practical. AI beyond AI: A sociology of machines. Finally, we argue that AI research must actively engage with neighboring disciplines that offer mature tools for studying emergence, coordination, and deviance in complex systems. In particular, we advocate for developing a sociology of machines . In the social sciences, AI has largely been treated as a tool for analysis (Molina and Garip, 2019 ; Grimmer et al. , 2021 ) , or more recently as a means to simulate human behavior (Filippas et al. , 2024 ; Sreedhar and Chilton, 2024 ; Xie et al. , 2024 ; Anthis et al. , 2025 ) . We argue that this perspective is no longer sufficient. As AI agents increasingly exhibit autonomy and operate in shared environments (Hammond et al. , 2025 ; Floridi, 2025 ) , they must be studied as social actors in their own right. This shift builds on early sociological critiques of viewing machines as passive artifacts (Woolgar, 1985 ) and on Actor–Network Theory, which treated social order as emerging from networks of interacting human and non-human actors (Law and Hassard, 1999 ; Latour, 2005 ) . Early efforts to connect AI and sociological theory followed in the 1990s (Carley and Newell, 1994 ; Carley, 1996 ) . Much of this lineage, however, remained largely theoretical or conceptual: we argue that it should now be operationalized to analyze contemporary multi-agent AI systems, building on more recent works that empirically advocated for sociological frameworks involving humans and machines alike (Rahwan et al. , 2019 ; Brinkmann et al. , 2023 ; Tsvetkova et al. , 2024 ) . Notably, however, this recent scholarship mostly emphasizes how machines influence humans. We instead underscore the growing need for perspectives centered on machine-machine interaction (Airoldi, 2021 ; Collins, 2025 ; Campedelli, 2025 ) . This need is increasingly urgent as LLM-based multi-agent systems are deployed at scale, including in high-stakes domains (Hammond et al. , 2025 ; de Witt, 2025 ) . Even in the absence of direct human involvement, such systems can exhibit emergent dynamics that diverge from human expectations (Campedelli, 2025 ) . Crucially, their growing deployment creates an opportunity to move beyond speculative accounts toward systematic empirical study. A sociology of machines would provide concrete tools for studying how interaction structures, roles, incentives, and learning dynamics among Gen-AI agents give rise to collective outcomes, including coordination, conflict, norm formation, and deviance. Methodologically, a sociology of machines enables testable hypotheses about collective AI behavior and supports empirical strategies such as controlled experimentation, interaction logging, and causal analysis. By treating agent interactions as social processes, researchers can better attribute responsibility for emergent outcomes, detect early signs of harmful dynamics, and evaluate interventions aimed at steering collective behavior. This perspective also helps address the opacity of complex multi-agent systems by situating individual agent actions within broader interactional contexts. Finally, while human sociological theories offer valuable starting points, they are unlikely to fully explain or predict the dynamics of autonomous AI collectives. Human sociology should therefore serve as a foundation for developing a distinct, empirically grounded sociology of machines—one capable of evolving alongside the rapidly changing architectures and capabilities of generative agents. 4 An interactionist paradigm to study generative agents’ collective behaviors To make progress in the study and deployment of socially interactive generative agents, we propose a paradigm grounded in four foundational dimensions. Each dimension addresses a critical gap in our current understanding of how generative agents behave individually and collectively in dynamic social contexts. Together, they offer a comprehensive framework for analyzing, explaining, and guiding emergent machine behaviors in a rapidly evolving technological landscape, as exemplified in Figure 3 . Towards an interactionist theory for Gen-AI agents’ behavior. Inspired by the literature on the person-situation debate (Epstein and O’Brien, 1985 ; Kenrich and Funder, 1988 ) , we propose the development of an interactionist theory (Furr and Funder, 2021 ) to analyze the determinants of Gen-AI agents’ collective behaviors. While it is widely accepted that human actions depend both on individual characteristics (e.g., attitudes, traits, values) and the situations they encounter, social and behavioral sciences have long featured two competing perspectives: (i) the person-perspective , which holds that behavior is primarily driven by stable traits and dispositions, and (ii) the situation-perspective , which attributes behavior to contextual factors. This interactionist synthesis draws on deeper sociological foundations. Mead ( 1934 ) distinguished between the “I” (the spontaneous, creative aspect of self) and the “me” (internalized social attitudes), which map directly onto generative agent architectures. The “me” corresponds to pre-trained priors—what Mead termed the “generalized other,” the internalized attitudes of the social community acquired through training on human text. The “I” corresponds to the contextual, generative response. Cooley ( 1902 ) proposed the concept of the looking-glass self—wherein self-concept emerges through imagined appraisals of others—illuminates in-context learning dynamics. LLM agents continuously “read” the social situation and adjust their performed self accordingly. Goffman ( 1959 ) , through its dramaturgical framework, further clarifies: prompt-based role-playing constitutes front-stage performance, while parametric knowledge forms the backstage repertoire selectively activated by situational demands. Notably, this synthesis has also been increasingly applied to the study of delinquency and criminal behavior, integrating biological, psychological, economic, and social factors with environmental and institutional interactions (Thornberry, 1987 ; Wright et al. , 2001 ; Zimmerman, 2010 ) . Turning to Gen-AI agents, they enter any context with extensive pre-trained knowledge, encoded in their parameters through pre-training, SFT, and RLHF. Through ICL, then, such corpus of knowledge is employed, reacting to specific queries and resulting in the emergence of situation-based adaptation of behaviors. As shown in von Oswald et al. ( 2023 ) , transformers’ forward computations produce behaviors that are similar to those resulting from gradient-based learning steps performed on the examples provided in the context. Crucially, however, interaction currently influences behavior only within the active context; it does not correspond to permanent updates of the model parameters, and hence does not permanently modify the agent’s parametric internal priors (Dherin et al. , 2025 ) . In other words, while the model behavior may internally simulate the effect of gradient-style updates, this process is part of the transient computation induced by the current input context, not a lasting change to the agent itself. Once removed from a context and deployed elsewhere, previously emergent behaviors may disappear, especially if contextual data is not transferred–or evolve, depending on the agent’s capacity to retrieve prior contextual information, an area of ongoing research spurred by recent progress in factual memory retrieval (Liu et al. , 2023 ) . Pioneer empirical works already contain indications of persona-situation effects in generative models. At the single-agent level, Bigelow et al. ( 2025 ) demonstrate that both direct model modification through steering vectors, and contextual manipulation via prompt engineering, significantly influence model behavior at inference time. The authors argue that these interventions operate by altering the model belief over latent concepts. Beyond individual agents, recent studies on social contexts have adopted a similar view. Ashery et al. ( 2025 ) show the emergence of collective bias due to social interactions between generative agents even when the agents themselves had no individual bias. By jointly considering personal and social factors, their work illustrates how interaction dynamics can override individual characteristics. Similarly, Piao et al. ( 2025 ) highlight the promises of an interactionist framework for studying the complex behaviors of collective AI systems composed of generative agents. The importance of the situation factors in interactive settings is further emphasized by Liu et al. ( 2025 ) , who demonstrate that self-play in multi-turn, zero-sum games can foster enhanced reasoning abilities, without relying on human-curated data or engineered rewards. This calls for a perspective that views generative collective behavioral outcomes as shaped by the interplay between internalized priors (the “person”-perspective) and the interactive, in-context social learning phase (the “situation”-perspective). In our vision, interactionist theory is a promising framework for understanding the roots of Gen-AI collective behaviors, not as mere emergent side effects, but as adaptive mechanisms that are central in collective, social, and cultural evolution (Krafft et al. , 2021 ) . We believe the field would benefit from a rich and systematic literature examining how individual priors, biases, and pre-trained knowledge influence interactive scenarios and shape group outcomes, as well as the symmetric problem of how social interactions among agents can reciprocally influence the priors and traits of individual agents in future contexts. A key open question is how collective behaviors rising through continual interaction might in turn modify or reshape agents’ pre-trained personas, enabling a form of community-level continual learning, layered on top of fixed models, and echoing evolutionary mechanisms. Towards an interactionist theory for Gen-AI agents’ behavior. Inspired by the literature on the person-situation debate (Epstein and O’Brien, 1985 ; Kenrich and Funder, 1988 ) , we propose the development of an interactionist theory (Furr and Funder, 2021 ) to analyze the determinants of Gen-AI agents’ collective behaviors. While it is widely accepted that human actions depend both on individual characteristics (e.g., attitudes, traits, values) and the situations they encounter, social and behavioral sciences have long featured two competing perspectives: (i) the person-perspective , which holds that behavior is primarily driven by stable traits and dispositions, and (ii) the situation-perspective , which attributes behavior to contextual factors. This interactionist synthesis draws on deeper sociological foundations. Mead ( 1934 ) distinguished between the “I” (the spontaneous, creative aspect of self) and the “me” (internalized social attitudes), which map directly onto generative agent architectures. The “me” corresponds to pre-trained priors—what Mead termed the “generalized other,” the internalized attitudes of the social community acquired through training on human text. The “I” corresponds to the contextual, generative response. Cooley ( 1902 ) proposed the concept of the looking-glass self—wherein self-concept emerges through imagined appraisals of others—illuminates in-context learning dynamics. LLM agents continuously “read” the social situation and adjust their performed self accordingly. Goffman ( 1959 ) , through its dramaturgical framework, further clarifies: prompt-based role-playing constitutes front-stage performance, while parametric knowledge forms the backstage repertoire selectively activated by situational demands. Notably, this synthesis has also been increasingly applied to the study of delinquency and criminal behavior, integrating biological, psychological, economic, and social factors with environmental and institutional interactions (Thornberry, 1987 ; Wright et al. , 2001 ; Zimmerman, 2010 ) . Turning to Gen-AI agents, they enter any context with extensive pre-trained knowledge, encoded in their parameters through pre-training, SFT, and RLHF. Through ICL, then, such corpus of knowledge is employed, reacting to specific queries and resulting in the emergence of situation-based adaptation of behaviors. As shown in von Oswald et al. ( 2023 ) , transformers’ forward computations produce behaviors that are similar to those resulting from gradient-based learning steps performed on the examples provided in the context. Crucially, however, interaction currently influences behavior only within the active context; it does not correspond to permanent updates of the model parameters, and hence does not permanently modify the agent’s parametric internal priors (Dherin et al. , 2025 ) . In other words, while the model behavior may internally simulate the effect of gradient-style updates, this process is part of the transient computation induced by the current input context, not a lasting change to the agent itself. Once removed from a context and deployed elsewhere, previously emergent behaviors may disappear, especially if contextual data is not transferred–or evolve, depending on the agent’s capacity to retrieve prior contextual information, an area of ongoing research spurred by recent progress in factual memory retrieval (Liu et al. , 2023 ) . Pioneer empirical works already contain indications of persona-situation effects in generative models. At the single-agent level, Bigelow et al. ( 2025 ) demonstrate that both direct model modification through steering vectors, and contextual manipulation via prompt engineering, significantly influence model behavior at inference time. The authors argue that these interventions operate by altering the model belief over latent concepts. Beyond individual agents, recent studies on social contexts have adopted a similar view. Ashery et al. ( 2025 ) show the emergence of collective bias due to social interactions between generative agents even when the agents themselves had no individual bias. By jointly considering personal and social factors, their work illustrates how interaction dynamics can override individual characteristics. Similarly, Piao et al. ( 2025 ) highlight the promises of an interactionist framework for studying the complex behaviors of collective AI systems composed of generative agents. The importance of the situation factors in interactive settings is further emphasized by Liu et al. ( 2025 ) , who demonstrate that self-play in multi-turn, zero-sum games can foster enhanced reasoning abilities, without relying on human-curated data or engineered rewards. This calls for a perspective that views generative collective behavioral outcomes as shaped by the interplay between internalized priors (the “person”-perspective) and the interactive, in-context social learning phase (the “situation”-perspective). In our vision, interactionist theory is a promising framework for understanding the roots of Gen-AI collective behaviors, not as mere emergent side effects, but as adaptive mechanisms that are central in collective, social, and cultural evolution (Krafft et al. , 2021 ) . We believe the field would benefit from a rich and systematic literature examining how individual priors, biases, and pre-trained knowledge influence interactive scenarios and shape group outcomes, as well as the symmetric problem of how social interactions among agents can reciprocally influence the priors and traits of individual agents in future contexts. A key open question is how collective behaviors rising through continual interaction might in turn modify or reshape agents’ pre-trained personas, enabling a form of community-level continual learning, layered on top of fixed models, and echoing evolutionary mechanisms. The need for causality. Causality has historically played a limited role in AI research, aside from foundational work arguing that causal reasoning is essential for intelligence (Spirtes et al. , 1991 ; Pearl, 2009 ) . Recently, it has gained renewed attention in areas such as explainability, accountability, and decision-making (Janzing et al. , 2019 ; Scholkopf et al. , 2021 ; Madumal et al. , 2020 ; Verma et al. , 2024 ) . We argue that causality must now become central to the study of interactive generative AI systems. This role extends beyond embedding causal reasoning within individual agents. Causal inference is required to understand emergent phenomena arising from interactions among LLM-based agents—phenomena that cannot be explained by single-agent behavior alone. Two classes of causal problems are particularly salient. First, causal methods are needed to identify the mechanisms driving the emergence and diffusion of malicious, deviant, or unintended behaviors in multi-agent systems. This includes attributing responsibility to specific agents, traits, or interaction patterns, and isolating pathways through which beliefs, norms, or values propagate. Such attribution is challenging due to interference, where one agent’s actions affect others, rendering standard causal assumptions invalid without principled designs (Bhattacharya et al. , 2020 ) . Second, causal inference provides the tools required to evaluate interventions and policies (Athey, 2015 ) . In interactive systems, policies include safety constraints, alignment strategies, or governance rules imposed on agents or interactions. Mapping interventions to downstream collective behavior is essential for assessing both their effectiveness and unintended consequences. Methodologically, generative AI collectives differ from traditional causal settings in important ways. They offer much higher flexibility to partially mitigate the “fundamental problem of causal inference” (Holland, 1986 ) , enabling in silico experimentation, for instance. Researchers can manipulate prompts, replay interactions, and approximate counterfactuals while tracking fine-grained influence across agents. Their dynamic and stochastic nature further motivates approaches such as causal discovery over interaction graphs and causal representation learning over latent semantic states (Scholkopf et al. , 2021 ; Ahuja et al. , 2023 ) . Beyond scientific understanding, causal analysis is essential for governance and accountability. Without identifying causal pathways, it is difficult to assign responsibility for harmful outcomes or to design effective safeguards (Lehmann et al. , 2004 ) . Causal inference has long equipped the social sciences with tools to study behavior and inform policy, including in settings with interference (Angrist and Pischke, 2010 ; Ogburn and VanderWeele, 2014 ; Athey and Imbens, 2017 ; Aronow and Samii, 2017 ) . As a field, AI must now take greater responsibility for developing causal frameworks that address both the internal notions of cause and effect within agents and the causal relationships governing their interactions. These considerations motivate the need for benchmarks, evaluation protocols, and experimental designs explicitly tailored to causal questions in multi-agent generative AI. The need for causality. Causality has historically played a limited role in AI research, aside from foundational work arguing that causal reasoning is essential for intelligence (Spirtes et al. , 1991 ; Pearl, 2009 ) . Recently, it has gained renewed attention in areas such as explainability, accountability, and decision-making (Janzing et al. , 2019 ; Scholkopf et al. , 2021 ; Madumal et al. , 2020 ; Verma et al. , 2024 ) . We argue that causality must now become central to the study of interactive generative AI systems. This role extends beyond embedding causal reasoning within individual agents. Causal inference is required to understand emergent phenomena arising from interactions among LLM-based agents—phenomena that cannot be explained by single-agent behavior alone. Two classes of causal problems are particularly salient. First, causal methods are needed to identify the mechanisms driving the emergence and diffusion of malicious, deviant, or unintended behaviors in multi-agent systems. This includes attributing responsibility to specific agents, traits, or interaction patterns, and isolating pathways through which beliefs, norms, or values propagate. Such attribution is challenging due to interference, where one agent’s actions affect others, rendering standard causal assumptions invalid without principled designs (Bhattacharya et al. , 2020 ) . Second, causal inference provides the tools required to evaluate interventions and policies (Athey, 2015 ) . In interactive systems, policies include safety constraints, alignment strategies, or governance rules imposed on agents or interactions. Mapping interventions to downstream collective behavior is essential for assessing both their effectiveness and unintended consequences. Methodologically, generative AI collectives differ from traditional causal settings in important ways. They offer much higher flexibility to partially mitigate the “fundamental problem of causal inference” (Holland, 1986 ) , enabling in silico experimentation, for instance. Researchers can manipulate prompts, replay interactions, and approximate counterfactuals while tracking fine-grained influence across agents. Their dynamic and stochastic nature further motivates approaches such as causal discovery over interaction graphs and causal representation learning over latent semantic states (Scholkopf et al. , 2021 ; Ahuja et al. , 2023 ) . Beyond scientific understanding, causal analysis is essential for governance and accountability. Without identifying causal pathways, it is difficult to assign responsibility for harmful outcomes or to design effective safeguards (Lehmann et al. , 2004 ) . Causal inference has long equipped the social sciences with tools to study behavior and inform policy, including in settings with interference (Angrist and Pischke, 2010 ; Ogburn and VanderWeele, 2014 ; Athey and Imbens, 2017 ; Aronow and Samii, 2017 ) . As a field, AI must now take greater responsibility for developing causal frameworks that address both the internal notions of cause and effect within agents and the causal relationships governing their interactions. These considerations motivate the need for benchmarks, evaluation protocols, and experimental designs explicitly tailored to causal questions in multi-agent generative AI. Information-theoretic insights. Information-theoretic measures, such as mutual information, entropy, and information flow, can offer insight into how knowledge is distributed and propagated among generative agents’ networks (Moskowitz et al. , 2022 ) . In particular, in the context of generative agents, mutual information among outputs within a collective can provide a measure to evaluate the presence of shared representations and norms. At the same time, entropy across agents’ outputs may reflect the level of innovation and adaptability within the population. Finally, information flow, if measured in terms of transfer entropy, might lead to valuable observations on causal relationships and influence patterns within agents, identifying the emergence of dynamics such as leader/follower or information cascades. With validation against synthetic benchmarks and cross-representation comparisons, these tools might allow us to quantify coordination, redundancy, influence, and innovation across collectives of interacting LLMs, providing a rigorous language to describe the emergence of behaviors. Undoubtedly, applying information-theoretic measures to LLM collectives presents challenges, for instance, representing agent outputs (tokens, embeddings, or probability distributions), estimating quantities like entropy or mutual information in high-dimensional spaces, and ensuring computational scalability when many agents interact over long conversations. Causal measures such as transfer entropy also require careful handling of temporal structure. Yet, recent advances in variational and embedding-based estimators (Belghazi et al. , 2021 ; Letizia et al. , 2024 ) , along with scalable strategies (Gowri et al. , 2024 ; Cohen Kalafut et al. , 2023 ) make these analyses increasingly practical. Information-theoretic insights. Information-theoretic measures, such as mutual information, entropy, and information flow, can offer insight into how knowledge is distributed and propagated among generative agents’ networks (Moskowitz et al. , 2022 ) . In particular, in the context of generative agents, mutual information among outputs within a collective can provide a measure to evaluate the presence of shared representations and norms. At the same time, entropy across agents’ outputs may reflect the level of innovation and adaptability within the population. Finally, information flow, if measured in terms of transfer entropy, might lead to valuable observations on causal relationships and influence patterns within agents, identifying the emergence of dynamics such as leader/follower or information cascades. With validation against synthetic benchmarks and cross-representation comparisons, these tools might allow us to quantify coordination, redundancy, influence, and innovation across collectives of interacting LLMs, providing a rigorous language to describe the emergence of behaviors. Undoubtedly, applying information-theoretic measures to LLM collectives presents challenges, for instance, representing agent outputs (tokens, embeddings, or probability distributions), estimating quantities like entropy or mutual information in high-dimensional spaces, and ensuring computational scalability when many agents interact over long conversations. Causal measures such as transfer entropy also require careful handling of temporal structure. Yet, recent advances in variational and embedding-based estimators (Belghazi et al. , 2021 ; Letizia et al. , 2024 ) , along with scalable strategies (Gowri et al. , 2024 ; Cohen Kalafut et al. , 2023 ) make these analyses increasingly practical. AI beyond AI: A sociology of machines. Finally, we argue that AI research must actively engage with neighboring disciplines that offer mature tools for studying emergence, coordination, and deviance in complex systems. In particular, we advocate for developing a sociology of machines . In the social sciences, AI has largely been treated as a tool for analysis (Molina and Garip, 2019 ; Grimmer et al. , 2021 ) , or more recently as a means to simulate human behavior (Filippas et al. , 2024 ; Sreedhar and Chilton, 2024 ; Xie et al. , 2024 ; Anthis et al. , 2025 ) . We argue that this perspective is no longer sufficient. As AI agents increasingly exhibit autonomy and operate in shared environments (Hammond et al. , 2025 ; Floridi, 2025 ) , they must be studied as social actors in their own right. This shift builds on early sociological critiques of viewing machines as passive artifacts (Woolgar, 1985 ) and on Actor–Network Theory, which treated social order as emerging from networks of interacting human and non-human actors (Law and Hassard, 1999 ; Latour, 2005 ) . Early efforts to connect AI and sociological theory followed in the 1990s (Carley and Newell, 1994 ; Carley, 1996 ) . Much of this lineage, however, remained largely theoretical or conceptual: we argue that it should now be operationalized to analyze contemporary multi-agent AI systems, building on more recent works that empirically advocated for sociological frameworks involving humans and machines alike (Rahwan et al. , 2019 ; Brinkmann et al. , 2023 ; Tsvetkova et al. , 2024 ) . Notably, however, this recent scholarship mostly emphasizes how machines influence humans. We instead underscore the growing need for perspectives centered on machine-machine interaction (Airoldi, 2021 ; Collins, 2025 ; Campedelli, 2025 ) . This need is increasingly urgent as LLM-based multi-agent systems are deployed at scale, including in high-stakes domains (Hammond et al. , 2025 ; de Witt, 2025 ) . Even in the absence of direct human involvement, such systems can exhibit emergent dynamics that diverge from human expectations (Campedelli, 2025 ) . Crucially, their growing deployment creates an opportunity to move beyond speculative accounts toward systematic empirical study. A sociology of machines would provide concrete tools for studying how interaction structures, roles, incentives, and learning dynamics among Gen-AI agents give rise to collective outcomes, including coordination, conflict, norm formation, and deviance. Methodologically, a sociology of machines enables testable hypotheses about collective AI behavior and supports empirical strategies such as controlled experimentation, interaction logging, and causal analysis. By treating agent interactions as social processes, researchers can better attribute responsibility for emergent outcomes, detect early signs of harmful dynamics, and evaluate interventions aimed at steering collective behavior. This perspective also helps address the opacity of complex multi-agent systems by situating individual agent actions within broader interactional contexts. Finally, while human sociological theories offer valuable starting points, they are unlikely to fully explain or predict the dynamics of autonomous AI collectives. Human sociology should therefore serve as a foundation for developing a distinct, empirically grounded sociology of machines—one capable of evolving alongside the rapidly changing architectures and capabilities of generative agents. AI beyond AI: A sociology of machines. Finally, we argue that AI research must actively engage with neighboring disciplines that offer mature tools for studying emergence, coordination, and deviance in complex systems. In particular, we advocate for developing a sociology of machines . In the social sciences, AI has largely been treated as a tool for analysis (Molina and Garip, 2019 ; Grimmer et al. , 2021 ) , or more recently as a means to simulate human behavior (Filippas et al. , 2024 ; Sreedhar and Chilton, 2024 ; Xie et al. , 2024 ; Anthis et al. , 2025 ) . We argue that this perspective is no longer sufficient. As AI agents increasingly exhibit autonomy and operate in shared environments (Hammond et al. , 2025 ; Floridi, 2025 ) , they must be studied as social actors in their own right. This shift builds on early sociological critiques of viewing machines as passive artifacts (Woolgar, 1985 ) and on Actor–Network Theory, which treated social order as emerging from networks of interacting human and non-human actors (Law and Hassard, 1999 ; Latour, 2005 ) . Early efforts to connect AI and sociological theory followed in the 1990s (Carley and Newell, 1994 ; Carley, 1996 ) . Much of this lineage, however, remained largely theoretical or conceptual: we argue that it should now be operationalized to analyze contemporary multi-agent AI systems, building on more recent works that empirically advocated for sociological frameworks involving humans and machines alike (Rahwan et al. , 2019 ; Brinkmann et al. , 2023 ; Tsvetkova et al. , 2024 ) . Notably, however, this recent scholarship mostly emphasizes how machines influence humans. We instead underscore the growing need for perspectives centered on machine-machine interaction (Airoldi, 2021 ; Collins, 2025 ; Campedelli, 2025 ) . This need is increasingly urgent as LLM-based multi-agent systems are deployed at scale, including in high-stakes domains (Hammond et al. , 2025 ; de Witt, 2025 ) . Even in the absence of direct human involvement, such systems can exhibit emergent dynamics that diverge from human expectations (Campedelli, 2025 ) . Crucially, their growing deployment creates an opportunity to move beyond speculative accounts toward systematic empirical study. A sociology of machines would provide concrete tools for studying how interaction structures, roles, incentives, and learning dynamics among Gen-AI agents give rise to collective outcomes, including coordination, conflict, norm formation, and deviance. Methodologically, a sociology of machines enables testable hypotheses about collective AI behavior and supports empirical strategies such as controlled experimentation, interaction logging, and causal analysis. By treating agent interactions as social processes, researchers can better attribute responsibility for emergent outcomes, detect early signs of harmful dynamics, and evaluate interventions aimed at steering collective behavior. This perspective also helps address the opacity of complex multi-agent systems by situating individual agent actions within broader interactional contexts. Finally, while human sociological theories offer valuable starting points, they are unlikely to fully explain or predict the dynamics of autonomous AI collectives. Human sociology should therefore serve as a foundation for developing a distinct, empirically grounded sociology of machines—one capable of evolving alongside the rapidly changing architectures and capabilities of generative agents. 5 Alternative Views Three main alternative views are relevant to our proposed paradigm. We discuss them below. LLMs Miss the Multi-Agent Mark. La Malfa et al. ( 2025 ) argue that current LLM-based multi-agent systems (MAS) fail to capture core multi-agent properties and should align more closely with established MAS principles rather than motivate new frameworks. They note that LLMs lack native social behavior , attribute many MAS failures to inter-agent misalignment, and advocate for explicit multi-agent pre-training in agent-agnostic environments grounded in structured protocols and formal methods. These critiques highlight real challenges, but our interactionist paradigm addresses complementary questions largely independent of specific architectures or training regimes. Rather than prescribing agent design, it examines how agents with prior representations behave in social contexts, how influence and information propagate, and how collective phenomena emerge. Explicit social pre-training is one design choice, but emergence and alignment dynamics remain relevant across implementations. Our approach thus extends classical MAS theory, retaining its rigor while targeting different aspects of multi-agent behavior. Gen-AI models show uniform collective behavior. Shared training data and fine-tuning methods, being optimized to satisfy similar human preferences and safety constraints, make individual models converge to the same dominant behavior, rather than exploring different possibilities (Jiang et al. , 2025b ) . While this might be plausible for models acting in isolation, it is substantially less reasonable in interactive MAS. Even agents with identical pre-training can produce diverse collective outcomes, shaped by initial conditions, interaction structures, and contextual factors. In practice, agents vary in fine-tuning, prompting, retrieval context, and interaction history, and multi-agent populations may include heterogeneous model architectures altogether. Our framework captures how subtle differences in the “person” component (pre-trained priors) interact with the “situation” component (social context) to produce emergent phenomena. If convergence to uniform behaviors were unavoidable, we would not observe the range of social conventions, polarization, and coordination patterns documented in recent Gen-AI MAS studies (Piao et al. , 2025 ; Ashery et al. , 2025 ; Flint et al. , 2025 ) . Gen-AI agents still fail at simple tasks. Existing LLMs still struggle with relatively simple tasks (Williams and Huckle, 2024 ; Malek et al. , 2025 ; Xu et al. , 2025 ) , and recent work demonstrated that the performance of MAS with LLM-powered agents is outperformed by single agents across a variety of tasks (Pan et al. , 2025 ) . Yet, these failures underscore rather than diminish the importance of rigorous analysis. Understanding why multi-agent systems fail requires causal attribution, measurement of information flow breakdowns, and identification of coordination failures—exactly what the interactionist paradigm provides. Societal deployment of these systems is already outpacing theory (Hammond et al. , 2025 ; de Witt, 2025 ) , so waiting for more capable agents before developing frameworks would be irresponsible. Current failures are valuable data for theory development that will remain relevant as capabilities grow. Our paradigm focuses on the mechanisms driving agent collectives, independent of individual agent sophistication. 5 Alternative Views Three main alternative views are relevant to our proposed paradigm. We discuss them below. LLMs Miss the Multi-Agent Mark. La Malfa et al. ( 2025 ) argue that current LLM-based multi-agent systems (MAS) fail to capture core multi-agent properties and should align more closely with established MAS principles rather than motivate new frameworks. They note that LLMs lack native social behavior , attribute many MAS failures to inter-agent misalignment, and advocate for explicit multi-agent pre-training in agent-agnostic environments grounded in structured protocols and formal methods. These critiques highlight real challenges, but our interactionist paradigm addresses complementary questions largely independent of specific architectures or training regimes. Rather than prescribing agent design, it examines how agents with prior representations behave in social contexts, how influence and information propagate, and how collective phenomena emerge. Explicit social pre-training is one design choice, but emergence and alignment dynamics remain relevant across implementations. Our approach thus extends classical MAS theory, retaining its rigor while targeting different aspects of multi-agent behavior. LLMs Miss the Multi-Agent Mark. La Malfa et al. ( 2025 ) argue that current LLM-based multi-agent systems (MAS) fail to capture core multi-agent properties and should align more closely with established MAS principles rather than motivate new frameworks. They note that LLMs lack native social behavior , attribute many MAS failures to inter-agent misalignment, and advocate for explicit multi-agent pre-training in agent-agnostic environments grounded in structured protocols and formal methods. These critiques highlight real challenges, but our interactionist paradigm addresses complementary questions largely independent of specific architectures or training regimes. Rather than prescribing agent design, it examines how agents with prior representations behave in social contexts, how influence and information propagate, and how collective phenomena emerge. Explicit social pre-training is one design choice, but emergence and alignment dynamics remain relevant across implementations. Our approach thus extends classical MAS theory, retaining its rigor while targeting different aspects of multi-agent behavior. Gen-AI models show uniform collective behavior. Shared training data and fine-tuning methods, being optimized to satisfy similar human preferences and safety constraints, make individual models converge to the same dominant behavior, rather than exploring different possibilities (Jiang et al. , 2025b ) . While this might be plausible for models acting in isolation, it is substantially less reasonable in interactive MAS. Even agents with identical pre-training can produce diverse collective outcomes, shaped by initial conditions, interaction structures, and contextual factors. In practice, agents vary in fine-tuning, prompting, retrieval context, and interaction history, and multi-agent populations may include heterogeneous model architectures altogether. Our framework captures how subtle differences in the “person” component (pre-trained priors) interact with the “situation” component (social context) to produce emergent phenomena. If convergence to uniform behaviors were unavoidable, we would not observe the range of social conventions, polarization, and coordination patterns documented in recent Gen-AI MAS studies (Piao et al. , 2025 ; Ashery et al. , 2025 ; Flint et al. , 2025 ) . Gen-AI models show uniform collective behavior. Shared training data and fine-tuning methods, being optimized to satisfy similar human preferences and safety constraints, make individual models converge to the same dominant behavior, rather than exploring different possibilities (Jiang et al. , 2025b ) . While this might be plausible for models acting in isolation, it is substantially less reasonable in interactive MAS. Even agents with identical pre-training can produce diverse collective outcomes, shaped by initial conditions, interaction structures, and contextual factors. In practice, agents vary in fine-tuning, prompting, retrieval context, and interaction history, and multi-agent populations may include heterogeneous model architectures altogether. Our framework captures how subtle differences in the “person” component (pre-trained priors) interact with the “situation” component (social context) to produce emergent phenomena. If convergence to uniform behaviors were unavoidable, we would not observe the range of social conventions, polarization, and coordination patterns documented in recent Gen-AI MAS studies (Piao et al. , 2025 ; Ashery et al. , 2025 ; Flint et al. , 2025 ) . Gen-AI agents still fail at simple tasks. Existing LLMs still struggle with relatively simple tasks (Williams and Huckle, 2024 ; Malek et al. , 2025 ; Xu et al. , 2025 ) , and recent work demonstrated that the performance of MAS with LLM-powered agents is outperformed by single agents across a variety of tasks (Pan et al. , 2025 ) . Yet, these failures underscore rather than diminish the importance of rigorous analysis. Understanding why multi-agent systems fail requires causal attribution, measurement of information flow breakdowns, and identification of coordination failures—exactly what the interactionist paradigm provides. Societal deployment of these systems is already outpacing theory (Hammond et al. , 2025 ; de Witt, 2025 ) , so waiting for more capable agents before developing frameworks would be irresponsible. Current failures are valuable data for theory development that will remain relevant as capabilities grow. Our paradigm focuses on the mechanisms driving agent collectives, independent of individual agent sophistication. Gen-AI agents still fail at simple tasks. Existing LLMs still struggle with relatively simple tasks (Williams and Huckle, 2024 ; Malek et al. , 2025 ; Xu et al. , 2025 ) , and recent work demonstrated that the performance of MAS with LLM-powered agents is outperformed by single agents across a variety of tasks (Pan et al. , 2025 ) . Yet, these failures underscore rather than diminish the importance of rigorous analysis. Understanding why multi-agent systems fail requires causal attribution, measurement of information flow breakdowns, and identification of coordination failures—exactly what the interactionist paradigm provides. Societal deployment of these systems is already outpacing theory (Hammond et al. , 2025 ; de Witt, 2025 ) , so waiting for more capable agents before developing frameworks would be irresponsible. Current failures are valuable data for theory development that will remain relevant as capabilities grow. Our paradigm focuses on the mechanisms driving agent collectives, independent of individual agent sophistication. 6 Conclusions In this perspective, we have argued that understanding the collective behavior of Gen-AI agents is an urgent challenge with far-reaching societal implications. Generative agents differ significantly from traditional agents due to their initialization with vast pre-trained knowledge, implicit social priors, and capacity for in-context adaptation. These features give rise to complex, emergent behaviors when such agents interact, behaviors that current theoretical tools, developed for the study of interaction in MARL, are ill-equipped to fully explain or manage. To support this endeavor, we have proposed the need for a new framework, grounded in transdisciplinary dialogue, drawing on insights from cognitive science, social and cultural learning theory, and machine learning. We envision concrete research directions: 1. Interactionist benchmarks : Evaluation protocols designed to isolate contributions of “situation” (prompt context, interaction history) versus “person” (pre-trained priors, model scale, alignment). 2. Causal identification strategies : Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for identifying causal pathways in networked LLM systems, building on interference-aware methods (Aronow and Samii, 2017 ; Bhattacharya et al. , 2020 ) . 3. Information-theoretic measures : Operationalizations of influence, consensus, and innovation flow within agent collectives. 4. Empirical sociology of machine societies : Using LLM collectives as model organisms for studying social processes under controlled conditions. Such a framework can help us better anticipate and steer the emergent dynamics of generative agents, whether the goal is to foster beneficial cooperation, mitigate risk, or ensure alignment with human values. 6 Conclusions In this perspective, we have argued that understanding the collective behavior of Gen-AI agents is an urgent challenge with far-reaching societal implications. Generative agents differ significantly from traditional agents due to their initialization with vast pre-trained knowledge, implicit social priors, and capacity for in-context adaptation. These features give rise to complex, emergent behaviors when such agents interact, behaviors that current theoretical tools, developed for the study of interaction in MARL, are ill-equipped to fully explain or manage. To support this endeavor, we have proposed the need for a new framework, grounded in transdisciplinary dialogue, drawing on insights from cognitive science, social and cultural learning theory, and machine learning. We envision concrete research directions: 1. Interactionist benchmarks : Evaluation protocols designed to isolate contributions of “situation” (prompt context, interaction history) versus “person” (pre-trained priors, model scale, alignment). Interactionist benchmarks : Evaluation protocols designed to isolate contributions of “situation” (prompt context, interaction history) versus “person” (pre-trained priors, model scale, alignment). 2. Causal identification strategies : Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for identifying causal pathways in networked LLM systems, building on interference-aware methods (Aronow and Samii, 2017 ; Bhattacharya et al. , 2020 ) . Causal identification strategies : Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for identifying causal pathways in networked LLM systems, building on interference-aware methods (Aronow and Samii, 2017 ; Bhattacharya et al. , 2020 ) . 3. Information-theoretic measures : Operationalizations of influence, consensus, and innovation flow within agent collectives. Information-theoretic measures : Operationalizations of influence, consensus, and innovation flow within agent collectives. 4. Empirical sociology of machine societies : Using LLM collectives as model organisms for studying social processes under controlled conditions. Empirical sociology of machine societies : Using LLM collectives as model organisms for studying social processes under controlled conditions. Such a framework can help us better anticipate and steer the emergent dynamics of generative agents, whether the goal is to foster beneficial cooperation, mitigate risk, or ensure alignment with human values. Acknowledgments This work was partially supported by the following projects: Horizon Europe Programme, grants #10112- 0237-ELIAS and #101120763-TANGO. Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Health and Digital Executive Agency (HaDEA). Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. This work was also partly supported by Ministero delle Imprese e del Made in Italy (IPCEI Cloud DM 27 giugno 2022 – IPCEI-CL-0000007) and European Union (Next Generation EU). Acknowledgments This work was partially supported by the following projects: Horizon Europe Programme, grants #10112- 0237-ELIAS and #101120763-TANGO. Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Health and Digital Executive Agency (HaDEA). Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. This work was also partly supported by Ministero delle Imprese e del Made in Italy (IPCEI Cloud DM 27 giugno 2022 – IPCEI-CL-0000007) and European Union (Next Generation EU). References S. Abdelnabi, A. Gomaa, S. Sivaprasad, L. Schönherr, and M. Fritz (2023) LLM-deliberation: evaluating llms with interactive multi-agent negotiation games . Cited by: §1 , §3.2 . J. P. Agapiou, A. S. Vezhnevets, E. A. Duéñez-Guzmán, J. Matyas, Y. Mao, P. Sunehag, R. Köster, U. Madhushani, K. Kopparapu, R. Comanescu, et al. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Catholic Europe Toggle Catholic Europe subsection 1.1 Albania 1.2 Belgium 1.3 Bulgaria 1.4 Croatia 1.5 Czech Republic 1.6 France 1.7 Germany 1.8 Hungary 1.9 Italy 1.10 Malta 1.11 Netherlands 1.12 Poland 1.13 Slovakia 1.14 Slovenia 1.15 Spain 1.16 Ukraine 1.1 Albania 1.2 Belgium 1.3 Bulgaria 1.4 Croatia 1.5 Czech Republic 1.6 France 1.7 Germany 1.8 Hungary 1.9 Italy 1.10 Malta 1.11 Netherlands 1.12 Poland 1.13 Slovakia 1.14 Slovenia 1.15 Spain 1.16 Ukraine 2 Catholic Asia Toggle Catholic Asia subsection 2.1 Indonesia 2.2 India 2.3 Israel 2.4 Japan 2.5 Korea 2.6 Philippines 2.7 Syria 2.8 Asian Turkey 2.1 Indonesia 2.2 India 2.3 Israel 2.4 Japan 2.5 Korea 2.6 Philippines 2.7 Syria 2.8 Asian Turkey 3 Catholic Africa Toggle Catholic Africa subsection 3.1 Egypt 3.2 Ghana 3.1 Egypt 3.2 Ghana 4 Catholic Central America and Antilles Toggle Catholic Central America and Antilles subsection 4.1 Belize 4.2 Guatemala 4.3 Martinique 4.4 St. Kitts and Nevis 4.1 Belize 4.2 Guatemala 4.3 Martinique 4.4 St. Kitts and Nevis 5 Catholic South America Toggle Catholic South America subsection 5.1 Brazil 5.2 Chile 5.3 Peru 5.4 Uruguay 5.1 Brazil 5.2 Chile 5.3 Peru 5.4 Uruguay 6 Catholic Oceania Toggle Catholic Oceania subsection 6.1 Australia 6.2 Papua New Guinea 6.3 Polynesia 6.1 Australia 6.2 Papua New Guinea 6.3 Polynesia 7 United Kingdom Toggle United Kingdom subsection 7.1 Catholic Church 7.2 Church of England 7.3 Scottish Episcopal Church 7.1 Catholic Church 7.2 Church of England 7.3 Scottish Episcopal Church 8 North America Toggle North America subsection 8.1 Catholic Church 8.2 Episcopal Church (United States) 8.1 Catholic Church 8.2 Episcopal Church (United States) 9 See also 10 References Co-cathedral Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Frysk Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Nederlands Polski Slovenčina Slovenščina Tagalog Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Co-cathedral" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( January 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) A co-cathedral is a cathedral church which shares the function of being a bishop 's seat, or cathedra , with another cathedral, often in another city (usually a former see, anchor city of the metropolitan area or the civil capital). Instances of this occurred in England before the Protestant Reformation in the dioceses of ' Bath and Wells ', and of ' Coventry and Lichfield '. These two dioceses were each named for both cities that served as bishop's seats. As of March 2020, the Catholic Church had 322 co-cathedrals, mainly in Europe (140 in Italy alone). [ 1 ] Many are former cathedrals, but even if still in use, those often are not granted co-cathedral status. Often the diocese with one or more co-cathedrals also has a multiple ("hyphenated") name reflecting these, but some have a co-cathedral not mentioned in the title while other former see titles may also be preserved without having a co-cathedral. Sometimes the first-named city does not have the main cathedral (actual see) but boasts another distinction such as being a national capital or having an august ecclesiastical past. Catholic Europe This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Albania In Albania, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tirana-Durrës has a co-cathedral in Durrës , Saint Lucia co-cathedral. Belgium In Belgium, the cathedral of the primatial Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mechelen-Brussels is the Metropolitan St. Rumbold's Cathedral in Mechelen (Malines), the archiepiscopal seat. Its co-cathedral is the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula in Brussels , the national capital. A third, larger church in Koekelberg (also in Brussels) has the status of minor basilica , without co-cathedral rank, yet it has received papal visits including a papal beatification. Bulgaria The Roman Catholic Diocese of Sofia and Plovdiv has, besides the Cathedral of St Louis in Plovdiv , a new co-cathedral of St. Joseph in Sofia . Croatia The Metropolitan archbishop of Split-Makarska has, in Split (Dalmatia), the co-cathedral of Saint Peter the Apostle Konkatedrala sv. Petra Apostola, besides his episcopal see, Katedrala Sv. Dujma The Metropolitan archbishop of Đakovo-Osijek has, in Osijek (Slavonia), the co-cathedral of St Peter and St Paul Crkva svetog Petra i Pavla , besides his episcopal see, Katedrala Bazilika Svetog Petra Czech Republic The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ostrava-Opava has a co-cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption Co-Cathedral in Ostravian-Opavian diocese in Opava besides the Ostrava Savior cathedral. France The double-titled bishopric of Aire and Dax has a Co-cathedral of Notre Dame in Dax and a Cathedral of St John the Baptist in Aire The Archdiocese of Chambéry–Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne–Tarentaise has its cathedral in Chambéry and co–cathedrals in Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne and in Tarentaise The bishop of Couserans (a see suppressed in the French Revolution ) had two co-cathedral churches at Saint-Lizier The bishop of Sisteron (a see also suppressed) had a second throne in the church of Forcalquier , which is still called La Con-cathédrale . Germany The Roman Catholic Diocese of Augsburg has a co-cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul in Dillingen and a cathedral of the Visitation of Holy Mary in Augsburg The Roman Catholic Diocese of Dresden-Meissen has a co-cathedral of Saint Peter in Bautzen and a cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity in Dresden The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising has a co-cathedral of Saints Mary and Korbinian in Freising and a cathedral of Our Dear Lady in Munich The Roman Catholic Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart has a co-cathedral of Saint Eberhard in Stuttgart and a cathedral of Saint Martin in Rottenburg am Neckar . Hungary The primatial Metropolitan see of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Esztergom-Budapest has its primary cathedral in the old archiepiscopal seat, the Cathedral Basilica of Esztergom , and a co-cathedral basilica in the national state capital Budapest . Italy The Diocese of Adria-Rovigo has a Concattedrale di S. Stefano Papa e Martire Concattedrale dedicated to Martyr Pope Stephen I in Rovigo , which never was a diocese, besides Adria 's own Cattedrale di SS. Pietro e Paolo dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul The Roman Catholic Diocese of Alghero-Bosa (on Sardinia) has a Marian Co-Cathedral Concattedrale di Beata Vergine Immaculata Concattedrale di Beata Vergine Immaculata, in Bosa besides its cathedral episcopal see, the Marian Cattedrale di Beata Maria Vergine Immaculata Concezione, in Alghero The Diocese of Amalfi–Cava de' Tirreni has a Marian Co-Cathedral of the Visitation of Mary in Cava de' Tirreni , besides the cathedral of Apostle Andrew in Amalfi . The Diocese of Avezzano has its cathedral in that city and a co-cathedral in its former see Pescina The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Campobasso-Boiano has a cathedral in Campobasso [ it ] and a co-cathedral in Bojano [ it ] . The Roman Catholic Diocese of Lucera-Troia has its cathedral in Lucera, present see; Troia 's former cathedral serves as co-cathedral The Diocese of Melfi–Rapolla–Venosa has a cathedral, a Marian Minor Basilica: Basilica Cattedrale di S. Maria Assunta, at Melfi , and two Co-cathedrals: Concattedrale di S. Andrea in Venosa , and Concattedrale di S. Michele Arcangelo, in Rapolla The Roman Catholic Diocese of Molfetta-Ruvo-Giovinazzo-Terlizzi has a cathedral in Molfetta and three co-cathedral: in Ruvo , Giovinazzo and Terlizzi The Roman Catholic Diocese of Pitigliano-Sovana-Orbetello has a cathedral of Peter&Paul in Pitigliano and a co-cathedral of the Assumptio in Orbetello The Archdiocese of Rossano–Cariati has a Marian Cathedral di Maria SS. Achiropita at Rossano and a Co-Cathedral of the Archangel Michael in Cariati The Archdiocese of Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi-Conza-Nusco-Bisaccia has its cathedral in Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi and three co-cathedrals in absorbed former bishoprics : Conza di Campania , Nusco and Bisaccia The Diocese of Teggiano-Policastro has a Co-cathedral of the Assumption in Policastro Bussentino and a Marian cathedral of S. Maria Maggiore e S. Michele Arcangelo, in Teggiano The Diocese of Termoli-Larino has its cathedral in Termoli and a co-cathedral in Larino The Diocese of Bolzano-Brixen has its cathedral in Brixen and a co-cathedral in Bolzano Malta The metropolitan cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Malta is St. Paul's Cathedral in the former capital Mdina . Since the 1820s, the former Conventual Church of St. John in Valletta has been known as St. John's Co-Cathedral . Netherlands Since 8 March 2025, the Basilica of Saint Nicholas, Amsterdam , is co-cathedral with the Cathedral of St Bavo, Haarlem . [ 2 ] Poland the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zamość-Lubaczów has a cathedral of the Resurrection and St. Thomas the Apostle in Zamość and a co-cathedral of St. Stanislaus in Lubaczów The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień has a cathedral of James the Elder in Szczecin and a co-cathedral of John the Baptist in Kamień; the same goes for both its suffragans : the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zielona Góra-Gorzów has a cathedral of the Virgin Mary in Gorzów and a co-cathedral of St. Jadwiga in Zielona Góra The Roman Catholic Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg has a cathedral in Koszalin and a co-cathedral in Kołobrzeg the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zielona Góra-Gorzów has a cathedral of the Virgin Mary in Gorzów and a co-cathedral of St. Jadwiga in Zielona Góra The Roman Catholic Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg has a cathedral in Koszalin and a co-cathedral in Kołobrzeg Slovakia Co-Cathedral of St. Nicholas, Prešov Slovenia The Diocese of Koper has a Co-cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Nova Gorica besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Koper Spain The Diocese of Calahorra y La Calzada-Logroño has a Co-Cathedral of St Mary in Logroño besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady in Calahorra and Cathedral of the Saviour and St Mary of Santo Domingo de la Calzada . The Diocese of Coria-Cáceres has a C o-Cathedral of St Mary in Cáceres besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady in Coria . The Diocese of Guadix-Baza has a Co-Cathedral of Our Lady of the Incarnation ( es ) in Baza besides its Cathedral of the Incarnation in Guadix . The Archdiocese of Mérida-Badajoz has a Co-Cathedral of Saint Mary Major in Mérida besides its Cathedral of St John the Baptist in Badajoz . The Diocese of Mondoñedo-Ferrol has a Co-Cathedral of St Martin in Ferrol beside its Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady in Mondoñedo . The Diocese of Orihuela-Alicante has a Co-Catedral of St Nicholas of Bary in Alicante besides its Cathedral of the Saviour and St Mary in Orihuela . The Diocese of Osma-Soria has a Co-Cathedral of St Peter in Soria besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady in Burgo de Osma . The Diocese of Segorbe-Castellón has a Co-Cathedral os St Mary in Castellón de la Plana besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady in Segorbe . The Diocese of Sigüenza-Guadalajara has a Co-Cathedral of Santa María de la Fuente la Mayor in Guadalajara besides its Cathedral of St Mary in Sigüenza . The Diocese of Tui-Vigo has a Co-Cathedral of St Mary in Vigo besides its Cathedral of St Mary in Tui . Ukraine Latin Diocese of Kyiv-Zhytomyr has a Co-Cathedral of St. Alexander, Kyiv , besides the Cathedral of St. Sophia, in Zhytomyr . Latin diocese of Kharkiv-Zaporizhzhia has a Co-Cathedral of the Merciful Father, Zaporizhzhia , besides the Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Kharkiv The Roman Catholic Diocese of Odesa-Simferopol plans a co-cathedral in Simferopol, on Crimea, besides its Odesa cathedral, but suspended building plans after the Russian annexation Catholic Asia This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Indonesia The Diocese of Sibolga has a co-Cathedral named The Lady of All Nations in Gunungsitoli , Nias , besides the Cathedral of Therese of Lisieux in Sibolga . India The Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh has a co-Cathedral, Christ the King Cathedral, at Chandigarh , which never was a diocese, besides the cathedral episcopal see of St. Michael and St. Joseph in Shimla , the capital of Himachal Pradesh state. After the merger of the ecclesiastical provinces of Madras and Mylapore in 1952 to form the Archdiocese of Madras-Mylapore . The cathedral of the former Mylapore province was given Co-cathedral standard and is now known as St Mary's Co-Cathedral . Israel The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem , whose main cathedral is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre , also has a co-cathedral, namely the co-Cathedral of the Most Holy Name of Jesus . Japan The co-Cathedral The Basilica of the Twenty-Six Holy Martyrs of Japan , in Nagasaki also known as Ōura Cathedral, a World Heritage Site , and the oldest church in Japan. Nearby is the Immaculate Conception Cathedral , also known as Urakami Cathedral. Korea The Archdiocese of Daegu has, besides the Kyesan Cathedral , a new co-cathedral, Beomeo Cathedral. The Diocese of Suwon has a cathedral of Korean Martyrs in Jeongjadong and a co-cathedral of Queen of Peace in Jowon-dong Philippines The Archdiocese of Lingayen-Dagupan has a cathedral in Dagupan, Pangasinan and the original cathedral, now co-cathedral, the Epiphany of Our Lord Parish Church in Lingayen . Syria The Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Homs has in Yabrud (one of the two former eparchs which were title united with the diocese) the co-cathedral of Saints Constantine and Helen, besides its Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace in Homs . Asian Turkey The Apostolic Vicariate of Anatolia has a Co-Cathedral of St. Anthony of Padua, in Mersin , besides the Marian episcopal see Cathedral of the Annunciation, in İskenderun (Alexandretta). Catholic Africa This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Egypt The Latin Apostolic Vicariate of Alexandria had a St. Catherine cathedral in Alexandria and two co-cathedrals: the former cathedrals of the merged-in apostolic vicariates of Heliopolis of Egypt ( Our Lady , in that Cairo suburb) and of Port Said (Our Lady and St. Michael in that Sinai Canal port). Ghana The Diocese of Keta–Akatsi has its co-cathedral at first-named Keta , the cathedral is in second-named Akatsi . Catholic Central America and Antilles This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Belize Our Lady of Guadalupe Co-Cathedral in Belmopan is the diocesan co-cathedral of Belize City-Belmopan since the national capital was shifted to Belmopan , which was added to the bishopric's title, but the see and Holy Redeemer Cathedral remained in former capital Belize City . Guatemala The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Los Altos Quetzaltenango-Totonicapán has a Cocatedral, San Miguel Arcángel, in Totonicapán , besides the episcopal see Catedral del Espíritu Santo, in Quetzaltenango . The diocese of Zacapa y Santo Cristo de Esquipulas has cathedral San Pedro (dedicated to saint Peter), in Zacapa and a virtual Co-cathedral, Basílica del Cristo Negro de Esquipulas , which is officially still the cathedral of the (absorbed) Territorial Prelature of Santo Cristo de Esquipulas . Martinique The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Fort-de-France–Saint-Pierre has a co-cathedral Co-cathédrale Notre Dame de l'Assomption, in Saint-Pierre, besides the cathedral Cathédrale Saint-Louis, in Fort-de-France. St. Kitts and Nevis The Diocese of Saint John's–Basseterre has a cathedral, Holy Family Cathedral, in St John's, Antigua , and a co-cathedral, Basseterre Co-Cathedral of Immaculate Conception , in Basseterre , St. Kitts. Catholic South America This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Brazil The bishop of Primavera do Leste–Paranatinga has a Co-Cathedral São Francisco Xavier, in Paranatinga , besides its episcopal see Catedral São Cristóvão, in Primavera do Leste . Chile The Apostolic Vicariate of Aysén has an Our Lady of Sorrows Co-cathedral in Coyhaique besides its Saint Therese of Lisieux Cathedral in Puerto Aysén . Peru The Roman Catholic Diocese of Tacna and Moquegua has a St. Dominic Co-cathedral in Moquegua besides its Our Lady of the Rosary Cathedral in Tacna . Uruguay The Armenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Latin America and Mexico has a Cathedral Catedral Armênia São Gregório Iluminador, in São Paulo, Brazil and a Co-Cathedral Nuestra Señora de Bzommar, in Montevideo, Uruguay, Catholic Oceania This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Australia The Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Saint Maron of Sydney has Our Lady of Lebanon Co-Cathedral in Harris Park, New South Wales , [ 3 ] besides St. Maron's Cathedral, Sydney . [ 4 ] The Roman Catholic Diocese of Wollongong has St John Vianney Co-Cathedral in Fairy Meadow, New South Wales . Papua New Guinea The Archdiocese of Rabaul has besides its episcopal see -a cathedral in Vunapope- St Francis Xavier's Co-Cathedral, in the national capital Rabaul. Polynesia The Archdiocese of Samoa-Apia Co-Cathedral is Our Lady of the Rosary at Siusega, together with the Cathedral of the Immaculate Heart in the capital, Apia in Upolu. The Diocese of Samoa–Pago Pago has a Co-Cathedral of St. Joseph the Worker in Fagatogo besides the Cathedral of the Holy Family in Tafuna , on Tutuila Island United Kingdom Catholic Church The Archdiocese of Liverpool includes a co-cathedral on the Isle of Man , the St. Mary of the Isle Church . Church of England Prior to the Protestant Reformation, the dioceses of 'Bath and Wells' and 'Coventry and Lichfield' were the only co-cathedrals in England. Only one diocese of the Church of England has co-cathedrals; in the Anglican Diocese of Leeds there are three co-cathedrals, Ripon , Bradford and Wakefield . The Diocese of Leeds was formed in 2014 by the merger of the former Anglican dioceses of Bradford , Ripon , and Wakefield , with all three former diocesan cathedrals given co-equal status in the new diocese. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] In the case of York the collegiate churches of Beverley , Ripon and Southwell were almost in the same position, but although the archbishop had a stall in each, he had no diocesan cathedra in them. The chapters were not united with that of the metropolitan church in the direct government of the diocese, or the election of the archbishop, nor had they those other rights which were held to denote the cathedral character of a church. [ citation needed ] Scottish Episcopal Church The Diocese of Argyll and The Isles of the Scottish Episcopal Church has two co-cathedrals: St John's Cathedral , Oban and Cathedral of The Isles , Millport, Cumbrae . It is the only diocese to have more than one cathedral. [ 7 ] North America Catholic Church In the United States , there are several instances in which a Roman Catholic diocese maintains two episcopal see cities, each with its own cathedral or co-cathedral. Examples include: the Cathedral of Saint Paul and the Basilica of Saint Mary in the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis (Minnesota). the Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston (Texas). [ 8 ] the Archdiocese of Anchorage-Juneau (Alaska). the Diocese of Altoona–Johnstown (Pennsylvania). the Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend (Indiana). the Diocese of Great Falls–Billings (Montana). the Diocese of Houma–Thibodaux (Louisiana). the Diocese of Kansas City–Saint Joseph (Missouri). the Diocese of Pensacola–Tallahassee (Florida). the Diocese of Springfield–Cape Girardeau (Missouri). the Diocese of Wheeling–Charleston (West Virginia). the Diocese of Winona–Rochester (Minnesota). In some cases the co-cathedrals are in different municipalities, but the diocese's name does not reflect the dual cathedral status. For example: the Diocese of Trenton (New Jersey) the cathedral, St. Mary of the Assumption in Trenton , and the co-cathedral, St. Robert Bellarmine in Freehold , the Melkite Greek Catholic Eparchy of Newton with its co-cathedrals, the Annunciation Melkite Catholic Cathedral in Boston, Massachusetts on the East Coast and the St. Anne Melkite Catholic Cathedral (North Hollywood, California) on the West Coast. There are also three instances in the United States in which a cathedral and its co-cathedral are in the same city. [ 9 ] This usually occurs when a historically important cathedral becomes too small to serve a growing population, and a larger co-cathedral is constructed to accommodate larger services. Examples include: The Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace and the Co-Cathedral of Saint Theresa of the Child Jesus in the Diocese of Honolulu , Hawaii. The Cathedral of Mary Our Queen and the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (originally the cathedral and now the co-cathedral) in the Archdiocese of Baltimore , Maryland. The Cathedral Basilica of St. James and the Co-Cathedral of St. Joseph in the Diocese of Brooklyn , New York. Examples in Canada are: The Archdiocese of Halifax-Yarmouth , Nova Scotia, has the absorbed diocese's former see, St. Ambrose Co-Cathedral in Yarmouth, besides the Metropolitan's own cathedral minor basilica , St. Mary's Cathedral Basilica in Halifax. The Cathedral of Saint-Jean-l'Évangéliste and the Co-Cathedral of Saint-Antoine-de-Padoue in the Diocese of Saint-Jean-Longueuil , Quebec. Our Lady of Assumption Co-Cathedral in the former Gravelbourg Diocese, and the Holy Rosary Cathedral (Regina, Saskatchewan) both now in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Regina , in the province of Saskatchewan. The Holy Family Cathedral and St. Paul's Cathedral in the Diocese of Saskatoon , Saskatchewan. Episcopal Church (United States) In the Episcopal Church in the United States, the Diocese of Iowa and the Diocese of Minnesota each have two cathedrals, both located in different cities; however, they are not styled "co-cathedrals." The Diocese of Lexington maintains a second cathedral of the Cathedral Church of St. George the Martyr at their Cathedral Domain conference center and camp in Irvine, Kentucky , but they do not use the term "co-cathedral" to describe it. [ 10 ] See also Pro-cathedral List of the Catholic cathedrals of the United States References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Cathedrals in the World" . Gcatholic.org . Retrieved 3 December 2021 . ^ "Celebration of taking possession of the Co-Cathedral" . Jan W. M. Hendriks . 8 March 2025. ^ "Our Lady of Lebanon Maronite Catholic Parish" . Retrieved 7 April 2021 . ^ "St Maroun's Cathedral" . GCatholic.org . Retrieved 3 December 2021 . ^ "West Yorkshire Reorganisation Scheme" . churchofengland.org . Archbishops' Council of the Church of England. 20 March 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . ^ "Cathedrals" . anglican.org . Diocese of Leeds . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . ^ "Diocese of Argyll and the Isles" . anglica.org . Diocese of Argyll and the Isles. 2017 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . With Cathedrals in Oban and on the Isle of Cumbrae... ^ "Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston: History of the Cathedral & Co-Cathedral" . Archived from the original on 18 September 2010 . Retrieved 3 December 2021 . ^ "Cathedrals in USA" . Gcatholic.org . Retrieved 3 December 2021 . ^ "Cathedral Domain celebrates 100 years of welcoming visitors | Lexington Herald Leader" . Archived from the original on 2019-10-07 . Retrieved 2019-10-07 . History of cathedrals Types of church buildings Cathedrals Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles needing additional references from January 2023 All articles needing additional references Interlanguage link template forcing interwiki links Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 This page was last edited on 21 December 2025, at 21:43 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early years 2 Playing career 3 NFL career statistics Toggle NFL career statistics subsection 3.1 Regular season 3.2 Playoffs 3.1 Regular season 3.2 Playoffs 4 Personal life 5 References Tom Moore (running back) العربية Italiano مصرى Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item No. 25, 21 Positions .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Halfback Fullback Halfback Fullback Personal information Born ( 1938-07-17 ) July 17, 1938 (age 87) Goodlettsville, Tennessee , U.S. Height 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) Weight 215 lb (98 kg) Career information High school Goodlettsville (TN) College Vanderbilt NFL draft 1960 : 1st round, 5th overall pick AFL draft 1960 : 1st round Career history Green Bay Packers ( 1960 – 1965 ) Los Angeles Rams ( 1966 ) Atlanta Falcons ( 1967 ) Green Bay Packers ( 1960 – 1965 ) Los Angeles Rams ( 1966 ) Atlanta Falcons ( 1967 ) Awards and highlights 3× NFL champion ( 1961 , 1962 , 1965 ) Second-team All-Pro ( 1963 ) Pro Bowl ( 1962 ) Third-team All-American ( 1959 ) 2× First-team All-SEC ( 1958 , 1959 ) 3× NFL champion ( 1961 , 1962 , 1965 ) Second-team All-Pro ( 1963 ) Pro Bowl ( 1962 ) Third-team All-American ( 1959 ) 2× First-team All-SEC ( 1958 , 1959 ) Career NFL statistics Rushing yards 2,445 Rushing average 3.7 Receptions 141 Receiving yards 1,152 Total touchdowns 31 Stats at Pro Football Reference Rushing yards 2,445 Rushing average 3.7 Receptions 141 Receiving yards 1,152 Total touchdowns 31 Stats at Pro Football Reference Tom Moore (born July 17, 1938) is an American former professional football player who was a running back for eight seasons in the National Football League (NFL) for eight seasons, the first six with the Green Bay Packers . He played college football for the Vanderbilt Commodores . He went to the Pro Bowl after Green Bay's 1962 season and later played for the Los Angeles Rams and Atlanta Falcons . Early years Born and raised in Goodlettsville, Tennessee , Moore played college football at Vanderbilt University in Nashville on both sides of the ball. [ 1 ] Playing career Moore was the fifth overall pick of the 1960 NFL draft , selected by the Green Bay Packers . He was a three-time NFL champion with the Packers in 1961 , 1962 , and 1965 . Moore was selected for the 1962 Pro Bowl & all-pro selection in 1963 and wore jersey number #25 for the Packers. Starting hall of fame halfback Paul Hornung was suspended by league commissioner Pete Rozelle for the 1963 season and Moore saw increased playing time. Moore was second-leading rusher on team in 1962 (377 yards) and 1963 (658 yards) behind Jim Taylor . He scored a career-high seven rushing touchdowns in 1962 season. Moore gained 2,069 yards on the ground and scored 20 rushing touchdowns and had 71 receptions for 605 yards and seven touchdowns. He played in 78 regular-season games for the Packers. After six seasons in Green Bay and the addition of Donny Anderson to the roster, Moore was traded to the Los Angeles Rams in April 1966. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] He caught 60 passes that season, then a league record for a running back. Moore was traded to the second-year Atlanta Falcons in July 1967, after a request to be closer to his business interests. [ 5 ] and retired after the season. [ 6 ] NFL career statistics Legend Won the NFL championship Bold Career high Regular season Year Team Games Rushing Receiving GP GS Att Yds Avg Lng TD Rec Yds Avg Lng TD 1960 GNB 12 0 45 237 5.3 59 4 5 40 8.0 12 1 1961 GNB 13 2 61 302 5.0 69 1 8 41 5.1 11 1 1962 GNB 14 6 112 377 3.4 32 7 11 100 9.1 34 0 1963 GNB 12 12 132 658 5.0 77 6 23 237 10.3 45 2 1964 GNB 14 1 102 371 3.6 35 2 17 140 8.2 33 2 1965 GNB 13 4 51 124 2.4 13 0 7 87 12.4 31 1 1966 RAM 14 14 104 272 2.6 18 1 60 433 7.2 30 3 1967 ATL 10 8 53 104 2.0 18 0 10 74 7.4 21 0 102 47 660 2,445 3.7 77 21 141 1,152 8.2 45 10 Playoffs Year Team Games Rushing Receiving GP GS Att Yds Avg Lng TD Rec Yds Avg Lng TD 1960 GNB 1 0 5 22 4.4 12 0 2 9 4.5 5 0 1961 GNB 1 0 6 25 4.2 11 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 1962 GNB 1 0 6 24 4.0 14 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 1965 GNB 2 0 5 8 1.6 2 0 1 -4 -4.0 -4 0 5 0 22 79 3.6 14 0 3 5 1.7 5 0 Personal life Moore lives with his wife, Carol, in Hendersonville, Tennessee , northeast of Nashville. After 23 years in the real estate business, he retired in 1991. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Tom Moore is work horse halfback of Commodores" . Ocala Star-Banner . Florida. Associated Press. November 13, 1958. p. 8. ^ "Packers trade Moore to Rams, get young quarterback, lineman" . Milwaukee Journal . April 26, 1966. p. 18, part 2. Archived from the original on March 12, 2016 . Retrieved February 27, 2016 . ^ Lea, Bud (April 27, 1966). "Lombardi 'deals for future' " . Milwaukee Sentinel . p. 2, part 2. Archived from the original on March 12, 2016 . Retrieved February 27, 2016 . ^ "Tom Moore feels trade great break" . Spokesman-Review . Spokane, Washington. Associated Press. April 28, 1966. p. 21. ^ "Rams deal Tom Moore to Falcons" . Milwaukee Sentinel . Associated Press. July 11, 1967. p. 1, part 2. Archived from the original on March 12, 2016 . Retrieved February 27, 2016 . ^ Girard, Fred (August 9, 1968). "Aerial attack key to Falcon offense" . St. Petersburg Times . Florida. p. 1C. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e 1960 NFL draft first-round selections v t e Billy Cannon George Izo Johnny Robinson Richie Lucas Tom Moore Jack Spikes Roger Davis Jim Houston Ron Burton Ron Mix Monty Stickles Lou Cordileone Billy Cannon George Izo Johnny Robinson Richie Lucas Tom Moore Jack Spikes Roger Davis Jim Houston Ron Burton Ron Mix Monty Stickles Lou Cordileone v t e Green Bay Packers first-round draft picks v t e Letlow Jankowski Isbell Buhler Van Every Paskvan Odson Wildung Pregulman Schlinkman Strzykalski Case Girard Heath Tonnemaker Gain Parilli Carmichael Hunter Switzer Bettis Losch Hornung Kramer Currie Duncan Moore Adderley Gros Robinson Voss Anderson Elkins Grabowski Gillingham Hyland Horn Carr Lueck Moore McCoy McGeorge Brockington Buchanon Tagge Barry Smith Barty Smith Koncar Butler E. Johnson Lofton J. Anderson Ivery B. Clark Cumby Campbell Hallstrom Lewis Carreker Ruettgers Fullwood Sharpe Mandarich Bennett Thompson V. Clark Buckley Simmons Teague Taylor Newsome Michels Verba Holliday Edwards Franks Reynolds J. Walker Barnett Carroll Rodgers Hawk Harrell Raji Matthews Bulaga Sherrod Perry Jones Clinton-Dix Randall K. Clark Alexander Gary Savage Love Stokes Q. Walker Wyatt Van Ness Morgan Golden Letlow Jankowski Isbell Buhler Van Every Paskvan Odson Wildung Pregulman Schlinkman Strzykalski Case Girard Heath Tonnemaker Gain Parilli Carmichael Hunter Switzer Bettis Losch Hornung Kramer Currie Duncan Moore Adderley Gros Robinson Voss Anderson Elkins Grabowski Gillingham Hyland Horn Carr Lueck Moore McCoy McGeorge Brockington Buchanon Tagge Barry Smith Barty Smith Koncar Butler E. Johnson Lofton J. Anderson Ivery B. Clark Cumby Campbell Hallstrom Lewis Carreker Ruettgers Fullwood Sharpe Mandarich Bennett Thompson V. Clark Buckley Simmons Teague Taylor Newsome Michels Verba Holliday Edwards Franks Reynolds J. Walker Barnett Carroll Rodgers Hawk Harrell Raji Matthews Bulaga Sherrod Perry Jones Clinton-Dix Randall K. Clark Alexander Gary Savage Love Stokes Q. Walker Wyatt Van Ness Morgan Golden v t e Green Bay Packers 1960 NFL draft selections v t e Tom Moore Bob Jeter Dale Hackbart Mike Wright Kirk Phares Don Hitt Frank Brixius Ron Ray Harry Ball Paul Winslow Jon Gilliam Garney Henley John Littlejohn Joe Gomes Royce Whittington Rick Brooks Gilmer Lewis Tom Moore Bob Jeter Dale Hackbart Mike Wright Kirk Phares Don Hitt Frank Brixius Ron Ray Harry Ball Paul Winslow Jon Gilliam Garney Henley John Littlejohn Joe Gomes Royce Whittington Rick Brooks Gilmer Lewis v t e Green Bay Packers 1961 NFL champions v t e 3 Ben Agajanian 5 Paul Hornung 10 John Roach 15 Bart Starr 22 Elijah Pitts 24 Willie Wood 25 Tom Moore 26 Herb Adderley 27 Johnny Symank 31 Jim Taylor 33 Lew Carpenter 40 Dale Hackbart 45 Emlen Tunnell 46 Hank Gremminger 47 Jesse Whittenton 51 Jim Ringo 53 Ken Iman 58 Dan Currie 61 Nelson Toburen 63 Fuzzy Thurston 64 Jerry Kramer 65 Tom Bettis 66 Ray Nitschke 71 Bill Forester 72 Ben Davidson 75 Forrest Gregg 74 Henry Jordan 76 Bob Skoronski 77 Ron Kostelnik 78 Norm Masters 79 Dave Hanner 81 Lee Folkins 83 Bill Quinlan 84 Gary Knafelc 85 Max McGee 86 Boyd Dowler 87 Willie Davis 88 Ron Kramer Head coach: Vince Lombardi Assistant coaches: Bill Austin Phil Bengtson Red Cochran Norb Hecker Dick Voris 3 Ben Agajanian 5 Paul Hornung 10 John Roach 15 Bart Starr 22 Elijah Pitts 24 Willie Wood 25 Tom Moore 26 Herb Adderley 27 Johnny Symank 31 Jim Taylor 33 Lew Carpenter 40 Dale Hackbart 45 Emlen Tunnell 46 Hank Gremminger 47 Jesse Whittenton 51 Jim Ringo 53 Ken Iman 58 Dan Currie 61 Nelson Toburen 63 Fuzzy Thurston 64 Jerry Kramer 65 Tom Bettis 66 Ray Nitschke 71 Bill Forester 72 Ben Davidson 75 Forrest Gregg 74 Henry Jordan 76 Bob Skoronski 77 Ron Kostelnik 78 Norm Masters 79 Dave Hanner 81 Lee Folkins 83 Bill Quinlan 84 Gary Knafelc 85 Max McGee 86 Boyd Dowler 87 Willie Davis 88 Ron Kramer Head coach: Vince Lombardi Assistant coaches: Bill Austin Phil Bengtson Red Cochran Norb Hecker Dick Voris v t e Green Bay Packers 1962 NFL champions v t e 5 Paul Hornung 10 John Roach 15 Bart Starr 22 Elijah Pitts 24 Willie Wood 25 Tom Moore 26 Herb Adderley 27 Johnny Symank 29 Howie Williams 31 Jim Taylor 33 Lew Carpenter 40 Earl Gros 46 Hank Gremminger 47 Jesse Whittenton 51 Jim Ringo 53 Ken Iman 58 Dan Currie 60 Ed Blaine 61 Nelson Toburen 63 Fuzzy Thurston 64 Jerry Kramer 66 Ray Nitschke 71 Bill Forester 73 Ron Gassert 74 Henry Jordan 75 Forrest Gregg 76 Bob Skoronski 77 Ron Kostelnik 78 Norm Masters 79 Dave Hanner 80 Gary Barnes 83 Bill Quinlan 84 Gary Knafelc 85 Max McGee 86 Boyd Dowler 87 Willie Davis 88 Ron Kramer Head coach: Vince Lombardi Assistant coaches: Bill Austin Phil Bengtson Red Cochran Tom Fears Norb Hecker Dick Voris 5 Paul Hornung 10 John Roach 15 Bart Starr 22 Elijah Pitts 24 Willie Wood 25 Tom Moore 26 Herb Adderley 27 Johnny Symank 29 Howie Williams 31 Jim Taylor 33 Lew Carpenter 40 Earl Gros 46 Hank Gremminger 47 Jesse Whittenton 51 Jim Ringo 53 Ken Iman 58 Dan Currie 60 Ed Blaine 61 Nelson Toburen 63 Fuzzy Thurston 64 Jerry Kramer 66 Ray Nitschke 71 Bill Forester 73 Ron Gassert 74 Henry Jordan 75 Forrest Gregg 76 Bob Skoronski 77 Ron Kostelnik 78 Norm Masters 79 Dave Hanner 80 Gary Barnes 83 Bill Quinlan 84 Gary Knafelc 85 Max McGee 86 Boyd Dowler 87 Willie Davis 88 Ron Kramer Head coach: Vince Lombardi Assistant coaches: Bill Austin Phil Bengtson Red Cochran Tom Fears Norb Hecker Dick Voris v t e Green Bay Packers 1965 NFL champions v t e 5 Paul Hornung 10 Dennis Claridge 12 Zeke Bratkowski 15 Bart Starr 21 Bob Jeter 22 Elijah Pitts 24 Willie Wood 25 Tom Moore 26 Herb Adderley 31 Jim Taylor (MVP) 34 Don Chandler 35 Allen Jacobs 40 Tom Brown 41 Junior Coffey 43 Doug Hart 46 Hank Gremminger 50 Bill Curry 56 Tommy Joe Crutcher 57 Ken Bowman 60 Lee Roy Caffey 63 Fred Thurston 64 Jerry Kramer 66 Ray Nitschke 67 Dan Grimm 70 Bud Marshall 71 Lloyd Voss 72 Steve Wright 74 Henry Jordan 75 Forrest Gregg 76 Bob Skoronski 77 Ron Kostelnik 80 Bob Long 81 Marv Fleming 82 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Prelude 2 Rebellion 3 Aftermath 4 Notes 5 References Bigod's rebellion Svenska Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Bigod's rebellion Part of European wars of religion and the English Reformation Date 16 January – 10 February 1537 Location Cumberland and Westmorland , England Result Royal victory; execution of many rebels Date 16 January – 10 February 1537 Location Cumberland and Westmorland , England Result Royal victory; execution of many rebels Belligerents English Catholics Kingdom of England Commanders and leaders .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Sir Francis Bigod Lord Darcy Lord Hussey Sir Francis Bigod Lord Darcy Lord Hussey King Henry VIII Casualties and losses 216 executed Bigod's rebellion of January 1537 was an armed rebellion by English Catholics in Cumberland and Westmorland against King Henry VIII of England and the English Parliament . It was led by Sir Francis Bigod , of Settrington in the East Riding of Yorkshire . Prelude Following the Pilgrimage of Grace of 1536, the King had made promises which had not yet been kept [ 1 ] [ clarification needed ] and, in January 1537, a new rising began to take shape, although Robert Aske (a leader of the Pilgrimage of Grace) tried to prevent it. [ 2 ] An undated letter from Aske to the Commons , probably early in 1537, tells them: "Neighbours, I do much [marvel] that ye would assemble yourselves with Bigod [seeing how] earnestly the King's highness extendeth general pardon to all this North". He goes on that the king intends to hold a parliament at York and to have the new Queen crowned . Bigod had intended to destroy the effect of previous petitions, but "as I hear you were forced to assemble by his threats and menaces, I shall declare this to the King, and fear not but that you shall have his Grace's pardon notwithstanding". [ 3 ] Lord Darcy wrote to Aske and Robert Constable on 17 January .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}} Of Sir Fras. Bigod I heard, this day at dinner, as you wrote; and more, that Hallum was taken at Hull yesterday with a letter in his purse from Sir Francis Bigod promising that he and all the West Countries would rise and come forward. This day with my servant, Alan Gefreyson, I sent you my news which are of such bruits, rages, and furies as the like I have not read nor heard of. I sent to my cousin Ellerker and Whartton for the premises concerning Hull. My advice is that you stay the people till the coming of my lord of Norfolk , which, I hear, shall be shortly, and all the gentlemen that is above of the North with him. He brings gracious answers of the Parliament and petitions. Good Mr. Aske, where you write desiring me to stay my quarters; there has yet been no stir in my rooms and lands, but what was caused by other wild countries and dales. I shall do my duty, and play my part therein, though I lie in my bed. I hear my lord of Cumberland is likely to have business for two prisoners he keeps. [ 3 ] Of Sir Fras. Bigod I heard, this day at dinner, as you wrote; and more, that Hallum was taken at Hull yesterday with a letter in his purse from Sir Francis Bigod promising that he and all the West Countries would rise and come forward. This day with my servant, Alan Gefreyson, I sent you my news which are of such bruits, rages, and furies as the like I have not read nor heard of. I sent to my cousin Ellerker and Whartton for the premises concerning Hull. My advice is that you stay the people till the coming of my lord of Norfolk , which, I hear, shall be shortly, and all the gentlemen that is above of the North with him. He brings gracious answers of the Parliament and petitions. Good Mr. Aske, where you write desiring me to stay my quarters; there has yet been no stir in my rooms and lands, but what was caused by other wild countries and dales. I shall do my duty, and play my part therein, though I lie in my bed. I hear my lord of Cumberland is likely to have business for two prisoners he keeps. [ 3 ] Bigod himself wrote to Constable on 18 January: "Though the commons at first had me in suspicion for my learning and conversation with such a lewd one as they judged were enemies both to Christ's Church and the commonwealth, and I was even in danger of my life at Pountefrett , they have now the greatest confidence in me. Now messengers come from Bishopric , Richmondshire , and the West , for me to go forward with the commons, especially to bring John Halom , whom the mayor of Hull has imprisoned, to their great offence. I have sworn to go with the commons having good reason to doubt the Duke of Norfolk is coming rather to bring them to captivity like those of Lincolnshire than to fulfil our petitions. There is no man they trust so much as Constable whom Bygott would gladly join and follow his advice, if he will be true to them." He begs an answer and sends a copy of their oath. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] "Though the commons at first had me in suspicion for my learning and conversation with such a lewd one as they judged were enemies both to Christ's Church and the commonwealth, and I was even in danger of my life at Pountefrett , they have now the greatest confidence in me. Now messengers come from Bishopric , Richmondshire , and the West , for me to go forward with the commons, especially to bring John Halom , whom the mayor of Hull has imprisoned, to their great offence. I have sworn to go with the commons having good reason to doubt the Duke of Norfolk is coming rather to bring them to captivity like those of Lincolnshire than to fulfil our petitions. There is no man they trust so much as Constable whom Bygott would gladly join and follow his advice, if he will be true to them." He begs an answer and sends a copy of their oath. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] William Todde, prior of Malton in Ryedale , later gave evidence that on the Tuesday before the uprising, Bigod had dined with him at Malton on his way to York . Bigod had shown him part of the King's pardon, saying it would enrage the Scots, known in the North as "our old ancient enemies", while Todde showed Bigod a copy of the articles given at Doncaster , Bigod asked for a copy, and one was sent after him. On leaving, Bigod said he had to go to Settrington to meet his brother Ralph. [ 5 ] Rebellion Bigod, fearing repression by the King, launched his uprising on 16 January 1537, in concert with his tenant, John Hallam, a yeoman of Watton . [ 6 ] His efforts to promulgate his platform attracted little support, either from the aristocracy or the commons. [ 1 ] His plan to have George Lumley [ 7 ] seize Scarborough Castle and Hallam Hall on 16 January failed utterly, and his own assault on Kingston upon Hull on 19 January was forestalled by the capture of almost his entire force in a dawn raid at Beverley, Yorkshire . He escaped to Mulgrave, and from thence to Cumberland , where he was captured on 10 February, and sent to Carlisle Castle . [ 6 ] Aftermath In the aftermath of the rebellion's defeat, Henry arrested Bigod, Aske and several other rebels, including Darcy , Lord Hussey , the Chief Butler of England , Sir Thomas Percy and Sir Robert Constable . All were convicted of treason . On 2 June, 1537, Bigod was hanged, drawn & quartered at Tyburn, Darcy and Hussey both beheaded, Thomas Moigne , one of the members of Parliament for Lincoln , was hanged, drawn and quartered , Constable was hanged in chains at Hull, and Aske was hanged in chains at York. In all, 216 were executed: several lords and knights (including Sir Thomas Percy , Sir Stephen Hamerton, Sir William Lumley, Sir John Constable and Sir William Constable), six abbots ( Adam Sedbar, Abbot of Jervaulx , William Trafford, Abbot of Sawley , Matthew Mackarel, Abbot of Barlings and Bishop of Chalcedon, William Thirsk, Abbot of Fountains and the Prior of Bridlington), 38 monks, and sixteen parish priests. Sir Nicholas Tempest, Bowbearer of the Forest of Bowland was hanged at Tyburn, Sir John Bulmer hanged, drawn and quartered, and his wife Margaret Stafford burnt at the stake. [ 8 ] In late 1538, Sir Edward Neville , Keeper of the Sewer was beheaded. [ 9 ] [ self-published source? ] The circumstances of their trial and execution were recorded by the author of Wriothesley's Chronicle : [ 8 ] [ 10 ] [ 1 ] Also the 16 day of May [1537] there were arraigned at Westminster afore the King's Commissioners, the Lord Chancellor that day being the chief, these persons following: Sir Robert Constable , knight; Sir Thomas Percy , knight, and brother to the Earl of Northumberland ; Sir John Bulmer, knight, and Ralph Bulmer, his son and heir; Sir Francis Bigod , knight; Margaret Cheney, after Lady Bulmer by untrue matrimony; George Lumley, esquire; [ 7 ] Robert Aske , gentleman, that was captain in the insurrection of the Northern men ; and one Hamerton, esquire, all which persons were indicted of high treason against the King, and that day condemned by a jury of knights and esquires for the same, whereupon they had sentence to be drawn, hanged and quartered, but Ralph Bulmer, the son of John Bulmer, was reprieved and had no sentence. Also the 16 day of May [1537] there were arraigned at Westminster afore the King's Commissioners, the Lord Chancellor that day being the chief, these persons following: Sir Robert Constable , knight; Sir Thomas Percy , knight, and brother to the Earl of Northumberland ; Sir John Bulmer, knight, and Ralph Bulmer, his son and heir; Sir Francis Bigod , knight; Margaret Cheney, after Lady Bulmer by untrue matrimony; George Lumley, esquire; [ 7 ] Robert Aske , gentleman, that was captain in the insurrection of the Northern men ; and one Hamerton, esquire, all which persons were indicted of high treason against the King, and that day condemned by a jury of knights and esquires for the same, whereupon they had sentence to be drawn, hanged and quartered, but Ralph Bulmer, the son of John Bulmer, was reprieved and had no sentence. And on the 25 day of May, being the Friday in Whitsun week, Sir John Bulmer, Sir Stephen Hamerton, knights, were hanged and headed; Nicholas Tempest, esquire; Doctor Cockerell, priest; [ 11 ] Abbot quondam of Fountains ; [ 12 ] and Doctor Pickering, friar, [ 13 ] were drawn from the Tower of London to Tyburn , and there hanged, bowelled and quartered, and their heads set on London Bridge and divers gates in London. And on the 25 day of May, being the Friday in Whitsun week, Sir John Bulmer, Sir Stephen Hamerton, knights, were hanged and headed; Nicholas Tempest, esquire; Doctor Cockerell, priest; [ 11 ] Abbot quondam of Fountains ; [ 12 ] and Doctor Pickering, friar, [ 13 ] were drawn from the Tower of London to Tyburn , and there hanged, bowelled and quartered, and their heads set on London Bridge and divers gates in London. And the same day Margaret Cheney, 'other wife to Bulmer called', was drawn after them from the Tower of London into Smithfield , and there burned according to her judgment, God pardon her soul, being the Friday in Whitsun week; she was a very fair creature, and a beautiful. And the same day Margaret Cheney, 'other wife to Bulmer called', was drawn after them from the Tower of London into Smithfield , and there burned according to her judgment, God pardon her soul, being the Friday in Whitsun week; she was a very fair creature, and a beautiful. Notes ^ a b c Cross 2004 . ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Norton, Elizabeth (2010). Catherine Parr: Wife, widow, mother, survivor, the story of the last queen of Henry VIII . Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing . p. 42. ISBN 978-1-4456-0679-8 . ^ a b c 'Henry VIII: January 1537, 16-20', in Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII , vol. 12, part 1: January–May 1537 (1890), pp. 50-78 online ^ Dated from Baynton, "where in the morning your servant shall find me or else at Beverley" ^ 'Henry VIII: February 1537, 26-28', in Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII , vol. 12, part 1: January–May 1537 (1890), pp. 239-254 ^ a b Hicks 2004 . ^ a b Father of John Lumley, 1st Baron Lumley . ^ a b Hamilton 1875 , pp. 63–4. ^ Shaw-Smith, Scott (2016). Executing The Tudors . Lulu.com . p. 20. ISBN 978-1-326-87226-7 . ^ Dodds & Dodds 1971 , p. 214. ^ James Cockerell, Prior of Guisborough . ^ William Thirsk. ^ John Pickering of Bridlington . References Cross, Claire (2004). "Participants in the Pilgrimage of Grace (act. 1536–1537)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/ref:odnb/95587 . (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.) Dodds, Madeleine Hope; Dodds, Ruth (1971). The Pilgrimage of Grace 1536–1537 and the Exeter Conspiracy 1538 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 31 October 2013 . Hicks, Michael (2004). "Bigod, Sir Francis (1507–1537)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/ref:odnb/2375 . (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.) Hamilton, William Douglas, ed. (1875). A Chronicle of England During the Reigns of the Tudors from A.D. 1485 to 1559 by Charles Wriothesley, Windsor Herald . Vol. I. London: J.B. Nichols and Sons . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Browse by subject Toggle Browse by subject subsection 1.1 Culture and the arts 1.2 Geography and places 1.3 Health and fitness 1.4 History and events 1.5 Human activities 1.6 Mathematics and logic 1.7 Natural and physical sciences 1.8 People and self 1.9 Philosophy and thinking 1.10 Reference works 1.11 Religion and belief systems 1.12 Society and social sciences 1.13 Technology and applied sciences 1.1 Culture and the arts 1.2 Geography and places 1.3 Health and fitness 1.4 History and events 1.5 Human activities 1.6 Mathematics and logic 1.7 Natural and physical sciences 1.8 People and self 1.9 Philosophy and thinking 1.10 Reference works 1.11 Religion and belief systems 1.12 Society and social sciences 1.13 Technology and applied sciences 2 Browse by format Toggle Browse by format subsection 2.1 Overviews 2.2 Outlines 2.3 Lists 2.4 Portals 2.5 Glossaries 2.6 Category system 2.1 Overviews 2.2 Outlines 2.3 Lists 2.4 Portals 2.5 Glossaries 2.6 Category system 3 Articles by quality Toggle Articles by quality subsection 3.1 Vital articles 3.2 List of articles every Wikipedia should have 3.3 Featured content 3.4 Good content 3.1 Vital articles 3.2 List of articles every Wikipedia should have 3.3 Featured content 3.4 Good content 4 Spoken articles 5 Alphabetical lists of articles 6 Topics 7 Types 8 Places, people and times 9 Indices Wikipedia : Contents العربية অসমীয়া تۆرکجه বাংলা भोजपुरी Чӑвашла Cebuano Español فارسی ГӀалгӀай 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Коми Kurdî Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Русский ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Shqip සිංහල سنڌي Српски / srpski Sunda Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Українська Xitsonga ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikiversity Wikidata item Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Vital articles Featured content Good content Indices Index Reference Culture Geography Health History Human activities Mathematics Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology WP:EXPLORE WP:EXPLORE Easily explore Wikipedia using the topic links below. You can also search directly using the search bar. All section headers are clickable for quick navigation. Browse by subject Wikipedia's content is divided into broad subject areas: Culture and the arts Culture and the arts Geography and places Geography and places Health and fitness Health and fitness History and events History and events List of timelines 2026 – Major events this year 2026 in science – Ongoing science findings and technology advancements Portal:Current events – Featured current events and related project activities List of timelines 2026 – Major events this year 2026 in science – Ongoing science findings and technology advancements Portal:Current events – Featured current events and related project activities Human activities Human activities Mathematics and logic Mathematics and logic Natural and physical sciences Natural and physical sciences People and self People and self Philosophy and thinking Philosophy and thinking Reference works Reference works Library of Congress Classification List of Dewey Decimal classes Figurative system of human knowledge ( Encyclopédie ) Propædia ( Encyclopædia Britannica ) Tree of knowledge system UDC outline Wikipedia:List of bibliographies Category:Wikipedia bibliographies Library of Congress Classification List of Dewey Decimal classes Figurative system of human knowledge ( Encyclopédie ) Propædia ( Encyclopædia Britannica ) Tree of knowledge system UDC outline Wikipedia:List of bibliographies Category:Wikipedia bibliographies Religion and belief systems Religion and belief systems Society and social sciences Society and social sciences Technology and applied sciences Technology and applied sciences Browse by format Overviews Overviews Outlines Outlines Lists Lists Portals Portals Glossaries Glossaries Category system Category:Main topic classifications – Arts, History, Technology, and more Wikipedia:Contents/Categories – Hand-crafted list of topic categories Category:People – Biographies Articles by quality Vital articles Lists of articles deemed most essential for the encyclopedia. Vital articles Level 1 – 10 articles Level 2 – 100 articles Level 3 – 1,000 articles Level 4 – 10,000 articles Level 5 – 50,000 articles Level 1 – 10 articles Level 2 – 100 articles Level 3 – 1,000 articles Level 4 – 10,000 articles Level 5 – 50,000 articles List of articles every Wikipedia should have Similar to vital articles, but for every language. List of articles every Wikipedia should have List of articles every Wikipedia should have/Expanded List of articles every Wikipedia should have/Expanded Featured content Contributions representing the best of Wikipedia, having undergone a rigorous review process by multiple independent editors. Featured content Featured articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Featured articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Good content Quality contributions that meet a core set of editorial standards, having undergone a thorough review by an independent editor. Good articles Good topics Spoken articles Category:Spoken articles Wikipedia:Spoken articles Alphabetical lists of articles Special:Allpages – List of all current pages Wikipedia:Contents/A–Z index – Alphabetical index Category:Wikipedia indexes – Alphabetical list of topic indexes Wikipedia:Contents/Indices – Indexes sorted by topic area Topics Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Mathematics Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Types Vital articles Featured content Good articles Spoken articles Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Places, people and times Academic disciplines Anniversaries (days of the year) today today Sovereign states and dependent territories Timelines decades, centuries, and millennia decades, centuries, and millennia Indices A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Wikipedia directories and indexes v t e Administration pages Protocols Policies Guidelines Manual of Style Assistance Help directory Menu FAQs Interactive help Reader's index Tips Styletips Tools The community Portal Discussions Noticeboards Essays Editor's index Departments Maintenance WikiProjects MediaWiki Wikitext HTML Templates Locutions Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary Shortcuts Protocols Policies Guidelines Manual of Style Policies Guidelines Manual of Style Assistance Help directory Menu FAQs Interactive help Reader's index Tips Styletips Tools Help directory Menu Menu FAQs Interactive help Reader's index Tips Styletips Styletips Tools The community Portal Discussions Noticeboards Essays Editor's index Departments Maintenance WikiProjects Portal Discussions Noticeboards Noticeboards Essays Editor's index Departments Maintenance Maintenance WikiProjects MediaWiki Wikitext HTML Templates Wikitext HTML Templates HTML Templates Locutions Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary Shortcuts Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary Shortcuts Encyclopedia proper Types Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Featured , good Featured articles Good articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Good topics Topics Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Math Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology LOC, bios, times Academic disciplines Anniversaries Today Sovereign states and dependent territories Deaths this year Timelines Decades, centuries, and millennia Indexes A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Spoken articles Searching Types Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Featured , good Featured articles Good articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Good topics Featured articles Good articles Good articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Good topics Good topics Topics Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Math Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Math Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology LOC, bios, times Academic disciplines Anniversaries Today Sovereign states and dependent territories Deaths this year Timelines Decades, centuries, and millennia Academic disciplines Anniversaries Today Today Sovereign states and dependent territories Deaths this year Deaths this year Timelines Decades, centuries, and millennia Decades, centuries, and millennia Indexes A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Spoken articles A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Spoken articles Searching Wikipedia directories Wikipedia contents Wikipedia navigation Wikipedia semi-protected project pages Wikipedia move-protected project pages This page was last edited on 9 December 2025, at 01:01 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents#People_and_self
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Browse by subject Toggle Browse by subject subsection 1.1 Culture and the arts 1.2 Geography and places 1.3 Health and fitness 1.4 History and events 1.5 Human activities 1.6 Mathematics and logic 1.7 Natural and physical sciences 1.8 People and self 1.9 Philosophy and thinking 1.10 Reference works 1.11 Religion and belief systems 1.12 Society and social sciences 1.13 Technology and applied sciences 1.1 Culture and the arts 1.2 Geography and places 1.3 Health and fitness 1.4 History and events 1.5 Human activities 1.6 Mathematics and logic 1.7 Natural and physical sciences 1.8 People and self 1.9 Philosophy and thinking 1.10 Reference works 1.11 Religion and belief systems 1.12 Society and social sciences 1.13 Technology and applied sciences 2 Browse by format Toggle Browse by format subsection 2.1 Overviews 2.2 Outlines 2.3 Lists 2.4 Portals 2.5 Glossaries 2.6 Category system 2.1 Overviews 2.2 Outlines 2.3 Lists 2.4 Portals 2.5 Glossaries 2.6 Category system 3 Articles by quality Toggle Articles by quality subsection 3.1 Vital articles 3.2 List of articles every Wikipedia should have 3.3 Featured content 3.4 Good content 3.1 Vital articles 3.2 List of articles every Wikipedia should have 3.3 Featured content 3.4 Good content 4 Spoken articles 5 Alphabetical lists of articles 6 Topics 7 Types 8 Places, people and times 9 Indices Wikipedia : Contents العربية অসমীয়া تۆرکجه বাংলা भोजपुरी Чӑвашла Cebuano Español فارسی ГӀалгӀай 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Коми Kurdî Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Русский ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Shqip සිංහල سنڌي Српски / srpski Sunda Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Українська Xitsonga ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Wikiversity Wikidata item Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Vital articles Featured content Good content Indices Index Reference Culture Geography Health History Human activities Mathematics Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology WP:EXPLORE WP:EXPLORE Easily explore Wikipedia using the topic links below. You can also search directly using the search bar. All section headers are clickable for quick navigation. Browse by subject Wikipedia's content is divided into broad subject areas: Culture and the arts Culture and the arts Geography and places Geography and places Health and fitness Health and fitness History and events History and events List of timelines 2026 – Major events this year 2026 in science – Ongoing science findings and technology advancements Portal:Current events – Featured current events and related project activities List of timelines 2026 – Major events this year 2026 in science – Ongoing science findings and technology advancements Portal:Current events – Featured current events and related project activities Human activities Human activities Mathematics and logic Mathematics and logic Natural and physical sciences Natural and physical sciences People and self People and self Philosophy and thinking Philosophy and thinking Reference works Reference works Library of Congress Classification List of Dewey Decimal classes Figurative system of human knowledge ( Encyclopédie ) Propædia ( Encyclopædia Britannica ) Tree of knowledge system UDC outline Wikipedia:List of bibliographies Category:Wikipedia bibliographies Library of Congress Classification List of Dewey Decimal classes Figurative system of human knowledge ( Encyclopédie ) Propædia ( Encyclopædia Britannica ) Tree of knowledge system UDC outline Wikipedia:List of bibliographies Category:Wikipedia bibliographies Religion and belief systems Religion and belief systems Society and social sciences Society and social sciences Technology and applied sciences Technology and applied sciences Browse by format Overviews Overviews Outlines Outlines Lists Lists Portals Portals Glossaries Glossaries Category system Category:Main topic classifications – Arts, History, Technology, and more Wikipedia:Contents/Categories – Hand-crafted list of topic categories Category:People – Biographies Articles by quality Vital articles Lists of articles deemed most essential for the encyclopedia. Vital articles Level 1 – 10 articles Level 2 – 100 articles Level 3 – 1,000 articles Level 4 – 10,000 articles Level 5 – 50,000 articles Level 1 – 10 articles Level 2 – 100 articles Level 3 – 1,000 articles Level 4 – 10,000 articles Level 5 – 50,000 articles List of articles every Wikipedia should have Similar to vital articles, but for every language. List of articles every Wikipedia should have List of articles every Wikipedia should have/Expanded List of articles every Wikipedia should have/Expanded Featured content Contributions representing the best of Wikipedia, having undergone a rigorous review process by multiple independent editors. Featured content Featured articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Featured articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Good content Quality contributions that meet a core set of editorial standards, having undergone a thorough review by an independent editor. Good articles Good topics Spoken articles Category:Spoken articles Wikipedia:Spoken articles Alphabetical lists of articles Special:Allpages – List of all current pages Wikipedia:Contents/A–Z index – Alphabetical index Category:Wikipedia indexes – Alphabetical list of topic indexes Wikipedia:Contents/Indices – Indexes sorted by topic area Topics Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Mathematics Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Types Vital articles Featured content Good articles Spoken articles Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Places, people and times Academic disciplines Anniversaries (days of the year) today today Sovereign states and dependent territories Timelines decades, centuries, and millennia decades, centuries, and millennia Indices A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Wikipedia directories and indexes v t e Administration pages Protocols Policies Guidelines Manual of Style Assistance Help directory Menu FAQs Interactive help Reader's index Tips Styletips Tools The community Portal Discussions Noticeboards Essays Editor's index Departments Maintenance WikiProjects MediaWiki Wikitext HTML Templates Locutions Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary Shortcuts Protocols Policies Guidelines Manual of Style Policies Guidelines Manual of Style Assistance Help directory Menu FAQs Interactive help Reader's index Tips Styletips Tools Help directory Menu Menu FAQs Interactive help Reader's index Tips Styletips Styletips Tools The community Portal Discussions Noticeboards Essays Editor's index Departments Maintenance WikiProjects Portal Discussions Noticeboards Noticeboards Essays Editor's index Departments Maintenance Maintenance WikiProjects MediaWiki Wikitext HTML Templates Wikitext HTML Templates HTML Templates Locutions Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary Shortcuts Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary Shortcuts Encyclopedia proper Types Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Featured , good Featured articles Good articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Good topics Topics Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Math Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology LOC, bios, times Academic disciplines Anniversaries Today Sovereign states and dependent territories Deaths this year Timelines Decades, centuries, and millennia Indexes A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Spoken articles Searching Types Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Featured , good Featured articles Good articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Good topics Featured articles Good articles Good articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Good topics Good topics Topics Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Math Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Math Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology LOC, bios, times Academic disciplines Anniversaries Today Sovereign states and dependent territories Deaths this year Timelines Decades, centuries, and millennia Academic disciplines Anniversaries Today Today Sovereign states and dependent territories Deaths this year Deaths this year Timelines Decades, centuries, and millennia Decades, centuries, and millennia Indexes A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Spoken articles A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Spoken articles Searching Wikipedia directories Wikipedia contents Wikipedia navigation Wikipedia semi-protected project pages Wikipedia move-protected project pages This page was last edited on 9 December 2025, at 01:01 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Isi Uwu Akpatan̄-etip ama Unwene echi mgburudun̄ Akpọk geelek Ntap-ubọk Ebi kè esese akpọk Che ikpoko nyi Chili akawunti Tibi nin̄ Che ikpoko nyi Chili akawunti Tibi nin̄ Nsaikilopedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Ænglisc العربية الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Буряад Català 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano کوردی Corsu Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Fulfulde Suomi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge 贛語 Gàidhlig Galego Avañe'ẽ ગુજરાતી Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Jawa ქართული Taqbaylit Kabɩyɛ Kumoring Қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Limburgs Lombard ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Malagasy Олык марий Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ मराठी Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Nouormand Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu Deitsch Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Русский Русиньскый संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Shqip Српски / srpski SiSwati Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski தமிழ் ತುಳು తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 მარგალური ייִדיש ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Akpọk Ukpatu Fuk Nen̄e ge Nen̄e me ebon Kpọ mfufuk Fuk Nen̄e ge Nen̄e me ebon Kpọ mfufuk Keke ogọbọ me ere keyi Unwene ògbaan̄ me lek Ria failu fo emen efet Ugọbọ mgbọ geelek Etip ofolek akpọk Gwen akpọk yi Bọkọ mgbidim ugọbọ Bọkọ iman̄ QR tap Gon ikpa Bọkọ tap kire PDF Eyi mêkọtbe igon Wikimedia Commons Wikidata inu Nsaikilopedia ìre ikpele ikpa òkititiin̄ ifuk-ibot me esese esese agọọk nkweek mè ìyaka ire agọọk nkween̄ ge gaalek. Ekiche inu òkup me emen nsaikilopedia itap me atikulu mè isun̄ ema me onineen̄ igọọk me nkwukwuuk abichi mè ìre igọọk me ibot ikọ, ire ìkare ikeya, mêtap ugọbọ emen efet mè ìre irọ ibe ikup mfufet iweweek etip me emen. Inu ekige me emen nsaikilopedia îkijọn̄ọ mè ikpa inu iwele idọk igak echi ekimun̄ me emen owuwa òbum-ikọ . Atikulu ekige me nsaikilopedia ìkigwuun̄ chieen̄ me lek inu òrere atikọ ofolek erieen̄ atikulu ya. Eya înwene me lek ebi kè òbum-ikọ echi òkigwuun̄ chieen̄ me lek etip ògbaan̄ me lek usem ofolek esese esese ikọ, kubọk mfufuk erieen̄, inu îsibibe, ngwen-nsibi, ike ekisa itumu usem, mè esese esese oniin̄ ikọ cha okinwene igọọk me lek ikan òkikpulu inanama. Òta mgbọ enen̄ebe akpọk yi ige ìre 22 Jenuwari 2025, me 11:32. Inu-nge ìkup me irak Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; ofifi chieek-sabum môkọt ikup igbaalek. Kpọ Terms of Use for details. Ikan nlet Ofolek Wìkìpedia Kpechieek Code of Conduct Ebi nrom Ifuk-ndọmọ Utumu eyi mbek Okwut-isi eyi Akpọk etip
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Catholic Europe Toggle Catholic Europe subsection 1.1 Albania 1.2 Belgium 1.3 Bulgaria 1.4 Croatia 1.5 Czech Republic 1.6 France 1.7 Germany 1.8 Hungary 1.9 Italy 1.10 Malta 1.11 Netherlands 1.12 Poland 1.13 Slovakia 1.14 Slovenia 1.15 Spain 1.16 Ukraine 1.1 Albania 1.2 Belgium 1.3 Bulgaria 1.4 Croatia 1.5 Czech Republic 1.6 France 1.7 Germany 1.8 Hungary 1.9 Italy 1.10 Malta 1.11 Netherlands 1.12 Poland 1.13 Slovakia 1.14 Slovenia 1.15 Spain 1.16 Ukraine 2 Catholic Asia Toggle Catholic Asia subsection 2.1 Indonesia 2.2 India 2.3 Israel 2.4 Japan 2.5 Korea 2.6 Philippines 2.7 Syria 2.8 Asian Turkey 2.1 Indonesia 2.2 India 2.3 Israel 2.4 Japan 2.5 Korea 2.6 Philippines 2.7 Syria 2.8 Asian Turkey 3 Catholic Africa Toggle Catholic Africa subsection 3.1 Egypt 3.2 Ghana 3.1 Egypt 3.2 Ghana 4 Catholic Central America and Antilles Toggle Catholic Central America and Antilles subsection 4.1 Belize 4.2 Guatemala 4.3 Martinique 4.4 St. Kitts and Nevis 4.1 Belize 4.2 Guatemala 4.3 Martinique 4.4 St. Kitts and Nevis 5 Catholic South America Toggle Catholic South America subsection 5.1 Brazil 5.2 Chile 5.3 Peru 5.4 Uruguay 5.1 Brazil 5.2 Chile 5.3 Peru 5.4 Uruguay 6 Catholic Oceania Toggle Catholic Oceania subsection 6.1 Australia 6.2 Papua New Guinea 6.3 Polynesia 6.1 Australia 6.2 Papua New Guinea 6.3 Polynesia 7 United Kingdom Toggle United Kingdom subsection 7.1 Catholic Church 7.2 Church of England 7.3 Scottish Episcopal Church 7.1 Catholic Church 7.2 Church of England 7.3 Scottish Episcopal Church 8 North America Toggle North America subsection 8.1 Catholic Church 8.2 Episcopal Church (United States) 8.1 Catholic Church 8.2 Episcopal Church (United States) 9 See also 10 References Co-cathedral Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Frysk Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Nederlands Polski Slovenčina Slovenščina Tagalog Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Co-cathedral" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( January 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) A co-cathedral is a cathedral church which shares the function of being a bishop 's seat, or cathedra , with another cathedral, often in another city (usually a former see, anchor city of the metropolitan area or the civil capital). Instances of this occurred in England before the Protestant Reformation in the dioceses of ' Bath and Wells ', and of ' Coventry and Lichfield '. These two dioceses were each named for both cities that served as bishop's seats. As of March 2020, the Catholic Church had 322 co-cathedrals, mainly in Europe (140 in Italy alone). [ 1 ] Many are former cathedrals, but even if still in use, those often are not granted co-cathedral status. Often the diocese with one or more co-cathedrals also has a multiple ("hyphenated") name reflecting these, but some have a co-cathedral not mentioned in the title while other former see titles may also be preserved without having a co-cathedral. Sometimes the first-named city does not have the main cathedral (actual see) but boasts another distinction such as being a national capital or having an august ecclesiastical past. Catholic Europe This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Albania In Albania, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tirana-Durrës has a co-cathedral in Durrës , Saint Lucia co-cathedral. Belgium In Belgium, the cathedral of the primatial Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mechelen-Brussels is the Metropolitan St. Rumbold's Cathedral in Mechelen (Malines), the archiepiscopal seat. Its co-cathedral is the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula in Brussels , the national capital. A third, larger church in Koekelberg (also in Brussels) has the status of minor basilica , without co-cathedral rank, yet it has received papal visits including a papal beatification. Bulgaria The Roman Catholic Diocese of Sofia and Plovdiv has, besides the Cathedral of St Louis in Plovdiv , a new co-cathedral of St. Joseph in Sofia . Croatia The Metropolitan archbishop of Split-Makarska has, in Split (Dalmatia), the co-cathedral of Saint Peter the Apostle Konkatedrala sv. Petra Apostola, besides his episcopal see, Katedrala Sv. Dujma The Metropolitan archbishop of Đakovo-Osijek has, in Osijek (Slavonia), the co-cathedral of St Peter and St Paul Crkva svetog Petra i Pavla , besides his episcopal see, Katedrala Bazilika Svetog Petra Czech Republic The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ostrava-Opava has a co-cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption Co-Cathedral in Ostravian-Opavian diocese in Opava besides the Ostrava Savior cathedral. France The double-titled bishopric of Aire and Dax has a Co-cathedral of Notre Dame in Dax and a Cathedral of St John the Baptist in Aire The Archdiocese of Chambéry–Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne–Tarentaise has its cathedral in Chambéry and co–cathedrals in Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne and in Tarentaise The bishop of Couserans (a see suppressed in the French Revolution ) had two co-cathedral churches at Saint-Lizier The bishop of Sisteron (a see also suppressed) had a second throne in the church of Forcalquier , which is still called La Con-cathédrale . Germany The Roman Catholic Diocese of Augsburg has a co-cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul in Dillingen and a cathedral of the Visitation of Holy Mary in Augsburg The Roman Catholic Diocese of Dresden-Meissen has a co-cathedral of Saint Peter in Bautzen and a cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity in Dresden The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising has a co-cathedral of Saints Mary and Korbinian in Freising and a cathedral of Our Dear Lady in Munich The Roman Catholic Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart has a co-cathedral of Saint Eberhard in Stuttgart and a cathedral of Saint Martin in Rottenburg am Neckar . Hungary The primatial Metropolitan see of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Esztergom-Budapest has its primary cathedral in the old archiepiscopal seat, the Cathedral Basilica of Esztergom , and a co-cathedral basilica in the national state capital Budapest . Italy The Diocese of Adria-Rovigo has a Concattedrale di S. Stefano Papa e Martire Concattedrale dedicated to Martyr Pope Stephen I in Rovigo , which never was a diocese, besides Adria 's own Cattedrale di SS. Pietro e Paolo dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul The Roman Catholic Diocese of Alghero-Bosa (on Sardinia) has a Marian Co-Cathedral Concattedrale di Beata Vergine Immaculata Concattedrale di Beata Vergine Immaculata, in Bosa besides its cathedral episcopal see, the Marian Cattedrale di Beata Maria Vergine Immaculata Concezione, in Alghero The Diocese of Amalfi–Cava de' Tirreni has a Marian Co-Cathedral of the Visitation of Mary in Cava de' Tirreni , besides the cathedral of Apostle Andrew in Amalfi . The Diocese of Avezzano has its cathedral in that city and a co-cathedral in its former see Pescina The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Campobasso-Boiano has a cathedral in Campobasso [ it ] and a co-cathedral in Bojano [ it ] . The Roman Catholic Diocese of Lucera-Troia has its cathedral in Lucera, present see; Troia 's former cathedral serves as co-cathedral The Diocese of Melfi–Rapolla–Venosa has a cathedral, a Marian Minor Basilica: Basilica Cattedrale di S. Maria Assunta, at Melfi , and two Co-cathedrals: Concattedrale di S. Andrea in Venosa , and Concattedrale di S. Michele Arcangelo, in Rapolla The Roman Catholic Diocese of Molfetta-Ruvo-Giovinazzo-Terlizzi has a cathedral in Molfetta and three co-cathedral: in Ruvo , Giovinazzo and Terlizzi The Roman Catholic Diocese of Pitigliano-Sovana-Orbetello has a cathedral of Peter&Paul in Pitigliano and a co-cathedral of the Assumptio in Orbetello The Archdiocese of Rossano–Cariati has a Marian Cathedral di Maria SS. Achiropita at Rossano and a Co-Cathedral of the Archangel Michael in Cariati The Archdiocese of Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi-Conza-Nusco-Bisaccia has its cathedral in Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi and three co-cathedrals in absorbed former bishoprics : Conza di Campania , Nusco and Bisaccia The Diocese of Teggiano-Policastro has a Co-cathedral of the Assumption in Policastro Bussentino and a Marian cathedral of S. Maria Maggiore e S. Michele Arcangelo, in Teggiano The Diocese of Termoli-Larino has its cathedral in Termoli and a co-cathedral in Larino The Diocese of Bolzano-Brixen has its cathedral in Brixen and a co-cathedral in Bolzano Malta The metropolitan cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Malta is St. Paul's Cathedral in the former capital Mdina . Since the 1820s, the former Conventual Church of St. John in Valletta has been known as St. John's Co-Cathedral . Netherlands Since 8 March 2025, the Basilica of Saint Nicholas, Amsterdam , is co-cathedral with the Cathedral of St Bavo, Haarlem . [ 2 ] Poland the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zamość-Lubaczów has a cathedral of the Resurrection and St. Thomas the Apostle in Zamość and a co-cathedral of St. Stanislaus in Lubaczów The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień has a cathedral of James the Elder in Szczecin and a co-cathedral of John the Baptist in Kamień; the same goes for both its suffragans : the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zielona Góra-Gorzów has a cathedral of the Virgin Mary in Gorzów and a co-cathedral of St. Jadwiga in Zielona Góra The Roman Catholic Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg has a cathedral in Koszalin and a co-cathedral in Kołobrzeg the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zielona Góra-Gorzów has a cathedral of the Virgin Mary in Gorzów and a co-cathedral of St. Jadwiga in Zielona Góra The Roman Catholic Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg has a cathedral in Koszalin and a co-cathedral in Kołobrzeg Slovakia Co-Cathedral of St. Nicholas, Prešov Slovenia The Diocese of Koper has a Co-cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Nova Gorica besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Koper Spain The Diocese of Calahorra y La Calzada-Logroño has a Co-Cathedral of St Mary in Logroño besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady in Calahorra and Cathedral of the Saviour and St Mary of Santo Domingo de la Calzada . The Diocese of Coria-Cáceres has a C o-Cathedral of St Mary in Cáceres besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady in Coria . The Diocese of Guadix-Baza has a Co-Cathedral of Our Lady of the Incarnation ( es ) in Baza besides its Cathedral of the Incarnation in Guadix . The Archdiocese of Mérida-Badajoz has a Co-Cathedral of Saint Mary Major in Mérida besides its Cathedral of St John the Baptist in Badajoz . The Diocese of Mondoñedo-Ferrol has a Co-Cathedral of St Martin in Ferrol beside its Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady in Mondoñedo . The Diocese of Orihuela-Alicante has a Co-Catedral of St Nicholas of Bary in Alicante besides its Cathedral of the Saviour and St Mary in Orihuela . The Diocese of Osma-Soria has a Co-Cathedral of St Peter in Soria besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady in Burgo de Osma . The Diocese of Segorbe-Castellón has a Co-Cathedral os St Mary in Castellón de la Plana besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady in Segorbe . The Diocese of Sigüenza-Guadalajara has a Co-Cathedral of Santa María de la Fuente la Mayor in Guadalajara besides its Cathedral of St Mary in Sigüenza . The Diocese of Tui-Vigo has a Co-Cathedral of St Mary in Vigo besides its Cathedral of St Mary in Tui . Ukraine Latin Diocese of Kyiv-Zhytomyr has a Co-Cathedral of St. Alexander, Kyiv , besides the Cathedral of St. Sophia, in Zhytomyr . Latin diocese of Kharkiv-Zaporizhzhia has a Co-Cathedral of the Merciful Father, Zaporizhzhia , besides the Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Kharkiv The Roman Catholic Diocese of Odesa-Simferopol plans a co-cathedral in Simferopol, on Crimea, besides its Odesa cathedral, but suspended building plans after the Russian annexation Catholic Asia This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Indonesia The Diocese of Sibolga has a co-Cathedral named The Lady of All Nations in Gunungsitoli , Nias , besides the Cathedral of Therese of Lisieux in Sibolga . India The Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh has a co-Cathedral, Christ the King Cathedral, at Chandigarh , which never was a diocese, besides the cathedral episcopal see of St. Michael and St. Joseph in Shimla , the capital of Himachal Pradesh state. After the merger of the ecclesiastical provinces of Madras and Mylapore in 1952 to form the Archdiocese of Madras-Mylapore . The cathedral of the former Mylapore province was given Co-cathedral standard and is now known as St Mary's Co-Cathedral . Israel The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem , whose main cathedral is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre , also has a co-cathedral, namely the co-Cathedral of the Most Holy Name of Jesus . Japan The co-Cathedral The Basilica of the Twenty-Six Holy Martyrs of Japan , in Nagasaki also known as Ōura Cathedral, a World Heritage Site , and the oldest church in Japan. Nearby is the Immaculate Conception Cathedral , also known as Urakami Cathedral. Korea The Archdiocese of Daegu has, besides the Kyesan Cathedral , a new co-cathedral, Beomeo Cathedral. The Diocese of Suwon has a cathedral of Korean Martyrs in Jeongjadong and a co-cathedral of Queen of Peace in Jowon-dong Philippines The Archdiocese of Lingayen-Dagupan has a cathedral in Dagupan, Pangasinan and the original cathedral, now co-cathedral, the Epiphany of Our Lord Parish Church in Lingayen . Syria The Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Homs has in Yabrud (one of the two former eparchs which were title united with the diocese) the co-cathedral of Saints Constantine and Helen, besides its Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace in Homs . Asian Turkey The Apostolic Vicariate of Anatolia has a Co-Cathedral of St. Anthony of Padua, in Mersin , besides the Marian episcopal see Cathedral of the Annunciation, in İskenderun (Alexandretta). Catholic Africa This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Egypt The Latin Apostolic Vicariate of Alexandria had a St. Catherine cathedral in Alexandria and two co-cathedrals: the former cathedrals of the merged-in apostolic vicariates of Heliopolis of Egypt ( Our Lady , in that Cairo suburb) and of Port Said (Our Lady and St. Michael in that Sinai Canal port). Ghana The Diocese of Keta–Akatsi has its co-cathedral at first-named Keta , the cathedral is in second-named Akatsi . Catholic Central America and Antilles This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Belize Our Lady of Guadalupe Co-Cathedral in Belmopan is the diocesan co-cathedral of Belize City-Belmopan since the national capital was shifted to Belmopan , which was added to the bishopric's title, but the see and Holy Redeemer Cathedral remained in former capital Belize City . Guatemala The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Los Altos Quetzaltenango-Totonicapán has a Cocatedral, San Miguel Arcángel, in Totonicapán , besides the episcopal see Catedral del Espíritu Santo, in Quetzaltenango . The diocese of Zacapa y Santo Cristo de Esquipulas has cathedral San Pedro (dedicated to saint Peter), in Zacapa and a virtual Co-cathedral, Basílica del Cristo Negro de Esquipulas , which is officially still the cathedral of the (absorbed) Territorial Prelature of Santo Cristo de Esquipulas . Martinique The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Fort-de-France–Saint-Pierre has a co-cathedral Co-cathédrale Notre Dame de l'Assomption, in Saint-Pierre, besides the cathedral Cathédrale Saint-Louis, in Fort-de-France. St. Kitts and Nevis The Diocese of Saint John's–Basseterre has a cathedral, Holy Family Cathedral, in St John's, Antigua , and a co-cathedral, Basseterre Co-Cathedral of Immaculate Conception , in Basseterre , St. Kitts. Catholic South America This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Brazil The bishop of Primavera do Leste–Paranatinga has a Co-Cathedral São Francisco Xavier, in Paranatinga , besides its episcopal see Catedral São Cristóvão, in Primavera do Leste . Chile The Apostolic Vicariate of Aysén has an Our Lady of Sorrows Co-cathedral in Coyhaique besides its Saint Therese of Lisieux Cathedral in Puerto Aysén . Peru The Roman Catholic Diocese of Tacna and Moquegua has a St. Dominic Co-cathedral in Moquegua besides its Our Lady of the Rosary Cathedral in Tacna . Uruguay The Armenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Latin America and Mexico has a Cathedral Catedral Armênia São Gregório Iluminador, in São Paulo, Brazil and a Co-Cathedral Nuestra Señora de Bzommar, in Montevideo, Uruguay, Catholic Oceania This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Australia The Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Saint Maron of Sydney has Our Lady of Lebanon Co-Cathedral in Harris Park, New South Wales , [ 3 ] besides St. Maron's Cathedral, Sydney . [ 4 ] The Roman Catholic Diocese of Wollongong has St John Vianney Co-Cathedral in Fairy Meadow, New South Wales . Papua New Guinea The Archdiocese of Rabaul has besides its episcopal see -a cathedral in Vunapope- St Francis Xavier's Co-Cathedral, in the national capital Rabaul. Polynesia The Archdiocese of Samoa-Apia Co-Cathedral is Our Lady of the Rosary at Siusega, together with the Cathedral of the Immaculate Heart in the capital, Apia in Upolu. The Diocese of Samoa–Pago Pago has a Co-Cathedral of St. Joseph the Worker in Fagatogo besides the Cathedral of the Holy Family in Tafuna , on Tutuila Island United Kingdom Catholic Church The Archdiocese of Liverpool includes a co-cathedral on the Isle of Man , the St. Mary of the Isle Church . Church of England Prior to the Protestant Reformation, the dioceses of 'Bath and Wells' and 'Coventry and Lichfield' were the only co-cathedrals in England. Only one diocese of the Church of England has co-cathedrals; in the Anglican Diocese of Leeds there are three co-cathedrals, Ripon , Bradford and Wakefield . The Diocese of Leeds was formed in 2014 by the merger of the former Anglican dioceses of Bradford , Ripon , and Wakefield , with all three former diocesan cathedrals given co-equal status in the new diocese. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] In the case of York the collegiate churches of Beverley , Ripon and Southwell were almost in the same position, but although the archbishop had a stall in each, he had no diocesan cathedra in them. The chapters were not united with that of the metropolitan church in the direct government of the diocese, or the election of the archbishop, nor had they those other rights which were held to denote the cathedral character of a church. [ citation needed ] Scottish Episcopal Church The Diocese of Argyll and The Isles of the Scottish Episcopal Church has two co-cathedrals: St John's Cathedral , Oban and Cathedral of The Isles , Millport, Cumbrae . It is the only diocese to have more than one cathedral. [ 7 ] North America Catholic Church In the United States , there are several instances in which a Roman Catholic diocese maintains two episcopal see cities, each with its own cathedral or co-cathedral. Examples include: the Cathedral of Saint Paul and the Basilica of Saint Mary in the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis (Minnesota). the Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston (Texas). [ 8 ] the Archdiocese of Anchorage-Juneau (Alaska). the Diocese of Altoona–Johnstown (Pennsylvania). the Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend (Indiana). the Diocese of Great Falls–Billings (Montana). the Diocese of Houma–Thibodaux (Louisiana). the Diocese of Kansas City–Saint Joseph (Missouri). the Diocese of Pensacola–Tallahassee (Florida). the Diocese of Springfield–Cape Girardeau (Missouri). the Diocese of Wheeling–Charleston (West Virginia). the Diocese of Winona–Rochester (Minnesota). In some cases the co-cathedrals are in different municipalities, but the diocese's name does not reflect the dual cathedral status. For example: the Diocese of Trenton (New Jersey) the cathedral, St. Mary of the Assumption in Trenton , and the co-cathedral, St. Robert Bellarmine in Freehold , the Melkite Greek Catholic Eparchy of Newton with its co-cathedrals, the Annunciation Melkite Catholic Cathedral in Boston, Massachusetts on the East Coast and the St. Anne Melkite Catholic Cathedral (North Hollywood, California) on the West Coast. There are also three instances in the United States in which a cathedral and its co-cathedral are in the same city. [ 9 ] This usually occurs when a historically important cathedral becomes too small to serve a growing population, and a larger co-cathedral is constructed to accommodate larger services. Examples include: The Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace and the Co-Cathedral of Saint Theresa of the Child Jesus in the Diocese of Honolulu , Hawaii. The Cathedral of Mary Our Queen and the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (originally the cathedral and now the co-cathedral) in the Archdiocese of Baltimore , Maryland. The Cathedral Basilica of St. James and the Co-Cathedral of St. Joseph in the Diocese of Brooklyn , New York. Examples in Canada are: The Archdiocese of Halifax-Yarmouth , Nova Scotia, has the absorbed diocese's former see, St. Ambrose Co-Cathedral in Yarmouth, besides the Metropolitan's own cathedral minor basilica , St. Mary's Cathedral Basilica in Halifax. The Cathedral of Saint-Jean-l'Évangéliste and the Co-Cathedral of Saint-Antoine-de-Padoue in the Diocese of Saint-Jean-Longueuil , Quebec. Our Lady of Assumption Co-Cathedral in the former Gravelbourg Diocese, and the Holy Rosary Cathedral (Regina, Saskatchewan) both now in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Regina , in the province of Saskatchewan. The Holy Family Cathedral and St. Paul's Cathedral in the Diocese of Saskatoon , Saskatchewan. Episcopal Church (United States) In the Episcopal Church in the United States, the Diocese of Iowa and the Diocese of Minnesota each have two cathedrals, both located in different cities; however, they are not styled "co-cathedrals." The Diocese of Lexington maintains a second cathedral of the Cathedral Church of St. George the Martyr at their Cathedral Domain conference center and camp in Irvine, Kentucky , but they do not use the term "co-cathedral" to describe it. [ 10 ] See also Pro-cathedral List of the Catholic cathedrals of the United States References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Cathedrals in the World" . Gcatholic.org . Retrieved 3 December 2021 . ^ "Celebration of taking possession of the Co-Cathedral" . Jan W. M. Hendriks . 8 March 2025. ^ "Our Lady of Lebanon Maronite Catholic Parish" . Retrieved 7 April 2021 . ^ "St Maroun's Cathedral" . GCatholic.org . Retrieved 3 December 2021 . ^ "West Yorkshire Reorganisation Scheme" . churchofengland.org . Archbishops' Council of the Church of England. 20 March 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . ^ "Cathedrals" . anglican.org . Diocese of Leeds . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . ^ "Diocese of Argyll and the Isles" . anglica.org . Diocese of Argyll and the Isles. 2017 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . With Cathedrals in Oban and on the Isle of Cumbrae... ^ "Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston: History of the Cathedral & Co-Cathedral" . Archived from the original on 18 September 2010 . Retrieved 3 December 2021 . ^ "Cathedrals in USA" . Gcatholic.org . Retrieved 3 December 2021 . ^ "Cathedral Domain celebrates 100 years of welcoming visitors | Lexington Herald Leader" . Archived from the original on 2019-10-07 . Retrieved 2019-10-07 . History of cathedrals Types of church buildings Cathedrals Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles needing additional references from January 2023 All articles needing additional references Interlanguage link template forcing interwiki links Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 This page was last edited on 21 December 2025, at 21:43 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background 2 Game summary Toggle Game summary subsection 2.1 Game information 2.1 Game information 3 Officials 4 Players' shares 5 See also 6 References 1966 NFL Championship Game Italiano Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Green Bay Packers (Western) (12–2) Dallas Cowboys (Eastern) (10–3–1) 34 27 Head coach: Vince Lombardi Head coach: Tom Landry Green Bay Packers (Western) (12–2) Dallas Cowboys (Eastern) (10–3–1) 34 27 Head coach: Vince Lombardi Head coach: Tom Landry 1 2 3 4 Total GB 14 7 7 6 34 DAL 14 3 3 7 27 1 2 3 4 Total GB 14 7 7 6 34 DAL 14 3 3 7 27 Date January 1, 1967 Stadium Cotton Bowl Dallas, Texas MVP Bart Starr (quarterback; Green Bay) Attendance 74,152 TV in the United States Network CBS Announcers Jack Buck , Ray Scott , Frank Gifford Nielsen ratings 30.3 Radio in the United States Network CBS Announcers Jack Drees , Jim Morse ← 1965 NFL Championship Game 1967 → ← 1965 NFL Championship Game 1967 → The 1966 NFL Championship Game was the 34th NFL championship , played at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas , Texas . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] It was the final game of the 1966 NFL season . This was also the last Championship game before the inauguration of the NFL playoffs the following year . It determined the champion of the National Football League (NFL), which met the champion of the American Football League (AFL) in Super Bowl I , then formally referred to as the first AFL–NFL World Championship Game. The Western Conference champion Green Bay Packers (12–2), defending league champions , were hosted by the Dallas Cowboys (10–3–1), the Eastern Conference champions. At the time, the home field for the NFL Championship Game alternated between the two conferences; even-numbered years were hosted by the Eastern and odd-numbered by the Western. Starting with the 1975 season, playoff sites were determined by regular season record, rather than a rotational basis. The New Year's college bowl game at the Cotton Bowl for the 1966 season included the SMU Mustangs of Dallas. It was played the day before, New Year's Eve, which required a quick turnaround to transform the natural grass field. [ 7 ] The stadium was filled to its 75,504 capacity for both games, but both local teams came up short. Background This was the first NFL title game played after the AFL–NFL merger was announced in June 1966 . The game was played on January 1, 1967, the second consecutive year that the NFL season ended in January, rather than December. This was the seventh season for the Dallas Cowboys and their first winning record since entering the league in 1960 . They were champions of the NFL's Eastern Conference with a 10–3–1 record. The Packers won the Western Conference with a 12–2 record, their eighth consecutive winning season under head coach Vince Lombardi . Tickets for the game sold for ten dollars, [ 1 ] and kickoff was just after 3 p.m. CST , [ 3 ] televised by CBS , following the AFL Championship from Buffalo on NBC . The final score was Green Bay 34, Dallas 27. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 8 ] Two weeks later, Green Bay went on to easily defeat the Kansas City Chiefs in Super Bowl I in Los Angeles . Game summary The seasoned Packers, defending champions of the 1965 season, were favored by a touchdown over the talented, but young Cowboys team, who had no players with championship experience and only one player over 30, linebacker Chuck Howley . The game was expected to be a shootout, and as wary as the Packers were of Cowboys wide-out Bob Hayes , the fastest man in football at the time, Lombardi made the decision before the game not to put double-coverage on the Olympic champion sprinter . It proved to be a good gamble, as Herb Adderley and Bob Jeter held Hayes to only one reception for one yard. Lombardi also installed a special offense for the game, knowing that the Cowboys had spent time preparing to stop plays like the Packers sweep . Green Bay scored on their opening drive, with Elijah Pitts breaking free for a 32-yard run on the opening play – a misdirection play that was part of Lombardi's special game plan. Later Pitts took a circle route pass over the middle from Bart Starr at the Cowboy 5 and broke a tackle by Warren Livingston to cap a 17-yard touchdown play. Then Cowboys defensive back Mel Renfro fumbled the ensuing kickoff, and Packer rookie Jim Grabowski returned it 18 yards to give Green Bay a 14–0 lead before Dallas's first play. But the Cowboys stormed back with a 13-play drive to score on Dan Reeves 's 3-yard rushing touchdown. Then after forcing a punt, they drove 59 yards to tie the game at 14 with a 23-yard touchdown burst by fullback Don Perkins . Starr broke the tie on the third play of the second quarter with a 51-yard bomb to Carroll Dale over the head of CB Cornell Green . Dallas responded with a 68-yard drive to the Packers 4-yard line, featuring a 40-yard completion from Don Meredith to a wide-open Reeves, but could go no further and settled for an 11-yard Danny Villanueva field goal, cutting their deficit to 21–17. Green Bay had a chance to retake a 7-point lead before halftime, but Don Chandler 's 30-yard field goal attempt was blocked by Cowboys tackle Ralph Neely . Early in the third quarter, Dallas defensive back Warren Livingston recovered a fumble from Pitts on the Cowboys 21-yard line. Meredith then led the team on a 13-play drive to bring the score to within one point, 21–20, on Villanueva's 32-yard field goal. But on Green Bay's next drive, Starr completed a 40-yard pass to Dale, who beat Green to the outside. From the Dallas 16 Starr hit Boyd Dowler cutting across the field for his third touchdown pass of the game, giving the Pack a 28–20 lead going into the fourth quarter. Dallas safety Mike Gaechter upended Dowler after the wide receiver took several steps in the end zone, causing Dowler to leave the game (Dowler was hampered much of the season by a calcium deposit on his shoulder). Bart Starr had to guide an upset Jim Taylor to the Green Bay sideline when the fiery Green Bay fullback started looking for Gaechter. Late in the final period, Hayes fielded a punt on his own 1-yard line and was tackled inside the 5. Don Meredith hit a cold streak and missed several passes, and a Dallas punt gave Green Bay good field position on the Dallas 48. George Andrie sacked Starr on the first play, but Starr then picked up a key first down with a 24-yard pass to tight end Marv Fleming . Later faced with 3rd and 12, he completed a 16-yard pass to fullback Jim Taylor for a first down. Starr was again sacked on the drive, this time for an 11-yard loss by Willie Townes . But on third and nineteen, the Packers picked up a Cowboy blitz and Starr threw a 28-yard touchdown pass to Max McGee (who replaced the injured Dowler). McGee had told Starr he could beat cornerback Warren Livingston to the outside ("Zig out" pattern). With just 5:20 left, the game appeared to be slipping out of reach for the Cowboys. However, defensive tackle Bob Lilly kept his team in the game by blocking Chandler's extra point attempt, keeping the deficit at 2 scores, 34–20, rather than 3. Dallas started their comeback attempt on the ensuing drive. Faced with 3rd down and 20, Meredith threw a 68-yard touchdown pass to tight end Frank Clarke , making the score 34–27. Desperately trying to run out the clock with their ensuing possession, Green Bay started out with an 18-yard reception by Fleming on the Packers 46. But on the next play, Starr was sacked for an 8-yard loss by linebacker Dave Edwards . Townes broke up a screen pass on the next play, and then Taylor was stuffed for a loss. Now faced with 4th down, a heavy rush from the Dallas defense caused Chandler's punt to go just 17 yards, giving the Cowboys the ball on the Green Bay 47-yard line with 2:12 remaining. A 21-yard catch by Clarke and a 4-yard run by Perkins advanced the ball to the Green Bay 22-yard line. [ 9 ] Then a pass interference penalty on safety Tom Brown gave the Cowboys a first down at the Packer 2-yard line. [ 10 ] Halfback Dan Reeves gained a yard on first down. A crucial mistake on a false start by Jim Boeke penalized the Cowboys back to the Green Bay 6 (nullifying a play where a wide-open Pettis Norman had dropped a pass in the end zone), and Reeves then dropped a pass in the flat on second down. Reeves had been scratched in the eye on his previous run but did not come out of the game in favor of rookie Walt Garrison despite clouded vision, another mental error. Meredith found tight end Pettis Norman on third down to bring Dallas back to the two-yard line, the end making the catch on his knees. On fourth down, the Cowboys attempted a rollout pass. No one on the Cowboys noticed that end Bob Hayes was in the goal line offense instead of Frank Clarke, who was typically used for better blocking. Packer linebacker Dave Robinson recognized the play from films, brushed Hayes aside, stormed into the Cowboy backfield and enveloped Meredith. Somehow Meredith got a wobbly sidearm toss away, but Brown intercepted the pass in the end zone as the intended receiver, Hayes, was surrounded by Packers defenders. [ 9 ] Vince Lombardi later congratulated Robinson, but in the next breath criticized him for being out of his assigned position. Starr completed 19 of 28 passes for 304 yards and 4 touchdowns, with no interceptions, though he was sacked five times. His quarterback rating for the game was a stellar 143.5. Dale caught 5 passes for 128 yards and a score. Pitts led the Packers in rushing with 66 yards and caught a touchdown pass. Meredith finished the game 15/31 for 238 yards, with one touchdown and one interception, while also rushing for 22 yards. Perkins rushed for 108 yards and a score, while Reeves rushed for 47 yards, caught 4 passes for 77 yards, and scored a touchdown. "I don't know, we haven't played Alabama yet." – Vince Lombardi after being asked what it felt like to be the greatest football team in the world just after winning the 1966 NFL Championship Game. Coincidentally, Bear Bryant 's Crimson Tide wrapped up an 11–0 season the next day by routing Nebraska 34–7 in the Sugar Bowl in New Orleans . With the win, the Packers earned their tenth NFL championship; it was their second in a row and fourth in six seasons under Lombardi, in his eighth year as Green Bay's head coach. This was the Packers' only post-season win against the Cowboys in the Dallas area until the 2016 season , when they beat them in another tooth and nail game to advance to the NFC Championship Game . Game information Quarter .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} 1 2 3 4 Total Packers 14 7 7 6 34 Cowboys 14 3 3 7 27 at Cotton Bowl , Dallas, Texas Date : January 1 Game time : 3:05 p.m. CST Game weather : −15 °F (−26 °C), Sunny Game attendance : 74,152 Referee : Tommy Bell TV announcers ( CBS ) : Jack Buck, Ray Scott, Frank Gifford Pro Football Reference Game information .mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}} First quarter GB – Elijah Pitts 17-yard pass from Bart Starr ( Don Chandler kick). Packers 7–0 GB – Jim Grabowski 18-yard fumble return (Chandler kick). Packers 14–0 DAL – Dan Reeves 3-yard rush ( Danny Villanueva kick). Packers 14–7 DAL – Don Perkins 23-yard rush (Villanueva kick). Tied 14–14 Second quarter GB – Carroll Dale 51-yard pass from Starr (Chandler kick). Packers 21–14 DAL – Danny Villanueva 11-yard field goal. Packers 21–17 Third quarter DAL – Danny Villanueva 32-yard field goal. Packers 21–20 GB – Boyd Dowler 16-yard pass from Starr (Chandler kick). Packers 28–20 Fourth quarter GB – Max McGee 28-yard pass from Starr (kick blocked). Packers 34–20 DAL – Franklin Clarke 68-yard pass from Meredith (Villanueva kick). Packers 34–27 Top passers GB – Bart Starr – 19/28, 304 yards, 4 TD DAL – Don Meredith – 15/31, 238 yards, 1 TD, 1 INT Top rushers GB – Elijah Pitts – 12 carries, 66 yards DAL – Don Perkins – 17 carries, 108 yards, 1 TD Top receivers GB – Carroll Dale – 5 receptions, 128 yards, TD DAL – Frank Clarke – 3 receptions, 102 yards, TD First quarter GB – Elijah Pitts 17-yard pass from Bart Starr ( Don Chandler kick). Packers 7–0 GB – Jim Grabowski 18-yard fumble return (Chandler kick). Packers 14–0 DAL – Dan Reeves 3-yard rush ( Danny Villanueva kick). Packers 14–7 DAL – Don Perkins 23-yard rush (Villanueva kick). Tied 14–14 Second quarter GB – Carroll Dale 51-yard pass from Starr (Chandler kick). Packers 21–14 DAL – Danny Villanueva 11-yard field goal. Packers 21–17 Third quarter DAL – Danny Villanueva 32-yard field goal. Packers 21–20 GB – Boyd Dowler 16-yard pass from Starr (Chandler kick). Packers 28–20 Fourth quarter GB – Max McGee 28-yard pass from Starr (kick blocked). Packers 34–20 DAL – Franklin Clarke 68-yard pass from Meredith (Villanueva kick). Packers 34–27 First quarter GB – Elijah Pitts 17-yard pass from Bart Starr ( Don Chandler kick). Packers 7–0 GB – Jim Grabowski 18-yard fumble return (Chandler kick). Packers 14–0 DAL – Dan Reeves 3-yard rush ( Danny Villanueva kick). Packers 14–7 DAL – Don Perkins 23-yard rush (Villanueva kick). Tied 14–14 GB – Elijah Pitts 17-yard pass from Bart Starr ( Don Chandler kick). Packers 7–0 GB – Jim Grabowski 18-yard fumble return (Chandler kick). Packers 14–0 DAL – Dan Reeves 3-yard rush ( Danny Villanueva kick). Packers 14–7 DAL – Don Perkins 23-yard rush (Villanueva kick). Tied 14–14 Second quarter GB – Carroll Dale 51-yard pass from Starr (Chandler kick). Packers 21–14 DAL – Danny Villanueva 11-yard field goal. Packers 21–17 GB – Carroll Dale 51-yard pass from Starr (Chandler kick). Packers 21–14 DAL – Danny Villanueva 11-yard field goal. Packers 21–17 Third quarter DAL – Danny Villanueva 32-yard field goal. Packers 21–20 GB – Boyd Dowler 16-yard pass from Starr (Chandler kick). Packers 28–20 DAL – Danny Villanueva 32-yard field goal. Packers 21–20 GB – Boyd Dowler 16-yard pass from Starr (Chandler kick). Packers 28–20 Fourth quarter GB – Max McGee 28-yard pass from Starr (kick blocked). Packers 34–20 DAL – Franklin Clarke 68-yard pass from Meredith (Villanueva kick). Packers 34–27 GB – Max McGee 28-yard pass from Starr (kick blocked). Packers 34–20 DAL – Franklin Clarke 68-yard pass from Meredith (Villanueva kick). Packers 34–27 Top passers GB – Bart Starr – 19/28, 304 yards, 4 TD DAL – Don Meredith – 15/31, 238 yards, 1 TD, 1 INT Top rushers GB – Elijah Pitts – 12 carries, 66 yards DAL – Don Perkins – 17 carries, 108 yards, 1 TD Top receivers GB – Carroll Dale – 5 receptions, 128 yards, TD DAL – Frank Clarke – 3 receptions, 102 yards, TD GB – Bart Starr – 19/28, 304 yards, 4 TD DAL – Don Meredith – 15/31, 238 yards, 1 TD, 1 INT GB – Elijah Pitts – 12 carries, 66 yards DAL – Don Perkins – 17 carries, 108 yards, 1 TD GB – Carroll Dale – 5 receptions, 128 yards, TD DAL – Frank Clarke – 3 receptions, 102 yards, TD Officials Referee: (7) Tommy Bell Umpire: (15) Ralph Morcroft Head linesman: (30) George Murphy Line judge: (24) Bruce Alford Back judge: (25) Tom Kelleher Field judge: (34) Fritz Graf [ 4 ] Referee: (7) Tommy Bell Umpire: (15) Ralph Morcroft Head linesman: (30) George Murphy Line judge: (24) Bruce Alford Back judge: (25) Tom Kelleher Field judge: (34) Fritz Graf [ 4 ] The NFL had six game officials in 1966 ; the line judge was added a season earlier in 1965 and the side judge arrived twelve years later in 1978 . Players' shares The Packer players each received $8,600 and the Cowboy players about $6,000 each, [ 3 ] [ 5 ] an increase over the previous year's ($7,500 and $4,600). [ 11 ] Over in the AFL , the winning Kansas City Chiefs split their players' shares for the title game 51 ways for $5,308 each, while the Buffalo Bills split theirs into 47 shares for about $3,800 each. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The upcoming Super Bowl awarded an additional $15,000 per player for the winners and $7,500 each for the losing team. [ 12 ] See also 1966 NFL season History of the NFL championship Super Bowl I 1966 American Football League Championship Game Cowboys–Packers rivalry References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "NFL title game sells out fast" . Milwaukee Sentinel . December 22, 1966. p. 1, part 2. ^ Johnson, Chuck (January 1, 1967). "Today's the day - Packers vs. Dallas" . Milwaukee Journal . p. 1, sports. ^ a b c Strickler, George (January 1, 1967). "Packers face Cowboys for record purse" . Chicago Tribune . p. 1, section 2. ^ a b Strickler, George (January 2, 1967). "Packers win NFL title" . Chicago Tribune . p. 1, section 3. ^ a b c "Starr guns Packers to wild title victory" . Spokesman-Review . Spokane, Washington. Associated Press. January 2, 1967. p. 16. ^ a b Maule, Tex (January 9, 1967). "Green Bay rolls high" . Sports Illustrated . p. 6. ^ "Georgia grinds out 24–9 Cotton victory" . Milwaukee Journal . January 1, 1967. p. 1, sports. ^ Lea, Bud (January 2, 1967). "Packers tip Dallas for title, 34-27" . Milwaukee Sentinel . p. 1, part 2. ^ a b Yowell, Keith (January 1, 2011). "1967: Packers Hold Off Cowboys to Win NFL Championship" . Today in Pro Football History . Retrieved May 2, 2025 . ^ Thompson, Kyle (January 2, 1967). "Packer Tom Brown, Nearly The Goat, Saved The Day" . The Bangor Daily News . p. 8 . Retrieved May 2, 2025 – via Newspapers.com . ^ "Each Packer gets $7,500 for win" . Youngstown Vindicator . Ohio. Associated Press. January 3, 1966. p. 18. ^ a b "Chiefs ready for Packers" . Lawrence Daily Journal-World . Kansas. Associated Press. January 2, 1967. p. 14. ^ "K.C. splits pot 51 ways" . Lawrence Daily Journal-World . Kansas. January 2, 1967. p. 14. .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 32°47′N 96°46′W / 32.78°N 96.76°W / 32.78; -96.76 .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e 1966 NFL season v t e Eastern Conference Atlanta Philadelphia Baltimore Los Angeles Western Conference Cleveland Pittsburgh Chicago Minnesota Dallas St. Louis Detroit San Francisco New York Washington Green Bay Eastern Conference Atlanta Philadelphia Baltimore Los Angeles Western Conference Cleveland Pittsburgh Chicago Minnesota Dallas St. Louis Detroit San Francisco New York Washington Green Bay 1966 NFL draft Expansion draft NFL Championship Pro Bowl Super Bowl I Related: 1966 AFL season 1966 NFL draft Expansion draft NFL Championship Pro Bowl Super Bowl I Related: 1966 AFL season v t e Green Bay Packers Super Bowl I champions v t e 5 Paul Hornung 12 Zeke Bratkowski 15 Bart Starr ( MVP ) 21 Bob Jeter 22 Elijah Pitts 24 Willie Wood 26 Herb Adderley 27 Red Mack 31 Jim Taylor 33 Jim Grabowski 34 Don Chandler 37 Phil Vandersea 40 Tom Brown 43 Doug Hart 44 Donny Anderson 45 Dave Hathcock 50 Bill Curry 56 Tommy Joe Crutcher 57 Ken Bowman 60 Lee Roy Caffey 63 Fred Thurston 64 Jerry Kramer 66 Ray Nitschke 68 Gale Gillingham 72 Steve Wright 73 Jim Weatherwax 74 Henry Jordan 75 Forrest Gregg 76 Bob Skoronski 77 Ron Kostelnik 78 Bob Brown 80 Bob Long 81 Marv Fleming 82 Lionel Aldridge 83 Allen Brown 84 Carroll Dale 85 Max McGee 86 Boyd Dowler 87 Willie Davis 88 Bill Anderson 89 Dave Robinson 5 Paul Hornung 12 Zeke Bratkowski 15 Bart Starr ( MVP ) 21 Bob Jeter 22 Elijah Pitts 24 Willie Wood 26 Herb Adderley 27 Red Mack 31 Jim Taylor 33 Jim Grabowski 34 Don Chandler 37 Phil Vandersea 40 Tom Brown 43 Doug Hart 44 Donny Anderson 45 Dave Hathcock 50 Bill Curry 56 Tommy Joe Crutcher 57 Ken Bowman 60 Lee Roy Caffey 63 Fred Thurston 64 Jerry Kramer 66 Ray Nitschke 68 Gale Gillingham 72 Steve Wright 73 Jim Weatherwax 74 Henry Jordan 75 Forrest Gregg 76 Bob Skoronski 77 Ron Kostelnik 78 Bob Brown 80 Bob Long 81 Marv Fleming 82 Lionel Aldridge 83 Allen Brown 84 Carroll Dale 85 Max McGee 86 Boyd Dowler 87 Willie Davis 88 Bill Anderson 89 Dave Robinson Head coach: Vince Lombardi Head coach: Vince Lombardi Coaches: Phil Bengtson Jerry Burns Red Cochran Dave Hanner Bob Schnelker Ray Wietecha Coaches: Phil Bengtson Jerry Burns Red Cochran Dave Hanner Bob Schnelker Ray Wietecha v t e Green Bay Packers v t e Founded in 1919 Based and headquartered in Green Bay, Wisconsin Founded in 1919 Based and headquartered in Green Bay, Wisconsin Franchise Overview Team Green Bay Packers, Inc. Charitable Foundation Season-by-season results Overview Team Green Bay Packers, Inc. Charitable Foundation Season-by-season results Team Green Bay Packers, Inc. Charitable Foundation Season-by-season results Notable people Founders Curly Lambeau & George Whitney Calhoun Personnel Coaches General managers Presidents Players Lists of players All-Anniversary Team selections All-Decade Team selections All-Pro selections All-Rookie Team selections All-time roster Award winners Draft history Picks, 1936 to 1969 Picks, 1970 to present First-round picks Hall of Famers Pro Bowlers Retired numbers Starting quarterbacks Team Hall of Fame Team records Founders Curly Lambeau & George Whitney Calhoun Curly Lambeau & George Whitney Calhoun Personnel Coaches General managers Presidents Coaches General managers Presidents Players Lists of players All-Anniversary Team selections All-Decade Team selections All-Pro selections All-Rookie Team selections All-time roster Award winners Draft history Picks, 1936 to 1969 Picks, 1970 to present First-round picks Hall of Famers Pro Bowlers Retired numbers Starting quarterbacks Team Hall of Fame Team records Lists of players All-Anniversary Team selections All-Decade Team selections All-Pro selections All-Rookie Team selections All-time roster Award winners Draft history Picks, 1936 to 1969 Picks, 1970 to present First-round picks Picks, 1936 to 1969 Picks, 1970 to present First-round picks Hall of Famers Pro Bowlers Retired numbers Starting quarterbacks Team Hall of Fame Team records Facilities Stadiums List of stadiums Current: Lambeau Field Past: Hagemeister Park Bellevue Park City Stadium Borchert Field Wisconsin State Fair Park Marquette Stadium Milwaukee County Stadium Other Rockwood Lodge St. Norbert College ( training camp ) Titletown District Stadiums List of stadiums Current: Lambeau Field Past: Hagemeister Park Bellevue Park City Stadium Borchert Field Wisconsin State Fair Park Marquette Stadium Milwaukee County Stadium List of stadiums Current: Lambeau Field Past: Hagemeister Park Bellevue Park City Stadium Borchert Field Wisconsin State Fair Park Marquette Stadium Milwaukee County Stadium Other Rockwood Lodge St. Norbert College ( training camp ) Titletown District Rockwood Lodge St. Norbert College ( training camp ) Titletown District Team history General History Home games in Milwaukee The Hungry Five Indian Packing Company Packers Heritage Trail Culture " Bang the Drum All Day " Bart Starr Award Cheerleaders Cheese League Cheesehead Dolly Gray impostor Fight song Lambeau Leap Lumberjack Band Packers sweep Receiver (statue) Notable games 1940 NFL All-Star Game 1982 game vs. Los Angeles Rams 1997 NFC Championship Game 2003 NFC Wild Card playoff game 2007 NFC Championship Game 2009 NFC Wild Card playoff game 2010 NFC Championship Game 2013 game vs. Dallas Cowboys 2014 NFC Championship Game 2019 NFC Divisional playoff game 2019 NFC Championship Game 2020 NFC Championship Game 4th and 26 Dez Caught It Fail Mary Favre's Dad Game Hail Larry Instant Replay Game Matt Flynn Game Miracle in Motown Snow Globe Game The Catch II The Ice Bowl The Snow Bowl Rivalries Chicago Bears Dallas Cowboys Detroit Lions Minnesota Vikings New York Giants San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Tampa Bay Buccaneers General History Home games in Milwaukee The Hungry Five Indian Packing Company Packers Heritage Trail History Home games in Milwaukee The Hungry Five Indian Packing Company Packers Heritage Trail Culture " Bang the Drum All Day " Bart Starr Award Cheerleaders Cheese League Cheesehead Dolly Gray impostor Fight song Lambeau Leap Lumberjack Band Packers sweep Receiver (statue) " Bang the Drum All Day " Bart Starr Award Cheerleaders Cheese League Cheesehead Dolly Gray impostor Fight song Lambeau Leap Lumberjack Band Packers sweep Receiver (statue) Notable games 1940 NFL All-Star Game 1982 game vs. Los Angeles Rams 1997 NFC Championship Game 2003 NFC Wild Card playoff game 2007 NFC Championship Game 2009 NFC Wild Card playoff game 2010 NFC Championship Game 2013 game vs. Dallas Cowboys 2014 NFC Championship Game 2019 NFC Divisional playoff game 2019 NFC Championship Game 2020 NFC Championship Game 4th and 26 Dez Caught It Fail Mary Favre's Dad Game Hail Larry Instant Replay Game Matt Flynn Game Miracle in Motown Snow Globe Game The Catch II The Ice Bowl The Snow Bowl 1940 NFL All-Star Game 1982 game vs. Los Angeles Rams 1997 NFC Championship Game 2003 NFC Wild Card playoff game 2007 NFC Championship Game 2009 NFC Wild Card playoff game 2010 NFC Championship Game 2013 game vs. Dallas Cowboys 2014 NFC Championship Game 2019 NFC Divisional playoff game 2019 NFC Championship Game 2020 NFC Championship Game 4th and 26 Dez Caught It Fail Mary Favre's Dad Game Hail Larry Instant Replay Game Matt Flynn Game Miracle in Motown Snow Globe Game The Catch II The Ice Bowl The Snow Bowl Rivalries Chicago Bears Dallas Cowboys Detroit Lions Minnesota Vikings New York Giants San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Tampa Bay Buccaneers Chicago Bears Dallas Cowboys Detroit Lions Minnesota Vikings New York Giants San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Tampa Bay Buccaneers Championships Division (21) 1936 1938 1939 1944 1967 1972 1995 1996 1997 2002 2003 2004 2007 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 2019 2020 2021 Conference (9) 1960 1961 1962 1965 1966 1967 1996 1997 2010 League (13 † ) 1929 1930 1931 1936 1939 1944 1961 1962 1965 1966 (I) 1967 (II) 1996 (XXXI) 2010 (XLV) Division (21) 1936 1938 1939 1944 1967 1972 1995 1996 1997 2002 2003 2004 2007 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 2019 2020 2021 1936 1938 1939 1944 1967 1972 1995 1996 1997 2002 2003 2004 2007 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 2019 2020 2021 Conference (9) 1960 1961 1962 1965 1966 1967 1996 1997 2010 1960 1961 1962 1965 1966 1967 1996 1997 2010 League (13 † ) 1929 1930 1931 1936 1939 1944 1961 1962 1965 1966 (I) 1967 (II) 1996 (XXXI) 2010 (XLV) 1929 1930 1931 1936 1939 1944 1961 1962 1965 1966 (I) 1967 (II) 1996 (XXXI) 2010 (XLV) Media Radio Packers Radio Network WIXX Green Bay WRIT-FM Milwaukee Television WGBA-TV WTMJ-TV Spectrum News 1 WI Personnel Wayne Larrivee ( play-by-play ) Larry McCarren ( color/analysis ) Related Lombardi (film) Lombardi (play) Pigskin Champions Pitch Perfect 2 Second Effort That '70s Show The 60 Yard Line Green and Gold Radio Packers Radio Network WIXX Green Bay WRIT-FM Milwaukee Packers Radio Network WIXX Green Bay WRIT-FM Milwaukee WIXX Green Bay WRIT-FM Milwaukee Television WGBA-TV WTMJ-TV Spectrum News 1 WI WGBA-TV WTMJ-TV Spectrum News 1 WI Personnel Wayne Larrivee ( play-by-play ) Larry McCarren ( color/analysis ) Wayne Larrivee ( play-by-play ) Larry McCarren ( color/analysis ) Related Lombardi (film) Lombardi (play) Pigskin Champions Pitch Perfect 2 Second Effort That '70s Show The 60 Yard Line Green and Gold Lombardi (film) Lombardi (play) Pigskin Champions Pitch Perfect 2 Second Effort That '70s Show The 60 Yard Line Green and Gold Current affiliations Division North Division (2002–present) Conference National Football Conference (1970–present) League National Football League (1921–present) Division North Division (2002–present) North Division (2002–present) Conference National Football Conference (1970–present) National Football Conference (1970–present) League National Football League (1921–present) National Football League (1921–present) † does not include 1966 or 1967 NFL championships v t e Dallas Cowboys v t e Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington, Texas Headquartered in Frisco, Texas Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington, Texas Headquartered in Frisco, Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches All-time roster Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First-round draft picks Ring of Honor Ford Center at The Star Franchise History Coaches All-time roster Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First-round draft picks Ring of Honor Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America's Team America's Team: The Gambler and His Cowboys Cheerleaders Making the Team America's Sweethearts: Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders Debbie Does Dallas Doomsday Defense Dirty Dozen The Triplets ( Aikman , Irvin , and Smith ) Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Tom Landry Tex Schramm Roger Staubach Black Sunday Little Giants Jerry Maguire " Get Up (A Cowboys Anthem) " " We Dem Boyz " King of the Hill "You Only Move Twice" ( The Simpsons episode) Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk book NFL on Thanksgiving Day America's Team America's Team: The Gambler and His Cowboys America's Team: The Gambler and His Cowboys Cheerleaders Making the Team America's Sweethearts: Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders Debbie Does Dallas Making the Team America's Sweethearts: Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders Debbie Does Dallas Doomsday Defense Dirty Dozen The Triplets ( Aikman , Irvin , and Smith ) Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Tom Landry Tex Schramm Roger Staubach Black Sunday Little Giants Jerry Maguire " Get Up (A Cowboys Anthem) " " We Dem Boyz " King of the Hill "You Only Move Twice" ( The Simpsons episode) Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk book book Lore Ice Bowl The Catch Herschel Walker trade Bounty Bowl series Pickle Juice Game 2013 game vs. Denver Broncos 2013 game vs. Green Bay Packers Dez Caught It Ice Bowl The Catch Herschel Walker trade Bounty Bowl series Pickle Juice Game 2013 game vs. Denver Broncos 2013 game vs. Green Bay Packers Dez Caught It Rivalries Green Bay Packers Houston Oilers/Texans Los Angeles Rams Minnesota Vikings New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Pittsburgh Steelers San Francisco 49ers Washington Commanders Green Bay Packers Houston Oilers/Texans Los Angeles Rams Minnesota Vikings New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Pittsburgh Steelers San Francisco 49ers Washington Commanders Division championships (25) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 2018 2021 2023 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 2018 2021 2023 Conference championships (10) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1975 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 1966 1967 1970 1971 1975 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League championships (5) 1971 (VI) 1977 (XII) 1992 (XXVII) 1993 (XXVIII) 1995 (XXX) 1971 (VI) 1977 (XII) 1992 (XXVII) 1993 (XXVIII) 1995 (XXX) Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD-FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Broadcasters Radio network KRLD-FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League: National Football League Conference: National Football Conference Division: East Division League: National Football League Conference: National Football Conference Division: East Division v t e NFL championships (1933–present) v t e NFL Championship (1933–1969) [1] 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game Pre-Super Bowl NFL playoffs Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions broadcasters Playoff Bowl broadcasters 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game Pre-Super Bowl NFL playoffs Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions broadcasters broadcasters Playoff Bowl broadcasters broadcasters AFL Championship (1960–1969) [1] 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Pre-Super Bowl AFL playoffs Pre-Super Bowl AFL champions AFL All-Star game broadcasters Pre-Super Bowl AFL playoffs Pre-Super Bowl AFL champions AFL All-Star game broadcasters broadcasters AFL–NFL World Championship Game (1966–1969) [1][2] 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl (1970–present) [1][3] 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 2018 ( LIII ) 2019 ( LIV ) 2020 ( LV ) 2021 ( LVI ) 2022 ( LVII ) 2023 ( LVIII ) 2024 ( LIX ) 2025 ( LX ) 2026 ( LXI ) 2027 ( LXII ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 2018 ( LIII ) 2019 ( LIV ) 2020 ( LV ) 2021 ( LVI ) 2022 ( LVII ) 2023 ( LVIII ) 2024 ( LIX ) 2025 ( LX ) 2026 ( LXI ) 2027 ( LXII ) NFL playoffs results Super Bowl champions broadcasters Pro Bowl Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials AFC Championship Game NFC Championship Game AAFC playoffs NFL playoffs results results Super Bowl champions broadcasters broadcasters Pro Bowl Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials AFC Championship Game NFC Championship Game AAFC playoffs 1 – Dates in the list denote the season, not necessarily the calendar year in which the championship game was played. For instance, Super Bowl LIV was played in 2020, but was the championship for the 2019 season. 2 – From 1966 to 1969, the first four Super Bowls were "World Championship" games played between two independent professional football leagues, AFL and NFL, and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game. 3 – Italics indicate future games. 1 – Dates in the list denote the season, not necessarily the calendar year in which the championship game was played. For instance, Super Bowl LIV was played in 2020, but was the championship for the 2019 season. 2 – From 1966 to 1969, the first four Super Bowls were "World Championship" games played between two independent professional football leagues, AFL and NFL, and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game. 3 – Italics indicate future games. v t e NFL on CBS v t e Related programs Inside the NFL NFL on Nickelodeon The NFL on Westwood One Sports ( commentators ) The NFL Today Thursday Night Football ( 2014 – 2017 ) NFL Big Game Night ( Channel 5 UK , since 2025 ) Non-NFL programs Arena Football on CBS College Football on CBS Inside the NFL NFL on Nickelodeon The NFL on Westwood One Sports ( commentators ) The NFL Today Thursday Night Football ( 2014 – 2017 ) NFL Big Game Night ( Channel 5 UK , since 2025 ) Inside the NFL NFL on Nickelodeon The NFL on Westwood One Sports ( commentators ) The NFL Today Thursday Night Football ( 2014 – 2017 ) NFL Big Game Night ( Channel 5 UK , since 2025 ) Non-NFL programs Arena Football on CBS College Football on CBS Arena Football on CBS College Football on CBS Related articles 1994–1996 U.S. TV realignment NFL on television ( history ) 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s KCBS-TV KCNC-TV KDKA-TV WBZ-TV WJZ-TV WCBS-TV WFOR-TV Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead-out programs ) Prime-time results Thursday Night Football results (2006–present) 1994–1996 U.S. TV realignment NFL on television ( history ) 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s KCBS-TV KCNC-TV KDKA-TV WBZ-TV WJZ-TV WCBS-TV WFOR-TV Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead-out programs ) 1994–1996 U.S. TV realignment NFL on television ( history ) 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s KCBS-TV KCNC-TV KDKA-TV WBZ-TV WJZ-TV WCBS-TV WFOR-TV 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s KCBS-TV KCNC-TV KDKA-TV WBZ-TV WJZ-TV WCBS-TV WFOR-TV Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead-out programs ) Prime-time results Thursday Night Football results (2006–present) Thursday Night Football results (2006–present) Commentators NFL Today personalities Postseason Super Bowl Pre- AFL–NFL merger NFL Championship Game Playoff Bowl Non-US based games Bills Toronto Series NFL Today personalities NFL Today personalities Postseason Super Bowl Super Bowl Pre- AFL–NFL merger NFL Championship Game Playoff Bowl NFL Championship Game Playoff Bowl Non-US based games Bills Toronto Series Bills Toronto Series Lore 49ers–Cowboys rivalry AFL–NFL merger Black Sunday " Bottlegate " " Bounty Bowl series " The Fortune Cookie Bills–Chiefs rivalry Tom Brady–Peyton Manning rivalry Colts–Patriots rivalry " Hail Maryland " " Hail Murray " "The Hit" (Chuck Bednarik) "The Instant Replay Game" " Miracle at the Meadowlands " " Miracle in Miami " " Miracle in Motown " Philadelphia Eagles Santa Claus incident 1982 Los Angeles Rams–Green Bay Packers game "Porkchop Bowl" 16–0 2013 Denver Broncos–Dallas Cowboys game Snow Bowl (1985) Snow Bowl (2017) Tom Dempsey's 63-yard field goal Justin Tucker's 66-yard field goal "The Wrong Way Run" Mile High Meltdown Postseason lore " The Block " " The Catch " " Deflategate " " The Fog Bowl " " The Hail Mary " " The Ice Bowl " Immaculate Redemption/The Tackle " Mile High Miracle " " Nipplegate " " The Tuck Rule Game " " 13 Seconds " Tom and Jerry 2024 AFC Championship Game " 3:16 game " Holiday lore NFL on Thanksgiving Day Christmas games 49ers–Cowboys rivalry AFL–NFL merger Black Sunday " Bottlegate " " Bounty Bowl series " The Fortune Cookie Bills–Chiefs rivalry Tom Brady–Peyton Manning rivalry Colts–Patriots rivalry " Hail Maryland " " Hail Murray " "The Hit" (Chuck Bednarik) "The Instant Replay Game" " Miracle at the Meadowlands " " Miracle in Miami " " Miracle in Motown " Philadelphia Eagles Santa Claus incident 1982 Los Angeles Rams–Green Bay Packers game "Porkchop Bowl" 16–0 2013 Denver Broncos–Dallas Cowboys game Snow Bowl (1985) Snow Bowl (2017) Tom Dempsey's 63-yard field goal Justin Tucker's 66-yard field goal "The Wrong Way Run" Mile High Meltdown 49ers–Cowboys rivalry AFL–NFL merger Black Sunday " Bottlegate " " Bounty Bowl series " The Fortune Cookie Bills–Chiefs rivalry Tom Brady–Peyton Manning rivalry Colts–Patriots rivalry " Hail Maryland " " Hail Murray " "The Hit" (Chuck Bednarik) "The Instant Replay Game" " Miracle at the Meadowlands " " Miracle in Miami " " Miracle in Motown " Philadelphia Eagles Santa Claus incident 1982 Los Angeles Rams–Green Bay Packers game "Porkchop Bowl" 16–0 2013 Denver Broncos–Dallas Cowboys game Snow Bowl (1985) Snow Bowl (2017) Tom Dempsey's 63-yard field goal Justin Tucker's 66-yard field goal "The Wrong Way Run" Mile High Meltdown Postseason lore " The Block " " The Catch " " Deflategate " " The Fog Bowl " " The Hail Mary " " The Ice Bowl " Immaculate Redemption/The Tackle " Mile High Miracle " " Nipplegate " " The Tuck Rule Game " " 13 Seconds " Tom and Jerry 2024 AFC Championship Game " 3:16 game " " The Block " " The Catch " " Deflategate " " The Fog Bowl " " The Hail Mary " " The Ice Bowl " Immaculate Redemption/The Tackle " Mile High Miracle " " Nipplegate " " The Tuck Rule Game " " 13 Seconds " Tom and Jerry 2024 AFC Championship Game " 3:16 game " Holiday lore NFL on Thanksgiving Day Christmas games NFL on Thanksgiving Day Christmas games Music " Posthumus Zone " " Posthumus Zone " NFL Championship 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NFC Championship 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 AFC Championship 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Super Bowl Pre- AFL–NFL merger I ( 1966 ) II ( 1967 ) IV ( 1969 ) NFC package carrier ( 1970 – 1993 ) VI ( 1971 ) VIII ( 1973 ) X ( 1975 ) XII ( 1977 ) XIV ( 1979 ) XVI ( 1981 ) XVIII ( 1983 ) XXI ( 1986 ) XXIV ( 1989 ) XXVI ( 1991 ) AFC package carrier ( 1998 –present) XXXV ( 2000 ) XXXVIII ( 2003 ) XLI ( 2006 ) XLIV ( 2009 ) XLVII ( 2012 ) 50 ( 2015 ) LIII ( 2018 ) LV ( 2020 ) LVIII ( 2023 ) LXII ( 2027 ) Halftime shows X (1975) XIV (1979) XVI (1981) XXXV (2000) XXXVIII (2003) XLI (2006) XLIV (2009) XLVII (2012) 50 (2015) LIII (2018) LV (2020) LVIII (2023) Pre- AFL–NFL merger I ( 1966 ) II ( 1967 ) IV ( 1969 ) I ( 1966 ) II ( 1967 ) IV ( 1969 ) NFC package carrier ( 1970 – 1993 ) VI ( 1971 ) VIII ( 1973 ) X ( 1975 ) XII ( 1977 ) XIV ( 1979 ) XVI ( 1981 ) XVIII ( 1983 ) XXI ( 1986 ) XXIV ( 1989 ) XXVI ( 1991 ) VI ( 1971 ) VIII ( 1973 ) X ( 1975 ) XII ( 1977 ) XIV ( 1979 ) XVI ( 1981 ) XVIII ( 1983 ) XXI ( 1986 ) XXIV ( 1989 ) XXVI ( 1991 ) AFC package carrier ( 1998 –present) XXXV ( 2000 ) XXXVIII ( 2003 ) XLI ( 2006 ) XLIV ( 2009 ) XLVII ( 2012 ) 50 ( 2015 ) LIII ( 2018 ) LV ( 2020 ) LVIII ( 2023 ) LXII ( 2027 ) XXXV ( 2000 ) XXXVIII ( 2003 ) XLI ( 2006 ) XLIV ( 2009 ) XLVII ( 2012 ) 50 ( 2015 ) LIII ( 2018 ) LV ( 2020 ) LVIII ( 2023 ) LXII ( 2027 ) Halftime shows X (1975) XIV (1979) XVI (1981) XXXV (2000) XXXVIII (2003) XLI (2006) XLIV (2009) XLVII (2012) 50 (2015) LIII (2018) LV (2020) LVIII (2023) X (1975) XIV (1979) XVI (1981) XXXV (2000) XXXVIII (2003) XLI (2006) XLIV (2009) XLVII (2012) 50 (2015) LIII (2018) LV (2020) LVIII (2023) Pro Bowl 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 2007 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 2007 NFL Honors 2013 2016 2019 2021 2024 2013 2016 2019 2021 2024 1960s in Dallas 1966 NFL season 1967 in sports in Texas American football competitions in Dallas Dallas Cowboys postseason Green Bay Packers playoff games January 1967 sports events in the United States NFL Championship games Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use mdy dates from November 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 10:01 (UTC) . 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În limba română din 12 iulie 2003. Astăzi este vineri , 16 ianuarie 2026 · Actualizați 2.016 editori activi · 538.309 articole în română Știați că · Întrebări frecvente · Statistici Ajutor • Cum mă înregistrez • Cum modific o pagină • Cum creez un articol | Cafenea • Ambasadă / Embassy • Donații | Portal • Căutare • Index • Categorii Bun-venit la Wikipedia ! enciclopedia liberă , la care poate contribui oricine . În limba română din 12 iulie 2003. Astăzi este vineri , 16 ianuarie 2026 · Actualizați 2.016 editori activi · 538.309 articole în română Știați că · Întrebări frecvente · Statistici Ajutor • Cum mă înregistrez • Cum modific o pagină • Cum creez un articol | Cafenea • Ambasadă / Embassy • Donații | Portal • Căutare • Index • Categorii Ajutor • Cum mă înregistrez • Cum modific o pagină • Cum creez un articol | Cafenea • Ambasadă / Embassy • Donații | Portal • Căutare • Index • Categorii Conținut recomandat Justin Randall Timberlake (n. 31 ianuarie 1981 ) este un cântăreț american de muzică pop , compozitor , producător muzical , dansator , om de afaceri, filantrop și actor . Născut în Memphis, Tennessee , el a apărut în show-urile televizate Star Search și Clubul lui Mickey Mouse în timpul copilăriei. În anii 90, Timberlake a devenit celebru ca membru fondator al formației 'N Sync , a cărei lansare a fost finanțată de către Lou Pearlman. Cât timp formația a fost în repaus, Timberlake a lansat albumele muzicale Justified (2002) și FutureSex/LoveSounds ; hit-urile „ Cry Me a River ” și „ Rock Your Body ” au debutat în topul Billboard 200 și a produs single-urile „ SexyBack ”, „ My Love ”, și „ What Goes Around... Comes Around ” care au ajuns în Billboard Hot 100 . Alte trei melodii au ajuns în top 20: „ Summer Love ”, „ LoveStoned/I Think She Knows ” și „ Until the End of Time ”. Până în ianuarie 2008, FutureSex/LoveSounds s-a comercializat în peste 8 milioane de exemplare. Cu fiecare album lansat, Timberlake a fost clasat ca fiind unul dintre cei mai de succes cântăreți ai deceniului. Din 2007 până în 2012, Timberlake s-a axat pe cariera sa de actor, punând cariera muzicală în repaus. El a jucat personajele principale în filmele Rețeaua de socializare , Profă rea, dar buuună , În timp și Prietenie cu folos . În 2013, Timberlake și-a reluat cariera muzicală cu ajutorul albumelor muzicale The 20/20 Experience și The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2 . Acestea au devenit cele mai vândute albume muzicale ale anului și au scos hit-urile „ Suit & Tie ” și „ Mirrors ”, precedate de „ Take Back the Night ” iar apoi de „ Not a Bad Thing ”. Munca lui Timberlake i-a adus nouă Premii Grammy și patru Premii Emmy . A fondat casa de discuri Tennman Records și o casă de modă numită William Rast. Este proprietarul a două restaurante: Destino și Southern Hospitality. continuare... 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Farul Amédée din Noua Caledonie a fost aprins pentru prima dată la 15 noiembrie 1865, de ziua de nume a împărătesei Eugénie , soția lui Napoleon al III-lea ? Conținut recomandat Justin Randall Timberlake (n. 31 ianuarie 1981 ) este un cântăreț american de muzică pop , compozitor , producător muzical , dansator , om de afaceri, filantrop și actor . Născut în Memphis, Tennessee , el a apărut în show-urile televizate Star Search și Clubul lui Mickey Mouse în timpul copilăriei. În anii 90, Timberlake a devenit celebru ca membru fondator al formației 'N Sync , a cărei lansare a fost finanțată de către Lou Pearlman. Cât timp formația a fost în repaus, Timberlake a lansat albumele muzicale Justified (2002) și FutureSex/LoveSounds ; hit-urile „ Cry Me a River ” și „ Rock Your Body ” au debutat în topul Billboard 200 și a produs single-urile „ SexyBack ”, „ My Love ”, și „ What Goes Around... Comes Around ” care au ajuns în Billboard Hot 100 . Alte trei melodii au ajuns în top 20: „ Summer Love ”, „ LoveStoned/I Think She Knows ” și „ Until the End of Time ”. Până în ianuarie 2008, FutureSex/LoveSounds s-a comercializat în peste 8 milioane de exemplare. Cu fiecare album lansat, Timberlake a fost clasat ca fiind unul dintre cei mai de succes cântăreți ai deceniului. Din 2007 până în 2012, Timberlake s-a axat pe cariera sa de actor, punând cariera muzicală în repaus. El a jucat personajele principale în filmele Rețeaua de socializare , Profă rea, dar buuună , În timp și Prietenie cu folos . În 2013, Timberlake și-a reluat cariera muzicală cu ajutorul albumelor muzicale The 20/20 Experience și The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2 . Acestea au devenit cele mai vândute albume muzicale ale anului și au scos hit-urile „ Suit & Tie ” și „ Mirrors ”, precedate de „ Take Back the Night ” iar apoi de „ Not a Bad Thing ”. Munca lui Timberlake i-a adus nouă Premii Grammy și patru Premii Emmy . A fondat casa de discuri Tennman Records și o casă de modă numită William Rast. Este proprietarul a două restaurante: Destino și Southern Hospitality. continuare... Alte sugestii dintre cele 764 de pagini recomandate : Războiul de Independență al Greciei Sistemul solar Nikita Sergheevici Hrușciov Justin Randall Timberlake (n. 31 ianuarie 1981 ) este un cântăreț american de muzică pop , compozitor , producător muzical , dansator , om de afaceri, filantrop și actor . Născut în Memphis, Tennessee , el a apărut în show-urile televizate Star Search și Clubul lui Mickey Mouse în timpul copilăriei. În anii 90, Timberlake a devenit celebru ca membru fondator al formației 'N Sync , a cărei lansare a fost finanțată de către Lou Pearlman. Cât timp formația a fost în repaus, Timberlake a lansat albumele muzicale Justified (2002) și FutureSex/LoveSounds ; hit-urile „ Cry Me a River ” și „ Rock Your Body ” au debutat în topul Billboard 200 și a produs single-urile „ SexyBack ”, „ My Love ”, și „ What Goes Around... Comes Around ” care au ajuns în Billboard Hot 100 . Alte trei melodii au ajuns în top 20: „ Summer Love ”, „ LoveStoned/I Think She Knows ” și „ Until the End of Time ”. Până în ianuarie 2008, FutureSex/LoveSounds s-a comercializat în peste 8 milioane de exemplare. Cu fiecare album lansat, Timberlake a fost clasat ca fiind unul dintre cei mai de succes cântăreți ai deceniului. Din 2007 până în 2012, Timberlake s-a axat pe cariera sa de actor, punând cariera muzicală în repaus. El a jucat personajele principale în filmele Rețeaua de socializare , Profă rea, dar buuună , În timp și Prietenie cu folos . În 2013, Timberlake și-a reluat cariera muzicală cu ajutorul albumelor muzicale The 20/20 Experience și The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2 . Acestea au devenit cele mai vândute albume muzicale ale anului și au scos hit-urile „ Suit & Tie ” și „ Mirrors ”, precedate de „ Take Back the Night ” iar apoi de „ Not a Bad Thing ”. Munca lui Timberlake i-a adus nouă Premii Grammy și patru Premii Emmy . A fondat casa de discuri Tennman Records și o casă de modă numită William Rast. Este proprietarul a două restaurante: Destino și Southern Hospitality. Alte sugestii dintre cele 764 de pagini recomandate : Războiul de Independență al Greciei Sistemul solar Nikita Sergheevici Hrușciov Știați că? … turla bisericii din Prachatice (foto) , Cehia , a fost declarată în 2005 arie naturală protejată cu suprafața de 90 m² datorită coloniei de lilieci prezentă acolo? … la alegerile municipale din São Paulo din 1959, candidatura lui Cacareco , o femelă de rinocer negru , a obținut mai multe voturi decât oricare dintre partidele politice participante? ... dramaturgul grec Eschil a murit, potrivit legendei, lovit în cap de o țestoasă aruncată de la înălțime de un vultur ? ... vârful muntos cel mai îndepărtat de centrul Pământului nu este Everest , ci vulcanul Chimborazo din Ecuador ? ... veșmântul purtat de Maica Tereza este protejat de o marcă înregistrată pentru a evita exploatarea sa comercială? ... în septembrie 1939 , regele George al VI-lea al Regatului Unit se afla în război cu Germania Nazistă ca suveran al Marii Britanii, dar era neutru ca suveran al Irlandei de Nord? ... Farul Amédée din Noua Caledonie a fost aprins pentru prima dată la 15 noiembrie 1865, de ziua de nume a împărătesei Eugénie , soția lui Napoleon al III-lea ? … turla bisericii din Prachatice (foto) , Cehia , a fost declarată în 2005 arie naturală protejată cu suprafața de 90 m² datorită coloniei de lilieci prezentă acolo? … la alegerile municipale din São Paulo din 1959, candidatura lui Cacareco , o femelă de rinocer negru , a obținut mai multe voturi decât oricare dintre partidele politice participante? ... dramaturgul grec Eschil a murit, potrivit legendei, lovit în cap de o țestoasă aruncată de la înălțime de un vultur ? ... vârful muntos cel mai îndepărtat de centrul Pământului nu este Everest , ci vulcanul Chimborazo din Ecuador ? ... veșmântul purtat de Maica Tereza este protejat de o marcă înregistrată pentru a evita exploatarea sa comercială? ... în septembrie 1939 , regele George al VI-lea al Regatului Unit se afla în război cu Germania Nazistă ca suveran al Marii Britanii, dar era neutru ca suveran al Irlandei de Nord? ... Farul Amédée din Noua Caledonie a fost aprins pentru prima dată la 15 noiembrie 1865, de ziua de nume a împărătesei Eugénie , soția lui Napoleon al III-lea ? Știri 3 ianuarie Statele Unite au atacat ținte în Venezuela și l-au capturat pe președintele Nicolás Maduro ( foto ). 1 ianuarie Un incendiu izbucnit într-un bar în timpul celebrării Anului Nou în Crans-Montana, Elveția , se soldează cu peste 40 de victime. 28 decembrie Actrița franceză Brigitte Bardot a decedat la vârsta de 91 de ani. 23 decembrie Un avion cu opt persoane la bord, inclusiv șeful de stat major al armatei libiene, Mohammed Ali Ahmed al-Haddad , s-a prăbușit în apropiere de Ankara , Turcia ; nimeni nu a supraviețuit. 19 decembrie Un atentat comis în două locuri din Taipei , Taiwan , s-a soldat cu moartea a patru persoane, inclusiv a atacatorului. Ziua de astăzi în istorie 16 ianuarie : 27 î.Hr. — Gaius Octavianus (bustul în imagine) a primit titlul de Augustus din partea Senatului Romei . 929 d.Hr. — Emirul Córdobei Abd er-Rahman al III-lea s-a proclamat calif , înființând Califatul Córdoba . 1919 — Al optsprezecelea amandament al Constituției Statelor Unite a fost adoptat de 36 din cele 48 de state, marcând începutul perioadei prohibiției băuturilor alcoolice în SUA . Nașteri: Vittorio Alfieri ( 1749 ) – Franz Brentano ( 1838 ) – Fulgencio Batista ( 1901 ) Decese: Léo Delibes ( 1891 ) – Arturo Toscanini ( 1957 ) – Ivan Meštrović ( 1962 ) Alte aniversări: 15 ianuarie – 16 ianuarie – 17 ianuarie Comunitate Sunteți pentru prima dată la Wikipedia? Începeți de aici . Răsfoiți articolele de calitate și faceți propuneri pentru noi astfel de articole . Consultați politica oficială și eticheta Wikipediei . Apreciați Wikipedia pe Facebook sau promovați-ne pe site-ul dumneavoastră . Există peste 13.800 de localități în România și aproape 1.700 în Republica Moldova . Noi avem câte un articol pentru fiecare dintre ele. Vă invităm să scrieți despre localitatea dumneavoastră preferată. Știri 3 ianuarie Statele Unite au atacat ținte în Venezuela și l-au capturat pe președintele Nicolás Maduro ( foto ). 1 ianuarie Un incendiu izbucnit într-un bar în timpul celebrării Anului Nou în Crans-Montana, Elveția , se soldează cu peste 40 de victime. 28 decembrie Actrița franceză Brigitte Bardot a decedat la vârsta de 91 de ani. 23 decembrie Un avion cu opt persoane la bord, inclusiv șeful de stat major al armatei libiene, Mohammed Ali Ahmed al-Haddad , s-a prăbușit în apropiere de Ankara , Turcia ; nimeni nu a supraviețuit. 19 decembrie Un atentat comis în două locuri din Taipei , Taiwan , s-a soldat cu moartea a patru persoane, inclusiv a atacatorului. 3 ianuarie Statele Unite au atacat ținte în Venezuela și l-au capturat pe președintele Nicolás Maduro ( foto ). 1 ianuarie Un incendiu izbucnit într-un bar în timpul celebrării Anului Nou în Crans-Montana, Elveția , se soldează cu peste 40 de victime. 28 decembrie Actrița franceză Brigitte Bardot a decedat la vârsta de 91 de ani. 23 decembrie Un avion cu opt persoane la bord, inclusiv șeful de stat major al armatei libiene, Mohammed Ali Ahmed al-Haddad , s-a prăbușit în apropiere de Ankara , Turcia ; nimeni nu a supraviețuit. 19 decembrie Un atentat comis în două locuri din Taipei , Taiwan , s-a soldat cu moartea a patru persoane, inclusiv a atacatorului. Ziua de astăzi în istorie 16 ianuarie : 27 î.Hr. — Gaius Octavianus (bustul în imagine) a primit titlul de Augustus din partea Senatului Romei . 929 d.Hr. — Emirul Córdobei Abd er-Rahman al III-lea s-a proclamat calif , înființând Califatul Córdoba . 1919 — Al optsprezecelea amandament al Constituției Statelor Unite a fost adoptat de 36 din cele 48 de state, marcând începutul perioadei prohibiției băuturilor alcoolice în SUA . Nașteri: Vittorio Alfieri ( 1749 ) – Franz Brentano ( 1838 ) – Fulgencio Batista ( 1901 ) Decese: Léo Delibes ( 1891 ) – Arturo Toscanini ( 1957 ) – Ivan Meštrović ( 1962 ) Alte aniversări: 15 ianuarie – 16 ianuarie – 17 ianuarie 27 î.Hr. — Gaius Octavianus (bustul în imagine) a primit titlul de Augustus din partea Senatului Romei . 929 d.Hr. — Emirul Córdobei Abd er-Rahman al III-lea s-a proclamat calif , înființând Califatul Córdoba . 1919 — Al optsprezecelea amandament al Constituției Statelor Unite a fost adoptat de 36 din cele 48 de state, marcând începutul perioadei prohibiției băuturilor alcoolice în SUA . Nașteri: Vittorio Alfieri ( 1749 ) – Franz Brentano ( 1838 ) – Fulgencio Batista ( 1901 ) Decese: Léo Delibes ( 1891 ) – Arturo Toscanini ( 1957 ) – Ivan Meštrović ( 1962 ) Alte aniversări: 15 ianuarie – 16 ianuarie – 17 ianuarie Comunitate Sunteți pentru prima dată la Wikipedia? Începeți de aici . Răsfoiți articolele de calitate și faceți propuneri pentru noi astfel de articole . Consultați politica oficială și eticheta Wikipediei . Apreciați Wikipedia pe Facebook sau promovați-ne pe site-ul dumneavoastră . Există peste 13.800 de localități în România și aproape 1.700 în Republica Moldova . Noi avem câte un articol pentru fiecare dintre ele. Vă invităm să scrieți despre localitatea dumneavoastră preferată. Sunteți pentru prima dată la Wikipedia? Începeți de aici . Răsfoiți articolele de calitate și faceți propuneri pentru noi astfel de articole . Consultați politica oficială și eticheta Wikipediei . Apreciați Wikipedia pe Facebook sau promovați-ne pe site-ul dumneavoastră . Există peste 13.800 de localități în România și aproape 1.700 în Republica Moldova . Noi avem câte un articol pentru fiecare dintre ele. Vă invităm să scrieți despre localitatea dumneavoastră preferată. 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Români · Armată · Sport Alte proiecte Wikipedia este unul din proiectele cu conținut liber și gratuit coordonate de Fundația Wikimedia , din care fac parte și: Wikisursă Bibliotecă liberă Wikționar Dicționar liber Wikivoyage Ghiduri de călătorie libere Wikicitat Citate și proverbe Wikimanuale Manuale și ghiduri libere Wikiștiri Sursă de știri Wikidata Bază de date cu informații Commons Resurse media partajate Meta-Wiki Coordonarea tuturor proiectelor MediaWiki Software-ul pe care rulează proiectele Wikispecii Director de specii Wikiversitate Cursuri pentru studenți Wikipedia Română în subiecte Științe exacte și matematică Științe aplicate · Fizică · Chimie · Astronomie · Oameni de știință · Geometrie · Algebră · Matematicieni Inginerie și tehnologie Transport · Mașini · Inginerie · Telecomunicații · Informatică și Electronică · Nanotehnologie · Agricultură · Spațiu · Tehnologie militară Sănătate și medicină Corpul uman · Boli · Psihologie · Nutriție · Genetică · Tratamente · Urgențe 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HOME --> CLASS MAMMALIA --> ORDER RODENTIA --> SUBORDER CASTORIMORPHA --> FAMILY Heteromyidae SUBFAMILY Perognathinae Author: Coues, 1875. Citation: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 27: 277. Comments: Subfamily name emended by Wood (1935); originally given by Coues as Perognathidinae. Wood (1935:89), Hafner (1978), and Hall (1981) included Microdipodops in the subfamily, a course not followed by Hafner and Hafner (1983), Wahlert (1985, 1988), Ryan (1989 a ), and Williams et al. (1993). Williams et al. (1993:121) provide a key to the genera. EXPORT AS CSV Export this record and all children. Export just this record. Offspring: GENUS Chaetodipus SPECIES arenarius SUBSPECIES arenarius SUBSPECIES albescens SUBSPECIES albulus SUBSPECIES ambiguus SUBSPECIES ammophilus SUBSPECIES helleri SUBSPECIES mexicalis SUBSPECIES paralios SUBSPECIES sabulosus SUBSPECIES siccus SUBSPECIES sublucidus SPECIES artus SPECIES baileyi SUBSPECIES baileyi SUBSPECIES insularis SPECIES californicus SUBSPECIES californicus SUBSPECIES bensoni SUBSPECIES bernardinus SUBSPECIES dispar SUBSPECIES femoralis SUBSPECIES marinensis SUBSPECIES mesopolius SUBSPECIES ochrus SPECIES dalquesti SPECIES eremicus SUBSPECIES eremicus SUBSPECIES atrodorsalis SPECIES fallax SUBSPECIES fallax SUBSPECIES anthonyi SUBSPECIES inopinus SUBSPECIES majusculus SUBSPECIES pallidus SUBSPECIES xerotrophicus SPECIES formosus SUBSPECIES formosus SUBSPECIES cinerascens SUBSPECIES incolatus SUBSPECIES infolatus SUBSPECIES melanurus SUBSPECIES mesembrinus SUBSPECIES mohavensis SPECIES goldmani SPECIES hispidus SUBSPECIES hispidus SUBSPECIES paradoxus SUBSPECIES spilotus SUBSPECIES zacatecae SPECIES intermedius SUBSPECIES intermedius SUBSPECIES ater SUBSPECIES beardi SUBSPECIES crinitus SUBSPECIES lithophilus SUBSPECIES minimus SUBSPECIES phasma SUBSPECIES rupestris SPECIES lineatus SPECIES nelsoni SUBSPECIES nelsoni SUBSPECIES canescens SPECIES penicillatus SUBSPECIES penicillatus SUBSPECIES angustirostris SUBSPECIES pricei SUBSPECIES seri SUBSPECIES sobrinus SUBSPECIES stephensi SPECIES pernix SUBSPECIES pernix SUBSPECIES rostratus SPECIES rudinoris SUBSPECIES rudinoris SUBSPECIES extimus SUBSPECIES fornicatus SUBSPECIES hueyi SUBSPECIES knekus SUBSPECIES mesidios SPECIES spinatus SUBSPECIES spinatus SUBSPECIES broccus SUBSPECIES bryanti SUBSPECIES evermanni SUBSPECIES guardiae SUBSPECIES lambi SUBSPECIES latijugularis SUBSPECIES lorenzi SUBSPECIES magdalenae SUBSPECIES macrosensis SUBSPECIES margaritae SUBSPECIES occultus SUBSPECIES oribates SUBSPECIES peninsulae SUBSPECIES prietae SUBSPECIES pullus SUBSPECIES rufescens SUBSPECIES seorsus GENUS Perognathus SPECIES alticolus SUBSPECIES alticolus SUBSPECIES inexpectatus SPECIES amplus SUBSPECIES amplus SUBSPECIES cineris SUBSPECIES pergracilis SUBSPECIES taylori SPECIES fasciatus SUBSPECIES fasciatus SUBSPECIES callistus SPECIES flavescens SUBSPECIES flavescens SUBSPECIES apache SUBSPECIES caryi SUBSPECIES cockrumi SUBSPECIES copei SUBSPECIES melanotis SUBSPECIES perniger SUBSPECIES relictus SPECIES flavus SUBSPECIES flavus SUBSPECIES bimaculatus SUBSPECIES bunkeri SUBSPECIES fuliginosus SUBSPECIES fuscus SUBSPECIES goodpasteri SUBSPECIES hopiensis SUBSPECIES medius SUBSPECIES mexicanus SUBSPECIES pallescens SUBSPECIES parviceps SUBSPECIES piperi SUBSPECIES sanluisi SUBSPECIES sonoriensis SPECIES inornatus SUBSPECIES inornatus SUBSPECIES neglectus SUBSPECIES psammophilus SPECIES longimembris SUBSPECIES longimembris SUBSPECIES aestivus SUBSPECIES arizonensis SUBSPECIES bangsi SUBSPECIES bombycinus SUBSPECIES brevinasus SUBSPECIES gulosus SUBSPECIES internationalis SUBSPECIES kinoensis SUBSPECIES nevadensis SUBSPECIES pacificus SUBSPECIES panamintinus SUBSPECIES pimensis SUBSPECIES salinensis SUBSPECIES tularensis SUBSPECIES venustus SPECIES merriami SUBSPECIES merriami SUBSPECIES gilvus SPECIES parvus SUBSPECIES parvus SUBSPECIES bullatus SUBSPECIES clarus SUBSPECIES columbianus SUBSPECIES idahoensis SUBSPECIES laingi SUBSPECIES lordi SUBSPECIES mollipilosus SUBSPECIES olivaceus SUBSPECIES trumbullensis SUBSPECIES xanthanotus SUBSPECIES yakimensis Synonyms: Perognathidinae Coues, 1875 HOME --> CLASS MAMMALIA --> ORDER RODENTIA --> SUBORDER CASTORIMORPHA --> FAMILY Heteromyidae SUBFAMILY Perognathinae Author: Coues, 1875. Citation: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 27: 277. Comments: Subfamily name emended by Wood (1935); originally given by Coues as Perognathidinae. Wood (1935:89), Hafner (1978), and Hall (1981) included Microdipodops in the subfamily, a course not followed by Hafner and Hafner (1983), Wahlert (1985, 1988), Ryan (1989 a ), and Williams et al. (1993). Williams et al. (1993:121) provide a key to the genera. EXPORT AS CSV Export this record and all children. Export just this record. Offspring: GENUS Chaetodipus SPECIES arenarius SUBSPECIES arenarius SUBSPECIES albescens SUBSPECIES albulus SUBSPECIES ambiguus SUBSPECIES ammophilus SUBSPECIES helleri SUBSPECIES mexicalis SUBSPECIES paralios SUBSPECIES sabulosus SUBSPECIES siccus SUBSPECIES sublucidus SPECIES artus SPECIES baileyi SUBSPECIES baileyi SUBSPECIES insularis SPECIES californicus SUBSPECIES californicus SUBSPECIES bensoni SUBSPECIES bernardinus SUBSPECIES dispar SUBSPECIES femoralis SUBSPECIES marinensis SUBSPECIES mesopolius SUBSPECIES ochrus SPECIES dalquesti SPECIES eremicus SUBSPECIES eremicus SUBSPECIES atrodorsalis SPECIES fallax SUBSPECIES fallax SUBSPECIES anthonyi SUBSPECIES inopinus SUBSPECIES majusculus SUBSPECIES pallidus SUBSPECIES xerotrophicus SPECIES formosus SUBSPECIES formosus SUBSPECIES cinerascens SUBSPECIES incolatus SUBSPECIES infolatus SUBSPECIES melanurus SUBSPECIES mesembrinus SUBSPECIES mohavensis SPECIES goldmani SPECIES hispidus SUBSPECIES hispidus SUBSPECIES paradoxus SUBSPECIES spilotus SUBSPECIES zacatecae SPECIES intermedius SUBSPECIES intermedius SUBSPECIES ater SUBSPECIES beardi SUBSPECIES crinitus SUBSPECIES lithophilus SUBSPECIES minimus SUBSPECIES phasma SUBSPECIES rupestris SPECIES lineatus SPECIES nelsoni SUBSPECIES nelsoni SUBSPECIES canescens SPECIES penicillatus SUBSPECIES penicillatus SUBSPECIES angustirostris SUBSPECIES pricei SUBSPECIES seri SUBSPECIES sobrinus SUBSPECIES stephensi SPECIES pernix SUBSPECIES pernix SUBSPECIES rostratus SPECIES rudinoris SUBSPECIES rudinoris SUBSPECIES extimus SUBSPECIES fornicatus SUBSPECIES hueyi SUBSPECIES knekus SUBSPECIES mesidios SPECIES spinatus SUBSPECIES spinatus SUBSPECIES broccus SUBSPECIES bryanti SUBSPECIES evermanni SUBSPECIES guardiae SUBSPECIES lambi SUBSPECIES latijugularis SUBSPECIES lorenzi SUBSPECIES magdalenae SUBSPECIES macrosensis SUBSPECIES margaritae SUBSPECIES occultus SUBSPECIES oribates SUBSPECIES peninsulae SUBSPECIES prietae SUBSPECIES pullus SUBSPECIES rufescens SUBSPECIES seorsus GENUS Perognathus SPECIES alticolus SUBSPECIES alticolus SUBSPECIES inexpectatus SPECIES amplus SUBSPECIES amplus SUBSPECIES cineris SUBSPECIES pergracilis SUBSPECIES taylori SPECIES fasciatus SUBSPECIES fasciatus SUBSPECIES callistus SPECIES flavescens SUBSPECIES flavescens SUBSPECIES apache SUBSPECIES caryi SUBSPECIES cockrumi SUBSPECIES copei SUBSPECIES melanotis SUBSPECIES perniger SUBSPECIES relictus SPECIES flavus SUBSPECIES flavus SUBSPECIES bimaculatus SUBSPECIES bunkeri SUBSPECIES fuliginosus SUBSPECIES fuscus SUBSPECIES goodpasteri SUBSPECIES hopiensis SUBSPECIES medius SUBSPECIES mexicanus SUBSPECIES pallescens SUBSPECIES parviceps SUBSPECIES piperi SUBSPECIES sanluisi SUBSPECIES sonoriensis SPECIES inornatus SUBSPECIES inornatus SUBSPECIES neglectus SUBSPECIES psammophilus SPECIES longimembris SUBSPECIES longimembris SUBSPECIES aestivus SUBSPECIES arizonensis SUBSPECIES bangsi SUBSPECIES bombycinus SUBSPECIES brevinasus SUBSPECIES gulosus SUBSPECIES internationalis SUBSPECIES kinoensis SUBSPECIES nevadensis SUBSPECIES pacificus SUBSPECIES panamintinus SUBSPECIES pimensis SUBSPECIES salinensis SUBSPECIES tularensis SUBSPECIES venustus SPECIES merriami SUBSPECIES merriami SUBSPECIES gilvus SPECIES parvus SUBSPECIES parvus SUBSPECIES bullatus SUBSPECIES clarus SUBSPECIES columbianus SUBSPECIES idahoensis SUBSPECIES laingi SUBSPECIES lordi SUBSPECIES mollipilosus SUBSPECIES olivaceus SUBSPECIES trumbullensis SUBSPECIES xanthanotus SUBSPECIES yakimensis Synonyms: Perognathidinae Coues, 1875 HOME --> CLASS MAMMALIA --> ORDER RODENTIA --> SUBORDER CASTORIMORPHA --> FAMILY Heteromyidae SUBFAMILY Perognathinae Author: Coues, 1875. Citation: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 27: 277. Comments: Subfamily name emended by Wood (1935); originally given by Coues as Perognathidinae. Wood (1935:89), Hafner (1978), and Hall (1981) included Microdipodops in the subfamily, a course not followed by Hafner and Hafner (1983), Wahlert (1985, 1988), Ryan (1989 a ), and Williams et al. (1993). Williams et al. (1993:121) provide a key to the genera. EXPORT AS CSV Export this record and all children. Export just this record. EXPORT AS CSV Export this record and all children. Export just this record. Offspring: GENUS Chaetodipus SPECIES arenarius SUBSPECIES arenarius SUBSPECIES albescens SUBSPECIES albulus SUBSPECIES ambiguus SUBSPECIES ammophilus SUBSPECIES helleri SUBSPECIES mexicalis SUBSPECIES paralios SUBSPECIES sabulosus SUBSPECIES siccus SUBSPECIES sublucidus SPECIES artus SPECIES baileyi SUBSPECIES baileyi SUBSPECIES insularis SPECIES californicus SUBSPECIES californicus SUBSPECIES bensoni SUBSPECIES bernardinus SUBSPECIES dispar SUBSPECIES femoralis SUBSPECIES marinensis SUBSPECIES mesopolius SUBSPECIES ochrus SPECIES dalquesti SPECIES eremicus SUBSPECIES eremicus SUBSPECIES atrodorsalis SPECIES fallax SUBSPECIES fallax SUBSPECIES anthonyi SUBSPECIES inopinus SUBSPECIES majusculus SUBSPECIES pallidus SUBSPECIES xerotrophicus SPECIES formosus SUBSPECIES formosus SUBSPECIES cinerascens SUBSPECIES incolatus SUBSPECIES infolatus SUBSPECIES melanurus SUBSPECIES mesembrinus SUBSPECIES mohavensis SPECIES goldmani SPECIES hispidus SUBSPECIES hispidus SUBSPECIES paradoxus SUBSPECIES spilotus SUBSPECIES zacatecae SPECIES intermedius SUBSPECIES intermedius SUBSPECIES ater SUBSPECIES beardi SUBSPECIES crinitus SUBSPECIES lithophilus SUBSPECIES minimus SUBSPECIES phasma SUBSPECIES rupestris SPECIES lineatus SPECIES nelsoni SUBSPECIES nelsoni SUBSPECIES canescens SPECIES penicillatus SUBSPECIES penicillatus SUBSPECIES angustirostris SUBSPECIES pricei SUBSPECIES seri SUBSPECIES sobrinus SUBSPECIES stephensi SPECIES pernix SUBSPECIES pernix SUBSPECIES rostratus SPECIES rudinoris SUBSPECIES rudinoris SUBSPECIES extimus SUBSPECIES fornicatus SUBSPECIES hueyi SUBSPECIES knekus SUBSPECIES mesidios SPECIES spinatus SUBSPECIES spinatus SUBSPECIES broccus SUBSPECIES bryanti SUBSPECIES evermanni SUBSPECIES guardiae SUBSPECIES lambi SUBSPECIES latijugularis SUBSPECIES lorenzi SUBSPECIES magdalenae SUBSPECIES macrosensis SUBSPECIES margaritae SUBSPECIES occultus SUBSPECIES oribates SUBSPECIES peninsulae SUBSPECIES prietae SUBSPECIES pullus SUBSPECIES rufescens SUBSPECIES seorsus GENUS Perognathus SPECIES alticolus SUBSPECIES alticolus SUBSPECIES inexpectatus SPECIES amplus SUBSPECIES amplus SUBSPECIES cineris SUBSPECIES pergracilis SUBSPECIES taylori SPECIES fasciatus SUBSPECIES fasciatus SUBSPECIES callistus SPECIES flavescens SUBSPECIES flavescens SUBSPECIES apache SUBSPECIES caryi SUBSPECIES cockrumi SUBSPECIES copei SUBSPECIES melanotis SUBSPECIES perniger SUBSPECIES relictus SPECIES flavus SUBSPECIES flavus SUBSPECIES bimaculatus SUBSPECIES bunkeri SUBSPECIES fuliginosus SUBSPECIES fuscus SUBSPECIES goodpasteri SUBSPECIES hopiensis SUBSPECIES medius SUBSPECIES mexicanus SUBSPECIES pallescens SUBSPECIES parviceps SUBSPECIES piperi SUBSPECIES sanluisi SUBSPECIES sonoriensis SPECIES inornatus SUBSPECIES inornatus SUBSPECIES neglectus SUBSPECIES psammophilus SPECIES longimembris SUBSPECIES longimembris SUBSPECIES aestivus SUBSPECIES arizonensis SUBSPECIES bangsi SUBSPECIES bombycinus SUBSPECIES brevinasus SUBSPECIES gulosus SUBSPECIES internationalis SUBSPECIES kinoensis SUBSPECIES nevadensis SUBSPECIES pacificus SUBSPECIES panamintinus SUBSPECIES pimensis SUBSPECIES salinensis SUBSPECIES tularensis SUBSPECIES venustus SPECIES merriami SUBSPECIES merriami SUBSPECIES gilvus SPECIES parvus SUBSPECIES parvus SUBSPECIES bullatus SUBSPECIES clarus SUBSPECIES columbianus SUBSPECIES idahoensis SUBSPECIES laingi SUBSPECIES lordi SUBSPECIES mollipilosus SUBSPECIES olivaceus SUBSPECIES trumbullensis SUBSPECIES xanthanotus SUBSPECIES yakimensis Synonyms: Perognathidinae Coues, 1875 Offspring: GENUS Chaetodipus SPECIES arenarius SUBSPECIES arenarius SUBSPECIES albescens SUBSPECIES albulus SUBSPECIES ambiguus SUBSPECIES ammophilus SUBSPECIES helleri SUBSPECIES mexicalis SUBSPECIES paralios SUBSPECIES sabulosus SUBSPECIES siccus SUBSPECIES sublucidus SPECIES artus SPECIES baileyi SUBSPECIES baileyi SUBSPECIES insularis SPECIES californicus SUBSPECIES californicus SUBSPECIES bensoni SUBSPECIES bernardinus SUBSPECIES dispar SUBSPECIES femoralis SUBSPECIES marinensis SUBSPECIES mesopolius SUBSPECIES ochrus SPECIES dalquesti SPECIES eremicus SUBSPECIES eremicus SUBSPECIES atrodorsalis SPECIES fallax SUBSPECIES fallax SUBSPECIES anthonyi SUBSPECIES inopinus SUBSPECIES majusculus SUBSPECIES pallidus SUBSPECIES xerotrophicus SPECIES formosus SUBSPECIES formosus SUBSPECIES cinerascens SUBSPECIES incolatus SUBSPECIES infolatus SUBSPECIES melanurus SUBSPECIES mesembrinus SUBSPECIES mohavensis SPECIES goldmani SPECIES hispidus SUBSPECIES hispidus SUBSPECIES paradoxus SUBSPECIES spilotus SUBSPECIES zacatecae SPECIES intermedius SUBSPECIES intermedius SUBSPECIES ater SUBSPECIES beardi SUBSPECIES crinitus SUBSPECIES lithophilus SUBSPECIES minimus SUBSPECIES phasma SUBSPECIES rupestris SPECIES lineatus SPECIES nelsoni SUBSPECIES nelsoni SUBSPECIES canescens SPECIES penicillatus SUBSPECIES penicillatus SUBSPECIES angustirostris SUBSPECIES pricei SUBSPECIES seri SUBSPECIES sobrinus SUBSPECIES stephensi SPECIES pernix SUBSPECIES pernix SUBSPECIES rostratus SPECIES rudinoris SUBSPECIES rudinoris SUBSPECIES extimus SUBSPECIES fornicatus SUBSPECIES hueyi SUBSPECIES knekus SUBSPECIES mesidios SPECIES spinatus SUBSPECIES spinatus SUBSPECIES broccus SUBSPECIES bryanti SUBSPECIES evermanni SUBSPECIES guardiae SUBSPECIES lambi SUBSPECIES latijugularis SUBSPECIES lorenzi SUBSPECIES magdalenae SUBSPECIES macrosensis SUBSPECIES margaritae SUBSPECIES occultus SUBSPECIES oribates SUBSPECIES peninsulae SUBSPECIES prietae SUBSPECIES pullus SUBSPECIES rufescens SUBSPECIES seorsus GENUS Perognathus SPECIES alticolus SUBSPECIES alticolus SUBSPECIES inexpectatus SPECIES amplus SUBSPECIES amplus SUBSPECIES cineris SUBSPECIES pergracilis SUBSPECIES taylori SPECIES fasciatus SUBSPECIES fasciatus SUBSPECIES callistus SPECIES flavescens SUBSPECIES flavescens SUBSPECIES apache SUBSPECIES caryi SUBSPECIES cockrumi SUBSPECIES copei SUBSPECIES melanotis SUBSPECIES perniger SUBSPECIES relictus SPECIES flavus SUBSPECIES flavus SUBSPECIES bimaculatus SUBSPECIES bunkeri SUBSPECIES fuliginosus SUBSPECIES fuscus SUBSPECIES goodpasteri SUBSPECIES hopiensis SUBSPECIES medius SUBSPECIES mexicanus SUBSPECIES pallescens SUBSPECIES parviceps SUBSPECIES piperi SUBSPECIES sanluisi SUBSPECIES sonoriensis SPECIES inornatus SUBSPECIES inornatus SUBSPECIES neglectus SUBSPECIES psammophilus SPECIES longimembris SUBSPECIES longimembris SUBSPECIES aestivus SUBSPECIES arizonensis SUBSPECIES bangsi SUBSPECIES bombycinus SUBSPECIES brevinasus SUBSPECIES gulosus SUBSPECIES internationalis SUBSPECIES kinoensis SUBSPECIES nevadensis SUBSPECIES pacificus SUBSPECIES panamintinus SUBSPECIES pimensis SUBSPECIES salinensis SUBSPECIES tularensis SUBSPECIES venustus SPECIES merriami SUBSPECIES merriami SUBSPECIES gilvus SPECIES parvus SUBSPECIES parvus SUBSPECIES bullatus SUBSPECIES clarus SUBSPECIES columbianus SUBSPECIES idahoensis SUBSPECIES laingi SUBSPECIES lordi SUBSPECIES mollipilosus SUBSPECIES olivaceus SUBSPECIES trumbullensis SUBSPECIES xanthanotus SUBSPECIES yakimensis Offspring: GENUS Chaetodipus SPECIES arenarius SUBSPECIES arenarius SUBSPECIES albescens SUBSPECIES albulus SUBSPECIES ambiguus SUBSPECIES ammophilus SUBSPECIES helleri SUBSPECIES mexicalis SUBSPECIES paralios SUBSPECIES sabulosus SUBSPECIES siccus SUBSPECIES sublucidus SPECIES artus SPECIES baileyi SUBSPECIES baileyi SUBSPECIES insularis SPECIES californicus SUBSPECIES californicus SUBSPECIES bensoni SUBSPECIES bernardinus SUBSPECIES dispar SUBSPECIES femoralis SUBSPECIES marinensis SUBSPECIES mesopolius SUBSPECIES ochrus SPECIES dalquesti SPECIES eremicus SUBSPECIES eremicus SUBSPECIES atrodorsalis SPECIES fallax SUBSPECIES fallax SUBSPECIES anthonyi SUBSPECIES inopinus SUBSPECIES majusculus SUBSPECIES pallidus SUBSPECIES xerotrophicus SPECIES formosus SUBSPECIES formosus SUBSPECIES cinerascens SUBSPECIES incolatus SUBSPECIES infolatus SUBSPECIES melanurus SUBSPECIES mesembrinus SUBSPECIES mohavensis SPECIES goldmani SPECIES hispidus SUBSPECIES hispidus SUBSPECIES paradoxus SUBSPECIES spilotus SUBSPECIES zacatecae SPECIES intermedius SUBSPECIES intermedius SUBSPECIES ater SUBSPECIES beardi SUBSPECIES crinitus SUBSPECIES lithophilus SUBSPECIES minimus SUBSPECIES phasma SUBSPECIES rupestris SPECIES lineatus SPECIES nelsoni SUBSPECIES nelsoni SUBSPECIES canescens SPECIES penicillatus SUBSPECIES penicillatus SUBSPECIES angustirostris SUBSPECIES pricei SUBSPECIES seri SUBSPECIES sobrinus SUBSPECIES stephensi SPECIES pernix SUBSPECIES pernix SUBSPECIES rostratus SPECIES rudinoris SUBSPECIES rudinoris SUBSPECIES extimus SUBSPECIES fornicatus SUBSPECIES hueyi SUBSPECIES knekus SUBSPECIES mesidios SPECIES spinatus SUBSPECIES spinatus SUBSPECIES broccus SUBSPECIES bryanti SUBSPECIES evermanni SUBSPECIES guardiae SUBSPECIES lambi SUBSPECIES latijugularis SUBSPECIES lorenzi SUBSPECIES magdalenae SUBSPECIES macrosensis SUBSPECIES margaritae SUBSPECIES occultus SUBSPECIES oribates SUBSPECIES peninsulae SUBSPECIES prietae SUBSPECIES pullus SUBSPECIES rufescens SUBSPECIES seorsus GENUS Perognathus SPECIES alticolus SUBSPECIES alticolus SUBSPECIES inexpectatus SPECIES amplus SUBSPECIES amplus SUBSPECIES cineris SUBSPECIES pergracilis SUBSPECIES taylori SPECIES fasciatus SUBSPECIES fasciatus SUBSPECIES callistus SPECIES flavescens SUBSPECIES flavescens SUBSPECIES apache SUBSPECIES caryi SUBSPECIES cockrumi SUBSPECIES copei SUBSPECIES melanotis SUBSPECIES perniger SUBSPECIES relictus SPECIES flavus SUBSPECIES flavus SUBSPECIES bimaculatus SUBSPECIES bunkeri SUBSPECIES fuliginosus SUBSPECIES fuscus SUBSPECIES goodpasteri SUBSPECIES hopiensis SUBSPECIES medius SUBSPECIES mexicanus SUBSPECIES pallescens SUBSPECIES parviceps SUBSPECIES piperi SUBSPECIES sanluisi SUBSPECIES sonoriensis SPECIES inornatus SUBSPECIES inornatus SUBSPECIES neglectus SUBSPECIES psammophilus SPECIES longimembris SUBSPECIES longimembris SUBSPECIES aestivus SUBSPECIES arizonensis SUBSPECIES bangsi SUBSPECIES bombycinus SUBSPECIES brevinasus SUBSPECIES gulosus SUBSPECIES internationalis SUBSPECIES kinoensis SUBSPECIES nevadensis SUBSPECIES pacificus SUBSPECIES panamintinus SUBSPECIES pimensis SUBSPECIES salinensis SUBSPECIES tularensis SUBSPECIES venustus SPECIES merriami SUBSPECIES merriami SUBSPECIES gilvus SPECIES parvus SUBSPECIES parvus SUBSPECIES bullatus SUBSPECIES clarus SUBSPECIES columbianus SUBSPECIES idahoensis SUBSPECIES laingi SUBSPECIES lordi SUBSPECIES mollipilosus SUBSPECIES olivaceus SUBSPECIES trumbullensis SUBSPECIES xanthanotus SUBSPECIES yakimensis Synonyms: Perognathidinae Coues, 1875 Synonyms: Bucknell Home Page Biology Department Home Page ©Bucknell Univesity All Rights Reserved Comments and questions to dreeder@bucknell.edu
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Human and legal administration Toggle Human and legal administration subsection 1.1 Wikimedia Foundation 1.2 Editors 1.2.1 Stewardship 1.2.2 Arbitration Committee 1.2.3 Bureaucrats 1.2.4 Administrators 1.2.5 Wikipedians in residence 1.2.6 Educators and students 1.1 Wikimedia Foundation 1.2 Editors 1.2.1 Stewardship 1.2.2 Arbitration Committee 1.2.3 Bureaucrats 1.2.4 Administrators 1.2.5 Wikipedians in residence 1.2.6 Educators and students 1.2.1 Stewardship 1.2.2 Arbitration Committee 1.2.3 Bureaucrats 1.2.4 Administrators 1.2.5 Wikipedians in residence 1.2.6 Educators and students 2 Data structure and development Toggle Data structure and development subsection 2.1 Content namespaces 2.1.1 Article namespace 2.1.2 Portal namespace 2.1.3 Category namespace 2.2 Administrative namespaces 2.2.1 Talk namespace 2.2.2 User namespace 2.2.3 "Wikipedia" aka Project namespace 2.2.4 Help namespace 2.2.5 File namespace 2.2.6 Template namespace 2.2.7 Draft namespace 2.2.8 MediaWiki namespace 2.3 Virtual namespaces 2.3.1 Special namespace 2.3.2 Media namespace 2.1 Content namespaces 2.1.1 Article namespace 2.1.2 Portal namespace 2.1.3 Category namespace 2.1.1 Article namespace 2.1.2 Portal namespace 2.1.3 Category namespace 2.2 Administrative namespaces 2.2.1 Talk namespace 2.2.2 User namespace 2.2.3 "Wikipedia" aka Project namespace 2.2.4 Help namespace 2.2.5 File namespace 2.2.6 Template namespace 2.2.7 Draft namespace 2.2.8 MediaWiki namespace 2.2.1 Talk namespace 2.2.2 User namespace 2.2.3 "Wikipedia" aka Project namespace 2.2.4 Help namespace 2.2.5 File namespace 2.2.6 Template namespace 2.2.7 Draft namespace 2.2.8 MediaWiki namespace 2.3 Virtual namespaces 2.3.1 Special namespace 2.3.2 Media namespace 2.3.1 Special namespace 2.3.2 Media namespace 3 See also 4 Further reading 5 External links Wikipedia : Administration Afrikaans العربية অসমীয়া বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Bahasa Indonesia मराठी Bahasa Melayu 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Norfuk / Pitkern ਪੰਜਾਬੀ සිංහල سنڌي Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item This is an information page . It is neither an encyclopedia article nor one of Wikipedia's policies or guidelines ; rather, its purpose is to explain certain aspects of Wikipedia's norms, customs, technicalities, or practices. It may reflect differing levels of consensus and vetting . .mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0;float:initial} Shortcuts .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} WP:ADMINST WP:ADMINST WP:GOV WP:GOV WP:ADMINST WP:ADMINST WP:GOV WP:GOV This page in a nutshell: Both the human administrative structure , as well as its non-human components , are briefly described within this article (with appropriate links to the more exhaustive articles on each topic). Wikipedia requires a certain amount of administration and governance in order to further the project's goals . To achieve Wikipedia's purpose , a wide range of administrative pages are made available in various namespaces which enumerate the various protocols and conventions created and implemented by community consensus for English Wikipedia. Of course, this process is not generally automated , and live human administration is necessary to ensure that the editing of project pages, whether administration pages or content pages, happens peacefully and in accordance with the policies generally, and loosely, governing the creation and editing of all Wikipedia pages. Human and legal administration WP:ADMINH WP:ADMINH WP:GOVH WP:GOVH At the top of the human and legal administrative structure is the Wikimedia Foundation , a not-for-profit and charitable organization governed by a Board of Trustees . Although the Wikimedia Foundation owns Wikipedia, it is largely uninvolved in the creation of Wikipedia's policies and daily implementation of those policies (see below ). The Wikipedia community is generally self-organizing and -governing, as editors with varying administrative abilities and their elected project administrators are granted considerable discretion over the means used to accomplish Wikipedia's purpose . Editors are entrusted with the responsibility of upholding the integrity of Wikipedia while adhering to intellectual property rights, such as avoiding plagiarism , respecting copyright laws , and presenting appropriate citations for article content. Pursuant to the Five Pillars , English Wikipedia does not occur according to firm rules . Wikipedia's protocols are principles , not a civil code or exacting law and are actualized using common sense and editor discretion . Wikipedia's policies , guidelines , and formatting norms are created and revised by the editing community to describe best practices, and clarify doctrine aimed at improving the encyclopedia and resolving disputes . These "official" protocols and conventions require discussion and a high level of community-wide consensus for promotion to a guideline or policy , thus have a significant degree of influence during deliberations. Most processes on Wikipedia depend on editor consensus in some form or another governed by Wikipedia's content and conduct policies. While consensus is the key method for making decisions, a consensus amongst a small group of editors cannot override community wide policies such as " Neutral point of view ". In order to determine community consensus and resolve ongoing disputes, a wide array of discussion venues are made available covering topic specific issues editors encounter in writing and maintaining Wikipedia. Ensuring the harmonious implementation of the project's editor consensus-developed protocols governing the creation and development of all types of pages are editors elected or appointed to certain roles: i.e. , functionaries like stewards and the Arbitration Committee , alongside bureaucrats , and administrators , all of whom ultimately derive their own authority from the Wikimedia Foundation. As well as being volunteer mediators , with the ability (tools) to restrict editing on pages , "project custodians" have the authority to limit , block or ban individuals who would widely be seen as disruptive , tendentious , or dishonest . In cases where the conduct dispute resolution procedure has been ineffective, the Arbitration Committee has the authority to deal with highly disruptive or sensitive situations. Some matters of a legal nature with regards to the safety of children , libel statements , legal threats or threats of harm , are reported to administrators and may be deferred to the Wikimedia Foundation for resolution and the edit history of the incident removed from public view. Wikimedia Foundation The Wikimedia Foundation (WMF) owns and operates Wikipedia, along with several other collaborative, wiki -based Internet projects . The WMF organizes the raising of money, distributes grants , develops software, deploys that software, controls the servers, and does outreach to support Wikimedia projects . The WMF does not edit Wikipedia content (except for occasional office actions ). Wikipedia editors handle content and internal policies. The WMF is governed and guided by the terms of their Charter , Corporate Bylaws , Mission Statement , Vision , Values , and Strategy (the last two of which are not officially adopted by the Foundation). In addition, the Founding Principles are a statement of the common principles guiding the founding of any Wikimedia project. See officially adopted policies . The global work of the Foundation is supported by " Wikimedia local chapters " (usually incorporated as non-profit corporations, according to the law of the locality), and each is governed by their own chapter board of trustees. Trustees of Wikimedia affiliates are assisted by a very small number of Wikimedia staff . Editors WP:ADMINE WP:ADMINE WP:GOVE WP:GOVE Editors , often referred to as Wikipedians , are the individuals who comprise the community of volunteers that write and edit the pages of Wikipedia as opposed to readers , who simply read the articles. Some editors use their real life names as " user names ", to identify themselves on Wikipedia, whereas others choose never to reveal personal information. Theoretically all editors are equal with no "power structure" or "law enforcement officers." There are however, within the editing community, editors with extra privileges (maintenance responsibilities or ability to perform certain administrative actions). Other categories of contributors have also emerged, such as Wikipedians in residence and students with assignments related to editing Wikipedia (see below). To locate your user access levels, go to Special:Preferences . In the "user profile" tab is "Member of groups". User access levels (or User rights and groups ) are determined by whether an editor is logged into an account , whether the account is of sufficient age or by number of constrictive edits based on knowledge of Wikipedia protocols. Some User levels are granted automatically; for example, an autoconfirmed user is an account that is more than four days old and has made at least 10 edits. Other User rights are only given upon request, such as rollbacker , page mover or template editor . Entry into User groups such as administrator and bureaucrat , are determined by community discussion and consensus (see below). Oversight and CheckUser Rights are only granted by the Arbitration Committee , and only after strict scrutiny (see below). The system-generated user rights are listed at Special:ListGroupRights . The English Wikipedia currently has 51,066,005 users who have registered a username. Only a minority of users contribute regularly ( 264,777 have edited in the last 30 days), and only a minority of those contributors participate in community discussions . An unknown but relatively large number of unregistered Wikipedians also contribute to the site. Creating an account is free and has several benefits, for example, the ability to create pages, upload media, and edit without one's IP address being visible to the public. Stewardship Stewards are volunteer editors with complete access to the wiki interface on all Wikimedia wikis, including the ability to change any and all user rights and groups . They are tasked with technical implementation of community consensus, dealing with emergencies, and intervening against cross-wiki vandalism. The number of stewards is not limited by any policies. Stewards are elected annually by the global Wikimedia community. Candidates must have a support/oppose ratio of at least 80% with at least 30 supporting users. Current stewards are confirmed during each election. Stewards are subject to the stewards' policy ; further documentation may be found in the steward handbook . The Wikimedia Foundation created the position of steward when it recognized the need to separate user rights management from software development and systems administration. Arbitration Committee Members of the Arbitration Committee (referred to as ArbCom or Arbs ), are volunteer editors who act in concert or in sub-groups imposing binding solutions on conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. ArbCom has very wide latitude in adjudication with the authority to impose general sanctions and/or personal sanctions on editors or groups of editors. They impose sanctions, either as a result of remedies accepted during cases, or during requests for clarification or amendment, or as a result of motions. The arbitration process exists exclusively for Wikipedia conduct disputes (i.e., not content disputes that may require mediation). The committee also resolves issues by private hearings if factors such as privacy may preclude public consideration. Arbitrators are elected annually in one-year or overlapping two-year terms. The original Committee was appointed by Jimmy Wales in December 2003 from a group of volunteers. Subsequently, elections were held on a yearly basis with Wales ratifying the results, but this role evolved into a purely ceremonial one and he has not been involved at all since 2013. The Wikimedia Foundation supports the technical side of the electoral process and requires that candidates meet the Wikimedia Foundation's criteria for access to non-public data and sign the Foundation's non-public information confidentiality agreement . The election rules are debated each year. Although nomination is subject only to rather broad criteria , in practice only Administrators have succeeded in being selected as Arbitrators. Bureaucrats Bureaucrats are volunteer editors with the technical ability (user rights) to: promote other users to administrator or bureaucrat status. remove the admin status of other users grant and revoke an account's bot status. They are bound by policy and consensus to grant administrator or bureaucrat access only when doing so reflects the wishes of the community, usually after a successful request at Wikipedia:Requests for adminship . In like fashion, they are expected to exercise judgement in granting or removing bot flags on the advice of the Bot Approvals Group . They are expected to be capable judges of consensus, and are expected to explain the reasoning for their actions on request and in a civil manner. Users are granted bureaucrat status by community consensus. The process is similar to the process of granting administrator status , but the expectations for potential bureaucrats are higher and community consensus must be clearer. Bureaucrats do not have the technical ability to grant other levels of access (they cannot assign oversight or checkuser rights). These actions are performed by stewards , a small multilingual group that serves all Wikimedia projects. Additional stewards are elected annually; for more information see Requests for permissions . Changes in user rights by stewards are recorded at m:Special:Log/rights . The English Wikipedia currently has 16 bureaucrats as of 15 January 2026. Though not required by policy, in practice all bureaucrats are also Administrators. Administrators Administrators , commonly known as admins or sysops ( sys tem op erator s ), are volunteer editors who have been trusted with access to restricted technical features ("tools"). For example, administrators can protect and delete pages, and block other editors. See Wikipedia:Administrators/Tools . Administrators are appointed after a successful community review process at requests for adminship in which consensus is determined by the bureaucrats, or following an administrator election . The English Wikipedia currently has 826 administrators as of 15 January 2026. Administrators assume responsibilities as volunteers ; thus they are never required to use their tools, and must never use them to gain an advantage in a dispute in which they are involved (see: Wikipedia:What adminship is not ). Only the Wikipedia Arbitration Committee or community consensus following an administrator recall may authorize the removal of administrator privileges , and this authorization may be executed by any bureaucrat or steward . Wikipedians in residence A Wikipedian in residence is a volunteer editor who accepts a placement with an institution, typically an art gallery, library, archive, museum, or institute of higher education (such as a university) to facilitate Wikipedia entries . Typical duties of such posts include outreach to other staff and members of the public, as well as making contributions to articles relevant to the institution's materials and mission. Such outreach work may include the arranging of training events and editathons . See Wikipedia:GLAM for more information. Educators and students The Education program helps with the coordination of educators and students around the world contribute to Wikipedia and other Wikimedia projects in an academic setting. Educators assign their students to contribute to Wikipedia based on course-related topics. Programs are run by Wikimedia local chapters (usually incorporated as non-profit corporations, according to the law of the locality), affiliate organizations, and dedicated volunteer Wikipedia editors. Supporting the program is a limited number of staff members at the Wikimedia Foundation , who help program leaders start and scale their programs sustainably. Data structure and development WP:ADMINP WP:ADMINP WP:GOVP WP:GOVP Development of the Wikipedia data structure occurs within various namespaces . Namespaces allow for the organization and separation of content pages from administration pages . Each namespace also segregates and organizes data according to its function within the overall project schema (articles, portals, files, drafts, templates etc.). Namespaces separate data into core sets, those intended for public viewing, and those intended for the editing community. Unlike the Article namespace , and other content related namespaces, such as the Portal namespace , administrative namespaces are used to assist the building of content and should be seen to be mutually exclusive of content pages, except for cases where a linkage is required. In other words, administration pages should be in the background and not visible to the reader. v t e Namespaces Subject namespaces Talk namespaces 0 (Main/Article) Talk 1 2 User User talk 3 4 Wikipedia Wikipedia talk 5 6 File File talk 7 8 MediaWiki MediaWiki talk 9 10 Template Template talk 11 12 Help Help talk 13 14 Category Category talk 15 100 Portal Portal talk 101 118 Draft Draft talk 119 126 MOS MOS talk 127 710 TimedText TimedText talk 711 828 Module Module talk 829 1728 Event Event talk 1729 Former namespaces 108 Book Book talk 109 442 Course Course talk 443 444 Institution Institution talk 445 446 Education Program Education Program talk 447 2300 Gadget Gadget talk 2301 2302 Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 2303 2600 Topic 2601 Virtual namespaces -1 Special -2 Media Current list Administration pages, including user pages , draft pages , policies pages , information pages , maintenance pages , talk pages and interactive forums fall completely within the bounds of administration, as distinguished from content. In this regard, categories are utilized for both content and administration but should not have both types of pages within the same category. Templates are also used for both content and administration pages and therefore, unlike other administrative pages, are collected together and entirely as sub-categories of Category:Wikipedia templates . Excluding the Article namespace all namespaces use a prefix; for example, all user pages are prefixed by User: , and help pages by the prefix Help: . Some namespaces also have abbreviated identifiers , for example typing WT: is a shortcut redirect for the "Wikipedia talk" namespace and H: for the "Help" namespace. By default Wikipedia's search engine is restricted to the Article namespace. However typing a namespace "name" (prefix) followed by a colon limits search results to that namespace (see Special:Search for details). Namespace prefixes should not be confused with prefixes for interwiki linking . Each namespace is given a numerical value – intended for hiding pages on a watchlist (see Hide Pages in Watchlist for details). Content namespaces Content namespaces are intended for use by readers as part of the encyclopedia such as articles. Article namespace The Main namespace or Article namespace is the namespace of Wikipedia that contains the encyclopedia proper—that is, where content— Wikipedia articles reside. The main namespace is the default namespace and does not use a prefix in article page names. This is distinct from other namespaces where page names are always prefixed by an indicator of the particular namespace in which the page resides. Thus, any page created without such a prefix will automatically be placed in the article namespace. The Main namespace number is zero (0). Portal namespace The Portal namespace is intended to serve as "main pages" for content (articles) to specific topics or areas. The idea of a portal is to help readers and/or editors navigate their way through Wikipedia topic areas through pages similar to the Main Page . In essence, portals such as the Contents portal , are useful entry-points to Wikipedia's content. Portals may be associated with WikiProjects ; however, unlike WikiProjects, portals are meant for both readers and editors of Wikipedia, and should promote content and its navigation. A portal link box may be added to a page by typing {{ Portal |<portal name>}} for example {{Portal|Energy}} . If more than one portal is to be linked use a second parameter, for example {{Portal|Energy|Cycling}} . At present, there are 554 portals on Wikipedia. Pages in this namespace will always have the prefix Portal: and alias P: . The Portal namespace number is one hundred (100). See Wikipedia:Portal guidelines for general guidelines and best practices. Category namespace The Category namespace is a software feature of MediaWiki , which enables pages to be added to automatic listings. These help structure Wikipedia's contents and administrative pages by grouping together pages on similar subjects. A category page lists the articles (or administrative pages) that have been added to a particular category. There may also be a section listing the subcategories of that category. The subcategorization feature makes it possible to organize categories into tree-like structures to aid navigation. Article pages should be kept out of administrative categories if possible. There are separate administrative categories for different kinds of non-article pages, such as template categories, disambiguation page categories, project page categories etc. See WP:PROJCATS for details. To add a page to a category, include " [[Category: Category name ]] " or " [[Category: Category name | Sortkey ]] " in that page's wikimarkup . The categories to which a page belongs appear in a box at the bottom of the page. Pages in this namespace will always have the prefix Category: and alias CAT: . The Category namespace number is fourteen (14). See Wikipedia:Categorization for generally accepted standards. Administrative namespaces WP:ADMINPS WP:ADMINPS WP:GOVPS WP:GOVPS Administrative namespaces are intended for use by editors or by automated tools for the administration and governance of the encyclopedia. See also Category:Wikipedia project content guidelines . Talk namespace For every type of namespace (including the Main namespace) there is a corresponding Talk namespace or Talk page , reached by clicking the Talk tab just above the title. The accompanying talk namespace for each namespace page is a place where editors may discuss and dialogue on their work in the various administrative and content pages in the corresponding namespaces. (Note: on interactive noticeboards discussion happens on the main page.) The talk pages are designated by appending the word talk to the namespace name. The talk namespace associated with the article namespace is Talk: . Whereas the user and project namespaces are even-numbered, the talk namespaces are odd-numbered and are assigned the odd number that follows the corresponding substantive namespace number. See Help:Using talk pages for general advice. User namespace Wikipedia provides personal user pages in the User namespace to facilitate communication among participants here to build an encyclopedia . Generally, substantial content on a user page that is unrelated to Wikipedia is avoided. Wikipedia is not a general hosting service , so a user page is not used as a personal website. However, a user page may be about the particular editor's "persona" as a Wikipedian, including the pages to which the user has contributed or their general interests in regard to subjects or projects related to Wikipedia, its administration and content. In addition, there is broad agreement that an editor may not include in their user space any material that is likely to bring the project into disrepute. To reach a user page, simply type User:username , where "username" is the user's Wikipedia username. The talk namespace associated with the user namespace has the prefix User talk: . The User namespace is assigned the namespace number two (2). See Wikipedia:User page design center for some fun. "Wikipedia" aka Project namespace Although it may appear from its name that the Wikipedia namespace or the Project namespace might contain the actual content of the Wikipedia articles, this is not correct. The Main namespace is the default namespace and therefore does not use a prefix in article page names. The Project namespace is a namespace consisting of pages with information or discussion about Wikipedia itself. As such, Wikipedia namespace pages are purely administrative, and the inclusion of substantive content should be avoided unless the content itself is about administration. The project namespace includes, policies, guidelines , essays , WikiProjects , informative , discussion , maintenance and process pages like Wikipedia:Articles for deletion . This "information page" is contained within the Wikipedia namespace . Pages in this namespace will always have the prefix Wikipedia: . They can also be reached by alias WP: or the standard (for any MediaWiki site) prefix Project: . The Wikipedia namespace number is four (4). Help namespace The Help namespace consisting of Wikipedia pages whose titles begin with the prefix Help: and alias H: , such as Help:Link . These pages contain information intended to help use Wikipedia or its software. Some of these pages are intended for readers of the encyclopedia; others are intended for editors, whether beginning or advanced. Some of the pages in the Help namespace are copied from Meta-Wiki . There is a large amount of overlap between the Help namespace and the Wikipedia namespaces . For this reason redirects and hatnotes are often set up between these two namespaces. See Help:About the help pages for more information. The Help namespace number is twelve (12). File namespace The File namespace contains millions of illustrative images and other electronic media . The File Namespace is the namespace in which all of Wikipedia's media content resides including data files for images, video clips, or audio clips, including document length clips; or midi files (a small, computer-instructions file). The media filenames all begin with the prefix File: . The File namespace number is six (6). A typical file can be inserted with the line code [[File:...|thumb|...]] . Image: can be substituted for File: with no change in effect for images, the choice between the two is purely a matter of editorial preference. Only logged in users can upload files under an appropriate title . See Wikipedia:Creation and usage of media files for more information. Template namespace The Template namespace is used to store templates, intended for inclusion on multiple pages. Templates are an administrative feature that generally duplicate the same content across more than one page while helping reduce wikitext and HTML markup . Changes to a template will immediately propagate to the pages that use it. Common uses include to display administrative notices , infoboxes , navigational boxes , standard warnings, special text formatting, unit conversions, calculations and many other purposes. The most common method of inclusion is called transclusion , where the wikitext of the target page contains a reference to the template, using the {{Template name}} syntax. Pages in this namespace will always have the prefix Template: and alias T: . The Template namespace number is ten (10). See Help:Template for information on developing templates and syntax details. For a table of some useful templates, see Wikipedia:Template messages . For detailed templating documentation see m:Help:Template . Draft namespace The Draft namespace is where new articles may be stored allowing them to be developed and receive feedback before being moved to Wikipedia's mainspace . Editors may also create draft pages in their userspace . Drafts are not indexed by most search engines including Google, meaning most readers will not find them. However anyone may search and view drafts on Wikipedia directly by using the Special:Search option. Pages in this namespace will always have the prefix Draft: . The Draft namespace number is one hundred and eighteen (118). Create a new draft now! MediaWiki namespace The MediaWiki namespace is the database structure namespace used by MediaWiki software, on which Wikipedia runs. The pages in this namespace (whose titles begin MediaWiki: ) contain the text to be displayed in certain places in the web interface. Only administrators can edit this namespace, but all editors can propose changes on the appropriate talk pages. See Wikipedia:Village pump (technical) and Wikipedia:Developers for more information. See Wikipedia:MediaWiki messages for discussions about the content of MediaWiki pages. The MediaWiki namespace number is eight (8) Virtual namespaces There are two virtual namespaces that do not relate to pages stored in the database: Special and Media . Special namespace Special pages are pages that have no wikitext , but are generated by the software on demand. They are found in the "Special:" namespace. It is not possible to make a redirect to a special page, or to create normal pages beginning with the "Special:" prefix. Special pages often take parameters. Sometimes these can be supplied after a slash (as in Special:Log/block ); in other cases an index.php call is used (as in Special:RecentChanges ). Also the content of some special pages depends on preferences that have been set by the user, e.g. classic or enhanced Recent Changes, the number of titles in Recent Changes and the watchlist, etc. The special pages can be accessed from Special:SpecialPages , which is found in the sidebar of every page on Wikipedia. It is located in the Toolbox section. The namespace number for a special namespace page is negative one (-1). Media namespace The Media namespace is used to render a link which can activate the image or audio or video of a data file directly, on its own page (separate from the rendered page or the file page), for example Media:Great Feeling.ogv . The Media namespace number is negative two (-2). See also User:Jimbo Wales/Statement of principles – statement of principles! by the co-founder of Wikipedia, Jimmy Wales , as updated by the community since then. Contributing to Wikipedia – the main "how-to" page that provides information, links, videos and other resources on the basics needed to comprehend, comment on, and edit Wikipedia. Core content policies – a brief summary and background on Wikipedia's core content policies. Editorial discretion – discusses how common sense and Wikipedia policy dictates that editors must practice discretion regarding the proper inclusion of relevant and well-sourced content. Editor integrity – discusses how editors have a responsibility to uphold the integrity of Wikipedia and respect intellectual property rights of the sources they draw upon when they create and improve encyclopedia pages. The essence of Wikipedia – describes how Wikipedia is the harnessing of the collective intelligence and collaborative efforts of editors who hold opposing points of view, in an attempt to preserve all serious contributions which are reliably sourced. The role of policies in collaborative anarchy – describes how policies produce a quality encyclopaedia. WikiProject Democracy – links to information where you can participate in governing Wikipedia. Further reading External links External videos Jimmy Wales: The birth of Wikipedia , 2005 TED (conference), 20 mins. m:Wikipedia power structure m:Wikipedia Governance - an essay written in 2002 by the co-founder of Wikipedia, Jimmy Wales . v t e Wikipedia community v t e For a listing of current collaborations, tasks, and news, see the Community portal . For a listing of ongoing discussions and current requests, see the Dashboard . General community topics Administration News The Signpost Goings-on In the media Meetups Mailing lists Wikipedians Statistics The Wikipedia Library Centralized discussion Village pump Idea lab Policy Proposals Technical Miscellaneous WMF Holidays Bots Administration News The Signpost Goings-on In the media The Signpost Goings-on In the media Meetups Mailing lists Wikipedians Statistics The Wikipedia Library Centralized discussion Village pump Idea lab Policy Proposals Technical Miscellaneous WMF Idea lab Policy Proposals Technical Miscellaneous WMF Holidays Bots Contents and grading Requested articles Most-wanted articles Images needing articles Articles needing images Articles for creation WP:AFC/R WP:AFC/C Creating articles Help Vital articles Articles for improvement Peer review Good article nominations Featured article candidates Lists Pictures Topics Article translation Pages Main Page Errors Requested articles Most-wanted articles Images needing articles Articles needing images Articles for creation WP:AFC/R WP:AFC/C Creating articles Help WP:AFC/R WP:AFC/C Creating articles Help Vital articles Articles for improvement Peer review Good article nominations Featured article candidates Lists Pictures Topics Lists Pictures Topics Article translation Pages Pages Main Page Errors Errors WikiProjects and collaborations Directory Culture and the arts Geographical History and society Science, technology and engineering Wikipedia assistance and tasks Patrols Recent changes Counter-Vandalism Unit Accessibility Organizations category Directory Culture and the arts Geographical History and society Science, technology and engineering Wikipedia assistance and tasks Patrols Recent changes Recent changes Counter-Vandalism Unit Accessibility Organizations category Awards and feedback Reward board Contests A nice cup of tea and a sit down Charitableness WikiLove Compliment before criticism Kindness Campaign Thanks! 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Sākumlapa Kopienas portāls Aktualitātes Pēdējās izmaiņas Nejauša lapa Palīdzība Paziņot par kļūdu Kontakti Īpašās lapas Ziedojumi Izveidot jaunu Vikipēdijas kontu Ieiet Vikipēdijā Ziedojumi Izveidot jaunu Vikipēdijas kontu Ieiet Vikipēdijā Sākumlapa Sākumlapa Diskusija Skatīt Aplūkot kodu Hronoloģija Skatīt Aplūkot kodu Hronoloģija Norādes uz šo rakstu Saistītās izmaiņas Pastāvīgā saite Lapas informācija Atsauce uz šo lapu Iegūt saīsinātu URL Lejupielādēt QR kodu Switch to legacy parser Izveidot grāmatu Lejupielādēt kā PDF Drukājama versija Vikikrātuve Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Vikigrāmatas Vikidati Wikifunctions Wikimania Wiktionary Ieraksts Vikidatos @media screen and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output td,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output tr,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mp-column,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .floatleft,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .floatright,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output tbody,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table{display:block!important;float:none!important;width:100%!important;height:auto!important;box-sizing:border-box}} Laipni lūdzam Vikipēdijā , brīvajā enciklopēdijā, kuru arī Tu vari papildināt ! Šobrīd latviešu valodā ir 140 302 raksti . Pagājušajā nedēļā skatītākais: Uļjana Semjonova Nora Ikstena Grenlande Zvaigznes diena Raimonds Pauls Venecuēla Jānis Ikstens Latvija 2026. gada ziemas olimpiskās spēles Tauriņdeja Vai Tu zināji, ka... No Vikipēdijas latviešu valodā jaunākajiem rakstiem : ... Dienvidsudānas pirmais un vienīgais prezidents Salva Kīrs Majardits (attēlā) aktīvi piedalījās Dienvidsudānas pilsoņu kara norisē, gan Pirmajā , gan Otrajā Sudānas pilsoņu karā ? ... klasisks mūsdienu demarkācijas līnijas piemērs ir demarkācijas līnija gar 38. paralēli, kas atdala Ziemeļkoreju un Dienvidkoreju ? ... Dānijai piederīgais salu un klinšainu atsegumu arhipelāgs Baltijas jūrā Ertholmene atrodas 18 km uz ziemeļaustrumiem no Bornholmas , un tā satur Dānijas galējo austrumu punktu? ... Remsgeitas osta tiek dēvēta par Karalisko ostu ( Royal Harbour ), un tā ir vienīgā osta ar šādu titulu Apvienotajā Karalistē ; ostas stratēģiskā novietojuma dēļ tā spēlējusi nozīmīgu lomu Napoleona karos , Denkerkas evakuācijā un citās militārās kampaņās? ... Nikolaja Gogoļa darbs, kura žanru pats autors apzīmēja kā poēmu , " Mirušās dvēseles " tika plānots trijās daļās: pirmais sējums tika publicēts 1842. gadā , gandrīz pabeigtais otrais sējums ir zudis (saglabājušās dažas nodaļas melnrakstos), bet trešais sējums netika sākts? ... Liamu Kērku 2018. gada NHL draftā izvēlējās Arizonas "Coyotes" , viņam kļūstot par pirmo Anglijā dzimušo un spēlējošo spēlētāju, kuru draftējusi Nacionālās hokeja līgas komanda? Aktuāls notikums Krievijas 2022. gada iebrukums Ukrainā Krievijas 2022. gada iebrukums Ukrainā ir Krievijas—Ukrainas kara plaša mēroga militāra operācija, ko 24. februāra rītā pēc Krievijas prezidenta Vladimira Putina pavēles uzsāka Krievijas Bruņotie spēki , kas kopš 2021. gada marta lielā skaitā bija izvietoti netālu no Ukrainas robežas ar Krieviju, Baltkrieviju un Krievijas 2014. gadā okupēto Krimu . Operāciju ievadīja Krievijas Bruņoto spēku atklāta ievešana pašpasludināto Doneckas un Luhanskas tautas republiku teritorijā 2022. gada 21. februārī, un to neatkarības atzīšana visa Doneckas un Luhanskas apgabala robežās dienu vēlāk. 24. februārī plkst. 5.50 pēc Maskavas laika ( UTC+3 ) Putins izsludināja vispārēju iebrukumu Ukrainā kā "īpašu militāru operāciju" ar mērķi "panākt Ukrainas demilitarizāciju un denacifikāciju". 10 minūtes vēlāk Krievijas Bruņotie spēki veica raķešu triecienus lidostām un militārajiem objektiem Kijivā , Harkivā un Dņipro un sāka virzīties dziļāk Ukrainas teritorijā. Vienlaikus Doneckas un Luhanskas tautas republiku bruņotie formējumi visā Donbasa frontes līnijā atsāka karadarbību pret Ukrainas Bruņotajiem spēkiem un vairākās vietās pārgāja uzbrukumā. Lasīt vairāk... Šī diena vēsturē 1891 . — sākās Čīles Pilsoņu karš. 1920 . — tika ratificēti 18. grozījumi ASV konstitūcijā , ar ko stājās spēkā « sausais likums » — aizliegta alkoholisko dzērienu ražošana, importēšana un tirdzniecība. 1945 . — Ādolfs Hitlers pārcēlās uz Berlīnes apakšzemes bunkuru, kas pazīstams kā Fīrera bunkurs (attēlā pēc saspridzināšanas) . 1969 . — čehu students Jans Palahs pašaizdedzinājās uz Nacionālā muzeja kāpnēm Prāgā , protestējot pret Padomju armijas iebrukumu un Prāgas pavasara apspiešanu 1968. gadā . 2009 . — Lietuvas galvaspilsētā Viļņā notika nemieri , kuros aptuveni 7000 cilvēku pulcējās pret valdību vērstā protestā pie Seima ēkas, mēģinot arī ielauzties parlamentā. Vairāk notikumu: 15. janvārī — 16. janvārī — 17. janvārī Arhīvs Šobrīd ir 2026 . gada 16. janvāris ( UTC ) – Atjaunināt lapu Izveido rakstu Raksta izveidošana Rakstu vednis Iedvesmai Smilšu kaste eksperimentiem Dalībnieku uzvedības noteikumi Administrācija Vikikrātuves dienas attēls .mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list{text-align:left;background:transparent;margin:1px}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list>div{width:32%;min-width:20em;white-space:nowrap;margin:0 1px;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list>div>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin:1px 0;padding:4px}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list>div>div:first-child{min-width:50px;text-align:center} Vikipēdija ir pieejama arī citās valodās , to skaitā: Eesti Lietuvių Latgaļu Līvõ Võro Žemaitiu Українська Français Deutsch English Vikipēdija ir bezpeļņas organizācijas Wikimedia Foundation projekts, kas saistīts arī ar vairākiem citiem brīvi pieejama satura projektiem: Commons Kopīga multimediju krātuve MediaWiki wiki programmatūras izstrāde Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Foundation projektu koordinēšana Wikibooks Rokasgrāmatas un pamācības Wikidata Brīva zinību bāze Wikiquote Citātu kolekcija Wikisource Free source dokumenti Wikivoyage Ceļvedis Wiktionary Vārdnīca Laipni lūdzam Vikipēdijā , brīvajā enciklopēdijā, kuru arī Tu vari papildināt ! Šobrīd latviešu valodā ir 140 302 raksti . Laipni lūdzam Vikipēdijā , brīvajā enciklopēdijā, kuru arī Tu vari papildināt ! Šobrīd latviešu valodā ir 140 302 raksti . Pagājušajā nedēļā skatītākais: Uļjana Semjonova Nora Ikstena Grenlande Zvaigznes diena Raimonds Pauls Venecuēla Jānis Ikstens Latvija 2026. gada ziemas olimpiskās spēles Tauriņdeja Pagājušajā nedēļā skatītākais: Uļjana Semjonova Nora Ikstena Grenlande Zvaigznes diena Raimonds Pauls Venecuēla Jānis Ikstens Latvija 2026. gada ziemas olimpiskās spēles Tauriņdeja Vai Tu zināji, ka... No Vikipēdijas latviešu valodā jaunākajiem rakstiem : ... Dienvidsudānas pirmais un vienīgais prezidents Salva Kīrs Majardits (attēlā) aktīvi piedalījās Dienvidsudānas pilsoņu kara norisē, gan Pirmajā , gan Otrajā Sudānas pilsoņu karā ? ... klasisks mūsdienu demarkācijas līnijas piemērs ir demarkācijas līnija gar 38. paralēli, kas atdala Ziemeļkoreju un Dienvidkoreju ? ... Dānijai piederīgais salu un klinšainu atsegumu arhipelāgs Baltijas jūrā Ertholmene atrodas 18 km uz ziemeļaustrumiem no Bornholmas , un tā satur Dānijas galējo austrumu punktu? ... Remsgeitas osta tiek dēvēta par Karalisko ostu ( Royal Harbour ), un tā ir vienīgā osta ar šādu titulu Apvienotajā Karalistē ; ostas stratēģiskā novietojuma dēļ tā spēlējusi nozīmīgu lomu Napoleona karos , Denkerkas evakuācijā un citās militārās kampaņās? ... Nikolaja Gogoļa darbs, kura žanru pats autors apzīmēja kā poēmu , " Mirušās dvēseles " tika plānots trijās daļās: pirmais sējums tika publicēts 1842. gadā , gandrīz pabeigtais otrais sējums ir zudis (saglabājušās dažas nodaļas melnrakstos), bet trešais sējums netika sākts? ... Liamu Kērku 2018. gada NHL draftā izvēlējās Arizonas "Coyotes" , viņam kļūstot par pirmo Anglijā dzimušo un spēlējošo spēlētāju, kuru draftējusi Nacionālās hokeja līgas komanda? Aktuāls notikums Krievijas 2022. gada iebrukums Ukrainā Krievijas 2022. gada iebrukums Ukrainā ir Krievijas—Ukrainas kara plaša mēroga militāra operācija, ko 24. februāra rītā pēc Krievijas prezidenta Vladimira Putina pavēles uzsāka Krievijas Bruņotie spēki , kas kopš 2021. gada marta lielā skaitā bija izvietoti netālu no Ukrainas robežas ar Krieviju, Baltkrieviju un Krievijas 2014. gadā okupēto Krimu . Operāciju ievadīja Krievijas Bruņoto spēku atklāta ievešana pašpasludināto Doneckas un Luhanskas tautas republiku teritorijā 2022. gada 21. februārī, un to neatkarības atzīšana visa Doneckas un Luhanskas apgabala robežās dienu vēlāk. 24. februārī plkst. 5.50 pēc Maskavas laika ( UTC+3 ) Putins izsludināja vispārēju iebrukumu Ukrainā kā "īpašu militāru operāciju" ar mērķi "panākt Ukrainas demilitarizāciju un denacifikāciju". 10 minūtes vēlāk Krievijas Bruņotie spēki veica raķešu triecienus lidostām un militārajiem objektiem Kijivā , Harkivā un Dņipro un sāka virzīties dziļāk Ukrainas teritorijā. Vienlaikus Doneckas un Luhanskas tautas republiku bruņotie formējumi visā Donbasa frontes līnijā atsāka karadarbību pret Ukrainas Bruņotajiem spēkiem un vairākās vietās pārgāja uzbrukumā. Lasīt vairāk... Vai Tu zināji, ka... Vai Tu zināji, ka... Vai Tu zināji, ka... No Vikipēdijas latviešu valodā jaunākajiem rakstiem : ... Dienvidsudānas pirmais un vienīgais prezidents Salva Kīrs Majardits (attēlā) aktīvi piedalījās Dienvidsudānas pilsoņu kara norisē, gan Pirmajā , gan Otrajā Sudānas pilsoņu karā ? ... klasisks mūsdienu demarkācijas līnijas piemērs ir demarkācijas līnija gar 38. paralēli, kas atdala Ziemeļkoreju un Dienvidkoreju ? ... Dānijai piederīgais salu un klinšainu atsegumu arhipelāgs Baltijas jūrā Ertholmene atrodas 18 km uz ziemeļaustrumiem no Bornholmas , un tā satur Dānijas galējo austrumu punktu? ... Remsgeitas osta tiek dēvēta par Karalisko ostu ( Royal Harbour ), un tā ir vienīgā osta ar šādu titulu Apvienotajā Karalistē ; ostas stratēģiskā novietojuma dēļ tā spēlējusi nozīmīgu lomu Napoleona karos , Denkerkas evakuācijā un citās militārās kampaņās? ... Nikolaja Gogoļa darbs, kura žanru pats autors apzīmēja kā poēmu , " Mirušās dvēseles " tika plānots trijās daļās: pirmais sējums tika publicēts 1842. gadā , gandrīz pabeigtais otrais sējums ir zudis (saglabājušās dažas nodaļas melnrakstos), bet trešais sējums netika sākts? ... Liamu Kērku 2018. gada NHL draftā izvēlējās Arizonas "Coyotes" , viņam kļūstot par pirmo Anglijā dzimušo un spēlējošo spēlētāju, kuru draftējusi Nacionālās hokeja līgas komanda? ... Dienvidsudānas pirmais un vienīgais prezidents Salva Kīrs Majardits (attēlā) aktīvi piedalījās Dienvidsudānas pilsoņu kara norisē, gan Pirmajā , gan Otrajā Sudānas pilsoņu karā ? ... klasisks mūsdienu demarkācijas līnijas piemērs ir demarkācijas līnija gar 38. paralēli, kas atdala Ziemeļkoreju un Dienvidkoreju ? ... Dānijai piederīgais salu un klinšainu atsegumu arhipelāgs Baltijas jūrā Ertholmene atrodas 18 km uz ziemeļaustrumiem no Bornholmas , un tā satur Dānijas galējo austrumu punktu? ... Remsgeitas osta tiek dēvēta par Karalisko ostu ( Royal Harbour ), un tā ir vienīgā osta ar šādu titulu Apvienotajā Karalistē ; ostas stratēģiskā novietojuma dēļ tā spēlējusi nozīmīgu lomu Napoleona karos , Denkerkas evakuācijā un citās militārās kampaņās? ... Nikolaja Gogoļa darbs, kura žanru pats autors apzīmēja kā poēmu , " Mirušās dvēseles " tika plānots trijās daļās: pirmais sējums tika publicēts 1842. gadā , gandrīz pabeigtais otrais sējums ir zudis (saglabājušās dažas nodaļas melnrakstos), bet trešais sējums netika sākts? ... Liamu Kērku 2018. gada NHL draftā izvēlējās Arizonas "Coyotes" , viņam kļūstot par pirmo Anglijā dzimušo un spēlējošo spēlētāju, kuru draftējusi Nacionālās hokeja līgas komanda? Aktuāls notikums Aktuāls notikums Aktuāls notikums Krievijas 2022. gada iebrukums Ukrainā Krievijas 2022. gada iebrukums Ukrainā ir Krievijas—Ukrainas kara plaša mēroga militāra operācija, ko 24. februāra rītā pēc Krievijas prezidenta Vladimira Putina pavēles uzsāka Krievijas Bruņotie spēki , kas kopš 2021. gada marta lielā skaitā bija izvietoti netālu no Ukrainas robežas ar Krieviju, Baltkrieviju un Krievijas 2014. gadā okupēto Krimu . Operāciju ievadīja Krievijas Bruņoto spēku atklāta ievešana pašpasludināto Doneckas un Luhanskas tautas republiku teritorijā 2022. gada 21. februārī, un to neatkarības atzīšana visa Doneckas un Luhanskas apgabala robežās dienu vēlāk. 24. februārī plkst. 5.50 pēc Maskavas laika ( UTC+3 ) Putins izsludināja vispārēju iebrukumu Ukrainā kā "īpašu militāru operāciju" ar mērķi "panākt Ukrainas demilitarizāciju un denacifikāciju". 10 minūtes vēlāk Krievijas Bruņotie spēki veica raķešu triecienus lidostām un militārajiem objektiem Kijivā , Harkivā un Dņipro un sāka virzīties dziļāk Ukrainas teritorijā. Vienlaikus Doneckas un Luhanskas tautas republiku bruņotie formējumi visā Donbasa frontes līnijā atsāka karadarbību pret Ukrainas Bruņotajiem spēkiem un vairākās vietās pārgāja uzbrukumā. Lasīt vairāk... Krievijas 2022. gada iebrukums Ukrainā ir Krievijas—Ukrainas kara plaša mēroga militāra operācija, ko 24. februāra rītā pēc Krievijas prezidenta Vladimira Putina pavēles uzsāka Krievijas Bruņotie spēki , kas kopš 2021. gada marta lielā skaitā bija izvietoti netālu no Ukrainas robežas ar Krieviju, Baltkrieviju un Krievijas 2014. gadā okupēto Krimu . Operāciju ievadīja Krievijas Bruņoto spēku atklāta ievešana pašpasludināto Doneckas un Luhanskas tautas republiku teritorijā 2022. gada 21. februārī, un to neatkarības atzīšana visa Doneckas un Luhanskas apgabala robežās dienu vēlāk. 24. februārī plkst. 5.50 pēc Maskavas laika ( UTC+3 ) Putins izsludināja vispārēju iebrukumu Ukrainā kā "īpašu militāru operāciju" ar mērķi "panākt Ukrainas demilitarizāciju un denacifikāciju". 10 minūtes vēlāk Krievijas Bruņotie spēki veica raķešu triecienus lidostām un militārajiem objektiem Kijivā , Harkivā un Dņipro un sāka virzīties dziļāk Ukrainas teritorijā. Vienlaikus Doneckas un Luhanskas tautas republiku bruņotie formējumi visā Donbasa frontes līnijā atsāka karadarbību pret Ukrainas Bruņotajiem spēkiem un vairākās vietās pārgāja uzbrukumā. Šī diena vēsturē 1891 . — sākās Čīles Pilsoņu karš. 1920 . — tika ratificēti 18. grozījumi ASV konstitūcijā , ar ko stājās spēkā « sausais likums » — aizliegta alkoholisko dzērienu ražošana, importēšana un tirdzniecība. 1945 . — Ādolfs Hitlers pārcēlās uz Berlīnes apakšzemes bunkuru, kas pazīstams kā Fīrera bunkurs (attēlā pēc saspridzināšanas) . 1969 . — čehu students Jans Palahs pašaizdedzinājās uz Nacionālā muzeja kāpnēm Prāgā , protestējot pret Padomju armijas iebrukumu un Prāgas pavasara apspiešanu 1968. gadā . 2009 . — Lietuvas galvaspilsētā Viļņā notika nemieri , kuros aptuveni 7000 cilvēku pulcējās pret valdību vērstā protestā pie Seima ēkas, mēģinot arī ielauzties parlamentā. Vairāk notikumu: 15. janvārī — 16. janvārī — 17. janvārī Arhīvs Šobrīd ir 2026 . gada 16. janvāris ( UTC ) – Atjaunināt lapu Izveido rakstu Raksta izveidošana Rakstu vednis Iedvesmai Smilšu kaste eksperimentiem Dalībnieku uzvedības noteikumi Administrācija Vikikrātuves dienas attēls Šī diena vēsturē Šī diena vēsturē Šī diena vēsturē 1891 . — sākās Čīles Pilsoņu karš. 1920 . — tika ratificēti 18. grozījumi ASV konstitūcijā , ar ko stājās spēkā « sausais likums » — aizliegta alkoholisko dzērienu ražošana, importēšana un tirdzniecība. 1945 . — Ādolfs Hitlers pārcēlās uz Berlīnes apakšzemes bunkuru, kas pazīstams kā Fīrera bunkurs (attēlā pēc saspridzināšanas) . 1969 . — čehu students Jans Palahs pašaizdedzinājās uz Nacionālā muzeja kāpnēm Prāgā , protestējot pret Padomju armijas iebrukumu un Prāgas pavasara apspiešanu 1968. gadā . 2009 . — Lietuvas galvaspilsētā Viļņā notika nemieri , kuros aptuveni 7000 cilvēku pulcējās pret valdību vērstā protestā pie Seima ēkas, mēģinot arī ielauzties parlamentā. Vairāk notikumu: 15. janvārī — 16. janvārī — 17. janvārī Arhīvs Šobrīd ir 2026 . gada 16. janvāris ( UTC ) – Atjaunināt lapu 1891 . — sākās Čīles Pilsoņu karš. 1920 . — tika ratificēti 18. grozījumi ASV konstitūcijā , ar ko stājās spēkā « sausais likums » — aizliegta alkoholisko dzērienu ražošana, importēšana un tirdzniecība. 1945 . — Ādolfs Hitlers pārcēlās uz Berlīnes apakšzemes bunkuru, kas pazīstams kā Fīrera bunkurs (attēlā pēc saspridzināšanas) . 1969 . — čehu students Jans Palahs pašaizdedzinājās uz Nacionālā muzeja kāpnēm Prāgā , protestējot pret Padomju armijas iebrukumu un Prāgas pavasara apspiešanu 1968. gadā . 2009 . — Lietuvas galvaspilsētā Viļņā notika nemieri , kuros aptuveni 7000 cilvēku pulcējās pret valdību vērstā protestā pie Seima ēkas, mēģinot arī ielauzties parlamentā. Vairāk notikumu: 15. janvārī — 16. janvārī — 17. janvārī Izveido rakstu Izveido rakstu Izveido rakstu Raksta izveidošana Rakstu vednis Iedvesmai Smilšu kaste eksperimentiem Dalībnieku uzvedības noteikumi Administrācija Raksta izveidošana Rakstu vednis Iedvesmai Smilšu kaste eksperimentiem Dalībnieku uzvedības noteikumi Administrācija Vikikrātuves dienas attēls Vikikrātuves dienas attēls Vikikrātuves dienas attēls .mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list{text-align:left;background:transparent;margin:1px}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list>div{width:32%;min-width:20em;white-space:nowrap;margin:0 1px;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list>div>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin:1px 0;padding:4px}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list>div>div:first-child{min-width:50px;text-align:center} Vikipēdija ir pieejama arī citās valodās , to skaitā: Eesti Lietuvių Latgaļu Līvõ Võro Žemaitiu Українська Français Deutsch English Vikipēdija ir bezpeļņas organizācijas Wikimedia Foundation projekts, kas saistīts arī ar vairākiem citiem brīvi pieejama satura projektiem: Commons Kopīga multimediju krātuve MediaWiki wiki programmatūras izstrāde Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Foundation projektu koordinēšana Wikibooks Rokasgrāmatas un pamācības Wikidata Brīva zinību bāze Wikiquote Citātu kolekcija Wikisource Free source dokumenti Wikivoyage Ceļvedis Wiktionary Vārdnīca Vikipēdija ir pieejama arī citās valodās , to skaitā: Eesti Lietuvių Latgaļu Līvõ Võro Žemaitiu Українська Français Deutsch English Vikipēdija ir bezpeļņas organizācijas Wikimedia Foundation projekts, kas saistīts arī ar vairākiem citiem brīvi pieejama satura projektiem: العربية Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti فارسی Suomi Français עברית Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 한국어 Latina Lietuvių Latgaļu Nederlands Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Šī lapa pēdējoreiz labota: 2022. gada 21. augusts plkst. 09.00. Lapa tika renderēta ar Parsoid . Teksts ir pieejams saskaņā ar Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike licenci ; var pastāvēt papildu ierobežojumi. Plašākai informācijai skatīt lietošanas noteikumus . Privātuma politika Par Vikipēdiju Saistību atrunas Uzvedības kodekss Izstrādātāji Statistika Sīkdatņu deklarācija Mobilais skats
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Origins 2 Publication 3 Contributors 4 Compilation and sources 5 Contents and controversies Toggle Contents and controversies subsection 5.1 Structure 5.2 Overall scope 5.3 Religion 5.4 Politics and society 5.5 Technology 5.1 Structure 5.2 Overall scope 5.3 Religion 5.4 Politics and society 5.5 Technology 6 Influence 7 The Encyclopédie in relation to Wikipedia 8 Statistics 9 Quotations 10 See also 11 References Toggle References subsection 11.1 Citations 11.2 Bibliography 11.1 Citations 11.2 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links Encyclopédie العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Български བོད་ཡིག Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lombard Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Title page Author Numerous contributors (edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert ) Language French Subject General Genre Reference encyclopedia Publisher André le Breton , Michel-Antoine David , Laurent Durand and Antoine-Claude Briasson Publication date 1751–1772 Publication place France Original text Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers at French Wikisource The Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers ( French for 'Encyclopedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts'), better known as the Encyclopédie ( .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} French: [ɑ̃siklɔpedi] ), was a general encyclopedia published in France between 1751 and 1772, with later supplements, revised editions, an index, and translations. It had many contributors, known among contemporaries as the Encyclopédistes . It was edited by Denis Diderot and, until 1759, co-edited by Jean le Rond d'Alembert . [ 1 ] The Encyclopédie is most famous for representing the thought of the Enlightenment . According to Diderot in the article "Encyclopédie", the Encyclopédie 's aim was "to change the way people think" and to allow people to inform themselves. [ 2 ] Diderot hoped the Encyclopédie would disseminate a vast amount of knowledge to the present and future generations. [ 3 ] Thus, it is an example of democratization of knowledge , though the high price of the first edition especially (980 livres) prevented it from being bought by much of the middle class. [ 4 ] The Encyclopédie was also the first encyclopedia to include contributions from many named contributors, and it was the first general encyclopedia to describe the mechanical arts in much detail. In the first edition, seventeen folio volumes of text were accompanied by eleven volumes of engravings. Later editions were published in smaller formats and with fewer engravings in order to reach a wider audience within Europe. [ 5 ] Origins The Encyclopédie was originally conceived as a French translation of Ephraim Chambers 's Cyclopaedia (1728). Chambers had first published his Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences in two volumes in London in 1728, following in the lineage of a handful of other dictionaries of the arts and sciences published in Europe since the late seventeenth century. [ 6 ] This work became renowned, and four editions were published between 1738 and 1742. An Italian translation appeared between 1747 and 1754. In France, a member of the banking family Lambert had started translating the Cyclopaedia into French, [ 7 ] but it was a translation of the Cyclopaedia undertaken around 1745 by the expatriate Englishman John Mills and the German Gottfried Sellius that attracted the interest of the Parisian bookseller and printer André Le Breton and led to the publication of the Encyclopédie . [ 8 ] Early in 1745 a prospectus for the Encyclopédie was published to attract subscribers to the project. Here, for the first time, the encyclopedia was entitled the Encyclopédie , a variant on the title chosen by Chambers. [ 9 ] The four-page prospectus included a schedule stating that the work would be published in five volumes from June 1746 through the end of 1748. [ 10 ] The prospectus was reviewed positively and cited at some length in several journals. The Jesuit-run Mémoires pour l'histoire des sciences et des beaux arts was lavish in its praise. [ 11 ] In June 1745, the Mercure printed a twenty-five-page article that praised Mills as a translator, equally fluent in French and English. [ 12 ] The Mercure also reported that Mills had recruited several scholars to help, had devoted his fortune to supporting the enterprise, and was the sole owner of the publishing privilege. [ 13 ] In fact, Mills' supposed fortune was probably fictional. [ 14 ] In any event, cooperation between Le Breton and Mills fell apart later on in 1745. Le Breton claimed among other things that Mills's knowledge of French was inadequate, an accusation supported by one contemporary. [ 15 ] In a confrontation with the sword-wielding Englishman, Le Breton assaulted Mills with his cane. Mills took Le Breton to court, but the court decided in Le Breton's favor. Mills returned to England soon afterward. [ 16 ] For his new editor, Le Breton settled on the mathematician Jean Paul de Gua de Malves . Among those hired by Gua de Malves were the young philosopher Étienne Bonnot de Condillac , the mathematician Jean le Rond d'Alembert , and Denis Diderot . Thirteen months later, in August 1747, Gua de Malves resigned under pressure from Le Breton, having proven an ineffective leader. [ 17 ] Le Breton then formed an alliance with three other booksellers (Antoine Briasson, Laurent Durand, and Michel-Antoine David) and hired Diderot and D'Alembert to be the new editors. D'Alembert left the role in 1758, but Diderot remained editor for the next 25 years, seeing the Encyclopédie through to its completion, though he threatened to resign upon discovering in 1764 that Le Breton, fearful of a crackdown, had been censoring some of his contributions to the Encyclopédie behind his back. [ 18 ] Publication The work consisted of 28 volumes, with approximately 71,818 articles and 2,784 plates of illustrations (the exact numbers depend on one's definition of an "article" and a "plate"). [ 19 ] The first seventeen volumes were published between 1751 and 1765; eleven volumes of plates were finished by 1772. The first edition had a pressrun of 4,225 copies, well above the average pressrun for French books at the time, which was around 2000 copies., [ 20 ] and it earned the four publishers profits of more than two million livres. [ 21 ] Because of its sometimes radical contents, the Encyclopédie stirred up controversy in conservative circles, and after the publication of the second volume, it was briefly suspended by a royal edict of 1752 accusing it of "destroying royal authority, fomenting a spirit of independence and revolt, and ... laying the groundwork for error, for the corruption of morals, and for irreligion and atheism." [ 22 ] In 1759, following the publication of the seventh volume, on the initiative of the Parlement of Paris , the French government suspended the encyclopedia's privilege. [ 23 ] Nevertheless, work continued "in secret," partially because the project had highly placed supporters, including the minister Malesherbes and the royal mistress Madame de Pompadour . [ 24 ] French authorities deliberately ignored the continuation of the work, thinking the official ban was sufficient to appease the church and other enemies of the project. During this period, Diderot and the publishers changed and apparently falsified the encyclopedia's imprint. The title pages of volumes 1 through 7, published between 1751 and 1757, claimed Paris as the place of publication. However, the title pages of volumes 8 through 17, published together in 1765, show Neufchastel as the place of publication. Neuchâtel was safely across the French border in what is now part of Switzerland but which was then an independent principality, where production of the Encyclopédie would have been secure from interference by the French state. Meanwhile, the actual production of volumes 8 through 17 quietly continued, presumably in Paris, but perhaps somewhere else. [ 25 ] To minimize publicity, the French government seems to have stipulated that the final volumes be released at the same time. The volumes were apparently finished in the summer of 1765, allowing delivery to begin by the end of the year. [ 26 ] The Encyclopédie also appeared in other formats and editions. [ 27 ] Two were published (in French) in the Italian cities of Lucca and Leghorn. Two others were published in the smaller formats of quarto and octavo, which allowed the price of the set to be brought within range of the upper middle class . While too original to count as a re-edition, the so-called Yverdon Encyclopédie (1770–80), published in the Swiss town of Yverdon, was inspired by and borrowed extensively from the Encyclopédie . [ 28 ] In 1775, the publisher Charles Joseph Panckoucke obtained the rights to the work. He issued five volumes of supplementary material and a two-volume index from 1776 to 1780. Some scholars include these seven "extra" volumes as part of the first full issue of the Encyclopédie , for a total of 35 volumes, although they were not written or edited by the original authors. [ citation needed ] From 1782 to 1832, Panckoucke and his successors published a greatly expanded edition of the work in some 166 volumes as the Encyclopédie méthodique . This enormous work, organized in thematic sub-series, occupied a thousand workers in production and 2,250 contributors. [ citation needed ] Contributors Since the objective of the editors of the Encyclopédie was to gather knowledge from myriad specialties, Diderot and D'Alembert knew they would need various contributors to help them with their project. [ 29 ] In the end, more than 140 people contributed at least one article. (For a detailed list, see Encyclopédistes .) Many of the philosophes ( intellectuals of the French Enlightenment ) contributed to the Encyclopédie , including Diderot himself, Voltaire , Rousseau , and Montesquieu . [ 30 ] The most prolific contributor was Louis de Jaucourt , who wrote 17,266 articles between 1759 and 1765, or about eight per day, representing a full 25% of the Encyclopédie . Especially after D'Alembert's resignation as co-editor, Jaucourt became a sort of unofficial second editor. [ 31 ] The publication of the Encyclopédie created opportunities for contributors to share their ideas and interests. In particular, social gatherings at the Parisian home of d'Holbach brought together a minority of contributors on a regular basis. [ 32 ] Still, as Frank Kafker has argued, the contributors were not a unified group: From almost the beginning of the publication of volume i in June 1751, many contemporaries took to calling the collaborators by the term "Encyclopedists" and assumed that they were a cohesive group of religious and political reformers in close-knit association.... But, as we shall see, the Encyclopedists were not a company of obedient soldiers led by a few generals in a campaign to destroy the Old Regime. They were instead a varied collection of men of letters, physicians, scientists, craftsmen, scholars, and others, each frequently following his own bent with little central direction. The Encyclopédie became not a party statement, but a great compendium of knowledge filled with contradictions, a mélange of ideas, some progressive and some conservative. [ 33 ] From almost the beginning of the publication of volume i in June 1751, many contemporaries took to calling the collaborators by the term "Encyclopedists" and assumed that they were a cohesive group of religious and political reformers in close-knit association.... But, as we shall see, the Encyclopedists were not a company of obedient soldiers led by a few generals in a campaign to destroy the Old Regime. They were instead a varied collection of men of letters, physicians, scientists, craftsmen, scholars, and others, each frequently following his own bent with little central direction. The Encyclopédie became not a party statement, but a great compendium of knowledge filled with contradictions, a mélange of ideas, some progressive and some conservative. [ 33 ] The Encyclopédie was the first encyclopedia to credit contributors within articles in a systematic way. This it accomplished for regular contributors by appending symbols (sometimes called "signatures") at the ends of articles. An "O" at the end of an article indicated D'Alembert as responsible, for example, just as an "L" did the anatomist Pierre Tarin . The symbols were set forth in the "Preliminary Discourse." From the beginning, however, some articles were anonymous, whether because of oversight or because no one dared to claim credit. The number of anonymous articles increased after 1759. Many of the most prolific contributors to the Encyclopédie were compensated for their work. At least twenty-nine of the thirty-eight contributors whose articles were identified by a symbol were paid by the publishers, and their pay constituted a significant share of their total income. From 1746 to 1767, Diderot received about 2,800 livres per year for his work as an editor and an author. By contrast, Jaucourt, a wealthy nobleman, seems to have offered his services to the publishers for next to nothing. Irregular contributors, for their part, were almost never paid for their articles. [ 34 ] Some contributors to the Encyclopédie were volunteers, but most were recruited, whether by one of the co-editors, another contributor, or someone else. [ 35 ] Contributors were generally recruited on the basis of their knowledge in a particular domain, which they were expected to contribute on. Claude Bourgelat , the author of two books on horses, thus wrote on manège and farriery; Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton , a naturalist and member of the Académie Royale des Sciences, wrote on natural history; and Le Breton, the publisher, wrote on printer's ink. [ 36 ] Still, specialties were not as narrowly defined as they would be for later encyclopedias. Notice, for example, the range of topics on which the following contributors wrote: D'Alembert – science (especially mathematics and physics), contemporary affairs, philosophy, religion Diderot – natural history, language, economics, mechanical arts, philosophy, politics, religion d'Holbach – chemistry, mineralogy, politics, religion Jaucourt – economics, literature, medicine, natural history, politics, geography Rousseau – music, political theory Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune – economics, etymology, philosophy, physics Voltaire – history, literature, philosophy Compilation and sources Like other dictionaries and encyclopedias, the Encyclopédie was more compiled than written from scratch. Especially since the large-scale digitization of historical texts in the late twentieth century, scholars have paid increasing attention to the ways in which contributors copied, paraphrased, pieced together, and (more generally) used other texts to make their own articles. Many alphabetical works, specialized and general, served as sources for the Encyclopédie , but the two most important were probably the Cyclopaedia and France’s venerable Jesuit encyclopedia, the Dictionnaire universal françois-latin (1704, nicknamed the Dictionnaire de Trévoux ). Numerous articles translated from the Cyclopaedia ended up being published in the Encyclopédie with little change, a fact Diderot later regretted. [ 37 ] Likewise, as Marie Leca-Tsiomis has shown, the Dictionnaire de Trévoux was a source for (and foil) for the Encyclopédie . In a sample of articles from “Io” to “ Jouissance ,” for example, she found nine articles involving unsubtle copying. [ 38 ] Beyond simple copying, consider Diderot’s article “Aguaxima”: AGUAXIMA, ( Nat. hist. bot. ), a plant from Brazil and the islands of South America. This is all we are told about it; and I would like to know for whom such descriptions are made. It cannot be for the natives of the countries concerned, who are likely to know more about the aguaxima than is contained in this description [….] It is not meant for us either, for what do we care that there is a tree in Brazil named aguaxima , if all we know about it is its name? What is the point of giving the name? It leaves the ignorant just as they were and teaches the rest of us nothing. If I nonetheless mention this plant here, along with several others that are described just as poorly, then it is out of consideration for certain readers who prefer to find nothing in a dictionary article or even to find something silly, than to find no article at all. AGUAXIMA, ( Nat. hist. bot. ), a plant from Brazil and the islands of South America. This is all we are told about it; and I would like to know for whom such descriptions are made. It cannot be for the natives of the countries concerned, who are likely to know more about the aguaxima than is contained in this description [….] It is not meant for us either, for what do we care that there is a tree in Brazil named aguaxima , if all we know about it is its name? What is the point of giving the name? It leaves the ignorant just as they were and teaches the rest of us nothing. If I nonetheless mention this plant here, along with several others that are described just as poorly, then it is out of consideration for certain readers who prefer to find nothing in a dictionary article or even to find something silly, than to find no article at all. To understand Diderot’s frustration and irony here, it helps to know that he was reacting to an article of the same name in the Dictionnaire de Trévoux : AGUAXIMA. A term in botany. This is a plant found in Brazil and in the isalnds of South America. See QUEUE DE LEZARD. It is a species of this. [ 39 ] AGUAXIMA. A term in botany. This is a plant found in Brazil and in the isalnds of South America. See QUEUE DE LEZARD. It is a species of this. [ 39 ] Non-alphabetical sources as well were frequently copied or paraphrased into the Encyclopédie , verbatim or paraphrased, often with little or no acknowledgment, among them Johann Jakob Brucker’s Historia critica philosophiae [ 40 ] and George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon’s Histoire naturelle . [ 41 ] Contents and controversies Structure The introduction to the Encyclopédie , D'Alembert's " Preliminary Discourse ", is considered an important exposition of Enlightenment ideals. Among other things, it presents a taxonomy of human knowledge (see Fig. 3). The idea of presenting a taxonomy of knowledge in the introduction to an alphabetical encyclopedia arose with the Cyclopaedia . More specific inspiration for the one in the Encyclopédie came from Francis Bacon 's The Advancement of Learning . The three main branches of knowledge were: "Memory"/History, "Reason"/Philosophy, and "Imagination"/Poetry. In this taxonomy and elsewhere, D'Alembert's " Preliminary Discourse " made human reason , and not religious or other authority, the measure of knowledge. [ 42 ] According to the “Preliminary Discourse,” the purpose of the tree of knowledge was to allow users of the Encyclopédie to relate articles they consulted to the entirety of knowledge. [ 43 ] Accordingly, the first article in the Encyclopédie , on the letter “A,” began, following the headword, with a parenthetical indication of its place in the tree of knowledge. Notice the abbreviations in italics, which correspond to levels in the tree of knowledge: A, a & a s.m. ( ordre Encyclopéd. Entend. Science de l'homme, Logique, Art de communiquer, Gramm. ) caractere ou figure de la premiere lettre de l'Alphabet, en latin, en françois, & en presque toutes les Langues de l'Europe. [ 44 ] A, a & a s.m. ( ordre Encyclopéd. Entend. Science de l'homme, Logique, Art de communiquer, Gramm. ) caractere ou figure de la premiere lettre de l'Alphabet, en latin, en françois, & en presque toutes les Langues de l'Europe. [ 44 ] Such indications are often called rubrics in English (“désignants” in French). They had already been used in previous encyclopedias, [ 45 ] but the Cyclopaedia was the first to relate them to an introductory overview of knowledge. In theory, rubrics in the Encyclopédie were supposed to match keywords in the tree of knowledge, but the correspondence was already breaking down in the opening pages of volume 1. Some articles had no rubrics. More seriously, new rubrics were invented that had nothing to do with the tree of knowledge, [ 46 ] and neither co-editor did much to impose any standardization. [ 47 ] As the volumes progressed, the tree of knowledge seems to have faded from the awareness of Diderot and the other contributors. Tellingly, when D’Alembert reprinted materials from the Encyclopédie in his Mélanges , he left out the tree of knowledge. Nor, when proposing ideas for an encyclopedia later in life, did Diderot suggest including a tree of knowledge. [ 48 ] However disillusioned the co-editors may have been with their tree of knowledge, the idea became somewhat fashionable after the time of the Encyclopédie before largely disappearing from the world of encyclopedias in the mid-nineteenth century. [ 49 ] One much-discussed structural feature of the Encyclopédie is the cross-reference, a kind of precursor to the hyper-link. [ 50 ] Cross-references had long been familiar to scholars, and they had been used in dictionaries and encyclopedias well before the time of the Encyclopédie . The Cyclopaedia was the first encyclopedia to use a large number of cross-references in a systematic way. Chambers’ general goal was to counter the fragmenting effects of alphabetical order by establishing links. [ 51 ] Having begun its existence as an expanded translation, the Encyclopédie inherited its favor for cross-references from the Cyclopaedia . At times, it even inherited the specific cross-references used in the Cyclopaedia in the midst of translated articles. Unlike the Cyclopaedia , however, the Encyclopédie was written by numerous collaborators, all of whom had their own ideas about how to use cross-references. The editors seem to have done little to impose uniformity. [ 52 ] In the article “Encyclopédie,” Diderot reviewed his work on the Encyclopédie and mused about the role of cross-references in an encyclopedia. Among other things, he noted the possibility of using satirical cross-references to subvert authority, though he cautioned against using them frequently and did not suggest that the Encyclopédie contained any such cross-references. Still, since at least 1759, people have claimed that the Encyclopédie featured a “system” of such cross-references. [ 53 ] One of the examples most commonly cited can be found at the end of the article “Cannibals” (in French, “Anthropophages”): The pagans accused the first Christians of cannibalism; they permitted, it was said, the crime of Oedipus, and they renewed the scene of Thyestes. It seems, from Tatian’s works, from the eighth chapter of Tertullian’s apology for the Christians, and from Salvian’s fourth book of Providence, that it was the secret celebration of our mysteries that gave rise to these calumnies. They kill a child, the pagans added, and eat its flesh; accusations that were based only on vague notions of the Eucharist and the communion which they had drawn from the words of the poorly educated. See EUCHARIST, COMMUNION, ALTAR, &c. (G) [ 54 ] The pagans accused the first Christians of cannibalism; they permitted, it was said, the crime of Oedipus, and they renewed the scene of Thyestes. It seems, from Tatian’s works, from the eighth chapter of Tertullian’s apology for the Christians, and from Salvian’s fourth book of Providence, that it was the secret celebration of our mysteries that gave rise to these calumnies. They kill a child, the pagans added, and eat its flesh; accusations that were based only on vague notions of the Eucharist and the communion which they had drawn from the words of the poorly educated. See EUCHARIST, COMMUNION, ALTAR, &c. (G) [ 54 ] Yet, as Marie Leca-Tsiomis has pointed out, the very same article, with the same cross-references, had already appeared in English in the Cyclopaedia , an encyclopedia never considered a hotbed of subversive cross-references. Furthermore, as the “G” at the end of the article shows, the translation from the Cyclopaedia was signed (and thus apparently approved) by Mallet, an orthodox clergyman. If he had considered the article disrespectful toward Christianity, he would surely have reacted when the article was published. More generally, Leca-Tsiomis concludes, there is simply no evidence of a system of ironic cross-references in the Encyclopédie . [ 55 ] Entries in the Encyclopédie were of widely varying lengths, some just a line long, others extending to dozens of pages. Some of the longest can be found under “Fourneau” (88 columns on chemists’ furnaces), “Verrerie” (80 columns on glass-making), “Venerie” (73 columns on hunting), “Soie” (71 columns on silk-making), and “Parlement” (70 columns on the Parlement of Paris). [ 56 ] Here, once again, we see the emphasis the Encyclopédie placed on the mechanical arts. Overall scope The Encyclopédie was narrower in scope than nineteenth- and twentieth-century encyclopedias (which covered history lavishly), and much narrower in scope than Wikipedia (which also covers popular culture lavishly). Like the Cyclopaedia , its model, it was a dictionary of the arts and sciences – or, rather, to quote its subtitle, a dictionary of the sciences, arts, and crafts. In contemporary parlance, dictionaries of the arts and sciences were often contrasted with historical dictionaries, the former concentrating on areas of knowledge that could be understood as rational systems, the latter concentrating on contingent facts. [ 57 ] Dictionaries of the arts and sciences had been encroaching on historical knowledge since their beginnings in the late seventeenth century, [ 58 ] and the process continued with the Encyclopédie , which covered geography more thoroughly than the Cyclopaedia or any previous dictionary of the arts and sciences. It covered history only patchily, however, and the omission reflected not simply an oversight but a conviction that historical knowledge belonged in a different kind of work. [ 59 ] In the article 'Encyclopédie', Diderot wrote that “the purpose of an encyclopedia is to bring together knowledge scattered across the surface of the earth.” [ 60 ] At the beginning of the work, neither Diderot nor D’Alembert planned for biographical articles, thinking them extraneous to a dictionary of the arts and sciences. The omission was apparently criticized, for the editors defended their position in volume 3. [ 61 ] Soon afterward, declaring independence, it would seem, from a policy he disagreed with, [ 62 ] Jaucourt began introducing biographies of individuals in geographical articles in volume 6. Normally he placed the biographies in articles on the subjects’ places of birth, though at times he used places where they had flourished or died. Such biographies proliferated and came to dominate many geographical articles. The articles on the towns of Pau, Stratford, and Wolstrope, for example, were devoted almost entirely to the lives of Henry IV, William Shakespeare, and Isaac Newton , respectively. [ 63 ] The Supplément to the Encyclopédie , run by a new editor, allowed for biographical articles under the subject’s own name, which avoided some of the inconveniences of Jaucourt’s system. [ 64 ] From the beginning, the Encyclopédie covered the science of grammar, but it was not intended to be a dictionary of the French language. As the work progressed, however, Diderot became more concerned about the role of language in the transmission of knowledge, and he began to include articles on ordinary language. [ 65 ] Religion Some contributors to the Encyclopédie wrote about religion in an orthodox way, notably Edmé-François Mallet . By contrast, some challenged religious authority, locating religion within a system of reason and philosophy, and some doubted the reality of events in the Bible or questioned the existence of miracles such as the Resurrection. [ 66 ] To defend themselves from controversy, heterodox contributors often left their articles anonymous, hid criticism in obscure articles, or expressed it in ironic terms. [ 67 ] At times, nonetheless, they openly attacked the Catholic Church, criticizing, for example, monasteries, the "excess" of religious festivals, or the celibacy of the clergy. [ 68 ] Politics and society The Encyclopédie helped disseminate some of the Enlightenment's political theories. In famous articles such as "Political Authority," Diderot and other authors traced political authority back to ordinary people and away from divinity or princely lineages. This Enlightenment ideal, espoused by Rousseau and others, gave people the right to consent to their government in a kind of social contract. [ 69 ] Another component of the Encyclopédie 's politics was advocacy for personal or natural rights. Articles such as "Natural Rights" by Diderot explored the relationship between individuals and the general will . To balance this relationship, humanity requires civil society and laws that benefit everyone. In varying degrees, contributors to the Encyclopédie criticized Thomas Hobbes ' notions of a selfish humanity in need of a sovereign to rule over it. [ 70 ] On the matter of slavery, the Encyclopédie was, characteristically, ambivalent. While some authors reported on slavery matter-of-factly or even defended it, Jaucourt mounted an attack on the institution in his article "Slave Trade" ("Traite des nègres"). [ 71 ] In economics, the Encyclopédie expressed favor for laissez-faire ideals or principles of economic liberalism . Articles on economics or markets, such as "Political Economy," generally favored competition and denounced monopolies, including guilds. Some contributors proposed extending laissez-faire principles beyond traditional markets, allowing, for example, schools to be privatized and careers opened to anyone. [ 72 ] Technology The Encyclopédie was a vast compendium of knowledge, notably on the period's technology, the so-called mechanical arts. At the start of the project, Diderot had hoped to collect information on the mechanical arts by visiting workshops and interviewing artisans. Sometimes he did so, but in the end, much of the work's information on technology was taken from experts and books, notably the Descriptions des Arts et Métiers . [ 73 ] Appearing as it did in the dawning Industrial Revolution, the Encyclopédie may come across as dated in its appreciation of technology, but some of the technology it overlooks (for example, the production of coke-smelted iron) was still little-known outside of Britain and Holland. [ 74 ] Influence By 1789, in its various editions, some 25,000 sets of the Encyclopédie had been sold throughout Europe. [ 75 ] Chambers' (and then Abraham Rees 's) much smaller Cyclopaedia went through more editions (including translations) [ 76 ] and presumably sold in more sets, since at least one of the pressruns was as high as those of the Encyclopédie . [ 77 ] Still, the third edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica , which was almost as large as the Encyclopédie , sold 13,000 sets, half as many as the Encyclopédie , [ 78 ] and the only eighteenth-century encyclopedia that was bigger than the Encyclopédie , the Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon (1732–50), seems to have sold only 1,500 sets. [ 79 ] Unlike the Cyclopaedia , the Encyclopédie was never published in a comprehensive translation, though attempts at such a translation were made in English and German. [ 80 ] In part, French, unlike Chambers’ English, was understood by elites throughout Europe and elsewhere. More importantly, extracts were published in several languages, including the "Preliminary Discourse." In Russian, at least twenty-nine works were published between 1767 and 1805 based on articles from the Encyclopédie . [ 81 ] In the history of encyclopedias, the Encyclopédie was significant in several respects. It was the first encyclopedia known to have been written by numerous contributors, and it pioneered the practice of making ascriptions of authorship in individual articles. Whereas encyclopedia-like works from before the mid-eighteenth century were typically called dictionaries or lexica, the name encyclopedia was gradually adopted as the generic term for such works in the late eighteenth century, thanks to the prestige of the Cyclopaedia and especially the Encyclopédie . [ 82 ] "No encyclopaedia perhaps has been of such political importance, or has occupied so conspicuous a place in the civil and literary history of its century. It sought not only to give information, but to guide opinion," wrote the Encyclopædia Britannica in 1911. [ 83 ] In fact, many encyclopedias throughout history have sought to promote their own point of view, from the warring Protestant and Catholic encyclopedias of the early modern period [ 84 ] to the famous Nazi edition of Meyer’s encyclopedia in the mid-twentieth century. [ 85 ] In The Encyclopédie and the Age of Revolution , Clorinda Donato writes the following: The encyclopedians successfully argued and marketed their belief in the potential of reason and unified knowledge to empower human will and thus helped to shape the social issues that the French Revolution would address. Although it is doubtful whether the many artisans, technicians, or laborers whose work and presence are interspersed throughout the Encyclopédie actually read it, the recognition of their work as equal to that of intellectuals, clerics, and rulers prepared the terrain for demands for increased representation. Thus the Encyclopédie served to recognize and galvanize a new power base, ultimately contributing to the destruction of old values and the creation of new ones. [ 86 ] The encyclopedians successfully argued and marketed their belief in the potential of reason and unified knowledge to empower human will and thus helped to shape the social issues that the French Revolution would address. Although it is doubtful whether the many artisans, technicians, or laborers whose work and presence are interspersed throughout the Encyclopédie actually read it, the recognition of their work as equal to that of intellectuals, clerics, and rulers prepared the terrain for demands for increased representation. Thus the Encyclopédie served to recognize and galvanize a new power base, ultimately contributing to the destruction of old values and the creation of new ones. [ 86 ] Once the French Revolution broke out, certainly, the Encyclopédie became associated with political revolution. The association was easy to make in that enemies of the Enlightenment often used the terms encyclopedist and philosophe as synonyms. In the early United States, enemies of Thomas Jefferson, who was sympathetic to the French Revolution and to revolution in general, criticized him, among other ways, by citing damning passages from the Encyclopédie , which he owned. [ 87 ] Likewise, in 1814, a defender of the Spanish empire claimed that the struggle for Peruvian independence was “inspired by the doctrines of the encyclopedists.” [ 88 ] The Encyclopédie in relation to Wikipedia The historian Dan O'Sullivan compares the Encyclopédie to Wikipedia : Like Wikipedia, the Encyclopédie was a collaborative effort involving numerous writers and technicians. As do Wikipedians today, Diderot and his colleagues needed to engage with the latest technology in dealing with the problems of designing an up-to-date encyclopedia. These included what kind of information to include, how to set up links between various articles, and how to achieve the maximum readership. [ 89 ] Like Wikipedia, the Encyclopédie was a collaborative effort involving numerous writers and technicians. As do Wikipedians today, Diderot and his colleagues needed to engage with the latest technology in dealing with the problems of designing an up-to-date encyclopedia. These included what kind of information to include, how to set up links between various articles, and how to achieve the maximum readership. [ 89 ] Statistics Approximate size of the Encyclopédie : 17 volumes of articles, issued from 1751 to 1765 11 volumes of illustrations, issued from 1762 to 1772 18,000 pages of text 75,000 entries 44,000 main articles 28,000 secondary articles 2,500 illustration indices 44,000 main articles 28,000 secondary articles 2,500 illustration indices 20,000,000 words in total Quotations "Reason is to the philosopher what grace is to the Christian... Other men walk in darkness; the philosopher, who has the same passions, acts only after reflection; he walks through the night, but it is preceded by a torch. The philosopher forms his principles on an infinity of particular observations. He does not confuse truth with plausibility; he takes for truth what is true, for forgery what is false, for doubtful what is doubtful, and probable what is probable. The philosophical spirit is thus a spirit of observation and accuracy." ( Philosophers , Dumarsais) "If exclusive privileges were not granted, and if the financial system would not tend to concentrate wealth, there would be few great fortunes and no quick wealth. When the means of growing rich is divided between a greater number of citizens, wealth will also be more evenly distributed; extreme poverty and extreme wealth would be also rare." 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New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} ISBN 1-4039-6895-0 . Birn, Raymond. " Encyclopedie ." In Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment . Ed. Alan Charles Kors. 4 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2003. 1: 403-409. Birn, Raymond. “Les Mots et les images: L’Encyclopédie, le projet de Diderot et la stratégie des éditeurs.” Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine 35 (1988): 637-51. Boussuge, Emmanuel. "La chronologie de l' Encyclopédie interdite: Les dix derniers volumes: Tomes VIII a XVII (1762-1765)." Dix-huitième siècle 52 (2020): 287-302. Bradshaw, Lael Ely. “Ephraim Chambers’ Cyclopaedia .” In Notable Encyclopedias of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries . Ed. Frank A. Kafker. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation: 1981. 123-40. Brewer, Daniel (1993). The Discourse of Enlightenment in Eighteenth-century France: Diderot and the Art of Philosophizing . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521414838 . . Brewer, Daniel. "The Encyclopédie : Innovation and Legacy." In New Essays on Diderot . Ed. James Fowler, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. ISBN 0-521-76956-6 . Chinard, Gilbert. "L' Encyclopédie et le rayonnement de l'esprit encyclopédique en Amérique." Cahiers de l'AIEF 1-2 (1951): 3-22. Curran, Andrew S. The Anatomy of Blackness: Science & Slavery in an Age of Enlightenment. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011. Curran, Andrew S. . Diderot and the Art of Thinking Freely . New York: Random House, 2019. ISBN 978-1590516706 . Darnton, Robert . The Business of Enlightenment: A Publishing History of the Encyclopédie, 1775-1800 . Cambridge: Belknap, 1979. Dawson, Robert L. The French Booktrade and the "Permission simple" of 1777: Copyright and the Public Domain . Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2013. Denny, Joseph M., and Paul M. Mitchell. "Russian Translations of the Encyclopédie." In Notable Encyclopedias of the Late Eighteenth Century . Ed. Frank A. Kafker. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1994. 335-86. Doig, Kathleen Hardesty. From Encyclopédie to Encyclopédie méthodique: Revision and Expansion . Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2013. Doig, Kathleen Hardesty, et al . “Colin Macfarquhar, George Gleig, and Possibly James Tytler’s Edition (1788-97): The Attainment of Recognition and Eminence.” In The Early Britannica . Ed. Frank A. Kafker and Jeff Loveland. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2009. 156-251. Donato, Clorinda, and Robert M. Maniquis, eds. The Encyclopédie and the Age of Revolution . Boston: G. K. Hall, 1992. Dörflinger, Johannes. Die Geographie in der 'Encyclopédie: Eine wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Studie . Vienna: Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1976. Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers . Ed. Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond D’Alembert. 28 vols. [Paris]: [Briasson et al .], 1751-72. Glatigny, M., ed. Les Marques d'usage dans les dictionnaires (XVIIe - XVIIIe siècles . Lille: Presses Universitaires de Lille, 1990. Gordon, Douglas H., and Norman L. Torrey. The Censoring of Diderot's Encyclopédie and the Re-Established Text . New York: Columbia University Press, 1947. Holmberg, Linn. “Encyklopedisten: Striden om upplysningen.” In Historiska typer . Ed. Peter Josephson and Leif Runefelt. Vilnius: Gidlunds, 2020. 99-120. Hunt, Lynn . The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures: A Concise History: Volume II: Since 1340 . Second edition. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2007. ISBN 0-312-43937-7 . Juntke, Fritz. Johann Heinrich Zedler’s Grosses vollständiges Universallexikon: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Nachdruckes in Mitteldeutschland . Halle: Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 1956. Kafker, Frank A. The Encyclopedists as a Group: A Collective Biography of the Authors of the Encyclopédie . Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1996. Kafker, Frank A. "Les traductions de l' Encyclopédie au XVIIIe siècle: Quelle fut leur influence?" Recherches sur Diderot et sur l'Encyclopédie 12 (1992): 165-73. Kafker, Frank A., and Serena L. Kafker. The Encyclopedists as Individuals: A Biographical Dictionary of the Authors of the Encyclopédie . Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1988. Kafker, Frank A., and Jeff Loveland. “La Vie agitée de l’abbé De Gua de Malves et sa direction de l’ Encyclopédie .” Recherches sur Diderot et sur l’Encyclopédie 47 (2012): 187-203. Kramnick, Isaac . "Encyclopédie." In The Portable Enlightenment Reader . Ed. Kramnick. Toronto: Penguin Books, 1995. ISBN 0-14-024566-9 . Leca-Tsiomis, Marie. “Le Capuchon des cordeliers: Une légende de l’Encyclopédie.” Recherches sur Diderot et sur l’Encyclopédie 50 (2015): 348-53. Leca-Tsiomis, Marie. “Du Dictionnaire de Furetière au Grand vocabulaire français de Panckoucke: La Joute confessionnelle des dictionnaires et des encyclopédies.” In L’Encyclopédie d’Yverdon et sa résonance européenne . Ed. Jean-Daniel Candaux et al . Geneva: Slatkine, 2005. 13-29. Leca-Tsiomis, Marie. Ecrire l'Encyclopédie: Diderot: De l'usage des dictionnaires à la grammaire philosophique . Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1999. Leca-Tsiomis, Marie. "L' Encyclopédie selon Jaucourt." In Le Chevalier de Jaucourt: L'Homme aux dix-sept mille articles . Ed. Gilles Barroux and Francois Pepin. Paris: Societe Diderot, 2015. 71-82. Leca-Tsiomis, Marie. “Langue et grammaire dans l’Encyclopédie.” In L’Encyclopédie ou la création des disciplines . Ed. Martine Groult. Paris: CNRS, 2003. 203-14. Leca-Tsiomis, Marie. “Le ‘Système figuré des connaissances humaines’ de l'Encyclopédie: Théorie et pratique.” In L'Esprit de système au XVIIIe siècle . Ed. Sophie Marchand and Élise Pavy-Guilbert. Paris: Hermann, 2017. Lough, John. The Encyclopédie . New York: McKay, 1971. Loveland, Jeff. “A Laissez-Faire Encyclopedia? A Comparative View of Diderot as Editor of the Encyclopédie .” Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture 46 (2017): 205-27. Loveland, Jeff. The European Encyclopedia, from 1650 to the Twenty-First Century . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Lyons, Martyn. Books: A Living History . London: Thames & Hudson, 2013. McMahon, Darrin M. Enemies of Enlightenment: The French Counter-Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. [Mills, John, and André Le Breton]. Prospectus for Encyclopédie . Paris: Le Breton, 1745. Prodöhl, Ines. Die Politik des Wissens: Allgemeine deutsche Enzyklopädien zwischen 1928 und 1956 . Berlin: Akademie, 2011. Proust, Jacques. Diderot et l'Encyclopédie . New edition. Paris: Albin Michel, 1995. Rees, Thomas. Reminiscences of Literary London from 1779 to 1853 . New York: Harper, 1896. Roche, Daniel. "Encyclopedias and the Diffusion of Knowledge." In The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-century Political Thought . Ed. Mark Goldie and Robert Wokler . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 172–94. Schmitt, Stéphane. "Les liens entre les volumes de planches de l’ Encyclopédie et l’ Histoire naturelle de Buffon." Recherches sur Diderot et sur l'Encyclopédie 57 (2022): 41-71. Schwab, R. N., W. E. Rex, and J. Lough. Inventory of Diderot's Encyclopédie . 7 vols. Geneva and Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1971-84. Shackleton, Robert. "The Encyclopédie as an International Phenomenon." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 114 (1970): 389-94. Voss, Jürgen. "Verbreitung, Rezeption und Nachwirkung der Encyclopedie in Deutschland." In Aufklärungen: Frankreich und Deutschland im 18. Jahrhundert . Ed. Gerhard Sauder and Jochen Schlobach. Heidelberg: Winter, 1985. 183–92. Weil, F. "L'impression des tomes VIII à XVII de l'Encyclopédie." Recherches sur Diderot et sur l'Encyclopédie 1 (1986): 85-93. Werner, Stephen. “Abraham Rees’s Eighteenth-Century Cyclopaedia .” In Notable Encyclopedias of the Late Eighteenth Century . Ed. Frank A. Kafker. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1994. 183-99. Wilson, Arthur M. Diderot . New York: Oxford University Press, 1972. Yeo, Richard. Encyclopaedic Visions: Scientific Dictionaries and Enlightenment Culture . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Zimmer, Michael. “Renvois of the Past, Present and Future: Hyperlinks and the Structuring of Knowledge from the Encyclopédie to Web 2.0.” New Media and Society 11 (2009): 95-113. Further reading D'Alembert, Jean Le Rond. Preliminary discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot , translated by Richard N. Schwab, 1995. ISBN 0-226-13476-8 Darnton, Robert. "The Encyclopédie Wars of Prerevolutionary France." American Historical Review 78 (1973): 1331–52. online ENCICLOPEDIA DEGLI ILLUMINISTI - Antologia tecnica e scientifica (in Italian language), edited by Claudio Pierini, Cierre Grafica, Verona 2022. ISBN 978-883-210-2635 Encyclopédie ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers , Editions Flammarion, 1993. ISBN 2-08-070426-5 Grimsley. Ronald. Jean d'Alembert (1963) Hazard, Paul. European thought in the Eighteenth Century from Montesquieu to Lessing (1954). pp. 199–224 Lough, John. Essays on the Encyclopédie of Diderot and d'Alembert . Oxford UP, 1968. Pannabecker, John R. Diderot, the Mechanical Arts, and the Encyclopédie , 1994. External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers at Wikimedia Commons Texts on Wikisource: " Encyclopédie ". New International Encyclopedia . 1905. " Encyclopédie ". The Nuttall Encyclopædia . 1907. " Encyclopédie ". New International Encyclopedia . 1905. " Encyclopédie ". The Nuttall Encyclopædia . 1907. French Wikisource has original text related to this article: Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers Digitized version of the Encyclopédie Diderot – search engine in tribute to Diderot University of Chicago on-line version with an English interface and the dates of publication Archived August 8, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Guide to the Engraving "Aiguiller-Bonnetier" from Diderot's Encyclopedia 1762 Encyclopedia of Diderot and d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project currently contains a growing collection of articles translated into English (3,053 articles and sets of plates as of September 30, 2020). Online Books Page presentation of the first edition The Encyclopédie , BBC Radio 4 discussion with Judith Hawley, Caroline Warman and David Wootton ( In Our Time , Oct. 26, 2006) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Denis Diderot v t e Works Philosophical Thoughts The Skeptic's Walk The Indiscreet Jewels Letter on the Blind Letter on the Deaf and Dumb On the interpretation of Nature Le Fils naturel Le Père de famille Conversation with the Marèchale de *** Sur les femmes Refutation of Helvetius La Religieuse Rameau's Nephew D'Alembert's Dream Jacques the Fatalist Madame de La Carlière Paradox of the Actor Supplément au voyage de Bougainville This is not a story Essay on the Life of Seneca Mystification Philosophical Thoughts The Skeptic's Walk The Indiscreet Jewels Letter on the Blind Letter on the Deaf and Dumb On the interpretation of Nature Le Fils naturel Le Père de famille Conversation with the Marèchale de *** Sur les femmes Refutation of Helvetius La Religieuse Rameau's Nephew D'Alembert's Dream Jacques the Fatalist Madame de La Carlière Paradox of the Actor Supplément au voyage de Bougainville This is not a story Essay on the Life of Seneca Mystification Editor Encyclopédie Encyclopédistes Encyclopédie Encyclopédistes Encyclopédistes Related Anne-Antoinette Diderot (wife) Didier Diderot (father) Denis Diderot House of Enlightenment Histoire des deux Indes Anne-Antoinette Diderot (wife) Didier Diderot (father) Denis Diderot House of Enlightenment Histoire des deux Indes Authority control databases VIAF GND VIAF GND Encyclopédie 1751 non-fiction books 18th-century encyclopedias Age of Enlightenment Encyclopedias in French Modern philosophical literature Philosophy of science literature Science studies Scientific Revolution Censored books Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles containing French-language text Articles that link to foreign-language Wikisources Pages with French IPA All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2025 Commons category link from Wikidata Commons link from Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Nuttall Encyclopedia Webarchive template wayback links This page was last edited on 27 December 2025, at 23:04 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Foundation and regional importance 1.2 Colonialism 1.3 Independence 1.1 Foundation and regional importance 1.2 Colonialism 1.3 Independence 2 Climate 3 Government 4 Education 5 Sport 6 Health 7 Transport Toggle Transport subsection 7.1 Air transport 7.2 Rail 7.1 Air transport 7.2 Rail 8 Economy 9 Twin towns – sister cities 10 Parks 11 Culture Toggle Culture subsection 11.1 Art and crafts 11.2 Places of worship 11.1 Art and crafts 11.2 Places of worship 12 Notable people 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Bibliography Toggle Bibliography subsection 16.1 Sources 16.1 Sources 17 External links Ouagadougou Адыгабзэ Afrikaans አማርኛ Anarâškielâ العربية Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu अवधी Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali Bamanankan বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Fulfulde Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Ikinyarwanda Kiswahili Kongo Kotava Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Livvinkarjala Lombard Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Мокшень Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Tyap Удмурт Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Ghanaian Pidgin Kumoring Moore Tolışi Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Wikidata item Ouagadougou .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Waogdgo ( Mossi ) Wagadugu ( Dyula ) Ouagadougou ( French ) Waogdgo ( Mossi ) Wagadugu ( Dyula ) Ouagadougou ( French ) Capital city .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}} From top: Ouagadougou skyline, statue of Joanny Thévenoud in front of Ouagadougou Cathedral , Grand Mosque, National Assembly of Burkina Faso , Hall of Martyrs (formerly the Memorial to National Heroes) .mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top} Coat of arms Nickname: Ouaga .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} Ouagadougou Location within Burkina Faso Show map of Burkina Faso Ouagadougou Ouagadougou (Africa) Show map of Africa Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 12°22′17″N 1°31′10″W / 12.37139°N 1.51944°W / 12.37139; -1.51944 Country Burkina Faso Regions Centre Region Province Kadiogo Founded 1050 [ 1 ] Area • Capital city 520 km 2 (200 sq mi) • Metro 2,805 km 2 (1,083 sq mi) Elevation 305 m (1,001 ft) Population (2019) [ 2 ] • Capital city 2,415,266 • Density 4,600/km 2 (12,000/sq mi) • Urban 3,063,271 • Metro 3,358,934 • Metro density 1,197/km 2 (3,101/sq mi) Time zone UTC+00:00 ( GMT ) Area code +226 Climate Aw Website www .mairie-ouaga .bf Ouagadougou or Wagadugu [ 3 ] ( / ˌ w ɑː ɡ ə ˈ d uː ɡ uː / ⓘ ; Mossi : Waogdgo , .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} pronounced [ˈwɔɣədəɣʊ] ; Dyula : Wagadugu ; French : Ouagadougou , pronounced [waɡaduɡu] ) is the capital and largest city of Burkina Faso , [ 4 ] and the administrative, communications, cultural and economic centre of the nation. It has a population of 2,415,266 in 2019. [ 2 ] The city's name is often shortened to Ouaga . The inhabitants are called ouagalais . The spelling of the name Ouagadougou is derived from the French orthography common in former French African colonies . Ouagadougou's primary industries are food processing and textiles . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] It is served by an international airport and is linked by rail to Abidjan in the Ivory Coast and, for freight only, to Kaya . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] There are several highways linking the city to Niamey , Niger , south to Ghana, and southwest to Ivory Coast. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Ouagadougou has one of West Africa's largest markets, which burned down in 2003 and has since reopened with better facilities and improved fire-prevention measures. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Other attractions include the National Museum of Burkina Faso, the Moro-Naba Palace (site of the Moro-Naba Ceremony ), the National Museum of Music , and several craft markets. [ 19 ] History Foundation and regional importance Ouagadougou was founded possibly as early as 1050 by the Soninke Wangara diaspora from the Ghana Empire , also known as Wagadu. The name Wagadugu means 'home of the Wagu', the Soninke subgroup that ruled Ghana. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Ouagadougou is a Francophone spelling of this name. The Mossi people , moving north in the 14th century, conquered Wagadugu around the same time they raided Walata , contributing to the decline of the Mali Empire . [ 22 ] According to legend, the city was taken by Oubri, a grandson of Ouedraogo . [ 23 ] The eponymous Wagadugu Kingdom was founded in the 15th century, [ 24 ] which became the main center of the Mossi States around 1495. [ 25 ] The 10th Moro Naba, Nyadfo, was the first Moro-Naba to live at Ouagadougou, in the middle of the 17th century. It became the permanent capital under the 21st Moro Naba, Zombre, a century later. [ 26 ] The Moro-Naba Ceremony is still performed every Friday by the Moro-Naba and his court. The 24th Moro Naba, Doulougou, built the first mosque in Ouagadougou early in the nineteenth century. [ 26 ] Colonialism On 5 September 1896 French forces entered Ouagadougou and burned the city to the ground. [ 27 ] In 1919 the colonial administration made Ouagadougou the capital of the Upper Volta territory, extensively rebuilding the town. In 1954 the railroad line from Ivory Coast reached the city, spurring massive population growth. [ 26 ] Independence On 15 January 2016, gunmen armed with heavy weapons attacked central Ouagadougou at the Cappuccino restaurant and the Splendid Hotel. 28 people were killed, [ 28 ] [ 29 ] and at least 56 wounded; after a government counterattack, a total of 176 hostages were released [ 30 ] the morning after the initial attack. Three of the perpetrators were also killed. The jihadist insurgency continued with major attacks in 2017 and 2018 . Climate Ouagadougou's climate is hot semi-arid ( BSh ) under Köppen-Geiger classification , and closely borders with tropical wet and dry ( Aw ). The city is part of the Sudano-Sahelian area, with annual rainfall of about 800 mm (31 in). The rainy season stretches from May to September, with an average temperature of 28 °C (82.4 °F). The cool season runs from October to February, with a minimum average temperature of 16 °C (60.8 °F). The maximum temperature during the hot season, which runs from March to April, can reach 43 °C (109.4 °F). The harmattan (a dry wind) and the West African Monsoon are the two main factors that determine Ouagadougou's climate. Being further north, Ouagadougou's warmest months are slightly hotter and drier than those of Bobo-Dioulasso , the country's second most populous city. Climate data for Ouagadougou (1991–2020, extremes 1902–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 39.8 (103.6) 42.3 (108.1) 44.5 (112.1) 46.1 (115.0) 44.5 (112.1) 41.3 (106.3) 38.8 (101.8) 36.6 (97.9) 38.6 (101.5) 41.0 (105.8) 40.5 (104.9) 40.1 (104.2) 46.1 (115.0) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 33.5 (92.3) 36.5 (97.7) 39.3 (102.7) 40.0 (104.0) 38.4 (101.1) 35.6 (96.1) 32.9 (91.2) 31.6 (88.9) 33.1 (91.6) 36.0 (96.8) 36.7 (98.1) 34.4 (93.9) 35.7 (96.3) Daily mean °C (°F) 25.0 (77.0) 28.1 (82.6) 31.7 (89.1) 33.5 (92.3) 32.5 (90.5) 30.1 (86.2) 27.8 (82.0) 26.8 (80.2) 27.7 (81.9) 29.6 (85.3) 28.3 (82.9) 25.7 (78.3) 28.9 (84.0) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 17.1 (62.8) 20.0 (68.0) 24.3 (75.7) 27.4 (81.3) 27.1 (80.8) 25.1 (77.2) 23.4 (74.1) 22.9 (73.2) 23.1 (73.6) 23.9 (75.0) 20.4 (68.7) 17.5 (63.5) 22.7 (72.9) Record low °C (°F) 8.5 (47.3) 10.4 (50.7) 14.8 (58.6) 16.2 (61.2) 17.0 (62.6) 17.0 (62.6) 15.0 (59.0) 17.9 (64.2) 17.6 (63.7) 17.6 (63.7) 13.0 (55.4) 9.5 (49.1) 8.5 (47.3) Average precipitation mm (inches) 0.1 (0.00) 0.4 (0.02) 4.7 (0.19) 43.8 (1.72) 69.8 (2.75) 83.4 (3.28) 202.4 (7.97) 232.1 (9.14) 142.5 (5.61) 32.0 (1.26) 6.6 (0.26) 0.0 (0.0) 812.8 (32.00) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 0.0 0.1 0.4 2.2 5.2 7.0 12.3 14.4 10.4 3.6 0.1 0.0 55.7 Average relative humidity (%) 24 21 22 36 50 64 72 80 77 60 38 29 48 Mean monthly sunshine hours 271.1 245.9 245.4 232.2 250.0 235.9 221.8 194.8 218.1 264.9 277.4 283.4 2,940.9 Source 1: World Meteorological Organization , [ 31 ] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows) [ 32 ] Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1961–1967) [ 33 ] Government Ouagadougou's first municipal elections were held in 1956. [ 3 ] The city is divided into five arrondissements , consisting of 30 sectors, which are subdivided into districts. [ citation needed ] Districts of Ouagadougou include Gounghin, Kamsaoghin, Koulouba, Moemmin, Niogsin, Paspanga, Peuloghin, Bilbalogho, and Tiendpalogo. Ouagadougou's communes have invested in huge city-management projects. This is largely because Ouagadougou constitutes a 'cultural centre' by merit of holding the SIAO (International Arts and Crafts fair) and the FESPACO (Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou). Moreover, the villages' growing affluence allows for such investment, and the population's rapid growth necessitates it. [ 34 ] Arrondissement Population (Census 2006) [ 35 ] Baskuy 180,512 Bogodogo 374,473 Boulmiougou 366,182 Nongremassom 188,329 Sig-Noghin 163,859 Education Though literacy in Ouagadougou is not high, there are three universities in the city. The largest is the state University of Ouagadougou , which was founded in 1974. In 2010 it had around 40,000 students (83% of the national population of university students). [ 36 ] The city's official language is French and the principal local languages are More , Dyula and Fulfulde . The bilingual program in schools (French plus one of the local languages) was established in 1994. [ 34 ] International schools include: Lycée Saint-Exupéry de Ouagadougou (French school) International School of Ouagadougou Sport This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Ouagadougou's inhabitants play a wide array of sports, including association football, basketball, and volleyball. There are tournaments and activities organized by the local authorities. The Stade du 4-Août is the home of Étoile Filante de Ouagadougou , the city's main football team. Health Ouagadougou has both state and private hospitals. The two state hospitals in the city are the Centre hospitalier national Yalgado Ouedraogo (CHNYO) and the Centre hospitalier national pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle (CHNP-CDG). Despite that, the local population still largely can only afford traditional local medicine and the "pharmacopée". [ 34 ] Transport Air transport Thomas Sankara International Airport Ouagadougou (code OUA) serves the area with flights to West Africa and Europe . Air Burkina has its head office in the Air Burkina Storey Building (French: Immeuble Air Burkina ) in Ouagadougou. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] Rail Ouagadougou is connected by passenger rail service to Bobo-Dioulasso , Koudougou and Ivory Coast . As of June 2014, Sitarail operates a passenger train three times a week along the route from Ouagadougou to Abidjan. [ 39 ] There are freight services to Kaya in north Burkina Faso and in 2014 plans were announced to revive freight services to the manganese mine at Tambao starting in 2016. [ 40 ] Economy The economy of Ouagadougou is based on industry and commerce. Some industrial facilities have relocated from Bobo-Dioulasso to Ouagadougou, which has made the city an important industrial centre of Burkina Faso. The industrial areas of Kossodo and Gounghin are home to several processing plants and factories. The industry of Ouagadougou is the sector that fuels urban growth, as people move to the city from the countryside to find employment in industry. [ 41 ] The Copromof workshop in Ouagadougou sews cotton lingerie for the French label "Atelier Augusti." [ 42 ] Ouagadougou is an important commercial centre. It is a centre where goods are collected and directed to rural areas. With a large consumer base, large amounts of energy sources, raw materials for buildings, agricultural products and livestock products are imported to the city. [ 41 ] The economy is dominated by the informal sector , which is characterized by petty commodity production, and workers not necessarily having salaries. Traditional, informal trade is widespread and concentrated around markets and major roads, as well as in outlets in neighborhoods. While the formal economy consists of modern economic practices with workplaces having qualified, stable labor forces, or more traditional forms of business such as family businesses. [ 41 ] Informal trade The tertiary sector is also an important part of the economy. This comprises communications, banking, transport, bars, restaurants, hotels, as well as administrative jobs. [ 41 ] Twin towns – sister cities Ouagadougou is twinned with: Bordeaux , France [ 43 ] Briton Ferry , Wales, United Kingdom [ 44 ] Grenoble , France [ 45 ] Kumasi , Ghana [ citation needed ] Kuwait City , Kuwait [ citation needed ] Leuze-en-Hainaut , Belgium [ 46 ] Lyon , France [ 47 ] Taipei , Taiwan [ 48 ] Zhengzhou , China [ 49 ] Parks This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The Bangr-Weoogo urban park (area: 2.63 km 2 (1 sq mi)), before colonialism, belonged to the Mosse chiefs. Considering it a sacred forest, many went there for traditional initiations or for refuge. The French colonists, disregarding its local significance and history, established it as a park in the 1930s. In 1985, renovations were done in the park. In January 2001, the park was renamed "Parc Urbain Bangr-Weoogo", meaning "the urban park of the forest of knowledge". Another notable park in Ouagadougou is the "L'Unité Pédagogique", which shelters animals in a semi-free state. This botanic garden/biosphere system stretches over 8 ha (20 acres) and also serves as a museum for the country's history. "Jardin de l'amitié Ouaga-Loudun" (Garden of Ouaga-Loudun Friendship), with a green space that was renovated in 1996, is a symbol of the twin-city relationship between Ouagadougou and Loudun in France. It is situated in the centre of the city, near the "Nation Unies' crossroads". Culture There are a number of cultural and art venues, such as the Maison du Peuple and Salle des Banquets, in addition to performances of many genres of music, including traditional folk music, modern music, and rap . [ 34 ] National Museum of Music : exhibits all the musical instruments of Burkina Faso. Musée de Manega : also exhibits musical instruments of Burkina Faso, Mossi rifles and other cultural items. Located 55 km (34 mi) northwest of the city. "Naba Koom": a statue depicting a woman handling a calabash to pour water. The 6-metre-high (20 ft) statue faces the railway station, welcoming travellers into Ouaga. The place bears the name of an important chief in Burkina Faso's history. "Laongo": 30 km (19 mi) east of the city, features enormous granite slabs that were designed by various sculptors. The exhibit displays works of art from five continents. [ 34 ] "La Place du Grand Lyon": a monument that reflects the relationship between Burkina Faso's capital and Lyon in France. It is located near the French cultural centre George Melies and features an imposing lion. A zoo called "Parc Animalier de Ziniaré": located 30 km (19 mi) east of the city in the hometown of the former president Blaise Compaoré. Art and crafts Several international festivals and activities are organized within the municipality, such as FESPACO (Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou), which is Africa's largest festival of this type, SIAO (International Art and Craft Fair), FESPAM (Pan-African Music Festival), FITMO (International Theatre and Marionnette Festival) and FESTIVO. [ 34 ] [ 50 ] Places of worship The most common places of worship are Muslim mosques. [ 51 ] There are also numerous Christian churches: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ouagadougou ( Catholic Church ), Association of Reformed Evangelical Church of Burkina Faso ( World Communion of Reformed Churches ), Assemblies of God , Deeper Life Bible Church , and the International Evangelism Center . Notable people Dango Ouattara – footballer Malika Ouattara – slam poet and activist Serge Oulon – journalist Edmond Tapsoba – footballer Ezé Wendtoin – musician Hugues Fabrice Zango – triple jumper See also List of cities in Burkina Faso Notes References ^ Ade Ajayi 1965 . ^ a b Citypopulation.de Population of the major cities in Burkina Faso ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Ouagadougou | Facts & History" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 22 January 2019 . ^ "Bienvenue sur le site Officiel du Premier Ministère du Burkina Faso" . gouvernement.gov.bf . Archived from the original on 15 September 2010 . Retrieved 22 January 2019 . ^ "Burkina Faso: Ayka Textile to build an integrated cotton processing plant in Ouagadougou" . Ecofin Agency . 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "IRO-TEXBURKINA textile complex in Sourgou: A factory to rehabilitate the industrial fabric in the Center-West" . Faso Observateur . 18 March 2024 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Burkina Textile – Incubateur pour la transformation du coton et textile burkinabè" . Burkina Textile (in French) . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Ouagadougou City Profile" . citiesabc . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Burkina Faso" . ISS African Futures . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Ouagadougou Airport (OUA) - Thomas Sankara International Airport" . IATA . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Abidjan-Ouagadougou Railway" . African Development Bank . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ Ibrahima Diallo (14 November 2023). "Abidjan-Ouagadougou rail corridor: passenger transport will resume on November 17, 2023" . Africa Supply Chain . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Burkina Faso: Rehabilitation des routes et facilitation des transports Corridor Lomé-Ouagadougou IPR - July 2022" . African Development Bank (in French). July 2022 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Multinational: Burkina Faso Rehabilitation des routes et facilitation des transports Corridor Lomé-Ouagadougou EER - Juillet 2021" . African Development Bank (in French). July 2021 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Route from Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso to Niamey, Niger" . RouteToDrive . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . [ dead link ] ^ "Burkina Faso: Ouagadougou's Market Reopens After 2003 Fire" . Africa News . 1 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . [ dead link ] ^ "Ouagadougou's Grand Market Rebuilt with Enhanced Safety" . BBC News . 12 February 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . [ dead link ] ^ "Ouagadougou's Grand Market: Fire, Reconstruction, and Safety Improvements" . African Development Bank . 15 October 2023 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Key Attractions in Ouagadougou: Museums, Palaces, and Markets" . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ Kane, Oumar (2004). La première hégémonie peule. Le Fuuta Tooro de Koli Teηella à Almaami Abdul . Paris: Karthala. p. 57-60. ISBN 978-2-84586-521-1 . Retrieved 18 March 2024 . ^ Page & Davis 2005 , p. 176. ^ Page & Davis 2005 , p. 176-7. ^ Page & Davis 2005 , p. 177. ^ Britannica, Ouagadougou , Encyclopædia Britannica , US. Retrieved 29 October 2024 ^ Page & Davis 2005 , p. 131. ^ a b c McFarland, Daniel Miles; Rupley, Lawrence (1998). Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso . London: Scarecrow Press. p. 97. ^ Johnson 2010 . ^ "Ouagadougou blasts: Burkina Faso capital hit by gunfire" . BBC News . 15 January 2016 . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . ^ "Gunmen attack hotel, take hostages in Burkina Faso capital" . 15 January 2015. ^ "Burkina Faso: Security forces raid besieged hotel, free hostages" . CNN. 16 January 2016 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Ouagadougou" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 4 January 2024 . ^ "Station Ouagadougou" (in French). Meteo Climat . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . ^ "Klimatafel von Ouagadougou / Burkina Faso (Obervolta)" (PDF) . Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . ^ a b c d e f "Index of /" . www.mairie-ouaga.bf . Archived from the original on 28 October 2021 . Retrieved 20 January 2025 . ^ "RECENSEMENT GENERAL DE LA POPULATION ET DE L'HABITATION DE 2006" (PDF) . www.insd.bf . Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2019 . Retrieved 20 January 2025 . ^ Government of France, MINISTERE DES AFFAIRES ETRANGERES ET EUROPEENNES, AMBASSADE DE FRANCE AU BURKINA FASO, FICHE BURKINA FASO (French) ^ " Contact-us Archived 5 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine ". Air Burkina . Retrieved 19 October 2009. ^ " Contactez-nous Archived 16 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine ." Air Burkina . Retrieved 19 October 2009. ^ European Rail Timetable, Summer 2014 Edition, (journey time is 43 to 48 hours) ^ Pan African Minerals receives permission from Burkina Faso for Tambao manganese project Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine , 19 May 2014 ^ a b c d Ouedraogo, R Ulysse Emmanuel. "Chapitre 1 : Ouagadougou, une agglomération dynamique" (in French). University of Ouagadougou. ^ Smith, Alex Duval (1 July 2014). "Burkina Faso's French knicker-makers" . BBC News – Africa . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . ^ "Les villes partenaires" . bordeaux.fr (in French). Bordeaux . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Twin Towns of Wales: Hay-on-Wye and Timbuktu, Briton Ferry and Ouagadougou, here are the sister cities of Welsh towns" . walesonline.co.uk . Wales Online. 2 July 2014 . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Jumelages et coopérations" . grenoble.fr (in French). Grenoble. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015 . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Jumelage Leuze-Ouagadougou" . leuze-en-hainaut.be (in French). Leuze-en-Hainaut . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Jumelage" . economie.grandlyon.com (in French). Grand Lyon économie . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "International Sister Cities" . tcc.gov.tw . Taipei City Council . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Lutte contre le COVID-19: la Chine multiplie les dons pour le Burkina Faso" . chinafrique.com (in French). Chinafrique. 13 May 2020 . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Ouaga ça Bouge : Votre Blog pour vos Voyages et Vacances" . Ouaga-ça-bouge.net (in French) . Retrieved 20 January 2025 . ^ J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices , ABC-CLIO, US, 2010, p. 455 Bibliography Sources David P. Johnson, Jr. (2010). "Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso". In Kwame Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (eds.). Encyclopedia of Africa . Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195337709 . Page, Willie; Davis, R. Hunt, eds. (2005). Encyclopedia of African History and Culture Volume II: African Kingdoms (500 to 1500) (E-book ed.). New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-1-4381-2917-4 . Ade Ajayi, J F. (1965). A Thousand Years of West African History . Ibadan University Press. p. 49 . Retrieved 19 April 2025 . External links Official website of the government of Ouagadougou (in French) The plan of Ouagdougou Falling Rain Genomics: World Index, and other pages Media from Commons Travel guides from Wikivoyage Authority control databases International VIAF GND FAST WorldCat VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Israel United States France BnF data Israel Geographic MusicBrainz area MusicBrainz area Other IdRef NARA İslâm Ansiklopedisi Yale LUX IdRef NARA İslâm Ansiklopedisi Yale LUX .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Capitals of African countries v t e Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics Abuja , Nigeria Accra , Ghana Addis Ababa , Ethiopia Algiers , Algeria Antananarivo , Madagascar Asmara , Eritrea Bamako , Mali Bangui , Central African Republic Banjul , Gambia Bissau , Guinea-Bissau Brazzaville , Rep. of the Congo Cairo , Egypt Conakry , Guinea Dakar , Senegal Djibouti , Djibouti Dodoma , Tanzania El Aaiún (claimed)/ Tifariti (factual), Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 1 Freetown , Sierra Leone Gaborone , Botswana Garoowe , Puntland 1 Gitega , Burundi Harare , Zimbabwe Hargeisa , Somaliland 1 Jamestown , Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 2 Juba , South Sudan Kampala , Uganda Khartoum , Sudan Kigali , Rwanda Kinshasa , D.R. Congo Libreville , Gabon Lilongwe , Malawi Lomé , Togo Luanda , Angola Lusaka , Zambia Malabo , Equatorial Guinea Maputo , Mozambique Maseru , Lesotho Mbabane ( executive ) Lobamba ( legislative ), Eswatini Mogadishu , Somalia Monrovia , Liberia Moroni , Comoros Nairobi , Kenya N'Djamena , Chad Niamey , Niger Nouakchott , Mauritania Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso Port Louis , Mauritius Porto-Novo , Benin Praia , Cape Verde Pretoria ( executive ) Cape Town ( legislative ) Bloemfontein ( judicial ), South Africa Rabat , Morocco São Tomé , São Tomé and Príncipe Tripoli , Libya Tunis , Tunisia Victoria , Seychelles Windhoek , Namibia Yamoussoukro (political) Abidjan (economic), Ivory Coast Yaoundé , Cameroon Abuja , Nigeria Accra , Ghana Addis Ababa , Ethiopia Algiers , Algeria Antananarivo , Madagascar Asmara , Eritrea Bamako , Mali Bangui , Central African Republic Banjul , Gambia Bissau , Guinea-Bissau Brazzaville , Rep. of the Congo Cairo , Egypt Conakry , Guinea Dakar , Senegal Djibouti , Djibouti Dodoma , Tanzania El Aaiún (claimed)/ Tifariti (factual), Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 1 Freetown , Sierra Leone Gaborone , Botswana Garoowe , Puntland 1 Gitega , Burundi Harare , Zimbabwe Hargeisa , Somaliland 1 Jamestown , Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 2 Juba , South Sudan Kampala , Uganda Khartoum , Sudan Kigali , Rwanda Kinshasa , D.R. Congo Libreville , Gabon Lilongwe , Malawi Lomé , Togo Luanda , Angola Lusaka , Zambia Malabo , Equatorial Guinea Maputo , Mozambique Maseru , Lesotho Mbabane ( executive ) Lobamba ( legislative ), Eswatini Mbabane ( executive ) Lobamba ( legislative ), Eswatini Mogadishu , Somalia Monrovia , Liberia Moroni , Comoros Nairobi , Kenya N'Djamena , Chad Niamey , Niger Nouakchott , Mauritania Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso Port Louis , Mauritius Porto-Novo , Benin Praia , Cape Verde Pretoria ( executive ) Cape Town ( legislative ) Bloemfontein ( judicial ), South Africa Pretoria ( executive ) Cape Town ( legislative ) Bloemfontein ( judicial ), South Africa Rabat , Morocco São Tomé , São Tomé and Príncipe Tripoli , Libya Tunis , Tunisia Victoria , Seychelles Windhoek , Namibia Yamoussoukro (political) Abidjan (economic), Ivory Coast Yamoussoukro (political) Abidjan (economic), Ivory Coast Yaoundé , Cameroon 1 An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation 2 British Overseas Territory 1 An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation 2 British Overseas Territory v t e Ouagadougou v t e Buildings Economy Government History Timeline People Sport Buildings Economy Government History Timeline Timeline People Sport Education Lycée Saint-Exupéry International School University of Ouagadougou Lycée Saint-Exupéry International School University of Ouagadougou Transport Ouagadougou Airport Ouagadougou Airport Landmarks Cathedral National Museum of Music Cathedral National Museum of Music Category Commons Category Commons Ouagadougou Capitals in Africa French West Africa Populated places in the Centre Region (Burkina Faso) Populated places established in the 11th century Wangara trade towns Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Pages using the Phonos extension CS1 French-language sources (fr) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2025 CS1 German-language sources (de) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use dmy dates from November 2020 Use British English from May 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Short description is different from Wikidata Articles containing Mossi-language text Articles containing Dyula-language text Articles containing French-language text Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Coordinates on Wikidata Pages including recorded pronunciations Pages with Mossi IPA Pages with French IPA Articles containing German-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022 Articles needing additional references from December 2022 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020 Articles needing additional references from January 2024 Articles with French-language sources (fr) This page was last edited on 11 January 2026, at 17:10 (UTC) . 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Utöver dessa finns ett stort antal grenar och tillämpningsområden som exempelvis kemisk termodynamik, energiteknik, meteorologi, materialvetenskap och biomedicin. Läs mer … Systerprojekt Commons Felles medialager Wikinytt Frie nyhende Wiktionary Ordbok og synonymordbok Wikifrasar Frie sitat Wikibøker Frie bøker Wikikjelda Frie kjeldetekstar Wikispecies Artskart Wikiversity Frie læremiddel Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Wikidata Fri kunnskapsbase Wikivoyage Fri reisehandbok Dagen i dag tysdag 13 . januar 2026 Gisle og Gislaug har namnedag ingen land har nasjonaldag Visste du at … ... itacolumitt er ein bergart som er så fleksibel at tynne heller av han kan bøyast utan at dei sprekk? ... 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Grunnprinsipp Spørsmål og svar Hjelp Skriva Endra Arbeidskontoret Samfunnshuset Kontakt Wikipedia på andre språk Skandinavisk og vestnordiske språk: bokmål · svenska · dansk · føroyskt · íslenska Vestgermanske språk: Afrikaans · Alemannisch · Deutsch (tysk) · English · Frysk (frisisk) · Nederlands · Plattdüütsch (plattysk) · Scots (skotsk) · ייִדיש (jiddisch) Keltiske språk: Gaeilge (irsk-gælisk) · Gàidhlig (skotsk-gælisk) · Cymraeg (walisisk) · Kernewek (kornisk) · Brezhoneg (bretonsk) Baltiske og slaviske språk: беларуская (kviterussisk) · kaszëbsczi (kasjubisk) · latviešu (latvisk) · lietuvių (litauisk) · polski (polsk) · русский (russisk) Finsk-ugriske språk: anarâškielâ (enaresamisk) · davvisámegiella (nordsamisk) · eesti (estisk) · suomi (finsk) Inuittiske språk: kalaallisut (grønlandsk) Andre viktige innvandrarspråk: العربية (arabisk) · bosanski (bosnisk) · español (spansk) · فارسی (farsi, persisk) · kurdî (kurdisk) · ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (panjabi) · shqip (albansk) · soomaaliga (somalisk) · தமிழ் (tamil) · Tiếng Việt (vietnamesisk) · türkçe (tyrkisk) · اردو (urdu) Velkomen til Nynorsk Wikipedia – eit fritt oppslagsverk som alle kan redigera . I dag er det 13. januar 2026 (oppdater) Nynorsk Wikipedia har no 177 063 artiklar Nynorsk Wikipedia har no 177 063 artiklar Gribbkarakara ( Caracara plancus ) er ein rovfugl i falkefamilien, Falconidae. Han lever frå det sørlege og søraustlege USA (Texas, Arizona og Florida) gjennom Mexico, der han finst i alle delstatar, og i store delar av Sentral- og Sør-Amerika, og dessutan på Cuba. Han er generelt ikkje i regnskogen i Amazonas har fråvære frå det indre av Peru og indre Nord-Chile. Dette er ein rovfugl som ofte er sett på bakken der han søkjer opportunistisk etter mat. Han lever hovudsakleg av kadaver av daude dyr. Han stel mat frå andre rovfuglar, åtakar fuglereir og krypdyr, og tar levande byttedyr viss moglegheita byr seg, for det meste insekt eller små pattedyr, småfuglar, amfibium, krypdyr, fisk, krabbar, andre skaldyr, flugelarver og makk. Han kan også ete frukt. Les meir … Berenikes hår — New age-musikk — Julerose Termodynamik är läran om energi, dess omvandling mellan olika former och särskilt samspelet mellan värme och arbete. Den klassiska termodynamiken studerar kopplingen mellan makroskopiska egenskaper som temperatur, volym och tryck hos termodynamiska system. Historiskt har termodynamikens utveckling drivits av önskan att öka verkningsgraden hos tidiga ångmaskiner, framför allt genom det arbete som bedrevs av den franske fysikern Sadi Carnot, ofta kallad termodynamikens fader. Den klassiska termodynamiken är en makroskopisk disciplin, till stor del baserad på mätningar och erfarenheter. I motsats bygger den statistiska termodynamiken, med grund i kvantmekaniken, på den mikroskopiska naturen hos enskilda atomer och molekyler. Utöver dessa finns ett stort antal grenar och tillämpningsområden som exempelvis kemisk termodynamik, energiteknik, meteorologi, materialvetenskap och biomedicin. Läs mer … Commons Felles medialager Wikinytt Frie nyhende Wiktionary Ordbok og synonymordbok Wikifrasar Frie sitat Wikibøker Frie bøker Wikikjelda Frie kjeldetekstar Wikispecies Artskart Wikiversity Frie læremiddel Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Wikidata Fri kunnskapsbase Wikivoyage Fri reisehandbok Gisle og Gislaug har namnedag ingen land har nasjonaldag Geografi · Historie · Kultur · Matematikk · Samfunn · Teknologi · Vitskap · Fleire... 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 What is Wikipedia? 2 Who writes Wikipedia? 3 How do I access Wikipedia? 4 Is Wikipedia censored? 5 How do I search Wikipedia? 6 How do I do research with Wikipedia? 7 What is the license agreement on the contents of Wikipedia? 8 May I mirror entire sections of the Wikipedia to my site? How much may I quote? 9 If I link a word from my site to Wikipedia, am I required to use the GNU FDL for my site? Toggle If I link a word from my site to Wikipedia, am I required to use the GNU FDL for my site? subsection 9.1 What if I use a small quote (three or four sentences)? 9.2 What if I quote entire articles? 9.1 What if I use a small quote (three or four sentences)? 9.2 What if I quote entire articles? 10 Can I get Wikipedia on CD, or download it for offline use? 11 How do I cite a Wikipedia article in a paper? 12 What should I do when I find an error in Wikipedia? 13 Why do I see advertisements in Wikipedia? 14 Where can I get more information about using Wikipedia? 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Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Israel-Gaza War War in Ukraine US & Canada UK Africa Asia Australia Europe Latin America Middle East In Pictures BBC InDepth BBC Verify News News Africa Museveni takes strong lead in early results of Uganda presidential race President Museveni has about 76% of the vote with results in from nearly half of all polling stations. 57 mins ago Africa US accuses South Africa military of 'cosying up to Iran' The defence minister orders an inquiry into reports the military flouted orders to expel Iran from naval drills. 22 mins ago World Ethiopia says seized ammunition sent by Eritrea to rebels as tensions rise Eritrea denies the claim and accuses Ethiopia of seeking a pretext to attack, amid fears of renewed conflict. 18 hrs ago Africa Morocco celebrates Afcon win: 'Today is about couscous not jollof' Moroccan fans celebrated through the night as their beloved Atlas Lions beat Nigeria to make it to the Afcon final. 16 hrs ago World Tragic death of Adichie's young son pushes Nigeria to act on health sector failings Novelist Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie says her child's death was caused by medical negligence, which the hospital denies. 1 hr ago Africa Kruger National Park shuts as deadly floods strike South Africa Severe flooding believed to be worsened by climate change has killed at least 19 people in South Africa in recent weeks. 3 hrs ago Africa BBC reports from Uganda polling station hit by technical problems Logistical problems lead to queues and some disgruntled voters as Ugandans elect their next president. 19 hrs ago Africa Uganda elections 2026 Will voters in one of the world's youngest countries give an 81-year-old another term? 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Why Israel's recognition of Somaliland as an independent state is controversial Somaliland wants international recognition - here's why, and what could have driven Israel to recognise it now. African sport Eto'o handed ban and fine for misconduct at Afcon Former Cameroon star Samuel Eto'o is handed a four-match ban and fined $20,000 after being found guilty of misconduct by the Confederation of African Football. Morocco set for derby with Algeria in Wafcon 2026 group Morocco are handed a North African derby with Algeria and holders Nigeria will face Zambia in the group stage at the 2026 Women's Africa Cup of Nations. Morocco beat Nigeria on penalties to reach Afcon final Yassine Bounou saves two spot-kicks as hosts Morocco beat Nigeria 4-2 on penalties to reach the final of the 2025 Africa Cup of Nations. Mane hits winner as Senegal end Salah's Afcon bid Sadio Mane scores the winner for Senegal to end Mohamed Salah's hopes of winning his first continental title with Egypt in the Afcon 2025 semi-finals. Burkina Faso sack coach as Mali hit by resignations Burkina Faso sack coach Brama Traore after their last-16 exit at Afcon 2025, while 10 high-ranking members of Mali's football federation resign. Watch/Listen How radioactive rhino horns are helping with conservation A project in South Africa is putting radioactive material in rhino horns to make it harder to smuggle them over borders. Sailors saved from going over edge of huge dam in South Africa According to reports, the boat had suffered motor failure before drifting to the edge of the dam. Watch: Stunning celestial events that lit up the skies in 2025 From meteor showers to supermoons, here are some of the sights that wowed stargazers this year. The best players who never won Afcon? As two-time runner-up Mohamed Salah begins another tilt at the Africa Cup of Nations, BBC Sport Africa profiles top stars who never lifted the trophy. Ros Atkins on… The alleged links between the UAE and Sudan's civil war BBC Analysis Editor Ros Atkins examines allegations of links between the UAE and Sudan’s RSF in the civil war, as international efforts continue to seek an end to the fighting. Programmes and podcasts Live: World Service for Africa Focus on Africa Podcast Two essential stories to round off your working day. Explaining the news from Africa This is Africa Latest updates 57 mins ago Museveni takes strong lead in early results of Uganda presidential race President Museveni has about 76% of the vote with results in from nearly half of all polling stations. 57 mins ago 1 hr ago Tragic death of Adichie's young son pushes Nigeria to act on health sector failings Novelist Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie says her child's death was caused by medical negligence, which the hospital denies. 1 hr ago 3 hrs ago Kruger National Park shuts as deadly floods strike South Africa Severe flooding believed to be worsened by climate change has killed at least 19 people in South Africa in recent weeks. 3 hrs ago 18 hrs ago Ethiopia says seized ammunition sent by Eritrea to rebels as tensions rise Eritrea denies the claim and accuses Ethiopia of seeking a pretext to attack, amid fears of renewed conflict. 18 hrs ago 18 hrs ago Votes being counted in Uganda election as opposition alleges rigging The election is a rematch between Bobi Wine and Yoweri Museveni, who has been president for 40 years. 18 hrs ago 19 hrs ago BBC reports from Uganda polling station hit by technical problems Logistical problems lead to queues and some disgruntled voters as Ugandans elect their next president. 19 hrs ago 1 day ago The musician and the strongman leader - what you need to know about Uganda's election Voters could propel a leader into a fifth decade in power or back a change candidate. 1 day ago 2 days ago Uganda election chief says he has had threats over results declaration This follows comments by a presidential assistant that Bobi Wine would not be declared president, even if he wins. 2 days ago 3 days ago Uganda imposes an internet blackout ahead of Thursday's election The communications authority says the suspension is aimed at preventing misinformation and violence. 3 days ago ... News News Africa Museveni takes strong lead in early results of Uganda presidential race President Museveni has about 76% of the vote with results in from nearly half of all polling stations. 57 mins ago Africa US accuses South Africa military of 'cosying up to Iran' The defence minister orders an inquiry into reports the military flouted orders to expel Iran from naval drills. 22 mins ago World Ethiopia says seized ammunition sent by Eritrea to rebels as tensions rise Eritrea denies the claim and accuses Ethiopia of seeking a pretext to attack, amid fears of renewed conflict. 18 hrs ago Africa Morocco celebrates Afcon win: 'Today is about couscous not jollof' Moroccan fans celebrated through the night as their beloved Atlas Lions beat Nigeria to make it to the Afcon final. 16 hrs ago World Tragic death of Adichie's young son pushes Nigeria to act on health sector failings Novelist Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie says her child's death was caused by medical negligence, which the hospital denies. 1 hr ago Africa Kruger National Park shuts as deadly floods strike South Africa Severe flooding believed to be worsened by climate change has killed at least 19 people in South Africa in recent weeks. 3 hrs ago Africa BBC reports from Uganda polling station hit by technical problems Logistical problems lead to queues and some disgruntled voters as Ugandans elect their next president. 19 hrs ago Africa Museveni takes strong lead in early results of Uganda presidential race President Museveni has about 76% of the vote with results in from nearly half of all polling stations. US accuses South Africa military of 'cosying up to Iran' The defence minister orders an inquiry into reports the military flouted orders to expel Iran from naval drills. Ethiopia says seized ammunition sent by Eritrea to rebels as tensions rise Eritrea denies the claim and accuses Ethiopia of seeking a pretext to attack, amid fears of renewed conflict. Morocco celebrates Afcon win: 'Today is about couscous not jollof' Moroccan fans celebrated through the night as their beloved Atlas Lions beat Nigeria to make it to the Afcon final. Tragic death of Adichie's young son pushes Nigeria to act on health sector failings Novelist Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie says her child's death was caused by medical negligence, which the hospital denies. Kruger National Park shuts as deadly floods strike South Africa Severe flooding believed to be worsened by climate change has killed at least 19 people in South Africa in recent weeks. BBC reports from Uganda polling station hit by technical problems Logistical problems lead to queues and some disgruntled voters as Ugandans elect their next president. Uganda elections 2026 Will voters in one of the world's youngest countries give an 81-year-old another term? Thursday's election highlights a demographic issue common to many African countries. He once criticised African leaders who cling to power. Now he wants a seventh term Yoweri Museveni, 81, says he has brought stability to Uganda. His critics complain of political oppression. 'Hounded and harassed': The former pop star taking on Uganda's long-time president Bobi Wine - a former musician - has been arrested numerous times as he challenges President Yoweri Museveni. The musician and the strongman leader - what you need to know about Uganda's election Voters could propel a leader into a fifth decade in power or back a change candidate. Uganda elections 2026 Will voters in one of the world's youngest countries give an 81-year-old another term? Thursday's election highlights a demographic issue common to many African countries. He once criticised African leaders who cling to power. Now he wants a seventh term Yoweri Museveni, 81, says he has brought stability to Uganda. His critics complain of political oppression. 'Hounded and harassed': The former pop star taking on Uganda's long-time president Bobi Wine - a former musician - has been arrested numerous times as he challenges President Yoweri Museveni. The musician and the strongman leader - what you need to know about Uganda's election Voters could propel a leader into a fifth decade in power or back a change candidate. Features and analysis Why the UAE has incurred the wrath of Somalia The government in Mogadishu has accused the UAE of undermining its sovereignty. 'Welcome to 2976' - North Africa's Amazigh people ring in the new year The Amazigh calendar places them almost a thousand years ahead of much of the rest of the world. Mane destroys Salah's Afcon dream again - will he get another chance? Mohamed Salah's Afcon dream was ended by Sadio Mane and Senegal on Wednesday night - but how many more chances will the Liverpool forward have to win the competition? Features and analysis Why the UAE has incurred the wrath of Somalia The government in Mogadishu has accused the UAE of undermining its sovereignty. 'Welcome to 2976' - North Africa's Amazigh people ring in the new year The Amazigh calendar places them almost a thousand years ahead of much of the rest of the world. Mane destroys Salah's Afcon dream again - will he get another chance? Mohamed Salah's Afcon dream was ended by Sadio Mane and Senegal on Wednesday night - but how many more chances will the Liverpool forward have to win the competition? South Africa's strained ties with US face new test - war games with China, Iran and Russia The naval exercises could inflame relations with Donald Trump - who is already at loggerheads with Pretoria. The secret mission to fly ex-Somali president's body back home from Nigeria An ex-air force pilot explains how he carried out an undercover mission to fly Siad Barre's body home for burial. Long wait for justice leaves South African families in limbo With tens of thousands of cases waiting to be heard, some people have to wait four years for their trials to start. 'You're invisible, you don't exist' - life without a birth certificate Millions around the world are living in the shadows as stateless people as they lack official papers. Why Israel's recognition of Somaliland as an independent state is controversial Somaliland wants international recognition - here's why, and what could have driven Israel to recognise it now. South Africa's strained ties with US face new test - war games with China, Iran and Russia The naval exercises could inflame relations with Donald Trump - who is already at loggerheads with Pretoria. The secret mission to fly ex-Somali president's body back home from Nigeria An ex-air force pilot explains how he carried out an undercover mission to fly Siad Barre's body home for burial. Long wait for justice leaves South African families in limbo With tens of thousands of cases waiting to be heard, some people have to wait four years for their trials to start. 'You're invisible, you don't exist' - life without a birth certificate Millions around the world are living in the shadows as stateless people as they lack official papers. Why Israel's recognition of Somaliland as an independent state is controversial Somaliland wants international recognition - here's why, and what could have driven Israel to recognise it now. African sport Eto'o handed ban and fine for misconduct at Afcon Former Cameroon star Samuel Eto'o is handed a four-match ban and fined $20,000 after being found guilty of misconduct by the Confederation of African Football. Morocco set for derby with Algeria in Wafcon 2026 group Morocco are handed a North African derby with Algeria and holders Nigeria will face Zambia in the group stage at the 2026 Women's Africa Cup of Nations. Morocco beat Nigeria on penalties to reach Afcon final Yassine Bounou saves two spot-kicks as hosts Morocco beat Nigeria 4-2 on penalties to reach the final of the 2025 Africa Cup of Nations. Mane hits winner as Senegal end Salah's Afcon bid Sadio Mane scores the winner for Senegal to end Mohamed Salah's hopes of winning his first continental title with Egypt in the Afcon 2025 semi-finals. Burkina Faso sack coach as Mali hit by resignations Burkina Faso sack coach Brama Traore after their last-16 exit at Afcon 2025, while 10 high-ranking members of Mali's football federation resign. African sport Eto'o handed ban and fine for misconduct at Afcon Former Cameroon star Samuel Eto'o is handed a four-match ban and fined $20,000 after being found guilty of misconduct by the Confederation of African Football. Morocco set for derby with Algeria in Wafcon 2026 group Morocco are handed a North African derby with Algeria and holders Nigeria will face Zambia in the group stage at the 2026 Women's Africa Cup of Nations. Morocco beat Nigeria on penalties to reach Afcon final Yassine Bounou saves two spot-kicks as hosts Morocco beat Nigeria 4-2 on penalties to reach the final of the 2025 Africa Cup of Nations. Mane hits winner as Senegal end Salah's Afcon bid Sadio Mane scores the winner for Senegal to end Mohamed Salah's hopes of winning his first continental title with Egypt in the Afcon 2025 semi-finals. Burkina Faso sack coach as Mali hit by resignations Burkina Faso sack coach Brama Traore after their last-16 exit at Afcon 2025, while 10 high-ranking members of Mali's football federation resign. Watch/Listen How radioactive rhino horns are helping with conservation A project in South Africa is putting radioactive material in rhino horns to make it harder to smuggle them over borders. Sailors saved from going over edge of huge dam in South Africa According to reports, the boat had suffered motor failure before drifting to the edge of the dam. Watch: Stunning celestial events that lit up the skies in 2025 From meteor showers to supermoons, here are some of the sights that wowed stargazers this year. The best players who never won Afcon? As two-time runner-up Mohamed Salah begins another tilt at the Africa Cup of Nations, BBC Sport Africa profiles top stars who never lifted the trophy. Ros Atkins on… The alleged links between the UAE and Sudan's civil war BBC Analysis Editor Ros Atkins examines allegations of links between the UAE and Sudan’s RSF in the civil war, as international efforts continue to seek an end to the fighting. Watch/Listen How radioactive rhino horns are helping with conservation A project in South Africa is putting radioactive material in rhino horns to make it harder to smuggle them over borders. Sailors saved from going over edge of huge dam in South Africa According to reports, the boat had suffered motor failure before drifting to the edge of the dam. Watch: Stunning celestial events that lit up the skies in 2025 From meteor showers to supermoons, here are some of the sights that wowed stargazers this year. The best players who never won Afcon? As two-time runner-up Mohamed Salah begins another tilt at the Africa Cup of Nations, BBC Sport Africa profiles top stars who never lifted the trophy. Ros Atkins on… The alleged links between the UAE and Sudan's civil war BBC Analysis Editor Ros Atkins examines allegations of links between the UAE and Sudan’s RSF in the civil war, as international efforts continue to seek an end to the fighting. Programmes and podcasts Live: World Service for Africa Focus on Africa Podcast Two essential stories to round off your working day. Explaining the news from Africa This is Africa Programmes and podcasts Live: World Service for Africa Focus on Africa Podcast Two essential stories to round off your working day. Explaining the news from Africa This is Africa Latest updates Museveni takes strong lead in early results of Uganda presidential race President Museveni has about 76% of the vote with results in from nearly half of all polling stations. Tragic death of Adichie's young son pushes Nigeria to act on health sector failings Novelist Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie says her child's death was caused by medical negligence, which the hospital denies. Kruger National Park shuts as deadly floods strike South Africa Severe flooding believed to be worsened by climate change has killed at least 19 people in South Africa in recent weeks. Ethiopia says seized ammunition sent by Eritrea to rebels as tensions rise Eritrea denies the claim and accuses Ethiopia of seeking a pretext to attack, amid fears of renewed conflict. Votes being counted in Uganda election as opposition alleges rigging The election is a rematch between Bobi Wine and Yoweri Museveni, who has been president for 40 years. BBC reports from Uganda polling station hit by technical problems Logistical problems lead to queues and some disgruntled voters as Ugandans elect their next president. The musician and the strongman leader - what you need to know about Uganda's election Voters could propel a leader into a fifth decade in power or back a change candidate. Uganda election chief says he has had threats over results declaration This follows comments by a presidential assistant that Bobi Wine would not be declared president, even if he wins. Uganda imposes an internet blackout ahead of Thursday's election The communications authority says the suspension is aimed at preventing misinformation and violence. 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Current Issue Previous Issues About Stay Current Table of Contents: 2025 MAY - JUNE No. 464 Previous Next PubMed Update: FTP Improvements Available for Testing PubMed Update: FTP Improvements Available for Testing. NLM Tech Bull. 2025 May-Jun;(464):e5. In response to user feedback, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is announcing an upcoming update to the data provided through PubMed's public FTP servers . Starting with the annual baseline release in December 2025, the content of PubMed data distributed via FTP will be generated using the same technology as the PubMed website and E-utilities API; this update means the FTP data will match the PubMed website and API. Test Site Available Now To help users prepare for this transition, a test FTP site is available now with daily update files generated by the new process. Please note, the test files may differ from the current FTP update files (see Expected Data Differences below). A complete baseline will not be available on the test site; only update files will be posted. We encourage users to review the sample files, test their workflows, and provide feedback via the National Library of Medicine (NLM) Help Desk . Access the Test FTP Site . Expected Data Differences FTP users will notice some differences in data formatting and content. Most of these changes improve standardization and data richness without affecting the underlying meaning of the data. These differences include: Availability of Additional Data - PubMed data may be augmented with additional data from PubMed Central (PMC) when available. This additional data was already integrated on the PubMed website and API and will now be included in the FTP files. This change will ensure that all users have access to consistent, up-to-date PubMed data. Examples include: More robust reference data supplied by PMC. Inclusion of Conflict of Interest (COI) statements and additional <OtherAbstract> content from PMC. Inclusion of PMC Release Date even after the release date has passed. <Pagination> will include <StartPage> and <EndPage> in addition to <MedlinePgn> when available from PMC. Due to this augmented data, daily update files on the test site may contain additional PMIDs that are not included in the current FTP files since the current files are not updated with the PMC data. Formatting, Normalization, and Ordering – Some data may be formatted or ordered differently from the current FTP files. The structure of files and meaning of the data are not changed. Examples include: Differing order of attributes or child elements. Differences in capitalization of labels and some text. Single digit dates will not be preceded by a zero (e.g., "1" instead of "01"). Author identifiers will not be preceded by the URL. The ID source will remain as an attribute in <Identifier>. Schedule of Updates – Please note that daily update files for the current FTP and the test FTP site are generated using different processes on separate schedules. This means updated PMIDs may appear on different days between the two sites. Share Your Feedback Please reach out to us if you have questions or would like to provide feedback. For more information about accessing PubMed data via FTP, please see: Download PubMed Data . NLM will share additional details as the transition date approaches. Stay tuned to the NLM Technical Bulletin for updates. ISSN 2161-2986 (Online) National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 Connect with NLM , Web Policies , Careers , Accessibility , USA.gov , HHS Vulnerability Disclosure NIH , HHS , FOIA , NLM Support Center Last updated: 06 June 2025
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Ancestry 2 Early life Toggle Early life subsection 2.1 Childhood and education 2.2 Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich 2.3 World War I 2.1 Childhood and education 2.2 Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich 2.3 World War I 3 Entry into politics Toggle Entry into politics subsection 3.1 Beer Hall Putsch and Landsberg Prison 3.2 Rebuilding the Nazi Party 3.1 Beer Hall Putsch and Landsberg Prison 3.2 Rebuilding the Nazi Party 4 Rise to power Toggle Rise to power subsection 4.1 Brüning administration 4.2 Appointment as chancellor 4.3 Reichstag fire and March elections 4.4 Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act 4.5 Dictatorship 4.1 Brüning administration 4.2 Appointment as chancellor 4.3 Reichstag fire and March elections 4.4 Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act 4.5 Dictatorship 5 Nazi Germany Toggle Nazi Germany subsection 5.1 Economy and culture 5.2 Rearmament and new alliances 5.1 Economy and culture 5.2 Rearmament and new alliances 6 World War II Toggle World War II subsection 6.1 Early diplomatic successes 6.1.1 Alliance with Japan 6.1.2 Austria and Czechoslovakia 6.2 Start of World War II 6.3 Path to defeat 6.4 Defeat and death 6.1 Early diplomatic successes 6.1.1 Alliance with Japan 6.1.2 Austria and Czechoslovakia 6.1.1 Alliance with Japan 6.1.2 Austria and Czechoslovakia 6.2 Start of World War II 6.3 Path to defeat 6.4 Defeat and death 7 The Holocaust 8 Leadership style 9 Personal life Toggle Personal life subsection 9.1 Family 9.2 Views on religion 9.3 Health 9.1 Family 9.2 Views on religion 9.3 Health 10 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 10.1 In propaganda 10.1 In propaganda 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Citations 14 Bibliography Toggle Bibliography subsection 14.1 Printed 14.2 Online 14.1 Printed 14.2 Online 15 External links Adolf Hitler Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ अंगिका Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu अवधी Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Gungbe 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Ikinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladin Ladino ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Luganda Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano ߒߞߏ Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសាខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Romani čhib Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ سرائیکی Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Thuɔŋjäŋ ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ Lea faka-Tonga Türkçe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Betawi Batak Mandailing Jaku Iban Yerwa Kanuri ရခိုင် Tolışi Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item Adolf Hitler Formal portrait, 1938 Führer of Germany In office 2 August 1934 – 30 April 1945 Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg (as President ) Succeeded by Karl Dönitz (as President) Chancellor of Germany In office 30 January 1933 – 30 April 1945 President Paul von Hindenburg (1933–1934) Vice Chancellor Franz von Papen (1933–1934) Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels Führer of the Nazi Party In office 29 July 1921 – 30 April 1945 Deputy Rudolf Hess (1933–1941) Preceded by Anton Drexler (Party Chairman) Succeeded by Martin Bormann ( Party Minister ) Member of the Reichstag for Upper Bavaria–Swabia In office 21 March 1933 – 30 April 1945 Preceded by Multi-member district Succeeded by Constituency abolished Personal details Born ( 1889-04-20 ) 20 April 1889 Braunau am Inn , Austria-Hungary Died 30 April 1945 (1945-04-30) (aged 56) Berlin, Germany Cause of death Self-inflicted gunshot wound Citizenship .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Austria ( until 1925 ) Stateless (1925–1932) Germany (from 1932) Austria ( until 1925 ) Stateless (1925–1932) Germany (from 1932) Party Nazi Party (from 1920) Other political affiliations German Workers' Party (1919–1920) Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Eva Braun ( m. .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} 1945 ; died 1945 ) Parents Alois Hitler Klara Pölzl Alois Hitler Klara Pölzl Relatives Hitler family Cabinet Hitler cabinet Signature Military service Allegiance German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi Germany German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi Germany Branch .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Imperial German Army Bavarian Army Reichswehr Imperial German Army Bavarian Army Bavarian Army Reichswehr Years of service 1914–1920 Rank Gefreiter Commands German Army (from 1941) Army Group A (1942) German Army (from 1941) Army Group A (1942) Wars World War I Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele World War II World War I Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele World War II Awards List of awards .mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}} .mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}} Hitler's voice Hitler on the 12th anniversary of the Nazi regime Recorded 30 January 1945 Adolf Hitler [ a ] (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Germany during the Nazi era , which lasted from 1933 until his suicide in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party , [ b ] becoming the chancellor of Germany in 1933 and then taking the title of Führer und Reichskanzler in 1934. [ c ] Germany's invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 under his leadership marked the outbreak of the Second World War . Throughout the ensuing conflict, Hitler was closely involved in the direction of German military operations as well as the perpetration of the Holocaust , the genocide of about six million Jews and millions of other victims . Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn in Austria-Hungary and moved to Germany in 1913. He was decorated during his service in the German Army in the First World War , receiving the Iron Cross . In 1919, he joined the German Workers' Party (DAP), the precursor of the Nazi Party, and in 1921, was appointed the leader of the Nazi Party. In 1923, he attempted to seize governmental power in a failed coup in Munich and was sentenced to five years in prison, serving just over a year. While there, he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf ( lit. ' My Struggle ' ). After his early release in 1924, he gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles as well as promoting pan-Germanism , antisemitism , and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda . He frequently denounced communism as being part of an international Jewish conspiracy . By November 1932, the Nazi Party held the most seats in the Reichstag , but not a majority. Former chancellor Franz von Papen and other conservative politicians convinced President Paul von Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor on 30 January 1933. Shortly thereafter on 23 March, the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act of 1933 , which ultimately began the Weimar Republic 's transformation into Nazi Germany. Upon Hindenburg's death on 2 August 1934, Hitler replaced him as head of state and thereafter transformed Germany into a totalitarian dictatorship. Domestically, Hitler implemented numerous racist policies and sought to deport or kill German Jews . His first six years in power resulted in rapid economic recovery from the Great Depression , the abrogation of restrictions imposed on Germany after the First World War, and the annexation of territories inhabited by millions of ethnic Germans, which initially gave him significant popular support. One of Hitler's key goals was Lebensraum ( lit. ' living space ' ) for the German people in Eastern Europe, and his aggressive, expansionist foreign policy is considered the primary cause of World War II in Europe . On 1 September 1939, Hitler oversaw the German invasion of Poland, thereby causing Britain and France to declare war on Germany . After ordering an invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, he declared war on the United States in December of the same year. By the end of 1941, German forces and the European Axis powers occupied most of Europe and North Africa . These gains were gradually reversed after 1941 until the Allied forces defeated the German military in 1945. On 29 April 1945, Hitler married his longtime partner, Eva Braun , in the Führerbunker in Berlin. They committed suicide the next day to avoid capture by the Soviet Red Army . The historian and biographer Ian Kershaw described Hitler as "the embodiment of modern political evil". [ 3 ] Under Hitler's leadership and racist ideology , the Nazi regime was responsible for the genocide of an estimated six million Jews and millions of other victims, whom he and his followers deemed Untermenschen ( lit. ' subhumans ' ) or socially undesirable. Hitler and the Nazis were also responsible for the deliberate killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war. In addition, 28.7 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European theatre . The number of civilians killed during World War II was unprecedented in warfare, and the casualties make it the deadliest conflict in history . Ancestry Hitler's father, Alois Hitler , was the illegitimate child of Maria Schicklgruber . [ 4 ] The baptismal register did not show the name of his father, and Alois initially bore his mother's surname, "Schicklgruber". In 1842, Johann Georg Hiedler married Alois's mother. Alois was brought up in the family of Hiedler's brother, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler . [ 5 ] Alois worked as a civil servant from 1855 until his retirement in 1895. [ 6 ] In 1876, Alois was made legitimate and his baptismal record annotated by a priest to register Johann Georg Hiedler as Alois's father (recorded as "Georg Hitler"). [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Alois then assumed the surname "Hitler", [ 8 ] also spelled "Hiedler", "Hüttler" , or "Huettler" . The name is probably based on the German word Hütte ( lit. ' hut ' ), and has the meaning "one who lives in a hut". [ 9 ] The Nazi official Hans Frank suggested that Alois's mother had been employed as a housekeeper by a Jewish family in Graz , and that the family's 19-year-old son Leopold Frankenberger had fathered Alois, a claim that came to be known as the Frankenberger thesis . [ 10 ] No Frankenberger was registered in Graz during that period, and no record has been produced of a Leopold Frankenberger's existence, [ 11 ] so historians dismiss the claim that Alois's father was Jewish. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] In 2025, blood from the sofa in Hitler's study was used by Turi King of the University of Bath for DNA analysis . The blood was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to that of a relative. The analysis disproved the Frankenberger thesis. [ 14 ] Early life Childhood and education Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 in Braunau am Inn, a town in Austria-Hungary (present-day Austria), close to the border with Germany. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] He was the fourth of six children born to Alois Hitler and his third wife, Klara Pölzl . Three of Hitler's siblings—Gustav, Ida, and Otto—died in infancy. [ 17 ] Also living in the household were Alois's children from his second marriage: Alois Jr. (born 1882) and Angela (born 1883). [ 18 ] In 1892, the family moved to Passau , Germany, following Alois's promotion to the customs administration in Passau. Hitler was three at the time. Alois was promoted and transferred to Linz , Austria, on 1 April 1893, but the rest of the family remained in Passau. [ 19 ] There Hitler acquired the distinctive lower Bavarian dialect , rather than Austrian German , which marked his speech throughout his life. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] The family returned to Austria and settled in Leonding on 9 May 1894, [ 23 ] and in June 1895, Alois retired to Hafeld, near Lambach , where he farmed and kept bees. Hitler attended Volksschule (a state-funded primary school) in nearby Fischlham . [ 24 ] [ 25 ] The move to Hafeld coincided with the onset of intense father–son conflicts caused by Hitler's refusal to conform to the strict discipline of his school. [ 26 ] Alois tried to browbeat his son into obedience, while Adolf did his best to be the opposite of whatever his father wanted. [ 27 ] Alois would also beat his son, although his mother tried to protect him from regular beatings. [ 28 ] Alois Hitler's farming efforts at Hafeld were unsuccessful, and in 1897, the family moved to Lambach. The eight-year-old Hitler took singing lessons, sang in the church choir, and even considered becoming a priest. [ 29 ] In 1898, the family returned permanently to Leonding. Hitler was deeply affected by the death of his younger brother Edmund in 1900 from measles . Hitler transformed from a confident, outgoing, and conscientious student to a morose, detached boy who frequently clashed with his father and teachers. [ 30 ] Paula Hitler recalled that Adolf was a teenage bully who would often slap her. [ 28 ] Alois had made a successful career in the customs bureau and wanted his son to follow in his footsteps. [ 31 ] Hitler later dramatised an episode from this period when his father took him to visit a customs office, depicting it as an event that gave rise to an unforgiving antagonism between father and son, who were both strong-willed. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Ignoring his son's desire to attend a classical high school and become an artist, Alois sent Hitler to the Realschule in Linz in September 1900. [ d ] [ 35 ] Hitler rebelled against this decision, and in Mein Kampf states that he intentionally performed poorly in school, hoping that once his father saw "what little progress I was making at the technical school he would let me devote myself to my dream". [ 36 ] Like many Austrian Germans, Hitler began to develop German nationalist ideas from a young age. [ 37 ] He expressed loyalty only to Germany, despising the declining Habsburg monarchy and its rule over an ethnically diverse empire. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Hitler and his friends used the greeting "Heil", and sang the " Deutschlandlied " instead of the Austrian Imperial anthem . [ 40 ] After Alois's sudden death on 3 January 1903, Hitler's performance at school deteriorated, and his mother allowed him to leave. [ 41 ] He enrolled at the Realschule in Steyr in September 1904, where his behaviour and performance improved. [ 42 ] In 1905, after passing a repeat of the final exam, Hitler left the school without any ambitions for further education or clear plans for a career. [ 43 ] Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich In 1907, Hitler left Linz to live and study fine art in Vienna , financed by orphan's benefits and support from his mother. He applied for admission to the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna but was rejected twice. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] The director suggested Hitler should apply to the School of Architecture, but he lacked the necessary academic credentials because he had not finished secondary school. [ 46 ] On 21 December 1907, his mother died of breast cancer at the age of 47; Hitler was 18 at the time. In 1909, Hitler ran out of money and was forced to live a bohemian life in homeless shelters and the Meldemannstraße dormitory . [ 47 ] [ 48 ] He earned money as a casual labourer and by painting and selling watercolours of Vienna's sights. [ 44 ] During his time in Vienna, he pursued a growing passion for architecture and music, attending ten performances of Lohengrin , his favourite of Richard Wagner 's operas. [ 49 ] In Vienna, Hitler was first exposed to racist rhetoric. [ 50 ] Populists such as mayor Karl Lueger exploited the city's prevalent antisemitic sentiment, occasionally also espousing German nationalist notions for political benefit. German nationalism was even more widespread in the Mariahilf district, where Hitler then lived. [ 51 ] Georg Ritter von Schönerer became a major influence on Hitler, [ 52 ] and he developed an admiration for Martin Luther . [ 53 ] Hitler read local newspapers that promoted prejudice and used Christian fears of being swamped by an influx of Eastern European Jews [ 54 ] as well as pamphlets that published the thoughts of philosophers and theoreticians such as Houston Stewart Chamberlain , Charles Darwin , Friedrich Nietzsche , Gustave Le Bon , and Arthur Schopenhauer . [ 55 ] During his life in Vienna, Hitler also developed fervent anti-Slavic sentiments . [ 56 ] [ 57 ] The origin and development of Hitler's antisemitism remain a matter of debate. [ 58 ] His friend August Kubizek claimed that Hitler was a "confirmed antisemite" before he left Linz. [ 59 ] However, the historian Brigitte Hamann describes Kubizek's claim as "problematical". [ 60 ] While Hitler states in Mein Kampf that he first became an antisemite in Vienna, [ 61 ] Reinhold Hanisch , who helped him to sell his paintings, disagrees. Hitler had dealings with Jews while living in Vienna. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] [ 64 ] The historian Richard J. Evans states that "historians now generally agree that his notorious, murderous antisemitism emerged well after Germany's defeat [in World War I], as a product of the paranoid "stab-in-the-back" explanation for the catastrophe". [ 65 ] Hitler received the final part of his father's estate in May 1913 and moved to Munich . [ 66 ] When he was conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Army , [ 67 ] he journeyed to Salzburg on 5 February 1914 for medical assessment. After he was deemed unfit for service, he returned to Munich. [ 68 ] Hitler later claimed that he did not wish to serve the Habsburg Empire because of the mixture of races in its army and his belief that the collapse of Austria-Hungary was imminent. [ 69 ] World War I In August 1914, at the outbreak of World War I , Hitler was living in Munich and voluntarily enlisted in the Bavarian Army . [ 70 ] According to a 1924 report by the Bavarian authorities, allowing Hitler to serve was most likely an administrative error, because as an Austrian citizen, he should have been returned to Austria. [ 70 ] Posted to the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 (1st Company of the List Regiment), [ 70 ] [ 71 ] he served as a dispatch runner on the Western Front in France and Belgium, [ 72 ] spending nearly half his time at the regimental headquarters in Fournes-en-Weppes , well behind the front lines. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] In 1914, he was present at the First Battle of Ypres [ 75 ] and in that year was decorated for bravery, receiving the Iron Cross , Second Class. [ 75 ] During the war, he was saved by his commanding officer, Fritz Wiedemann , who pulled Hitler out of the rubble of a collapsed building while under heavy fire. [ 76 ] During his service at headquarters, Hitler pursued his artistic interests, drawing cartoons and providing instructions for an army newspaper. During the Battle of the Somme in October 1916, he was wounded in the left thigh when a shell exploded in the dispatch runners' dugout. [ 75 ] [ 77 ] Hitler spent almost two months recovering in hospital at Beelitz , returning to his regiment on 5 March 1917. [ 78 ] He was present at the Battle of Arras of 1917 and the Battle of Passchendaele . [ 75 ] He received the Black Wound Badge on 18 May 1918. [ 79 ] Three months later, in August 1918, on a recommendation by Lieutenant Hugo Gutmann , his Jewish superior, Hitler received the Iron Cross, First Class, a decoration rarely awarded at Hitler's Gefreiter rank. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] On 15 October 1918, he was temporarily blinded in a mustard gas attack and was hospitalised in Pasewalk . [ 82 ] While there, Hitler learned of Germany's defeat, and, by his own account, suffered a second bout of blindness after receiving this news. [ 83 ] Hitler described his role in World War I as "the greatest of all experiences", and was praised by his commanding officers for his bravery. [ 84 ] His wartime experience reinforced his German patriotism, and he was shocked by Germany's capitulation in November 1918. [ 85 ] His displeasure with the collapse of the war effort began to shape his ideology. [ 86 ] Like other German nationalists, he believed the Dolchstoßlegende ( stab-in-the-back myth ), which claimed that the German army, "undefeated in the field", had been "stabbed in the back" on the home front by civilian leaders, Jews, Marxists , and those who signed the armistice that ended the fighting—later dubbed the "November criminals". [ 87 ] The Treaty of Versailles stipulated that Germany had to relinquish several of its territories and demilitarise the Rhineland . The treaty imposed economic sanctions and levied heavy reparations on the country. Many Germans saw the treaty as an unjust humiliation. They especially objected to Article 231 , which they interpreted as declaring Germany responsible for the war. [ 88 ] The Versailles Treaty and the economic, social, and political conditions in Germany after the war were later exploited by Hitler for political gain. [ 89 ] Entry into politics After the war, Hitler returned to Munich. [ 90 ] Without formal education or career prospects, he remained in the Army. [ 91 ] In July 1919, he was appointed Verbindungsmann (intelligence agent) of an Aufklärungskommando (reconnaissance unit) of the Reichswehr , assigned to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate the German Workers' Party (DAP). At a DAP meeting on 12 September 1919, Party chairman Anton Drexler was impressed by Hitler's oratorical skills. He gave him a copy of his pamphlet My Political Awakening , which contained antisemitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist , and anti-Marxist ideas. [ 92 ] On the orders of his army superiors, Hitler applied to join the party, [ 93 ] and within a week was accepted as party member 555 (the party began counting membership at 500 to give the impression they were a much larger party). [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Hitler made his earliest known written statement about the Jewish question in a 16 September 1919 letter to Adolf Gemlich (now known as the Gemlich letter ). In the letter, Hitler argues that the aim of the government "must unshakably be the removal of the Jews altogether". [ 96 ] At the DAP, Hitler met Dietrich Eckart , one of the party's founders and a member of the occult Thule Society . [ 97 ] Eckart became Hitler's mentor, exchanging ideas with him and introducing him to a wide range of Munich society. [ 98 ] To increase its appeal, the DAP changed its name to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), now known as the " Nazi Party "). [ 99 ] Hitler designed the party's banner of a swastika in a white circle on a red background. [ 100 ] Hitler was discharged from the Army on 31 March 1920 and began working full-time for the party. [ 101 ] The party headquarters was in Munich, a centre for anti-government German nationalists determined to eliminate Marxism and undermine the Weimar Republic . [ 102 ] Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen commented in his 1947 book Diary of a Man in Despair : He had come to a house where he had never been before, wearing gaiters, a floppy, wide-brimmed hat, and carrying a riding whip.... Eventually, he managed to launch into a speech. He talked on and on, endlessly. He preached. He went on at us like a division chaplain in the Army. We did not in the least contradict him, or venture to differ in any way, but he began to bellow at us. The servants thought we were being attacked, and rushed in to defend us. When he had gone, we sat silently confused and not at all amused. There was a feeling of dismay, as when on a train you suddenly find you are sharing a compartment with a psychotic. [ 103 ] He had come to a house where he had never been before, wearing gaiters, a floppy, wide-brimmed hat, and carrying a riding whip.... Eventually, he managed to launch into a speech. He talked on and on, endlessly. He preached. He went on at us like a division chaplain in the Army. We did not in the least contradict him, or venture to differ in any way, but he began to bellow at us. The servants thought we were being attacked, and rushed in to defend us. When he had gone, we sat silently confused and not at all amused. There was a feeling of dismay, as when on a train you suddenly find you are sharing a compartment with a psychotic. [ 103 ] In February 1921, already highly effective at crowd manipulation , Hitler spoke to a crowd of over 6,000. [ 104 ] To publicise the meeting, two truckloads of party supporters drove around Munich waving swastika flags and distributing leaflets. Hitler soon gained notoriety for his rowdy polemic speeches against the Treaty of Versailles, rival politicians, and especially against Marxists and Jews. [ 105 ] In June 1921, while Hitler and Eckart were on a fundraising trip to Berlin, a mutiny broke out within the Nazi Party in Munich. Members of its executive committee wanted to merge with the Nuremberg-based German Socialist Party (DSP). [ 106 ] Hitler returned to Munich on 11 July and angrily tendered his resignation. The committee members realised that the resignation of their leading public figure and speaker would mean the end of the party. [ 107 ] Hitler announced he would rejoin on the condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman, and that the party headquarters would remain in Munich. [ 108 ] The committee agreed, and he rejoined the party on 26 July as member 3,680. Hitler continued to face some opposition within the Nazi Party. Opponents of Hitler in the leadership had Hermann Esser expelled from the party, and they printed 3,000 copies of a pamphlet attacking Hitler as a traitor to the party. [ 108 ] [ e ] In the following days, Hitler spoke to several large audiences and defended himself and Esser, to thunderous applause. His strategy proved successful, and at a special party congress on 29 July, he was granted absolute power as party chairman, succeeding Drexler, by a vote of 533 to 1. [ 109 ] Hitler's vitriolic beer hall speeches began attracting regular audiences. A demagogue , [ 110 ] he became adept at using populist themes, including the use of scapegoats , who were blamed for his listeners' economic hardships. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] [ 113 ] Hitler used personal magnetism and an understanding of crowd psychology to his advantage while engaged in public speaking. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] Historians have noted the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. [ 116 ] Alfons Heck , a former member of the Hitler Youth , recalled: We erupted into a frenzy of nationalistic pride that bordered on hysteria. For minutes on end, we shouted at the top of our lungs, with tears streaming down our faces: Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil! From that moment on, I belonged to Adolf Hitler body and soul. [ 117 ] We erupted into a frenzy of nationalistic pride that bordered on hysteria. For minutes on end, we shouted at the top of our lungs, with tears streaming down our faces: Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil! From that moment on, I belonged to Adolf Hitler body and soul. [ 117 ] Early followers included Rudolf Hess , the former air force ace Hermann Göring , and the army captain Ernst Röhm . Röhm became head of the Nazis' paramilitary organisation, the Sturmabteilung (SA, "Stormtroopers"), which protected meetings and attacked political opponents. A critical influence on Hitler's thinking during this period was the Aufbau Vereinigung , [ 118 ] a conspiratorial group of White Russian exiles and early Nazis. The group, financed with funds channelled from wealthy industrialists, introduced Hitler to the idea of a Jewish conspiracy, linking international finance with Bolshevism . [ 119 ] The programme of the Nazi Party was laid out in their 25-point programme on 24 February 1920. This did not represent a coherent ideology, but was a conglomeration of received ideas which had currency in the völkisch pan-Germanic movement, such as ultranationalism , opposition to the Treaty of Versailles , distrust of capitalism , as well as some socialist ideas. For Hitler, the most important aspect of it was its strong antisemitic stance. He also perceived the programme as primarily a basis for propaganda and for attracting people to the party. [ 120 ] Beer Hall Putsch and Landsberg Prison In 1923, Hitler enlisted the help of World War I General Erich Ludendorff for an attempted coup known as the Beer Hall Putsch . The Nazi Party used Italian Fascism as a model for their appearance and policies. Hitler wanted to emulate Benito Mussolini 's March on Rome in 1922 by staging his own coup in Bavaria, to be followed by a challenge to the government in Berlin. Hitler and Ludendorff sought the support of Staatskommissar (State Commissioner) Gustav Ritter von Kahr , Bavaria's de facto ruler. However, Kahr, along with Police Chief Hans Ritter von Seisser and Reichswehr General Otto von Lossow , wanted to install a nationalist dictatorship without Hitler. [ 121 ] On 8 November 1923, Hitler and the SA stormed a public meeting of 3,000 people organised by Kahr in the Bürgerbräukeller , a beer hall in Munich. Interrupting Kahr's speech, he announced that the national revolution had begun and declared the formation of a new government with Ludendorff. [ 122 ] Retiring to a back room, Hitler, with his pistol drawn, demanded and subsequently received the support of Kahr, Seisser, and Lossow. [ 122 ] Hitler's forces initially succeeded in occupying the local Reichswehr and police headquarters, but Kahr and his cohorts quickly withdrew their support. Neither the Army nor the state police joined forces with Hitler. [ 123 ] The next day, Hitler and his followers marched from the beer hall to the Bavarian War Ministry to overthrow the Bavarian government, but police dispersed them. [ 124 ] In the failed coup, 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers were killed. [ 125 ] Hitler fled to the home of Ernst Hanfstaengl and by some accounts contemplated suicide. [ 126 ] He was depressed but calm when arrested on 11 November 1923 for high treason . [ 127 ] His trial before the special People's Court in Munich began in February 1924, [ 128 ] and Alfred Rosenberg became temporary leader of the Nazi Party. On 1 April, Hitler was sentenced to five years' Festungshaft ('fortress confinement') at Landsberg Prison . [ 129 ] There, he received friendly treatment from the guards and was allowed mail from supporters and regular visits by party comrades. Pardoned by the Bavarian Supreme Court, he was released from jail on 20 December 1924, against the state prosecutor's objections. [ 130 ] Including time on remand, Hitler served just over one year in prison. [ 131 ] While at Landsberg, Hitler dictated most of the first volume of Mein Kampf ( lit. ' My Struggle ' ; originally titled Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice ) at first to his chauffeur, Emil Maurice , and then to his deputy, Rudolf Hess . [ 131 ] [ 132 ] The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography and exposition of his ideology. The book laid out Hitler's plans for territorial expansion as well as transforming German society into a dictatorship based on race. Throughout the book, Jews are equated with "germs" and presented as the "international poisoners" of society. According to Hitler's ideology, the only solution was their extermination. While Hitler did not describe exactly how this was to be accomplished, his "inherent genocidal thrust is undeniable", according to Ian Kershaw . [ 133 ] Published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, Mein Kampf sold 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932. One million copies were sold in 1933, Hitler's first year in office. [ 134 ] Shortly before Hitler was eligible for parole, the Bavarian government attempted to have him deported to Austria. [ 135 ] The Austrian federal chancellor rejected the request on the specious grounds that his service in the German Army made his Austrian citizenship void. [ 136 ] In response, Hitler formally renounced his Austrian citizenship on 7 April 1925. [ 136 ] Rebuilding the Nazi Party At the time of Hitler's release from prison, politics in Germany had become less combative, and the economy had improved, limiting Hitler's opportunities for political agitation. As a result of the failed Beer Hall Putsch, the Nazi Party and its affiliated organisations were banned in Bavaria. In a meeting with the Prime Minister of Bavaria, Heinrich Held , on 4 January 1925, Hitler agreed to respect the state's authority and promised that he would seek political power only through the democratic process. The meeting paved the way for the ban on the Nazi Party to be lifted on 16 February. [ 137 ] However, after an inflammatory speech he gave on 27 February, Hitler was barred from public speaking by the Bavarian authorities, a ban that remained in place until 1927. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] To advance his political ambitions in spite of the ban, Hitler appointed Gregor Strasser , Otto Strasser , and Joseph Goebbels to organise and enlarge the Nazi Party in northern Germany. Gregor Strasser steered a more independent political course, emphasising the socialist elements of the party's programme. [ 140 ] The stock market in the United States crashed on 24 October 1929 . The impact in Germany was dire: millions became unemployed, and several major banks collapsed. Hitler and the Nazi Party prepared to take advantage of the emergency to gain support for their party. They promised to repudiate the Versailles Treaty, strengthen the economy, and provide jobs. [ 141 ] Rise to power Election Total votes % votes Reichstag seats Notes May 1924 1,918,300 6.5 32 Hitler in prison December 1924 907,300 3.0 14 Hitler released from prison May 1928 810,100 2.6 12 September 1930 6,409,600 18.3 107 After the financial crisis July 1932 13,745,000 37.3 230 After Hitler was candidate for presidency November 1932 11,737,000 33.1 196 March 1933 17,277,180 43.9 288 Only partially free during Hitler's term as chancellor of Germany Brüning administration The Great Depression provided a political opportunity for Hitler. Germans were ambivalent about the parliamentary republic , which faced challenges from right- and left-wing extremists . The moderate political parties were increasingly unable to stem the tide of extremism, and the German referendum of 1929 helped to elevate Nazi ideology. [ 143 ] The elections of September 1930 resulted in the break-up of a grand coalition and its replacement with a minority cabinet. Its leader, chancellor Heinrich Brüning of the Centre Party , governed through emergency decrees from President Paul von Hindenburg. Governance by decree became the new norm, paving the way for authoritarian forms of government. [ 144 ] The Nazi Party rose from obscurity to win 18.3 per cent of the vote and 107 parliamentary seats in the 1930 election, becoming the second-largest party in parliament. [ 145 ] Hitler made a prominent appearance at the trial of two Reichswehr officers, Lieutenants Richard Scheringer and Hanns Ludin , in late 1930. Both were charged with membership in the Nazi Party, at that time illegal for Reichswehr personnel. [ 146 ] The prosecution argued that the Nazi Party was an extremist party, prompting defence lawyer Hans Frank to call on Hitler to testify. [ 147 ] On 25 September 1930, Hitler testified that his party would pursue political power solely through democratic elections, [ 148 ] which won him many supporters in the officer corps. [ 149 ] Brüning's austerity measures brought little economic improvement and were extremely unpopular. [ 150 ] Hitler exploited this by targeting his political messages specifically at people who had been affected by the inflation of the 1920s and the Depression, such as farmers, war veterans, and the middle class. [ 151 ] Although Hitler had terminated his Austrian citizenship in 1925, he did not acquire German citizenship for almost seven years. This meant that he was stateless , legally unable to run for public office, and still faced the risk of deportation. [ 152 ] On 25 February 1932, the interior minister of Brunswick , Dietrich Klagges , who was a member of the Nazi Party, appointed Hitler as administrator for the state's delegation to the Reichsrat in Berlin, making Hitler a citizen of Brunswick, [ 153 ] and thus of Germany. [ 154 ] Hitler ran against Hindenburg in the 1932 presidential election . A speech to the Industry Club in Düsseldorf on 27 January 1932 won him support from many of Germany's most powerful industrialists. [ 155 ] Hindenburg had support from various nationalist, monarchist, Catholic, and republican parties, and some Social Democrats . Hitler used the campaign slogan " Hitler über Deutschland " ("Hitler over Germany"), a reference to his political ambitions and his campaigning by aircraft. [ 156 ] He was one of the first politicians to use aircraft travel for campaigning and used it effectively. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] Hitler came in second in both rounds of the election, garnering more than 35 per cent of the vote in the final election. Although he lost to Hindenburg, this election established Hitler as a strong force in German politics. [ 159 ] Appointment as chancellor The absence of an effective government prompted two influential politicians, Franz von Papen and Alfred Hugenberg , along with several other industrialists and businessmen, to write a letter to Hindenburg. The signers urged Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as leader of a government "independent from parliamentary parties", which could turn into a movement that would "enrapture millions of people". [ 160 ] [ 161 ] Hindenburg reluctantly agreed to appoint Hitler as chancellor after two further parliamentary elections—in July and November 1932—had not resulted in the formation of a majority government. Hitler headed a short-lived coalition government formed by the Nazi Party (which had the most seats in the Reichstag) and Hugenberg's party, the German National People's Party (DNVP). On 30 January 1933, the new cabinet was sworn in during a brief ceremony in Hindenburg's office. The Nazi Party gained three posts: Hitler was named chancellor, Wilhelm Frick Minister of the Interior, and Hermann Göring Minister of the Interior for Prussia. [ 162 ] Hitler had insisted on the ministerial positions as a way to gain control over the police in much of Germany. [ 163 ] Reichstag fire and March elections As chancellor, Hitler worked against attempts by the Nazi Party's opponents to build a majority government. Because of the political stalemate, he asked Hindenburg to again dissolve the Reichstag, and elections were scheduled for early March. On 27 February 1933, the Reichstag building was set on fire . Göring blamed a communist plot, as the Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe was found in incriminating circumstances inside the burning building. [ 164 ] Until the 1960s, some historians, including William L. Shirer and Alan Bullock , thought the Nazi Party was responsible; [ 165 ] [ 166 ] now the view of most historians is van der Lubbe started the fire alone. [ 167 ] At Hitler's urging, Hindenburg responded by signing the Reichstag Fire Decree of 28 February, drafted by the Nazis, which suspended basic rights and allowed detention without trial. The decree was permitted under Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution, which gave the president the power to take emergency measures to protect public safety and order. [ 168 ] Activities of the German Communist Party (KPD) were suppressed, and 4,000 KPD members were arrested. [ 169 ] In addition to political campaigning, the Nazi Party engaged in paramilitary violence and the spread of anti-communist propaganda, in the days preceding the election . On election day, 6 March 1933, the Nazi's share of the vote increased to 44%, and the party acquired the largest number of seats in parliament. Hitler's party failed to secure an absolute majority, necessitating another coalition with the DNVP. [ 170 ] Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act On 21 March 1933, the new Reichstag was constituted with an opening ceremony at the Garrison Church in Potsdam . This "Day of Potsdam" was held to demonstrate unity between the Nazi movement and the old Prussian elite and military. Hitler appeared in a morning coat and humbly greeted Hindenburg. [ 171 ] [ 172 ] To achieve full political control despite not having an absolute majority in parliament, Hitler's government brought the Ermächtigungsgesetz (Enabling Act) to a vote in the newly elected Reichstag . The Act—officially titled the Gesetz zur Behebung der Not von Volk und Reich ("Law to Remedy the Distress of People and Reich")—gave Hitler's cabinet the power to enact laws without the consent of the Reichstag for four years. These laws could (with certain exceptions) deviate from the constitution. [ 173 ] Since it would affect the constitution, the Enabling Act required a two-thirds majority to pass. Leaving nothing to chance, the Nazis used the provisions of the Reichstag Fire Decree to arrest all 81 Communist deputies (in spite of their virulent campaign against the party, the Nazis had allowed the KPD to contest the election) [ 174 ] and prevent several Social Democrats from attending. [ 175 ] On 23 March 1933, the Reichstag assembled at the Kroll Opera House under turbulent circumstances. Ranks of SA men served as guards inside the building, while large groups outside, opposing the proposed legislation, shouted slogans and threats towards the arriving members of parliament. [ 176 ] After Hitler verbally promised Centre party leader Ludwig Kaas that Hindenburg would retain his power of veto, Kaas announced the Centre Party would support the Enabling Act. The Act was passed by a vote of 444–94, with all parties except the Social Democrats voting in favour. The Enabling Act, along with the Reichstag Fire Decree, transformed Hitler's government into a de facto legal dictatorship. [ 177 ] Dictatorship At the risk of appearing to talk nonsense I tell you that the National Socialist movement will go on for 1,000 years! ... Don't forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I declared that one day I would govern Germany. They laugh now, just as foolishly, when I declare that I shall remain in power! [ 178 ] At the risk of appearing to talk nonsense I tell you that the National Socialist movement will go on for 1,000 years! ... Don't forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I declared that one day I would govern Germany. They laugh now, just as foolishly, when I declare that I shall remain in power! [ 178 ] — Adolf Hitler to a British correspondent in Berlin, June 1934 Having achieved full control over the legislative and executive branches of government, Hitler and his allies began to suppress the remaining opposition. The Social Democratic Party was made illegal, and its assets were seized. [ 179 ] While many trade union delegates were in Berlin for May Day activities, SA stormtroopers occupied union offices around the country. On 2 May 1933, all trade unions were forced to dissolve, and their leaders were arrested. Some were sent to concentration camps . [ 180 ] The German Labour Front was formed as an umbrella organisation to represent all workers, administrators, and company owners, thus reflecting the concept of Nazism in the spirit of Hitler's Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community"). [ 181 ] By the end of June, the other parties had been intimidated into disbanding. This included the Nazis' nominal coalition partner, the DNVP; with the SA's help, Hitler forced its leader, Hugenberg, to resign on 29 June. On 14 July 1933, the Nazi Party was declared the only legal political party in Germany. [ 181 ] [ 179 ] The demands of the SA for more political and military power caused anxiety among military, industrial, and political leaders. In response, Hitler purged the entire SA leadership in the Night of the Long Knives , which took place from 30 June to 2 July 1934. [ 182 ] Hitler targeted Ernst Röhm and other SA leaders who, along with a number of Hitler's political adversaries (such as Gregor Strasser and former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher ), were rounded up, arrested, and shot. [ 183 ] While the international community and some Germans were shocked by the killings, many in Germany believed Hitler was restoring order. [ 184 ] Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934. On the previous day, the cabinet had enacted the Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich . [ 2 ] This law stated that upon Hindenburg's death, the office of president would be abolished, and its powers merged with those of the chancellor. Hitler thus became head of state as well as head of government and was formally named as Führer und Reichskanzler (Leader and Chancellor of the Reich), [ 1 ] although Reichskanzler was eventually dropped. [ 185 ] With this action, Hitler eliminated the last legal remedy by which he could be removed from office. [ 186 ] As head of state, Hitler became commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Immediately after Hindenburg's death, at the instigation of the leadership of the Reichswehr , the traditional loyalty oath of soldiers was altered to affirm loyalty to Hitler personally, by name , rather than to the office of commander-in-chief (which was later renamed to supreme commander) or to Germany. [ 187 ] On 19 August, the merger of the presidency with the chancellorship was approved by 88 per cent of the electorate voting in a plebiscite . [ 188 ] In early 1938, Hitler used blackmail to consolidate his hold over the military by instigating the Blomberg–Fritsch affair . Hitler forced his War Minister, Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg , to resign by using a police dossier that showed that Blomberg's new wife had a record for prostitution. [ 189 ] [ 190 ] Army commander Colonel-General Werner von Fritsch was removed after the Schutzstaffel (SS) produced allegations that he had engaged in a homosexual relationship. [ 191 ] Both men had fallen into disfavour because they objected to Hitler's demand to make the Wehrmacht ready for war as early as 1938. [ 192 ] Hitler assumed Blomberg's title of Commander-in-Chief, thus taking personal command of the armed forces. [ 193 ] He replaced the Ministry of War with the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), headed by General Wilhelm Keitel . On the same day, 16 generals were stripped of their commands and 44 more were transferred; all were suspected of not being sufficiently pro-Nazi. [ 194 ] By early February 1938, 12 more generals had been removed. [ 195 ] Hitler took care to give his dictatorship the appearance of legality. Many of his decrees were explicitly based on the Reichstag Fire Decree and hence on Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution. The Reichstag renewed the Enabling Act twice, each time for a four-year period. [ 196 ] While elections to the Reichstag were still held (in 1933, 1936, and 1938), voters were presented with a single list of Nazis and pro-Nazi "guests" which received well over 90 per cent of the vote. [ 197 ] These sham elections were held in far-from-secret conditions; the Nazis threatened severe reprisals against anyone who did not vote or who voted against. [ 198 ] Nazi Germany Economy and culture In August 1934, Hitler appointed Reichsbank President Hjalmar Schacht as Minister of Economics, and in the following year, as Plenipotentiary for War Economy in charge of preparing the economy for war. [ 199 ] Reconstruction and rearmament were financed through Mefo bills , printing money, and seizing the assets of people arrested as enemies of the state , including Jews. [ 200 ] The number of unemployed fell from six million in 1932 to fewer than one million in 1936. [ 201 ] Hitler oversaw one of the largest infrastructure improvement campaigns in German history, leading to the construction of dams, autobahns , railroads, and other civil works. Wages were slightly lower in the mid- to late 1930s compared with wages during the Weimar Republic, while the cost of living increased by 25 per cent. [ 202 ] The average workweek increased during the shift to a war economy; by 1939, the average German was working between 47 and 50 hours a week. [ 203 ] Hitler's government sponsored architecture on an immense scale. Albert Speer , instrumental in implementing Hitler's classicist reinterpretation of German culture, was placed in charge of the proposed architectural renovations of Berlin . [ 204 ] Despite a threatened multi-nation boycott , Germany hosted the 1936 Olympic Games. Hitler officiated at the opening ceremonies and attended events at both the Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen and the Summer Games in Berlin. [ 205 ] Rearmament and new alliances In a meeting with German military leaders on 3 February 1933, Hitler spoke of "conquest for Lebensraum in the East and its ruthless Germanisation" as his ultimate foreign policy objectives. [ 206 ] In March, Prince Bernhard Wilhelm von Bülow, secretary at the Foreign Office ( Auswärtiges Amt ), issued a statement of major foreign policy aims: Anschluss with Austria, the restoration of Germany's national borders of 1914, rejection of military restrictions under the Treaty of Versailles, the return of the former German colonies in Africa, and a German zone of influence in Eastern Europe. Hitler found Bülow's goals to be too modest. [ 207 ] In speeches during this period, he stressed what he termed the peaceful goals of his policies and a willingness to work within international agreements. [ 208 ] At the first meeting of his cabinet in 1933, Hitler prioritised military spending over unemployment relief. [ 209 ] Germany withdrew from the League of Nations and the World Disarmament Conference in October 1933. [ 210 ] In January 1935, over 90 per cent of the people of the Saarland , then under League of Nations administration, voted to unite with Germany . [ 211 ] That March, Hitler announced an expansion of the Wehrmacht to 600,000 members—six times the number permitted by the Versailles Treaty—including development of an air force ( Luftwaffe ) and an increase in the size of the navy ( Kriegsmarine ). Britain, France, Italy, and the League of Nations condemned these violations of the Treaty but did nothing to stop it. [ 212 ] [ 213 ] The Anglo-German Naval Agreement (AGNA) of 18 June allowed German tonnage to increase to 35 per cent of that of the Royal Navy . Hitler called the signing of the AGNA "the happiest day of his life", believing that the agreement marked the beginning of the Anglo-German alliance he had predicted in Mein Kampf . [ 214 ] France and Italy were not consulted before the signing, directly undermining the League of Nations and setting the Treaty of Versailles on the path towards irrelevance. [ 215 ] Germany reoccupied the demilitarised zone in the Rhineland in March 1936, in violation of the Versailles Treaty. Hitler also sent troops to Spain to support Francisco Franco and his Nationalist faction during the Spanish Civil War after receiving an appeal for help in July 1936. At the same time, Hitler continued his efforts to create an Anglo-German alliance. [ 216 ] In August 1936, in response to a growing economic crisis caused by his rearmament efforts, Hitler ordered Göring to implement a Four Year Plan to prepare Germany for war within the next four years. [ 217 ] The plan envisaged an all-out struggle between " Judaeo-Bolshevism " and German Nazism, which in Hitler's view required a committed effort of rearmament regardless of the economic costs. [ 218 ] In October 1936, Count Galeazzo Ciano , foreign minister of Mussolini's government, visited Germany, where he signed a Nine-Point Protocol as an expression of rapprochement and had a personal meeting with Hitler. On 1 November, Mussolini declared an "axis" between Germany and Italy. [ 219 ] On 25 November, Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan . Britain, China, Italy, and Poland were also invited to join the Anti-Comintern Pact, but only Italy signed in 1937. Hitler abandoned his plan of an Anglo-German alliance, blaming "inadequate" British leadership. [ 220 ] At a meeting in the Reich Chancellery with his foreign ministers and military chiefs that November, Hitler restated his intention of acquiring Lebensraum for the German people. He ordered preparations for war in the East to begin as early as 1938 and no later than 1943. In the event of his death, the conference minutes, recorded as the Hossbach Memorandum , were to be regarded as his "political testament". [ 221 ] He felt that a severe decline in living standards in Germany as a result of the economic crisis could only be stopped by military aggression aimed at seizing Austria and Czechoslovakia . [ 222 ] [ 223 ] Hitler urged quick action before Britain and France gained a permanent lead in the arms race . [ 222 ] In early 1938, in the wake of the Blomberg–Fritsch affair , Hitler asserted control of the military-foreign policy apparatus, dismissing Neurath as foreign minister and appointing himself as War Minister. [ 217 ] From early 1938 onwards, Hitler was carrying out a foreign policy ultimately aimed at war. [ 224 ] World War II Early diplomatic successes Alliance with Japan In February 1938, on the advice of his newly appointed foreign minister, the strongly pro-Japanese Joachim von Ribbentrop , Hitler ended the Sino-German alliance with the Republic of China to instead enter into an alliance with the more modern and powerful Empire of Japan . Hitler announced German recognition of Manchukuo , the Japanese puppet state in Manchuria , and renounced German claims to their former colonies in the Pacific held by Japan. [ 225 ] Hitler ordered an end to arms shipments to China and recalled all German officers working with the Chinese Army. [ 225 ] In retaliation, Chinese General Chiang Kai-shek cancelled all Sino-German economic agreements, depriving the Germans of many Chinese raw materials. [ 226 ] Austria and Czechoslovakia On 12 March 1938, Hitler announced the unification of Austria with Germany in the Anschluss . [ 227 ] [ 228 ] Hitler then turned his attention to the ethnic German population of the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. [ 229 ] On 28–29 March 1938, Hitler held a series of secret meetings in Berlin with Konrad Henlein of the Sudeten German Party , the largest of the ethnic German parties of the Sudetenland. The men agreed that Henlein would demand increased autonomy for Sudeten Germans from the Czechoslovak government, thus providing a pretext for German military action against Czechoslovakia. In April 1938, Henlein told the foreign minister of Hungary that "whatever the Czech government might offer, he would always raise still higher demands ... he wanted to sabotage an understanding by any means because this was the only method to blow up Czechoslovakia quickly". [ 230 ] In private, Hitler considered the Sudeten issue unimportant; his real intention was a war of conquest against Czechoslovakia. [ 231 ] In April, Hitler ordered the OKW to prepare for Fall Grün (Case Green), the code name for an invasion of Czechoslovakia. [ 232 ] As a result of intense French and British diplomatic pressure, on 5 September, Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš unveiled the "Fourth Plan" for constitutional reorganisation of his country, which agreed to most of Henlein's demands for Sudeten autonomy. [ 233 ] Henlein's party responded to Beneš' offer by instigating a series of violent clashes with the Czechoslovak police that led to the declaration of martial law in certain Sudeten districts. [ 234 ] [ 235 ] Germany was dependent on imported oil; a confrontation with Britain over the Czechoslovak dispute could curtail Germany's oil supplies. This forced Hitler to call off Fall Grün , originally planned for 1 October 1938. [ 236 ] On 29 September, Hitler, Neville Chamberlain , Édouard Daladier , and Mussolini attended a one-day conference in Munich that led to the Munich Agreement , which handed over the Sudetenland districts to Germany. [ 237 ] [ 238 ] Chamberlain was satisfied with the Munich conference, calling the outcome " peace for our time ", while Hitler was angered about the missed opportunity for war in 1938; [ 239 ] [ 240 ] he expressed his disappointment in a speech on 9 October in Saarbrücken . [ 241 ] In Hitler's view, the British-brokered peace, although favourable to the ostensible German demands, was a diplomatic defeat which spurred his intent of limiting British power to pave the way for the eastern expansion of Germany. [ 242 ] [ 243 ] As a result of the summit, Hitler was selected Time magazine's Man of the Year for 1938. [ 244 ] In late 1938 and early 1939, the continuing economic crisis caused by rearmament forced Hitler to make major defence cuts. [ 245 ] In his "Export or die" speech of 30 January 1939 , he called for an economic offensive to increase German foreign exchange holdings to pay for raw materials such as high-grade iron needed for military weapons. [ 245 ] On 14 March 1939, under threat from Hungary, Slovakia declared independence and received protection from Germany. [ 246 ] The next day, in violation of the Munich Agreement and possibly as a result of the deepening economic crisis requiring additional assets, [ 247 ] Hitler ordered the Wehrmacht to invade the Czech rump state , and from Prague Castle he proclaimed the territory a German protectorate . [ 248 ] Start of World War II In private discussions in 1939, Hitler declared Britain the main enemy to be defeated and that Poland's obliteration was a necessary prelude for that goal. [ 249 ] The eastern flank would be secured and land would be added to Germany's Lebensraum . [ 250 ] Offended by the British "guarantee" on 31 March 1939 of Polish independence, he said, "I shall brew them a devil's drink". [ 251 ] In a speech in Wilhelmshaven for the launch of the battleship Tirpitz on 1 April, he threatened to denounce the Anglo-German Naval Agreement if the British continued to guarantee Polish independence, which he perceived as an "encirclement" policy. [ 251 ] Poland was to either become a German satellite state or it would be neutralised to secure the Reich's eastern flank and prevent a possible British blockade. [ 252 ] Hitler initially favoured the idea of a satellite state, but upon its rejection by the Polish government, he decided to invade and made this the main foreign policy goal of 1939. [ 253 ] On 3 April, Hitler ordered the military to prepare for Fall Weiss ("Case White"), the plan for invading Poland on 25 August. [ 253 ] In a Reichstag speech on 28 April, he renounced both the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact . [ 254 ] Historians such as William Carr , Gerhard Weinberg , and Ian Kershaw have argued that one reason for Hitler's rush to war was his fear of an early death. He had repeatedly claimed that he must lead Germany into war before he got too old, as his successors might lack his strength of will. [ 255 ] [ 256 ] [ 257 ] Hitler was concerned that a military attack against Poland could result in a premature war with Britain. [ 252 ] [ 258 ] Hitler's foreign minister and former Ambassador to London, Joachim von Ribbentrop, assured him that neither Britain nor France would honour its commitments to Poland. [ 259 ] [ 260 ] Accordingly, on 22 August 1939 Hitler ordered a military mobilisation against Poland. [ 261 ] This plan required tacit Soviet support, [ 262 ] and the non-aggression pact (the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact ) between Germany and the Soviet Union , led by Joseph Stalin , included a secret agreement to partition Poland between the two countries. [ 263 ] Contrary to Ribbentrop's prediction that Britain would sever Anglo-Polish ties, Britain and Poland signed the Anglo-Polish alliance on 25 August 1939. This, along with news from Italy that Mussolini would not honour the Pact of Steel , prompted Hitler to postpone the attack on Poland from 25 August to 1 September. [ 264 ] Hitler unsuccessfully tried to manoeuvre the British into neutrality by offering them a non-aggression guarantee on 25 August; he then instructed Ribbentrop to present a last-minute peace plan with an impossibly short time limit in an effort to blame the imminent war on British and Polish inaction. [ 265 ] [ 266 ] On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded western Poland under the pretext of having been denied claims to the Free City of Danzig and the right to extraterritorial roads across the Polish Corridor , which Germany had ceded under the Versailles Treaty. [ 267 ] In response, Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September, surprising Hitler and prompting him to angrily ask Ribbentrop, "Now what?" [ 268 ] Britain and France did not act on their declarations immediately, and on 17 September, Soviet forces invaded eastern Poland. [ 269 ] The fall of Poland was followed by what contemporary journalists dubbed the " Phoney War " or Sitzkrieg ("sitting war"). Hitler instructed the two newly appointed Gauleiters of north-western Poland, Albert Forster of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia and Arthur Greiser of Reichsgau Wartheland , to Germanise their areas, with "no questions asked" about how this was accomplished. [ 270 ] In Forster's area, ethnic Poles merely had to sign forms stating that they had German blood. [ 271 ] In contrast, Greiser agreed with Himmler and carried out an ethnic cleansing campaign towards Poles. Greiser soon complained that Forster was allowing thousands of Poles to be accepted as "racial" Germans and thus endangered German "racial purity". [ 270 ] Hitler refrained from getting involved. This inaction has been cited as an example of the theory of "working towards the Führer", in which Hitler issued vague instructions and expected his subordinates to develop policies independently. [ 270 ] [ 272 ] Another dispute pitched one side represented by Heinrich Himmler and Greiser, who championed ethnic cleansing in Poland, against another represented by Göring and Hans Frank ( governor-general of occupied Poland), who called for turning Poland into the "granary" of the Reich. On 12 February 1940, the dispute was initially settled in favour of the Göring–Frank view, which ended the economically disruptive mass expulsions. On 15 May 1940, Himmler issued a memo entitled "Some Thoughts on the Treatment of Alien Population in the East", calling for the expulsion of the entire Jewish population of Europe into Africa and the reduction of the Polish population to a "leaderless class of labourers". Hitler called Himmler's memo "good and correct", and, ignoring Göring and Frank, implemented the Himmler–Greiser policy in Poland. [ 273 ] On 9 April, German forces invaded Denmark and Norway . On the same day Hitler proclaimed the birth of the Greater Germanic Reich , his vision of a united empire of Germanic nations of Europe in which the Dutch, Flemish, and Scandinavians were joined into a "racially pure" polity under German leadership. [ 274 ] In May 1940, Germany attacked France , and conquered Luxembourg , the Netherlands , and Belgium . These victories prompted Mussolini to have Italy join forces with Hitler on 10 June. France and Germany signed an armistice on 22 June. [ 275 ] Kershaw notes that Hitler's popularity within Germany—and German support for the war—reached its peak when he returned to Berlin on 6 July from his tour of Paris. [ 276 ] Following the unexpected swift victory, Hitler promoted 12 generals to the rank of field marshal during the 1940 Field Marshal Ceremony . [ 277 ] [ 278 ] Britain, whose troops were forced to evacuate France by sea from Dunkirk , [ 279 ] continued to fight alongside other British dominions in the Battle of the Atlantic . Hitler made peace overtures to the new British prime minister, Winston Churchill , and upon their rejection, he ordered a series of aerial attacks on Royal Air Force airbases and radar stations in southeast England . On 7 September, the systematic nightly bombing of London began. The German Luftwaffe failed to defeat the Royal Air Force in what became known as the Battle of Britain . [ 280 ] By the end of September, Hitler realised that air superiority for the invasion of Britain (in Operation Sea Lion ) could not be achieved, and ordered the operation postponed. The nightly air raids on British cities intensified and continued for months, including London, Plymouth , and Coventry . [ 281 ] On 27 September 1940, the Tripartite Pact was signed in Berlin by Saburō Kurusu of Imperial Japan , Hitler, and Italian foreign minister Ciano, [ 282 ] and later expanded to include Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria , thus yielding the Axis powers . Hitler's attempt to integrate the Soviet Union into the anti-British bloc failed after inconclusive talks between Hitler and Molotov in Berlin in November, and he ordered preparations for the invasion of the Soviet Union. [ 283 ] In early 1941, German forces were deployed to North Africa, the Balkans , and the Middle East. In February, German forces arrived in Libya to bolster the Italian presence. In April, Hitler launched the invasion of Yugoslavia , quickly followed by the invasion of Greece . [ 284 ] In May, German forces were sent to support Iraqi forces fighting against the British and to invade Crete . [ 285 ] On 28 November, Hitler met in Berlin with Amin al-Husseini , the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem . [ 286 ] Hitler framed opposition to a Jewish homeland as part of Germany's broader "struggle against the Jews." [ 287 ] Path to defeat On 22 June 1941, contravening the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939, over three million Axis troops attacked the Soviet Union. [ 288 ] This offensive (codenamed Operation Barbarossa ) was intended to destroy the Soviet Union and seize its natural resources for subsequent aggression against the Western powers. [ 289 ] [ 290 ] The action was also part of the overall plan to obtain more living space for German people; and Hitler thought a successful invasion would force Britain to negotiate a surrender. [ 291 ] The invasion conquered a huge area, including the Baltic republics, Belarus , and West Ukraine . By early August, Axis troops had advanced 500 km (310 miles) and won the Battle of Smolensk . Hitler ordered Army Group Centre to temporarily halt its advance to Moscow and divert its Panzer groups to aid in the encirclement of Leningrad and Kiev . [ 292 ] His generals disagreed with this change, having advanced within 400 km (250 miles) of Moscow, and his decision caused a crisis among the military leadership. [ 293 ] [ 294 ] The pause provided the Red Army with an opportunity to mobilise fresh reserves; the historian Russel Stolfi considers it to be one of the major factors that caused the failure of the Moscow offensive, which was resumed in October 1941 and ended disastrously in December . [ 292 ] During this crisis, Hitler appointed himself as head of the Oberkommando des Heeres . [ 295 ] On 7 December 1941, Japan attacked the American fleet based at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii. Four days later, Hitler declared war against the United States . [ 296 ] On 18 December 1941, Himmler asked Hitler, "What to do with the Jews of Russia?", to which Hitler replied, "als Partisanen auszurotten" ("exterminate them as partisans"). [ 297 ] The Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer has commented that the remark is probably as close as historians will ever get to a definitive order from Hitler for the genocide carried out during the Holocaust. [ 297 ] In late 1942, German forces were defeated in the Second Battle of El Alamein , [ 298 ] thwarting Hitler's plans to seize the Suez Canal and the Middle East. Overconfident in his own military expertise following the earlier victories in 1940, Hitler became distrustful of his Army High Command and began to interfere in military and tactical planning, with damaging consequences. [ 299 ] In December 1942 and January 1943, Hitler's repeated refusal to allow their withdrawal at the Battle of Stalingrad led to the almost total destruction of the 6th Army . Over 200,000 Axis soldiers were killed, and 235,000 were taken prisoner. [ 300 ] Thereafter came a decisive strategic defeat at the Battle of Kursk . [ 301 ] Hitler's military judgement became increasingly erratic, and Germany's military and economic position deteriorated, as did Hitler's health. [ 302 ] Following the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943, Mussolini was removed from power by King Victor Emmanuel III after a vote of no confidence of the Grand Council of Fascism . Marshal Pietro Badoglio , placed in charge of the government, soon surrendered to the Allies . [ 303 ] Throughout 1943 and 1944, the Soviet Union steadily forced Hitler's armies into retreat along the Eastern Front . On 6 June 1944, the Western Allied armies landed in northern France in one of the largest amphibious operations in history, Operation Overlord . [ 304 ] Many German officers concluded that defeat was inevitable and that continuing under Hitler's leadership would result in the complete destruction of the country . [ 305 ] Between 1939 and 1945, there were numerous plans to assassinate Hitler , some of which proceeded to significant degrees. [ 306 ] The most well-known and significant, the 20 July plot of 1944, came from within Germany and was at least partly driven by the increasing prospect of a German defeat in the war. [ 307 ] Part of Operation Valkyrie , the plot involved Claus von Stauffenberg planting a bomb in one of Hitler's headquarters , the Wolf's Lair at Rastenburg . Hitler narrowly survived because the staff officer Heinz Brandt moved the briefcase containing the bomb behind a leg of the heavy conference table, which deflected much of the blast. Later, Hitler ordered reprisals, resulting in the execution of more than 4,900 people. [ 308 ] Hitler was put on the United Nations War Crimes Commission 's first list of war criminals in December 1944, after determining that Hitler could be held criminally responsible for the acts of the Nazis in occupied countries. By March 1945, at least seven indictments had been filed against him. [ 309 ] Defeat and death By late 1944, both the Red Army and the Western Allies were advancing into Germany. Recognising the strength and determination of the Red Army, Hitler decided to use his remaining mobile reserves against the American and British armies, which he perceived as far weaker. [ 310 ] On 16 December, he launched the Ardennes Offensive to incite disunity among the Western Allies and perhaps convince them to join his fight against the Soviets. [ 311 ] After some temporary successes, the offensive failed. [ 312 ] With much of Germany in ruins in January 1945, Hitler spoke on the radio: "However grave as the crisis may be at this moment, it will, despite everything, be mastered by our unalterable will." [ 313 ] On 19 March, Hitler commented that the needs of the German population could now be disregarded, because they "had proven to be the weaker, and the future belongs solely to the stronger eastern nation. In any case only those who are inferior will remain after this struggle, for the good have already been killed". [ 314 ] The same day, Hitler ordered the destruction of all German industrial infrastructure before it could fall into Allied hands. [ 315 ] Minister for Armaments Albert Speer was entrusted with executing this scorched earth policy, but he secretly disobeyed the order. [ 315 ] [ 316 ] Hitler's hope to negotiate peace with the United States and Britain was encouraged by the death of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt on 12 April 1945, but contrary to his expectations, this caused no rift among the Allies. [ 311 ] [ 317 ] On 20 April, his 56th birthday, Hitler made his last trip from the Führerbunker to the surface. In the ruined garden of the Reich Chancellery, he awarded Iron Crosses to boy soldiers of the Hitler Youth , who were now fighting the Red Army at the front near Berlin. [ 318 ] By 21 April, Georgy Zhukov 's 1st Belorussian Front had broken through the defences of General Gotthard Heinrici 's Army Group Vistula during the Battle of the Seelow Heights and advanced to the outskirts of Berlin. [ 319 ] In denial about the dire situation, Hitler placed his hopes on the undermanned and under-equipped Armeeabteilung Steiner ( Army Detachment Steiner ), commanded by Felix Steiner . Hitler ordered Steiner to attack the northern flank of the salient , while the German Ninth Army was ordered to attack northward in a pincer attack . [ 320 ] During a military conference on 22 April, Hitler enquired about Steiner's offensive. He was informed that the attack had not been launched and that the Soviets had entered Berlin. Hitler ordered everyone but Wilhelm Keitel, Alfred Jodl , Hans Krebs , and Wilhelm Burgdorf to leave the room, [ 321 ] then launched into a tirade against the perceived treachery and incompetence of his generals, culminating in his declaration—for the first time—that "everything is lost". [ 322 ] He announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then shoot himself. [ 323 ] By 23 April, the Red Army had surrounded Berlin, [ 324 ] and Goebbels made a proclamation urging its citizens to defend the city. [ 321 ] That same day, Göring sent a telegram from Berchtesgaden , arguing that as Hitler was isolated in Berlin, Göring should assume leadership of Germany. Göring set a deadline, after which he would consider Hitler incapacitated. [ 325 ] Hitler responded by having Göring arrested, and in his last will and testament of 29 April, he removed Göring from all government positions. [ 326 ] [ 327 ] On 28 April, Hitler discovered that Himmler, who had left Berlin on 20 April, was attempting to negotiate a surrender to the Western Allies. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] He considered this treason and ordered Himmler's arrest. He also ordered the execution of Hermann Fegelein , Himmler's SS representative at Hitler's headquarters in Berlin, for desertion. [ 330 ] After midnight on the night of 28–29 April, Hitler married Eva Braun in a small civil ceremony in the Führerbunker . [ 331 ] [ f ] Later that afternoon, Hitler was informed that Mussolini had been executed by the Italian resistance movement on the previous day; this is believed to have increased his determination to avoid capture. [ 332 ] On 30 April, Soviet troops were within five hundred metres of the Reich Chancellery when Hitler shot himself in the head and Braun bit into a cyanide capsule. [ 333 ] [ 334 ] In accordance with Hitler's wishes, their corpses were carried outside to the garden behind the Reich Chancellery, where they were placed in a bomb crater, doused with petrol, and set on fire as the Red Army shelling continued. [ 335 ] [ 336 ] [ 337 ] Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz and Goebbels assumed Hitler's roles as head of state and chancellor respectively. [ 338 ] On the evening of 1 May, Goebbels and his wife, Magda , committed suicide in the Reich Chancellery garden, after having poisoned their six children with cyanide. [ 339 ] Berlin surrendered on 2 May. The remains of the Goebbels family, General Hans Krebs (who had committed suicide that day), and Hitler's dog Blondi were repeatedly buried and exhumed by the Soviets. [ 340 ] Hitler's and Braun's remains were alleged to have been moved as well, but this is most likely Soviet disinformation . There is no evidence that any identifiable remains of Hitler or Braun—with the exception of dental bridges—were ever found by them. [ 341 ] [ 342 ] [ 343 ] While news of Hitler's death spread quickly, a death certificate was not issued until 1956, after a lengthy investigation to collect testimony from 42 witnesses. Hitler's death was entered as an assumption of death based on this testimony. [ 344 ] The Holocaust If the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the Bolshevisation of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe! [ 345 ] If the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the Bolshevisation of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe! [ 345 ] — Adolf Hitler, 30 January 1939 Reichstag speech The Holocaust and Germany's war in the East were based on Hitler's long-standing view that the Jews were the enemy of the German people, and that Lebensraum was needed for Germany's expansion. He focused on Eastern Europe for this expansion, aiming to defeat Poland and the Soviet Union and then removing or killing the Jews and Slavs . [ 346 ] The Generalplan Ost (General Plan East) called for deporting the population of occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to West Siberia, for use as slave labour or to be murdered; [ 347 ] the conquered territories were to be colonised by German or "Germanised" settlers. [ 348 ] The goal was to implement this plan after the conquest of the Soviet Union, but when this failed, Hitler moved the plans forward. [ 347 ] [ 349 ] By January 1942, he had decided that the Jews, Slavs, and other deportees considered undesirable should be killed. [ 350 ] [ g ] The genocide was organised and executed by Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich . The records of the Wannsee Conference , held on 20 January 1942 and led by Heydrich, with 15 senior Nazi officials participating, provide the clearest evidence of systematic planning for the Holocaust. On 22 February, Hitler was recorded saying, "we shall regain our health only by eliminating the Jews". [ 351 ] Similarly, at a meeting in July 1941 with leading functionaries of the Eastern territories, Hitler said that the easiest way to quickly pacify the areas would be best achieved by "shooting everyone who even looks odd". [ 352 ] Although no direct order from Hitler authorising the mass killings has surfaced, [ 353 ] his public speeches, orders to his generals, [ contradictory ] and the diaries of Nazi officials demonstrate that he conceived and authorised the extermination of European Jewry. [ 354 ] [ 355 ] During the war, Hitler repeatedly stated his prophecy of 1939 was being fulfilled, namely, that a world war would bring about the annihilation of the Jewish race. [ 356 ] Hitler approved the Einsatzgruppen —killing squads that followed the German army through Poland, the Baltic, and the Soviet Union [ 357 ] —and was well informed about their activities. [ 354 ] [ 358 ] By summer 1942, Auschwitz concentration camp was expanded to accommodate large numbers of deportees for murder or enslavement . [ 359 ] Scores of other concentration camps and satellite camps were set up throughout Europe, with several camps devoted exclusively to extermination . [ 360 ] Between 1939 and 1945, the Schutzstaffel (SS), assisted by collaborationist governments and recruits from occupied countries, were responsible for the deaths of at least 11 million non-combatants, [ 361 ] [ 347 ] including the murders of about six million Jews (representing two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe), [ 362 ] [ h ] and between 200,000 and 1,500,000 Romani people . [ 364 ] [ 362 ] The victims were killed in concentration and extermination camps and in ghettos , and through mass shootings. [ 365 ] [ 366 ] Many victims of the Holocaust were murdered in gas chambers or shot, while others died of starvation or disease or while working as slave labourers . [ 365 ] [ 366 ] In addition to eliminating Jews, the Nazis planned to reduce the population of the conquered territories by 30 million people through starvation in an action called the Hunger Plan . Food supplies would be diverted to the German army and German civilians. Cities would be razed, and the land allowed to return to forest or resettled by German colonists. [ 367 ] Together, the Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union. [ 368 ] These partially fulfilled plans resulted in additional deaths, bringing the total number of civilians and prisoners of war who died in the democide to an estimated 19.3 million people. [ 369 ] Hitler's policies resulted in the killing of nearly two million non-Jewish Polish civilians , [ 370 ] over three million Soviet prisoners of war , [ 371 ] communists and other political opponents, homosexuals , the physically and mentally disabled, [ 372 ] [ 373 ] Jehovah's Witnesses , Adventists , and trade unionists. Hitler never spoke publicly about the killings and seems to have never visited the concentration camps. [ 374 ] The Nazis embraced the concept of racial hygiene . On 15 September 1935, Hitler presented two laws—known as the Nuremberg Laws —to the Reichstag. The laws banned sexual relations and marriages between Aryans and Jews and were later extended to include "Gypsies, Negroes or their bastard offspring". [ 375 ] The laws stripped all non-Aryans of their German citizenship and forbade the employment of non-Jewish women under the age of 45 in Jewish households. [ 376 ] Hitler's early eugenic policies targeted children with physical and developmental disabilities in a programme dubbed Action Brandt , and he later authorised a euthanasia programme for adults with serious mental and physical disabilities, now referred to as Aktion T4 . [ 377 ] Leadership style Hitler ruled the Nazi Party autocratically by asserting the Führerprinzip (leader principle). The principle relied on absolute obedience of all subordinates to their superiors; thus, he viewed the government structure as a pyramid, with himself—the infallible leader —at the apex. Rank in the party was not determined by elections—positions were filled through appointment by those of higher rank, who demanded unquestioning obedience to the will of the leader. [ 378 ] Hitler's leadership style was to give contradictory orders to his subordinates and to place them into positions where their duties and responsibilities overlapped with those of others, to have "the stronger one [do] the job". [ 379 ] In this way, Hitler fostered distrust, competition, and infighting among his subordinates to consolidate and maximise his own power. His cabinet never met after 1938, and he discouraged his ministers from meeting independently. [ 380 ] [ 381 ] Hitler typically did not give written orders; instead, he communicated verbally, or had them conveyed through his close associate Martin Bormann . [ 382 ] He entrusted Bormann with his paperwork, appointments, and personal finances; Bormann used his position to control the flow of information and access to Hitler. [ 383 ] Hitler dominated his country's war effort during World War II to a greater extent than any other national leader. He strengthened his control of the armed forces in 1938, and subsequently made all major decisions regarding Germany's military strategy. His decision to mount a risky series of offensives against Norway, France, and the Low Countries in 1940 against the advice of the military proved successful, though the diplomatic and military strategies he employed in attempts to force the United Kingdom out of the war ended in failure. [ 384 ] Hitler deepened his involvement in the war effort by appointing himself commander-in-chief of the Army in December 1941; from this point forward, he personally directed the war against the Soviet Union, while his military commanders facing the Western Allies retained a degree of autonomy. [ 385 ] Hitler's leadership became increasingly disconnected from reality as the war turned against Germany, with the military's defensive strategies often hindered by his slow decision-making and frequent directives to hold untenable positions. Nevertheless, he continued to believe that only his leadership could deliver victory. [ 384 ] In the final months of the war, Hitler refused to consider peace negotiations, regarding the destruction of Germany as preferable to surrender. [ 386 ] The military did not challenge Hitler's dominance of the war effort, and senior officers generally supported and enacted his decisions. [ 387 ] Personal life Family Hitler created a public image as a celibate man without a domestic life, dedicated entirely to his political mission and the nation. [ 152 ] [ 388 ] He met his lover, Eva Braun, in 1929, [ 389 ] and married her on 29 April 1945, one day before they both committed suicide. [ 390 ] In September 1931, his half-niece, Geli Raubal , committed suicide with Hitler's gun in his Munich apartment. It was rumoured among contemporaries that Geli was in a romantic relationship with him, and her death was a source of deep, lasting pain. [ 391 ] Paula Hitler , the younger sister of Hitler and the last living member of his immediate family, died in June 1960. [ 17 ] Views on religion Hitler was born to a practising Catholic mother and an anti-clerical father; after leaving home, Hitler never again attended Mass or received the sacraments . [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] Albert Speer states that Hitler railed against the church to his political associates, and though he never officially left the church, he had no attachment to it. [ 395 ] He adds that Hitler felt that in the absence of organised religion, people would turn to mysticism, which he considered regressive. [ 395 ] According to Speer, Hitler believed that Japanese religious beliefs or Islam would have been a more suitable religion for Germans than Christianity, with its "meekness and flabbiness". [ 396 ] The historian John S. Conway states that Hitler was fundamentally opposed to the Christian churches. [ 397 ] According to Bullock, Hitler did not believe in God, was anticlerical, and held Christian ethics in contempt because they contravened his preferred view of " survival of the fittest ". [ 398 ] He favoured aspects of Protestantism that suited his own views, and adopted some elements of the Catholic Church's hierarchical organisation, liturgy , and phraseology. [ 399 ] In a 1932 speech, Hitler stated that he was not a Catholic, and declared himself a German Christian . [ 400 ] In a conversation with Albert Speer, Hitler said, "Through me the Evangelical Church could become the established church, as in England." [ 401 ] Hitler viewed the church as an important politically conservative influence on society, [ 402 ] and he adopted a strategic relationship with it that "suited his immediate political purposes". [ 397 ] In public, Hitler often praised Christian heritage and German Christian culture, though professing a belief in an "Aryan Jesus" who fought against the Jews. [ 403 ] Privately, he described Christianity as "absurdity" [ 404 ] and nonsense founded on lies. [ 405 ] According to a US Office of Strategic Services (OSS) report, "The Nazi Master Plan", Hitler planned to destroy the influence of Christian churches within the Reich. [ 406 ] [ 407 ] His eventual goal was the total elimination of Christianity. [ 408 ] This goal informed Hitler's movement early on, but he saw it as inexpedient to publicly express this extreme position. [ 409 ] According to Bullock, Hitler wanted to wait until after the war before executing this plan. [ 410 ] Speer wrote that Hitler had a negative view of Himmler's and Alfred Rosenberg 's mystical notions and Himmler's attempt to mythologise the SS. Hitler was more pragmatic, and his ambitions centred on more practical concerns. [ 411 ] [ 412 ] Health Researchers have variously suggested that Hitler suffered from irritable bowel syndrome , skin lesions , irregular heartbeat , coronary sclerosis , [ 413 ] Parkinson's disease , [ 302 ] [ 414 ] syphilis , [ 414 ] giant-cell arteritis , [ 415 ] tinnitus , [ 416 ] and monorchism . [ 417 ] In a report prepared for the OSS in 1943, Walter Charles Langer of Harvard University described Hitler as a "neurotic psychopath ". [ 418 ] In his 1977 book The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler , the historian Robert G. L. Waite proposes that Hitler suffered from borderline personality disorder . [ 419 ] The historians Henrik Eberle and Hans-Joachim Neumann consider that while he suffered from a number of illnesses including Parkinson's disease, Hitler did not experience pathological delusions and was always fully aware of, and therefore responsible for, his decisions. [ 420 ] [ 322 ] Sometime in the 1930s, Hitler adopted a mainly vegetarian diet , [ 421 ] [ 422 ] avoiding all meat and fish from 1942 onwards. At social events, he sometimes gave graphic accounts of the slaughter of animals in an effort to make his guests shun meat. [ 423 ] Bormann had a greenhouse constructed near the Berghof (near Berchtesgaden ) to ensure a steady supply of fresh fruit and vegetables for Hitler. [ 424 ] Hitler stopped drinking alcohol around the time he became vegetarian and thereafter only very occasionally drank beer or wine on social occasions. [ 425 ] [ 426 ] He was a non-smoker for most of his adult life, but smoked heavily in his youth (25 to 40 cigarettes a day); he eventually quit, calling the habit "a waste of money". [ 427 ] He encouraged his close associates to quit by offering a gold watch to anyone able to break the habit. [ 428 ] Hitler began using amphetamine occasionally after 1937 and became addicted to it in late 1942. [ 429 ] Speer linked this use of amphetamine to Hitler's increasingly erratic behaviour and inflexible decision-making (for example, rarely allowing military retreats). [ 430 ] Prescribed 90 medications during the war years by his personal physician, Theodor Morell , Hitler took many pills each day for chronic stomach problems and other ailments. [ 431 ] He regularly consumed amphetamine , barbiturates , opiates , and cocaine , [ 432 ] [ 433 ] as well as potassium bromide and atropa belladonna (the latter in the form of Doktor Koster's Antigaspills ). [ 434 ] He suffered ruptured eardrums as a result of the 20 July plot bomb blast in 1944, and 200 wood splinters had to be removed from his legs. [ 435 ] Newsreel footage of Hitler shows tremors in his left hand and a shuffling walk, which began before the war and worsened towards the end of his life. [ 431 ] Ernst-Günther Schenck and several other doctors who met Hitler in the last weeks of his life also formed a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. [ 436 ] In 2025, blood from the sofa where Hitler committed suicide was used by Turi King of the University of Bath for DNA analysis . The blood was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to that of a male relative. Analysis of the genetic material revealed that Hitler had a deletion in the gene PROK2 , known to cause Kallmann syndrome , a genetic disorder that prevents a person from starting or fully completing puberty. [ 14 ] Legacy For peace, freedom and democracy never again fascism millions of dead warn [us] According to the historian Joachim Fest , Hitler's suicide was likened by numerous contemporaries to a "spell" being broken. [ 438 ] Similarly, Speer commented in Inside the Third Reich on his emotions the day after Hitler's suicide: "Only now was the spell broken, the magic extinguished." [ 439 ] Public support for Hitler had collapsed by the time of his death, which few Germans mourned; Kershaw argues that most civilians and military personnel were too busy adjusting to the collapse of the country or fleeing from the fighting to take any interest. [ 440 ] According to the historian John Toland , Nazism "burst like a bubble" without its leader. [ 441 ] Kershaw describes Hitler as "the embodiment of modern political evil". [ 3 ] "Never in history has such ruination—physical and moral—been associated with the name of one man", he adds. [ 442 ] Hitler's political programme brought about a world war, leaving behind a devastated and impoverished Eastern and Central Europe. Germany suffered wholesale destruction, characterised as Stunde Null (Zero Hour). [ 443 ] Hitler's policies inflicted human suffering on an unprecedented scale; [ 444 ] according to R. J. Rummel , the Nazi regime was responsible for the democidal killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war. [ 361 ] In addition, 28.7 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European theatre of World War II . [ 361 ] The number of civilians killed during the Second World War was unprecedented in the history of warfare. [ 445 ] Historians, philosophers, and politicians often use the word "evil" to describe the Nazi regime. [ 446 ] Many European countries have criminalised both the promotion of Nazism and Holocaust denial . [ 447 ] The historian Friedrich Meinecke described Hitler as "one of the great examples of the singular and incalculable power of personality in historical life". [ 448 ] The English historian Hugh Trevor-Roper saw him as "among the 'terrible simplifiers' of history, the most systematic, the most historical, the most philosophical, and yet the coarsest, cruelest, least magnanimous conqueror the world has ever known". [ 449 ] For the historian John M. Roberts , Hitler's defeat marked the end of a phase of European history dominated by Germany. [ 450 ] In its place emerged the Cold War , a global confrontation between the Western Bloc , dominated by the United States and other NATO nations, and the Eastern Bloc , dominated by the Soviet Union. [ 451 ] The historian Sebastian Haffner asserted that without Hitler and the displacement of the Jews, the modern nation-state of Israel would not exist. He contends that without Hitler, the de-colonisation of former European spheres of influence would have been postponed. [ 452 ] Further, Haffner claimed that other than Alexander the Great , Hitler had a more significant impact than any other comparable historical figure, in that he too caused a wide range of worldwide changes in a relatively short time span. [ 453 ] In propaganda Hitler exploited documentary films and newsreels to inspire a cult of personality . He was involved and appeared in a series of propaganda films throughout his political career, many made by Leni Riefenstahl , regarded as a pioneer of modern filmmaking. [ 454 ] Hitler's propaganda film appearances include: Der Sieg des Glaubens ( Victory of Faith , 1933) Triumph des Willens ( Triumph of the Will , 1935) Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht ( Day of Freedom: Our Armed Forces , 1935) Olympia (1938) See also Bibliography of Adolf Hitler Führermuseum – Unbuilt museum planned by Hitler for Linz, Austria Hitler and Mannerheim recording – 1942 recording of a conversation between Adolf Hitler and Gustaf Emil Mannerheim Julius Schaub – Chief aide Karl Mayr – Hitler's superior in army intelligence 1919–1920 Karl Wilhelm Krause – Personal valet List of Adolf Hitler's personal staff List of streets named after Adolf Hitler Paintings by Adolf Hitler Toothbrush moustache – Also known as a "Hitler moustache", a style of facial hair Notes ^ German: [ˈaːdɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ] ⓘ ^ Officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party ( German : Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei , pronounced [natsi̯oˈnaːlzotsi̯aˌlɪstɪʃə ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈʔaʁbaɪtɐpaʁˌtaɪ] ⓘ ; or NSDAP) ^ The position of Führer und Reichskanzler ("Leader and Chancellor") replaced the position of President, which was the head of state for the Weimar Republic . Hitler took this title after the death of Paul von Hindenburg , who had been serving as President. He was afterwards both head of state and head of government , with the full official title of Führer und Reichskanzler des Deutschen Reiches und Volkes ("Führer and Reich Chancellor of the German Reich and People"). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ^ The successor institution to the Realschule in Linz is Bundesrealgymnasium Linz Fadingerstraße . ^ Hitler also won settlement from a libel suit against the socialist paper the Münchener Post , which had questioned his lifestyle and income. Kershaw 2008 , p. 99. ^ MI5, Hitler's Last Days : "Hitler's will and marriage" on the website of MI5 , using the sources available to Trevor-Roper (a World War II MI5 agent and historian/author of The Last Days of Hitler ), records the marriage as taking place after Hitler had dictated his last will and testament. ^ For a summary of recent scholarship on Hitler's central role in the Holocaust, see McMillan 2012 . ^ Sir Richard Evans states, "it has become clear that the probable total is around 6 million." 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External links A psychological analysis of Adolf Hitler at the Internet Archive Works by Adolf Hitler at Open Library Works by or about Adolf Hitler at the Internet Archive Newspaper clippings about Adolf Hitler in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Adolf Hitler v t e Politics Führer Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Führer Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Events Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories conspiracy theories Places of residence Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Personal life Health possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Health possible monorchism possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Personal belongings Hitler's Globe Private library Hitler's Globe Private library Perceptions Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Family Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Other Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Category Category Offices and positions of Adolf Hitler Political offices Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher Chancellor of Germany (1) 1933–1945 Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as President Führer of Germany (1) 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz as President Party political offices Preceded by Anton Drexler as Chairman Führer of the National Socialist German Workers' Party 1921–1945 Succeeded by Martin Bormann as Party Minister Preceded by Franz Pfeffer von Salomon Supreme SA Leader 1930–1945 Position abolished Position established Supreme Leader of the SS 1934–1945 Military offices Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as Supreme Commander of the Reichswehr Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz Preceded by Walther von Brauchitsch Commander-in-Chief of the German Army 1941–1945 Succeeded by Ferdinand Schörner Honorary titles Preceded by Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling Time Person of the Year 1938 Succeeded by Joseph Stalin Notes and references 1. The positions of Head of State and Government were combined 1934–1945 in the office of Führer and Chancellor of Germany Political offices Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher Chancellor of Germany (1) 1933–1945 Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as President Führer of Germany (1) 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz as President Party political offices Preceded by Anton Drexler as Chairman Führer of the National Socialist German Workers' Party 1921–1945 Succeeded by Martin Bormann as Party Minister Preceded by Franz Pfeffer von Salomon Supreme SA Leader 1930–1945 Position abolished Position established Supreme Leader of the SS 1934–1945 Military offices Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as Supreme Commander of the Reichswehr Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz Preceded by Walther von Brauchitsch Commander-in-Chief of the German Army 1941–1945 Succeeded by Ferdinand Schörner Honorary titles Preceded by Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling Time Person of the Year 1938 Succeeded by Joseph Stalin Notes and references 1. The positions of Head of State and Government were combined 1934–1945 in the office of Führer and Chancellor of Germany Links to related articles v t e Fascism Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian 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The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle 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1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Category .mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal} v t e Nazism Organisation Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS History Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Ideology Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Politicians Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Ideologues Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Atrocities and war crimes Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani Holocaust Outside Germany Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Parties Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Lists Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Role and impact in German society the Wehrmacht Economy Nobility Related topics Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Category v t e Nazi Party Leader Anton Drexler (1919–1921) Adolf Hitler (1921–1945) Martin Bormann (1945) History Adolf Hitler's rise to power Beer Hall Putsch Brown House, Munich Denazification Enabling Act of 1933 German Workers' Party National Socialist Program Nazism Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Röhm scandal SA Thule Society Party offices Amt Rosenberg Hitler Youth Hitler's Chancellery Nazi Party Chancellery Office of Colonial Policy Office of Military Policy Office of Racial Policy Office of Foreign Affairs NSDAP/AO SS SS Education Office Publications Völkischer Beobachter Das Schwarze Korps Das Reich Innviertler Heimatblatt Arbeitertum Der Angriff Panzerbär Der Stürmer Kampfverlag Notable members Artur Axmann Houston Stewart Chamberlain Kurt Daluege Richard Walther Darré Rudolf Diels Karl Dönitz Dietrich Eckart Adolf Eichmann Hans Frank Roland Freisler Wilhelm Frick Walther Funk Joseph Goebbels Hermann Göring Ernst Hanfstaengl Rudolf Hess Reinhard Heydrich Heinrich Himmler Rudolf Höss Ernst Kaltenbrunner Robert Ley Josef Mengele Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Ernst Röhm Alfred Rosenberg Bernhard Rust Fritz Todt Baldur von Schirach Arthur Seyss-Inquart Albert Speer Gregor Strasser Otto Strasser Julius Streicher Derivatives Black Front ( Strasserism ) / German Social Union Deutsche Reichspartei / The Homeland Socialist Reich Party Third Way (Germany) Related articles Adolf Hitler Schools Munich Documentation Centre National Political Institutes of Education Nazi concentration camps Nazi Germany Nazi songs Horst-Wessel-Lied Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party Samoan branch of the Nazi Party v t e Time Persons of the Year 1927–1950 Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) 1951–1975 Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts : William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) 1976–2000 Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000) 2001–present Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Pope Francis (2013) Ebola Fighters : Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) Taylor Swift (2023) Donald Trump (2024) The Architects of AI: Sam Altman / Dario Amodei / Demis Hassabis / Jensen Huang / Fei-Fei Li / Elon Musk / Lisa Su / Mark Zuckerberg (2025) v t e Chancellors of Germany (since 1867) North German Confederation Bundeskanzler (1867–1871) Otto von Bismarck German Empire Reichskanzler (1871–1918) Otto von Bismarck Leo von Caprivi Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bernhard von Bülow Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Prince Maximilian of Baden Weimar Republic Reichskanzler (1919–1933) Friedrich Ebert Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident) Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) Hermann Müller Constantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Wilhelm Cuno Gustav Stresemann Wilhelm Marx Hans Luther Wilhelm Marx Hermann Müller Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher Adolf Hitler Nazi Germany Reichskanzler (1933–1945) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels (de facto) Count Schwerin von Krosigk (de facto) Federal Republic Bundeskanzler (1949–present) Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Helmut Kohl Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel Olaf Scholz Friedrich Merz List of chancellors v t e Members of the Hitler Cabinet Chancellor : Adolf Hitler Vice-Chancellor : Franz von Papen Deputy Führer: Rudolf Hess President of the Reichstag : Hermann Göring Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Reichsführer SS : Heinrich Himmler Stabschef SA : Ernst Röhm v t e Heads of state of Germany (since 1871) German Reich (1871–1945) Emporers Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Presidents Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Elections 1919 1925 1932 Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949) Postholders Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Elections 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 East Germany (1949–1990) Postholders Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Elections 1949 1953 1957 Italics indicates acting holder v t e People killed or wounded in the 20 July plot Wounded Heinz Assmann Karl Bodenschatz Heinrich Borgmann Heinz Buchholz Walther Buhle Herbert Büchs Hermann Fegelein Otto Günsche Adolf Heusinger Adolf Hitler Alfred Jodl Wilhelm Keitel Walter Scherff Nicolaus von Below Ernst John von Freyend Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Franz von Sonnleithner Hans-Erich Voss Heinz Waizenegger Walter Warlimont Killed Heinz Berger Heinz Brandt Günther Korten Rudolf Schmundt v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller v t e Fascism v t e Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Ziaism Italian Intransigent Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Category Category v t e Nazism v t e Organisation Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS SS Gefolge Waffen-SS History Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Ideology Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Politicians Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Ideologues Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Atrocities and war crimes Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani Holocaust Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani Holocaust Outside Germany Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Parties Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Greece Sweden Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Lists Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Role and impact in German society the Wehrmacht Economy Nobility the Wehrmacht Economy Nobility Related topics Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Category v t e Nazi Party v t e Leader Anton Drexler (1919–1921) Adolf Hitler (1921–1945) Martin Bormann (1945) Anton Drexler (1919–1921) Adolf Hitler (1921–1945) Martin Bormann (1945) History Adolf Hitler's rise to power Beer Hall Putsch Brown House, Munich Denazification Enabling Act of 1933 German Workers' Party National Socialist Program Nazism Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Röhm scandal SA Thule Society Adolf Hitler's rise to power Beer Hall Putsch Brown House, Munich Denazification Enabling Act of 1933 German Workers' Party National Socialist Program Nazism Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Röhm scandal SA Thule Society Party offices Amt Rosenberg Hitler Youth Hitler's Chancellery Nazi Party Chancellery Office of Colonial Policy Office of Military Policy Office of Racial Policy Office of Foreign Affairs NSDAP/AO SS SS Education Office Amt Rosenberg Hitler Youth Hitler's Chancellery Nazi Party Chancellery Office of Colonial Policy Office of Military Policy Office of Racial Policy Office of Foreign Affairs NSDAP/AO SS SS Education Office Publications Völkischer Beobachter Das Schwarze Korps Das Reich Innviertler Heimatblatt Arbeitertum Der Angriff Panzerbär Der Stürmer Kampfverlag Völkischer Beobachter Das Schwarze Korps Das Reich Innviertler Heimatblatt Arbeitertum Der Angriff Panzerbär Der Stürmer Kampfverlag Notable members Artur Axmann Houston Stewart Chamberlain Kurt Daluege Richard Walther Darré Rudolf Diels Karl Dönitz Dietrich Eckart Adolf Eichmann Hans Frank Roland Freisler Wilhelm Frick Walther Funk Joseph Goebbels Hermann Göring Ernst Hanfstaengl Rudolf Hess Reinhard Heydrich Heinrich Himmler Rudolf Höss Ernst Kaltenbrunner Robert Ley Josef Mengele Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Ernst Röhm Alfred Rosenberg Bernhard Rust Fritz Todt Baldur von Schirach Arthur Seyss-Inquart Albert Speer Gregor Strasser Otto Strasser Julius Streicher Artur Axmann Houston Stewart Chamberlain Kurt Daluege Richard Walther Darré Rudolf Diels Karl Dönitz Dietrich Eckart Adolf Eichmann Hans Frank Roland Freisler Wilhelm Frick Walther Funk Joseph Goebbels Hermann Göring Ernst Hanfstaengl Rudolf Hess Reinhard Heydrich Heinrich Himmler Rudolf Höss Ernst Kaltenbrunner Robert Ley Josef Mengele Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Ernst Röhm Alfred Rosenberg Bernhard Rust Fritz Todt Baldur von Schirach Arthur Seyss-Inquart Albert Speer Gregor Strasser Otto Strasser Julius Streicher Derivatives Black Front ( Strasserism ) / German Social Union Deutsche Reichspartei / The Homeland Socialist Reich Party Third Way (Germany) Black Front ( Strasserism ) / German Social Union Deutsche Reichspartei / The Homeland Socialist Reich Party Third Way (Germany) Related articles Adolf Hitler Schools Munich Documentation Centre National Political Institutes of Education Nazi concentration camps Nazi Germany Nazi songs Horst-Wessel-Lied Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party Samoan branch of the Nazi Party Adolf Hitler Schools Munich Documentation Centre National Political Institutes of Education Nazi concentration camps Nazi Germany Nazi songs Horst-Wessel-Lied Horst-Wessel-Lied Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party Samoan branch of the Nazi Party v t e Time Persons of the Year v t e 1927–1950 Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) 1951–1975 Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts : William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts : William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) 1976–2000 Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000) Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000) 2001–present Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Pope Francis (2013) Ebola Fighters : Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) Taylor Swift (2023) Donald Trump (2024) The Architects of AI: Sam Altman / Dario Amodei / Demis Hassabis / Jensen Huang / Fei-Fei Li / Elon Musk / Lisa Su / Mark Zuckerberg (2025) Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Pope Francis (2013) Ebola Fighters : Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) Taylor Swift (2023) Donald Trump (2024) The Architects of AI: Sam Altman / Dario Amodei / Demis Hassabis / Jensen Huang / Fei-Fei Li / Elon Musk / Lisa Su / Mark Zuckerberg (2025) v t e Chancellors of Germany (since 1867) v t e North German Confederation Bundeskanzler (1867–1871) Otto von Bismarck Otto von Bismarck German Empire Reichskanzler (1871–1918) Otto von Bismarck Leo von Caprivi Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bernhard von Bülow Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Prince Maximilian of Baden Otto von Bismarck Leo von Caprivi Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bernhard von Bülow Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Prince Maximilian of Baden Weimar Republic Reichskanzler (1919–1933) Friedrich Ebert Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident) Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) Hermann Müller Constantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Wilhelm Cuno Gustav Stresemann Wilhelm Marx Hans Luther Wilhelm Marx Hermann Müller Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher Adolf Hitler Friedrich Ebert Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident) Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) Hermann Müller Constantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Wilhelm Cuno Gustav Stresemann Wilhelm Marx Hans Luther Wilhelm Marx Hermann Müller Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher Adolf Hitler Nazi Germany Reichskanzler (1933–1945) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels (de facto) Count Schwerin von Krosigk (de facto) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels (de facto) Count Schwerin von Krosigk (de facto) Federal Republic Bundeskanzler (1949–present) Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Helmut Kohl Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel Olaf Scholz Friedrich Merz Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Helmut Kohl Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel Olaf Scholz Friedrich Merz List of chancellors v t e Members of the Hitler Cabinet v t e Chancellor : Adolf Hitler Vice-Chancellor : Franz von Papen Deputy Führer: Rudolf Hess President of the Reichstag : Hermann Göring Chancellor : Adolf Hitler Vice-Chancellor : Franz von Papen Deputy Führer: Rudolf Hess President of the Reichstag : Hermann Göring Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Labour Franz Seldte Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Reichsführer SS : Heinrich Himmler Stabschef SA : Ernst Röhm Reichsführer SS : Heinrich Himmler Stabschef SA : Ernst Röhm v t e Heads of state of Germany (since 1871) v t e German Reich (1871–1945) Emporers Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Presidents Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Elections 1919 1925 1932 Emporers Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Presidents Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Elections 1919 1925 1932 1919 1925 1932 Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949) Postholders Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Elections 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 Postholders Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Elections 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 East Germany (1949–1990) Postholders Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Elections 1949 1953 1957 Postholders Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Elections 1949 1953 1957 1949 1953 1957 Italics indicates acting holder v t e People killed or wounded in the 20 July plot v t e Wounded Heinz Assmann Karl Bodenschatz Heinrich Borgmann Heinz Buchholz Walther Buhle Herbert Büchs Hermann Fegelein Otto Günsche Adolf Heusinger Adolf Hitler Alfred Jodl Wilhelm Keitel Walter Scherff Nicolaus von Below Ernst John von Freyend Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Franz von Sonnleithner Hans-Erich Voss Heinz Waizenegger Walter Warlimont Heinz Assmann Karl Bodenschatz Heinrich Borgmann Heinz Buchholz Walther Buhle Herbert Büchs Hermann Fegelein Otto Günsche Adolf Heusinger Adolf Hitler Alfred Jodl Wilhelm Keitel Walter Scherff Nicolaus von Below Ernst John von Freyend Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Franz von Sonnleithner Hans-Erich Voss Heinz Waizenegger Walter Warlimont Killed Heinz Berger Heinz Brandt Günther Korten Rudolf Schmundt Heinz Berger Heinz Brandt Günther Korten Rudolf Schmundt v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) v t e 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller Heinrich Müller Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST 2 WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST 2 2 WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Russia 2 Spain Romania Portugal Netherlands Norway Taiwan 2 Latvia Croatia Chile 2 Greece Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Finland Catalonia Belgium United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Russia 2 2 Spain Romania Portugal Netherlands Norway Taiwan 2 2 Latvia Croatia Chile 2 2 Greece Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Finland Catalonia Belgium Academics CiNii ORCID CiNii ORCID Artists ULAN RKD Artists KulturNav FID ULAN RKD Artists KulturNav FID People BMLO Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB BMLO Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Open Library Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand) Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine RISM Yale LUX IdRef Open Library Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand) Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine RISM Yale LUX Politics Germany Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Adolf Hitler Hitler family 1889 births 1945 deaths 1945 suicides 20th-century chancellors of Germany 20th-century German male writers 20th-century German non-fiction writers 20th-century presidents of Germany Anti-American sentiment in Germany Anti-black racism in Germany Austrian people imprisoned in Germany Austrian people of World War I Austrian war criminals Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to Germany German anti-communists German far-right politicians Former Roman Catholics German Army personnel of World War I German Workers Party members German casualties of World War I German conspiracy theorists German critics of Christianity German eugenicists German military leaders of World War II German military personnel who died by suicide German political writers German politicians who died by suicide German revolutionaries German war criminals Heads of state who died by suicide Holocaust perpetrators Jewish German history Joint suicides by Nazis Male suicides Members of the Reichstag 1933 Members of the Reichstag 1933–1936 Members of the Reichstag 1936–1938 Members of the Reichstag 1938–1945 Military personnel of Bavaria Natalist politicians Naturalized citizens of Germany Nazi eugenics Nazi Party officials Nazi Party politicians Nazi war criminals Nazis convicted of crimes Nazis who died by suicide in Nazi Germany Nazis who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch People convicted of treason against Germany People from Braunau am Inn People with Parkinson's disease Perpetrators of the Night of the Long Knives Politicians from Upper Austria Politicians killed in World War II Recipients of German pardons Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class Recipients of the Military Merit Cross (Bavaria) Perpetrators of the Romani Holocaust Stateless people Suicides by firearm in Germany Supreme SA Leader The Holocaust in Germany Time Person of the Year Totalitarianism World War II political leaders Pages using the Phonos extension Pages with German IPA Pages including recorded pronunciations Articles containing German-language text Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Good articles Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Use shortened footnotes from February 2021 Use dmy dates from November 2025 Use British English from November 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles containing Chinese-language text All self-contradictory articles Self-contradictory articles from 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Search the 278,806 articles in the Simple English Wikipedia How to write Simple English pages · Useful pages · Simple talk · Categories · Help Schools Gateway (for users who want to make changes from a school) About Wikipedia This is the front page of the Simple English Wikipedia . Wikipedias are places where people work together to write encyclopedias in different languages. We use Simple English words and grammar here. The Simple English Wikipedia is for everyone, such as children and adults who are learning English. There are 278,806 articles on the Simple English Wikipedia. All of the pages are free to use . They have all been published under both the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 4.0 International License and the GNU Free Documentation License . You can help here! You may change these pages and make new pages. Read the help pages and other good pages to learn how to write pages here . If you need help, you may ask questions at Simple talk . When writing articles here: Use Basic English words and shorter sentences. This allows people to understand complex terms or phrases. Write good pages. The best encyclopedia pages have useful, well-written information. Use the pages to learn and teach. These pages can help people learn English. You can also use them to make a new Wikipedia to help other people. Simple does not mean short. Writing in Simple English means that simple words are used. It does not mean readers want basic information. Articles do not have to be short to be simple; expand articles, add details, but use basic vocabulary . Be bold! Your article does not have to be perfect because other editors will fix it and make it better. And most importantly, do not be afraid to start and make articles better yourself. Selected Very Good Article Jeff Tesreau wearing the baseball uniform of the New York Giants around 1912–18 A baseball uniform is a kind of clothing that baseball players wear. They do this to show which of the two baseball teams they play for. Most baseball uniforms have the names and uniform numbers of players who wear them on the uniform somewhere, usually on the backs of the uniforms to tell different baseball players from each other. Baseball shirts , pants , shoes , socks , caps , and gloves are parts of baseball uniforms. Most uniforms have different logos and colors to tell which team is which. Baseball uniforms were first worn by the New York Knickerbockers Baseball Club in the 1800s. Their uniforms were pants made of blue wool , white flannel shirts and straw hats. Since then, the uniforms have gone through many changes. More items, ideas, and many other improvements were done and added to baseball uniforms over the years. The style of baseball uniforms also changed, little by little over time. more... Other very good articles – Proposals – Requirements Selected Good Article Kendall Jenner in 2025 Kendall Nicole Jenner (born November 3, 1995) is an American model, media personality , socialite , and businesswoman . She became well known for being in the reality television show Keeping Up with the Kardashians . She was in the series for 20 seasons over nearly 15 years from 2007 to 2021. In 2022, she and her family were in the reality television series The Kardashians . In 2017, Jenner was named the world's highest-paid model by Forbes . In 2021, Jenner began making her own tequila , known as 818 Tequila. more... Other good articles – Proposals – Requirements Did you know... From a collection of Wikipedia's articles: ... that in 2021, Grammy Award -winning country singer Kacey Musgraves (pictured) became the first musical guest to perform naked on Saturday Night Live ? ... that Super Bowl LVIII is the most watched United States broadcast since the Apollo 11 moon landing? ... that Valkyrae has been both YouTube 's and Twitch's most-watched female streamer during her career? ... that in the 1960s, the CIA fitted cats to act as spies ? ... that director Jörn Donner is the first and, to date, only person from Finland to win an Academy Award ? ... that because of Donald Trump adding a large sign with his name on the Trump International Hotel and Tower , Chicago considered changing its rules for future sign-building on its skyscrapers? Archives – Start a new article – Nominate an article Knowledge groups Applied sciences Architecture (building) • Communication • Electronics • Engineering • Farming • Health • Industry • Medicine • Transport • Weather People and social studies Anthropology (study of people) • Archaeology (history of civilization) • Geography • Education • History • Language • Philosophy (abstract ideas) • Psychology • Sociology • Teaching Daily life, art and culture Animation • Art • Book • Cooking • Custom • Culture • Dance • Family • Games • Gardening • Leisure (free time) • Movies and films • Music • Radio • Sports • Theater • Travel • Television Natural sciences and maths Algebra • Astronomy (stars and space) • Biology (animals and plants) • Chemistry • Computer science • Earth science • Ecology • Geometry • Mathematics • Physics • Statistics • Zoology (study of animals) Government and law Copyright • Defense • Economics (trade and business) • Government • Human rights • Laws • Military • Politics • Trade Religions and beliefs Atheism • Bahá'í • Buddhism • Christianity • Esotericism • Hinduism • Islam • Jainism • Judaism • Mythology • Paganism • Sect • Sikhism • Taoism • Theology Sister projects Wikipedia is hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation , a non-profit organization that also hosts a range of other projects : In Simple English : Wiktionary Dictionary and thesaurus Commons Free media repository Wikifunctions Free collection of functions In Regular English : Wikispecies Directory of species Wikipedia English Wikipedia Wikidata Free knowledge base Wikinews Free-content news Wiktionary Dictionary and thesaurus Wikiquote Collection of quotations Wikibooks Free textbooks and manuals Wikisource Free-content library Wikiversity Free learning resources Meta-Wiki Wikimedia project coordination Wikivoyage Free travel guide MediaWiki Wiki software development See the pages of the Wikimedia Foundation Governance wiki , too. Other languages 5,000,000 articles or more English • Cebuano (Cebuano) 1,000,000 articles or more العربية (Arabic) • مصرى (Egyptian Arabic) • Deutsch (German) • español (Spanish) • فارسی (Persian) • français (French) • italiano (Italian) • 日本語 (Japanese) • Nederlands (Dutch) • polski (Polish) • português (Portuguese) • русский (Russian) • svenska (Swedish) • українська (Ukrainian) • Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese) • Winaray (Waray) • 中文 (Chinese) 500,000 articles or more català (Catalan) • нохчийн (Chechen) • čeština (Czech) • suomi (Finnish) • magyar (Hungarian) • Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian) • 한국어 (Korean) • norsk (Norwegian) • română (Romanian) • српски / srpski (Serbian) • Türkçe (Turkish) • татарча / tatarça (Tatar) 100,000 articles or more Simple English • Afrikaans (Afrikaans) • asturianu (Asturian) • azərbaycanca (Azerbaijani) • تۆرکجه (South Azerbaijani) • беларуская (Belarusian) • български (Bulgarian) • বাংলা (Bangla) • Cymraeg (Welsh) • dansk (Danish) • Ελληνικά (Greek) • Esperanto (Esperanto) • eesti (Estonian) • euskara (Basque) • galego (Galician) • עברית (Hebrew) • हिन्दी (Hindi) • hrvatski (Croatian) • հայերեն (Armenian) • ქართული (Georgian) • қазақша (Kazakh) • Latina (Latin) • Ladin (Ladin) • lietuvių (Lithuanian) • latviešu (Latvian) • Malagasy (Malagasy) • Minangkabau (Minangkabau) • македонски (Macedonian) • मराठी (Marathi) • Bahasa Melayu (Malay) • မြန်မာဘာသာ (Burmese) • norsk nynorsk (Norwegian Nynorsk) • srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски (Serbo-Croatian) • slovenčina (Slovak) • slovenščina (Slovenian) • shqip (Albanian) • Kiswahili (Swahili) • தமிழ் (Tamil) • తెలుగు (Telugu) • тоҷикӣ (Tajik) • ไทย (Thai) • اردو (Urdu) • oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча (Uzbek) • 粵語 (Cantonese) • 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí (Minnan) List of all Wikipedias – Languages working together – Start a Wikipedia for a new language Welcome to Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia that anyone can change . Search the 278,806 articles in the Simple English Wikipedia How to write Simple English pages · Useful pages · Simple talk · Categories · Help Schools Gateway (for users who want to make changes from a school) Welcome to Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia that anyone can change . Search the 278,806 articles in the Simple English Wikipedia How to write Simple English pages · Useful pages · Simple talk · Categories · Help Schools Gateway (for users who want to make changes from a school) Welcome to Wikipedia , About Wikipedia This is the front page of the Simple English Wikipedia . Wikipedias are places where people work together to write encyclopedias in different languages. We use Simple English words and grammar here. The Simple English Wikipedia is for everyone, such as children and adults who are learning English. There are 278,806 articles on the Simple English Wikipedia. All of the pages are free to use . They have all been published under both the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 4.0 International License and the GNU Free Documentation License . You can help here! You may change these pages and make new pages. Read the help pages and other good pages to learn how to write pages here . If you need help, you may ask questions at Simple talk . When writing articles here: Use Basic English words and shorter sentences. This allows people to understand complex terms or phrases. Write good pages. The best encyclopedia pages have useful, well-written information. Use the pages to learn and teach. These pages can help people learn English. You can also use them to make a new Wikipedia to help other people. Simple does not mean short. Writing in Simple English means that simple words are used. It does not mean readers want basic information. Articles do not have to be short to be simple; expand articles, add details, but use basic vocabulary . Be bold! Your article does not have to be perfect because other editors will fix it and make it better. And most importantly, do not be afraid to start and make articles better yourself. About Wikipedia This is the front page of the Simple English Wikipedia . Wikipedias are places where people work together to write encyclopedias in different languages. We use Simple English words and grammar here. The Simple English Wikipedia is for everyone, such as children and adults who are learning English. There are 278,806 articles on the Simple English Wikipedia. All of the pages are free to use . They have all been published under both the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 4.0 International License and the GNU Free Documentation License . You can help here! You may change these pages and make new pages. Read the help pages and other good pages to learn how to write pages here . If you need help, you may ask questions at Simple talk . When writing articles here: Use Basic English words and shorter sentences. This allows people to understand complex terms or phrases. Write good pages. The best encyclopedia pages have useful, well-written information. Use the pages to learn and teach. These pages can help people learn English. You can also use them to make a new Wikipedia to help other people. Simple does not mean short. Writing in Simple English means that simple words are used. It does not mean readers want basic information. Articles do not have to be short to be simple; expand articles, add details, but use basic vocabulary . Be bold! Your article does not have to be perfect because other editors will fix it and make it better. And most importantly, do not be afraid to start and make articles better yourself. About Wikipedia When writing articles here: Use Basic English words and shorter sentences. This allows people to understand complex terms or phrases. Write good pages. The best encyclopedia pages have useful, well-written information. Use the pages to learn and teach. These pages can help people learn English. You can also use them to make a new Wikipedia to help other people. Simple does not mean short. Writing in Simple English means that simple words are used. It does not mean readers want basic information. Articles do not have to be short to be simple; expand articles, add details, but use basic vocabulary . Be bold! Your article does not have to be perfect because other editors will fix it and make it better. And most importantly, do not be afraid to start and make articles better yourself. Selected Very Good Article Jeff Tesreau wearing the baseball uniform of the New York Giants around 1912–18 A baseball uniform is a kind of clothing that baseball players wear. They do this to show which of the two baseball teams they play for. Most baseball uniforms have the names and uniform numbers of players who wear them on the uniform somewhere, usually on the backs of the uniforms to tell different baseball players from each other. Baseball shirts , pants , shoes , socks , caps , and gloves are parts of baseball uniforms. Most uniforms have different logos and colors to tell which team is which. Baseball uniforms were first worn by the New York Knickerbockers Baseball Club in the 1800s. Their uniforms were pants made of blue wool , white flannel shirts and straw hats. Since then, the uniforms have gone through many changes. More items, ideas, and many other improvements were done and added to baseball uniforms over the years. The style of baseball uniforms also changed, little by little over time. more... Other very good articles – Proposals – Requirements Selected Very Good Article Jeff Tesreau wearing the baseball uniform of the New York Giants around 1912–18 A baseball uniform is a kind of clothing that baseball players wear. They do this to show which of the two baseball teams they play for. Most baseball uniforms have the names and uniform numbers of players who wear them on the uniform somewhere, usually on the backs of the uniforms to tell different baseball players from each other. Baseball shirts , pants , shoes , socks , caps , and gloves are parts of baseball uniforms. Most uniforms have different logos and colors to tell which team is which. Baseball uniforms were first worn by the New York Knickerbockers Baseball Club in the 1800s. Their uniforms were pants made of blue wool , white flannel shirts and straw hats. Since then, the uniforms have gone through many changes. More items, ideas, and many other improvements were done and added to baseball uniforms over the years. The style of baseball uniforms also changed, little by little over time. more... Other very good articles – Proposals – Requirements Selected Very Good Article A baseball uniform is a kind of clothing that baseball players wear. They do this to show which of the two baseball teams they play for. Most baseball uniforms have the names and uniform numbers of players who wear them on the uniform somewhere, usually on the backs of the uniforms to tell different baseball players from each other. Baseball shirts , pants , shoes , socks , caps , and gloves are parts of baseball uniforms. Most uniforms have different logos and colors to tell which team is which. Baseball uniforms were first worn by the New York Knickerbockers Baseball Club in the 1800s. Their uniforms were pants made of blue wool , white flannel shirts and straw hats. Since then, the uniforms have gone through many changes. More items, ideas, and many other improvements were done and added to baseball uniforms over the years. The style of baseball uniforms also changed, little by little over time. Selected Good Article Kendall Jenner in 2025 Kendall Nicole Jenner (born November 3, 1995) is an American model, media personality , socialite , and businesswoman . She became well known for being in the reality television show Keeping Up with the Kardashians . She was in the series for 20 seasons over nearly 15 years from 2007 to 2021. In 2022, she and her family were in the reality television series The Kardashians . In 2017, Jenner was named the world's highest-paid model by Forbes . In 2021, Jenner began making her own tequila , known as 818 Tequila. more... Other good articles – Proposals – Requirements Selected Good Article Kendall Jenner in 2025 Kendall Nicole Jenner (born November 3, 1995) is an American model, media personality , socialite , and businesswoman . She became well known for being in the reality television show Keeping Up with the Kardashians . She was in the series for 20 seasons over nearly 15 years from 2007 to 2021. In 2022, she and her family were in the reality television series The Kardashians . In 2017, Jenner was named the world's highest-paid model by Forbes . In 2021, Jenner began making her own tequila , known as 818 Tequila. more... Other good articles – Proposals – Requirements Selected Good Article Kendall Nicole Jenner (born November 3, 1995) is an American model, media personality , socialite , and businesswoman . She became well known for being in the reality television show Keeping Up with the Kardashians . She was in the series for 20 seasons over nearly 15 years from 2007 to 2021. In 2022, she and her family were in the reality television series The Kardashians . In 2017, Jenner was named the world's highest-paid model by Forbes . In 2021, Jenner began making her own tequila , known as 818 Tequila. Did you know... From a collection of Wikipedia's articles: ... that in 2021, Grammy Award -winning country singer Kacey Musgraves (pictured) became the first musical guest to perform naked on Saturday Night Live ? ... that Super Bowl LVIII is the most watched United States broadcast since the Apollo 11 moon landing? ... that Valkyrae has been both YouTube 's and Twitch's most-watched female streamer during her career? ... that in the 1960s, the CIA fitted cats to act as spies ? ... that director Jörn Donner is the first and, to date, only person from Finland to win an Academy Award ? ... that because of Donald Trump adding a large sign with his name on the Trump International Hotel and Tower , Chicago considered changing its rules for future sign-building on its skyscrapers? Archives – Start a new article – Nominate an article Did you know... From a collection of Wikipedia's articles: ... that in 2021, Grammy Award -winning country singer Kacey Musgraves (pictured) became the first musical guest to perform naked on Saturday Night Live ? ... that Super Bowl LVIII is the most watched United States broadcast since the Apollo 11 moon landing? ... that Valkyrae has been both YouTube 's and Twitch's most-watched female streamer during her career? ... that in the 1960s, the CIA fitted cats to act as spies ? ... that director Jörn Donner is the first and, to date, only person from Finland to win an Academy Award ? ... that because of Donald Trump adding a large sign with his name on the Trump International Hotel and Tower , Chicago considered changing its rules for future sign-building on its skyscrapers? Archives – Start a new article – Nominate an article Did you know... From a collection of Wikipedia's articles: ... that in 2021, Grammy Award -winning country singer Kacey Musgraves (pictured) became the first musical guest to perform naked on Saturday Night Live ? ... that Super Bowl LVIII is the most watched United States broadcast since the Apollo 11 moon landing? ... that Valkyrae has been both YouTube 's and Twitch's most-watched female streamer during her career? ... that in the 1960s, the CIA fitted cats to act as spies ? ... that director Jörn Donner is the first and, to date, only person from Finland to win an Academy Award ? ... that because of Donald Trump adding a large sign with his name on the Trump International Hotel and Tower , Chicago considered changing its rules for future sign-building on its skyscrapers? Knowledge groups Applied sciences Architecture (building) • Communication • Electronics • Engineering • Farming • Health • Industry • Medicine • Transport • Weather People and social studies Anthropology (study of people) • Archaeology (history of civilization) • Geography • Education • History • Language • Philosophy (abstract ideas) • Psychology • Sociology • Teaching Daily life, art and culture Animation • Art • Book • Cooking • Custom • Culture • Dance • Family • Games • Gardening • Leisure (free time) • Movies and films • Music • Radio • Sports • Theater • Travel • Television Natural sciences and maths Algebra • Astronomy (stars and space) • Biology (animals and plants) • Chemistry • Computer science • Earth science • Ecology • Geometry • Mathematics • Physics • Statistics • Zoology (study of animals) Government and law Copyright • Defense • Economics (trade and business) • Government • Human rights • Laws • Military • Politics • Trade Religions and beliefs Atheism • Bahá'í • Buddhism • Christianity • Esotericism • Hinduism • Islam • Jainism • Judaism • Mythology • Paganism • Sect • Sikhism • Taoism • Theology Knowledge groups Applied sciences Architecture (building) • Communication • Electronics • Engineering • Farming • Health • Industry • Medicine • Transport • Weather People and social studies Anthropology (study of people) • Archaeology (history of civilization) • Geography • Education • History • Language • Philosophy (abstract ideas) • Psychology • Sociology • Teaching Daily life, art and culture Animation • Art • Book • Cooking • Custom • Culture • Dance • Family • Games • Gardening • Leisure (free time) • Movies and films • Music • Radio • Sports • Theater • Travel • Television Natural sciences and maths Algebra • Astronomy (stars and space) • Biology (animals and plants) • Chemistry • Computer science • Earth science • Ecology • Geometry • Mathematics • Physics • Statistics • Zoology (study of animals) Government and law Copyright • Defense • Economics (trade and business) • Government • Human rights • Laws • Military • Politics • Trade Religions and beliefs Atheism • Bahá'í • Buddhism • Christianity • Esotericism • Hinduism • Islam • Jainism • Judaism • Mythology • Paganism • Sect • Sikhism • Taoism • Theology Knowledge groups Applied sciences Architecture (building) • Communication • Electronics • Engineering • Farming • Health • Industry • Medicine • Transport • Weather People and social studies Anthropology (study of people) • Archaeology (history of civilization) • Geography • Education • History • Language • Philosophy (abstract ideas) • Psychology • Sociology • Teaching Daily life, art and culture Animation • Art • Book • Cooking • Custom • Culture • Dance • Family • Games • Gardening • Leisure (free time) • Movies and films • Music • Radio • Sports • Theater • Travel • Television Applied sciences Architecture (building) • Communication • Electronics • Engineering • Farming • Health • Industry • Medicine • Transport • Weather People and social studies Anthropology (study of people) • Archaeology (history of civilization) • Geography • Education • History • Language • Philosophy (abstract ideas) • Psychology • Sociology • Teaching Daily life, art and culture Animation • Art • Book • Cooking • Custom • Culture • Dance • Family • Games • Gardening • Leisure (free time) • Movies and films • Music • Radio • Sports • Theater • Travel • Television Natural sciences and maths Algebra • Astronomy (stars and space) • Biology (animals and plants) • Chemistry • Computer science • Earth science • Ecology • Geometry • Mathematics • Physics • Statistics • Zoology (study of animals) Government and law Copyright • Defense • Economics (trade and business) • Government • Human rights • Laws • Military • Politics • Trade Religions and beliefs Atheism • Bahá'í • Buddhism • Christianity • Esotericism • Hinduism • Islam • Jainism • Judaism • Mythology • Paganism • Sect • Sikhism • Taoism • Theology Natural sciences and maths Algebra • Astronomy (stars and space) • Biology (animals and plants) • Chemistry • Computer science • Earth science • Ecology • Geometry • Mathematics • Physics • Statistics • Zoology (study of animals) Government and law Copyright • Defense • Economics (trade and business) • Government • Human rights • Laws • Military • Politics • Trade Religions and beliefs Atheism • Bahá'í • Buddhism • Christianity • Esotericism • Hinduism • Islam • Jainism • Judaism • Mythology • Paganism • Sect • Sikhism • Taoism • Theology Sister projects Wikipedia is hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation , a non-profit organization that also hosts a range of other projects : In Simple English : Wiktionary Dictionary and thesaurus Commons Free media repository Wikifunctions Free collection of functions In Regular English : Wikispecies Directory of species Wikipedia English Wikipedia Wikidata Free knowledge base Wikinews Free-content news Wiktionary Dictionary and thesaurus Wikiquote Collection of quotations Wikibooks Free textbooks and manuals Wikisource Free-content library Wikiversity Free learning resources Meta-Wiki Wikimedia project coordination Wikivoyage Free travel guide MediaWiki Wiki software development See the pages of the Wikimedia Foundation Governance wiki , too. Sister projects Wikipedia is hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation , a non-profit organization that also hosts a range of other projects : In Simple English : Wiktionary Dictionary and thesaurus Commons Free media repository Wikifunctions Free collection of functions In Regular English : Wikispecies Directory of species Wikipedia English Wikipedia Wikidata Free knowledge base Wikinews Free-content news Wiktionary Dictionary and thesaurus Wikiquote Collection of quotations Wikibooks Free textbooks and manuals Wikisource Free-content library Wikiversity Free learning resources Meta-Wiki Wikimedia project coordination Wikivoyage Free travel guide MediaWiki Wiki software development See the pages of the Wikimedia Foundation Governance wiki , too. Sister projects In Simple English : Wiktionary Dictionary and thesaurus Commons Free media repository Wikifunctions Free collection of functions In Regular English : Wikispecies Directory of species Wikipedia English Wikipedia Wikidata Free knowledge base Wikinews Free-content news Wiktionary Dictionary and thesaurus Wikiquote Collection of quotations Wikibooks Free textbooks and manuals Wikisource Free-content library Wikiversity Free learning resources Meta-Wiki Wikimedia project coordination Wikivoyage Free travel guide MediaWiki Wiki software development See the pages of the Wikimedia Foundation Governance wiki , too. Other languages 5,000,000 articles or more English • Cebuano (Cebuano) 1,000,000 articles or more العربية (Arabic) • مصرى (Egyptian Arabic) • Deutsch (German) • español (Spanish) • فارسی (Persian) • français (French) • italiano (Italian) • 日本語 (Japanese) • Nederlands (Dutch) • polski (Polish) • português (Portuguese) • русский (Russian) • svenska (Swedish) • українська (Ukrainian) • Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese) • Winaray (Waray) • 中文 (Chinese) 500,000 articles or more català (Catalan) • нохчийн (Chechen) • čeština (Czech) • suomi (Finnish) • magyar (Hungarian) • Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian) • 한국어 (Korean) • norsk (Norwegian) • română (Romanian) • српски / srpski (Serbian) • Türkçe (Turkish) • татарча / tatarça (Tatar) 100,000 articles or more Simple English • Afrikaans (Afrikaans) • asturianu (Asturian) • azərbaycanca (Azerbaijani) • تۆرکجه (South Azerbaijani) • беларуская (Belarusian) • български (Bulgarian) • বাংলা (Bangla) • Cymraeg (Welsh) • dansk (Danish) • Ελληνικά (Greek) • Esperanto (Esperanto) • eesti (Estonian) • euskara (Basque) • galego (Galician) • עברית (Hebrew) • हिन्दी (Hindi) • hrvatski (Croatian) • հայերեն (Armenian) • ქართული (Georgian) • қазақша (Kazakh) • Latina (Latin) • Ladin (Ladin) • lietuvių (Lithuanian) • latviešu (Latvian) • Malagasy (Malagasy) • Minangkabau (Minangkabau) • македонски (Macedonian) • मराठी (Marathi) • Bahasa Melayu (Malay) • မြန်မာဘာသာ (Burmese) • norsk nynorsk (Norwegian Nynorsk) • srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски (Serbo-Croatian) • slovenčina (Slovak) • slovenščina (Slovenian) • shqip (Albanian) • Kiswahili (Swahili) • தமிழ் (Tamil) • తెలుగు (Telugu) • тоҷикӣ (Tajik) • ไทย (Thai) • اردو (Urdu) • oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча (Uzbek) • 粵語 (Cantonese) • 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí (Minnan) List of all Wikipedias – Languages working together – Start a Wikipedia for a new language Other languages 5,000,000 articles or more English • Cebuano (Cebuano) 1,000,000 articles or more العربية (Arabic) • مصرى (Egyptian Arabic) • Deutsch (German) • español (Spanish) • فارسی (Persian) • français (French) • italiano (Italian) • 日本語 (Japanese) • Nederlands (Dutch) • polski (Polish) • português (Portuguese) • русский (Russian) • svenska (Swedish) • українська (Ukrainian) • Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese) • Winaray (Waray) • 中文 (Chinese) 500,000 articles or more català (Catalan) • нохчийн (Chechen) • čeština (Czech) • suomi (Finnish) • magyar (Hungarian) • Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian) • 한국어 (Korean) • norsk (Norwegian) • română (Romanian) • српски / srpski (Serbian) • Türkçe (Turkish) • татарча / tatarça (Tatar) 100,000 articles or more Simple English • Afrikaans (Afrikaans) • asturianu (Asturian) • azərbaycanca (Azerbaijani) • تۆرکجه (South Azerbaijani) • беларуская (Belarusian) • български (Bulgarian) • বাংলা (Bangla) • Cymraeg (Welsh) • dansk (Danish) • Ελληνικά (Greek) • Esperanto (Esperanto) • eesti (Estonian) • euskara (Basque) • galego (Galician) • עברית (Hebrew) • हिन्दी (Hindi) • hrvatski (Croatian) • հայերեն (Armenian) • ქართული (Georgian) • қазақша (Kazakh) • Latina (Latin) • Ladin (Ladin) • lietuvių (Lithuanian) • latviešu (Latvian) • Malagasy (Malagasy) • Minangkabau (Minangkabau) • македонски (Macedonian) • मराठी (Marathi) • Bahasa Melayu (Malay) • မြန်မာဘာသာ (Burmese) • norsk nynorsk (Norwegian Nynorsk) • srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски (Serbo-Croatian) • slovenčina (Slovak) • slovenščina (Slovenian) • shqip (Albanian) • Kiswahili (Swahili) • தமிழ் (Tamil) • తెలుగు (Telugu) • тоҷикӣ (Tajik) • ไทย (Thai) • اردو (Urdu) • oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча (Uzbek) • 粵語 (Cantonese) • 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí (Minnan) List of all Wikipedias – Languages working together – Start a Wikipedia for a new language Other languages English • Cebuano (Cebuano) العربية (Arabic) • مصرى (Egyptian Arabic) • Deutsch (German) • español (Spanish) • فارسی (Persian) • français (French) • italiano (Italian) • 日本語 (Japanese) • Nederlands (Dutch) • polski (Polish) • português (Portuguese) • русский (Russian) • svenska (Swedish) • українська (Ukrainian) • Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese) • Winaray (Waray) • 中文 (Chinese) català (Catalan) • нохчийн (Chechen) • čeština (Czech) • suomi (Finnish) • magyar (Hungarian) • Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian) • 한국어 (Korean) • norsk (Norwegian) • română (Romanian) • српски / srpski (Serbian) • Türkçe (Turkish) • татарча / tatarça (Tatar) Simple English • Afrikaans (Afrikaans) • asturianu (Asturian) • azərbaycanca (Azerbaijani) • تۆرکجه (South Azerbaijani) • беларуская (Belarusian) • български (Bulgarian) • বাংলা (Bangla) • Cymraeg (Welsh) • dansk (Danish) • Ελληνικά (Greek) • Esperanto (Esperanto) • eesti (Estonian) • euskara (Basque) • galego (Galician) • עברית (Hebrew) • हिन्दी (Hindi) • hrvatski (Croatian) • հայերեն (Armenian) • ქართული (Georgian) • қазақша (Kazakh) • Latina (Latin) • Ladin (Ladin) • lietuvių (Lithuanian) • latviešu (Latvian) • Malagasy (Malagasy) • Minangkabau (Minangkabau) • македонски (Macedonian) • मराठी (Marathi) • Bahasa Melayu (Malay) • မြန်မာဘာသာ (Burmese) • norsk nynorsk (Norwegian Nynorsk) • srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски (Serbo-Croatian) • slovenčina (Slovak) • slovenščina (Slovenian) • shqip (Albanian) • Kiswahili (Swahili) • தமிழ் (Tamil) • తెలుగు (Telugu) • тоҷикӣ (Tajik) • ไทย (Thai) • اردو (Urdu) • oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча (Uzbek) • 粵語 (Cantonese) • 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí (Minnan) List of all Wikipedias – Languages working together – Start a Wikipedia for a new language Main Page Afrikaans Alemannisch العربية Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά English Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Igbo Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ქართული Kaszëbsczi Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Ladino Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lingála Lombard Magyar Македонски Malti Māori Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip Sicilianu Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 中文 This page was last changed on 12 January 2026, at 15:03. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Suggestions for success 2 Responding to requests 3 List Toggle List subsection 3.1 Incidents for administrator attention 3.2 Bureaucrats, VRT, Arbitration 3.3 Other administrator assistance 3.4 Mergers, splits, and moves 3.5 Content dispute resolution 3.6 Copyright and spam 3.7 User and article sanctions 3.8 Other editor assistance and debates 3.9 Other support 3.1 Incidents for administrator attention 3.2 Bureaucrats, VRT, Arbitration 3.3 Other administrator assistance 3.4 Mergers, splits, and moves 3.5 Content dispute resolution 3.6 Copyright and spam 3.7 User and article sanctions 3.8 Other editor assistance and debates 3.9 Other support 4 See also Wikipedia : Noticeboards العربية تۆرکجه भोजपुरी Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Bahasa Melayu Português සිංහල 中文 Project page Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Page version status This is an accepted version of this page This is an information page . It is neither an encyclopedia article nor one of Wikipedia's policies or guidelines ; rather, its purpose is to explain certain aspects of Wikipedia's norms, customs, technicalities, or practices. It may reflect differing levels of consensus and vetting . .mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0;float:initial} Shortcut .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} WP:PNB WP:PNB WP:PNB WP:PNB Noticeboards on Wikipedia are places where editors can ask questions and request assistance from people who are familiar with the policies and guidelines covered by each individual board. They are to be used for specific problems that editors encounter in writing and maintaining Wikipedia articles. Posting a message to a noticeboard can also be an appropriate early step in resolving disputes on Wikipedia . Noticeboards are best used for simple and urgent matters. If an editor needs a more complex response, and is willing to wait for it, the WP:Requests for comment process may be more suitable. Noticeboards are not places to advocate for change to Wikipedia's existing policies. Instead, such suggestions should be taken directly to the talk page of the applicable policy or guideline. Noticeboards are also not good places to recruit more editors to work with you. If you want to edit collaboratively, try posting a message at a relevant WP:WikiProject instead. If you need general help with creating and editing articles on Wikipedia, try Wikipedia:Questions . New editors may find the Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia page a valuable resource. If you want feedback on an article that you have planned, or that you have recently made major changes to, try the Teahouse or help desk . If you have a question about an encyclopedic subject, leave a note for the Wikipedia:Reference desk . Suggestions for success WP:PNBSUCCESS WP:PNBSUCCESS Posting a message at a noticeboard does not guarantee a response. Editors are more likely to respond to straightforward questions from friendly, productive editors. If you want to increase your odds of receiving a constructive response, try this: Messages should be concise. Long diatribes or sprawling monologues are likely to be ignored or dismissed as "Too long, didn't read" . Provide links to the relevant articles and diffs. Try to frame your issue as a specific, direct question: "Can this source be used to support this statement?" "Is this an acceptable external link for this article?" "Do you think this editor's account should be blocked for vandalism?" Some noticeboards have standardized formats for common requests; read and follow the directions to the best of your ability. Be civil. Sarcasm, slurs, and snide remarks should be avoided at all costs. If you are dealing with a heated dispute or are very frustrated, make an effort to present your question with a calm, detached, professional demeanor. See Wikipedia's pages on civility and personal attacks for additional advice. If the editors that respond to you disagree with you, don't argue with them — but do, if necessary, correct any factual misunderstandings or request further clarification. Sign and date all contributions, by appending four tildes "~~~~" to the end of every message. This simplifies page administration by allowing automatic archiving of older messages. Watch the page. Editors responding to your message are most likely to reply at the noticeboard. Responding to requests Any editor familiar with the relevant policies, guidelines, or procedures is encouraged to respond to requests on noticeboards. Responses that are direct, informed, concrete, and specific are particularly appreciated by editors that post questions. Some questions benefit from responses by multiple editors. Replies are generally given at the noticeboard; if you respond on another page, it may be helpful to leave a link to your response for the convenience of other editors at the noticeboard. List WP:PNBD WP:PNBD Select the noticeboard most closely connected to the question you have. Avoid posting the same situation to more than one noticeboard at a time. If an issue crosses boundaries, such as a WP:BLP issue involving vandalism , then choose one or the other, and if necessary, post a very brief message at the other board to point interested editors to the first noticeboard. Incidents for administrator attention Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard : coordinating and discussing tasks carried out by Wikipedia administrators . Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents : for reporting incidents requiring urgent attention by administrators. Wikipedia:Administrative action review : A noticeboard where administrative actions by administrators and the use of other advanced user rights can be discussed and reviewed by the community. Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Edit warring : for reporting edit warring and three-revert rule violations. Wikipedia:Administrator intervention against vandalism : for reporting vandalism requiring immediate administrator intervention. Bureaucrats, VRT, Arbitration Wikipedia:Bureaucrats' noticeboard : to assist Bureaucrats on project-related activities. Wikipedia:VRT noticeboard : Wikimedia's volunteer response team (VRT) handles copyright permissions, email inquiries from the public, reuse inquiries, article errors, and a wide range of non-public inquiries. Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee/Noticeboard : for announcements and statements made by the Arbitration Committee . Wikipedia talk:Arbitration Committee/Noticeboard : for discussing the aforementioned announcements and statements made by the Arbitration Committee. Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests : request Arbcom cases, clarification and amendment. Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Enforcement : request administrator enforcement of Arbcom decisions. Wikipedia talk:Arbitration Committee/Noticeboard : for discussing the aforementioned announcements and statements made by the Arbitration Committee. Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests : request Arbcom cases, clarification and amendment. Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Enforcement : request administrator enforcement of Arbcom decisions. Other administrator assistance Wikipedia:Closure requests : is for posting requests to have an uninvolved editor assess, summarize, and formally close a discussion on Wikipedia. Wikipedia:Requests for oversight : suppress edits that breach somebody's privacy, or defame somebody. Wikipedia:Requests for page protection : for requesting that a page, file or template be protected. Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations : for requesting for an investigation on whether two or more Wikipedia accounts are being abusively operated by the same person . Wikipedia:Requests for permissions : for requesting changes in user access levels Wikipedia:WikiProject Open proxies seeks to identify, verify and block open proxies and anonymity network exit nodes. Wikipedia:Usernames for administrator attention : for usernames that are such blatant and serious problems that they need to be immediately blocked. MediaWiki talk:Titleblacklist : title and user name blacklist requests. MediaWiki talk:Titleblacklist : title and user name blacklist requests. Mergers, splits, and moves Wikipedia:Proposed article mergers : lists proposals merge articles Wikipedia:Proposed article splits : lists proposals to split articles Wikipedia:Requested moves : for requesting the retitling (moving) of an article, template, or project page on Wikipedia (but not a category ) Wikipedia:Requests for history merge : proposals for mergers of page edit-histories Wikipedia:Requests for page importation : requests that pages be imported with edit-history from other Wikimedia Foundation wikis to English Wikipedia Content dispute resolution Dispute resolution ( Requests ) Tips Assume good faith Use etiquette Be civil Be open to compromise Discuss on talk pages Failure to discuss Help desk ( Request ) Assume good faith Use etiquette Be civil Be open to compromise Discuss on talk pages Failure to discuss Help desk ( Request ) Content disputes Third opinion ( Request ) Mediation Noticeboards Requests for comment Resolution noticeboard ( Request ) Third opinion ( Request ) Mediation Noticeboards Requests for comment Resolution noticeboard ( Request ) Conduct disputes Administrator assistance ( Request ) Arbitration ( Request ) Administrator assistance ( Request ) Arbitration ( Request ) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e Wikipedia:Requests for comment/All : an informal process for requesting outside input concerning disputes, policies, guidelines, article content, or user conduct. Wikipedia:Third opinion : Third opinion (3O) is a means to request an outside opinion in a content or sourcing disagreement between two editors. Wikipedia:Dispute resolution noticeboard : to help resolve general disputes between editors. Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons/Noticeboard : about maintaining Wikipedia's high standards for statements about living people in any kind of article. Wikipedia:Conflict of interest/Noticeboard : about WP:Conflicts of interest . Wikipedia:External links/Noticeboard : about selection and location of WP:External links (links not used to verify article content). Wikipedia:Fringe theories/Noticeboard : about WP:Fringe theories . Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/Noticeboard : about achieving and maintaining a neutral point of view in articles. Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard : about synthesis and other kinds of WP:Original research . Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard : about identifying and correctly using reliable sources to verify article content Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons/Noticeboard : about maintaining Wikipedia's high standards for statements about living people in any kind of article. Wikipedia:Conflict of interest/Noticeboard : about WP:Conflicts of interest . Wikipedia:External links/Noticeboard : about selection and location of WP:External links (links not used to verify article content). Wikipedia:Fringe theories/Noticeboard : about WP:Fringe theories . Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/Noticeboard : about achieving and maintaining a neutral point of view in articles. Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard : about synthesis and other kinds of WP:Original research . Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard : about identifying and correctly using reliable sources to verify article content Copyright and spam Wikipedia:Contributor copyright investigations : to identify users who have repeatedly introduced copyright violations. Wikipedia:Copyright problems : for listing and discussing possible copyright problems involving text on Wikipedia. Wikipedia:Media copyright questions : a place for help with image copyrights, tagging, non-free content, and related questions. Wikipedia:Files for discussion : for reviewing compliance with non-free content criteria for media. Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Spam : for reports of spam . MediaWiki talk:Spam-blacklist : spam blacklist requests. MediaWiki talk:Spam-whitelist : spam whitelist requests. MediaWiki talk:Spam-blacklist : spam blacklist requests. MediaWiki talk:Spam-whitelist : spam whitelist requests. User and article sanctions Wikipedia:General sanctions : sanctions for editing certain articles inappropriately. Wikipedia:Editing restrictions : restrictions on particular users' behavior. Wikipedia:Long-term abuse : summarises a limited number of long term abusers. Other editor assistance and debates Wikipedia:Teahouse : a friendly place to help new editors become accustomed to Wikipedia. Wikipedia:Help desk : for questions about how to use or edit Wikipedia. Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style : for questions about Wikipedia writing style (tone, spelling, punctuation, abbreviations, layout, images, linking, etc.) Wikipedia:Education noticeboard : discussions relating to student assignments and the Wikipedia Education Program. Wikipedia:WikiProject Articles for creation/Help desk : for questions about article submissions to Wikipedia. Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request : requests for sharing the vast resources available to Wikipedians. Wikipedia:Village pump : a set of pages used to discuss the technical issues, policies and operations of Wikipedia. Wikipedia:Village pump (idea lab) : to discuss ideas and solutions to issues before proposing them to the community. Wikipedia:Village pump (policy) : to discuss existing and proposed policies. Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals) : to discuss new proposals that are not policy-related. Wikipedia:Village pump (technical) : to discuss technical issues. Wikipedia:Village pump (miscellaneous) : for messages that do not fit into any of the other categories. Wikipedia:Village pump (WMF) : to discuss topics and ideas related to the Wikimedia Foundation Wikipedia:Village pump (idea lab) : to discuss ideas and solutions to issues before proposing them to the community. Wikipedia:Village pump (policy) : to discuss existing and proposed policies. Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals) : to discuss new proposals that are not policy-related. Wikipedia:Village pump (technical) : to discuss technical issues. Wikipedia:Village pump (miscellaneous) : for messages that do not fit into any of the other categories. Wikipedia:Village pump (WMF) : to discuss topics and ideas related to the Wikimedia Foundation Wikipedia:Discussions for discussion : for discussion closers to discuss their evaluation of consensus in preparation for closing specific discussions. Other support Wikipedia:Bot owners' noticeboard : a message board for coordinating and discussing bot-related issues on Wikipedia (also including other programs interacting with the MediaWiki software). Wikipedia:Edit filter noticeboard : for coordination and discussion of edit filter use and management. Wikipedia:Main Page/Errors : to report an error you have noticed on today's or tomorrow's Main Page. See also Help portal For ongoing discussions and current requests, see Wikipedia:Dashboard . Wikipedia:Village pump Wikipedia:Negotiation Wikipedia:Mediation Wikipedia:Requests Wikipedia:List of WikiProjects Wikipedia:Regional notice boards v t e Noticeboards v t e Wikipedia's centralized discussion, request, and help venues . For a listing of ongoing discussions and current requests, see the dashboard . For a related set of forums which do not function as noticeboards see formal review processes . General Administrators Main Incidents Bots Bureaucrats Centralized discussion Closure requests Education Interface admins Main Page errors Open proxies Volunteer response team Oversight User permissions Administrators Main Incidents Main Incidents Bots Bureaucrats Centralized discussion Closure requests Education Interface admins Main Page errors Open proxies Volunteer response team Oversight User permissions Articles, content AI Cleanup Bad image list Biographies of living persons Copyrights Questions on media Problems Dispute resolution External links Fringe theories Neutral point of view Original research Pending changes Reliable sources Resource requests Scalable vector graphics Spam Blacklist Whitelist Style Titleblacklist Translation AI Cleanup Bad image list Biographies of living persons Copyrights Questions on media Problems Questions on media Problems Dispute resolution External links Fringe theories Neutral point of view Original research Pending changes Reliable sources Resource requests Scalable vector graphics Spam Blacklist Whitelist Blacklist Whitelist Style Titleblacklist Translation Page handling History merges Mergers Splits Moves Protection Importation XfD Articles Redirects Categories Templates Files Miscellany Undeletion Deletion review History merges Mergers Splits Moves Protection Importation XfD Articles Redirects Categories Templates Files Miscellany Articles Redirects Categories Templates Files Miscellany Undeletion Deletion review User conduct Conflict of interest Contributor copyright Edit warring and 3RR Sanctions Personal restrictions General sanctions Contentious topics Sockpuppets Usernames ( Requests for comment ) Vandalism Conflict of interest Contributor copyright Edit warring and 3RR Sanctions Personal restrictions General sanctions Contentious topics Personal restrictions General sanctions Contentious topics Sockpuppets Usernames ( Requests for comment ) Vandalism Other Arbitration Committee noticeboard Requests Enforcement Edit filters Requested False positives Questions Help desk Teahouse Reference desk New articles Requests for comment Village pump Policy Technical Proposals Idea lab WMF Miscellaneous WikiProject proposals Discussions for discussion Arbitration Committee noticeboard Requests Enforcement Committee noticeboard Requests Enforcement Edit filters Requested False positives Requested False positives Questions Help desk Teahouse Reference desk New articles Help desk Teahouse Reference desk New articles Requests for comment Village pump Policy Technical Proposals Idea lab WMF Miscellaneous Policy Technical Proposals Idea lab WMF Miscellaneous WikiProject proposals Discussions for discussion Category:Wikipedia noticeboards v t e Wikipedia directories and indexes v t e Administration pages Protocols Policies Guidelines Manual of Style Assistance Help directory Menu FAQs Interactive help Reader's index Tips Styletips Tools The community Portal Discussions Noticeboards Essays Editor's index Departments Maintenance WikiProjects MediaWiki Wikitext HTML Templates Locutions Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary Shortcuts Protocols Policies Guidelines Manual of Style Policies Guidelines Manual of Style Assistance Help directory Menu FAQs Interactive help Reader's index Tips Styletips Tools Help directory Menu Menu FAQs Interactive help Reader's index Tips Styletips Styletips Tools The community Portal Discussions Noticeboards Essays Editor's index Departments Maintenance WikiProjects Portal Discussions Noticeboards Noticeboards Essays Editor's index Departments Maintenance Maintenance WikiProjects MediaWiki Wikitext HTML Templates Wikitext HTML Templates HTML Templates Locutions Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary Shortcuts Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary Shortcuts Encyclopedia proper Types Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Featured , good Featured articles Good articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Good topics Topics 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times Academic disciplines Anniversaries Today Sovereign states and dependent territories Deaths this year Timelines Decades, centuries, and millennia Academic disciplines Anniversaries Today Today Sovereign states and dependent territories Deaths this year Deaths this year Timelines Decades, centuries, and millennia Decades, centuries, and millennia Indexes A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Spoken articles A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Spoken articles Searching v t e Wikipedia editor navigation ( Search ) v t e v t e Wikipedia key policies and guidelines (?) 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P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs LLMs Conduct (?) P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Signatures Deletion (?) P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Enforcement (?) P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Editing (?) P Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace P Editing policy Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Article size Summary style Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Manual of Style Contents Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Project content (?) G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages Project namespace WikiProjects WikiProjects User pages User boxes User boxes Shortcuts Subpages WMF (?) P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ v t e Manual of Style v t e Overview Contents Tips Overview Contents Tips Content Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Formatting Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Layout Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists By topic area Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Cue sports Snooker Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Related guidelines Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Search Category Category v t e Wikipedia accounts and governance v t e Unregistered users Why create an account? 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For a listing of ongoing discussions and current requests, see the Dashboard . 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Reward board Contests A nice cup of tea and a sit down Charitableness WikiLove Compliment before criticism Kindness Campaign Compliment before criticism Kindness Campaign Thanks! Maintenance tasks Task Center Open tasks Backlog Category Admin category Edit requests Category Database reports Category tracker Dusty articles Special pages New pages Recent changes Controversial issues Task Center Open tasks Open tasks Backlog Category Admin category Category Admin category Edit requests Category Category Database reports Category tracker Dusty articles Special pages New pages Recent changes New pages Recent changes Controversial issues Administrators and noticeboards Administrators' noticeboard Incidents Edit warring Vandalism Admin dashboard Admin requests Closure Page protection User permissions Sockpuppets Open proxies Revision deletion Oversight Request Usernames Changing Title blacklist OTRS Bureaucrats' Requests for adminship and bureaucratship Arbitration Committee Requests Enforcement Administrators' noticeboard Incidents Edit warring Vandalism Incidents Edit warring Vandalism Admin dashboard Admin requests Closure Page protection User permissions 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Templates Media Category Templates v t e Wikipedia essays (?) v t e Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? 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Forside Tilfeldig artikkel Hjelp Siste endringer Prosjektportal Hvordan bidra? Wikitreff Tinget Torget Konkurranser Kontakt Wikipedia Wikimedia Norge Doner Opprett konto Logg inn Doner Opprett konto Logg inn Forside Hovedside Diskusjon Les Vis kilde Vis historikk Les Vis kilde Vis historikk Lenker hit Relaterte endringer Last opp fil Permanent lenke Sideinformasjon Spesialsider Siter denne siden Hent forkortet URL Last ned QR-kode Last ned som PDF Utskriftsvennlig versjon Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Den flerspråklige Wikikilden Wikispecies Wikibøker Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikinytt Wikiquote Wikikilden Wiktionary Wikidata-element Velkommen til Wikipedia , den frie encyklopedien som du kan forbedre . Ukens artikkel ( uke 3 ) Gustav Struve (1805–1870) var en tysk jurist, politiker og revolusjonær. Han var aktiv under Vormärz og Marsrevolusjonen i 1848. Struve var medlem av Storhertugdømmet Badens landdag, og av det såkalte Forparlamentet som forberedte Frankfurtparlamentet. Sammen med Friedrich Hecker holdt han 12. september 1847 et møte med rundt 100 personer, i Offenburg i Baden. Forsamlingen krevde Karlsbad-beslutningene opphevet og at en demokratisk valgt folkeforsamling ble etablert. Den 21. september 1848 proklamerte han i byen Lörrach at Den tyske republikk var etablert. Den påfølgende oppstanden ble imidlertid raskt slått ned. ► Les mer her. Dagens skandinaviske artikkel ( dansk ) Knud den Store (ca. 995 - 1035) var konge af Danmark 1018-1035, af England 1016-1035 og af Norge 1028-1035, der tilsammen ofte bliver omtalt som Nordsøimperiet. Knud var søn af Svend Tveskæg. Som dansk prins vandt han tronen i England i 1016 i kølvandet på flere hundrede års vikingeaktivitet i det nordvestlige Europa. Knud forsøgte at bevare sin magtbase ved at forene danerne og englænderne igennem fælles kulturelle bånd af rigdom og tradition samt via ren brutalitet. Efter et årti i konflikt med modstandere i Skandinavien tog Knud Norges krone i Trondheim i 1028. Herredømmet over England gav danerne en vigtig forbindelse til havområdet mellem Storbritannien og Irland, hvor Knud, ligesom hans far før ham, havde store interesser og udøvede stor indflydelse blandt de norrøne gælere. Knuds besiddelser i form af Englands bispedømmer og de kontinentale bispedømmer i Danmark, som den tysk-romerske ærkebiskop af Bremen ellers havde højhedsretten over, var en kilde til stor prestige og en løftestang i forhold til den katolske kirke og blandt mange magnater i kristendommen. ► Læs mere Arkiv · Dette er ukens artikkel på dansk Wikipedia Slik vokser leksikonet fram … Karoline Leavitt (født 1997; bildet ) ble den yngste pressesekretæren i Det hvite hus noensinne da hun tiltrådte 27 år gammel. Keramikeren Sidsel Hartvig Jensen (1916–1996) er representert i Victoria and Albert Museum i London. Makkabiaden er det største jødiske idrettsarrangement i verden og holdes hvert 4. år. Historiske spel blir framført på steder med lokal tilknytning til handlingen fra myter, sagn, litteratur eller historiske hendelser. Franske Régis Le Bris er er hovedtrener for den engelske fotballklubben Sunderland. Det ble i 2016 innført en lov for juridisk kjønn i Norge , som ikke nødvendigvis samsvarer med ens kjønn registrert ved fødsel. Trekroneren er et gatekjøkken i Bergen, etablert i 1946. Kanadiske Michael Ignatieff (født 1947) har arbeidet som professor, journalist, romanforfatter, litteraturkritiker, politiker og universitetsrektor. Dette er eksempler på gode nye Wikipedia-artikler. Arkiv Flere nye artikler her Søsterprosjekter Wikipedia utgis av den ideelle organisasjonen Wikimedia Foundation , som driver flere flerspråklige og frie prosjekter hvor alle kan bidra. Aktuelt Det er anslått at flere tusen har blitt drept i forbindelse med demonstrasjoner i Iran . Erling Braut Haaland ( bildet ) vinner tre priser under Idrettsgallaen 2026 . En kvinne blir skutt og drept av ICE i Minneapolis. Bakgrunn: USAs hybridkrig mot Grønland • Krigen i Gaza • Krigen i Ukraina • Krigen i Mali • Borgerkrigen i Jemen Samfunn: Totalforsvarsåret 2026 Sport : Håndball-EM • Afrikamesterskapet i fotball Verdenscup: Skiskyting (Ruhpolding) Nylig avdøde 13. jan. – Scott Adams ( bildet ), amerikansk tegneserieskaper (68) 11. jan. – Vigdis M. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 Post-Soviet relations 1.2 Ukrainian revolution 1.3 Russian invasion of Crimea and Donbas 1.4 Economic aspects 1.1 Post-Soviet relations 1.2 Ukrainian revolution 1.3 Russian invasion of Crimea and Donbas 1.4 Economic aspects 2 Prelude Toggle Prelude subsection 2.1 Russian military buildup and demands 2.2 Invasion plans 2.2.1 Putin's invasion announcement 2.1 Russian military buildup and demands 2.2 Invasion plans 2.2.1 Putin's invasion announcement 2.2.1 Putin's invasion announcement 3 Events Toggle Events subsection 3.1 Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) 3.1.1 Kyiv and northern front 3.1.2 Southern and eastern front 3.2 Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022) 3.2.1 Fall of Mariupol 3.2.2 Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk 3.2.3 Zaporizhzhia front 3.3 Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022) 3.3.1 Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts 3.3.2 Kherson counteroffensive 3.3.3 Kharkiv counteroffensive 3.4 Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and first military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) 3.5 Battle of Bakhmut 3.6 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensives (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023) 3.7 Battle of Avdiivka 3.8 Russian offensives and Ukrainian incursion (April 2024 – present) 3.8.1 Russian spring and summer offensives 3.8.2 Ukrainian offensive into Russia 3.8.3 Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances 3.1 Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) 3.1.1 Kyiv and northern front 3.1.2 Southern and eastern front 3.1.1 Kyiv and northern front 3.1.2 Southern and eastern front 3.2 Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022) 3.2.1 Fall of Mariupol 3.2.2 Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk 3.2.3 Zaporizhzhia front 3.2.1 Fall of Mariupol 3.2.2 Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk 3.2.3 Zaporizhzhia front 3.3 Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022) 3.3.1 Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts 3.3.2 Kherson counteroffensive 3.3.3 Kharkiv counteroffensive 3.3.1 Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts 3.3.2 Kherson counteroffensive 3.3.3 Kharkiv counteroffensive 3.4 Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and first military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) 3.5 Battle of Bakhmut 3.6 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensives (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023) 3.7 Battle of Avdiivka 3.8 Russian offensives and Ukrainian incursion (April 2024 – present) 3.8.1 Russian spring and summer offensives 3.8.2 Ukrainian offensive into Russia 3.8.3 Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances 3.8.1 Russian spring and summer offensives 3.8.2 Ukrainian offensive into Russia 3.8.3 Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances 4 Battlespaces Toggle Battlespaces subsection 4.1 Command 4.2 Missile attacks and aerial warfare 4.2.1 Crimea attacks 4.2.2 Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure 4.2.3 Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production 4.3 Naval blockade and engagements 4.4 Ukrainian resistance 4.5 Energy infrastructure 4.1 Command 4.2 Missile attacks and aerial warfare 4.2.1 Crimea attacks 4.2.2 Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure 4.2.3 Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production 4.2.1 Crimea attacks 4.2.2 Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure 4.2.3 Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production 4.3 Naval blockade and engagements 4.4 Ukrainian resistance 4.5 Energy infrastructure 5 Foreign involvement Toggle Foreign involvement subsection 5.1 Support for Ukraine 5.2 Support for Russia 5.2.1 Belarus 5.2.2 Iran 5.2.3 North Korea 5.2.4 Others and sanction evasions 5.1 Support for Ukraine 5.2 Support for Russia 5.2.1 Belarus 5.2.2 Iran 5.2.3 North Korea 5.2.4 Others and sanction evasions 5.2.1 Belarus 5.2.2 Iran 5.2.3 North Korea 5.2.4 Others and sanction evasions 6 Casualties 7 War crimes and attacks on civilians Toggle War crimes and attacks on civilians subsection 7.1 Prisoners of war 7.2 Abduction of Ukrainian children 7.3 International arrest warrants 7.1 Prisoners of war 7.2 Abduction of Ukrainian children 7.3 International arrest warrants 8 Impacts Toggle Impacts subsection 8.1 Humanitarian impact 8.1.1 Cultural heritage 8.2 Refugee crisis 8.3 Long-term demographic effects 8.4 Environmental impact 8.4.1 Nuclear risk 8.5 Economic impact 8.5.1 Ukraine 8.5.2 Russia 8.1 Humanitarian impact 8.1.1 Cultural heritage 8.1.1 Cultural heritage 8.2 Refugee crisis 8.3 Long-term demographic effects 8.4 Environmental impact 8.4.1 Nuclear risk 8.4.1 Nuclear risk 8.5 Economic impact 8.5.1 Ukraine 8.5.2 Russia 8.5.1 Ukraine 8.5.2 Russia 9 Peace efforts 10 International reactions 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chi-Chewa Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Ikinyarwanda Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Lombard Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Napulitano Norsk bokmål Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya Gagana Samoa سرائیکی Sardu Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Meta-Wiki Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Part of the Russo-Ukrainian war ( outline ) Map of Ukraine as of 17 December 2025 [update] ( details ) : .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Continuously controlled by Ukraine Currently occupied or controlled by Russia Formerly occupied by Russia Date 24 February 2022 – present (3 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 2 days) Location Ukraine, Russia , Black Sea Status Ongoing ( list of engagements · territorial control · timeline of events ) Date 24 February 2022 – present (3 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 2 days) Location Ukraine, Russia , Black Sea Status Ongoing ( list of engagements · territorial control · timeline of events ) Belligerents .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Russia Belarus [ a ] North Korea [ b ] Russia Belarus [ a ] North Korea [ b ] Ukraine Commanders and leaders .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Vladimir Putin Valery Gerasimov Aleksandr Dvornikov Gennady Zhidko Sergey Surovikin Vladimir Putin Valery Gerasimov Aleksandr Dvornikov Gennady Zhidko Sergey Surovikin Volodymyr Zelenskyy Oleksandr Syrskyi Valerii Zaluzhnyi Volodymyr Zelenskyy Oleksandr Syrskyi Valerii Zaluzhnyi Units involved Order of battle Order of battle Strength Pre-invasion at border : 169,000–190,000 [ c ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Pre-invasion total : 900,000 military [ 8 ] 554,000 paramilitary [ 8 ] In February 2023 : 300,000+ active personnel in Ukraine [ 9 ] In June 2024 : 700,000 active personnel in the area [ 10 ] Pre-invasion total : 196,600 military [ 11 ] 102,000 paramilitary [ 11 ] July 2022 total : up to 700,000 [ 12 ] September 2023 total : over 800,000 [ 13 ] Casualties and losses Reports vary widely, see § Casualties for details. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Russo-Ukrainian war Since 2022 ( outline ) v t e Timeline February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present Prelude Casualties Territorial control map List of engagements War crimes Attacks on civilians Economic impact Peace negotiations 28-point U.S. peace plan Collaboration with Russia Russian emigration Nuclear risk Humanitarian impacts Russian annexation Treatment of prisoners of war February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present Prelude Casualties Territorial control map map List of engagements War crimes Attacks on civilians Economic impact Peace negotiations 28-point U.S. peace plan Collaboration with Russia Russian emigration Nuclear risk Humanitarian impacts Russian annexation Treatment of prisoners of war 2022–23 campaign Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion 2022–23 campaign Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion 2024–25 campaign Northern Ukraine skirmishes 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland 2024–25 campaign Northern Ukraine skirmishes 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland v t e Russo-Ukrainian war Since 2014 ( outline ) v t e Background Russia–Ukraine relations Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine ( Odesa clashes ) Major topics 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism Information war cyberwarfare ransomware cyberattacks Belarusian involvement International sanctions Media portrayal Foreign aid ( military humanitarian ) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) ( Timeline ) Little green men Krymnash Crimean Parliament Belbek Airport Southern Naval Base 2014 Simferopol 2014 Russian protests War in Donbas (2014–2022) ( Timeline ) Capture of Donetsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk Artemivsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk Border Base Krasnyi Lyman Sector D clashes Il-76 shootdown Zelenopillia rocket attack Raid of the 95th Brigade Shakhtarsk Raion Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve International recognition Post-Minsk II conflict 2015 Shyrokyne (2015) Marinka (2015) 2016 Svitlodarsk (2016) 2017 Avdiivka (2017) 2018 Kerch Strait incident (2018) 2019 2020 2021 2022 Attacks on civilians Sloviansk Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 Novosvitlivka Volnovakha Donetsk Mariupol Kramatorsk Stanytsia Luhanska Russian full-scale invasion (2022–present) ( Timeline ) Prelude to invasion ( Reactions ) Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Military engagements Northern Ukraine campaign Antonov Airport Kyiv Chernihiv Sumy Eastern Ukraine campaign Mariupol 1st Kharkiv Izium 2nd Kharkiv Donbas Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Luhansk Oblast Marinka Avdiivka Pokrovsk Southern Ukraine campaign 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Kherson counteroffensive 2nd Kherson 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Kursk offensive Effects and aftermath Economic impact Peace negotiations Protests in occupied Ukraine War crimes Government and intergovernmental reactions Non-government reactions Protests Russian protests ICJ case Arrest warrants Related Ukrainian resistance Belarusian and Russian partisan movement Zagreb Tu-141 crash Russian mystery fires Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Soloti training ground shooting Brovary helicopter crash Black Sea drone incident Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Wagner Group rebellion Wagner Group plane crash Ukrainian coup attempt 2025 Slovak–Ukraine gas dispute Slovak opposition to sanctions on Russia Russia–Ukraine relations Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine ( Odesa clashes ) Major topics 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism Information war cyberwarfare ransomware cyberattacks cyberwarfare ransomware cyberattacks Belarusian involvement International sanctions Media portrayal Foreign aid ( military humanitarian ) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) ( Timeline ) Little green men Krymnash Crimean Parliament Belbek Airport Southern Naval Base 2014 Simferopol 2014 Russian protests War in Donbas (2014–2022) ( Timeline ) Capture of Donetsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk Artemivsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk Border Base Krasnyi Lyman Sector D clashes Il-76 shootdown Zelenopillia rocket attack Raid of the 95th Brigade Shakhtarsk Raion Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve International recognition Post-Minsk II conflict 2015 Shyrokyne (2015) Marinka (2015) 2016 Svitlodarsk (2016) 2017 Avdiivka (2017) 2018 Kerch Strait incident (2018) 2019 2020 2021 2022 Attacks on civilians Sloviansk Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 Novosvitlivka Volnovakha Donetsk Mariupol Kramatorsk Stanytsia Luhanska Russian full-scale invasion (2022–present) ( Timeline ) Prelude to invasion ( Reactions ) Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Military engagements Northern Ukraine campaign Antonov Airport Kyiv Chernihiv Sumy Antonov Airport Kyiv Chernihiv Sumy Eastern Ukraine campaign Mariupol 1st Kharkiv Izium 2nd Kharkiv Donbas Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Luhansk Oblast Marinka Avdiivka Pokrovsk Mariupol 1st Kharkiv Izium 2nd Kharkiv Donbas Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Luhansk Oblast Marinka Avdiivka Pokrovsk Southern Ukraine campaign 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Kherson counteroffensive 2nd Kherson 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Kherson counteroffensive 2nd Kherson 2nd Kherson 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Kursk offensive Effects and aftermath Economic impact Peace negotiations Protests in occupied Ukraine War crimes Government and intergovernmental reactions Non-government reactions Protests Russian protests Russian protests ICJ case Arrest warrants Related Ukrainian resistance Belarusian and Russian partisan movement Zagreb Tu-141 crash Russian mystery fires Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Soloti training ground shooting Brovary helicopter crash Black Sea drone incident Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Wagner Group rebellion Wagner Group plane crash Ukrainian coup attempt 2025 Slovak–Ukraine gas dispute Slovak opposition to sanctions on Russia v t e Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union v t e Caucasus Nagorno-Karabakh 1st 2016 2nd Border crisis 2022 clashes 2023 offensive Georgia South Ossetia Abkhazia 1st 2nd Kodori North Ossetia Chechen–Russian 1st 2nd guerrilla phase North Caucasus insurgency IS insurgency Dagestan Ingushetia Russo-Georgian Central Asia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Batken spillover Kyrgyz revolutions Tulip 2010 2020 South Kyrgyzstan Gorno-Badakhshan Dungan–Kazakh clashes Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes 2021 2022 Kazakhstan Karakalpakstan Central and Eastern Europe Transnistria 1992 1993 Moscow 1995–1996 Minsk Ukraine Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity pro-Russian unrest Russo-Ukrainian (outline) annexation of Crimea Donbas Kerch Strait 2022 invasion prelude Nagorno-Karabakh 1st 2016 2nd Border crisis 2022 clashes 2023 offensive 1st 2016 2nd Border crisis 2022 clashes 2022 clashes 2023 offensive Georgia South Ossetia Abkhazia 1st 2nd Kodori South Ossetia Abkhazia 1st 2nd Kodori 1st 2nd Kodori North Ossetia Chechen–Russian 1st 2nd guerrilla phase North Caucasus insurgency IS insurgency 1st 2nd guerrilla phase North Caucasus insurgency IS insurgency Dagestan Ingushetia Russo-Georgian Central Asia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Batken spillover Batken spillover Kyrgyz revolutions Tulip 2010 2020 Tulip 2010 2020 South Kyrgyzstan Gorno-Badakhshan Dungan–Kazakh clashes Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes 2021 2022 2021 2022 Kazakhstan Karakalpakstan Central and Eastern Europe Transnistria 1992 1992 1993 Moscow 1995–1996 Minsk Ukraine Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity pro-Russian unrest Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity pro-Russian unrest Russo-Ukrainian (outline) annexation of Crimea Donbas Kerch Strait 2022 invasion prelude annexation of Crimea Donbas Kerch Strait 2022 invasion prelude prelude On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine , starting the largest and deadliest war in Europe since World War II . It is a major escalation of the war between the two countries that began when Russia attacked Ukraine in 2014 . [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The fighting has caused hundreds of thousands of military casualties and tens of thousands of Ukrainian civilian casualties . As of December 2025, Russian troops occupy almost 20% of Ukraine . [ 17 ] From a population of 41 million, about 8 million Ukrainians have been internally displaced [ 18 ] and 6–7 million have fled the country , [ 19 ] creating Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. In late 2021, Russia massed troops near Ukraine's borders and issued demands to the West , including a ban on Ukraine ever joining NATO . [ 20 ] [ 21 ] After repeatedly denying having plans to attack Ukraine, on 24 February 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin announced a " special military operation ", saying that it was to support the Russian-backed breakaway republics of Donetsk and Luhansk , whose paramilitary forces had been fighting Ukraine in the Donbas War since 2014. Putin espoused irredentist and imperialist views challenging Ukraine's legitimacy as a state, baselessly claimed that the Ukrainian government were neo-Nazis committing genocide against the Russian minority in the Donbas , and said that Russia's goal was to "demilitarise and denazify" Ukraine. [ d ] Russian air strikes and a ground invasion were launched on a northern front from Belarus towards the capital Kyiv , a southern front from occupied Crimea , and an eastern front from the Donbas towards Kharkiv . Ukraine enacted martial law , ordered a general mobilisation , and severed diplomatic relations with Russia . Russian troops retreated from the north and the outskirts of Kyiv by April 2022, after encountering stiff resistance and logistical challenges. The Bucha massacre was uncovered after their withdrawal. Russia launched an offensive in the Donbas and captured Mariupol after a destructive siege . Russia continued to bomb military and civilian targets far from the front, and struck Ukraine's energy grid during winter months. In late 2022, Ukraine launched successful counteroffensives in the south and east , liberating most of Kharkiv Oblast . Soon after, Russia illegally annexed four partly-occupied provinces . In November, Ukraine liberated the city of Kherson and all land west of the Dnipro river . After small but steady Russian advances in the east in the first half of 2024, Ukraine launched a cross-border offensive into Russia's Kursk Oblast in August, where North Korean soldiers were sent to help Russia. The United Nations Human Rights Office reports that Russia is committing severe human rights violations in occupied Ukraine. Russia's attacks on civilians, as well as the policies it has introduced in occupied territories, have led to allegations of genocide . [ e ] The direct cost of the war for Russia has been over US$450 billion. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] The Russian invasion was met with international condemnation . The UN General Assembly passed a resolution condemning the invasion and demanding a full Russian withdrawal. The International Court of Justice ordered Russia to halt military operations, and the Council of Europe expelled Russia. Many countries imposed sanctions on Russia and its ally Belarus while providing large-scale humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine. Protests occurred around the world, with anti-war protesters in Russia being met by mass arrests and greater media censorship . War-related disruption to Ukrainian agriculture and shipping worsened the world food crisis ; war-related environmental damage was described as ecocide . The International Criminal Court (ICC) opened an investigation into crimes against humanity , war crimes , abduction of Ukrainian children , and genocide against Ukrainians. The ICC issued arrest warrants for Putin and five other Russian officials. Peace negotiations have stalled, and Russia has repeatedly refused calls for a ceasefire. Background Post-Soviet relations After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia and Ukraine maintained cordial relations. In return for security guarantees, Ukraine signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1994 and gave up its nuclear weapons . [ 34 ] Russia, the US, and UK agreed in the Budapest Memorandum to respect Ukraine's sovereignty and borders. [ 35 ] In 1999, Russia signed the Charter for European Security , affirming that every country had the right "to choose or change its security arrangements" and to join military alliances. [ 36 ] In 2005, Putin said that if Ukraine wanted to join NATO, "we will respect their choice". [ 37 ] Ukrainian revolution In 2013, Ukraine's parliament approved finalising the European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement . [ 38 ] Russia put pressure on Ukraine to reject the agreement and imposed economic sanctions on the country. [ 39 ] Kremlin adviser Sergei Glazyev warned in September 2013 that if Ukraine signed the EU agreement, Russia would no longer acknowledge Ukraine's borders. [ 40 ] In November, Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych suddenly withdrew from signing the agreement, [ 41 ] choosing closer ties to Russia instead. This coerced withdrawal sparked massive protests known as Euromaidan , culminating in the Revolution of Dignity in February 2014. Almost 100 protesters were killed by state forces, most of them shot by police snipers. Despite signing an agreement , Yanukovych secretly fled. Ukraine's parliament then voted to remove him and hold new elections. [ 42 ] Russian invasion of Crimea and Donbas On 27 February 2014, Russian soldiers with no insignia began to occupy the Ukrainian territory of Crimea, [ 43 ] blockading Ukrainian military bases. [ 44 ] Russia annexed Crimea in March, after a widely-condemned and disputed referendum . Several scholars have likened the annexation to Nazi Germany's Anschluss of Austria. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Pro-Russian protests followed in the Ukrainian cities of Donetsk and Luhansk , covertly funded and organized by Russia. [ 48 ] In April 2014, armed Russian paramilitaries seized Sloviansk and other settlements, proclaiming the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) as independent. Their commander, Igor Girkin , acknowledged that this sparked the War in Donbas , as Ukraine soon launched an operation to retake the territory. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Russia covertly supported the separatists with troops, tanks and artillery. [ 52 ] The International Criminal Court judged that the war was a national and international armed conflict involving Russia, [ 53 ] and the European Court of Human Rights judged that Russia controlled the DPR and LPR from 2014 onward. [ 54 ] Ukraine's parliament declared the Donbas region to be occupied by Russia. [ 55 ] The annexation of Crimea and Donbas war sparked a wave of Russian nationalism . Analyst Vladimir Socor called Putin's 2014 speech following the annexation a "manifesto of Greater-Russia irredentism ". [ 56 ] Putin began referring to " Novorossiya " (New Russia), a former Russian imperial territory that covered much of southern Ukraine. [ 57 ] Russian-backed forces were influenced by Russian neo-imperialism [ 58 ] and sought to create a new Novorossiya . [ 59 ] When the conflict began in 2014, Ukraine was officially neutral [ 61 ] and said it was not seeking NATO membership. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Following Russia's occupation of Crimea and invasion of the Donbas , Ukraine's parliament voted in December 2014 to revoke the country's neutral status and seek NATO membership . [ 64 ] [ 65 ] The Minsk agreements (September 2014 and February 2015) aimed to resolve the conflict, but ceasefires and further negotiations failed. [ 66 ] The West 's weak response to Russian actions led Russia to believe the West would not react strongly to the 2022 invasion. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Several political scientists said this encouraged further Russian aggression. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 72 ] Economic aspects Economic interests were also a motive for Russia's invasion of Ukraine and annexation of the southeast . [ 73 ] [ 74 ] Ukraine holds Europe's second-largest reserves of natural gas, coal, and titanium, and some of the world's largest reserves of iron ore and uranium. [ 73 ] Ukraine is also thought to hold Europe's largest supply of recoverable rare-earth minerals , and one of Europe's largest reserves of lithium. [ 74 ] Furthermore, Ukraine is one of the world's biggest suppliers of wheat, corn and other grains. [ 73 ] Control of lithium deposits in the Donbas, and Ukraine's grain wealth, would give Russia a "monopoly on the world market". [ 75 ] In 2022, Russian General Vladimir Ovchinsky confirmed that one of the goals of the invasion was to seize Ukrainian lithium deposits. [ 31 ] [ 76 ] About 80% of Ukraine's oil , natural gas and coal fields are found in the Donbas-Dnipro region. [ 74 ] The Russian elite, especially Russian generals, had invested assets and property in Ukraine for money laundering purposes before the invasion. [ 75 ] Prelude Russian military buildup and demands There was a Russian military build-up near Ukraine's borders in March and April 2021, [ 77 ] and again in both Russia and Belarus from October 2021 onward. [ 78 ] Russia said it was only holding military exercises . Members of its government, including Putin, repeatedly denied having plans to invade Ukraine, issuing denials up until the day before the invasion. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] While Russian troops massed on Ukraine's borders, Russia's proxy forces launched thousands of attacks on Ukrainian troops in the Donbas. [ 82 ] Observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) reported more than 90,000 ceasefire violations throughout 2021, most in Russian-controlled territory. [ 83 ] In July 2021, Putin published " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians ", in which he called Ukraine "historically Russian lands" and claimed there is "no historical basis" for the "idea of Ukrainian people as a nation separate from the Russians". [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Putin was accused of promoting Russian imperialism , [ 86 ] historical revisionism and disinformation. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] The December 2021 Russian ultimatum to NATO , included demands that NATO end all activity in its Eastern European member states and ban Ukraine or any former Soviet state from ever joining the alliance. [ 21 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] Russia's government said NATO was a threat and warned of a military response if it followed an "aggressive line". [ 91 ] A US official said the US was willing to discuss the proposals, but there were some that "the Russians know are unacceptable" and had already been ruled out. [ 89 ] NATO secretary general Jens Stoltenberg replied that "Russia has no veto" on whether Ukraine joins, and "has no right to establish a sphere of influence to try to control their neighbours". [ 92 ] NATO underlined that it is a defensive alliance , and had co-operated with Russia until the Crimea annexation. [ 93 ] Several Western political analysts suggested that Russia knew its "unrealistic demands" would be rejected, [ 89 ] giving it a pretext to invade. [ 94 ] No countries bordering Russia had joined NATO since 2004. Ukraine had not yet applied, and some NATO states would likely veto its membership. [ 95 ] Analysts Taras Kuzio and Vladimir Socor agree that "when Russia made its decision to invade Ukraine, that country was more remote than ever not only from NATO membership but from any track that might lead to membership". [ 90 ] Political scientists Michael McFaul and Robert Person said Russia's occupation of Crimea and the Donbas had already blocked Ukraine's NATO membership; they suggested Putin's real aim was to subjugate Ukraine. [ 96 ] NATO offered to negotiate some of Russia's demands and to improve military transparency , as long as Russia stopped its troop buildup. [ 97 ] The alliance rejected Russia's demand to keep Ukraine out of NATO forever, pointing out that Russia had signed agreements affirming the right of Ukraine and other countries to join alliances. [ 98 ] [ 75 ] The US proposed that itself and Russia sign an agreement not to station missiles or troops in Ukraine. [ 98 ] Putin replied that Russia's demands had been "ignored", and the Russian troop buildup continued. [ 99 ] Western leaders vowed heavy sanctions should Putin invade rather than negotiate. [ 100 ] French president Emmanuel Macron [ 101 ] and German chancellor Olaf Scholz met Putin in February 2022 to dissuade him from invading. Putin told Scholz that Ukraine should not be an independent state. [ 102 ] Zelenskyy said Putin had broken agreements and could not be trusted to respect Ukrainian neutrality. [ 103 ] Ukraine had been a neutral country in 2014 when Russia occupied Crimea and invaded the Donbas . [ 61 ] [ 104 ] At the Munich Security Conference , Zelenskyy called for Western powers to end their " appeasement " of Putin and give a timeframe for when Ukraine could join NATO. [ 105 ] Shortly before the invasion, Russia's proxy forces stepped up attacks on Ukrainian forces and civilians in the Donbas. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] Separatist leaders warned that Ukraine was about to launch an offensive, but they gave no evidence, and The Guardian noted it would be "exceedingly risky" for Ukraine to assault the Donbas while Russian troops were massed on its borders. [ 107 ] Ukraine and Western leaders accused Russia of staging false flag attacks and trying to provoke retaliation, to give Russia a pretext for invading. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] On 17 February, Russian proxy forces shelled a kindergarten in Ukrainian-held territory, then blamed it on Ukraine. [ 107 ] Zelenskyy said his military would not respond to the provocations. [ 106 ] Invasion plans The Royal United Services Institute reported that Russia's plan involved defeating Ukraine within ten days and capturing or killing its government, followed by "mopping up" operations ; establishing filtration camps for Ukrainians ; setting up occupation regimes; executing people involved in the Revolution of Dignity; and annexation. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] The decision to invade was reportedly made by Putin and a small group of war hawks or siloviki in Putin's inner circle, including national security adviser Nikolai Patrushev and defence minister Sergei Shoigu . [ 111 ] After the invasion began, Ukrainian and Western analysts assessed that Putin seemed to have believed the Russian military could seize Kyiv within days. This assessment led to the conclusion that "taking Kyiv in three days" had been the original goal of the invasion. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] Putin's invasion announcement On 21 February, Putin announced that Russia recognised the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic as independent states. The following day, Russia announced that it was sending troops into the territories as "peacekeepers", [ 115 ] and the Federation Council of Russia authorised the use of military force abroad. [ 116 ] Before 5 a.m. Kyiv time on 24 February, Putin, in another speech , announced a " special military operation ", which effectively declared war on Ukraine. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] Putin said the operation was to "protect the people" of the Russian-controlled breakaway republics. He baselessly claimed that Russians in the Donbas had "been facing humiliation and genocide perpetrated by the Kyiv regime" for 8 years. [ 23 ] Putin said Russia was being threatened: he baselessly claimed that Ukrainian officials were neo-Nazis under Western control, that Ukraine was developing nuclear weapons, and that a hostile NATO was building up its forces and infrastructure in Ukraine. [ 119 ] [ 120 ] He said Russia sought the "demilitarisation and denazification" of Ukraine, and denied the legitimacy of the Ukrainian state. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] Putin said he had no plans to occupy Ukraine. [ 119 ] The invasion began within minutes of Putin's speech. [ 117 ] Events The invasion began at dawn on 24 February. [ 117 ] [ 122 ] It was the biggest attack on a European country and first full-scale war in Europe since World War II. [ 123 ] Russia launched a simultaneous ground and air attack. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Missiles struck targets throughout Ukraine, [ 126 ] and Russian troops invaded from the north, east, and south. [ 127 ] Russia did not officially declare war. [ 128 ] Immediately after the invasion began, Zelenskyy declared martial law in Ukraine in a video speech. [ 129 ] The same evening, he ordered a general mobilisation of all Ukrainian males aged 18–60, [ 130 ] prohibiting them from leaving the country. [ 131 ] The first stage of the invasion was conducted on four fronts: one towards western Kyiv from Belarus by the Russian Eastern Military District , one deployed towards eastern Kyiv by the Central Military District (northeastern front), comprised the 41st Combined Arms Army and the 2nd Guards Combined Arms Army , [ 132 ] one deployed towards Kharkiv, and a fourth, southern front originating in Crimea and Russia's Rostov oblast with an eastern axis towards Odesa and a western area of operations toward Mariupol . [ 132 ] The invasion was unexpectedly met by fierce resistance. [ 133 ] Russia failed to take Kyiv and was repulsed in the battles of Irpin , Hostomel , and Bucha . The Russians tried to encircle the capital, but defenders under Oleksandr Syrskyi held their ground, effectively using Western Javelin anti-tank missiles and Stinger anti-aircraft missiles to thin Russian supply lines and stall the offensive. [ 134 ] By 7 April, Russian troops deployed to the northern front pulled back from Kyiv, to resupply and redeploy to the Donbas to reinforce the renewed invasion of southeastern Ukraine. The northeastern front was similarly withdrawn for redeployment to southeastern Ukraine. [ 132 ] [ 135 ] On 26 April, delegates from the US and 40 allied nations met at Ramstein Air Base in Germany to discuss a coalition to provide economic support, military supplies and refitting to Ukraine. [ 136 ] Following Putin's Victory Day speech on 9 May, US Director of National Intelligence Avril Haines said no short term resolution should be expected. [ 137 ] Ukraine's reliance on Western-supplied equipment constrained operational effectiveness, as supplying countries feared Ukraine would use Western-made matériel to strike targets in Russia. [ 138 ] Experts disagreed on the future of the conflict; some suggested Ukraine should trade territory for peace, [ 139 ] others believed Ukraine could maintain its resistance due to Russian losses. [ 140 ] Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) The invasion began on 24 February, launched out of Belarus to target Kyiv, and from the northeast against the city of Kharkiv. The southeastern front was conducted as two separate spearheads, from Crimea and the southeast against Luhansk and Donetsk. [ 141 ] Kyiv and northern front Russian troops tried to seize Kyiv quickly with a spearhead on 24 February, from Belarus south along the west bank of the Dnipro River , with Spetsnaz infiltrating into the city supported by airborne operations and a rapid mechanised advance from the north, but failed. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] The apparent intent was to encircle the city from the west, supported by two separate axes of attack along the east bank of the Dnipro: the western at Chernihiv , and from the east at Sumy . [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Russian forces advanced into Chernihiv Oblast on 24 February, besieging its administrative capital within four days of fighting . [ 144 ] [ 145 ] Travelling along highways, Russian forces reached Brovary , an eastern suburb of Kyiv, on 4 March. [ 125 ] [ 124 ] The US contacted Zelenskyy and offered to help him flee, lest the Russian Army attempt to kidnap or kill him; Zelenskyy responded that "The fight is here; I need ammunition, not a ride." [ 146 ] By early March, Russian advances along the west side of the Dnipro were limited by Ukrainian defences. [ 125 ] [ 124 ] As of 5 March, a Russian convoy , reportedly 64 kilometres (40 mi) long, had made little progress toward Kyiv. [ 147 ] Advances from Chernihiv largely halted as a siege began there . Russian forces advanced on Kyiv from the northwest, capturing Bucha , Hostomel and Vorzel by 5 March. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] [ 150 ] By 11 March, the lengthy convoy had largely dispersed and taken cover. [ 151 ] On 16 March, Ukrainian forces began a counter-offensive. [ 152 ] Unable to achieve a quick victory in Kyiv, Russian forces switched to indiscriminate bombing and siege warfare. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] On 25 March, a Ukrainian counter-offensive retook towns to the east and west of Kyiv. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] Russian troops in the Bucha area retreated north. Ukrainian forces entered the city on 1 April, and recaptured the region around Kyiv, and uncovered evidence of war crimes in Bucha . [ 157 ] [ 158 ] The Pentagon confirmed on 6 April that the Russian army had left Chernihiv Oblast ; [ 159 ] local authorities said Russian troops had left Sumy Oblast. [ 160 ] NATO secretary-general Jens Stoltenberg said the Russian "retraction, resupply, and redeployment" of troops from the Kyiv area should be interpreted as an expansion of Putin's plans for concentrating his forces on eastern Ukraine. [ 135 ] Southern and eastern front On 24 February, Russian attack groups moved northwest from Crimea, capturing bridges over the Dnieper [ 161 ] and the North Crimean Canal . [ 162 ] On 1 March, Kherson was the first major city to fall to Russia. [ 163 ] Russian troops moved on Mykolaiv and attacked it , but were repelled. [ 164 ] Russian forces approached the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant [ 165 ] and besieged Enerhodar . By 25 February, Russian units had begun advancing on Mariupol . [ 166 ] Russian forces captured Berdiansk . [ 167 ] [ 168 ] [ 169 ] On 1 March, Denis Pushilin , head of the DPR, announced that it had surrounded Volnovakha . [ 170 ] By 18 March, Mariupol was encircled and fighting had reached the city centre, hampering efforts to evacuate civilians. [ 171 ] The Russians demanded surrender, and the Ukrainians refused. [ 172 ] On 27 March, Ukrainian deputy prime minister Olha Stefanishyna said that "(m)ore than 85 percent of the whole town is destroyed." [ 173 ] Russia refused safe passage into Mariupol to 50 buses sent by the UN to evacuate civilians. [ 174 ] [ 175 ] In the east, Russian troops attempted to capture Kharkiv , [ 176 ] and met strong Ukrainian resistance. Izium was captured by Russian forces on 1 April [ 177 ] after a monthlong battle. [ 178 ] On 25 March, the Russian defence ministry said it would seek to occupy major cities in eastern Ukraine. [ 179 ] On 3 April, following the retreat of Russian forces from Kyiv, Russia expanded its attack on southern Ukraine, with bombardment and strikes against Odesa, Mykolaiv, and the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] By 7 April, the renewed massing of Russian troops and tanks around Izium, Sloviansk , and Kramatorsk prompted Ukrainian officials to advise remaining residents near the eastern border to evacuate to western Ukraine. [ 182 ] Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022) By 17 April, Russian progress on the southeastern front appeared impeded by Ukrainian forces in the large, heavily fortified Azovstal Iron and Steel Works and surrounding area in Mariupol. [ 183 ] On 19 April Russia launched an "eastern assault" across a 480-kilometre (300 mi) front extending from Kharkiv to Donetsk and Luhansk, with simultaneous missile attacks again directed at Kyiv and Lviv. [ 184 ] An anonymous US Defence official called the Russian offensive "minimal at best". [ 185 ] By 30 May, disparities between Russian and Ukrainian artillery were apparent, with Ukrainian artillery vastly outgunned. [ 138 ] In response to Biden's indication that enhanced artillery would be provided to Ukraine, Putin said Russia would expand its invasion to include new cities, and ordered a missile strike against Kyiv on 6 June after not directly attacking it for weeks. [ 186 ] On 10 June, deputy head of the SBU Vadym Skibitsky stated that during the Sievierodonetsk campaign, the frontlines were where the future of the invasion would be decided: [ 187 ] This is an artillery war now, and we are losing in terms of artillery. Everything now depends on what [the west] gives us. Ukraine has one artillery piece to 10 to 15 Russian artillery pieces. Our western partners have given us about 10% of what they have. This is an artillery war now, and we are losing in terms of artillery. Everything now depends on what [the west] gives us. Ukraine has one artillery piece to 10 to 15 Russian artillery pieces. Our western partners have given us about 10% of what they have. On 29 June, US intelligence director Avril Haines said US agencies agreed the invasion will continue "for an extended period of time ... In short, the picture remains pretty grim and Russia's attitude toward the West is hardening." [ 188 ] On 5 July, BBC reported that extensive destruction by the invasion would cause immense financial damage to Ukraine's economy, with Ukrainian prime minister Denys Shmyhal telling a reconstruction conference that Ukraine needed $750B for a recovery plan and Russian oligarchs should contribute. [ 189 ] The chief spokesman for the Russian Ministry of Defence Igor Konashenkov revealed that Russian troops were divided between the Army Groups "Centre" commanded by Colonel General Aleksander Lapin and "South" commanded by Army General Sergey Surovikin . [ 190 ] On 20 July, Lavrov announced that Russia would respond to the increased military aid being received by Ukraine from abroad by expanding its special military operation to Zaporizhzhia and Kherson oblasts. [ 191 ] Russian Ground Forces started recruiting volunteer battalions to create a new 3rd Army Corps within the Western Military District, with a planned strength of 16,000–60,000 personnel. [ 192 ] Its units were deployed to the front around the September Kharkiv counteroffensive , in time to join the Russian retreat. The 3rd Army "melted away" according to Forbes , having little impact on the battlefield along with other irregular forces. [ 193 ] Fall of Mariupol On 13 April, Russian forces intensified their attack on the Azovstal Iron and Steel Works . [ 194 ] Ukrainian prime minister Denys Shmyhal said Ukrainian soldiers had vowed to ignore the ultimatum to surrender and fight to the last. [ 183 ] On 20 April, Putin said the siege could be considered tactically complete, since the 500 Ukrainian troops entrenched in bunkers within the ironworks and estimated 1,000 civilians were sealed off from relief. [ 195 ] After meetings with Putin and Zelenskyy, UN secretary-general Guterres on 28 April said he would attempt to organise an evacuation from Azovstal in accordance with assurances from Putin. [ 196 ] On 30 April, Russian troops allowed civilians to leave under UN protection. [ 197 ] By 3 May, after allowing 100 civilians to depart, Russian troops renewed their bombardment. [ 198 ] On 6 May, The Daily Telegraph reported that Russia had used thermobaric bombs against the remaining soldiers. Zelenskyy authorised the commander of the steel factory to surrender as necessary. [ 199 ] On 7 May, all civilians were evacuated. [ 200 ] After the last civilians evacuated, 2,000 Ukrainian soldiers remained barricaded there, 700 were injured. They communicated a plea for a military corridor to evacuate, as they expected execution if they surrendered. [ 201 ] Reports of dissent on 8 May indicated that the commander of the Ukrainian marines had made an unauthorised acquisition of tanks, munitions, and personnel, broke out from the position and fled. The remaining soldiers spoke of a weakened defence as a result, which allowed progress to advancing Russian attacks. [ 202 ] Ilia Somolienko , deputy commander of the remaining Ukrainian troops, said: "We are basically here dead men. Most of us know this and it's why we fight so fearlessly." [ 203 ] On 16 May, the Ukrainian General staff announced that the Mariupol garrison had "fulfilled its combat mission" and final evacuations had begun. 264 service members were evacuated to Olenivka under Russian control, while 53 who were seriously injured were taken to a hospital in Novoazovsk , controlled by Russia. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] Following the evacuation, Russian and DPR forces fully controlled Mariupol. Russia press secretary Dmitry Peskov said Putin had guaranteed that the fighters who surrendered would be treated "in accordance with international standards" while Zelenskyy said that "the work of bringing the boys home continues..." [ 206 ] Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk A Russian missile attack on Kramatorsk railway station on 8 April killed at least 61 [ 207 ] and injuring 87 to 300. [ 208 ] On 11 April, Zelenskyy said Ukraine expected a new Russian offensive in the east. [ 209 ] American officials said Russia had withdrawn or been repulsed elsewhere, and was preparing a retraction, resupply, and redeployment to the southeastern Ukraine front. [ 210 ] [ 211 ] Military satellites photographed Russian convoys of infantry and mechanised units deploying south from Kharkiv to Izium on 11 April, apparently part of the planned Russian redeployment. [ 212 ] On 18 April, with Mariupol overtaken by Russian forces, the Ukrainian government announced that the second phase of the reinforced invasion of the Donetsk, Luhansk and Kharkiv oblasts had intensified with expanded invasion forces occupying the Donbas. [ 213 ] On 22 May, the BBC reported that after the fall of Mariupol, Russia had intensified offensives in Luhansk and Donetsk while concentrating missile attacks and intense artillery fire on Sievierodonetsk, the largest city under Ukrainian control in Luhansk Oblast. [ 214 ] On 23 May, Russian forces were reported entering Lyman , capturing the city by 26 May. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] Ukrainian forces were reported leaving Sviatohirsk . [ 217 ] By 24 May, Russian forces captured Svitlodarsk . [ 218 ] On 30 May, Reuters reported that Russian troops had breached the outskirts of Sievierodonetsk. [ 219 ] By 2 June, The Washington Post reported that Sievierodonetsk was on the brink of capitulation with over 80% in the hands of Russian troops. [ 220 ] On 3 June, Ukrainian forces reportedly began a counter-attack in Sievierodonetsk. By 4 June, Ukrainian government sources claimed 20% or more of the city had been recaptured. [ 221 ] Ukrainian authorities estimated that 800 Ukrainian civilians were besieged at the Azot chemical factory in Sievierodonetsk; Russian-backed separatists said it sheltered 300–400 soldiers. [ 222 ] [ 223 ] With the Ukrainian defences of Sievierodonetsk faltering, Russian troops began intensifying their attack on the neighbouring city of Lysychansk . [ 224 ] On 20 June it was reported that Russian troops continued to tighten their grip on Sievierodonetsk by capturing surrounding villages. [ 225 ] On 24 June, CNN reported that, amid scorched-earth tactics by advancing Russian troops, Ukraine's armed forces were ordered to evacuate Sievierodonetsk; several hundred civilians taking refuge in the Azot chemical plant were left behind, with some comparing their plight to those in Mariupol. [ 226 ] On 3 July, the Russian defence ministry claimed Lysychansk had been captured and occupied. [ 227 ] On 4 July, The Guardian reported that after the fall of the Luhansk oblast, Russian troops would continue their invasion into the adjacent Donetsk Oblast to attack the cities of Sloviansk and Bakhmut . [ 228 ] Zaporizhzhia front Russian forces continued to fire missiles and drop bombs on Dnipro and Zaporizhzhia . [ 184 ] Russian missiles destroyed the Dnipro International Airport on 10 April. [ 229 ] On 2 May, the UN, reportedly with the cooperation of Russian troops, evacuated about 100 survivors from the siege of Mariupol. [ 230 ] On 28 June, Reuters reported that a Russian missile attack on Kremenchuk , detonated in a mall, had killed at least 18. France's Macron called it a "war crime". [ 231 ] The president of Ukrainian nuclear agency Energoatom called the situation at the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant "extremely tense", saying that it was being operated by Ukrainian staff but controlled by up to 500 Russian soldiers, with Russia shelling nearby areas and storing weapons at the plant. [ 232 ] Russia agreed on 19 August to allow IAEA inspectors access to the plant after a call from Macron to Putin. As of July 2023, access to the plant remained limited. [ 233 ] Russia reported that 12 attacks with explosions from 50 artillery shells had been recorded by 18 August at the plant and the company town of Enerhodar . [ 234 ] Tobias Ellwood , chair of the UK's Defence Select Committee , and US congressman Adam Kinzinger said that radiation leaks would be a breach of the North Atlantic Treaty , under which an attack on a member of NATO is an attack on them all. [ 235 ] [ 236 ] Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022) On 6 September 2022, Ukrainian forces launched a surprise counteroffensive in the Kharkiv region , beginning near Balakliia , led by General Syrskyi . [ 237 ] An emboldened Kyiv launched a counteroffensive 12 September around Kharkiv successful enough to make Russia admit losing key positions and for The New York Times to say that it dented the image of a "Mighty Putin". Kyiv sought more arms from the West to sustain the counteroffensive. [ 238 ] On 21 September 2022, Vladimir Putin announced a partial mobilisation and Minister of Defence Sergei Shoigu said 300,000 reservists would be called. [ 239 ] He also said that his country would use "all means" to "defend itself". Mykhailo Podolyak, an adviser to Zelenskyy, said that the decision was predictable and that it was an attempt to justify "Russia's failures". [ 240 ] British Foreign Office Minister Gillian Keegan called the situation an "escalation", [ 241 ] while former Mongolian president Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj accused Russia of using Russian Mongols as "cannon fodder". [ 242 ] Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts In late September 2022, Russian-installed officials in Ukraine organised referendums on the annexation of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic, as well as the Russian-appointed military administrations of Kherson Oblast and Zaporizhzhia Oblast. Denounced by Ukraine's government and allies, including the UK, US, and France, as sham elections , official results showed overwhelming majorities in favour of annexation. [ 243 ] On 30 September 2022, Vladimir Putin announced the annexation of Ukraine's Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts in an address to the Russian parliament . [ 244 ] Ukraine, the United States, the European Union and the United Nations all denounced the annexation as illegal. [ 245 ] Kherson counteroffensive On 29 August, Zelenskyy announced the start of a full-scale counteroffensive in the southeast to retake Russian-occupied territory in the Kherson and Mykolaiv regions. [ 246 ] By 4 September, Ukrainian forces had retaken the village of Vysokopillia . [ 247 ] Ukrainian attacks also continued along the southern frontline, though reports about territorial changes were largely unverifiable. [ 248 ] In October, Ukrainian forces pushed further south towards the city of Kherson, taking control of 1,170 square kilometres (450 sq mi), with fighting extending to Dudchany . [ 249 ] [ 250 ] On 9 November, defence minister Shoigu ordered Russian forces to leave part of Kherson Oblast, including the city of Kherson , and move to the eastern bank of the Dnieper. [ 251 ] On 11 November, Ukrainian troops entered Kherson, as Russia completed its withdrawal. This meant that Russian forces no longer had a foothold on the west bank of the Dnieper. [ 252 ] Kharkiv counteroffensive Ukrainian forces launched another surprise counteroffensive on 6 September in the Kharkiv Oblast near Balakliia led by General Syrskyi. [ 237 ] By 7 September, Ukrainian forces had advanced 20 kilometres (12 mi) into Russian-occupied territory and claimed to have recaptured approximately 400 square kilometres (150 sq mi). Russian commentators said this was likely due to the relocation of Russian forces to Kherson. [ 253 ] On 8 September, Ukrainian forces captured Balakliia and advanced to within 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) of Kupiansk . [ 254 ] Military analysts said Ukrainian forces appeared to be moving towards Kupiansk, a major railway hub, with the aim of cutting off the Russian forces at Izium from the north. [ 255 ] On 9 September, the Russian occupation administration of Kharkiv Oblast announced it would "evacuate" the civilian populations of Izium, Kupiansk and Velykyi Burluk . The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) said it believed Kupiansk would likely fall in the next 72 hours, [ 256 ] while Russian reserve units were sent to the area by both road and helicopter. [ 257 ] On the morning of 10 September, photos emerged claiming to depict Ukrainian troops raising the Ukrainian flag in the centre of Kupiansk, [ 258 ] and the ISW said Ukrainian forces had captured approximately 2,500 square kilometres (970 sq mi). [ 259 ] Reuters reported that Russian positions in northeast Ukraine had "collapsed" in the face of the Ukrainian assault, with Russian forces forced to withdraw from their base at Izium after being cut off by the capture of Kupiansk. [ 260 ] By 15 September, an assessment by the UK Ministry of Defence confirmed that Russia had either lost or withdrawn from almost all of their positions west of the Oskil river , abandoning high-value military assets. [ 261 ] The offensive continued pushing east and by 1 October, Ukrainian forces had liberated Lyman . [ 262 ] Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and first military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) After the end of the twin Ukrainian counteroffensives, the fighting semi-deadlocked during the winter, [ 263 ] with heavy casualties but reduced motion of the frontline. [ 264 ] Russia launched a self-proclaimed winter offensive in eastern Ukraine, but the campaign stalled with limited gains. [ 263 ] [ 265 ] Analysts blamed the failure on Russia's lack of "trained men" and supply problems with artillery ammunition, among other problems. [ 263 ] [ 265 ] Near the end of May, Mark Galeotti assessed that "after Russia's abortive and ill-conceived winter offensive, which squandered its opportunity to consolidate its forces, Ukraine is in a relatively strong position." [ 266 ] On 7 February, The New York Times reported that Russians had newly mobilised nearly 200,000 soldiers to participate in the offensive in the Donbas. [ 267 ] The Russian private military company Wagner Group took on greater prominence in the war, [ 268 ] leading "grinding advances" in Bakhmut with tens of thousands of recruits from prison battalions taking part in "near suicidal" assaults on Ukrainian positions. [ 265 ] In late January 2023, fighting intensified in southern Zaporizhzhia Oblast, with both sides suffering heavy casualties. [ 269 ] In nearby southern parts of Donetsk Oblast, an intense, three-week Russian assault near the coal-mining town of Vuhledar was called the largest tank battle of the war to date, and ended in disaster for Russian forces, who lost "at least 130 tanks and armored personnel carriers" according to Ukrainian commanders. The British Ministry of Defence stated that "a whole Russian brigade was effectively annihilated." [ 270 ] [ 271 ] In late 2022, as Russian casualties exceeded 50,000, the Russian army introduced barrier troops . The UK defence ministry stated that these are units that threaten to shoot their own retreating soldiers to compel offensives. In March 2023, Russian soldiers filmed a video addressed to Putin where they stated that after suffering casualties, they attempted to return to their headquarters but their superiors denied them evacuation and barrier troops were placed behind them threatening to "destroy them". [ 272 ] In particular, Storm-Z units have been reported to be "kept in line" by barrier troops. [ 273 ] Battle of Bakhmut Following defeat in Kherson and Kharkiv, Russian and Wagner forces focused on taking Bakhmut and breaking the half-year-long stalemate there since the start of the war. Russian forces sought to encircle the city, attacking from the north via Soledar . After taking heavy casualties, Russian and Wagner forces took control of Soledar on 16 January 2023. [ 274 ] [ 275 ] By early February 2023, Bakhmut was facing attacks from north, south and east, with the sole Ukrainian supply lines coming from Chasiv Yar to the west. [ 276 ] On 4 March, Bakhmut's deputy mayor told news services that there was street fighting in the city. [ 277 ] On 20 May 2023, the Wagner Group claimed full control over Bakhmut, and a victory in the battle was officially declared by Russia the next day, [ 278 ] following which Wagner forces retreated from the city in place of regular Russian units. [ 279 ] 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensives (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023) In June 2023, Ukrainian forces launched counteroffensives on multiple fronts. [ 280 ] [ 281 ] Efforts faced stiff Russian resistance. [ 282 ] By 12 June, Ukraine reported advances and liberated settlements. [ 283 ] On 24 June, the Wagner Group rebellion briefly unfolded before a peace deal. [ 284 ] In late June, Ukraine reclaimed territory in Donbas and made gains in Kherson Oblast. [ 285 ] Russia heavily mined areas, making Ukraine the most mined country in the world. [ 286 ] Following Russia leaving the Black Sea Grain Initiative, Ukraine targeted Russian ships. [ 287 ] In September 2023, Russian strikes hit Ukrainian energy facilities. [ 288 ] The US announced sending long-range ATACMS missiles [ 289 ] and Ukraine struck the Sevastopol naval base. [ 290 ] [ 291 ] In October–December 2023, Ukrainian forces crossed the Dnipro River despite heavy losses. On 1 December 2023, Zelenskyy stated that the Ukrainian counter-offensive was unsuccessful. [ 292 ] Zelenskyy stated it would be easier to regain Crimea than the Donbas, because the latter is heavily militarised and has much pro-Russian sentiment. [ 293 ] In December 2023, media outlets described the Ukrainian counteroffensive as having failed to regain significant territory or meet any of its objectives. [ 292 ] [ 294 ] [ 295 ] Battle of Avdiivka In October 2023, it was reported that there were growing mutinies among Russian troops due to the extensive losses in Russian offensives around Avdiivka , with a lack of artillery, food, water and poor command also being reported. [ 296 ] By November, British intelligence said that recent weeks had "likely seen some of the highest Russian casualty rates of the war so far." [ 297 ] On 17 February 2024, Russia captured Avdiivka , a longtime stronghold for Ukraine that had been described as a "gateway" to nearby Donetsk . [ 298 ] [ 299 ] [ 300 ] Described by Forbes journalist David Axe as a pyrrhic Russian victory, the Russian 2nd and 41st Combined Arms Armies ended up with 16,000 men killed, tens of thousands wounded and around 700 vehicles lost. [ 301 ] Ukraine's shortage of ammunition caused by political deadlock in the US Congress and a lack of production capacity in Europe contributed to the Ukrainian withdrawal from Avdiivka, and was "being felt across the front" according to Time . The shortage resulted in Ukraine having to ration its units to fire only 2,000 rounds per day, compared to an estimated 10,000 rounds fired daily by Russia. [ 302 ] Russian offensives and Ukrainian incursion (April 2024 – present) Russian spring and summer offensives On 10 May 2024, Russia began a renewed offensive in Kharkiv Oblast . Russia captured a dozen villages; Ukraine had evacuated more than 11,000 people from the region since the start of the offensive by 25 May. Ukraine said on 17 May that its forces had slowed the Russian advance, and by 25 May Zelenskyy said that Ukrainian forces had secured "combat control" of areas where Russian troops entered the northeastern Kharkiv Oblast. Russian officials said that they were "advancing in every direction" and that the goal was to create a "buffer zone" for embattled border regions. [ 303 ] [ 304 ] The White House said on 7 June that the offensive had stalled and was unlikely to advance further. [ 305 ] Following the battle of Avdiivka, Russian forces advanced northwest of it to form a salient, capturing Ocheretyne in late April [ 306 ] [ 307 ] and further expanding the salient in the succeeding months. [ 308 ] Russian forces also launched an offensive towards Chasiv Yar in early April, [ 309 ] and by early July had captured its easternmost district. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] Another offensive in the direction of Toretsk was launched on 18 June, [ 312 ] with the goal of capturing the city, [ 313 ] and according to Ukrainian military observer and spokesperson Nazar Voloshyn, flanking Chasiv Yar from the south. [ 314 ] Russian forces advanced to expand the salient northwest of Avdiivka in July, and on 19 July 2024, made a breakthrough allowing them to advance towards the operationally significant city of Pokrovsk . [ 315 ] [ 316 ] Ukrainian offensive into Russia On 6 August 2024, Ukraine launched their first direct offensive into Russian territory, the largest of any pro-Ukrainian incursion since the invasion's inception, into the bordering Kursk Oblast . [ 317 ] The main axis of the initial advance centred in the direction of Sudzha , 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the border, [ 318 ] which was reported by President Zelenskyy to have been captured on 15 August. [ 319 ] Ukraine, taking advantage of the lack of experienced units and defences along the border with Kursk Oblast, was able to quickly seize territory in the opening days of the incursion. [ 320 ] The incursion caused Russia to divert thousands of troops from occupied Ukrainian territory to counter the threat, [ 321 ] [ 322 ] though not from Donetsk Oblast. [ 322 ] Despite repeated deadlines set by Putin to push out Ukrainian troops, Russian forces had not done so by the end of January 2025, with advances in Donetsk Oblast being prioritised over the Kursk salient. However, by February 2025, Russian forces in Donetsk Oblast were described by the ISW as not being fully protected from the theatre-wide impacts of the incursion, with troops, armoured vehicles, artillery, and air defence systems being pulled away from Ukrainian sectors to reinforce the Russian forces in Kursk. [ 323 ] [ 324 ] By the summer of 2025, Ukrainian forces had been mostly repelled from the area. [ 325 ] Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances Russian troops continued advancing in eastern Ukraine at a faster pace than prior to the Kursk offensive, [ 327 ] including towards the operationally important city of Pokrovsk , where their forces had instead been increased. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] [ 330 ] In late August 2024, Russian forces seized Novohrodivka , southeast of Pokrovsk, bringing them within 8 kilometres of the city, [ 327 ] while capturing Krasnohorivka [ 331 ] and Ukrainsk [ 332 ] in early September. [ 332 ] In late September, a Russian assault on the long-held city of Vuhledar began ; [ 333 ] after it fell on 1 October, the city with a pre-war population of about 14,000 was described as a "sprawling ruin". [ 334 ] [ 335 ] On 30 October, Ukrainian Major General Dmytro Marchenko was reported to have said "our front has crumbled" due to a dwindling ammunition supply, problems with military recruitment, and poor leadership. He said Zelensky's victory plan was too heavily focused on Western support. Briefings from Western officials had also become more pessimistic about Ukraine's military situation. [ 336 ] [ 337 ] According to the Prosecutor General's Office, more than 100,000 criminal cases for desertion were initiated by the end of November 2024. [ 338 ] Russian forces then captured the city of Kurakhove in late December 2024, and the nearby Kurakhove Power Station in January 2025. [ 339 ] [ 340 ] In early 2025, Russian forces advanced in eastern Ukraine, [ 341 ] [ 342 ] with Russia claiming to have captured Velyka Novosilka in January. [ 343 ] [ 344 ] Russia continued attacks on Ukrainian energy infrastructure. [ 345 ] In February 2025, Ukraine's government approved a one-year contract for volunteers aged 18–24 not subject to mobilisation . [ 346 ] By April 2025, Russian advances had slowed, according to Seth Jones from the Center for Strategic and International Studies . [ 347 ] Russian attacks on civilians also intensified, with the month of June seeing the highest civilian casualty count in Ukraine since the start of the invasion, with 232 killed and 1,343 injured. [ 348 ] Russia killed at least 21 civilians including children in the second largest strike of the war overnight on 27 and 28 August, damaging European diplomatic facilities along with civilian infrastructure. [ 349 ] Putin declared in March 2025 that "there are reasons to believe we can finish off Ukrainian forces", as a Russian summer offensive was expected. Russia planned to expand into Sumy and Kharkiv, however, the actual offensive was generally considered a failure with modest gains at the cost of heavy casualties. By September 2025, Russian forces had still not achieved any frontline breakthroughs, with key strategic objectives like Pokrovsk still held by Ukraine. [ 350 ] [ 351 ] During October and November 2025, Russian forces intensified operations around Pokrovsk. According to open-source military assessments, Russia advanced hundreds of square miles during this period, applying sustained pressure on Ukrainian defensive lines. [ 352 ] Zelenskyy stated that Russia had deployed approximately 170,000 troops in response, describing the situation as difficult but highlighting continued Ukrainian resistance. [ 353 ] [ 354 ] By late October, there was fighting within Pokrovsk city proper. [ 355 ] On 1 December, Russia claimed to have captured the city, although there were still Ukrainian forces present in the northern portion of the city. [ 356 ] [ 357 ] In December 2025, following Russian claims of controlling Kupiansk, Zelenskyy visited the city and praised the troops defending it. Ukraine said it had retaken parts of Kupiansk, and a Ukrainian commander stated that Russian troops stationed there were completely surrounded. [ 358 ] [ 359 ] The ISW reported that Russian ultranationalist milbloggers acknowledged the severity of the situation for Russian forces, and that Russian claims of advances in the area had been used as part of a cognitive warfare effort. [ 360 ] Russia also escalated attacks on Ukrainian energy infrastructure throughout the period. [ 361 ] In one major strike, over 450 drones and 45 missiles were reportedly used, according to Ukrainian officials, causing civilian casualties and damaging critical infrastructure. In response, Ukraine attacked Russian energy and logistical networks, including targeting oil facilities, causing a Russian fuel crisis . [ 362 ] [ 363 ] [ 364 ] Battlespaces Command The supreme commanders-in-chief are the heads of state: President Putin of Russia and President Zelenskyy of Ukraine. Putin has reportedly meddled in operational decisions, bypassing senior commanders and giving orders directly to brigade commanders. [ 365 ] US general Mark Milley wrote in May 2022 that Ukraine's top military commander in the war, commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine , General Valerii Zaluzhnyi , "has emerged as the military mind his country needed. His leadership enabled the Ukrainian armed forces to adapt quickly with battlefield initiative against the Russians." [ 366 ] Russia began the invasion with no overall commander. The commanders of the four military districts were each responsible for their own offensives. [ 367 ] After initial setbacks, the commander of the Russian Southern Military District, Aleksandr Dvornikov , was placed in overall command on 8 April 2022, [ 368 ] while still responsible for his own campaign. Russian forces benefited from the centralisation of command under Dvornikov, [ 369 ] but continued failures to meet expectations in Moscow led to multiple changes in overall command: [ 367 ] commander of the Eastern Military District Gennady Zhidko (Eastern Military District, 26 – 8 May October 2022) commander of the southern grouping of forces Sergei Surovikin (early October 2022 – 11 January 2023) commander-in-chief of the Russian Armed Forces Valerii Gerasimov (from 11 January 2023) Russia has suffered a remarkably large number of casualties in the ranks of its officers, including a number of generals . [ 370 ] Missile attacks and aerial warfare Aerial warfare began the first day of the invasion. Dozens of missile attacks were recorded across both eastern and western Ukraine, [ 124 ] [ 125 ] as far west as Lviv. [ 371 ] By September 2022, Ukrainian air forces had shot down about 55 Russian warplanes. [ 372 ] In mid-October, Russian forces launched missile strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure , intended to knock out energy facilities. [ 373 ] By late November, hundreds of civilians had been killed or wounded, [ 374 ] and rolling blackouts had left millions without power. [ 375 ] In December 2022, drones launched from Ukraine allegedly carried out several attacks on Dyagilevo and Engels air bases in western Russia , killing 10 and heavily damaging two Tu-95 aircraft. [ 376 ] On 1 June 2025, Ukraine carried out " Operation Spiderweb ", targeting several air bases deep inside Russian territory using smuggled drones. The operation was seen as successful, [ 377 ] with Ukraine saying it had damaged or destroyed 41 high-value aircraft, including strategic bombers used to coordinate and launch attacks on Ukrainian cities. [ 378 ] US officials assessed a lower number, saying that Ukraine had hit 20 planes, destroying 10. [ 379 ] The operation is estimated to have caused billions of dollars in damage to Russian aircraft. [ 380 ] [ 381 ] [ 382 ] [ 383 ] Crimea attacks On 31 July 2022, Russian Navy Day commemorations were cancelled after a drone attack reportedly wounded several people at the Russian Black Sea Fleet headquarters in Sevastopol. [ 384 ] On 9 August 2022, large explosions were reported at Saky Air Base in western Crimea. Satellite imagery showed at least eight aircraft damaged or destroyed. Initial speculation attributed the explosions to long-range missiles, sabotage by special forces or an accident; [ 385 ] Ukrainian general Valerii Zaluzhnyi claimed responsibility on 7 September. [ 386 ] A week later Russia blamed "sabotage" for explosions and a fire at an arms depot near Dzhankoi in northeastern Crimea that also damaged a railway line and power station. Russian regional head Sergei Aksyonov said that 2,000 people were evacuated from the area. [ 387 ] On 18 August, explosions were reported at Belbek Air Base north of Sevastopol. [ 388 ] On 8 October 2022 the Kerch Bridge , linking occupied Crimea to Russia, partially collapsed due to an explosion . [ 389 ] On 17 July 2023, there was another large explosion on the bridge. [ 390 ] On 3 June 2025, an attack with underwater explosives damaged the foundations of the bridge; traffic resumed within hours. [ 391 ] Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure Since 2022, Russia has carried out strikes on Ukrainian electrical and water systems. [ 392 ] On 6 October 2022 the Ukrainian military reported that 86 Shahed 136 kamikaze drones had been launched by Russian forces, and between 30 September and 6 October Ukrainian forces had destroyed 24 out of 46 launched. [ 393 ] On 8 October, it was announced that General of the Army Sergey Surovikin would be commanding all Russian forces on the strength of his novel air assault technique. [ 394 ] On 16 October, The Washington Post reported that Iran was planning to supply Russia with drones and missiles. [ 395 ] On 18 October the US State Department accused Iran of violating Resolution 2231 by selling Shahed 131 and Shahed 136 drones to Russia, [ 396 ] agreeing with France and the UK. Iran denied sending arms for the Ukraine war. [ 397 ] On 22 October France, Britain and Germany called for a UN investigation. [ 398 ] On 1 November, CNN reported that Iran was preparing to send ballistic missiles and other weapons to Russia for use in Ukraine. [ 399 ] On 15 November 2022, Russia fired 85 missiles at the Ukrainian power grid , causing power outages in Kyiv and neighbouring regions. [ 400 ] In March 2023, The New York Times reported that Russia had used new hypersonic missiles in a massive missile attack on Ukraine. Such missiles are more effective in evading conventional Ukrainian anti-missile defences. [ 401 ] The UK Defence Ministry said strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure are part of Russia's 'Strategic Operation for the Destruction of Critically Important Targets' (SODCIT) military doctrine, intended to demoralise the population and force the Ukrainian leadership to capitulate. [ 402 ] According to the Royal United Services Institute : [ 403 ] Russian strikes had cumulatively destroyed 9 gigawatts (GW) of Ukraine's domestic power generation by mid-June 2024. Peak consumption during the winter of 2023 was 18 GW, which means that half of Ukraine's production capacity has been destroyed. Russian strikes had cumulatively destroyed 9 gigawatts (GW) of Ukraine's domestic power generation by mid-June 2024. Peak consumption during the winter of 2023 was 18 GW, which means that half of Ukraine's production capacity has been destroyed. On 8 July 2024, Russia used a Kh-101 missile [ 404 ] to kill two and injure 16 at the Okhmatdyt Children's Hospital in Kyiv. [ 405 ] [ 406 ] [ 407 ] [ 408 ] At least 20 civilians were killed in Kyiv that night. [ 409 ] In late 2024, Russia switched from attacking energy distribution infrastructure to striking power stations, affecting 15% of Ukraine's pre-war generating capacity. From the summer of 2025, attacks switched back to infrastructure with a much greater number of drones and ballistic missiles. Strikes were also made on Ukrainian gas production, with 60% of its capacity destroyed in October 2025. [ 361 ] Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production In 2025, Ukraine intensified efforts to disrupt Russian oil production and export facilities, using drone and missile strikes assisted by Western targeting intelligence. By late October 2025, an estimated 50% of Russia's 38 major refineries had been hit more than once. The result has been an estimated drop in oil production of between 10 and 15%, leading to raised domestic fuel prices and shortages in some regions. [ 361 ] Naval blockade and engagements On 28 February 2022, Turkey invoked the 1936 Montreux Convention and sealed off the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits to Russian warships that were not registered to Black Sea home bases and returning to their ports of origin. It specifically denied passage to four Russian naval vessels. [ 410 ] On 24 February, the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine announced that Russian Navy ships had begun an attack on Snake Island . [ 411 ] The guided missile cruiser and flagship of the Black Sea Fleet , Moskva and patrol boat Vasily Bykov bombarded the island. [ 412 ] The Russian warship instructed the Ukrainians on the island to surrender. Their response was " Russian warship, go fuck yourself! " [ 413 ] After the bombardment, Russian soldiers landed and took control of Snake Island . [ 414 ] Russia said on 26 February that US drones had supplied intelligence to the Ukrainian navy to help it target Russian warships in the Black Sea. The US denied this. [ 415 ] By 3 March, Ukrainian forces in Mykolaiv scuttled the frigate Hetman Sahaidachny , the flagship of the Ukrainian navy, to prevent its capture. [ 416 ] On 24 March, Ukrainian officials said that a Russian landing ship docked in Berdiansk was destroyed by a Ukrainian rocket attack. [ 167 ] [ 417 ] In March 2022, the UN International Maritime Organization (IMO) sought to create a safe sea corridor for commercial vessels to leave Ukrainian ports. [ 418 ] On 27 March, Russia established a sea corridor 80 miles (130 km) long and 3 miles (4.8 km) wide through its Maritime Exclusion Zone , for the transit of merchant vessels from the edge of Ukrainian territorial waters southeast of Odesa. [ 419 ] [ 420 ] The Moskva was, according to Ukrainian sources and a US senior official, [ 421 ] hit on 13 April by two Ukrainian Neptune anti-ship cruise missiles . The Russian Defence Ministry said the warship had suffered serious damage from a munition explosion caused by a fire, and that its crew had been evacuated. [ 422 ] Pentagon spokesman John Kirby reported on 14 April that satellite images showed that the Russian warship had suffered a sizeable explosion onboard but was heading to the east for expected repairs in Sevastopol . [ 423 ] Later the same day, the Russian Ministry of Defence stated that the Moskva had sunk . [ 424 ] On 15 April, Reuters reported that Russia launched an apparent retaliatory missile strike against the missile factory Luch Design Bureau in Kyiv where the Neptune missiles used in the Moskva attack were manufactured. [ 425 ] On 5 May, a US official confirmed that the US gave "a range of intelligence" to assist in the sinking. [ 426 ] On 1 June, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov asserted that Ukraine's policy of mining its own harbours to impede Russian maritime aggression had contributed to the food export crisis, saying: "If Kyiv solves the problem of demining ports, the Russian Navy will ensure the unimpeded passage of ships with grain to the Mediterranean Sea." [ 427 ] On 23 July, CNBC reported a Russian missile strike on the Ukrainian port of Odesa, swiftly condemned by world leaders amid a recent UN- and Turkish-brokered deal to secure a sea corridor for exports of foodstuffs. [ 428 ] On 26 December 2023, Ukraine's air force attacked the Russian landing ship Novocherkassk docked in Feodosia . Ukraine said it was destroyed. Russian authorities confirmed the attack, but not the loss, and said two attacking aircraft were destroyed. Independent analysts said the ship's loss could hamper future Russian attacks on Ukraine's coast. [ 429 ] [ 430 ] [ 431 ] On 31 January 2024, Ukrainian sea drones struck the Russian Tarantul-class corvette Ivanovets in the Black Sea, causing the ship to sink. [ 432 ] [ 433 ] On 14 February, the same type of Ukrainian sea drones struck and sank the Russian landing ship Tsezar Kunikov . [ 434 ] [ 435 ] Ukrainian resistance Ukrainian civilians resisted the Russian invasion by volunteering for territorial defence units, making Molotov cocktails , donating food, building barriers like Czech hedgehogs , [ 436 ] and helping to transport refugees. [ 437 ] Responding to a call from Ukravtodor , Ukraine's transportation agency, civilians dismantled or altered road signs, [ 438 ] constructed makeshift barriers, and blocked roadways. [ 439 ] Social media reports showed spontaneous street protests against Russian forces in occupied settlements, often evolving into verbal altercations and physical standoffs with Russian troops. [ 440 ] By April, Ukrainian civilians began to organise as guerrillas, mostly in the wooded north and east of the country. The Ukrainian military announced plans for a large-scale guerrilla campaign to complement its conventional defence. [ 441 ] People physically blocked Russian military vehicles, sometimes forcing them to retreat. [ 440 ] [ 442 ] The Russian soldiers' response to unarmed civilian resistance varied from reluctance to engage the protesters, [ 440 ] to firing directly into crowds. [ 443 ] There have been mass detentions of Ukrainian protesters, and Ukrainian media has reported forced disappearances, mock executions, hostage-taking, extrajudicial killings , and sexual violence perpetrated by the Russian military. [ 444 ] To facilitate Ukrainian attacks, civilians reported Russian military positions via a Telegram chatbot and Diia , a Ukrainian government app. In response, Russian forces began destroying mobile phone network equipment, searching door-to-door for smartphones and computers, and in at least one case killed a civilian who had pictures of Russian tanks. [ 445 ] As of 21 May 2022, Zelenskyy indicated that Ukraine had 700,000 service members on active duty fighting the Russian invasion. [ 446 ] Ukraine withdrew soldiers and military equipment back to Ukraine over the course of 2022 that had been deployed to United Nations peacekeeping missions. [ 447 ] Energy infrastructure Throughout the war Russia and Ukraine have attacked each other's energy infrastructure. Ukrainian power generation and heating facilities and Russia's pipelines and refineries were hit. [ 448 ] [ 449 ] As a reaction to Russia's recognition of the occupied Ukrainian territories in Donetsk and Luhansk , Germany suspended its certification of the Nord Stream 2 pipeline on 22 February 2022. [ 450 ] In September 2022 the inactive Nord Stream pipeline between Russia and Germany was sabotaged , destroying three of the four pipelines. As of August 2025 [update] no party has claimed nor admitted responsibility and investigations are ongoing. A Ukrainian national was arrested in August 2025 on suspicion of being involved. [ 451 ] As part of the economic sanctions against Russia for its war the EU Commission has banned use of the Nord Stream pipelines. [ 452 ] [ 453 ] Pipelines carrying natural gas and oil from Russia to Central Europe continued to operate during the war in a reduced manner. They have been attacked several times; in May 2025 both sides accused each other of attacking gas infrastructure in Russia's Kursk Oblast. In August 2025 Ukraine repeatedly attacked pumping stations of Russia's Druzhba pipeline , interrupting oil supply to Hungary and Slovakia, [ 449 ] [ 454 ] while the same month a Russian attack on Ukrainian energy infrastructure left more than 100,000 households without electricity. [ 455 ] By 28 August 2025 Ukraine's campaign to strike at Russia's petroleum industry had hit ten oil refineries and was estimated by Reuters to have disrupted Russia's refinery capacity by at least 17% or 1.1 million barrels a day. [ 456 ] The effect was a fuel crisis in Crimea and both southern and far eastern regions with price surges and dry gas stations. [ 457 ] In September 2025 the International Energy Agency stated that Russia's revenues from oil product exports had in August declined to five-year lows, contributing to Russia's economic slowdown. [ 458 ] Acknowledging Russia's strained energy system president Vladimir Putin pointed to Russia's coal reserves to offset its gas shortage, insufficient infrastructure and under-developed grid economy. [ 459 ] Following its 14 September 2025 attack on Russia's second largest refinery Kinef the General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces claimed to be "working 'systematically' to weaken Russia's military and economic capabilities with a particular focus on fuel, weapons, and ammunition production". [ 460 ] Foreign involvement Support for Ukraine Many countries have supplied military aid to Ukraine including weaponry, equipment, training, and logistical support. Several imposed limited sanctions on Russia in the prelude to the invasion and applied new sanctions when the invasion began, intending to cripple the Russian economy; [ 461 ] [ 462 ] sanctions targeted individuals, banks, businesses, monetary exchanges, exports, and imports. [ 461 ] Military assistance has mostly been co-ordinated through the Ukraine Defence Contact Group , whose more than fifty countries include all 32 member states of NATO . [ 463 ] From January 2022 to January 2024, $380 billion in aid to Ukraine was tracked by the Kiel Institute . [ 464 ] European countries have provided the most aid in total (military, financial and humanitarian). [ 465 ] Estonia and Denmark have provided the most military aid as a share of GDP. [ 466 ] The European Union co-ordinated the supply of military aid for the first time. [ 467 ] The US has provided the most military assistance to Ukraine, [ 465 ] and has set aside $175 billion to help the country. [ 466 ] Most of the US military aid has been old American weaponry and equipment from reserve stockpiles , while most of the US funding earmarked for Ukraine stays in the US economy and supports US industries, subsidising the manufacture of weapons and military equipment. [ 466 ] [ 468 ] Bulgaria supplied Ukraine with over one third of the ammunition needed in the early phase of the invasion and a plurality of needed fuel. [ 469 ] Most of Ukraine's supporters ruled out sending troops to the country in the early months of the invasion. [ 470 ] Although India has maintained a neutral stance on the invasion, [ 471 ] reports indicate that artillery shells made by Indian manufacturers were sold to European countries and then diverted to Ukraine. Indian officials have not intervened despite objections from Russia. [ 472 ] The Russian government has threatened retaliation against countries supplying military aid to Ukraine, and said it meant NATO was waging a proxy war against Russia. [ 473 ] According to the Atlantic Council 's Peter Dickinson, Russia's government has not followed through on its threats, despite most of its " red lines " being crossed. [ 474 ] President Putin said that if military aid stopped, Ukraine would not survive for long. [ 475 ] In May 2025, Ralph Goff, a former chief of operations at the CIA , said that the Biden administration gave Ukraine just enough weapons to bleed, but not to win, adding that "[They] allowed themselves to be bamboozled by Vladimir Putin and his nuclear-sabre rattling." [ 476 ] [ 477 ] Since the start of Russia's invasion in 2022, the United States has been sharing intelligence gathered through sophisticated satellites and manned and unmanned aerial systems with Ukraine, with a focus on finished signal intelligence to aid in targeting. [ 478 ] [ 479 ] In March 2025, the United States paused intelligence sharing with Ukraine, [ 480 ] only to resume it a few days later. [ 481 ] [ 482 ] In October 2025, the Wall Street Journal and Reuters reported that the US was to provide intelligence to enable long-range strikes on Russian energy infrastructure deep in Russian territory. [ 483 ] [ 484 ] [ 485 ] In November 2025, Reuters reported that the United States threatened to cut intelligence sharing in order to pressure Ukraine into negotiating a peace agreement. [ 486 ] By January 2026, according to French president Macron, the coalition of the willing , a coalition of 34 countries, were providing all of the international military support to Ukraine, with France providing two-thirds of the military intelligence. [ 487 ] [ 488 ] Support for Russia Belarus Belarus has allowed Russia to use its territory to stage part of the invasion, and to launch missiles into Ukraine. [ 489 ] Belarus airspace was used by Russia, including for radar early warning and control missions, until 2023, when a Russian Beriev A-50 surveillance plane was damaged by drones . [ 490 ] Belarus is considered a co-belligerent . [ 491 ] [ 492 ] [ 493 ] Political scientist Matthew Frear considers Belarus a co- combatant , with " Lukashenko repeatedly stated his support for Putin's military actions", [ 494 ] while the 2023 issue Armed Conflict Survey classified it as not a direct co-combatant . [ 495 ] Belarus provided Russia with weapons and ammunition, and later, according to the 2024 issue of Armed Conflict Survey , Russia deployed tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus. [ 496 ] Iran In June 2023, US military intelligence suggested Iran was providing both Shahed combat drones and production materials to develop a drone manufactory to Russia. [ 497 ] In February 2024, a Reuters report indicated that Iran sent ballistic missiles to the Russian military. [ 498 ] According to the US and Ukraine, Iranian troops have been stationed in Crimea to assist Russia in launching drone attacks against civilians and civilian infrastructure. [ 499 ] [ 500 ] Iran has denied sending arms to Russia for use against Ukraine. [ 397 ] North Korea North Korea has supplied Russia with ballistic missiles and launchers. [ 501 ] [ 502 ] In October 2024, Ukraine and South Korea claimed North Korean engineers had been deployed to the battlefield to help with the launch of these missiles, and suffered casualties. [ 503 ] [ 504 ] [ 505 ] Later the same month, a White House spokesperson said the US was "concerned" about reports North Korean soldiers were fighting for Russia. [ 506 ] [ 507 ] [ 508 ] Zelensky announced that Ukrainian intelligence believed there were 10,000 North Korean troops preparing to join Russian forces. [ 509 ] The North Korean government stated that none of their soldiers were fighting for Russia. [ 510 ] [ 511 ] [ 512 ] The US later said it had seen evidence that North Korea had sent 3,000 soldiers to Russia for possible deployment to Ukraine, determining that the soldiers had been transported by ship in October and were training at three military bases in eastern Russia. The US added that the alleged North Korean deployment could be further evidence that the Russian military was having problems with manpower. [ 513 ] On 28 October, NATO chief Mark Rutte confirmed earlier Ukrainian intelligence that North Korean troops had been deployed to Kursk Oblast to support Russia against the Kursk offensive , and the Pentagon reported that around 10,000 North Korean soldiers been sent in total. [ 514 ] [ 515 ] [ 516 ] On 7 November, Ukraine's defence minister reported that North Korean troops had engaged in battle on 5 November. [ 517 ] On 13 November, the US State Department and South Korea confirmed that North Korean troops had engaged in combat against Ukrainian forces in Kursk Oblast. [ 518 ] [ 519 ] [ 520 ] [ 521 ] On 24 November, the Ukrainian chief of general staff confirmed that North Korean troops had been engaged in battle. [ 522 ] On 2 December the Pentagon stated that it had no evidence of North Korean troops engaged in combat, but noted that North Korean soldiers had been integrated into Russian units. [ 523 ] The Ukrainian intelligence directorate confirmed that North Korean troops have been integrated into Russian units held in reserve, but said North Korean troops were unlikely to be engaged in combat and were still engaged in training. [ 524 ] On 16 December, the US confirmed that North Korean troops had been killed in combat in Russia's Kursk oblast. [ 525 ] By 18 December, the number of killed and wounded North Korean soldiers had reportedly reached a couple of hundred, [ 526 ] while South Korea reported 100 North Koreans dead and 1000 injured. [ 527 ] US Army JAG officers Steve Szymanski and Joshua Keruski stated that North Korea had become a party to an international armed conflict with Ukraine as of the 5 November engagement. [ 528 ] Zelenskyy showcased footage which he said showed Russian troops burning the faces of killed North Korean soldiers to conceal their presence on the battlefield. [ 529 ] [ 530 ] [ 531 ] [ 532 ] In January 2025, two North Korean servicemen were taken prisoner while fighting in Kursk Oblast. Intelligence debriefings indicate that North Korean soldiers have been issued false military papers stating that they are Russians from Tuva . [ 533 ] In March 2025, South Korea's Joint Chiefs of Staff said that North Korea had sent an additional 3,000 soldiers early in the year, along with military equipment including short-range ballistic missiles. According to South Korea, roughly 11,000 North Korean soldiers had been sent to Russia, 4,000 of which were killed or wounded. [ 534 ] The same month, Russia acknowledged the presence of North Korean soldiers helping its forces in Kursk for the first time, with Valery Gerasimov expressing gratitude to North Korean troops for assisting in "liberating border areas of the Kursk Region". [ 535 ] In June 2025, former Russian defence minister Sergei Shoigu announced that 1,000 North Korean military workers would be deployed to Kursk for demining, and another 5,000 for reconstruction. [ 536 ] The BBC reported that, in 2024, more than 10,000 North Korean workers were sent to work in "slave-like conditions" in Russian construction and other sectors, "in violation of the UN sanctions banning the use of North Korean labour." A South Korean intelligence official told the BBC that as many as 50,000 workers were to be deployed in 2025. [ 537 ] Others and sanction evasions Politico reported in March 2023 that Chinese state-owned weapons manufacturer Norinco shipped assault rifles, drone parts, and body armour to Russia between June and December 2022, with some shipments via third countries including Turkey and the United Arab Emirates . [ 539 ] According to the US, Chinese ammunition has been used on battlefields in Ukraine. [ 540 ] In May 2023, the European Union identified that Chinese and UAE firms were supplying weapon components to Russia. [ 541 ] In April 2024, China was reported to have provided Russia with geospatial intelligence , machine tools for tanks, and propellants for missiles. [ 542 ] In September 2024, Reuters reported documents indicating Russia had established a weapons programme in China to develop and produce long-range attack drones, with assistance from local specialists, for use in the invasion. [ 543 ] In July 2025, Ukraine's Main Directorate of Intelligence reported that Laos had sent a 50-person demining crew to Kursk, though Laos denied the claim. [ 544 ] Russia imports sensitive electronics, machinery, auto parts, and defence equipment from India. [ 545 ] Trade like oil sales has surged since 2022, boosting revenue for Russian state-owned companies. To bypass sanctions and manage its currency surplus, Russia pays in rupees, supporting both civilian and military needs. [ 546 ] [ 547 ] Reuters reported in July 2025 that according to Indian customs data, an Indian company shipped military-use explosive compounds valued at $1.4 million to Russia in December 2024. [ 548 ] Russia has continued to make billions from fossil fuel exports to the West. Ukraine's Western allies [ which? ] have paid Russia more for its hydrocarbons than they have given Ukraine in aid. In 2025 Slovakia and Hungary rejected an EU plan to phase out deliveries of Russian gas via Turkey by 2028. "Laundromat refineries" in Turkey and India process Russian crude and sell the refined fuel to sanctioning countries. [ 549 ] [ 550 ] [ 551 ] Russia has also developed partnerships with India and UAE that actively support its efforts to evade sanctions. [ 552 ] [ 553 ] [ 554 ] In 2022, approximately 400,000 US-made semiconductors worth $53.6 million were shipped to Russia via Maldives , accounting for almost 20% of Maldives's exports. Maldives has no native semiconductor manufacturers; all of its exports are by Russian shell companies, most headquartered in Hong Kong. [ 555 ] [ 556 ] From 2015 to 2021, average annual trade between Russia and Turkey in 45 military-linked materials was $28 million; from January to October 2023 it was $158 million. [ 557 ] From January 2022 to mid-2025, the United States imported $24.51 billion of Russian goods, mainly fertilisers, enriched uranium and plutonium , and palladium . [ 558 ] Casualties Russian and Ukrainian sources have been said to inflate opposing casualty numbers and downplay their own losses for morale. [ 559 ] Leaked US documents say "under-reporting of casualties within the [Russian] system highlights the military's 'continuing reluctance' to convey bad news up the chain of command." [ 560 ] Russian news outlets have largely stopped reporting the Russian death toll. [ 561 ] Russia and Ukraine have admitted suffering "significant" [ 562 ] and "considerable" losses, respectively. [ 563 ] [ 564 ] The numbers of civilian and military deaths have been impossible to determine precisely. [ 565 ] Agence France-Presse (AFP) reported that neither it nor independent conflict monitors could verify Russian and Ukrainian claims of enemy losses and suspected they were inflated. [ 566 ] In October 2022, the independent Russian media project iStories , citing sources close to the Kremlin, reported that more than 90,000 Russian soldiers had been killed, seriously wounded, or gone missing. [ 567 ] While combat deaths can be inferred from a variety of sources, including satellite imagery of military action, measuring civilian deaths is more difficult. In June 2022, the Ukrainian Minister of Defence told CNN that tens of thousands of Ukrainians had died, and he hoped the death toll was below 100,000. [ 568 ] By July 2024, about 20,000 Ukrainians had lost limbs. [ 569 ] In Mariupol, Ukrainian officials believe at least 25,000 have been killed, [ 570 ] [ 571 ] and bodies were still being discovered in September 2022. [ 572 ] The mayor said over 10,000 and possibly as many as 20,000 civilians died in the siege of Mariupol and Russian forces had brought mobile cremation equipment when they entered the city. [ 573 ] [ 574 ] [ 575 ] An investigation by AP from the end of 2022 estimated up to 75,000 killed civilians in the Mariupol area alone. [ 576 ] [ 577 ] AFP says "a key gap in casualty counts is the lack of information from Russian-occupied places like the port city of Mariupol, where tens of thousands of civilians are believed to have died". [ 578 ] There were at least 8,000 excess deaths in Mariupol between March 2022 and February 2023. [ 579 ] The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) believed the true civilian casualty numbers were significantly higher than it has been able to confirm. [ 580 ] In the Russian military, ethnic minorities have suffered disproportionately high casualties. In October 2022, the Russian regions with the highest death tolls were Dagestan , Tuva and Buryatia , all minority regions. In February 2024, six out of ten Russian regions with the highest mortality rates in Ukraine were located in Siberia and the far east, and ethnic minorities' continuing outsized casualty rates prompted analysts to warn that the situation will lead to long-term destructive impacts on these communities. [ 581 ] [ 582 ] [ 583 ] [ 584 ] [ 585 ] About 1,200 Russian soldiers were killed or wounded in Ukraine every day in May–June 2024, [ 586 ] which climbed to 1,500 by November 2024, when 45,690 casualties were estimated. [ 587 ] Newsweek estimated that on the bloodiest day in November 2024 the ratio of killed Russian men (1,950) exceeded the average daily male birth rate in Russia (1,836). [ 588 ] Latvia-based news outlet Meduza estimated that up to 140,000 Russian soldiers had died by July 2024. [ 589 ] In December 2025, an analysis by the BBC suggested that Russian casualties were growing at a faster rate than at any point previously in the invasion, with 40% more obituaries of soldiers being published in Russia in 2025 compared to 2024. [ 590 ] [ 591 ] The Russian invasion became the deadliest European war in the last 80 years. [ 592 ] Ukrainian average mortality rate was 8.7/1000 people in 2020, [ 593 ] and jumped to 18.6 in 2024, whereas Russia's mortality rate was 14/1000, ranking them as #1 and #9, of countries with the highest mortality rates. [ 594 ] In August 2024, Haaretz estimated 172,000 people had died in the Russian invasion. [ 595 ] In February 2025, Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft estimated 250,000 dead. [ 596 ] In September 2024, the Wall Street Journal reported that there were now one million Ukrainians and Russians who were killed or wounded. [ 597 ] Numbers Time period Source Civilians in Ukraine 14,534 killed, 38,472 wounded [ f ] 24 February 2022 – 31 October 2025 United Nations ( OHCHR ) [ 598 ] [ 599 ] Russian civilians 394 killed (in Western Russia ) 24 February 2022 – 25 December 2024 7x7 [ 600 ] Ukrainian forces 70,935 killed (incl. non-combat), [ 601 ] 64,995 missing, 6,087 captured (conf. by names) 24 February 2022 – 21 May 2025 UALosses project [ 602 ] Russian forces ( DPR/LPR excluded) 152,142 killed (conf. by names) 24 February 2022 – 28 November 2025 BBC News Russian and Mediazona [ 603 ] Russian forces ( Donetsk & Luhansk PR ) 21,000–23,500 killed 24 February 2022 – 30 September 2024 BBC News Russian [ 603 ] Numbers Time period Source Ukrainian civilians 12,000 killed (confirmed), [ g ] 16,000+ captive [ h ] 24 February 2022 – 17 June 2024 24 February 2022 – 16 December 2024 Ukraine [ 606 ] [ 607 ] 2,883 killed, 8,260 wounded (in DPR/LPR areas) 17 February 2022 – 22 December 2024 DPR [ i ] and LPR [ 610 ] [ 611 ] Russian civilians 621 killed (including Crimea ), 789 missing 24 February 2022 – 19 May 2025 Russia [ 612 ] [ 613 ] Ukrainian forces 80,000 killed, 400,000 wounded 24 February 2022 – before September 2024 WSJ citing confidential Ukrainian estimate [ 597 ] 60,000–100,000 killed, 400,000 wounded 24 February 2022 – 26 November 2024 The Economist estimate [ 614 ] 50,000 killed, [ 615 ] 380,000 wounded, [ 616 ] 56,700 missing, [ j ] 8,000 captured [ 619 ] 24 February 2022 – 6 March 2025 24 February 2022 – 17 February 2025 24 February 2022 – 30 October 2024 Ukraine Russian forces 1,140,000 killed and wounded 24 February 2022 – 5 November 2025 UK MoD estimate [ 620 ] 191,000–269,000 killed 24 February 2022 – 30 May 2025 BBC News Russian [ 603 ] 1,204,510+ killed and wounded, 60,000 missing 24 February 2022 – 28 December 2025 24 February 2022 – 4 February 2025 Ukrainian MoD estimate [ 621 ] Government of Ukraine [ 622 ] DPRK forces 600 killed, 4,100 wounded, 2 captured [ k ] 14 December 2024 – 30 April 2025 South Korean estimate [ 625 ] [ 626 ] War crimes and attacks on civilians The Russian military and authorities have been responsible for deliberate attacks against civilian targets [ 627 ] (including strikes on hospitals and on the energy grid ), massacres of civilians, abduction and torture of civilians, sexual violence , [ 628 ] forced deportation of civilians, and torture and murder of Ukrainian prisoners of war. They have also carried out indiscriminate attacks in densely populated areas, including with cluster bombs , in one instance killing 61 people in the Kramatorsk railway station attack . [ 629 ] [ 630 ] [ 631 ] [ 207 ] According to Kyrylo Budanov , the chief of the Ukrainian intelligence, Russia before the start of the invasion had created 'execution lists' of Ukrainian teachers, journalists, scientists, writers, priests, and politicians, and was preparing for a genocide of Ukrainians; the plans included locations of mass graves and mobile crematoria . [ 632 ] According to the United Nations' Human Rights Office (OHCHR), by December 2023, about 78% of confirmed civilian casualties had been killed in Ukrainian-held territory. [ 634 ] Over 12,300 civilians have been killed since the invasion began. [ 635 ] Russia has deliberately and repeatedly attacked Ukrainian civilians with FPV drones , including first responders , [ 636 ] such as in the Kherson terror campaign dubbed the " human safari ". [ 637 ] [ 638 ] [ 639 ] In October 2025, the UN concluded that the Russian military were systematically attacking Ukrainian civilians and civilian targets with drones along a 300-kilometer stretch of the Dnipro River , to drive Ukrainians out of the region. The report said that these are war crimes and crimes against humanity. [ 640 ] The UN Human Rights Office reports that Russia is committing severe human rights violations in occupied Ukraine , including arbitrary detentions , enforced disappearances , torture, crackdown on protests and freedom of speech , enforced Russification , indoctrination of children, and suppression of Ukrainian language and culture. [ 641 ] The UN also found that Russian authorities were systematically deporting Ukrainian civilians from occupied provinces, which is a crime against humanity. [ 640 ] Ukrainians have been coerced into taking Russian passports and becoming Russian citizens. Those who refuse are denied healthcare and other rights, [ 641 ] and can be imprisoned as a "foreign citizen". Ukrainian men who take Russian citizenship are drafted to fight against Ukraine. [ 642 ] Russian forces have reportedly used banned chemical weapons , usually tear gas grenades. [ 643 ] [ 644 ] In April 2024, a Daily Telegraph investigation concluded that "Russian troops are carrying out a systematic campaign of illegal chemical attacks against Ukrainian soldiers". [ 645 ] In January 2026, the UN reported that 2025 had been the deadliest year for Ukrainian civilians since 2022, with 2,514 deaths and 12,142 injuries being verified during the year, a 31% increase compared to 2024. The report said that a ″massive increase″ of Russian long-range weapons was causing increased harm in urban centers. [ 646 ] [ 647 ] Prisoners of war An August 2022 report by the Humanitarian Research Lab of the Yale School of Public Health identified 21 filtration camps for Ukrainian "civilians, POWs [prisoners of war], and other personnel" in the vicinity of Donetsk oblast. Imaging of one camp, Olenivka prison , found two sites of disturbed earth consistent with "potential graves". [ 648 ] Kaveh Khoshnood, a professor at the Yale School of Public Health, said: "Incommunicado detention of civilians is more than a violation of international humanitarian law—it represents a threat to the public health of those currently in the custody of Russia and its proxies." Conditions described by freed prisoners include exposure, insufficient access to sanitation, food and water, cramped conditions, electrical shocks and assault. [ 648 ] An OHCHR report released in November 2022 documented abuses on both sides, based on interviews with prisoners. [ 649 ] In March 2023, UN human rights commissioner Volker Türk reported that more than 90% of the Ukrainian POWs interviewed by his office said they had been tortured or ill-treated, including "welcoming beatings" on their arrival in penitentiary facilities, which Russia despite several requests did not give UN staff access to. [ 650 ] In April 2023, several videos circulated on different websites purportedly showing Russian soldiers beheading Ukrainian soldiers. [ 651 ] In March 2024, the UN issued a report saying Russia may have executed more than 30 recently captured Ukrainian POWs over the winter. The UN Human Rights Office verified three incidents in which Russian servicemen executed seven Ukrainian servicemen. According to the same report, 39 of 60 released Ukrainian POWs "disclosed that they had been subjected to sexual violence during their internment, including attempted rape, threats of rape and castration, beatings or the administration of electric shocks to genitals, and repeated forced nudity, including during interrogations". [ 652 ] In October 2024, the EEAS released a statement describing the increasing frequency of Russian executions of Ukrainian prisoners, with at least 177 prisoners dying in Russian captivity since the beginning of the war. The statement included the OHCHR's confirmation of systematic use of different methods of torture used by Russians against Ukrainian prisoners. [ 653 ] The Ukrainian Armed Forces have been accused of executions and other abuses of Russian POWs, but the number of allegations has been significantly lower. [ 654 ] : para. 105 [ 655 ] [ 656 ] [ 657 ] Abduction of Ukrainian children In June 2024, an investigation by the Financial Times identified four Ukrainian children on a Russian government-linked adoption website who had been abducted from state care homes. The children's Ukrainian background was not mentioned. One child was shown with a new Russian name and an age that differed from their Ukrainian documents, while another was shown using a Russian version of their Ukrainian name. 17 other matches identified by the Financial Times on the adoption website were confirmed as Ukrainian children in a New York Times investigation. Ukrainian authorities estimate that nearly 20,000 Ukrainian children have been forcibly taken from occupied territories to Russia since the full-scale invasion began. Wayne Jordash, president of humanitarian law firm Global Rights Compliance, described forcibly transferring or deporting children as war crimes, adding that when done as part of a widespread or systematic attack on a civilian population, Russia is also committing crimes against humanity. [ 658 ] [ 659 ] A March 2025 report published by the ISW suggests that the mass transfer of Ukrainian children to Russia had been an established component of Russia's war plans in Ukraine prior to the invasion. It references Russian governmental documents that predate the invasion by days which outlined plans to move Ukrainian orphans in occupied Ukraine to Russia described internally as 'humanitarian evacuations'. Since the invasion, tens to hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian children have been deported to Russia, where they have been housed in camps, placed with adoptive families, and provided with new Russian identities including new or altered names, falsified birth certificates, and other state documentation. The report claims that Russia intends to convert the abductees into 'the next generation of Russians' whilst 'depriving [Ukraine] of its multi-generation potential'. Referencing Article 2 of the Genocide Convention , the author concludes the opening section by noting that 'International law explicitly forbids the forcible transfer of children from one group to another group for the purpose of destroying, in whole or in part, a national or ethnic group, and considers these violations as constituent acts of genocide.' [ 660 ] In August 2025, Mykola Kuleba , the head of a Ukrainian NGO , said that Russian occupation authorities in Ukraine had created an online "catalog" of Ukrainian children up for adoption sorted by physical traits such as hair and eye colour, denouncing the practice as child trafficking . [ 661 ] [ 662 ] [ 663 ] [ 664 ] International arrest warrants The International Criminal Court (ICC) opened an investigation into possible crimes against humanity , genocide and war crimes committed in Ukraine. [ 665 ] On 17 March 2023, the ICC issued a warrant for Putin's arrest, charging him with individual criminal responsibility in the abduction of children forcibly deported to Russia. [ 666 ] It was the first time that the ICC had issued an arrest warrant for the head of state of a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council [ 666 ] (the world's five principal nuclear powers). [ 667 ] Moscow has denied any involvement in war crimes, a response Vittorio Bufacchi of University College Cork says "has bordered on the farcical", [ 668 ] and its contention that the images coming out of Bucha were fabricated "a disingenuous response born by delusional hubris, post-truth on overdrive, (that) does not merit to be taken seriously." Even the usually fractured United States Senate came together to call Putin a war criminal. [ 669 ] One of several efforts to document Russian war crimes concerns its repeated bombardment of markets and bread lines, destruction of basic infrastructure and attacks on exports and supply convoys, in a country where deliberate starvation of Ukrainians by Soviets (the Holodomor ) still looms large in public memory. [ 670 ] Forcible deportation of populations, such as took place in Mariupol, is another area of focus: [ 671 ] forced deportations and transfers are defined both as war crimes under the Fourth Geneva Convention and Protocol II and Article 8 of the Rome Statute—and as crimes against humanity—under Article 7 of the Rome Statute . As both war crimes and crimes against humanity , they have several mechanisms for individual accountability, the International Criminal Court and also, at the individual state level, universal jurisdiction and Magnitsky sanctions legislation. forced deportations and transfers are defined both as war crimes under the Fourth Geneva Convention and Protocol II and Article 8 of the Rome Statute—and as crimes against humanity—under Article 7 of the Rome Statute . As both war crimes and crimes against humanity , they have several mechanisms for individual accountability, the International Criminal Court and also, at the individual state level, universal jurisdiction and Magnitsky sanctions legislation. The ICC issued arrest warrants for military officials Sergey Kobylash , Viktor Sokolov , Sergei Shoigu and Valery Gerasimov . [ 672 ] [ 673 ] Impacts Humanitarian impact The invasion contributed to the 2022 food crises . [ 674 ] As of February 2025, 3.7 million Ukrainians were internally displaced and 6.9 million were refugees. [ 675 ] Russian attacks on civilians, causing mass civilian casualties and displacement, have been characterised as genocide and democide . [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] In September 2023, a UN-mandated investigative body reported that Russian occupiers had tortured Ukrainians to death, and forced families to listen as they raped women. [ 676 ] The commission previously found that violations committed by Russian forces in Ukraine may constitute crimes against humanity . [ 677 ] By August 2024, the WHO had recorded 1,940 attacks against Ukrainian healthcare and reported widespread double-tap attacks. [ 678 ] In 2023, Physicians for Human Rights described Russian attacks on Ukraine's healthcare system as having a "reasonable basis" to be considered war crimes, and could potentially constitute crimes against humanity. [ 679 ] Cultural heritage As of August 2025, UNESCO has verified damage to 508 Ukrainian cultural sites, including 151 religious sites, 34 museums, 33 monuments, and 18 libraries. [ 680 ] In 2022, the European Parliament labelled Russia's destruction of Ukrainian cultural property a war crime. [ 681 ] Ukraine's Minister of Culture Oleksandr Tkachenko called it cultural genocide . [ 682 ] Refugee crisis The war has caused the largest refugee and humanitarian crisis in Europe since World War II. [ 683 ] In the first week of the invasion, the UN reported over a million refugees had fled Ukraine; this reached over eight million by February 2023. [ 684 ] [ 685 ] In May 2022, following an influx of military equipment into Ukraine, a significant number of refugees sought to return to regions relatively isolated from the front in southeastern Ukraine. [ 686 ] By 3 May, another 8 million people were displaced inside Ukraine. [ 687 ] Most refugees were women, children, elderly, or disabled. [ 688 ] Most male Ukrainian nationals aged 18 to 60 were denied exit from Ukraine as part of mandatory conscription , [ 689 ] unless they were responsible for the financial support of three or more children, single fathers, or were the parent/guardian of children with disabilities. [ 690 ] Many Ukrainian men, including teenagers, opted to remain in Ukraine voluntarily to join the resistance. [ 691 ] According to the UN High Commission for Refugees as of May 2022, there were 3,315,711 refugees in Poland, 901,696 in Romania, 594,664 in Hungary, 461,742 in Moldova, 415,402 in Slovakia, and 27,308 in Belarus, while Russia reported it had received over 800,104 refugees. [ 684 ] By July 2022, over 390,000 Ukrainian refugees had arrived in the Czech Republic, where the average refugee was a woman accompanied by a child. [ 692 ] Turkey registered more than 58,000 Ukrainian refugees as of March 2022. [ 693 ] The EU invoked the Temporary Protection Directive for the first time, granting Ukrainian refugees the right to live and work in the EU for up to three years. [ 694 ] Britain has accepted 146,379 refugees, as well as extending the ability to remain in the UK for three years. [ 695 ] According to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Russia has engaged in "massive deportation" of over 1.3 million Ukrainian civilians, potentially constituting crimes against humanity. [ 696 ] The OSCE and Ukraine have accused Russia of forcibly moving civilians to filtration camps in Russian-held territory, and then into Russia. Ukrainian sources have compared this policy to Soviet-era population transfers and Russian actions in the Chechen War of Independence . [ 697 ] For instance, as of April 2022, Russia claimed to have evacuated about 121,000 Mariupol residents to Russia. [ 697 ] [ 698 ] RIA Novosti and Ukrainian officials said that thousands were dispatched to centres in cities in Russia and Russian-occupied Ukraine, [ 699 ] from which people were sent to economically depressed regions of Russia. [ 700 ] [ 701 ] [ l ] Long-term demographic effects Both Russia and Ukraine faced the prospect of significant population decline even before the war. It is the first time that two countries with an average age above 40 have gone to war against each other. [ 703 ] Russia had a fighting-age (18-to-40-year-old) male population more than four times higher than Ukraine's and slightly higher birth rates, while the willingness to fight was more pronounced in Ukraine. [ 704 ] Several sources have pointed out that the war is considerably worsening Ukraine's demographic crisis , making significant shrinking very likely. [ 705 ] A July 2023 study by the Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies stated that, [ 706 ] regardless of how long the war lasts and whether or not there is further military escalation, Ukraine is unlikely to recover demographically from the consequences of the war. Even in 2040 it will have only about 35 million inhabitants, around 20% fewer than before the war (2021: 42.8 million) and the decline in the working-age population is likely to be the most severe and far-reaching. regardless of how long the war lasts and whether or not there is further military escalation, Ukraine is unlikely to recover demographically from the consequences of the war. Even in 2040 it will have only about 35 million inhabitants, around 20% fewer than before the war (2021: 42.8 million) and the decline in the working-age population is likely to be the most severe and far-reaching. Flight from war affected especially the southern and eastern regions and especially educated women of child-bearing age and their children. With an estimate of more than 20% of refugees not returning, study author Maryna Tverdostup concluded that long-term shrinking will significantly impair reconstruction. [ 706 ] The war in Ukraine and the associated emigration, lower birth rates and war-related casualties further deepened the demographic crisis of Russia . [ 707 ] The UN is projecting that the decline that started in 2021 will continue, and if current demographic conditions persist, Russia's population would be 120 million in fifty years, a decline of about 17%. [ 708 ] [ 709 ] Since February 2022, hundreds of thousands of Russians have emigrated ; estimates range from 370,000 to over 820,000. Combined with mobilisation, this possibly removed roughly half a million to one million working-age males from Russia's population. [ 710 ] Studies report that this will have a demographic effect, especially in Russia, that lasts much longer than the conflict. [ 711 ] According to BBC: [ 712 ] They come from different walks of life. Some are journalists like us, but there are also IT experts, designers, artists, academics, lawyers, doctors, PR specialists, and linguists. Most are under 50. Many share western liberal values and hope Russia will be a democratic country one day. Some are LGBTQ+. Sociologists studying the current Russian emigration say there is evidence that those leaving are younger, better educated and wealthier than those staying. More often they are from bigger cities. They come from different walks of life. Some are journalists like us, but there are also IT experts, designers, artists, academics, lawyers, doctors, PR specialists, and linguists. Most are under 50. Many share western liberal values and hope Russia will be a democratic country one day. Some are LGBTQ+. Sociologists studying the current Russian emigration say there is evidence that those leaving are younger, better educated and wealthier than those staying. More often they are from bigger cities. According to Johannes Wachs, "The exodus of skilled human capital, sometimes called brain drain , out of Russia may have a significant effect on the course of the war and the Russian economy in the long run." [ 713 ] According to a survey, around 15 percent of those who left returned to Russia, either permanently or to settle their affairs. [ 714 ] In November 2023, at the World Russian People's Council , Putin urged Russian women to have eight or more children. [ 715 ] In July 2024, Chief of the General Staff of the British Army Roland Walker said that with the current way of fighting, it would take Russia five years to control the four oblasts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia that Russia claims as its own, and it would cost Russia from 1.5 to 1.8 million casualties. [ 716 ] Environmental impact Based on a preliminary assessment, the war has inflicted $51 billion in environmental damage in Ukraine; according to a report by the Yale School of the Environment , 623,000 tonnes (1.4 billion pounds) of petrochemicals have burned as a result of shelling, while nearly 1,500 tonnes (3.2 million pounds) of pollutants have leaked into bodies of water. Hazardous chemicals have contaminated around 28 hectares (70 acres) of soil, and likely made agricultural activities temporarily impossible. [ 717 ] Around 30% of Ukraine's land is littered with explosives and more than 2.4 million hectares (5.9 million acres) of forest have been damaged. [ 718 ] According to peace organisation PAX, Russia's "deliberate targeting of industrial and energy infrastructure" has caused "severe" pollution, and the use of explosive weapons has left "millions of tonnes" of contaminated debris in cities and towns. [ 719 ] In early June 2023, the Kakhovka Dam , under Russian occupation, was damaged , causing flooding and triggering warnings of an "ecological disaster". [ 720 ] The Ukrainian government, international observers and journalists have described the damage as ecocide . [ 721 ] The Ukrainian government is investigating more crimes against the environment and ecocide (a crime in Ukraine). [ 722 ] Zelenskyy has met with prominent European figures ( Heidi Hautala , Margot Wallstrom , Mary Robinson and Greta Thunberg ) to discuss the environmental damage and how to prosecute it. [ 723 ] According to an investigation by NGL Media published in April 2024, Russia has completely destroyed over 60,000 hectares (150,000 acres) of Ukrainian forests. The investigation stated that long-term ecological consequences may include lowering of the groundwater level, reduction of biodiversity, worsening of air quality, fire outbreaks, and rivers and ponds drying up. [ 724 ] The war in Ukraine has severely disrupted global climate policy and increased CO 2 emissions. [ 725 ] [ 726 ] The effects have been strongly felt in Asia, [ 727 ] [ 728 ] [ 729 ] Europe, [ 730 ] and the US. [ 731 ] Fatih Birol , the head of the International Energy Agency talking about the prospects of COP 28 noted: [ 732 ] ... the geopolitical situation, with many nations at loggerheads over the war in Ukraine , and still frosty relations between the US and China , would make for a difficult summit. [...] The most important challenge [to limiting temperature rises to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above pre-industrial levels] is the lack of international cooperation . ... the geopolitical situation, with many nations at loggerheads over the war in Ukraine , and still frosty relations between the US and China , would make for a difficult summit. [...] The most important challenge [to limiting temperature rises to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above pre-industrial levels] is the lack of international cooperation . Nuclear risk Putin implied that Russia may use nuclear weapons if certain "red lines" were crossed. By 2024, most of the Russian government's "red lines" had been crossed without nuclear weapons being used in response. [ 733 ] Four days into the invasion, Putin put Russia's nuclear forces on high alert, raising fears that Russia could use tactical nuclear weapons against Ukraine. [ 734 ] In response to what he called "completely irresponsible actions", Zelenskyy suggested that there should be "global control" of Russia's nuclear assets. [ 735 ] In March 2023, Putin announced plans to install Russian tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus. [ 736 ] The invasion had an impact on Ukraine's nuclear power plants . Russian forces captured Chernobyl on the first day, leading to a huge spike in radiation levels. [ 737 ] Russia also captured Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant , the largest in Europe, which has since been at risk and damaged by shelling. In August 2022, Zelenskyy described the situation as "Russian nuclear terror ". [ 738 ] The International Atomic Energy Agency said it was the first time a military conflict occurred amid nuclear plants, and it called for a demilitarised zone around Zaporizhzhia NPP. [ 739 ] Economic impact Ukraine Ukrainian Minister of Economic Development and Trade Yulia Svyrydenko announced that for 2022 Ukraine had a 30% loss in their gross domestic product (GDP). [ 740 ] The International Monetary Fund predicted that Ukraine's GDP would decrease between 10% to 35%; [ 741 ] the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development predicted a 20% decrease. [ 742 ] The Ukrainian statistics service said that the GDP of Ukraine in 2023 grew by 5.3%. [ 743 ] Ukraine began issuing war bonds on 1 March 2022, and the following day the Ukrainian government announced that they had raised 6.14 billion hryvnias. [ 744 ] In May 2022 the European Commission banned grain sales in Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia, with the only exception being if they were transiting through those countries; the ban was lifted in September 2023. [ 745 ] The war has caused a major humanitarian crisis in Ukraine: the United Nations Development Programme calculated in March 2022 that a prolonged conflict would cause 30% of the Ukrainian population to fall below the poverty line, while a further 62% would be at risk of also falling into poverty within a year. [ 746 ] Russia The US government estimates that Russia's economic losses from the war and Western sanctions will amount to around $1.3 trillion by 2025, and Russia's direct financial spending on the invasion is estimated at $250 billion (as of late 2024) – costs that Russia could not have foreseen. [ 31 ] The Russian Ministry of Economic Development said that for 2022 the GDP contracted by 2.1% [ 747 ] and for 2023 Russia's government said the GDP grew by 3.6%. [ 748 ] On 27 April 2024, it was reported that Russia was planning tax increases to help finance the war. [ 749 ] In January 2025, it was reported that, since early 2022, Russia had used a two-prong strategy to finance the war. In addition to the official Russian government defence budget —direct financial expenditure for waging the war in Ukraine was estimated at US$250 billion through June 2024 for military spending through normal channels, [ 31 ] with the military budget rising to over 20% of annual GDP—an additional off-budget financing mechanism was employed with over US$200 billion of debt funding obtained from preferential bank loans made to defence contractors and war-related businesses, loans that had been compelled by the Russian government. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] A report published in April 2025 by the Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics (SITE) noted that official Russian statistics are unreliable and opaque, and "serves to bolster the domestic narrative of economic resilience and questions the effectiveness of sanctions while masking underlying fragilities". [ 750 ] The report, which was presented to the finance ministers of the EU at a meeting of the Economic and Financial Affairs Council on 13 May 2025, also argued that Russian fiscal stimulus has kept the economy afloat so far, but that it is on an unsustainable trajectory. [ 750 ] [ 751 ] "Even under optimistic growth scenarios, Russia's economic scale remains insufficient to match its Western adversaries' capacity in a sustained geopolitical rivalry", the report concluded. [ 750 ] In August 2025, VEB , one of the largest Russian state banks, assessed that the Russian economy had started slipping into recession. [ 752 ] A price cap was placed on Russian oil by the Group of 7 (G7) at $60 on 5 December 2022. [ 753 ] The US banned all imports of Russian oil on 8 March 2022. [ 754 ] The European Union placed an embargo on oil products from Russia on 5 February 2023. [ 753 ] Other countries that embargoed Russian oil included Five Eyes partners Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. [ 755 ] Russia issued a ban on foreign diesel sales starting on 21 September 2023, lifting it on 6 October. [ 756 ] According to a study published in mid-2022 by Canadian think tank SecDev, Russia seized energy resources, metals and minerals worth at least $12.4 trillion in the Donbas. The total value of raw material stocks in Ukraine is estimated at over $26 trillion. [ 31 ] Peace efforts Peace negotiations between Russia and Ukraine took place on 28 February , 3 March , and 7 March 2022 , on the Belarus–Ukraine border , with further talks held on 10 March in Turkey and a fourth round of negotiations beginning 14 March. [ 757 ] The talks ended without agreement. In 2024, Ukraine's main peace terms were that Russia withdraw its troops, that Ukrainian prisoners be released, Russian leaders be prosecuted for war crimes , and Ukraine be given security guarantees to prevent further aggression. Russia's main terms were that Russia must keep all the land it occupied , that it be given all of the provinces that it claims but does not fully control, that Ukraine end plans to join NATO, and sanctions against Russia be lifted. [ 759 ] According to Western sources, allowing Russia to keep the land it seized would " reward the aggressor while punishing the victim" and set a dangerous precedent. [ 760 ] They predicted this would allow Russia to re-arm and encourage it "to continue its imperialist campaign of expansionism" against Ukraine and other neighbours, and embolden other expansionist regimes. [ 760 ] [ 761 ] [ 762 ] [ 763 ] After Donald Trump became US president in 2025, there was a major shift in US policy. The Trump administration began negotiations with Russia and separately with Ukraine. In February 2025, the US twice sided with Russia in UN resolutions, opposing a European-drafted resolution condemning Russia's actions and supporting the territorial integrity of Ukraine, and then drafting and voting for a UN Security Council resolution calling for the end of the conflict, but containing no criticism of Russia. [ 764 ] In November 2025, Trump adopted a 28-point peace plan for ending the war. The plan was interpreted as broadly pro-Russian, [ 765 ] [ 766 ] and according to The Insider , was at its core a recycled Russian document substantially written by Kirill Dmitriev , a Kremlin operative. [ 767 ] International reactions The invasion received widespread international condemnation from governments and intergovernmental organisations . [ 768 ] In March 2022 and February 2023, 141 member states of the UN General Assembly voted for a resolution that Russia should immediately withdraw. Seven, including Russia, opposed the measure. [ 769 ] Political reactions to the invasion included new sanctions on Russia , which triggered widespread economic effects on the Russian and world economies . [ 770 ] As of July 2025, the EU had adopted 18 packages of sanctions against Russia and Belarus, totalling over 2,500 listed entities and persons. [ 771 ] Sanctions forced Russia to reorient its oil exports, rely more on LNG (which was not subject to EU sanctions), and shift its coal exports from Europe to Asia. [ 772 ] Most European countries cancelled nuclear cooperation with Russia. [ 773 ] Over 70 countries and the European Union delivered humanitarian aid to Ukraine, and nearly 50 countries plus the EU provided military aid . [ 774 ] Economic sanctions included bans on Russian aircraft using EU airspace, [ 775 ] certain Russian banks from the SWIFT payments system , and certain Russian media outlets. [ 776 ] Reactions to the invasion have included public and media responses, peace efforts , and the examination of the invasion's legality . Demonstrations were held worldwide, including in Russia and parts of Ukraine occupied by Russia . [ 777 ] Calls for a boycott of Russian goods spread on social media, [ 778 ] while hackers attacked Russian websites, particularly those operated by the Russian government. [ 779 ] Anti-Russian sentiment against Russians living abroad surged after the invasion. [ 780 ] In March 2022, Russian president Putin introduced prison sentences of up to 15 years for publishing "fake news" about Russian military operations, [ 781 ] intended to suppress any criticism related to the war. [ 782 ] Some countries, particularly in the Global South , saw public sympathy or outright support for Russia, due in part to distrust of US foreign policy . [ 783 ] According to the Economist Intelligence Unit in 2023, 31 percent of the world's population live in countries that are leaning towards or supportive of Russia, 30.7 percent live in neutral countries, and 36.2 percent live in countries that are against Russia in some way. [ 784 ] A number of supranational and national parliaments passed resolutions declaring Russia to be a state sponsor of terrorism . [ 785 ] By October 2022, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia had declared Russia a terrorist state . [ 786 ] On 1 August 2023, Iceland became the first European country to close its embassy in Russia as a result of the invasion. [ 787 ] The invasion prompted Ukraine, [ 788 ] Finland and Sweden to apply for NATO membership. [ 789 ] Finland became a member in April 2023, [ 790 ] followed by Sweden in March 2024. [ 791 ] A documentary film produced during the siege of Mariupol, 20 Days in Mariupol , won the Oscar for best documentary in 2024 . [ 792 ] See also 2020s portal Current events portal Europe portal Politics portal Russia portal Ukraine portal 2020s in military history – Overview of military-related events in the 2020s Democracy in Europe Elections in Russia Elections in Ukraine List of armed conflicts between Russia and Ukraine List of conflicts in Europe List of conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union List of interstate wars since 1945 – Post-1945 military conflicts over territory List of invasions in the 21st century List of ongoing armed conflicts List of wars: 2003–present Red lines in the Russo-Ukrainian war – Veiled threats of engagement Russian emigration during the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Notes ^ In 2022, Belarus allowed Russia to use its territory to launch the invasion [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and to launch missiles into Ukraine. [ 4 ] .mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0} See: Belarusian involvement in the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) ^ See: North Korean involvement in the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) ^ Including military, paramilitary, and 34,000 separatist militias. ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] ^ At least 176 foreign civilians from 25 countries are confirmed to have been killed within Ukraine. See table here for a detailed breakdown of deaths by nationalities. ^ See here for a detailed breakdown of civilian deaths by oblast, according to Ukrainian authorities. ^ Some civilians have been reported to have died in captivity in Russia, [ 604 ] like journalist Victoria Roshchyna . [ 605 ] ^ The DPR stated 1,799 of its civilians were killed and 6,902 wounded in its territories between 1 January 2022 and 22 December 2024, [ 608 ] of which 8 died and 23 were wounded between 1 January and 25 February 2022, [ 609 ] leaving a total of 1,791 killed and 6,879 wounded in the period of the Russian invasion. ^ 63,000 missing as of 17 February 2025. [ 617 ] 90 percent of which were thought to be soldiers, [ 618 ] which would be around 56,700. ^ In addition, Ukraine claimed six North Korean soldiers were killed in a missile strike in early October 2024, while fighting alongside Russian forces. South Korea's Defense Minister said of this report it was "highly likely" true. [ 623 ] However, Russia denied the reports. [ 624 ] ^ Most likely, new cities meant new industrial cities in Siberia, the construction plans of which were announced by Shoigu in the fall of 2021. [ 702 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Lister, Tim; Kesa, Julia (24 February 2022). 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[Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 24 to December 30, 2022] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 30 December 2022. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 25 по 31 декабря 2023 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 25 to December 31, 2023] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 9 January 2024. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 16 по 22 декабря 2024 г." 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Он рассказывает о том, что происходило на границах ["They undressed, they looked at my tattoos." Artem left Mariupol for the "DPR", and then from Russia. He talks about what happened at the borders]. Current Time TV (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Hanyukova, Ol'ga (10 April 2022). "Okkupanty sozdali v Rossii lager' dlya deportirovannykh iz Ukrainy: tam soderzhat boleye 400 chelovek" Оккупанты создали в России лагерь для депортированных из Украины: там содержат более 400 человек [The occupiers created a camp in Russia for deportees from Ukraine: more than 400 people are kept there]. Obozrevatel (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Kurpita, Tat'yana (17 April 2022). " "Ne imeli odezhdy, yedy i predmetov gigiyeny": v Rossii obnaruzhili tri lagerya dlya deportirovannykh mariupol'tsev" "Не имели одежды, еды и предметов гигиены": в России обнаружили три лагеря для депортированных мариупольцев ["They didn't have clothes, food and hygiene items": three camps for deported Mariupol residents were found in Russia]. TSN (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Pylypenko, Yevgeniy (24 March 2022). "Rossiya sozdala bliz Donetska fil'tratsionnyy lager' dlya ukraintsev – razvedka" Россия создала близ Донецка фильтрационный лагерь для украинцев – разведка [Russia has created a filtration camp for Ukrainians near Donetsk – intelligence]. LIGA.net (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Klimov, Aleksandr (5 April 2022). "V Khar'kovskoy oblasti okkupanty sozdayut fil'tratsionnyye lagerya — Denisova" В Харьковской области оккупанты создают фильтрационные лагеря — Денисова [Invaders create filtration camps in Kharkiv region – Denisova]. NV.ua (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Ball, Tom (20 March 2022). "Ukraine accuses Russia of killing 56 care home residents in Luhansk" . The Times . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . "Foto. Okkupanty stroyat fil'tratsionnyye lagerya dlya ukraintsev" Фото. Оккупанты строят фильтрационные лагеря для украинцев [A Photo. Occupiers build filtration camps for Ukrainians]. sport.ua (in Russian). 28 March 2022 . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Shapoval, Valentyna (18 April 2022). "Denisova: okkupanty derzhat v fil'tratsionnykh lageryakh RF boleye 20 000 mariupol'tsev" Денисова: оккупанты держат в фильтрационных лагерях РФ более 20 000 мариупольцев [Denisov: occupiers keep more than 20,000 Mariupol residents in filtration camps of the Russian Federation]. Segodnya (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Goricheva, Yuliya; Tokhmakhchi, Аnnа (11 April 2022). " "Razdevali, tatushki moi smotreli". Artem uyekhal iz Mariupolya v "DNR", a potom i iz Rossii. On rasskazyvayet o tom, chto proiskhodilo na granitsakh" "Раздевали, татушки мои смотрели". Артем уехал из Мариуполя в "ДНР", а потом и из России. Он рассказывает о том, что происходило на границах ["They undressed, they looked at my tattoos." Artem left Mariupol for the "DPR", and then from Russia. He talks about what happened at the borders]. Current Time TV (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Hanyukova, Ol'ga (10 April 2022). "Okkupanty sozdali v Rossii lager' dlya deportirovannykh iz Ukrainy: tam soderzhat boleye 400 chelovek" Оккупанты создали в России лагерь для депортированных из Украины: там содержат более 400 человек [The occupiers created a camp in Russia for deportees from Ukraine: more than 400 people are kept there]. Obozrevatel (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Kurpita, Tat'yana (17 April 2022). " "Ne imeli odezhdy, yedy i predmetov gigiyeny": v Rossii obnaruzhili tri lagerya dlya deportirovannykh mariupol'tsev" "Не имели одежды, еды и предметов гигиены": в России обнаружили три лагеря для депортированных мариупольцев ["They didn't have clothes, food and hygiene items": three camps for deported Mariupol residents were found in Russia]. TSN (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Pylypenko, Yevgeniy (24 March 2022). "Rossiya sozdala bliz Donetska fil'tratsionnyy lager' dlya ukraintsev – razvedka" Россия создала близ Донецка фильтрационный лагерь для украинцев – разведка [Russia has created a filtration camp for Ukrainians near Donetsk – intelligence]. LIGA.net (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Klimov, Aleksandr (5 April 2022). "V Khar'kovskoy oblasti okkupanty sozdayut fil'tratsionnyye lagerya — Denisova" В Харьковской области оккупанты создают фильтрационные лагеря — Денисова [Invaders create filtration camps in Kharkiv region – Denisova]. NV.ua (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Ball, Tom (20 March 2022). "Ukraine accuses Russia of killing 56 care home residents in Luhansk" . The Times . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . "Foto. Okkupanty stroyat fil'tratsionnyye lagerya dlya ukraintsev" Фото. Оккупанты строят фильтрационные лагеря для украинцев [A Photo. Occupiers build filtration camps for Ukrainians]. sport.ua (in Russian). 28 March 2022 . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ Kupriyanova, Olga (24 March 2022). "Fil'tratsionnyye lagerya i trudoustroystvo na Sakhaline: ukraintsev iz okkupirovannykh gorodov prinuditel'no otpravlyayut v rossiyu" Фильтрационные лагеря и трудоустройство на Сахалине: украинцев из оккупированных городов принудительно отправляют в россию [Filtration camps and employment on Sakhalin: Ukrainians from occupied cities are forcibly sent to Russia]. 1+1 (in Russian) . 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"Russians Abroad: Blamed for a Regime They Sought to Escape" . The Moscow Times . Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Brooks, Hannah (3 May 2022). "Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price" . NBC News . Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Brooks, Hannah (3 May 2022). "Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price" . NBC News . Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. ^ "Even Russia's Kremlin-backed media is going off message and beginning to question Putin's war on Ukraine" . Fortune . 11 March 2022. ^ Weir, Fred (5 December 2022). "In Russia, critiquing the Ukraine war could land you in prison" . Christian Science Monitor . ^ Eligon, John (17 March 2022). "In Some Parts of the World, the War in Ukraine Seems Justified" . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 March 2022 . Holder, Josh; Leatherby, Lauren; Troianovski, Anton; Cai, Weiyi (23 February 2023). "The West Tried to Isolate Russia. It Didn't Work" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 30 July 2023 . Holder, Josh; Leatherby, Lauren; Troianovski, Anton; Cai, Weiyi (23 February 2023). "The West Tried to Isolate Russia. It Didn't Work" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 30 July 2023 . ^ Garcia, Lucia (7 March 2023). "Russia's pockets of support are growing in the developing world" . Economist Intelligence Unit . Retrieved 7 July 2023 . ^ "European Parliament declares Russia a state sponsor of terrorism" . Reuters . 23 November 2022. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022 . Retrieved 13 December 2024 . ^ Fiedler, Tristan (18 October 2022). "Estonian parliament declares Russia a terrorist state" . Politico . Retrieved 8 June 2023 . ^ "Iceland is the first European country to close its embassy in Moscow" . Agenzia Nova . 1 August 2023 . Retrieved 3 August 2023 . ^ Harding, Luke; Koshiw, Isobel (30 September 2022). "Ukraine applies for Nato membership after Russia annexes territory" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. ^ Emmott, Robin; Straus, Marine (18 May 2022). "Finland, Sweden apply to join NATO amid Turkish objections" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Finland and Sweden formally applied to join the NATO alliance on Wednesday, a decision spurred by Russia's invasion of Ukraine ^ Kirby, Paul; Beale, Jonathan (4 April 2023). "Nato's border with Russia doubles as Finland joins" . BBC News . BBC News . Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. ^ Erlanger, Steven (7 March 2024). "Sweden Officially Enters NATO Alliance, a Strategic Blow to Moscow" . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 March 2024 . ^ Pulver, Andrew; Shoard, Catherine (11 March 2024). "Ukraine war film 20 Days in Mariupol wins Oscar for best documentary" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 March 2024 . Bibliography D'Anieri, Paul (31 October 2019). Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-1-108-48609-5 – via Google Books . Wallensteen, Peter (2023). Understanding Conflict Resolution . Los Angeles: SAGE . ISBN 9781529613209 . OCLC 1370602224 . External links Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Discussions from Meta-Wiki The UN and the war in Ukraine at the United Nations Think Tank reports on the invasion of Ukraine at the Council of the European Union Russian invasion of Ukraine at Google News Ukraine conflict updates at the Institute for the Study of War Interactive Map: Russia's Invasion of Ukraine at the Institute for the Study of War Interactive Time-lapse: Russia's War in Ukraine at the Institute for the Study of War G. Jones, Seth; McCabe, Riley (3 June 2025). "Russia's Battlefield Woes in Ukraine" . CSIS . Retrieved 18 June 2025 . v t e Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) v t e Part of the Russo-Ukrainian war Overview General Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Prelude Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Background 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foreign relations Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Overview General Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Prelude Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Background 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foreign relations Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Military engagements Southern Ukraine Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Eastern Ukraine Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Northern Ukraine Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive Russia Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation Toropets depot explosions Airstrikes by city Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Airstrikes on military targets Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Resistance Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian occupations Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Potentially related Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Other Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion Military engagements Southern Ukraine Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Eastern Ukraine Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Northern Ukraine Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive 2025 Sumy offensive Russia Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation Toropets depot explosions Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation occupation Toropets depot explosions Airstrikes by city Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Airstrikes on military targets Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Resistance Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian occupations Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Potentially related Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Other Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion War crimes General Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Attacks on civilians February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike Crimes against soldiers Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Legal cases ICC investigation Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik War crimes General Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Attacks on civilians February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike Crimes against soldiers Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Legal cases ICC investigation Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik ICC investigation Arrest warrants Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik Reactions States and official entities General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Public Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Reactions States and official entities General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Swedish anti-terrorism bill Public Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Impact Effects Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Human rights Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Terms, phrases " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " Popular culture Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Impact Effects Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Human rights Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Terms, phrases " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " Popular culture Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Key people Ukrainians Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Russians Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Other Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Key people Ukrainians Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Russians Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Other Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Related Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Related Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Category Category v t e Russo-Ukrainian war v t e Background Dissolution of the Soviet Union Black Sea Fleet dispute Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Dissolution of the Soviet Union Black Sea Fleet dispute Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foundations of Geopolitics Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Main events 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea timeline 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine timeline 2014 Odesa clashes War in Donbas timeline List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine Wagnergate Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine reactions Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) timeline 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 Russian annexation referendums destruction of the Kakhovka Dam 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea timeline timeline 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine timeline timeline 2014 Odesa clashes War in Donbas timeline timeline List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine Wagnergate Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine reactions reactions Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) timeline 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 Russian annexation referendums destruction of the Kakhovka Dam timeline 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 Russian annexation referendums destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Impact and reactions General Arctic geopolitics Atrocity crimes allegations of genocide child abductions Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war flag officers journalists killed Countries China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States Diplomatic expulsions Economic impact Foreign aid to Ukraine humanitarian military list International reactions to the war in Donbas Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian war LGBTQ people Political status of Crimea Reparations from Russia Russian spies Sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions Soviet imagery Vehicular losses aircraft Ukrainian ships Incidents Act of 2014 ATO Black Sea incident Coalition of the willing Conscription crisis Crimean status referendum Demolition of Lenin monuments Desertion crisis Embargo of Russian oil Energy crisis Eurointegration of Ukraine European Union gas dispute Global supply chain crisis ICC arrest warrants ICJ case Lend-Lease Lukoil oil transit dispute Moscow–Constantinople schism ORDLO OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Russian protests Slovak gas dispute Wagner Group rebellion General Arctic geopolitics Atrocity crimes allegations of genocide child abductions Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war flag officers journalists killed Countries China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States Diplomatic expulsions Economic impact Foreign aid to Ukraine humanitarian military list International reactions to the war in Donbas Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian war LGBTQ people Political status of Crimea Reparations from Russia Russian spies Sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions Soviet imagery Vehicular losses aircraft Ukrainian ships Arctic geopolitics Atrocity crimes allegations of genocide child abductions allegations of genocide child abductions Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war flag officers journalists killed flag officers journalists killed Countries China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States Diplomatic expulsions Economic impact Foreign aid to Ukraine humanitarian military list humanitarian military list list International reactions to the war in Donbas Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian war LGBTQ people Political status of Crimea Reparations from Russia Russian spies Sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions Soviet imagery Vehicular losses aircraft Ukrainian ships aircraft Ukrainian Ukrainian ships Incidents Act of 2014 ATO Black Sea incident Coalition of the willing Conscription crisis Crimean status referendum Demolition of Lenin monuments Desertion crisis Embargo of Russian oil Energy crisis Eurointegration of Ukraine European Union gas dispute Global supply chain crisis ICC arrest warrants ICJ case Lend-Lease Lukoil oil transit dispute Moscow–Constantinople schism ORDLO OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Russian protests Slovak gas dispute Wagner Group rebellion Act of 2014 ATO Black Sea incident Coalition of the willing Conscription crisis Crimean status referendum Demolition of Lenin monuments Desertion crisis Embargo of Russian oil Energy crisis Eurointegration of Ukraine European Union gas dispute Global supply chain crisis ICC arrest warrants ICJ case Lend-Lease Lukoil oil transit dispute Moscow–Constantinople schism ORDLO OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Russian protests Slovak gas dispute Wagner Group rebellion Cyberwarfare 2015 Ukraine power grid hack 2016 Kyiv cyberattack 2016 Surkov leaks 2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks IT Army of Ukraine 2022 activities of Anonymous against Russia 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia 2015 Ukraine power grid hack 2016 Kyiv cyberattack 2016 Surkov leaks 2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks IT Army of Ukraine 2022 activities of Anonymous against Russia 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Media Disinformation Little green men Social media Media portrayal Films Propaganda Disinformation Little green men Social media Media portrayal Films Films Propaganda Related Bridges Electronic warfare Northern Kharkiv front order of battle Russia–Ukraine relations Russian language in Ukraine Territorial control Donetsk Oblast Use of incendiary weapons Bridges Electronic warfare Northern Kharkiv front order of battle order of battle Russia–Ukraine relations Russian language in Ukraine Territorial control Donetsk Oblast Donetsk Oblast Use of incendiary weapons Category Category v t e Russia–Ukraine relations v t e Diplomatic posts Embassy of Russia, Kyiv Embassy of Ukraine, Moscow Ambassadors of Ukraine to Russia Embassy of Russia, Kyiv Embassy of Ukraine, Moscow Ambassadors of Ukraine to Russia Diplomacy Belovezh Accords Massandra Accords Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty Treaty Between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on Cooperation in the Use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait 5+2 format Kharkiv Pact 17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan Belovezh Accords Massandra Accords Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty Treaty Between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on Cooperation in the Use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait 5+2 format Kharkiv Pact 17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan Russo-Ukrainian War Outline Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine 2014 Russian sabotage activities in Ukraine Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation Political status of Crimea Occupied territories of Ukraine Russian-occupied territories War in Donbas Putin. War Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Normandy Format Minsk agreements Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2019) Zapad 2017 exercise 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine prelude reactions annexation referendums peace negotiations disinformation Russian sanctions against Ukraine Russian book ban in Ukraine Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods Russian information war against Ukraine Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022) Black Sea Grain Initiative " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " Decommunization in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Outline Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine 2014 Russian sabotage activities in Ukraine Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation Political status of Crimea Occupied territories of Ukraine Russian-occupied territories Russian-occupied territories War in Donbas Putin. War Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Normandy Format Minsk agreements Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2019) Zapad 2017 exercise 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine prelude reactions annexation referendums peace negotiations disinformation prelude reactions annexation referendums peace negotiations disinformation Russian sanctions against Ukraine Russian book ban in Ukraine Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods Russian information war against Ukraine Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022) Black Sea Grain Initiative Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022) Black Sea Grain Initiative " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " Decommunization in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Incidents Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute 2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Related Russia–Ukraine border Russia–Ukraine relations in the Eurovision Song Contest Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline Black Sea Fiber-Optic Cable System ITUR Orthodox Church of Ukraine Russian language in Ukraine On the Independence of Ukraine " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Spartak Moscow–Dynamo Kyiv rivalry International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations Wars between Russia and Ukraine Russia–Ukraine border Russia–Ukraine relations in the Eurovision Song Contest Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline Black Sea Fiber-Optic Cable System ITUR Orthodox Church of Ukraine Russian language in Ukraine On the Independence of Ukraine " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Spartak Moscow–Dynamo Kyiv rivalry International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations Wars between Russia and Ukraine Category:Russia–Ukraine relations Related articles v t e Irredentism Africa Mauritania Morocco Somalia South Africa Asia Eastern China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia Central Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Southern Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Southeastern Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Western Armenia Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Europe Eastern Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Northern Finland Karelia Southern Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Western Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland North America Canada Turks and Caicos Islands Mexico Saint Martin United States 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic Oceania Australia Papua New Guinea Samoa South America Argentina Chile Colombia Venezuela Related concepts: Border changes since 1914 · Partitionism · Reunification · Revanchism · Revisionism · Rump state v t e Post– Cold War conflicts in Europe Eastern Europe Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) Transnistria conflict (1990–present) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) South Ossetia War (1991–92) War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) East Prigorodny conflict (1992) Russian constitutional crisis (1993) First Chechen War (1994–1996) War in Abkhazia (1998) Second Chechen War (1999–2009) Tuzla Island conflict (2003) Russo-Georgian War (2008) Maidan Uprising (2013) Revolution of Dignity (2014) Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) Southern Europe Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Albanian Civil War (1997) Kosovo War (1998–1999) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) Related topics European re-armament in the 2020s List of Post-Soviet conflicts List of ongoing armed conflicts List of proxy wars List of frozen conflicts War on terror v t e Ongoing armed conflicts Africa Central Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency East ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta North Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes West Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Americas North Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict South Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas Asia East Korean conflict Central Xinjiang conflict South Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan South- east Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency West Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Europe East Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present West Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict Oceania Melanesia Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea v t e War in Donbas (2014–2022) Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War Followed by the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) General topics Aircraft losses Humanitarian situation International reactions Sanctions Sanctioned people OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Civil volunteer movement Little green men Joint Forces Operation Civil–military administrations Timeline 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Battles Donetsk Artemivsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk border base Krasnyi Lyman Shakhtarsk Raion 95th Brigade raid Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve Shyrokyne Marinka Svitlodarsk Avdiivka Airstrikes Military Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Civilian Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Reactions Ukrainian No to capitulation! (Pro-) Russian Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections International UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement Self-proclaimed states Donetsk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Luhansk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic (Pro-) Russian Organizations Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Lead figures Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Ukrainian Organizations Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Lead figures Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi v t e Vladimir Putin 2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008; 2012–present) 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000; 2008–2012) Presidency Inaugurations first second third fourth fifth Legislation and programs National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan Foreign policy International trips United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 NTV affair Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty European energy sector Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2014–2016 financial crisis Syrian civil war military intervention Russo-Ukrainian War 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange Speeches Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Opposition 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency Premiership Cabinets first second International visits Great Recession in Russia Russo-Georgian War Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy Putin Must Go Electoral history Presidential elections 2000 campaign 2004 campaign 2012 campaign 2018 campaign 2024 campaign Family Lyudmila Putina (former wife) Maria Vorontsova (daughter) Katerina Tikhonova (daughter) Pets Konni (family dog) Spiridon Putin (paternal grandfather) Igor Putin (first cousin) Roman Putin (son of first cousin) Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law) Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law) Svetlana Krivonogikh (alleged mother of another daughter) Alina Kabaeva (alleged mother of more Putin children) Vera Putina (alleged mother) Public image Direct Line with Vladimir Putin Chapel of Russia's Resurrection Nashi PutinTeam Walking Together Songs about Vladimir Putin " A man like Putin " Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin! Interviews Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Putin: The New Tsar (2018 documentary) Spitting Image (2020 series) Putin's Palace (film) (2021 documentary) Related Putinism Putinland Sovereign democracy Managed nationalism Russian world United Russia All-Russia People's Front KGB Career Claims of body doubles Claims of incapacity and death Meeting table Language Putin's Palace Vladimir Putin Peak ← Dmitry Medvedev ← Boris Yeltsin Dmitry Medvedev → Category v t e Volodymyr Zelenskyy 6th President of Ukraine (2019–present) Presidency Governments Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko International trips 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election 2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call 2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal conspiracy theories COVID-19 pandemic Great Construction 2020–2022 Ukrainian constitutional crisis Sanctions against Ukrainian citizens Russo-Ukrainian War Normandy Format Association Trio Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary Elections 2019 presidential election Entertainment career ( Kvartal 95 Studio ) Film Directed Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Television Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Family Olena Zelenska (wife) Oleksandr Zelenskyy (father) Related Servant of the People (political party) Ausichicrinites zelenskyyi Zelensky: A President in War (2022 film) Superpower (2023 film) The Zelensky Effect (2022 book) Category v t e Irredentism v t e Africa Mauritania Morocco Somalia South Africa Mauritania Morocco Somalia South Africa Asia Eastern China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia Central Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Southern Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Southeastern Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Western Armenia Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Eastern China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia Central Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Southern Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Southeastern Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Western Armenia Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Armenia Miatsum Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Europe Eastern Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Northern Finland Karelia Southern Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Western Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland Eastern Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Kresy Kresy myth Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Northern Finland Karelia Finland Karelia Karelia Southern Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Albania unification with Kosovo unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Western Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Austria annexation of Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland North America Canada Turks and Caicos Islands Mexico Saint Martin United States 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic Canada Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Mexico Saint Martin United States 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic Oceania Australia Papua New Guinea Samoa Australia Papua New Guinea Samoa South America Argentina Chile Colombia Venezuela Argentina Chile Colombia Venezuela Related concepts: Border changes since 1914 · Partitionism · Reunification · Revanchism · Revisionism · Rump state v t e Post– Cold War conflicts in Europe v t e Eastern Europe Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) Transnistria conflict (1990–present) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) South Ossetia War (1991–92) War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) East Prigorodny conflict (1992) Russian constitutional crisis (1993) First Chechen War (1994–1996) War in Abkhazia (1998) Second Chechen War (1999–2009) Tuzla Island conflict (2003) Russo-Georgian War (2008) Maidan Uprising (2013) Revolution of Dignity (2014) Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War First War 2016 conflict Second War Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) Transnistria conflict (1990–present) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) South Ossetia War (1991–92) War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) East Prigorodny conflict (1992) Russian constitutional crisis (1993) First Chechen War (1994–1996) War in Abkhazia (1998) Second Chechen War (1999–2009) Tuzla Island conflict (2003) Russo-Georgian War (2008) Maidan Uprising (2013) Revolution of Dignity (2014) Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) Southern Europe Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Albanian Civil War (1997) Kosovo War (1998–1999) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Albanian Civil War (1997) Kosovo War (1998–1999) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) Related topics European re-armament in the 2020s List of Post-Soviet conflicts List of ongoing armed conflicts List of proxy wars List of frozen conflicts War on terror European re-armament in the 2020s List of Post-Soviet conflicts List of ongoing armed conflicts List of proxy wars List of frozen conflicts War on terror v t e Ongoing armed conflicts v t e Africa Central Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency East ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta North Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes West Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Central Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency East ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Oromo conflict OLA insurgency OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta Operation Atalanta North Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes Western Saharan clashes West Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Americas North Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict South Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas North Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict South Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas Asia East Korean conflict Central Xinjiang conflict South Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan South- east Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency West Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict East Korean conflict Korean conflict Central Xinjiang conflict Xinjiang conflict South Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan South- east Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency West Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Europe East Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present West Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict East Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present 2022–present West Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict Oceania Melanesia Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea Melanesia Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea v t e War in Donbas (2014–2022) v t e Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War Followed by the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War Followed by the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) General topics Aircraft losses Humanitarian situation International reactions Sanctions Sanctioned people OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Civil volunteer movement Little green men Joint Forces Operation Civil–military administrations Aircraft losses Humanitarian situation International reactions Sanctions Sanctioned people Sanctioned people OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Civil volunteer movement Little green men Joint Forces Operation Civil–military administrations Timeline 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Battles Donetsk Artemivsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk border base Krasnyi Lyman Shakhtarsk Raion 95th Brigade raid Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve Shyrokyne Marinka Svitlodarsk Avdiivka Donetsk Artemivsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk border base Krasnyi Lyman Shakhtarsk Raion 95th Brigade raid Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve Shyrokyne Marinka Svitlodarsk Avdiivka Airstrikes Military Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Civilian Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Military Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Civilian Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Reactions Ukrainian No to capitulation! (Pro-) Russian Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections International UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement Ukrainian No to capitulation! No to capitulation! (Pro-) Russian Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections International UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement Self-proclaimed states Donetsk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Luhansk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic Donetsk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Luhansk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic (Pro-) Russian Organizations Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Lead figures Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Organizations Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Lead figures Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Ukrainian Organizations Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Lead figures Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi Organizations Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 National Guard Azov Donbas Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Right Sector Lead figures Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi v t e Vladimir Putin v t e 2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008; 2012–present) 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000; 2008–2012) 2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008; 2012–present) 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000; 2008–2012) Presidency Inaugurations first second third fourth fifth Legislation and programs National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan Foreign policy International trips United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 NTV affair Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty European energy sector Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2014–2016 financial crisis Syrian civil war military intervention Russo-Ukrainian War 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange Speeches Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Opposition 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency Inaugurations first second third fourth fifth first second third fourth fifth Legislation and programs National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan Foreign policy International trips United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 2019 2023 2024 NTV affair Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty European energy sector Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2014–2016 financial crisis Syrian civil war military intervention military intervention Russo-Ukrainian War 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange Speeches Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Opposition 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency Premiership Cabinets first second International visits Great Recession in Russia Russo-Georgian War Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy Putin Must Go Cabinets first second first second International visits Great Recession in Russia Russo-Georgian War Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy Putin Must Go Electoral history Presidential elections 2000 campaign 2004 campaign 2012 campaign 2018 campaign 2024 campaign Presidential elections 2000 campaign 2004 campaign 2012 campaign 2018 campaign 2024 campaign 2000 campaign campaign 2004 campaign campaign 2012 campaign campaign 2018 campaign campaign 2024 campaign campaign Family Lyudmila Putina (former wife) Maria Vorontsova (daughter) Katerina Tikhonova (daughter) Pets Konni (family dog) Spiridon Putin (paternal grandfather) Igor Putin (first cousin) Roman Putin (son of first cousin) Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law) Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law) Svetlana Krivonogikh (alleged mother of another daughter) Alina Kabaeva (alleged mother of more Putin children) Vera Putina (alleged mother) Lyudmila Putina (former wife) Maria Vorontsova (daughter) Katerina Tikhonova (daughter) Pets Konni (family dog) Konni (family dog) Spiridon Putin (paternal grandfather) Igor Putin (first cousin) Roman Putin (son of first cousin) Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law) Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law) Svetlana Krivonogikh (alleged mother of another daughter) Alina Kabaeva (alleged mother of more Putin children) Vera Putina (alleged mother) Public image Direct Line with Vladimir Putin Chapel of Russia's Resurrection Nashi PutinTeam Walking Together Songs about Vladimir Putin " A man like Putin " Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin! Interviews Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Putin: The New Tsar (2018 documentary) Spitting Image (2020 series) Putin's Palace (film) (2021 documentary) Direct Line with Vladimir Putin Chapel of Russia's Resurrection Nashi PutinTeam Walking Together Songs about Vladimir Putin " A man like Putin " " A man like Putin " Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin! Interviews Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Putin: The New Tsar (2018 documentary) Spitting Image (2020 series) Putin's Palace (film) (2021 documentary) Related Putinism Putinland Sovereign democracy Managed nationalism Russian world United Russia All-Russia People's Front KGB Career Claims of body doubles Claims of incapacity and death Meeting table Language Putin's Palace Vladimir Putin Peak Putinism Putinland Sovereign democracy Managed nationalism Russian world United Russia All-Russia People's Front KGB Career Claims of body doubles Claims of incapacity and death Meeting table Language Putin's Palace Vladimir Putin Peak ← Dmitry Medvedev ← Boris Yeltsin Dmitry Medvedev → Category ← Dmitry Medvedev ← Boris Yeltsin Dmitry Medvedev → Category v t e Volodymyr Zelenskyy v t e 6th President of Ukraine (2019–present) Presidency Governments Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko International trips 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election 2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call 2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal conspiracy theories COVID-19 pandemic Great Construction 2020–2022 Ukrainian constitutional crisis Sanctions against Ukrainian citizens Russo-Ukrainian War Normandy Format Association Trio Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary Governments Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko International trips 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election 2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call 2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal conspiracy theories conspiracy theories COVID-19 pandemic Great Construction 2020–2022 Ukrainian constitutional crisis Sanctions against Ukrainian citizens Russo-Ukrainian War Normandy Format Normandy Format Association Trio Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary Elections 2019 presidential election 2019 presidential election Entertainment career ( Kvartal 95 Studio ) Film Directed Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Television Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Film Directed Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Directed Me. You. He. She Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Television Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Family Olena Zelenska (wife) Oleksandr Zelenskyy (father) Olena Zelenska (wife) Oleksandr Zelenskyy (father) Related Servant of the People (political party) Ausichicrinites zelenskyyi Zelensky: A President in War (2022 film) Superpower (2023 film) The Zelensky Effect (2022 book) Servant of the People (political party) Ausichicrinites zelenskyyi Zelensky: A President in War (2022 film) Superpower (2023 film) The Zelensky Effect (2022 book) Category Authority control databases International GND GND National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Latvia Poland Israel United States France BnF data Czech Republic Latvia Poland Israel Other IdRef Yale LUX IdRef Yale LUX Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Russo-Ukrainian war 2020s conflicts 2020s controversies 2020s in Europe 2020s in international relations 2020s in military history 2020s in Russia 2020s in Ukraine 21st-century military history of Russia 21st-century military history of Ukraine Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union Invasions by Russia Invasions of Ukraine Russian irredentism Opposition to NATO Wars involving North Korea Belarus–NATO relations Belarus–Russia relations Belarus–Ukraine relations North Korea–Russia relations North Korea–Ukraine relations Russia–NATO relations Ukraine–NATO relations Vladimir Putin Volodymyr Zelenskyy Alexander Lukashenko CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Swiss High German-language sources (de-ch) CS1 Czech-language sources (cs) CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu) CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru) CS1 uses Ukrainian-language script (uk) CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) CS1: long volume value CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Use British English from February 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from January 2026 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2025 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2025 All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2025 Portal templates with default image Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata Interlanguage link template existing link Articles containing video clips This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 04:51 (UTC) . 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Skip to content Accessibility Help Your account Home News Sport Business Innovation Culture Travel Earth Audio Video Live More menu Home News Sport Business Innovation Culture Travel Earth Audio Video Live Alba Spòrs Scotland News Alba BBC Naidheachdan Teaghlach Canadianach nan uachdarain air Oighreachd Shlèite Chaidh teaghlach Canadianach ainmeachadh mar uachdarain ùra Oighreachd Cheann a Deas Shlèite agus Caisteal Armadail sa Eilean Sgitheanach. Foillsichte Bho chionn 2 uair 2u Teaghlach Canadianach nan uachdarain air Oighreachd Shlèite Teaghlach Canadianach nan uachdarain air Oighreachd Shlèite Chaidh teaghlach Canadianach ainmeachadh mar uachdarain ùra Oighreachd Cheann a Deas Shlèite agus Caisteal Armadail sa Eilean Sgitheanach. Foillsichte Bho chionn 2 uair 2u Casg fòn: "Bidh a h-uile duine a' bruidhinn ris a h-uile duine eile barrachd" Foillsichte Bho chionn 3 uairean 3u Casg fòn: "Bidh a h-uile duine a' bruidhinn ris a h-uile duine eile barrachd" Casg fòn: "Bidh a h-uile duine a' bruidhinn ris a h-uile duine eile barrachd" Foillsichte Bho chionn 3 uairean 3u MV Isle of Islay le CMAL Foillsichte Bho chionn 3 uairean 3u MV Isle of Islay le CMAL MV Isle of Islay le CMAL Foillsichte Bho chionn 3 uairean 3u Adhartas aig Ospadal nan Eilean a thaobh cùram chloinne Foillsichte Bho chionn 21 uair 21u Adhartas aig Ospadal nan Eilean a thaobh cùram chloinne Adhartas aig Ospadal nan Eilean a thaobh cùram chloinne Foillsichte Bho chionn 21 uair 21u Atharrachaidhean a dhìth air Bile na Croitearachd a rèir BPA nan Eilean Siar Foillsichte Bho chionn 1 latha 1l Atharrachaidhean a dhìth air Bile na Croitearachd a rèir BPA nan Eilean Siar Atharrachaidhean a dhìth air Bile na Croitearachd a rèir BPA nan Eilean Siar Foillsichte Bho chionn 1 latha 1l Dòchas fhathast am Bàigh na Hearadh gum faigh iad sealbh air an fhearann Foillsichte Bho chionn 1 latha 1l Dòchas fhathast am Bàigh na Hearadh gum faigh iad sealbh air an fhearann Dòchas fhathast am Bàigh na Hearadh gum faigh iad sealbh air an fhearann Foillsichte Bho chionn 1 latha 1l Dh'iarr BP nan Eilean Siar crathadh air sgeama faochaidh a' chonnaidh Foillsichte Bho chionn 1 latha 1l Dh'iarr BP nan Eilean Siar crathadh air sgeama faochaidh a' chonnaidh Dh'iarr BP nan Eilean Siar crathadh air sgeama faochaidh a' chonnaidh Foillsichte Bho chionn 1 latha 1l Liosta Bhideo 0:53 Celtic Connections air tòiseachadh. 00:00:53, play video Celtic Connections air tòiseachadh 2:57 Dòchas mu chasg fòn aig an sgoil as motha air Ghàidhealtachd. 00:02:57, play video Dòchas mu chasg fòn aig an sgoil as motha air Ghàidhealtachd 1:44 Cèilidh air Chuairt a' lorg thagraidhean. 00:01:44, play video Cèilidh air Chuairt a' lorg thagraidhean 2:07 Taisbeanadh ùr nan Sìophortach. 00:02:07, play video Taisbeanadh ùr nan Sìophortach 1:41 Trusadh bheachdan mun bhuidseat san Eilean Sgitheanach. 00:01:41, play video Trusadh bheachdan mun bhuidseat san Eilean Sgitheanach 0:43 A' Ghàidhlig "air slighe tòrr nas fheàrr" às dèidh a' bhuidseit. 00:00:43, play video A' Ghàidhlig "air slighe tòrr nas fheàrr" às dèidh a' bhuidseit 1:34 Seachdain na Gàidhlig "air sìor fhàs" 00:01:34, play video Seachdain na Gàidhlig "air sìor fhàs" 1:29 Inbhir Pheofharain @ 800. 00:01:29, play video Inbhir Pheofharain @ 800 1:28 Togail-fianais an aghaidh Sealg a' Ghuga. 00:01:28, play video Togail-fianais an aghaidh Sealg a' Ghuga 1:47 Taylor Swift ag àrdachadh prìs na clòimhe? 00:01:47, play video Taylor Swift ag àrdachadh prìs na clòimhe? 0:44 "Cogadh haibrid a' dol air adhart air ar stairsniche" 00:00:44, play video "Cogadh haibrid a' dol air adhart air ar stairsniche" 1:12 "Trì mìosan deatamach dhan Ghàidhlig" 00:01:12, play video "Trì mìosan deatamach dhan Ghàidhlig" 1:05 Òran Ùr aig Celtic Connections. 00:01:05, play video Òran Ùr aig Celtic Connections 0:30 Chlear mi'n Tìr: Sneachd sna Hearadh. 00:00:30, play video Chlear mi'n Tìr: Sneachd sna Hearadh 0:25 Plòigh san t-sneachda an Uibhist. 00:00:25, play video Plòigh san t-sneachda an Uibhist 1:20 Iarrtas 'son barrachd sheòlaidhean aig Camas nan Gall. 00:01:20, play video Iarrtas 'son barrachd sheòlaidhean aig Camas nan Gall 0:54 "An dùbhlan as motha a bha riamh againn" 00:00:54, play video "An dùbhlan as motha a bha riamh againn" 0:52 Rathaidean an Uibhist fon t-sneachda. 00:00:52, play video Rathaidean an Uibhist fon t-sneachda 2:11 An Taigh Cèilidh "a' togail dhrochaidean eadar luchd-labhairt" 00:02:11, play video An Taigh Cèilidh "a' togail dhrochaidean eadar luchd-labhairt" 2:16 An Tuna Mòr is Iasgairean Òga na Hearadh. 00:02:16, play video An Tuna Mòr is Iasgairean Òga na Hearadh Sgeulachdan aithriseach À Eilean a' Chèo chun Isle of Dogs: Leòmhann Sgitheanach Millwall À Eilean a' Chèo chun Isle of Dogs: Leòmhann Sgitheanach Millwall À Eilean a' Chèo chun Isle of Dogs: Leòmhann Sgitheanach Millwall Inbhir Pheofharain aig 800 Foillsichte Bho chionn 4 làithean 4l Inbhir Pheofharain aig 800 Inbhir Pheofharain aig 800 Foillsichte Bho chionn 4 làithean 4l Seachdain na Gàidhlig "a' dol bho neart gu neart" Seachdain na Gàidhlig "a' dol bho neart gu neart" Seachdain na Gàidhlig "a' dol bho neart gu neart" Seann eachdraidh togalach a' BhBC an Inbhir Nis air tighinn am bàrr Foillsichte 7 Am Faoilleach 7 Faoi Seann eachdraidh togalach a' BhBC an Inbhir Nis air tighinn am bàrr Seann eachdraidh togalach a' BhBC an Inbhir Nis air tighinn am bàrr Foillsichte 7 Am Faoilleach 7 Faoi Naidheachdan 10:00m. Bhidio, 00:02:28 Naidheachdan 10:00m Foillsichte Bho chionn 20 mionaid 20mion 2:28 Naidheachdan 10:00m. Bhidio, 00:02:28 Naidheachdan 10:00m Naidheachdan 10:00m. Bhidio, 00:02:28 Naidheachdan 10:00m Foillsichte Bho chionn 20 mionaid 20mion Na naidheachdan as ùire ann an saoghal na spòrs Barrachd mar seo County air càineadh a dhèanamh air buidheann de luchd-taic òga County air càineadh a dhèanamh air buidheann de luchd-taic òga County air càineadh a dhèanamh air buidheann de luchd-taic òga Srath Chura-Dùn Omhain is Caol-Gleann a' dol còmhla Srath Chura-Dùn Omhain is Caol-Gleann a' dol còmhla Srath Chura-Dùn Omhain is Caol-Gleann a' dol còmhla Obair a' tòiseachadh air goireas ùr ball-coise an Càrlabhagh Obair a' tòiseachadh air goireas ùr ball-coise an Càrlabhagh Obair a' tòiseachadh air goireas ùr ball-coise an Càrlabhagh Spòrscast Attribution BBC Sounds Spòrscast Spòrscast Attribution BBC Sounds Spòrs na Seachdain Attribution BBC Sounds Spòrs na Seachdain Spòrs na Seachdain Attribution BBC Sounds Cuideachd air a' BhBC Roghainn de na tha ri fhaighinn air iPlayer a' BhBC is air BBC Sounds Rocaidean gu leòr. Bhidio, 75 mhionaid Rocaidean gu leòr Attribution iPlayer a' BhBC Rocaidean gu leòr. Bhidio, 75 mhionaid Rocaidean gu leòr Rocaidean gu leòr. Bhidio, 75 mhionaid Rocaidean gu leòr Attribution iPlayer a' BhBC Miann na Maighdinn-mara. Bhidio, 45 mhionaid Miann na Maighdinn-mara Attribution iPlayer a' BhBC Miann na Maighdinn-mara. Bhidio, 45 mhionaid Miann na Maighdinn-mara Miann na Maighdinn-mara. Bhidio, 45 mhionaid Miann na Maighdinn-mara Attribution iPlayer a' BhBC Fàilte air a' Bhaile. Fuaim, 30 mhionaid Fàilte air a' Bhaile Attribution BBC Sounds Fàilte air a' Bhaile. Fuaim, 30 mhionaid Fàilte air a' Bhaile Fàilte air a' Bhaile. Fuaim, 30 mhionaid Fàilte air a' Bhaile Attribution BBC Sounds Tèarnadh. Bhidio, 13 mionaidean Tèarnadh Attribution iPlayer a' BhBC Tèarnadh. Bhidio, 13 mionaidean Tèarnadh Tèarnadh. Bhidio, 13 mionaidean Tèarnadh Attribution iPlayer a' BhBC Tom air Donnie. Fuaim, 60 mhionaid Tom air Donnie Attribution BBC Sounds Tom air Donnie. Fuaim, 60 mhionaid Tom air Donnie Tom air Donnie. Fuaim, 60 mhionaid Tom air Donnie Attribution BBC Sounds An aimsir san sgìre agaibh Rannsaich am baile agaibh air làraich-lìn BBC Aimsir Sgeulachdan as ùire 11:36 GMT Naidheachdan 10:00m. Video, 00:02:28 , air fhoillseachadh aig 11:36 GMT Naidheachdan 10:00m 2:28 11:36 GMT Naidheachdan 10:00m. Video, 00:02:28 , air fhoillseachadh aig 11:36 GMT Naidheachdan 10:00m 10:11 GMT Celtic Connections air tòiseachadh. Video, 00:00:53 , air fhoillseachadh aig 10:11 GMT Celtic Connections air tòiseachadh 0:53 10:11 GMT Celtic Connections air tòiseachadh. Video, 00:00:53 , air fhoillseachadh aig 10:11 GMT Celtic Connections air tòiseachadh 09:05 GMT Teaghlach Canadianach nan uachdarain air Oighreachd Shlèite , air fhoillseachadh aig 09:05 GMT Teaghlach Canadianach nan uachdarain air Oighreachd Shlèite 09:05 GMT Teaghlach Canadianach nan uachdarain air Oighreachd Shlèite , air fhoillseachadh aig 09:05 GMT Teaghlach Canadianach nan uachdarain air Oighreachd Shlèite 08:53 GMT Dòchas mu chasg fòn aig an sgoil as motha air Ghàidhealtachd. Video, 00:02:57 , air fhoillseachadh aig 08:53 GMT Dòchas mu chasg fòn aig an sgoil as motha air Ghàidhealtachd 2:57 08:53 GMT Dòchas mu chasg fòn aig an sgoil as motha air Ghàidhealtachd. Video, 00:02:57 , air fhoillseachadh aig 08:53 GMT Dòchas mu chasg fòn aig an sgoil as motha air Ghàidhealtachd 08:32 GMT Casg fòn: "Bidh a h-uile duine a' bruidhinn ris a h-uile duine eile barrachd" , air fhoillseachadh aig 08:32 GMT Casg fòn: "Bidh a h-uile duine a' bruidhinn ris a h-uile duine eile barrachd" 08:32 GMT Casg fòn: "Bidh a h-uile duine a' bruidhinn ris a h-uile duine eile barrachd" , air fhoillseachadh aig 08:32 GMT Casg fòn: "Bidh a h-uile duine a' bruidhinn ris a h-uile duine eile barrachd" 08:23 GMT MV Isle of Islay le CMAL , air fhoillseachadh aig 08:23 GMT MV Isle of Islay le CMAL 08:23 GMT MV Isle of Islay le CMAL , air fhoillseachadh aig 08:23 GMT MV Isle of Islay le CMAL 14:56 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Adhartas aig Ospadal nan Eilean a thaobh cùram chloinne , air fhoillseachadh aig 14:56 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Adhartas aig Ospadal nan Eilean a thaobh cùram chloinne 14:56 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Adhartas aig Ospadal nan Eilean a thaobh cùram chloinne , air fhoillseachadh aig 14:56 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Adhartas aig Ospadal nan Eilean a thaobh cùram chloinne 13:16 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Naidheachdan 11:00m. Video, 00:02:27 , air fhoillseachadh aig 13:16 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Naidheachdan 11:00m 2:27 13:16 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Naidheachdan 11:00m. Video, 00:02:27 , air fhoillseachadh aig 13:16 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Naidheachdan 11:00m 13:08 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Cèilidh air Chuairt a' lorg thagraidhean. Video, 00:01:44 , air fhoillseachadh aig 13:08 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Cèilidh air Chuairt a' lorg thagraidhean 1:44 13:08 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Cèilidh air Chuairt a' lorg thagraidhean. Video, 00:01:44 , air fhoillseachadh aig 13:08 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Cèilidh air Chuairt a' lorg thagraidhean 11:23 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Atharrachaidhean a dhìth air Bile na Croitearachd a rèir BPA nan Eilean Siar , air fhoillseachadh aig 11:23 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Atharrachaidhean a dhìth air Bile na Croitearachd a rèir BPA nan Eilean Siar 11:23 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Atharrachaidhean a dhìth air Bile na Croitearachd a rèir BPA nan Eilean Siar , air fhoillseachadh aig 11:23 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Atharrachaidhean a dhìth air Bile na Croitearachd a rèir BPA nan Eilean Siar 10:44 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Dh'iarr BP nan Eilean Siar crathadh air sgeama faochaidh a' chonnaidh , air fhoillseachadh aig 10:44 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Dh'iarr BP nan Eilean Siar crathadh air sgeama faochaidh a' chonnaidh 10:44 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Dh'iarr BP nan Eilean Siar crathadh air sgeama faochaidh a' chonnaidh , air fhoillseachadh aig 10:44 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Dh'iarr BP nan Eilean Siar crathadh air sgeama faochaidh a' chonnaidh 10:38 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Taisbeanadh ùr nan Sìophortach. Video, 00:02:07 , air fhoillseachadh aig 10:38 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Taisbeanadh ùr nan Sìophortach 2:07 10:38 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Taisbeanadh ùr nan Sìophortach. Video, 00:02:07 , air fhoillseachadh aig 10:38 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Taisbeanadh ùr nan Sìophortach 10:25 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Dòchas fhathast am Bàigh na Hearadh gum faigh iad sealbh air an fhearann , air fhoillseachadh aig 10:25 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Dòchas fhathast am Bàigh na Hearadh gum faigh iad sealbh air an fhearann 10:25 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Dòchas fhathast am Bàigh na Hearadh gum faigh iad sealbh air an fhearann , air fhoillseachadh aig 10:25 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Dòchas fhathast am Bàigh na Hearadh gum faigh iad sealbh air an fhearann 06:09 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Fàilte air airgead a bharrachd do leasachadh na Gàidhlig , air fhoillseachadh aig 06:09 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Fàilte air airgead a bharrachd do leasachadh na Gàidhlig 06:09 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Fàilte air airgead a bharrachd do leasachadh na Gàidhlig , air fhoillseachadh aig 06:09 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Fàilte air airgead a bharrachd do leasachadh na Gàidhlig 05:55 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Eachdraidh Rèisimeid nan Sìophortach air "a toirt dhachaigh" , air fhoillseachadh aig 05:55 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Eachdraidh Rèisimeid nan Sìophortach air "a toirt dhachaigh" 05:55 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Eachdraidh Rèisimeid nan Sìophortach air "a toirt dhachaigh" , air fhoillseachadh aig 05:55 GMT 15 Am Faoilleach Eachdraidh Rèisimeid nan Sìophortach air "a toirt dhachaigh" 16:53 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach Airgead calpa gus leasachadh an A9 a chrìochnachadh , air fhoillseachadh aig 16:53 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach Airgead calpa gus leasachadh an A9 a chrìochnachadh 16:53 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach Airgead calpa gus leasachadh an A9 a chrìochnachadh , air fhoillseachadh aig 16:53 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach Airgead calpa gus leasachadh an A9 a chrìochnachadh 15:25 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach "Barrachd airgid phoblaich a dhìth" air rèile-beinne a' Chàirn Ghuirm , air fhoillseachadh aig 15:25 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach "Barrachd airgid phoblaich a dhìth" air rèile-beinne a' Chàirn Ghuirm 15:25 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach "Barrachd airgid phoblaich a dhìth" air rèile-beinne a' Chàirn Ghuirm , air fhoillseachadh aig 15:25 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach "Barrachd airgid phoblaich a dhìth" air rèile-beinne a' Chàirn Ghuirm 14:24 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach Trusadh bheachdan mun bhuidseat san Eilean Sgitheanach. Video, 00:01:41 , air fhoillseachadh aig 14:24 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach Trusadh bheachdan mun bhuidseat san Eilean Sgitheanach 1:41 14:24 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach Trusadh bheachdan mun bhuidseat san Eilean Sgitheanach. Video, 00:01:41 , air fhoillseachadh aig 14:24 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach Trusadh bheachdan mun bhuidseat san Eilean Sgitheanach 13:21 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach A' chiad chùmhnant mòr airson Hub Leòdhais air a thoirt seachad , air fhoillseachadh aig 13:21 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach A' chiad chùmhnant mòr airson Hub Leòdhais air a thoirt seachad 13:21 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach A' chiad chùmhnant mòr airson Hub Leòdhais air a thoirt seachad , air fhoillseachadh aig 13:21 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach A' chiad chùmhnant mòr airson Hub Leòdhais air a thoirt seachad 13:14 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach Naidheachdan 11:00m. Video, 00:01:37 , air fhoillseachadh aig 13:14 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach Naidheachdan 11:00m 1:37 13:14 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach Naidheachdan 11:00m. Video, 00:01:37 , air fhoillseachadh aig 13:14 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach Naidheachdan 11:00m 13:08 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach "Dragh mòr" air Swinney is am Marinera air acair an Linne Mhoireibh , air fhoillseachadh aig 13:08 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach "Dragh mòr" air Swinney is am Marinera air acair an Linne Mhoireibh 13:08 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach "Dragh mòr" air Swinney is am Marinera air acair an Linne Mhoireibh , air fhoillseachadh aig 13:08 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach "Dragh mòr" air Swinney is am Marinera air acair an Linne Mhoireibh 10:17 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach A' Ghàidhlig "air slighe tòrr nas fheàrr" às dèidh a' bhuidseit. Video, 00:00:43 , air fhoillseachadh aig 10:17 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach A' Ghàidhlig "air slighe tòrr nas fheàrr" às dèidh a' bhuidseit 0:43 10:17 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach A' Ghàidhlig "air slighe tòrr nas fheàrr" às dèidh a' bhuidseit. Video, 00:00:43 , air fhoillseachadh aig 10:17 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach A' Ghàidhlig "air slighe tòrr nas fheàrr" às dèidh a' bhuidseit 10:00 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach Dùil ri fios mu leasachadh an A9 , air fhoillseachadh aig 10:00 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach Dùil ri fios mu leasachadh an A9 10:00 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach Dùil ri fios mu leasachadh an A9 , air fhoillseachadh aig 10:00 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach Dùil ri fios mu leasachadh an A9 07:11 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach À Eilean a' Chèo chun Isle of Dogs: Leòmhann Sgitheanach Millwall , air fhoillseachadh aig 07:11 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach À Eilean a' Chèo chun Isle of Dogs: Leòmhann Sgitheanach Millwall 07:11 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach À Eilean a' Chèo chun Isle of Dogs: Leòmhann Sgitheanach Millwall , air fhoillseachadh aig 07:11 GMT 14 Am Faoilleach À Eilean a' Chèo chun Isle of Dogs: Leòmhann Sgitheanach Millwall 1 2 3 4 5 6 … 42 Lorg sinn an seo X X Facebook Facebook Cuir sgeulachd thugainn Brath thugainn mu thrioblaid Home News Sport Business Innovation Culture Travel Earth Audio Video Live Terms of Use About the BBC Privacy Policy Cookies Accessibility Help Parental Guidance Contact the BBC BBC emails for you Advertise with us Copyright © 2026 BBC. 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Düütsklound in 1916 dät eerste Lound waas dät ju Suumertied ienfierde? ... in dän Sats "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" aal do Bouksteeuwe stounde do ap n Tastatuur bruukt wäide? ... ju Wäädsee ap ju UNESCO -Waareldäärwgoudlieste stoant? ... Theodor Mommsen ju Nobelpries foar Literatuur in 1902 kriegen häd? ... Anatolien ap Seelterfräisk Littik Asien hat? ... dät do Fräisen do Eerste wieren uum do Fereende Stoaten fon Amerikoa as oainständich Lound an tou ärkannen? Dit Mound in ju Geskichte Die Koole-Konzern RWE lät dän Immerather Doom ouriete. 1. Januoar 2002 - Ferskeedene euopäiske Stoaten kriege dän EURO . 5. Januoar 1876 - Konrad Adenauer gebooren, düütsken Politiker un eersten düütsken Buundeskansler. 8. Januoar : Ju roomsk-kathoolske Parochioal-Säärke St. Lambertus in Immerath , bekoand as "Immerather Dom", wäd foar ju Bruunkoole-Winnenge ourieten (Bielde). 7. Januoar 1959 - Ju kubaniske Regierenge unner Fidel Castro wäd truch do USA anärkoand. 15. Januoar 2001 - Wikipedia wuude stifted fon Jimmy Wales . 15. Januoar 1914 - Waling Dykstra stuurwen, fräisken Skrieuwer. 20. Januoar 2009 - Barack Obama wäd die 44. Präsident fon Amerikoa . 24. Januoar 1874 - Aceh wäd fon niederloundske Troppen unner Generoal van Swieten iennuumen. 27. Januoar 1756 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart gebooren, aastrieksken Komponist († 1791 ) 30. Januoar 1933 - Adolf Hitler wäd fon n Riekspräsident Paul von Hindenburg toun Riekskansler benaamd. 31. Januoar 1884 - Theodor Heuss gebooren, eersten Buundespräsident fon ju Buundesrepublik Düütsklound . Ju Enzyklopädie Geographie Seelterlound - Do Fräislounde - Düütsklound - Niederlounde Wietenskup Biologie - Geskichte Kultuur Sproaken un Dialekte in do Fräislounde - Minnerhaide Galerie Uutsoachte Sieden Kategorie Liesten Toalhouk Seelterfräiske Täkste ap Wikiwälle Seeltersk heere un sjo Woudeliesten Bielde fon ju Wiek Klik ap ju Bielde, uum moor wies tou wäiden! Wikimedia Commons Mediendoatäie Meta-Wiki Projektkoordination Wiktionary Woudebouk Wikibooks Leerbouke Wikiwälle Wällensammelenge Wikispecies Sammelenge fon Dierte un Plonten Wikiquote Zitoatsammelenge Wikinews Ättergjuchte Wäilkeemen bie Wikipedia Ju fräie Enzyklopädie mäd fräien Inhoold ju in Touhoopeoarbaid skrieuwen wäd. Snäiwende, 10. Januoar 2026 4.130 Sieden ap Seeltersk Gebruuksanwiesenge · Weerskup · Info uur Seeltersk Wäilkeemen bie Wikipedia Ju fräie Enzyklopädie mäd fräien Inhoold ju in Touhoopeoarbaid skrieuwen wäd. Snäiwende, 10. Januoar 2026 4.130 Sieden ap Seeltersk 4.130 Sieden ap Seeltersk Gebruuksanwiesenge · Weerskup · Info uur Seeltersk Artikkel fon dät Mound Ju Johanniterkommende Boukeläsk is ne fröiere Deelsättenge fon dän Johanniteroarden, fon do ju Klaasterkapälle ärheelden blieuwen is. Ju Kommende uumfoatede do Täärpe un Buurskuppe Boukeläsk, Idafeen -Noud, Elisabethfeen -Noud, Ubbehusen , Aasterhusen un Roagebierich mäd ne Fläche fon touhoope 8000 Hektoar. Dät Gruundengsjier fon dät Klaaster is nit bekoand. Dät Klaaster wuud wierskienelk in de Midde fon dät 13. Jierhunndert as Dubbelklaaster fon do Johannitere uut Burgsteinfurt gruunded. ... Läs fääre Waast du, dät ... Ju Wäädsee ... dät Afrikoanske sik foar 95% ap dät Niederloundske basiert? ... dät in ju Antarktis so fuul Ies rakt, dät die Peegel fon ju See uum sowät 58 Meetere haager wäd, wan dät aal smilt? ... Düütsklound in 1916 dät eerste Lound waas dät ju Suumertied ienfierde? ... in dän Sats "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" aal do Bouksteeuwe stounde do ap n Tastatuur bruukt wäide? ... ju Wäädsee ap ju UNESCO -Waareldäärwgoudlieste stoant? ... Theodor Mommsen ju Nobelpries foar Literatuur in 1902 kriegen häd? ... Anatolien ap Seelterfräisk Littik Asien hat? ... dät do Fräisen do Eerste wieren uum do Fereende Stoaten fon Amerikoa as oainständich Lound an tou ärkannen? Dit Mound in ju Geskichte Die Koole-Konzern RWE lät dän Immerather Doom ouriete. 1. Januoar 2002 - Ferskeedene euopäiske Stoaten kriege dän EURO . 5. Januoar 1876 - Konrad Adenauer gebooren, düütsken Politiker un eersten düütsken Buundeskansler. 8. Januoar : Ju roomsk-kathoolske Parochioal-Säärke St. Lambertus in Immerath , bekoand as "Immerather Dom", wäd foar ju Bruunkoole-Winnenge ourieten (Bielde). 7. Januoar 1959 - Ju kubaniske Regierenge unner Fidel Castro wäd truch do USA anärkoand. 15. Januoar 2001 - Wikipedia wuude stifted fon Jimmy Wales . 15. Januoar 1914 - Waling Dykstra stuurwen, fräisken Skrieuwer. 20. Januoar 2009 - Barack Obama wäd die 44. Präsident fon Amerikoa . 24. Januoar 1874 - Aceh wäd fon niederloundske Troppen unner Generoal van Swieten iennuumen. 27. Januoar 1756 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart gebooren, aastrieksken Komponist († 1791 ) 30. Januoar 1933 - Adolf Hitler wäd fon n Riekspräsident Paul von Hindenburg toun Riekskansler benaamd. 31. Januoar 1884 - Theodor Heuss gebooren, eersten Buundespräsident fon ju Buundesrepublik Düütsklound . Ju Johanniterkommende Boukeläsk is ne fröiere Deelsättenge fon dän Johanniteroarden, fon do ju Klaasterkapälle ärheelden blieuwen is. Ju Kommende uumfoatede do Täärpe un Buurskuppe Boukeläsk, Idafeen -Noud, Elisabethfeen -Noud, Ubbehusen , Aasterhusen un Roagebierich mäd ne Fläche fon touhoope 8000 Hektoar. Dät Gruundengsjier fon dät Klaaster is nit bekoand. Dät Klaaster wuud wierskienelk in de Midde fon dät 13. Jierhunndert as Dubbelklaaster fon do Johannitere uut Burgsteinfurt gruunded. ... Läs fääre Waast du, dät ... Ju Wäädsee ... dät Afrikoanske sik foar 95% ap dät Niederloundske basiert? ... dät in ju Antarktis so fuul Ies rakt, dät die Peegel fon ju See uum sowät 58 Meetere haager wäd, wan dät aal smilt? ... Düütsklound in 1916 dät eerste Lound waas dät ju Suumertied ienfierde? ... in dän Sats "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" aal do Bouksteeuwe stounde do ap n Tastatuur bruukt wäide? ... ju Wäädsee ap ju UNESCO -Waareldäärwgoudlieste stoant? ... Theodor Mommsen ju Nobelpries foar Literatuur in 1902 kriegen häd? ... Anatolien ap Seelterfräisk Littik Asien hat? ... dät do Fräisen do Eerste wieren uum do Fereende Stoaten fon Amerikoa as oainständich Lound an tou ärkannen? ... dät Afrikoanske sik foar 95% ap dät Niederloundske basiert? ... dät in ju Antarktis so fuul Ies rakt, dät die Peegel fon ju See uum sowät 58 Meetere haager wäd, wan dät aal smilt? ... Düütsklound in 1916 dät eerste Lound waas dät ju Suumertied ienfierde? ... in dän Sats "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" aal do Bouksteeuwe stounde do ap n Tastatuur bruukt wäide? ... ju Wäädsee ap ju UNESCO -Waareldäärwgoudlieste stoant? ... Theodor Mommsen ju Nobelpries foar Literatuur in 1902 kriegen häd? ... Anatolien ap Seelterfräisk Littik Asien hat? ... dät do Fräisen do Eerste wieren uum do Fereende Stoaten fon Amerikoa as oainständich Lound an tou ärkannen? Dit Mound in ju Geskichte Die Koole-Konzern RWE lät dän Immerather Doom ouriete. 1. Januoar 2002 - Ferskeedene euopäiske Stoaten kriege dän EURO . 5. Januoar 1876 - Konrad Adenauer gebooren, düütsken Politiker un eersten düütsken Buundeskansler. 8. Januoar : Ju roomsk-kathoolske Parochioal-Säärke St. Lambertus in Immerath , bekoand as "Immerather Dom", wäd foar ju Bruunkoole-Winnenge ourieten (Bielde). 7. Januoar 1959 - Ju kubaniske Regierenge unner Fidel Castro wäd truch do USA anärkoand. 15. Januoar 2001 - Wikipedia wuude stifted fon Jimmy Wales . 15. Januoar 1914 - Waling Dykstra stuurwen, fräisken Skrieuwer. 20. Januoar 2009 - Barack Obama wäd die 44. Präsident fon Amerikoa . 24. Januoar 1874 - Aceh wäd fon niederloundske Troppen unner Generoal van Swieten iennuumen. 27. Januoar 1756 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart gebooren, aastrieksken Komponist († 1791 ) 30. Januoar 1933 - Adolf Hitler wäd fon n Riekspräsident Paul von Hindenburg toun Riekskansler benaamd. 31. Januoar 1884 - Theodor Heuss gebooren, eersten Buundespräsident fon ju Buundesrepublik Düütsklound . 1. Januoar 2002 - Ferskeedene euopäiske Stoaten kriege dän EURO . 5. Januoar 1876 - Konrad Adenauer gebooren, düütsken Politiker un eersten düütsken Buundeskansler. 8. Januoar : Ju roomsk-kathoolske Parochioal-Säärke St. Lambertus in Immerath , bekoand as "Immerather Dom", wäd foar ju Bruunkoole-Winnenge ourieten (Bielde). 7. Januoar 1959 - Ju kubaniske Regierenge unner Fidel Castro wäd truch do USA anärkoand. 15. Januoar 2001 - Wikipedia wuude stifted fon Jimmy Wales . 15. Januoar 1914 - Waling Dykstra stuurwen, fräisken Skrieuwer. 20. Januoar 2009 - Barack Obama wäd die 44. Präsident fon Amerikoa . 24. Januoar 1874 - Aceh wäd fon niederloundske Troppen unner Generoal van Swieten iennuumen. 27. Januoar 1756 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart gebooren, aastrieksken Komponist († 1791 ) 30. Januoar 1933 - Adolf Hitler wäd fon n Riekspräsident Paul von Hindenburg toun Riekskansler benaamd. 31. Januoar 1884 - Theodor Heuss gebooren, eersten Buundespräsident fon ju Buundesrepublik Düütsklound . Ju Enzyklopädie Geographie Seelterlound - Do Fräislounde - Düütsklound - Niederlounde Wietenskup Biologie - Geskichte Kultuur Sproaken un Dialekte in do Fräislounde - Minnerhaide Galerie Uutsoachte Sieden Kategorie Liesten Toalhouk Seelterfräiske Täkste ap Wikiwälle Seeltersk heere un sjo Woudeliesten Bielde fon ju Wiek Klik ap ju Bielde, uum moor wies tou wäiden! Wietenskup Biologie - Geskichte Kultuur Sproaken un Dialekte in do Fräislounde - Minnerhaide Galerie Uutsoachte Sieden Galerie Uutsoachte Sieden Kategorie Liesten Kategorie Liesten Seelterfräiske Täkste ap Wikiwälle Seeltersk heere un sjo Woudeliesten Klik ap ju Bielde, uum moor wies tou wäiden! Wikimedia Commons Mediendoatäie Meta-Wiki Projektkoordination Wiktionary Woudebouk Wikibooks Leerbouke Wikiwälle Wällensammelenge Wikispecies Sammelenge fon Dierte un Plonten Wikiquote Zitoatsammelenge Wikinews Ättergjuchte Wikimedia Commons Mediendoatäie Meta-Wiki Projektkoordination Wiktionary Woudebouk Wikibooks Leerbouke Wikiwälle Wällensammelenge Wikispecies Sammelenge fon Dierte un Plonten Wikiquote Zitoatsammelenge Wikinews Ättergjuchte Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Boarisch Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski English Français Nordfriisk Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz Hornjoserbsce Հայերեն ქართული Ripoarisch Kernowek Lëtzebuergesch Limburgs Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies Nederlands Romani čhib Scots Disse Siede wuude toulääst annerd uum 07:20, 1. Moai 2013. Die Seite wurde mit Parsoid gerendert. Die Text is unner ju Lizenz „Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike“ ferföigboar; Bedingengen uurhoop konnen anweendboar weese. 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Kezdőlap Tartalom Kiemelt szócikkek Friss változtatások Lap találomra Tudakozó Speciális lapok Kezdőknek Segítség Közösségi portál Kapcsolatfelvétel Adományok Fiók létrehozása Bejelentkezés Adományok Fiók létrehozása Bejelentkezés Kezdőlap Kezdőlap Vitalap Olvasás Lapforrás Laptörténet Olvasás Lapforrás Laptörténet Mi hivatkozik erre? Kapcsolódó változtatások Fájl feltöltése Hivatkozás erre a változatra Lapinformációk Hogyan hivatkozz erre a lapra? Rövidített URL készítése QR-kód letöltése Könyv készítése Letöltés PDF-ként Nyomtatható változat Wikimédia Commons Wikimédia Alapítvány MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Többnyelvű Wikiforrás Wikifajok Wikikönyvek Wikidata Wikifüggvények Wikimania Wikihírek Wikidézet Wikiforrás Wikiszótár Wikidata-adatlap Változat állapota Ez a lap egy ellenőrzött változata Pontosság ellenőrzött Üdvözlünk a Wikipédiában ! Ezt az enciklopédiát az olvasói szerkesztik . A magyar változatnak 565 159 szócikke van, ebből 1061 kiemelt . Ezt az enciklopédiát az olvasói szerkesztik . A magyar változatnak 565 159 szócikke van, ebből 1061 kiemelt . Fizika Földrajz Matematika Kultúra Művészet Vallás Technika Társadalom Történelem Sport Természet Összes portál Kapcsolatfelvétel Contact Fizika Földrajz Matematika Fizika Földrajz Matematika Kultúra Művészet Vallás Kultúra Művészet Vallás Technika Társadalom Történelem Technika Társadalom Történelem Sport Természet Összes portál Sport Természet Összes portál Kiemelt cikk .mw-parser-output .modul-kep{text-align:center;width:min-content}.mw-parser-output .modul-kep-floatright{float:right;margin-left:10px}.mw-parser-output .modul-kep-floatright.modul-kep-clear{clear:right}.mw-parser-output .modul-kep-floatleft{float:left;margin-right:10px}.mw-parser-output .modul-kep-floatleft.modul-kep-clear{clear:left} A Velociraptor mongoliensis rekonstrukciója A Velociraptor (nevének jelentése: ’gyors rabló’, a latin velox ’gyors’ és raptor ’rabló’, ’fosztogató’ szavak összetételéből) a theropoda alrendbe tartozó Dromaeosauridae család legismertebb neme , amely körülbelül 75–71 millió évvel ezelőtt élt, a késő kréta kor végén. Jelenleg két faja ismert, de korábban több fajt is ebbe a nembe soroltak be. Típusfaja a V. mongoliensis , melynek fosszíliáit a közép-ázsiai Mongólia területén találták meg. A második fajt, a V. osmolskae -t 2008-ban nevezték el egy belső-mongóliai koponya alapján. A többi dromaeosauridánál, például a Deinonychusnál és az Achillobatornál kisebb, nagyjából pulyka méretű volt, de számos, azokéhoz hasonló anatómiai tulajdonsággal rendelkezett. Két lábon járó, tollas húsevő volt, hosszú, merev farokkal, hátsó lábain megnagyobbodott, sarló alakú karommal, melyet a zsákmány megragadására, illetve a fákon való kapaszkodásra használt. A Velociraptor hosszú, alacsony koponyája és felfelé álló pofája alapján könnyen megkülönböztethető a többi dromaeosauridától. A Jurassic Park ban szereplő Velociraptorok valójában Deinonychusok voltak, de a könyv írásakor egy genusba sorolták őket, és később a filmben is így szerepeltek. Az őslénykutatók a fellelt több mint egy tucat fosszilis csontváznak köszönhetően ezt a dromaeosaurida nemet ismerik a legjobban. A leletek között egy különlegesség is található, amely egy Velociraptorral harcoló Protoceratops maradványait is tartalmazza. Tovább a szócikkhez… A kezdőlapon legutóbb megjelent szócikkek: M1 Abrams • Holló • Királyok völgye 62 • Jaguár • Jefferson Airplane • Koreai alkoholos italok • Macskák királysága További kiemelt lapok… Kiemelt cikk A Velociraptor (nevének jelentése: ’gyors rabló’, a latin velox ’gyors’ és raptor ’rabló’, ’fosztogató’ szavak összetételéből) a theropoda alrendbe tartozó Dromaeosauridae család legismertebb neme , amely körülbelül 75–71 millió évvel ezelőtt élt, a késő kréta kor végén. Jelenleg két faja ismert, de korábban több fajt is ebbe a nembe soroltak be. Típusfaja a V. mongoliensis , melynek fosszíliáit a közép-ázsiai Mongólia területén találták meg. A második fajt, a V. osmolskae -t 2008-ban nevezték el egy belső-mongóliai koponya alapján. A többi dromaeosauridánál, például a Deinonychusnál és az Achillobatornál kisebb, nagyjából pulyka méretű volt, de számos, azokéhoz hasonló anatómiai tulajdonsággal rendelkezett. Két lábon járó, tollas húsevő volt, hosszú, merev farokkal, hátsó lábain megnagyobbodott, sarló alakú karommal, melyet a zsákmány megragadására, illetve a fákon való kapaszkodásra használt. A Velociraptor hosszú, alacsony koponyája és felfelé álló pofája alapján könnyen megkülönböztethető a többi dromaeosauridától. A kezdőlapon legutóbb megjelent szócikkek: M1 Abrams • Holló • Királyok völgye 62 • Jaguár • Jefferson Airplane • Koreai alkoholos italok • Macskák királysága A nap képe .mw-parser-output .potd-navigation{text-align:right;font-weight:bold} A Tonga szigetországban található tenger alatti vulkán kitöréséből származó légköri füstfelhő látképe a Nemzetközi Űrállomásról , amely 269 mérföld magasságban keringett a Csendes-óceán felett, Auckland északnyugati részén ( Új-Zéland ) Teljes méret • Archívum Tudtad-e, hogy… A Várkertfürdő termálmedencéje …a 20. században bevett gyakorlat volt Magyarországon, hogy a választás napjára szesztilalmat rendeltek el, azaz nem nyithattak ki az alkoholt árusító helyek? …a Nipponosaurus a jelenlegi legkevésbé ismert lambeosaurina? …az ( a + b ) 2 = a 2 + 2 a b + b 2 {\displaystyle (a+b)^{2}=a^{2}+2ab+b^{2}} binomiális formulát Euklidész bizonyította be az i. e. 3. században geometriai módszerekkel? …2003-ban a pápai Várkertfürdőt az első Orbán-kormány gazdasági minisztere ( Matolcsy György ) és a Medgyessy-kormány sportminisztere ( Gyurcsány Ferenc ) jelenlétében nyitották meg? Korábbi érdekességek… A nap képe Tudtad-e, hogy… …a 20. században bevett gyakorlat volt Magyarországon, hogy a választás napjára szesztilalmat rendeltek el, azaz nem nyithattak ki az alkoholt árusító helyek? …a Nipponosaurus a jelenlegi legkevésbé ismert lambeosaurina? …az ( a + b ) 2 = a 2 + 2 a b + b 2 {\displaystyle (a+b)^{2}=a^{2}+2ab+b^{2}} binomiális formulát Euklidész bizonyította be az i. e. 3. században geometriai módszerekkel? …2003-ban a pápai Várkertfürdőt az első Orbán-kormány gazdasági minisztere ( Matolcsy György ) és a Medgyessy-kormány sportminisztere ( Gyurcsány Ferenc ) jelenlétében nyitották meg? Aktuális Az Országgyűlés székháza, az Országház Január 13-án Sulyok Tamás köztársasági elnök április 12-ére tűzte ki a 2026-os magyarországi országgyűlési választást . Január 5-én kinevezték Delcy Rodríguezt Venezuela megbízott elnökének. Január 3-án Ciudad de la Paz lett Egyenlítői-Guinea fővárosa, Malabo helyét átvéve. Január 3-án az Egyesült Államok hadserege elfogta Venezuela elnökét, Nicolás Madurót és feleségét, Cilia Florest. Január 1-jén negyven halálos áldozatot követelő tűz ütött ki a svájci Crans-Montana síparadicsom egyik szórakozóhelyén. Az év aktualitásai : 2026-os magyarországi országgyűlési választás – Izrael–Hamász-háború ( népirtás ; tűzszünet ) – orosz invázió Ukrajna ellen – 2026. évi téli olimpiai játékok – 2026-os labdarúgó-világbajnokság Halálesetek a közelmúltban : Orosz István – Jórgosz Vaszilíu – Claudette Colvin – Rolland Courbis – Eddie McCreadie – Erich von Däniken – Vámos Lászlóné Ezen a napon Ma 2026 . január 16. van, Gusztáv névnapja Izrael zászlaja Szent Marcellus pápa emléknapja Izrael zászlajának napja Tanárok napja Thaiföldön ( 1957 óta) A vallásszabadság nemzeti napja az Amerikai Egyesült Államokban Évfordulók 235 éve , 1791 -ben született Henryk Dembiński honvéd altábornagy, a lengyel és a magyar szabadságharc tábornoka († 1864). 205 éve , 1821 -ben született Jámbor Pál (Hiador) római katolikus pap, magyar költő és író († 1897). 155 éve , 1871 -ben adták át a miskolci városházát . 125 éve , 1901 -ben hunyt el Arnold Böcklin svájci festő, grafikus, szobrász (* 1827). 125 éve , 1901 -ben született Fulgencio Batista kubai elnök, diktátor († 1973). 95 éve , 1931 -ben született Johannes Rau német politikus, a Német Szövetségi Köztársaság elnöke († 2006). 85 éve , 1941 -ben született Ewa Demarczyk lengyel énekesnő, színházigazgató († 2020). 80 éve , 1946 -ban született Kabir Bedi indiai színész. 80 éve , 1946 -ban született Michael Lloyd Coats amerikai űrhajós. 30 éve , 1996 -ban hunyt el Márton István kárpátaljai zeneszerző, zongoraművész, pedagógus (* 1923). Kabir Bedi Ewa Demarczyk A miskolci városháza Henryk Dembiński További ünnepek… További évfordulók… Aktuális Január 13-án Sulyok Tamás köztársasági elnök április 12-ére tűzte ki a 2026-os magyarországi országgyűlési választást . Január 5-én kinevezték Delcy Rodríguezt Venezuela megbízott elnökének. Január 3-án Ciudad de la Paz lett Egyenlítői-Guinea fővárosa, Malabo helyét átvéve. Január 3-án az Egyesült Államok hadserege elfogta Venezuela elnökét, Nicolás Madurót és feleségét, Cilia Florest. Január 1-jén negyven halálos áldozatot követelő tűz ütött ki a svájci Crans-Montana síparadicsom egyik szórakozóhelyén. Az év aktualitásai : 2026-os magyarországi országgyűlési választás – Izrael–Hamász-háború ( népirtás ; tűzszünet ) – orosz invázió Ukrajna ellen – 2026. évi téli olimpiai játékok – 2026-os labdarúgó-világbajnokság Halálesetek a közelmúltban : Orosz István – Jórgosz Vaszilíu – Claudette Colvin – Rolland Courbis – Eddie McCreadie – Erich von Däniken – Vámos Lászlóné Ezen a napon Ma 2026 . január 16. van, Gusztáv névnapja Szent Marcellus pápa emléknapja Izrael zászlajának napja Tanárok napja Thaiföldön ( 1957 óta) A vallásszabadság nemzeti napja az Amerikai Egyesült Államokban Évfordulók 235 éve , 1791 -ben született Henryk Dembiński honvéd altábornagy, a lengyel és a magyar szabadságharc tábornoka († 1864). 205 éve , 1821 -ben született Jámbor Pál (Hiador) római katolikus pap, magyar költő és író († 1897). 155 éve , 1871 -ben adták át a miskolci városházát . 125 éve , 1901 -ben hunyt el Arnold Böcklin svájci festő, grafikus, szobrász (* 1827). 125 éve , 1901 -ben született Fulgencio Batista kubai elnök, diktátor († 1973). 95 éve , 1931 -ben született Johannes Rau német politikus, a Német Szövetségi Köztársaság elnöke († 2006). 85 éve , 1941 -ben született Ewa Demarczyk lengyel énekesnő, színházigazgató († 2020). 80 éve , 1946 -ban született Kabir Bedi indiai színész. 80 éve , 1946 -ban született Michael Lloyd Coats amerikai űrhajós. 30 éve , 1996 -ban hunyt el Márton István kárpátaljai zeneszerző, zongoraművész, pedagógus (* 1923). Ismerkedés a Wikipédiával Üdvözlőlap – Bemutatkozik a Wikipédia. Első lépések – Didaktikusan felépített bevezető a Wikipédia szerkesztésébe. Segítség – Egyszerű, közepes és haladó szerkesztési tippek, útmutatók. Wikifogalmak – Minden, ami elsőre kínaiul hangzik a Wikipédián, itt magyarázatra lel. Kocsmafal kezdőknek – Az új szerkesztő kérdez, aki tud, válaszol. Próbalap – Újdonsült szerkesztőinknek ajánljuk. Homokozó – Újdonsült szerkesztőink szabadon garázdálkodhatnak benne. Mentorálás – Kezdeti lépéseidhez támogatást kaphatsz egy tapasztaltabb szerkesztőtől. Szerkesztői közösség Nagykövetség / Embassy – Kapcsolat más nyelvű Wikipédiákkal. Üzenőfalak – A Wikipédia különböző tisztségviselőihez intézhető kérések és kérdések platformja. Adminisztrátorok üzenőfala – Az adminisztrátori beavatkozást igénylő esetekre. Járőrök üzenőfala – A járőri beavatkozást igénylő esetekre. Wikipédia a sajtóban – Mit írnak a Wikipédiáról? Magyar Wikipédia Magazin 500 000 szócikk a magyar Wikipédián! | 2022. február 16. Ismerkedés a Wikipédiával Üdvözlőlap – Bemutatkozik a Wikipédia. Első lépések – Didaktikusan felépített bevezető a Wikipédia szerkesztésébe. Segítség – Egyszerű, közepes és haladó szerkesztési tippek, útmutatók. Wikifogalmak – Minden, ami elsőre kínaiul hangzik a Wikipédián, itt magyarázatra lel. Kocsmafal kezdőknek – Az új szerkesztő kérdez, aki tud, válaszol. Próbalap – Újdonsült szerkesztőinknek ajánljuk. Homokozó – Újdonsült szerkesztőink szabadon garázdálkodhatnak benne. Mentorálás – Kezdeti lépéseidhez támogatást kaphatsz egy tapasztaltabb szerkesztőtől. Szerkesztői közösség Nagykövetség / Embassy – Kapcsolat más nyelvű Wikipédiákkal. Üzenőfalak – A Wikipédia különböző tisztségviselőihez intézhető kérések és kérdések platformja. Adminisztrátorok üzenőfala – Az adminisztrátori beavatkozást igénylő esetekre. Járőrök üzenőfala – A járőri beavatkozást igénylő esetekre. Wikipédia a sajtóban – Mit írnak a Wikipédiáról? Magyar Wikipédia Magazin 500 000 szócikk a magyar Wikipédián! | 2022. február 16. Wikipédia más nyelveken Most a 2003 -ban indult magyar nyelvű Wikipédiát olvasod, de a Wikipédia sok más nyelven is elérhető. A legnagyobb Wikipédiák (több mint 2 millió szócikkel): angol , francia , holland , német , orosz , spanyol , svéd , szebuano . Wikipédiák a Magyarországon hivatalosan elismert nemzetiségek nyelvein: bolgár , cigány , görög , horvát , lengyel , német , örmény , román , ruszin , szerb , szerbhorvát , szlovák , szlovén , ukrán . További nyelvek… Wikimédia-társlapok A Wikipédiát a nonprofit Wikimédia Alapítvány üzemelteti. A Wikimédia számos többnyelvű és nyílt tartalmú társlapot üzemeltet: Wikiszótár Többnyelvű szótár és szinonimaszótár Wikimédia Commons Szabad médiaállományok gyűjteménye Wikidézet Többnyelvű idézet- és szólásgyűjtemény Wikiegyetem Jegyzetek és tanulási segédletek Wikifajok Rendszertani adatbázis Wikiforrás Szabad forrásmunkák Wikikönyvek Szabad kézikönyvek és útmutatók Wikidata Szabad központi tudásbázis Wikivoyage Szabad útikalauz Meta-Wiki A Wikimédia-projektek koordinációja Felhasználási feltételek A Wikipédiában található szövegekre és egyes képekre a Creative Commons Nevezd meg! – Így add tovább! 4.0 (CC-BY-SA-4.0) licenc vonatkozik. Minden szerkesztésed ezen licenc elfogadását és alkalmazását jelenti, mellyel hozzájárulsz, hogy a művet bárki módosíthatja, azt bármilyen célra felhasználhatja. A Wikipédia tartalmának újrafelhasználásakor (átdolgozás esetén is) meg kell adnod, hogy a műre a fenti licenc vonatkozik, továbbá meg kell nevezned a forrásul szolgáló szócikket; internetes közzététel esetén a forrásműre mutató linket kell elhelyezned honlapodon. A képek felhasználási feltételeit külön kell ellenőrizned. .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Felhasználási feltételek Jogi nyilatkozat Újrafelhasználási útmutató Wikipédia más nyelveken A legnagyobb Wikipédiák (több mint 2 millió szócikkel): angol , francia , holland , német , orosz , spanyol , svéd , szebuano . Wikipédiák a Magyarországon hivatalosan elismert nemzetiségek nyelvein: bolgár , cigány , görög , horvát , lengyel , német , örmény , román , ruszin , szerb , szerbhorvát , szlovák , szlovén , ukrán . Wikimédia-társlapok A Wikipédiát a nonprofit Wikimédia Alapítvány üzemelteti. A Wikimédia számos többnyelvű és nyílt tartalmú társlapot üzemeltet: Wikiszótár Többnyelvű szótár és szinonimaszótár Wikimédia Commons Szabad médiaállományok gyűjteménye Wikidézet Többnyelvű idézet- és szólásgyűjtemény Wikiegyetem Jegyzetek és tanulási segédletek Wikifajok Rendszertani adatbázis Wikiforrás Szabad forrásmunkák Wikikönyvek Szabad kézikönyvek és útmutatók Wikidata Szabad központi tudásbázis Wikivoyage Szabad útikalauz Meta-Wiki A Wikimédia-projektek koordinációja Felhasználási feltételek Minden szerkesztésed ezen licenc elfogadását és alkalmazását jelenti, mellyel hozzájárulsz, hogy a művet bárki módosíthatja, azt bármilyen célra felhasználhatja. A Wikipédia tartalmának újrafelhasználásakor (átdolgozás esetén is) meg kell adnod, hogy a műre a fenti licenc vonatkozik, továbbá meg kell nevezned a forrásul szolgáló szócikket; internetes közzététel esetén a forrásműre mutató linket kell elhelyezned honlapodon. A képek felhasználási feltételeit külön kell ellenőrizned. Felhasználási feltételek Jogi nyilatkozat Újrafelhasználási útmutató Kezdőlap English Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Gĩkũyũ Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kʋsaal Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi ရခိုင် Rumantsch Romani čhib Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Руски Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ ትግሬ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu A lap utolsó módosítása: 2025. október 24., 16:17 A lap szövege Creative Commons Nevezd meg! – Így add tovább! 4.0 licenc alatt van; egyes esetekben más módon is felhasználható. Részletekért lásd a felhasználási feltételeket . Adatvédelmi irányelvek A Wikipédiáról Jogi nyilatkozat Magatartási kódex Fejlesztők Statisztikák Sütinyilatkozat Mobil nézet
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https://arxiv.org/format/2601.10696
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Classification 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 Proto-Germanic to Old English 2.2 Influence of Old Norse 2.3 Middle English 2.4 Early Modern English 2.5 Spread of Modern English 2.1 Proto-Germanic to Old English 2.2 Influence of Old Norse 2.3 Middle English 2.4 Early Modern English 2.5 Spread of Modern English 3 Geographical distribution Toggle Geographical distribution subsection 3.1 Three circles model 3.2 Pluricentric English 3.3 English as a global language 3.1 Three circles model 3.2 Pluricentric English 3.3 English as a global language 4 Phonology Toggle Phonology subsection 4.1 Consonants 4.2 Vowels 4.3 Phonotactics 4.4 Stress, rhythm, and intonation 4.5 Regional variation 4.1 Consonants 4.2 Vowels 4.3 Phonotactics 4.4 Stress, rhythm, and intonation 4.5 Regional variation 5 Grammar Toggle Grammar subsection 5.1 Nouns and noun phrases 5.1.1 Adjectives 5.1.2 Determiners 5.1.3 Pronouns, case, and person 5.1.4 Prepositions 5.2 Verbs and verb phrases 5.2.1 Tense, aspect, and mood 5.2.2 Phrasal verbs 5.2.3 Adverbs 5.3 Syntax 5.3.1 Basic constituent order 5.3.2 Clause syntax 5.3.3 Auxiliary verb constructions 5.3.4 Questions 5.3.5 Discourse level syntax 5.1 Nouns and noun phrases 5.1.1 Adjectives 5.1.2 Determiners 5.1.3 Pronouns, case, and person 5.1.4 Prepositions 5.1.1 Adjectives 5.1.2 Determiners 5.1.3 Pronouns, case, and person 5.1.4 Prepositions 5.2 Verbs and verb phrases 5.2.1 Tense, aspect, and mood 5.2.2 Phrasal verbs 5.2.3 Adverbs 5.2.1 Tense, aspect, and mood 5.2.2 Phrasal verbs 5.2.3 Adverbs 5.3 Syntax 5.3.1 Basic constituent order 5.3.2 Clause syntax 5.3.3 Auxiliary verb constructions 5.3.4 Questions 5.3.5 Discourse level syntax 5.3.1 Basic constituent order 5.3.2 Clause syntax 5.3.3 Auxiliary verb constructions 5.3.4 Questions 5.3.5 Discourse level syntax 6 Vocabulary Toggle Vocabulary subsection 6.1 Word-formation processes 6.2 Word origins 6.3 English loans in other languages 6.1 Word-formation processes 6.2 Word origins 6.3 English loans in other languages 7 Orthography 8 Dialects, accents, and varieties Toggle Dialects, accents, and varieties subsection 8.1 Britain and Ireland 8.2 North America 8.3 Australia and New Zealand 8.4 Southeast Asia 8.5 Africa, the Caribbean, and South Asia 8.6 Non-native varieties 8.1 Britain and Ireland 8.2 North America 8.3 Australia and New Zealand 8.4 Southeast Asia 8.5 Africa, the Caribbean, and South Asia 8.6 Non-native varieties 9 See also 10 References Toggle References subsection 10.1 Bibliography 10.1 Bibliography 11 External links English language Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ अंगिका Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu अवधी Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali Bamanankan বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dagbanli Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski डोटेली ཇོང་ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiatun Ирон IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Ikinyarwanda Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladin Ladino Лакку ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Li Niha Ligure Limburgs Lingála Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. 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தமிழ் Taclḥit Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Thuɔŋjäŋ ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ Lea faka-Tonga ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese Tshivenda ತುಳು Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Tyap Тыва дыл Удмурт Basa Ugi Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon Wayuunaiki 文言 West-Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Batak Toba Betawi Batak Mandailing Kadazandusun Jaku Iban Kumoring Yerwa Kanuri Moore IsiNdebele seSewula Nupe ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ Tolışi Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikifunctions Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikidata item English Pronunciation / ˈ ɪ ŋ ɡ l ɪ ʃ / ING-lish [ 1 ] Native to The English-speaking world , including the United Kingdom , United States , Canada , Australia , Ireland , New Zealand , Commonwealth Caribbean , South Africa and others Speakers L1 : 380 million (2021) [ 2 ] .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} L2 : 1.077 billion (2021) [ 3 ] Total : 1.457 billion L2 : 1.077 billion (2021) [ 3 ] Total : 1.457 billion Language family Indo-European Germanic West Germanic North Sea Germanic Anglic English Germanic West Germanic North Sea Germanic Anglic English West Germanic North Sea Germanic Anglic English North Sea Germanic Anglic English Anglic English English Early forms Proto-English Old English Middle English Early Modern English Old English Middle English Early Modern English Middle English Early Modern English Early Modern English Dialects .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} British English North American Caribbean Australian New Zealand South African Hiberno-English ( full list ) British English North American Caribbean Australian New Zealand South African Hiberno-English Writing system Latin ( English alphabet ) Anglo-Saxon runes (historical) English Braille , Unified English Braille Latin ( English alphabet ) Anglo-Saxon runes (historical) English Braille , Unified English Braille Signed forms Manually coded English (multiple systems) Official status Official language in 57 countries and 30 dependent territories Organisations including the UN , EU , Commonwealth , ICC , IMF , IOC , ISO , NATO , WTO , ASEAN , OAS and OECD 57 countries and 30 dependent territories Organisations including the UN , EU , Commonwealth , ICC , IMF , IOC , ISO , NATO , WTO , ASEAN , OAS and OECD Language codes ISO 639-1 en ISO 639-2 eng ISO 639-3 eng Glottolog stan1293 Linguasphere 52-ABA .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Regions where English is the native language of the majority Regions where English is an official or widely spoken language, but not a majority native language This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA . English is a West Germanic language that emerged in early medieval England and has since become a global lingua franca . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The namesake of the language is the Angles , one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Britain after the end of Roman rule . English is the most spoken language in the world, primarily due to the global influences of the former British Empire (succeeded by the Commonwealth of Nations ) and the United States . It is the most widely learned second language in the world, with more second-language speakers than native speakers. However, English is only the third-most spoken native language , after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish . [ 3 ] English is either the official language, or one of the official languages, in 57 sovereign states and 30 dependent territories , making it the most geographically widespread language in the world. In the United Kingdom , the United States, Australia , and New Zealand , it is the dominant language for historical reasons without being explicitly defined by law. [ 7 ] It is a co-official language of the United Nations , the European Union , and many other international and regional organisations. It has also become the de facto lingua franca of diplomacy, science , technology, international trade, logistics , tourism, aviation, entertainment, and the Internet . [ 8 ] Ethnologue estimated that there were over 1.4 billion speakers worldwide as of 2021 [update] . [ 3 ] Old English emerged from a group of West Germanic dialects spoken by the Anglo-Saxons . Early inscriptions were written with runes before a Latin-based alphabet was adopted for longer texts. Late Old English borrowed some grammar and core vocabulary from Old Norse , a North Germanic language . [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] An evolution of the Latin alphabet, the English alphabet , fully supplanted the runic alphabet by the High Middle Ages , coinciding with the emergence of Middle English in England under Norman control . Middle English borrowed vocabulary extensively from French dialects , which are the source of approximately 28 per cent of Modern English words , and from Latin , which is the source of an additional 28 per cent . [ 12 ] While Latin and the Romance languages are thus the source for a majority of its lexicon taken as a whole, English's grammar and phonology remain Germanic, as does most of its basic everyday vocabulary. Finally, Middle English transformed, in part through the Great Vowel Shift , into Modern English , which exists on a dialect continuum with Scots ; it is next-most closely related to Low Saxon and Frisian . Classification English is a member of the Indo-European language family , belonging to the West Germanic branch of Germanic languages . [ 13 ] Owing to their descent from a shared ancestor language known as Proto-Germanic , English and other Germanic languages – which include Dutch , German , and Swedish [ 14 ] – have characteristic features in common, including a division of verbs into strong and weak classes, the use of modal verbs , and sound changes affecting Proto-Indo-European consonants known as Grimm's and Verner's laws . [ 15 ] Old English was one of several Ingvaeonic languages , which emerged from a dialect continuum spoken by West Germanic peoples during the 5th century in Frisia , on the coast of the North Sea . Old English emerged among the Ingvaeonic speakers on the British Isles following their migration there, while the other Ingvaeonic languages ( Frisian and Old Low German ) developed in parallel on the continent. [ 16 ] Old English evolved into Middle English , which in turn evolved into Modern English. [ 17 ] Particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into other Anglic languages , including Scots [ 18 ] and the extinct Fingallian and Yola dialects of Ireland. [ 19 ] English was isolated from other Germanic languages on the continent and diverged considerably in vocabulary , syntax , and phonology as a result. It is not mutually intelligible with any continental Germanic language – though some, such as Dutch and Frisian, show strong affinities with it, especially in its earlier stages. [ 20 ] [ page needed ] English and Frisian were traditionally considered more closely related to one another than they were to other West Germanic languages, but most modern scholarship does not recognise a particular affinity between them. [ 21 ] Though they exhibited similar sound changes not otherwise found around the North Sea at that time, the specific changes appeared in English and Frisian at different times – a pattern uncharacteristic for languages sharing a unique phylogenetic ancestor. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] History Proto-Germanic to Old English Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon ) was the earliest form of the English language, spoken from c. 450 to c. 1150 . Old English developed from a set of West Germanic dialects, sometimes identified as Anglo-Frisian or North Sea Germanic , that were originally spoken along the coasts of Frisia , Lower Saxony and southern Jutland by Germanic peoples known to the historical record as the Angles , Saxons , and Jutes . [ 25 ] From the 5th century, the Anglo-Saxons settled Britain as the Roman economy and administration collapsed . By the 7th century, Old English had become dominant in Britain – replacing the Common Brittonic and British Latin previously spoken during the Roman occupation , [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] which ultimately left little influence on English. England and English (originally Ænglaland and Ænglisc ) are both named after the Angles. [ 29 ] Old English was divided into two Anglian dialects ( Mercian and Northumbrian ) and two Saxon dialects ( Kentish and West Saxon ). [ 30 ] Through the influence exerted by the kingdom of Wessex , and the educational reforms instated by King Alfred during the 9th century, the West Saxon dialect became the standard written variety . [ 31 ] The epic poem Beowulf is written in West Saxon, and the earliest English poem, Cædmon's Hymn , is written in Northumbrian. [ 32 ] Modern English developed mainly from Mercian, but the Scots language developed from Northumbrian. During the earliest period of Old English, a few short inscriptions were made using a runic alphabet . [ 33 ] By the 7th century, a Latin alphabet had been adopted. Written with half-uncial letterforms , it included the runic letters wynn ⟨ ƿ ⟩ and thorn ⟨ þ ⟩ , and the modified Latin letters eth ⟨ ð ⟩ , and ash ⟨ æ ⟩ . [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Old English is markedly different from Modern English, such that 21st-century English speakers are entirely unable to understand Old English without special training. Its grammar was similar to that of modern German: nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs had many more inflectional endings and forms , and word order was much freer than in Modern English. Modern English has case forms in pronouns ( he , him , his ) and has a few verb inflections ( speak , speaks , speaking , spoke , spoken ), but Old English had case endings in nouns as well, and verbs had more person and number endings. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Influence of Old Norse Between the 8th and 11th centuries, the English spoken in some regions underwent significant changes due to contact with Old Norse , a North Germanic language. Several waves of Norsemen colonising the northern British Isles in the 8th and 9th centuries put Old English speakers in constant contact with Old Norse. Norse influence was strongest in the north-eastern varieties of Old English spoken in the Danelaw surrounding York; today these features are still particularly present in Scots and Northern English . The centre of Norse influence was Lindsey , located in the Midlands . After Lindsey was incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon polity in 920, English spread extensively throughout the region. An element of Norse influence that continues in all English varieties today is the third person pronoun group beginning with th- ( they , them , their ) which replaced the Anglo-Saxon pronouns with h- ( hie, him, hera ). [ 38 ] Other Norse loanwords include give , get , sky , skirt , egg , and cake , typically displacing a native Anglo-Saxon equivalent. Old Norse in this era retained considerable mutual intelligibility with some dialects of Old English, particularly northern ones. [ 39 ] Middle English Englischmen þeyz hy hadde fram þe bygynnyng þre manner speche, Souþeron, Northeron, and Myddel speche in þe myddel of þe lond, ... Noþeles by comyxstion and mellyng, furst wiþ Danes, and afterward wiþ Normans, in menye þe contray longage ys asperyed, and som vseþ strange wlaffyng, chyteryng, harryng, and garryng grisbytting. [Although, from the beginning, Englishmen had three manners of speaking, southern, northern and midlands speech in the middle of the country, ... Nevertheless, through intermingling and mixing, first with Danes and then with Normans, amongst many the country language has arisen, and some use strange stammering, chattering, snarling, and grating gnashing.] Englischmen þeyz hy hadde fram þe bygynnyng þre manner speche, Souþeron, Northeron, and Myddel speche in þe myddel of þe lond, ... Noþeles by comyxstion and mellyng, furst wiþ Danes, and afterward wiþ Normans, in menye þe contray longage ys asperyed, and som vseþ strange wlaffyng, chyteryng, harryng, and garryng grisbytting. [Although, from the beginning, Englishmen had three manners of speaking, southern, northern and midlands speech in the middle of the country, ... Nevertheless, through intermingling and mixing, first with Danes and then with Normans, amongst many the country language has arisen, and some use strange stammering, chattering, snarling, and grating gnashing.] The Middle English period is often defined as beginning with the Norman Conquest in 1066. During the centuries that followed, English was heavily influenced by the form of Old French spoken by the new Norman ruling class that had migrated to England (known as Old Norman ). Over the following decades of contact, members of the middle and upper classes, whether native English or Norman, became increasingly bilingual. By 1150 at the latest, bilingual speakers represented a majority of the English aristocracy, and monolingual French speakers were nearly non-existent. [ 41 ] The French spoken by the Norman elite in England eventually developed into the Anglo-Norman language . [ 42 ] The division between Old to Middle English can also be placed during the composition of the Ormulum ( c. late 12th century ), a work by the Augustinian canon Orrm which highlights blending of Old English and Anglo-Norman elements in the language for the first time. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] As the lower classes, who represented the vast majority of the population, remained monolingual English speakers, a primary influence of Norman was as a lexical superstratum, introducing a wide range of loanwords related to politics, legislation and prestigious social domains. [ 11 ] For instance, the French word trône appears for the first time, from which the English word throne is derived. [ 45 ] Middle English also greatly simplified the inflectional system, probably in order to reconcile Old Norse and Old English, which were inflectionally different but morphologically similar. The distinction between nominative and accusative cases was lost except in personal pronouns, the instrumental case was dropped, and the use of the genitive case was limited to indicating possession . The inflectional system regularised many irregular inflectional forms, [ 46 ] and gradually simplified the system of agreement, making word order less flexible. [ 47 ] Middle English literature includes Geoffrey Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales ( c. 1400 ), and Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur (1485). In the Middle English period, the use of regional dialects in writing proliferated, and dialect traits were even used for effect by authors such as Chaucer. [ 48 ] In the first translation of the entire Bible into English by John Wycliffe (1382), Matthew 8:20 reads: "Foxis han dennes, and briddis of heuene han nestis." [ 49 ] Here the plural suffix -n on the verb have is still retained, but none of the case endings on the nouns are present. Early Modern English The period of Early Modern English , lasting between 1500 and 1700, was characterised by the Great Vowel Shift (1350–1700), inflectional simplification, and linguistic standardisation. The Great Vowel Shift affected the stressed long vowels of Middle English. It was a chain shift , meaning that each shift triggered a subsequent shift in the vowel system. Mid and open vowels were raised , and close vowels were broken into diphthongs . For example, the word bite was originally pronounced as the word beet is today, and the second vowel in the word about was pronounced as the word boot is today. The Great Vowel Shift explains many irregularities in spelling since English retains many spellings from Middle English, and it also explains why English vowel letters have very different pronunciations from the same letters in other languages. [ 50 ] [ 51 ] English began to rise in prestige, relative to Norman French, during the reign of Henry V . Around 1430, the Court of Chancery in Westminster began using English in its official documents , and a new standard form of Middle English, known as Chancery Standard , developed from the dialects of London and the East Midlands . In 1476, William Caxton introduced the printing press to England and began publishing the first printed books in London, expanding the influence of this form of English. [ 52 ] Literature in Early Modern English includes the works of William Shakespeare and the 1611 King James Version (KJV) of the Bible. Even after the vowel shift the language still sounded different from Modern English: for example, the consonant clusters /kn ɡn sw/ in knight , gnat , and sword were still pronounced. Many of the grammatical features that a modern reader of Shakespeare might find quaint or archaic represent the distinct characteristics of Early Modern English. [ 53 ] Matthew 8:20 in the KJV reads: "The Foxes have holes and the birds of the ayre have nests." [ 54 ] This exemplifies the loss of case and its effects on sentence structure (replacement with subject–verb–object word order, and the use of of instead of the non-possessive genitive), and the introduction of loanwords from French ( ayre ) and word replacements ( bird , originally meaning 'nestling', which had replaced Old English fugol ). [ 54 ] Spread of Modern English By the late 18th century, the British Empire had spread English through its colonies and geopolitical dominance. Commerce, science and technology, diplomacy, art, and formal education all contributed to English becoming the first truly global language. English also facilitated worldwide international communication. [ 55 ] [ 4 ] English was adopted in parts of North America, parts of Africa, Oceania, and many other regions. When they obtained political independence, some of the newly independent states that had multiple indigenous languages opted to continue using English as the official language to avoid the political and other difficulties inherent in promoting any one indigenous language above the others. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] [ 58 ] In the 20th century the growing economic and cultural influence of the United States and its status as a superpower following the Second World War has, along with worldwide broadcasting in English by the BBC [ 59 ] and other broadcasters, caused the language to spread across the planet much faster. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] In the 21st century, English is more widely spoken and written than any language has ever been. [ 62 ] As Modern English developed, explicit norms for standard usage were published, and spread through official media such as public education and state-sponsored publications. In 1755, Samuel Johnson published his Dictionary of the English Language , which introduced standard spellings of words and usage norms. In 1828, Noah Webster published the American Dictionary of the English language to try to establish a norm for speaking and writing American English that was independent of the British standard. Within Britain, non-standard or lower class dialect features were increasingly stigmatised, leading to the quick spread of the prestige varieties among the middle classes. [ 63 ] In modern English, the loss of grammatical case is almost complete (it is now found only in pronouns, such as he and him , she and her , who and whom ), and subject–verb–object word order is mostly fixed. [ 63 ] Some changes, such as the use of do -support , have become universalised. (Earlier English did not use the word do as a general auxiliary as Modern English does; at first it was only used in question constructions, and even then was not obligatory. [ 64 ] Now, do -support with the verb have is becoming increasingly standardised.) The use of progressive forms in -ing , appears to be spreading to new constructions, and forms such as "had been being built" are becoming more common. Regularisation of irregular forms also slowly continues (e.g. dreamed instead of dreamt ), and analytical alternatives to inflectional forms are becoming more common (e.g. more polite instead of politer ). British English is also undergoing change under the influence of American English, fuelled by the strong presence of American English in the media. [ 65 ] [ 66 ] [ 67 ] Geographical distribution As of 2016 [update] , 400 million people spoke English as their first language , and 1.1 billion spoke it as a second language. [ 69 ] English is the largest language by number of speakers , spoken by communities on every continent. [ 70 ] Estimates of second language and foreign-language speakers vary greatly depending on how proficiency is defined, from 470 million to more than 1 billion. [ 7 ] In 2003, David Crystal estimated that non-native speakers outnumbered native speakers by a ratio of three-to-one. [ 71 ] Three circles model Braj Kachru has categorised countries into the Three Circles of English model, according to how the language historically spread in each country, how it is acquired by the populace, and the range of uses it has there – with a country's classification able to change over time. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] "Inner-circle" countries have large communities of native English speakers; these include the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand, where the majority speaks English – and South Africa, where a significant minority speaks English. The countries with the most native English speakers are, in descending order, the United States (at least 231 million), [ 74 ] the United Kingdom (60 million), [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ 77 ] Canada (19 million), [ 78 ] Australia (at least 17 million), [ 79 ] South Africa (4.8 million), [ 80 ] Ireland (4.2 million), and New Zealand (3.7 million). [ 81 ] In these countries, children of native speakers learn English from their parents, and local people who speak other languages and new immigrants learn English to communicate in their neighbourhoods and workplaces. [ 82 ] Inner-circle countries are the base from which English spreads to other regions of the world. [ 72 ] "Outer-circle" countries – such as the Philippines, [ 83 ] Jamaica, [ 84 ] India, Pakistan, Singapore, [ 85 ] Malaysia, and Nigeria [ 86 ] [ 87 ] – have much smaller proportions of native English speakers, but use of English as a second language in education, government, or domestic business is significant, and its use for instruction in schools and official government operations is routine. [ 88 ] These countries have millions of native speakers on dialect continua, which range from English-based creole languages to standard varieties of English used in inner-circle countries. They have many more speakers who acquire English as they grow up through day-to-day use and exposure to English-language broadcasting, especially if they attend schools where English is the language of instruction. Varieties of English learned by non-native speakers born to English-speaking parents may be influenced, especially in their grammar, by the other languages spoken by those learners – with most including words rarely used by native speakers in inner-circle countries, as well as grammatical and phonological differences from inner-circle varieties. [ 82 ] "Expanding-circle" countries are where English is taught as a foreign language [ 89 ] – though the character of English as a first, second, or foreign language in a given country is often debatable, and may change over time. [ 88 ] For example, in countries like the Netherlands, an overwhelming majority of the population can speak English, [ 90 ] and it is often used in higher education and to communicate with foreigners. [ 91 ] Pluricentric English English is a pluricentric language , which means that no one national authority sets the standard for use of the language. [ 92 ] [ 93 ] [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Spoken English, including English used in broadcasting, generally follows national pronunciation standards that are established by custom rather than by regulation. International broadcasters are usually identifiable as coming from one country rather than another through their accents , [ 96 ] but newsreader scripts are also composed largely in international standard written English . The norms of standard written English are maintained purely by the consensus of educated English speakers around the world, without any oversight by any government or international organisation. [ 97 ] American listeners readily understand most British broadcasting, and British listeners readily understand most American broadcasting. Most English speakers around the world can understand radio programmes, television programmes, and films from many parts of the English-speaking world . [ 98 ] Both standard and non-standard varieties of English can include both formal or informal styles, distinguished by word choice and syntax and use both technical and non-technical registers. [ 99 ] The settlement history of the English-speaking inner circle countries outside Britain helped level dialect distinctions and produce koiné forms of English in South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. [ 100 ] The majority of immigrants to the United States without British ancestry rapidly adopted English after arrival. Now the majority of the United States population are monolingual English speakers. [ 74 ] [ 101 ] Australia has no official languages at the federal or state level. [ 102 ] In Canada, English and French share an official status at the federal level. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] English has official or co-official status in six provinces and three territories, while three provinces have none and Quebec's only official language is French. [ 105 ] English is the official second language of Ireland, while Irish is the first. [ 106 ] While New Zealand is majority English-speaking, its two official languages are Māori [ 107 ] and New Zealand Sign Language . [ 108 ] The United Kingdom does not have an official language. In Wales and Northern Ireland, English is co-official alongside Welsh [ 109 ] and Irish [ 110 ] respectively. Neither Scotland nor England have an official language. In the United States, English was designated the official language of the country by Executive Order 14224 in 2025. [ 111 ] English has additional official or co-official status at the state level in 32 states, and all 5 territories; [ 112 ] 18 states and the District of Columbia have no official language. English as a global language Modern English is sometimes described as the first global lingua franca , [ 60 ] [ 115 ] or as the first world language . [ 116 ] [ 117 ] English is the world's most widely used language in newspaper publishing, book publishing, international telecommunications, scientific publishing, international trade, mass entertainment, and diplomacy. [ 117 ] Parity with French as a language of diplomacy had been achieved by Treaty of Versailles negotiations in 1919. [ 118 ] By the time the United Nations was founded at the end of World War II , English had become pre-eminent; [ 119 ] it is one of six official languages of the United Nations. [ 120 ] and is now the main worldwide language of diplomacy and international relations. [ 121 ] Many other worldwide international organisations, including the International Olympic Committee , specify English as a working language or official language of the organisation. Many regional international organisations, such as the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), [ 61 ] and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) use English as their sole working language, despite most members not being countries with a majority of native English speakers. While the EU allows member states to designate any of the national languages as an official language of the Union, in practice English is the main working language of EU organisations. [ 122 ] English serves as the basis for the required controlled natural languages [ 123 ] Seaspeak and Airspeak, used as international languages of seafaring [ 124 ] and aviation. [ 125 ] English is the most frequently taught foreign language in the world. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Most people learning English do so for practical reasons, as opposed to ideological reasons. [ 126 ] In EU countries, English is the most widely spoken foreign language in 19 of the 25 member states where it is not an official language (that is, the countries other than Ireland and Malta ). In a 2012 official Eurobarometer poll (conducted when the UK was still a member of the EU), 38 per cent of the EU respondents outside the countries where English is an official language said they could speak English well enough to have a conversation in that language. The next most commonly mentioned foreign language, French (which is the most widely known foreign language in the UK and Ireland), could be used in conversation by 12 per cent of respondents. [ 127 ] The global influence of English has led to concerns about language death , [ 128 ] and to claims of linguistic imperialism , [ 129 ] and has provoked resistance to the spread of English; however, the number of speakers continues to increase because many people around the world think English provides them with better employment opportunities and increased quality of life. [ 130 ] Working knowledge of English has become a requirement in a number of occupations and professions such as medicine [ 131 ] and computing. Though it formerly had parity with French and German in scientific research, English now dominates the field. [ 132 ] Its importance in scientific publishing is such that over 80 per cent of scientific journal articles indexed by Chemical Abstracts in 1998 were written in English, as were 90 per cent of all articles in natural science publications by 1996, and 82 per cent of articles in humanities publications by 1995. [ 133 ] As decolonisation proceeded throughout the British Empire in the 1950s and 1960s, former colonies often did not reject English but rather continued to use it as independent countries setting their own language policies. [ 57 ] [ 58 ] [ 134 ] For example, English is one of the official languages of India. Many Indians have shifted from associating the language with colonialism to associating it with economic progress. [ 135 ] English is widely used in media and literature, with India being the third-largest publisher of English-language books in the world, after the US and UK. [ 136 ] However, less than 5 per cent of the population speak English fluently, with the country's native English speakers numbering in the low hundreds of thousands. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] In 2004, David Crystal claimed India had the largest population of people able to speak or understand English in the world, [ 139 ] though most scholars estimate the US remains home to a larger English-speaking population. [ 140 ] Many English speakers in Africa have become part of an "Afro-Saxon" language community that unites Africans from different countries. [ 141 ] Regarding its future development, it is considered most likely that English will continue to function as a koiné language, with a standard form that unifies speakers around the world. [ 142 ] Phonology English phonology and phonetics differ from one dialect to another, usually without interfering with mutual communication. Phonological variation affects the inventory of phonemes (speech sounds that distinguish meaning), and phonetic variation consists in differences in pronunciation of the phonemes. [ 143 ] This overview mainly describes Received Pronunciation (RP) and General American (GA), the standard varieties of the United Kingdom and the United States respectively. [ 144 ] [ 145 ] [ 146 ] Consonants Most English dialects share the same 24 consonant phonemes (or 26, if marginal /x/ and glottal stop /ʔ/ are included). The consonant inventory shown below is valid for California English , [ 147 ] and for RP. [ 148 ] Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post- alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m n ŋ Plosive p b t d k ɡ ( ʔ ) Affricate tʃ dʒ Fricative f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ( x ) h Approximant Median ɹ j w Lateral l For pairs of obstruents (stops, affricates, and fricatives) such as /p b/ , /tʃ dʒ/ , and /s z/ , the first is fortis (strong) and the second is lenis (weak). Fortis obstruents, such as /p tʃ s/ are pronounced with more muscular tension and breath force than lenis consonants, such as /b dʒ z/ , and are always voiceless . Lenis consonants are partly voiced at the beginning and end of utterances, and fully voiced between vowels. Fortis stops such as /p/ have additional articulatory or acoustic features in most dialects: they are aspirated [pʰ] when they occur alone at the beginning of a stressed syllable, often unaspirated in other cases, and often unreleased [p̚] or pre-glottalised [ʔp] at the end of a syllable. In a single-syllable word, a vowel before a fortis stop is shortened: e.g. nip has a noticeably shorter vowel (phonetically, not phonemically) than nib [nɪˑb̥] ( see below ). [ 149 ] Lenis stops: bin [b̥ɪˑn] , about [əˈbaʊt] , nib [nɪˑb̥] Fortis stops: pin [pʰɪn] ; spin [spɪn] ; happy [ˈhæpi] ; nip [nɪp̚] or [nɪʔp] In RP, the lateral approximant /l/ has two main allophones (pronunciation variants): the clear or plain [l] , as in light , and the dark or velarised [ɫ] , as in full . [ 150 ] GA has dark l in most cases. [ 151 ] Clear l : RP light [laɪt] Dark l : RP and GA full [fʊɫ] , GA light [ɫaɪt] All sonorants (liquids /l, r/ and nasals /m, n, ŋ/ ) devoice when following a voiceless obstruent, and they are syllabic when following a consonant at the end of a word. [ 152 ] Voiceless sonorants: clay [kl̥eɪ̯] ; snow RP [sn̥əʊ̯] , GA [sn̥oʊ̯] Syllabic sonorants: paddle [ˈpad.l̩] , button [ˈbʌt.n̩] Vowels RP GA Word eɪ b ay əʊ oʊ r oa d aɪ cr y aʊ c ow ɔɪ b oy RP GA Word ɪə ɪɹ p eer eə ɛɹ p air ʊə ʊɹ p oor RP GA Word iː i n ee d ɪ b i d e ɛ b e d æ b a ck ɑː ɑ br a ɒ b o x ɔ , ɑ cl o th ɔː p aw uː u f oo d ʊ g oo d ʌ b u t ɜː ɜɹ b ir d ə comm a The pronunciation of vowels varies a great deal between dialects and is one of the most detectable aspects of a speaker's accent. The accompanying table below lists the vowel phonemes in RP and GA, with example words from lexical sets . The vowels are represented with symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet ; those given for RP are standard in British dictionaries and other publications. [ 153 ] In RP, vowel length is phonemic; long vowels are marked with a triangular colon ⟨ ː ⟩ in the table above, such as the vowel of need [niːd] as opposed to bid [bɪd] . [ 154 ] In GA, vowel length is non-distinctive. [ 155 ] In both RP and GA, vowels are phonetically shortened before fortis consonants in the same syllable , like /t tʃ f/ , but not before lenis consonants like /d dʒ v/ or in open syllables: thus, the vowels of rich [rɪtʃ] , neat [nit] , and safe [seɪ̯f] are noticeably shorter than the vowels of ridge [rɪˑdʒ] , need [niˑd] , and save [seˑɪ̯v] , and the vowel of light [laɪ̯t] is shorter than that of lie [laˑɪ̯] . Because lenis consonants are frequently voiceless at the end of a syllable, vowel length is an important cue as to whether the following consonant is lenis or fortis. [ 156 ] The vowel /ə/ only occurs in unstressed syllables and is more open in quality in stem-final positions. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] Some dialects do not contrast /ɪ/ and /ə/ in unstressed positions, such that rabbit and abbot rhyme and Lenin and Lennon are homophonous, a dialectal feature called the weak vowel merger . [ 159 ] GA /ɜr/ and /ər/ are realised as an r -coloured vowel [ɚ] , as in further [ˈfɚðɚ] (phonemically /ˈfɜrðər/ ), which in RP is realised as [ˈfəːðə] (phonemically /ˈfɜːðə/ ). [ 160 ] Phonotactics An English syllable includes a syllable nucleus consisting of a vowel sound. Syllable onset and coda (start and end) are optional. A syllable can start with up to three consonant sounds, as in sprint /sprɪnt/ , and end with up to five, as in (for some dialects) angsts /aŋksts/ . This gives an English syllable a structure of (CCC)V(CCCCC) – where C represents a consonant and V a vowel. The word strengths /strɛŋθs/ is thus close to the most complex syllable possible in English. The consonants that may appear together in onsets or codas are restricted, as is the order in which they may appear. Onsets can only have four types of consonant clusters: a stop and approximant, as in play ; a voiceless fricative and approximant, as in fly or sly ; s and a voiceless stop, as in stay ; and s , a voiceless stop, and an approximant, as in string . [ 161 ] Clusters of nasal and stop are only allowed in codas. Clusters of obstruents always agree in voicing, and clusters of sibilants and of plosives with the same point of articulation are prohibited. Several consonants have limited distributions: /h/ can only occur in syllable-initial position, and /ŋ/ only in syllable-final position. [ 162 ] Stress, rhythm, and intonation Stress plays an important role in English. Certain syllables are stressed, while others are unstressed. Stress is a combination of duration, intensity, vowel quality, and sometimes changes in pitch. Stressed syllables are pronounced longer and louder than unstressed syllables, and vowels in unstressed syllables are frequently reduced while vowels in stressed syllables are not. [ 163 ] Stress in English is phonemic . For instance, the word contract is stressed on the first syllable ( / ˈ k ɒ n t r æ k t / KON -trakt ) when used as a noun, but on the last syllable ( / k ə n ˈ t r æ k t / kən- TRAKT ) for most meanings (for example, "reduce in size") when used as a verb. [ 164 ] [ 165 ] [ 166 ] Here stress is connected to vowel reduction : in the noun "contract" the first syllable is stressed and has the unreduced vowel /ɒ/ , but in the verb "contract" the first syllable is unstressed and its vowel is reduced to /ə/ . Stress is also used to distinguish between words and phrases, so that a compound word receives a single stress unit, but the corresponding phrase has two: e.g. "a burnout" ( / ˈ b ɜːr n aʊ t / ) versus "to burn out" ( / ˈ b ɜːr n ˈ aʊ t / ), and "a hotdog" ( / ˈ h ɒ t d ɒ ɡ / ) versus "a hot dog" ( / ˈ h ɒ t ˈ d ɒ ɡ / ). [ 167 ] In terms of rhythm , English is generally described as a stress-timed language, meaning that the amount of time between stressed syllables tends to be equal. [ 168 ] Stressed syllables are pronounced longer, but unstressed syllables (syllables between stresses) are shortened. Vowels in unstressed syllables are shortened as well, and vowel shortening causes changes in vowel quality : vowel reduction . [ 169 ] Regional variation United States Canada Republic of Ireland Northern Ireland Scotland England Wales South Africa Australia New Zealand father – bother merger Yes Yes /ɒ/ is unrounded Yes Yes Yes /ɜr/ is pronounced [ɚ] Yes Yes Yes Yes cot – caught merger Possibly Yes Possibly Yes Yes fool – full merger Yes Yes /t, d/ flapping Yes Yes Possibly Often Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Yes Often trap – bath split Possibly Possibly Often Yes Yes Often Yes non-rhoticity Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes close vowels for /æ, ɛ/ Yes Yes Yes /l/ can always be pronounced [ɫ] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes /ɑː/ is fronted before /r/ Possibly Possibly Yes Yes Lexical set RP GA CanE Sound change .mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%} THOUGHT /ɔː/ /ɔ/ or /ɑ/ /ɑ/ cot – caught merger CLOTH /ɒ/ lot – cloth split LOT /ɑ/ father – bother merger PALM /ɑː/ BATH /æ/ /æ/ trap – bath split TRAP /æ/ Varieties of English vary the most in pronunciation of vowels. The best-known national varieties used as standards for education in non-English-speaking countries are British (BrE) and American (AmE). Countries such as Canada , Australia , Ireland , New Zealand and South Africa have their own standard varieties which are less often used as standards for education internationally. [ 170 ] English has undergone many historical sound changes , some of them affecting all varieties, and others affecting only a few. Most standard varieties are affected by the Great Vowel Shift , which changed the pronunciation of long vowels, but a few dialects have slightly different results. In North America, a number of chain shifts such as the Northern Cities Vowel Shift and Canadian Shift have produced very different vowel landscapes in some regional accents. [ 171 ] Some dialects have fewer or more consonant phonemes and phones than the standard varieties. Some conservative varieties like Scottish English have a voiceless [ ʍ ] sound in whine that contrasts with the voiced [w] in wine , but most other dialects pronounce both words with voiced [w] , a dialect feature called wine – whine merger . The voiceless velar fricative sound /x/ is found in Scottish English, which distinguishes loch /lɔx/ from lock /lɔk/ . Accents like Cockney with " h -dropping " lack the glottal fricative /h/ , and dialects with th -stopping and th -fronting like African-American Vernacular and Estuary English do not have the dental fricatives /θ, ð/ , but replace them with dental or alveolar stops /t, d/ or labiodental fricatives /f, v/ . [ 172 ] [ 173 ] Other changes affecting the phonology of local varieties are processes such as yod -dropping , yod -coalescence , and reduction of consonant clusters. [ 174 ] [ page needed ] GA and RP vary in their pronunciation of historical /r/ after a vowel at the end of a syllable (in the syllable coda ). GA is a rhotic dialect , meaning that it pronounces /r/ at the end of a syllable, but RP is non-rhotic, meaning that it loses /r/ in that position. English dialects are classified as rhotic or non-rhotic depending on whether they elide /r/ like RP or keep it like GA. [ 175 ] There is complex dialectal variation in words with the open front and open back vowels /æ ɑː ɒ ɔː/ . These four vowels are only distinguished in RP, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. In GA, these vowels merge to three /æ ɑ ɔ/ , [ 176 ] and in Canadian English, they merge to two /æ ɑ/ . [ 177 ] Grammar Typical for an Indo-European language, English grammar follows accusative morphosyntactic alignment . Unlike other Indo-European languages, English has largely abandoned the inflectional case system in favour of analytic constructions. Only the personal pronouns retain morphological case more strongly than any other word class . English distinguishes at least seven major word classes: verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, determiners (including articles), prepositions, and conjunctions. Some analyses add pronouns as a class separate from nouns, and subdivide conjunctions into subordinators and coordinators , and add the class of interjections. [ 178 ] English also has a rich set of auxiliary verbs , such as have and do , expressing the categories of mood and aspect. Questions are marked by do -support , wh -movement (fronting of question words beginning with wh -) and word order inversion with some verbs. [ 179 ] Some traits typical of Germanic languages persist in English, such as the distinction between irregularly inflected strong stems inflected through ablaut (i.e. changing the vowel of the stem, as in the pairs speak / spoke and foot / feet ) and weak stems inflected through affixation (such as love / loved , hand / hands ). [ 180 ] Vestiges of the case and gender system are found in the pronoun system ( he / him , who / whom ); similarly, traces of more complex verb conjugation are seen in the inflection of the copula verb to be . [ 180 ] The seven word classes are exemplified in this sample sentence: [ 181 ] The chairman of the committee and the loquacious politician clashed violently when the meeting started . Det. Noun Prep. Det. Noun Conj. Det. Adj. Noun Verb Advb. Conj. Det. Noun Verb Nouns and noun phrases English nouns are only inflected for number and possession. New nouns can be formed through derivation or compounding. They are semantically divided into proper nouns (names) and common nouns. Common nouns are in turn divided into concrete and abstract nouns, and grammatically into count nouns and mass nouns . [ 182 ] Most count nouns are inflected for plural number through the use of the plural suffix - s , but a few nouns have irregular plural forms. Mass nouns can only be pluralised through the use of a count noun classifier, e.g. "one loaf of bread", "two loaves of bread". [ 183 ] Regular plural formation: Singular: cat , dog Plural: cats , dogs Irregular plural formation: Singular: man , woman , foot , fish , ox , knife , mouse Plural: men , women , feet , fish , oxen , knives , mice Possession can be expressed either by the possessive enclitic - s (also traditionally called a genitive suffix), or by the preposition of . Historically the - s possessive has been used for animate nouns , whereas the of possessive has been reserved for inanimate nouns. Today this distinction is less clear, and many speakers use - s also with inanimates. Orthographically the possessive - s is separated from a singular noun with an apostrophe. If the noun is plural formed with - s the apostrophe follows the - s . [ 179 ] Possessive constructions: With - s : "The woman's husband's child" With of : "The child of the husband of the woman" Nouns can form noun phrases (NPs) where they are the syntactic head of the words that depend on them such as determiners, quantifiers, conjunctions or adjectives. [ 184 ] Noun phrases can be short, such as the man , composed only of a determiner and a noun. They can also include modifiers such as adjectives (e.g. red , tall , all ) and specifiers such as determiners (e.g. the , that ). But they can also tie together several nouns into a single long NP, using conjunctions such as and , or prepositions such as with , e.g. "the tall man with the long red trousers and his skinny wife with the spectacles" (this NP uses conjunctions, prepositions, specifiers, and modifiers). Regardless of length, an NP functions as a syntactic unit. [ 179 ] For example, the possessive enclitic can, in cases which do not lead to ambiguity, follow the entire noun phrase, as in "The President of India's wife", where the enclitic follows India and not President . The class of determiners is used to specify the noun they precede in terms of definiteness , where the marks a definite noun and a or an an indefinite one. A definite noun is assumed by the speaker to be already known by the interlocutor, whereas an indefinite noun is not specified as being previously known. Quantifiers, which include one , many , some and all , are used to specify the noun in terms of quantity or number. The noun must agree with the number of the determiner, e.g. one man (sg.) but all men (pl.). Determiners are the first constituents in a noun phrase. [ 185 ] Adjectives English adjectives are words such as good , big , interesting , and Canadian that most typically modify nouns, denoting characteristics of their referents (e.g. "a red car"). As modifiers, they come before the nouns they modify and after determiners. [ 186 ] English adjectives also function as predicative complements (e.g. "the child is happy "). [ 187 ] In Modern English, adjectives are not inflected so as to agree in form with the noun they modify, as in most other Indo-European languages. For example, in the phrases "the slender boy", and "many slender girls", the adjective slender does not change form to agree with either the number or gender of the noun. [ 188 ] Some adjectives are inflected for degree of comparison , with the positive degree unmarked, the suffix - er marking the comparative, and - est marking the superlative: "a small boy", "the boy is smaller than the girl", "that boy is the smallest". Some adjectives have irregular suppletive comparative and superlative forms, such as good , better , and best . Other adjectives have comparatives formed by periphrastic constructions , with the adverb more marking the comparative, and most marking the superlative: happier or more happy , the happiest or most happy . [ 189 ] There is some variation among speakers regarding which adjectives use inflected or periphrastic comparison, and some studies have shown a tendency for the periphrastic forms to become more common at the expense of the inflected form. [ 190 ] Determiners English determiners are words such as the , each , many , some , and which , occurring most typically in noun phrases before the head nouns and any modifiers and marking the noun phrase as definite or indefinite. [ 191 ] They often agree with the noun in number . They do not typically inflect for degree of comparison. Pronouns, case, and person English pronouns conserve many traits of case and gender inflection. The personal pronouns retain a difference between subjective and objective case in most persons ( I / me , he / him , she / her , we / us , they / them ) as well as an animateness distinction in the third person singular (distinguishing it from the three sets of animate third person singular pronouns) and an optional gender distinction in the animate third person singular (distinguishing between feminine she / her , epicene they / them , and masculine he / him . [ 192 ] [ 193 ] The subjective case corresponds to the Old English nominative case , and the objective case is used in the sense both of the previous accusative case (for a patient, or direct object of a transitive verb), and of the Old English dative case (for a recipient or indirect object of a transitive verb). [ 194 ] [ 195 ] The subjective is used when the pronoun is the subject of a finite clause, otherwise the objective is used. [ 196 ] While grammarians such as Henry Sweet [ 197 ] and Otto Jespersen [ 198 ] noted that the English cases did not correspond to the traditional Latin-based system, some contemporary grammars, including The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language , retain traditional nominative and accusative labels for the cases. [ 199 ] Possessive pronouns exist in dependent and independent forms; the dependent form functions as a determiner specifying a noun (as in my chair ), while the independent form can stand alone as if it were a noun (e.g. "the chair is mine"). [ 200 ] Grammatical person in English no longer distinguishes between formal and informal pronouns of address, with the second person singular familiar pronoun thou that previously existed in the language having fallen almost entirely out of use by the 18th century. [ 201 ] Both the second and third persons share pronouns between the plural and singular: Plural and singular are always identical ( you , your , yours ) in the second person (except in the reflexive form: yourself / yourselves ) in most dialects. Some dialects have introduced innovative second person plural pronouns, such as y'all (found in Southern American English and African-American Vernacular English ), youse (found in Australian English ), or ye (in Hiberno-English ). In the third person, the they / them series of pronouns ( they , them , their , theirs , themselves ) are used in both plural and singular, and are the only pronouns available for the plural. In the singular, the they / them series (sometimes with the addition of the singular-specific reflexive form themself ) serve as a gender-neutral set of pronouns. These pronouns are becoming more accepted, especially as part of the LGBTQ culture . [ 192 ] [ 202 ] [ 203 ] Person Subjective case Objective case Dependent possessive Independent possessive Reflexive 1st, singular I me my mine myself 2nd, singular you you your yours yourself 3rd, singular he/she/it/ they him/her/it/them his/her/its/their his/hers/its/theirs himself/herself/itself/themself/themselves 1st, plural we us our ours ourselves 2nd, plural you you your yours yourselves 3rd, plural they them their theirs themselves Pronouns are used to refer to entities deictically or anaphorically . A deictic pronoun points to some person or object by identifying it relative to the speech situation – for example, the pronoun I identifies the speaker, and the pronoun you , the addressee. Anaphoric pronouns such as that refer back to an entity already mentioned or assumed by the speaker to be known by the audience, for example in the sentence "I already told you that". The reflexive pronouns are used when the oblique argument is identical to the subject of a phrase (e.g. "he sent it to himself" or "she braced herself for impact"). [ 204 ] Prepositions Prepositional phrases (PP) are phrases composed of a preposition and one or more nouns, e.g. "with the dog", "for my friend", "to school", "in England". [ 205 ] English prepositions have a wide range of uses – including describing movement, place, and other relations between entities, as well as functions that are syntactic in nature, like introducing complement clauses and oblique arguments of verbs. [ 205 ] For example, in the phrase "I gave it to him", the preposition to marks the indirect object of the verb to give . Traditionally words were only considered prepositions if they governed the case of the noun they preceded, for example causing the pronouns to use the objective rather than subjective form, "with her", "to me", "for us". But some contemporary grammars no longer consider government of case to be the defining feature of the class of prepositions, rather defining prepositions as words that can function as the heads of prepositional phrases. [ 206 ] Verbs and verb phrases English verbs are inflected for tense and aspect and marked for agreement with a third person present singular subject. Only the copula verb to be is still inflected for agreement with the plural and first and second person subjects. [ 189 ] Auxiliary verbs such as have and be are paired with verbs in the infinitive , past, or progressive forms. They form complex tenses, aspects, and moods. Auxiliary verbs differ from other verbs in that they can be followed by the negation, and in that they can occur as the first constituent in a question sentence. [ 207 ] [ 208 ] Most verbs have six inflectional forms. The primary forms are a plain present, a third person singular present, and a preterite (past) form. The secondary forms are a plain form used for the infinitive, a gerund-participle and a past participle. [ 209 ] The verb to be – which among other uses in English functions as the primary auxiliary verb indicating the imperfective aspect (e.g. "I am going"), as well as the copula [ 210 ] – is the only verb to retain some of its original conjugation, and takes different inflectional forms depending on the subject. The first person present form is am , the third person singular form is is , and the form are is used in the second person singular and all three plurals. The only verb past participle is been and its gerund-participle is being . [ 211 ] Inflection Strong Regular Plain present take love 3rd person sg. present takes loves Preterite took loved Plain (infinitive) take love Gerund–participle taking loving Past participle taken loved Tense, aspect, and mood English has two primary tenses, past (preterite) and non-past. The preterite is inflected by using the preterite form of the verb, which for the regular verbs includes the suffix -ed , and for the strong verbs either the suffix -t or a change in the stem vowel. The non-past form is unmarked except in the third person singular, which takes the suffix -s . [ 207 ] Present Preterite First person I run I ran Second person You run You ran Third person John runs John ran English does not have future verb forms. [ 212 ] The future tense is expressed periphrastically with one of the auxiliary verbs will or shall . [ 213 ] Many varieties also use a near future constructed with the phrasal verb "be going to" ( going-to future ). [ 214 ] Future First person "I will run" Second person "You will run" Third person "John will run" Further aspectual distinctions are shown by auxiliary verbs, primarily have and be , which show the contrast between a perfect and non-perfect past tense ("I have run" vs. "I was running"), and compound tenses such as preterite perfect ("I had been running") and present perfect ("I have been running"). [ 215 ] For the expression of mood, English uses a number of modal auxiliaries, such as can , may , will , shall and the past tense forms could , might , would , should . There are also subjunctive and imperative moods , both based on the plain form of the verb (i.e. without the third person singular -s ), for use in subordinate clauses (e.g. subjunctive: "It is important that he run every day"; imperative Run! ). [ 213 ] An infinitive form, that uses the plain form of the verb and the preposition to , is used for verbal clauses that are syntactically subordinate to a finite verbal clause. Finite verbal clauses are those that are formed around a verb in the present or preterite form. In clauses with auxiliary verbs, they are the finite verbs and the main verb is treated as a subordinate clause. [ 216 ] For example, "he has to go" where only the auxiliary verb have is inflected for time and the main verb to go is in the infinitive, or in a complement clause such as "I saw him leave", where the main verb is see , which is in a preterite form, and leave is in the infinitive. Phrasal verbs English also makes frequent use of constructions traditionally called phrasal verbs , verb phrases that are made up of a verb root and a preposition or particle that follows the verb. The phrase then functions as a single predicate. In terms of intonation the preposition is fused to the verb, but in writing it is written as a separate word. Examples of phrasal verbs are "to get up", "to ask out", "to get together", and "to put up with". The phrasal verb frequently has a highly idiomatic meaning that is more specialised and restricted than what can be simply extrapolated from the combination of verb and preposition complement (e.g. lay off meaning terminate someone's employment ). [ 217 ] Some grammarians do not consider this type of construction to form a syntactic constituent and hence refrain from using the term "phrasal verb". Instead, they consider the construction simply to be a verb with a prepositional phrase as its syntactic complement, e.g. "he woke up in the morning" and "he ran up in the mountains" are syntactically equivalent. [ 218 ] Adverbs The function of adverbs is to modify the action or event described by the verb by providing additional information about the manner in which it occurs. [ 179 ] Many English adverbs are derived from adjectives by appending the suffix -ly . For example, in the phrase "the woman walked quickly", the adverb quickly is derived from the adjective quick . Some commonly used adjectives have irregular adverbial forms, such as good , which has the adverbial form well . [ 219 ] Syntax Modern English syntax is moderately analytic . [ 220 ] It has developed features such as modal verbs and word order as resources for conveying meaning. Auxiliary verbs mark constructions such as questions, negative polarity, the passive voice and progressive aspect . [ 221 ] Basic constituent order English has moved from the Germanic verb-second (V2) word order to being almost exclusively subject–verb–object (SVO). [ 222 ] The combination of SVO order and use of auxiliary verbs often creates clusters of two or more verbs at the centre of the sentence, such as "he had been hoping to try opening it". [ 223 ] In most sentences, English only marks grammatical relations through word order. [ 224 ] The subject constituent precedes the verb and the object constituent follows it. The grammatical roles of each constituent are marked only by the position relative to the verb: The dog bites the man S V O The man bites the dog S V O An exception is found in sentences where one of the constituents is a pronoun, in which case it is doubly marked, both by word order and by case inflection, where the subject pronoun precedes the verb and takes the subjective case form, and the object pronoun follows the verb and takes the objective case form. [ 225 ] The example below demonstrates this double marking in a sentence where both object and subject are represented with a third person singular masculine pronoun: He hit him S V O Indirect objects (IO) of ditransitive verbs can be placed either as the first object in a double object construction (S V IO O), such as "I gave Jane the book" or in a prepositional phrase, such as "I gave the book to Jane ". [ 226 ] Clause syntax English sentences may be composed of one or more clauses, that may in turn be composed of one or more phrases (e.g. noun phrases, verb phrases, prepositional phrases). A clause is built around a verb and includes its constituents, such as any noun or prepositional phrases. Within a sentence, there is always at least one main clause (or matrix clause) whereas other clauses are subordinate to a main clause. Subordinate clauses may function as arguments of the verb in the main clause. For example, in the phrase "I think (that) you are lying", the main clause is headed by the verb think , the subject is I , but the object of the phrase is the subordinate clause "(that) you are lying". The subordinating conjunction that shows that the clause that follows is a subordinate clause, but it is often omitted. [ 227 ] Relative clauses are clauses that function as a modifier or specifier to some constituent in the main clause: For example, in the sentence "I saw the letter that you received today", the relative clause "that you received today" specifies the meaning of the word letter , the object of the main clause. Relative clauses can be introduced by the pronouns who , whose , whom , and which as well as by that (which can also be omitted). [ 228 ] In contrast to many other Germanic languages there are no major differences between word order in main and subordinate clauses. [ 229 ] Auxiliary verb constructions English auxiliary verbs are relied upon for many functions, including the expression of tense, aspect, and mood. Auxiliary verbs form main clauses, and the main verbs function as heads of a subordinate clause of the auxiliary verb. For example, in the sentence "the dog did not find its bone", the clause "find its bone" is the complement of the negated verb did not . Subject–auxiliary inversion is used in many constructions, including focus, negation, and interrogative constructions. [ 230 ] The verb do can be used as an auxiliary even in simple declarative sentences, where it usually serves to add emphasis, as in "I did shut the fridge." However, in the negated and inverted clauses referred to above, it is used because the rules of English syntax permit these constructions only when an auxiliary is present. Modern English does not allow the addition of the negating adverb not to an ordinary finite lexical verb, as in *"I know not" – it can only be added to an auxiliary (or copular ) verb, hence if there is no other auxiliary present when negation is required, the auxiliary do is used, to produce a form like "I do not (don't) know." The same applies in clauses requiring inversion, including most questions – inversion must involve the subject and an auxiliary verb, so it is not possible to say *"Know you him?"; grammatical rules require "Do you know him?" [ 231 ] Negation is done with the adverb not , which precedes the main verb and follows an auxiliary verb. A contracted form of not - n't can be used as an enclitic attaching to auxiliary verbs and to the copula verb to be . Just as with questions, many negative constructions require the negation to occur with do -support, thus in Modern English "I don't know him" is the correct answer to the question "Do you know him?", but not *"I know him not", although this construction may be found in older English. [ 232 ] Passive constructions also use auxiliary verbs. A passive construction rephrases an active construction in such a way that the object of the active phrase becomes the subject of the passive phrase, and the subject of the active phrase is either omitted or demoted to a role as an oblique argument introduced in a prepositional phrase. They are formed by using the past participle either with the auxiliary verb to be or to get , although not all varieties of English allow the use of passives with get . For example, putting the sentence "she sees him" into the passive becomes "he is seen (by her)", or "he gets seen (by her)". [ 233 ] Questions Both yes/no questions and wh -questions in English are mostly formed using subject–auxiliary inversion ("Am I going tomorrow?", "Where can we eat?"), which may require do -support ("Do you like her?", "Where did he go?"). In most cases, interrogative words (or wh -words ) – which include who , what , when , where , why , and how – appear in a fronted position . For example, in the question "What did you see?", the word what appears as the first constituent despite being the grammatical object of the sentence. When the wh -word is the subject or forms part of the subject, no inversion occurs (e.g. "Who saw the cat?"). Prepositional phrases can also be fronted when they are the questions theme (e.g. "To whose house did you go last night?"). The personal interrogative pronoun who is the only interrogative pronoun to still show inflection for case, with the variant whom serving as the objective case form, although this form may be going out of use in many contexts. [ 234 ] Discourse level syntax While English is a subject-prominent language, at the discourse level it tends to use a topic–comment structure, where the known information (topic) precedes the new information (comment). Because of the strict SVO syntax, the topic of a sentence generally has to be the grammatical subject of the sentence. In cases where the topic is not the grammatical subject of the sentence, it is often promoted to subject position through syntactic means. One way of doing this is through a passive construction, "the girl was stung by the bee". Another way is through a cleft sentence where the main clause is demoted to be a complement clause of a copula sentence with a dummy subject such as it or there , e.g. "it was the girl that the bee stung", "there was a girl who was stung by a bee". [ 235 ] Dummy subjects are also used in constructions where there is no grammatical subject such as with impersonal verbs (e.g. "it is raining") or in existential clauses ("there are many cars on the street"). Through the use of these complex sentence constructions with informationally vacuous subjects, English is able to maintain both a topic–comment sentence structure and a SVO syntax. [ 236 ] Focus constructions emphasise a particular piece of new or salient information within a sentence, generally through allocating the main sentence level stress on the focal constituent. For example, "the girl was stung by a bee " (emphasising it was a bee and not, for example, a wasp that stung her), or " the girl was stung by a bee" (contrasting with another possibility, for example that it was the boy). [ 237 ] Topic and focus can also be established through syntactic dislocation, either preposing or postposing the item to be focused on relative to the main clause. For example, "That girl over there, she was stung by a bee", emphasises the girl by preposition, but a similar effect could be achieved by postposition, "she was stung by a bee, that girl over there", where reference to the girl is established as an afterthought. [ 238 ] Cohesion between sentences is achieved through the use of deictic pronouns as anaphora (e.g. "that is exactly what I mean" where that refers to some fact known to both interlocutors, or then used to locate the time of a narrated event relative to the time of a previously narrated event). [ 239 ] Discourse markers such as oh , so , or well , also signal the progression of ideas between sentences and help to create cohesion. Discourse markers are often the first constituents in sentences. Discourse markers are also used for stance taking in which speakers position themselves in a specific attitude towards what is being said, for example, "no way is that true!" (the idiomatic marker "no way!" expressing disbelief), or "boy! I'm hungry" (the marker boy expressing emphasis). While discourse markers are particularly characteristic of informal and spoken registers of English, they are also used in written and formal registers. [ 240 ] Vocabulary The English lexicon consists of around 170,000 words (or 220,000, if counting obsolete words ), according to an estimate based on the 1989 edition of the Oxford English Dictionary . [ 241 ] Over one-half are nouns, one-quarter are adjectives, and one-seventh are verbs. Another estimate – which includes scientific jargon , prefixed and suffixed words, loanwords of extremely limited use, technical acronyms , etc. – counts around 1 million total English words. [ 242 ] English borrows vocabulary quickly from many languages and other sources. Early studies of English vocabulary by lexicographers (scholars who study vocabulary and compile dictionaries) were impeded by a lack of comprehensive data on actual vocabulary in use from high-quality linguistic corpora [ 243 ] (collections of actual written texts and spoken passages). Many statements published before the end of the 20th century about the growth of English vocabulary over time, the dates of first use of various words in English, and the sources of English vocabulary will have to be corrected as new computerised analyses of linguistic corpus data become available. [ 244 ] [ 245 ] Word-formation processes English forms new words from existing words or roots in its vocabulary through a variety of processes. One of the most productive processes in English is conversion, [ 246 ] using a word with a different grammatical role, for example using a noun as a verb or a verb as a noun. Another productive word-formation process is nominal compounding, [ 242 ] [ 245 ] producing compound words such as babysitter or ice cream or homesick . [ 246 ] Formation of new words, called neologisms , based on Greek or Latin roots (for example television or optometry ) is a highly productive process in modern European languages like English, so much so that it is often difficult to determine in which language a neologism originated. For this reason, American lexicographer Philip Gove attributed many such words to the " international scientific vocabulary " (ISV) when compiling Webster's Third New International Dictionary (1961). Another active word-formation process in English is that of acronyms , which result from pronouncing abbreviations of longer phrases as single words, e.g. NATO , laser , scuba . [ 247 ] Word origins French, including Anglo-Norman (28.3%) Latin, including scientific and technical loans (28.2%) Germanic (Old English, Old Norse, Dutch) (25.0%) Greek (5.32%) None given (4.03%) Derived from proper names (3.28%) Other (5.83%) Throughout its history, English has been a particularly frequent borrower of loanwords from other languages. [ 249 ] West Germanic words in use since the Anglo-Saxon period still comprise most of the language's core vocabulary, as well as most of its most frequently used words. [ 250 ] [ 251 ] [ 242 ] Many sentences can be constructed without loanwords, but not without core Anglo-Saxon vocabulary. [ 252 ] English has formal and informal speech registers ; informal registers, including child-directed speech, tend to be made up predominantly of Anglo-Saxon vocabulary, while Latinate vocabulary appears more frequently in legal, scientific, and academic writing. [ 253 ] [ 254 ] Prolonged and intense contact with French has resulted in English having a very high proportion of Latinate words – with French loanwords borrowed during different stages of the language's history comprising 28 per cent of the English lexicon. [ 255 ] In all periods of its history, English has also borrowed words from Latin directly, [ 245 ] [ 242 ] representing another 28 per cent of the lexicon. [ 256 ] In turn, many of these words had originally entered Latin from Greek. Greek and Latin stems remain highly productive sources for new literary, technical, and scientific vocabulary in English. [ 257 ] Loanwords from Old Norse primarily entered English between the 8th and 11th centuries, during the Norse colonisation of eastern and northern England, and typically displaced an Anglo-Saxon equivalent. Many represent core vocabulary – including give , get , sky , skirt , egg , and cake . [ 258 ] [ 39 ] English loans in other languages English has had a strong influence on the vocabulary of other languages. [ 255 ] [ 259 ] The influence of English comes from such factors as opinion leaders in other countries knowing the English language, the role of English as a world lingua franca, and the large number of books and films that are translated from English into other languages. [ 260 ] That pervasive use of English leads to a conclusion in many places that English is an especially suitable language for expressing new ideas or describing new technologies. Among varieties of English, it is especially American English that influences other languages. [ 261 ] Some languages, such as Chinese, write words borrowed from English mostly as calques , while others, such as Japanese, readily take in English loanwords written in sound-indicating script. [ 262 ] Dubbed films and television programmes are an especially fruitful source of English influence on languages in Europe. [ 262 ] Orthography Since the 9th century, English has been written using the English alphabet , which uses the Latin script . Anglo-Saxon runes were previously used to write Old English, but only in short inscriptions; the overwhelming majority of attested writings in Old English are in the Old English Latin alphabet . [ 33 ] English orthography is multi-layered and complex, with elements of French, Latin, and Greek spelling on top of the native Germanic system. [ 263 ] Further complications have arisen through sound changes with which the orthography has not kept pace. [ 50 ] Compared to European languages for which official organisations have promoted spelling reforms, English has spelling that is a less consistent indicator of pronunciation, and standard spellings of words that are more difficult to guess from knowing how a word is pronounced. [ 264 ] There are also systematic spelling differences between British and American English . These situations have prompted proposals for spelling reform in English . [ 265 ] Although letters and speech sounds do not have a one-to-one correspondence in standard English spelling, spelling rules that take into account syllable structure, phonetic changes in derived words, and word accent are reliable for most English words. [ 266 ] Moreover, standard English spelling shows etymological relationships between related words that would be obscured by a closer correspondence between pronunciation and spelling – for example, the words photograph , photography , and photographic , [ 266 ] or the words electricity and electrical . While few scholars agree with Chomsky and Halle (1968) that conventional English orthography is "near-optimal", [ 263 ] there is a rationale for current English spelling patterns. [ 267 ] The standard orthography of English is the most widely used writing system in the world. [ 268 ] Standard English spelling is based on a graphomorphemic segmentation of words into written clues of what meaningful units make up each word. [ 269 ] Readers of English can generally rely on the correspondence between spelling and pronunciation to be fairly regular for letters or digraphs used to spell consonant sounds. The letters b , d , f , h , j , k , l , m , n , p , r , s , t , v , w , y , z represent, respectively, the phonemes /b, d, f, h, dʒ, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, j, z/ . The letters c and g normally represent /k/ and /ɡ/ , but there is also a soft c pronounced /s/ , and a soft g pronounced /dʒ/ . The differences in the pronunciations of the letters c and g are often signalled by the following letters in standard English spelling. Digraphs used to represent phonemes and phoneme sequences include ch for /tʃ/ , sh for /ʃ/ , th for /θ/ or /ð/ , ng for /ŋ/ , qu for /kw/ , and ph for /f/ in Greek-derived words. The single letter x is generally pronounced as /z/ in word-initial position and as /ks/ otherwise. There are exceptions to these generalisations, often the result of loanwords being spelled according to the spelling patterns of their languages of origin [ 266 ] or residues of proposals by scholars in the early period of Modern English to follow the spelling patterns of Latin for English words of Germanic origin. [ 270 ] For the vowel sounds of the English language, however, correspondences between spelling and pronunciation are more irregular. There are many more vowel phonemes in English than there are single vowel letters ( a , e , i , o , u , y , and very rarely w ). As a result, some " long vowels " are often indicated by combinations of letters (like the oa in boat , the ow in how , and the ay in stay ), or the historically based silent e (as in note and cake ). [ 267 ] The consequence of this complex orthographic history is that learning to read and write can be challenging in English. It can take longer for school pupils to become independently fluent readers of English than of many other languages, including Italian, Spanish, and German. [ 271 ] Nonetheless, there is an advantage for learners of English reading in learning the specific sound-symbol regularities that occur in the standard English spellings of commonly used words. [ 266 ] Such instruction greatly reduces the risk of children experiencing reading difficulties in English. [ 272 ] [ 273 ] Making primary school teachers more aware of the primacy of morpheme representation in English may help learners learn more efficiently to read and write English. [ 274 ] English writing also includes a system of punctuation marks that is similar to those used in most alphabetic languages around the world. The purpose of punctuation is to mark meaningful grammatical relationships in sentences to aid readers in understanding a text and to indicate features important for reading a text aloud. [ 275 ] Dialects, accents, and varieties Dialectologists identify many English dialects , which usually refer to regional varieties that differ from each other in terms of patterns of grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. The pronunciation of particular areas distinguishes dialects as separate regional accents . The major native dialects of English are often divided by linguists into the two extremely general categories of British English (BrE) and North American English (NAE). [ 276 ] Britain and Ireland .mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}} Speech example An example of a man with a contemporary Received Pronunciation accent ( Alain de Botton ). Problems playing this file? See media help . Speech example An example of a man with a Cockney accent ( Danny Baker ). Speech example An example of an Essex man with a working-class Estuary English accent ( Russell Brand ). Speech example An example of a man with a ( West ) Yorkshire accent ( Damien Hirst ). Speech example An example of a man with a contemporary Liverpool accent ( John Bishop ). Speech example An example of a man with a ( South ) Wales accent ( Rob Brydon ). Speech example An example of a man with one of the many accents of Scotland ( Alex Salmond ). Speech example An example of a man with a Northern Irish accent ( George Best ). Speech example An example of a woman with one of the many accents of the Republic of Ireland ( Mary Robinson ). The fact that English has been spoken in England for 1,500 years explains why England has a great wealth of regional dialects. [ 277 ] Within the United Kingdom, Received Pronunciation (RP), an educated accent associated originally with South East England , has been traditionally used as a broadcast standard and is considered the most prestigious of British accents. The spread of RP (also known as BBC English) through the media has caused many traditional dialects of rural England to recede, as youths adopt the traits of the prestige variety instead of traits from local dialects. At the time of the 1950–61 Survey of English Dialects , grammar and vocabulary differed across the country, but a process of lexical attrition has led most of this variation to disappear. [ 278 ] Nonetheless, this attrition has mostly affected dialectal variation in grammar and vocabulary. Only 3% of the English population actually speak RP, the remainder speaking in regional accents and dialects with varying degrees of RP influence. [ 279 ] There is also variability within RP, particularly along class lines between Upper and Middle-class RP speakers and between native RP speakers and speakers who adopt RP later in life. [ 280 ] Within Britain, there is also considerable variation along lines of social class; some traits, though exceedingly common, are nonetheless considered "non-standard" and associated with lower-class speakers and identities. An example of this is h -dropping , which was historically a feature of lower-class London English, particularly Cockney, and can now be heard in the local accents of most parts of England. However, it remains largely absent in broadcasting and among the upper crust of British society. [ 281 ] English in England can be divided into four major dialect regions: South East English, South West English (also known as West Country English ), Midlands English and Northern English . Within each of these regions, several local dialects exist: within the Northern region, there is a division between the Yorkshire dialects , the Geordie dialect (spoken around Newcastle , in Northumbria ) and the Lancashire dialects, which include the urban subdialects of Manchester ( Mancunian ) and Liverpool ( Scouse ). Having been the centre of Danish occupation during the Viking invasions of England, Northern English dialects, particularly the Yorkshire dialect, retain Norse features not found in other English varieties. [ 282 ] In the West Midlands , dialects such as Black Country ( Yam Yam ), and by less extent Birmingham ( Brummie ), preserve archaic features from Early Modern and Middle English, retaining Germanic elements such as specific grammatical structures and vocabulary. [ 283 ] Since the 15th century, South East England varieties have centred on London, which has been the centre from which dialectal innovations have spread to other dialects. In London, the Cockney dialect was traditionally used by the lower classes, and it was long a socially stigmatised variety. The spread of Cockney features across the South East led the media to talk of Estuary English as a new dialect, but the notion was criticised by many linguists on the grounds that London had been influencing neighbouring regions throughout history. [ 284 ] [ 285 ] [ 286 ] Traits that have spread from London in recent decades include the use of intrusive R ( drawing is pronounced "drawring" /ˈdrɔːrɪŋ/ ), t -glottalisation ( Potter is pronounced with a glottal stop as Po'er /ˈpɒʔə/ ) and th -fronting , or the pronunciation of th- as /f/ ( thanks pronounced "fanks") or /v/ ( bother pronounced "bover"). [ 287 ] Scots is today considered a separate language from English, but it has its origins in early Northern Middle English [ 288 ] and developed and changed during its history with influence from other sources, particularly Scottish Gaelic and Old Norse. Scots itself has a number of regional dialects. In addition to Scots, Scottish English comprises the varieties of Standard English spoken in Scotland; most varieties are Northern English accents, with some influence from Scots. [ 289 ] In Ireland , various forms of English have been spoken following the Norman invasion of the island during the 11th century. In County Wexford and in the area surrounding Dublin , two extinct dialects known as Forth and Bargy and Fingallian developed as offshoots from Early Middle English and were spoken until the 19th century. Modern Irish English , however, has its roots in English colonisation in the 17th century. Today Irish English is divided into Ulster English , the Northern Ireland dialect with strong influence from Scots, and various dialects of the Republic of Ireland. Like Scottish and most North American accents, almost all Irish accents preserve the rhoticity which has been lost in the dialects influenced by RP. [ 19 ] [ 290 ] North America Speech example An example of a Midwestern American man with a General American accent ( Emery Emery ). Problems playing this file? See media help . Speech example An Alabama woman with a contemporary Southern American accent ( Martha Roby ). Speech example A man with a New York City accent ( Chuck Zito ). Speech example A man with a Boston accent ( Marty Walsh ). Speech example An example of two men with AAVE accents , the interviewer from Georgia ( D. J. Shockley ) and the interviewee from Louisiana ( Russell Gage ). Speech example An Ontario woman with a Standard Canadian accent ( Margaret Atwood ). Due to the relatively strong degree of mixing, mutual accommodation, and koinéisation that occurred during the colonial period, North American English has traditionally been perceived as relatively homogeneous, at least in comparison with British dialects. However, modern scholars have strongly opposed this notion, arguing that North American English shows a great deal of phonetic, lexical, and geographic variability. This becomes all the more apparent considering social, ethnolinguistic, and regional varieties such as African-American English , Chicano English , Cajun English , or Newfoundland English . [ 291 ] American accent variation is increasing at the regional level and decreasing at the very local level, [ 292 ] though most Americans still speak within a phonological continuum of similar accents, [ 293 ] known collectively as General American English (GA), with differences hardly noticed even among Americans themselves, including Midland and Western American English . [ 294 ] [ 295 ] [ 296 ] Canadian English varieties, excepting those from Atlantic Canada and possibly Quebec , are generally considered to belong to the GA continuum, although they often show raising of the vowels / aɪ / and / aʊ / before voiceless consonants and have distinct norms for writing and pronunciation as well. [ 297 ] Atlantic Canadian English , notably distinct from Standard Canadian English , [ 298 ] comprises Maritime English and Newfoundland English . It was influenced mostly by British and Irish English, as well as Irish , Scottish Gaelic , and Acadian French . [ 299 ] In most American and Canadian English dialects, rhoticity (or r -fullness) is dominant, with non-rhoticity (or r -dropping) being associated with lower prestige and social class, especially since the end of World War II . This contrasts with the situation in England, where non-rhoticity has become the standard. [ 300 ] Varieties beyond GA which have developed distinct sound systems include the Southern American English , New York City English , Eastern New England English , and African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) groups – all of which are historically non-rhotic, save a few varieties of Southern American. In Southern American English, the most populous grouping outside GA, [ 301 ] rhoticity now strongly prevails, replacing the region's historical non-rhotic prestige . [ 302 ] [ 303 ] [ 304 ] Southern accents are colloquially described as a "drawl" or "twang", [ 305 ] being recognised most readily by the Southern Vowel Shift initiated by glide-deleting in the /aɪ/ vowel (e.g. pronouncing spy almost like spa ), the "Southern breaking" of several front pure vowels into a gliding vowel or even two syllables (e.g. pronouncing the word press almost like "pray-us"), [ 306 ] the pin–pen merger , and other distinctive phonological, grammatical, and lexical features, many of which are actually recent developments of the 19th century or later. [ 307 ] Spoken primarily by working- and middle-class African Americans, African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) is largely non-rhotic, and likely originated among enslaved Africans and African Americans influenced primarily by the non-standard older Southern dialects . A minority of linguists, [ 308 ] contrarily, propose that AAVE mostly traces back to African languages spoken by the slaves who had to develop a pidgin or English-based creole to communicate with slaves of other ethnic and linguistic origins. [ 309 ] AAVE's important commonalities with Southern accents suggest it developed into a highly coherent and homogeneous variety in the 19th or early 20th century. AAVE is commonly stigmatised in North America as a form of "broken" or "uneducated" English, as are white Southern accents, but linguists today recognise both as fully developed varieties of English with their own norms shared by large speech communities. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] Australia and New Zealand Speech example An example of a man with a general Australian accent . Problems playing this file? See media help . Speech example An example of a South Australian woman with a broad Australian accent ( Julia Gillard ). Speech example An example of a Queensland man with a cultivated Australian accent ( Geoffrey Rush ). Speech example An example of a woman with a New Zealand accent ( Eleanor Catton ). Speech example An example of a man with a New Zealand accent ( John Key ). Since 1788, English has been spoken in Oceania , and Australian English has developed as the first language of the vast majority of the inhabitants of the Australian continent, its standard accent being General Australian . The English of neighbouring New Zealand has to a lesser degree become an influential standard variety of the language. [ 312 ] Australian and New Zealand English are each other's closest relatives with few differentiating characteristics, followed by South African English and the English of South East England, all of which have similarly non-rhotic accents, aside from some accents in the South Island of New Zealand. Australian and New Zealand English stand out for their innovative vowels: many short vowels are fronted or raised, whereas many long vowels have diphthongised. Australian English also has a contrast between long and short vowels, not found in most other varieties. Australian English grammar aligns closely with British and American English; like American English, collective plural subjects take on a singular verb, e.g. "the government is" (rather than are ). [ 313 ] [ 314 ] New Zealand English uses front vowels that are often even higher than in Australian English. [ 315 ] [ 316 ] [ 317 ] Southeast Asia Speech example An example of a male teenager with a Singaporean accent . Problems playing this file? See media help . Speech examples Examples of a man and woman with Filipino accents . English is an official language of the Philippines . Its use is ubiquitous in the country, and appears in areas including on street signs , marquees, and government documents, and in courtrooms, public media, the entertainment industry, and the business sector. It became an important and widely spoken language in the country during the period of American rule between 1898 and 1946. [ 318 ] Taglish is a prominent form of code-switching between Tagalog and English. [ 319 ] Africa, the Caribbean, and South Asia Speech example An example of a man with a South African accent . Problems playing this file? See media help . Speech example An example of a woman with an educated Nigerian accent ( Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie ). Speech example An example of a woman and man with Jamaican accents . Speech example An example of a woman with an Indian accent ( Arundhati Roy ). English is spoken widely in southern Africa and is an official or co-official language in several of the region's countries. In South Africa , English has been spoken since 1820, co-existing with Afrikaans and various African languages such as the Khoe and Bantu languages . Today, about nine per cent of the South African population speaks South African English (SAE) as a first language. SAE is a non-rhotic variety that tends to follow RP as a norm. It is one of the few non-rhotic English varieties that lack intrusive R . The second-language varieties of South Africa differ based on the native languages of their speakers. [ 320 ] Most phonological differences from RP are in the vowels. [ 321 ] Consonant differences include the tendency to pronounce /p, t, t͡ʃ, k/ without aspiration (e.g. pin pronounced [pɪn] rather than as [pʰɪn] as in most other varieties), while r is often pronounced as a flap [ɾ] instead of as the more common fricative. [ 322 ] Nigerian English is a variety of English spoken in Nigeria ; over 150 million Nigerians speak some form of the language. [ 323 ] Though traditionally based on British English, increasing United States influence during the latter 20th century has resulted in American English vocabulary entering Nigerian English. Additionally, some new words and collocations have emerged from the variety out of a need to express concepts specific to the culture of the nation (e.g. senior wife ). [ 324 ] Varieties of English are spoken throughout the former British colonial possessions in the Caribbean, including Jamaica, the Leeward and Windward Islands , Trinidad and Tobago , Barbados , the Cayman Islands , and Belize . Each of these areas is home both to a local variety of English and a local English-based creole, combining English and African languages. The most prominent varieties are Jamaican English and Jamaican Creole . In Central America, English-based creoles are spoken on the Caribbean coasts of Nicaragua and Panama. [ 325 ] Residents are often fluent in both the local English variety and the local creole languages, and frequently code-switch between them. The relationship between different varieties can be conceptualised as a continuum, in which more creole-like or RP-like forms function as more formal and informal registers of the language respectively. [ 326 ] Most Caribbean varieties are based on British English and consequently, most are non-rhotic, except for formal styles of Jamaican English which are often rhotic. Jamaican English differs from RP in its vowel inventory, which has a distinction between long and short vowels rather than tense and lax vowels as in Standard English. The diphthongs /ei/ and /ou/ are monophthongs [eː] and [oː] or even the reverse diphthongs [ie] and [uo] (e.g. bay and boat pronounced [bʲeː] and [bʷoːt] ). Often word-final consonant clusters are simplified so that "child" is pronounced [t͡ʃail] and "wind" [win] . [ 327 ] [ 328 ] [ 329 ] Indian English historically tends towards RP as an ideal, with the proximity of speakers to RP generally reflective of class distinctions. Indian English accents are marked by the pronunciation of phonemes such as /t/ and /d/ (often pronounced with retroflex articulation as [ʈ] and [ɖ] ) and the replacement of /θ/ and /ð/ with dentals [t̪] and [d̪] . Sometimes Indian English speakers may also use spelling-based pronunciations where the silent ⟨h⟩ found in words such as ghost is pronounced as an Indian voiced aspirated stop [ɡʱ] . [ 330 ] Non-native varieties Speech example An example of a Hispanophone man speaking English. Problems playing this file? See media help . Speech example An example of a Japanese man speaking English ( Shinzo Abe ). Speech example An example of a German man speaking English ( Werner Herzog ). Non-native English speakers may pronounce words differently due to having not fully mastered English pronunciation. This can happen either because they apply the speech rules of their mother tongue to English ("interference") or through implementing strategies similar to those used in first language acquisition . They may create novel pronunciations for English sounds not found in their first language. [ 331 ] See also English in the Commonwealth of Nations English-only movement – Political movement in the U.S. References ^ Oxford Learner's Dictionary 2015 , Entry: English – Pronunciation . ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "What are the top 200 most spoken languages?" . 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International Dialects of English Archive – recordings of English dialects and international L2 accents .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Description of the English language v t e Grammar Phonology Stress and reduced vowels Orthography Spelling reform Alphabet Braille Dialects Language history Phonological history Grammar Phonology Stress and reduced vowels Orthography Spelling reform Alphabet Braille Dialects Language history Phonological history Links to related articles v t e History of English Proto-Indo-European Proto-Germanic Proto-West-Germanic Anglo-Frisian languages Old English Kentish Mercian Northumbrian West Saxon Anglo-Norman language Middle English Early Modern English Modern English Phonological history Vowels A Changes before historic /l/ Changes before historic /r/ Close back vowels Close front vowels Diphthongs Great Vowel Shift Open back vowels Trisyllabic laxing Consonants Clusters Flapping H -dropping L -vocalization Ng Rhoticity T -glottalization Th fronting stopping Wh v t e Dialects and accents of Modern English by continent Europe Great Britain England North Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Liverpool/Scouse Manchester Northumbria Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside/Geordie Teesside Yorkshire Midlands East Midlands West Midlands Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent South East Anglia London & Thames Estuary Cockney Multicultural Received Pronunciation West Country Cornwall Dorset Scotland Glasgow Highlands Wales Abercraf Cardiff Gower Port Talbot Ireland Dublin South-West Ulster Channel Islands Gibraltar Isle of Man Malta Americas North America Canada Aboriginal Atlantic Lunenburg Newfoundland Multicultural Toronto Ottawa Valley Quebec Standard Canadian United States Midland New England Boston East Maine West New York City accent North Inland North North-Central Philadelphia Baltimore South accent Appalachia Chesapeake/Outer Banks New Orleans Older South Texas West California Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Social and ethno-cultural African-American Vernacular Affrilachian Black Brogue American Indian Cajun Chicano General American Good American Speech Miami Latino New York Latino Northeastern elite Pennsylvania Dutch Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Bequia Cayman Islands Bay Islands Guyanese English Jamaica Saba Samaná Trinidad and Tobago Central America Belizean English Mexican English South America San Andrés–Providencia Creole Bermuda Falkland Islands Oceania Australia variation accent Aboriginal South Torres Strait West Fiji New Zealand accent Palau Solomon Islands Africa Cameroon The Gambia Ghana Kenya Liberia Malawi Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone South Africa accent Cape Flats South Atlantic Uganda Zimbabwe Asia East Asia Hong Kong South Asia Bangladesh India regional and occupational Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Asia Brunei Cambodia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Antarctica Antarctica Related English language Basic Broad and general accents Commonwealth Comparison of American and British English E-Prime Engrish English as a lingua franca English-based creole languages Englishisation Globish Gogate Nerrière International Jewish English ( Yeshiva English ) Learning Linguistic purism in English List of English-based pidgins Non-native pronunciations of English Plain Standard v t e Germanic languages According to contemporary philology West Anglo-Frisian Anglic English dialects Old English Middle English Modern English Early Modern English Irish Middle English Fingallian Kildare Yola Scots Early Scots Middle Scots Frisian Historical forms Old Frisian Middle Frisian East Frisian Ems Saterland Frisian Upgant Frisian Weser Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian Harlingerland Frisian North Frisian Insular Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Mainland Bökingharde Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde West Frisian Hindeloopen Schiermonnikoog Westlauwers–Terschellings Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Terschelling Low German Historical forms Old Saxon Middle Low German West Low German Dutch Low Saxon Stellingwarfs Tweants Gronings Drèents Gelders-Overijssels Achterhooks Sallaans Urkers Veluws Northern Low Saxon East Frisian Low Saxon Gronings Hamburg Holsteinisch Oldenburgisch Bremian Schleswigsch Eastphalian Westphalian East Low German Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch Brandenburgisch Central Pomeranian East Pomeranian Low Prussian Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German Low Franconian Historical forms Frankish Old Dutch Middle Dutch Standard variants Dutch Afrikaans ( Kaaps ) West Low Franconian Central Dutch Hollandic West Flemish French Flemish Zeelandic East Flemish Brabantian Kleverlandish Surinamese Dutch Jersey Dutch Mohawk Dutch Stadsfries / Bildts / Amelands / Midslands East Low Franconian Limburgish Cover groups Bergish Meuse-Rhenish High German ( German ) Historical forms Old High German Middle High German New High German Early New High German Standard German German Standard German Austrian Standard German Swiss Standard German Non- standard variants and creoles Namibian German Namibian Black German Berlinerisch Unserdeutsch Barossa German Rotwelsch Lotegorisch Yenish Yiddish Eastern Western Scots Yiddish Klezmer-loshn Lachoudisch Central German West Central German Central Franconian Ripuarian Colognian Southeast Limburgish Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Rhine Franconian Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Hessian Central Hessian Amana German East Central German Thuringian Upper Saxon Erzgebirgisch Lusatian Silesian German High Prussian Wymysorys Halcnovian Upper German Alemannic in the broad sense Low Alemannic Alsatian Coloniero High Alemannic Swiss German Highest Alemannic Walser German Swabian Bavarian Northern Bavarian Central Bavarian Viennese German Southern Bavarian South Tyrolean Cimbrian Mòcheno Hutterite German Gottscheerish South Franconian East Franconian Vogtlandian Langobardic North and East North Historical forms Proto-Norse Old Norse Old West Norse Old East Norse Old Gutnish West Norwegian Bergensk Kebabnorsk Sognamål Trøndersk Valdris Vestlandsk Vikværsk Bokmål (written) Nynorsk (written) Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Faroese Icelandic Old Icelandic Middle Icelandic Greenlandic Norse Norn East Swedish Swedish dialects Rinkebysvenska Danish Danish dialects Insular Danish Jutlandic South Jutlandic East Danish Bornholmsk Scanian (historically) Southern Schleswig Danish Gøtudanskt Perkerdansk Old Danish Middle Danish Dalecarlian Elfdalian Gutnish Mainland Gutnish Fårö Gutnish East Gothic Crimean Gothic Ostrogoth Visigoth Gepid ? Burgundian Vandalic Herulian ? Skirian ? Philology Language subgroups North East West Elbe (Irminonic) Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) North Sea (Ingvaeonic) Northwest Gotho-Nordic South Reconstructed Proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic grammar Germanic parent language Ancient Belgian language Diachronic features Grimm's law Verner's law Holtzmann's law Sievers's law Kluge's law Germanic substrate hypothesis West Germanic gemination High German consonant shift Germanic a-mutation Germanic umlaut Germanic spirant law Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law Great Vowel Shift Synchronic features Germanic verb Germanic strong verb Germanic weak verb Preterite-present verb Grammatischer Wechsel Indo-European ablaut Italics indicate extinct languages Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. v t e Dictionaries of English Old and Middle English An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Dictionary of Old English Middle English Dictionary Historic Catholicon Anglicum (1483) The English Schoole-Master (1596) The New World of English Words (1658) A New English Dictionary (1702) An Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721) Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) Webster's Dictionary (1828) Worcester's Dictionary Richardson's New Dictionary Imperial Dictionary (1847–1850) Century Dictionary (1889–1891) World Book Dictionary Dictionary of American English British English Chambers Collins Oxford OED ODE Compact Concise Shorter Penguin American English American Heritage American Regional Encarta New Oxford American Random House Webster's Webster's New World Webster's Third New International Canadian English Canadian Oxford Dictionary of Canadianisms Dictionary of Newfoundland English Gage Canadian Australian English Australian National Australian Oxford Macquarie Online Collaborative International Dictionary of English Urban Dictionary Wiktionary Wordnik Learners / ESL Cambridge Advanced Learner's Collins COBUILD Advanced Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Oxford Advanced Learner's v t e English-speaking world English speaking countries Further links Articles English-speaking world History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations Anglosphere Lists List of countries by English-speaking population List of countries where English is an official language Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon Eswatini The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Dependencies shown in italics . v t e History of English v t e Proto-Indo-European Proto-Germanic Proto-West-Germanic Anglo-Frisian languages Old English Kentish Mercian Northumbrian West Saxon Anglo-Norman language Middle English Early Modern English Modern English Proto-Indo-European Proto-Germanic Proto-West-Germanic Anglo-Frisian languages Old English Kentish Mercian Northumbrian West Saxon Kentish Mercian Northumbrian West Saxon Anglo-Norman language Middle English Early Modern English Modern English Phonological history Vowels A Changes before historic /l/ Changes before historic /r/ Close back vowels Close front vowels Diphthongs Great Vowel Shift Open back vowels Trisyllabic laxing Consonants Clusters Flapping H -dropping L -vocalization Ng Rhoticity T -glottalization Th fronting stopping Wh Phonological history Vowels A Changes before historic /l/ Changes before historic /r/ Close back vowels Close front vowels Diphthongs Great Vowel Shift Open back vowels Trisyllabic laxing Consonants Clusters Flapping H -dropping L -vocalization Ng Rhoticity T -glottalization Th fronting stopping Wh Vowels A Changes before historic /l/ Changes before historic /r/ Close back vowels Close front vowels Diphthongs Great Vowel Shift Open back vowels Trisyllabic laxing A Changes before historic /l/ Changes before historic /r/ Close back vowels Close front vowels Diphthongs Great Vowel Shift Open back vowels Trisyllabic laxing Consonants Clusters Flapping H -dropping L -vocalization Ng Rhoticity T -glottalization Th fronting stopping Wh Clusters Flapping H -dropping L -vocalization Ng Rhoticity T -glottalization Th fronting stopping fronting stopping Wh v t e Dialects and accents of Modern English by continent v t e Europe Great Britain England North Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Liverpool/Scouse Manchester Northumbria Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside/Geordie Teesside Yorkshire Midlands East Midlands West Midlands Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent South East Anglia London & Thames Estuary Cockney Multicultural Received Pronunciation West Country Cornwall Dorset Scotland Glasgow Highlands Wales Abercraf Cardiff Gower Port Talbot Ireland Dublin South-West Ulster Channel Islands Gibraltar Isle of Man Malta Great Britain England North Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Liverpool/Scouse Manchester Northumbria Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside/Geordie Teesside Yorkshire Midlands East Midlands West Midlands Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent South East Anglia London & Thames Estuary Cockney Multicultural Received Pronunciation West Country Cornwall Dorset Scotland Glasgow Highlands Wales Abercraf Cardiff Gower Port Talbot England North Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Liverpool/Scouse Manchester Northumbria Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside/Geordie Teesside Yorkshire Midlands East Midlands West Midlands Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent South East Anglia London & Thames Estuary Cockney Multicultural Received Pronunciation West Country Cornwall Dorset North Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Liverpool/Scouse Manchester Northumbria Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside/Geordie Teesside Yorkshire Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Barrow Lancashire Liverpool/Scouse Manchester Northumbria Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside/Geordie Teesside Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside/Geordie Teesside Yorkshire Midlands East Midlands West Midlands Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent East Midlands West Midlands Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent South East Anglia London & Thames Estuary Cockney Multicultural Received Pronunciation West Country Cornwall Dorset East Anglia London & Thames Estuary Cockney Multicultural Cockney Multicultural Received Pronunciation West Country Cornwall Dorset Cornwall Dorset Scotland Glasgow Highlands Glasgow Highlands Wales Abercraf Cardiff Gower Port Talbot Abercraf Cardiff Gower Port Talbot Ireland Dublin South-West Ulster Dublin South-West Ulster Channel Islands Gibraltar Isle of Man Malta Channel Islands Gibraltar Isle of Man Malta Americas North America Canada Aboriginal Atlantic Lunenburg Newfoundland Multicultural Toronto Ottawa Valley Quebec Standard Canadian United States Midland New England Boston East Maine West New York City accent North Inland North North-Central Philadelphia Baltimore South accent Appalachia Chesapeake/Outer Banks New Orleans Older South Texas West California Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Social and ethno-cultural African-American Vernacular Affrilachian Black Brogue American Indian Cajun Chicano General American Good American Speech Miami Latino New York Latino Northeastern elite Pennsylvania Dutch Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Bequia Cayman Islands Bay Islands Guyanese English Jamaica Saba Samaná Trinidad and Tobago Central America Belizean English Mexican English South America San Andrés–Providencia Creole Bermuda Falkland Islands North America Canada Aboriginal Atlantic Lunenburg Newfoundland Multicultural Toronto Ottawa Valley Quebec Standard Canadian United States Midland New England Boston East Maine West New York City accent North Inland North North-Central Philadelphia Baltimore South accent Appalachia Chesapeake/Outer Banks New Orleans Older South Texas West California Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Social and ethno-cultural African-American Vernacular Affrilachian Black Brogue American Indian Cajun Chicano General American Good American Speech Miami Latino New York Latino Northeastern elite Pennsylvania Dutch Canada Aboriginal Atlantic Lunenburg Newfoundland Multicultural Toronto Ottawa Valley Quebec Standard Canadian Aboriginal Atlantic Lunenburg Newfoundland Lunenburg Newfoundland Multicultural Toronto Ottawa Valley Quebec Standard Canadian United States Midland New England Boston East Maine West New York City accent North Inland North North-Central Philadelphia Baltimore South accent Appalachia Chesapeake/Outer Banks New Orleans Older South Texas West California Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Social and ethno-cultural African-American Vernacular Affrilachian Black Brogue American Indian Cajun Chicano General American Good American Speech Miami Latino New York Latino Northeastern elite Pennsylvania Dutch Midland New England Boston East Maine West New York City accent North Inland North North-Central Philadelphia Baltimore South accent Appalachia Chesapeake/Outer Banks New Orleans Older South Texas West California Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Midland New England Boston East Maine West Boston East Maine West New York City accent accent North Inland North North-Central Inland North North-Central Philadelphia Baltimore Baltimore South accent Appalachia Chesapeake/Outer Banks New Orleans Older South Texas accent Appalachia Chesapeake/Outer Banks New Orleans Older South Texas West California Pacific Northwest California Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Social and ethno-cultural African-American Vernacular Affrilachian Black Brogue American Indian Cajun Chicano General American Good American Speech Miami Latino New York Latino Northeastern elite Pennsylvania Dutch African-American Vernacular Affrilachian Black Brogue Vernacular Affrilachian Black Brogue American Indian Cajun Chicano General American Good American Speech Miami Latino New York Latino Northeastern elite Pennsylvania Dutch Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Bequia Cayman Islands Bay Islands Guyanese English Jamaica Saba Samaná Trinidad and Tobago Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Bequia Cayman Islands Bay Islands Bay Islands Guyanese English Jamaica Saba Samaná Trinidad and Tobago Central America Belizean English Mexican English Belizean English Mexican English South America San Andrés–Providencia Creole San Andrés–Providencia Creole Bermuda Falkland Islands Bermuda Falkland Islands Oceania Australia variation accent Aboriginal South Torres Strait West Fiji New Zealand accent Palau Solomon Islands Australia variation accent Aboriginal South Torres Strait West variation accent accent Aboriginal South Torres Strait West Fiji New Zealand accent Palau Solomon Islands Fiji New Zealand accent accent Palau Solomon Islands Africa Cameroon The Gambia Ghana Kenya Liberia Malawi Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone South Africa accent Cape Flats South Atlantic Uganda Zimbabwe Cameroon The Gambia Ghana Kenya Liberia Malawi Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone South Africa accent Cape Flats accent Cape Flats South Atlantic Uganda Zimbabwe Asia East Asia Hong Kong South Asia Bangladesh India regional and occupational Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Asia Brunei Cambodia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand East Asia Hong Kong Hong Kong South Asia Bangladesh India regional and occupational Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Bangladesh India regional and occupational regional and occupational Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Asia Brunei Cambodia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Brunei Cambodia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Antarctica Antarctica Antarctica Related English language Basic Broad and general accents Commonwealth Comparison of American and British English E-Prime Engrish English as a lingua franca English-based creole languages Englishisation Globish Gogate Nerrière International Jewish English ( Yeshiva English ) Learning Linguistic purism in English List of English-based pidgins Non-native pronunciations of English Plain Standard English language Basic Broad and general accents Commonwealth Comparison of American and British English E-Prime Engrish English as a lingua franca English-based creole languages Englishisation Globish Gogate Nerrière Gogate Nerrière International Jewish English ( Yeshiva English ) Learning Linguistic purism in English List of English-based pidgins Non-native pronunciations of English Plain Standard v t e Germanic languages v t e According to contemporary philology West Anglo-Frisian Anglic English dialects Old English Middle English Modern English Early Modern English Irish Middle English Fingallian Kildare Yola Scots Early Scots Middle Scots Frisian Historical forms Old Frisian Middle Frisian East Frisian Ems Saterland Frisian Upgant Frisian Weser Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian Harlingerland Frisian North Frisian Insular Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Mainland Bökingharde Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde West Frisian Hindeloopen Schiermonnikoog Westlauwers–Terschellings Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Terschelling Low German Historical forms Old Saxon Middle Low German West Low German Dutch Low Saxon Stellingwarfs Tweants Gronings Drèents Gelders-Overijssels Achterhooks Sallaans Urkers Veluws Northern Low Saxon East Frisian Low Saxon Gronings Hamburg Holsteinisch Oldenburgisch Bremian Schleswigsch Eastphalian Westphalian East Low German Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch Brandenburgisch Central Pomeranian East Pomeranian Low Prussian Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German Low Franconian Historical forms Frankish Old Dutch Middle Dutch Standard variants Dutch Afrikaans ( Kaaps ) West Low Franconian Central Dutch Hollandic West Flemish French Flemish Zeelandic East Flemish Brabantian Kleverlandish Surinamese Dutch Jersey Dutch Mohawk Dutch Stadsfries / Bildts / Amelands / Midslands East Low Franconian Limburgish Cover groups Bergish Meuse-Rhenish High German ( German ) Historical forms Old High German Middle High German New High German Early New High German Standard German German Standard German Austrian Standard German Swiss Standard German Non- standard variants and creoles Namibian German Namibian Black German Berlinerisch Unserdeutsch Barossa German Rotwelsch Lotegorisch Yenish Yiddish Eastern Western Scots Yiddish Klezmer-loshn Lachoudisch Central German West Central German Central Franconian Ripuarian Colognian Southeast Limburgish Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Rhine Franconian Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Hessian Central Hessian Amana German East Central German Thuringian Upper Saxon Erzgebirgisch Lusatian Silesian German High Prussian Wymysorys Halcnovian Upper German Alemannic in the broad sense Low Alemannic Alsatian Coloniero High Alemannic Swiss German Highest Alemannic Walser German Swabian Bavarian Northern Bavarian Central Bavarian Viennese German Southern Bavarian South Tyrolean Cimbrian Mòcheno Hutterite German Gottscheerish South Franconian East Franconian Vogtlandian Langobardic West Anglo-Frisian Anglic English dialects Old English Middle English Modern English Early Modern English Irish Middle English Fingallian Kildare Yola Scots Early Scots Middle Scots Frisian Historical forms Old Frisian Middle Frisian East Frisian Ems Saterland Frisian Upgant Frisian Weser Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian Harlingerland Frisian North Frisian Insular Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Mainland Bökingharde Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde West Frisian Hindeloopen Schiermonnikoog Westlauwers–Terschellings Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Terschelling Low German Historical forms Old Saxon Middle Low German West Low German Dutch Low Saxon Stellingwarfs Tweants Gronings Drèents Gelders-Overijssels Achterhooks Sallaans Urkers Veluws Northern Low Saxon East Frisian Low Saxon Gronings Hamburg Holsteinisch Oldenburgisch Bremian Schleswigsch Eastphalian Westphalian East Low German Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch Brandenburgisch Central Pomeranian East Pomeranian Low Prussian Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German Low Franconian Historical forms Frankish Old Dutch Middle Dutch Standard variants Dutch Afrikaans ( Kaaps ) West Low Franconian Central Dutch Hollandic West Flemish French Flemish Zeelandic East Flemish Brabantian Kleverlandish Surinamese Dutch Jersey Dutch Mohawk Dutch Stadsfries / Bildts / Amelands / Midslands East Low Franconian Limburgish Cover groups Bergish Meuse-Rhenish High German ( German ) Historical forms Old High German Middle High German New High German Early New High German Standard German German Standard German Austrian Standard German Swiss Standard German Non- standard variants and creoles Namibian German Namibian Black German Berlinerisch Unserdeutsch Barossa German Rotwelsch Lotegorisch Yenish Yiddish Eastern Western Scots Yiddish Klezmer-loshn Lachoudisch Central German West Central German Central Franconian Ripuarian Colognian Southeast Limburgish Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Rhine Franconian Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Hessian Central Hessian Amana German East Central German Thuringian Upper Saxon Erzgebirgisch Lusatian Silesian German High Prussian Wymysorys Halcnovian Upper German Alemannic in the broad sense Low Alemannic Alsatian Coloniero High Alemannic Swiss German Highest Alemannic Walser German Swabian Bavarian Northern Bavarian Central Bavarian Viennese German Southern Bavarian South Tyrolean Cimbrian Mòcheno Hutterite German Gottscheerish South Franconian East Franconian Vogtlandian Langobardic Anglo-Frisian Anglic English dialects Old English Middle English Modern English Early Modern English Irish Middle English Fingallian Kildare Yola Scots Early Scots Middle Scots Frisian Historical forms Old Frisian Middle Frisian East Frisian Ems Saterland Frisian Upgant Frisian Weser Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian Harlingerland Frisian North Frisian Insular Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Mainland Bökingharde Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde West Frisian Hindeloopen Schiermonnikoog Westlauwers–Terschellings Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Terschelling Anglic English dialects Old English Middle English Modern English Early Modern English Irish Middle English Fingallian Kildare Yola Scots Early Scots Middle Scots English dialects Old English Middle English Modern English Early Modern English dialects Old English Middle English Modern English Early Modern English Early Modern English Irish Middle English Fingallian Kildare Yola Fingallian Kildare Yola Scots Early Scots Middle Scots Early Scots Middle Scots Frisian Historical forms Old Frisian Middle Frisian East Frisian Ems Saterland Frisian Upgant Frisian Weser Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian Harlingerland Frisian North Frisian Insular Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Mainland Bökingharde Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde West Frisian Hindeloopen Schiermonnikoog Westlauwers–Terschellings Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Terschelling Historical forms Old Frisian Middle Frisian Old Frisian Middle Frisian East Frisian Ems Saterland Frisian Upgant Frisian Weser Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian Harlingerland Frisian Ems Saterland Frisian Upgant Frisian Saterland Frisian Upgant Frisian Weser Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian Harlingerland Frisian Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian Harlingerland Frisian North Frisian Insular Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Mainland Bökingharde Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde Insular Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Mainland Bökingharde Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde Bökingharde Mooring Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde West Frisian Hindeloopen Schiermonnikoog Westlauwers–Terschellings Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Terschelling Hindeloopen Schiermonnikoog Westlauwers–Terschellings Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Terschelling Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Westereendersk Terschelling Low German Historical forms Old Saxon Middle Low German West Low German Dutch Low Saxon Stellingwarfs Tweants Gronings Drèents Gelders-Overijssels Achterhooks Sallaans Urkers Veluws Northern Low Saxon East Frisian Low Saxon Gronings Hamburg Holsteinisch Oldenburgisch Bremian Schleswigsch Eastphalian Westphalian East Low German Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch Brandenburgisch Central Pomeranian East Pomeranian Low Prussian Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German Historical forms Old Saxon Middle Low German Old Saxon Middle Low German West Low German Dutch Low Saxon Stellingwarfs Tweants Gronings Drèents Gelders-Overijssels Achterhooks Sallaans Urkers Veluws Northern Low Saxon East Frisian Low Saxon Gronings Hamburg Holsteinisch Oldenburgisch Bremian Schleswigsch Eastphalian Westphalian Dutch Low Saxon Stellingwarfs Tweants Gronings Drèents Gelders-Overijssels Achterhooks Sallaans Urkers Veluws Stellingwarfs Tweants Gronings Drèents Gelders-Overijssels Achterhooks Sallaans Achterhooks Sallaans Urkers Veluws Northern Low Saxon East Frisian Low Saxon Gronings Hamburg Holsteinisch Oldenburgisch Bremian Schleswigsch East Frisian Low Saxon Gronings Hamburg Holsteinisch Oldenburgisch Bremian Bremian Schleswigsch Eastphalian Westphalian East Low German Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch Brandenburgisch Central Pomeranian East Pomeranian Low Prussian Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch Brandenburgisch Central Pomeranian East Pomeranian Low Prussian Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German Low Franconian Historical forms Frankish Old Dutch Middle Dutch Standard variants Dutch Afrikaans ( Kaaps ) West Low Franconian Central Dutch Hollandic West Flemish French Flemish Zeelandic East Flemish Brabantian Kleverlandish Surinamese Dutch Jersey Dutch Mohawk Dutch Stadsfries / Bildts / Amelands / Midslands East Low Franconian Limburgish Cover groups Bergish Meuse-Rhenish Historical forms Frankish Old Dutch Middle Dutch Frankish Old Dutch Middle Dutch Standard variants Dutch Afrikaans ( Kaaps ) Dutch Afrikaans ( Kaaps ) West Low Franconian Central Dutch Hollandic West Flemish French Flemish Zeelandic East Flemish Brabantian Kleverlandish Surinamese Dutch Jersey Dutch Mohawk Dutch Stadsfries / Bildts / Amelands / Midslands Central Dutch Hollandic Hollandic West Flemish French Flemish French Flemish Zeelandic East Flemish Brabantian Kleverlandish Surinamese Dutch Jersey Dutch Mohawk Dutch Stadsfries / Bildts / Amelands / Midslands East Low Franconian Limburgish Limburgish Cover groups Bergish Meuse-Rhenish Bergish Meuse-Rhenish High German ( German ) Historical forms Old High German Middle High German New High German Early New High German Standard German German Standard German Austrian Standard German Swiss Standard German Non- standard variants and creoles Namibian German Namibian Black German Berlinerisch Unserdeutsch Barossa German Rotwelsch Lotegorisch Yenish Yiddish Eastern Western Scots Yiddish Klezmer-loshn Lachoudisch Central German West Central German Central Franconian Ripuarian Colognian Southeast Limburgish Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Rhine Franconian Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Hessian Central Hessian Amana German East Central German Thuringian Upper Saxon Erzgebirgisch Lusatian Silesian German High Prussian Wymysorys Halcnovian Upper German Alemannic in the broad sense Low Alemannic Alsatian Coloniero High Alemannic Swiss German Highest Alemannic Walser German Swabian Bavarian Northern Bavarian Central Bavarian Viennese German Southern Bavarian South Tyrolean Cimbrian Mòcheno Hutterite German Gottscheerish South Franconian East Franconian Vogtlandian Langobardic Historical forms Old High German Middle High German New High German Early New High German Old High German Middle High German New High German Early New High German Early New High German Standard German German Standard German Austrian Standard German Swiss Standard German German Standard German Austrian Standard German Swiss Standard German Non- standard variants and creoles Namibian German Namibian Black German Berlinerisch Unserdeutsch Barossa German Rotwelsch Lotegorisch Yenish Yiddish Eastern Western Scots Yiddish Klezmer-loshn Lachoudisch Namibian German Namibian Black German Berlinerisch Unserdeutsch Barossa German Rotwelsch Lotegorisch Lotegorisch Yenish Yiddish Eastern Western Scots Yiddish Klezmer-loshn Lachoudisch Eastern Western Scots Yiddish Klezmer-loshn Lachoudisch Central German West Central German Central Franconian Ripuarian Colognian Southeast Limburgish Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Rhine Franconian Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Hessian Central Hessian Amana German East Central German Thuringian Upper Saxon Erzgebirgisch Lusatian Silesian German High Prussian Wymysorys Halcnovian West Central German Central Franconian Ripuarian Colognian Southeast Limburgish Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Rhine Franconian Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Hessian Central Hessian Amana German Central Franconian Ripuarian Colognian Southeast Limburgish Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Ripuarian Colognian Southeast Limburgish Colognian Southeast Limburgish Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Hunsrik Rhine Franconian Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Hessian Central Hessian Central Hessian Amana German East Central German Thuringian Upper Saxon Erzgebirgisch Lusatian Silesian German High Prussian Wymysorys Halcnovian Thuringian Upper Saxon Erzgebirgisch Lusatian Silesian German High Prussian Wymysorys Halcnovian Upper German Alemannic in the broad sense Low Alemannic Alsatian Coloniero High Alemannic Swiss German Highest Alemannic Walser German Swabian Bavarian Northern Bavarian Central Bavarian Viennese German Southern Bavarian South Tyrolean Cimbrian Mòcheno Hutterite German Gottscheerish South Franconian East Franconian Vogtlandian Langobardic Alemannic in the broad sense Low Alemannic Alsatian Coloniero High Alemannic Swiss German Highest Alemannic Walser German Swabian Low Alemannic Alsatian Coloniero Alsatian Coloniero High Alemannic Swiss German Swiss German Highest Alemannic Walser German Walser German Swabian Bavarian Northern Bavarian Central Bavarian Viennese German Southern Bavarian South Tyrolean Cimbrian Mòcheno Hutterite German Gottscheerish Northern Bavarian Central Bavarian Viennese German Viennese German Southern Bavarian South Tyrolean Cimbrian Mòcheno Hutterite German Gottscheerish South Tyrolean Cimbrian Mòcheno Hutterite German Gottscheerish South Franconian East Franconian Vogtlandian Vogtlandian Langobardic North and East North Historical forms Proto-Norse Old Norse Old West Norse Old East Norse Old Gutnish West Norwegian Bergensk Kebabnorsk Sognamål Trøndersk Valdris Vestlandsk Vikværsk Bokmål (written) Nynorsk (written) Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Faroese Icelandic Old Icelandic Middle Icelandic Greenlandic Norse Norn East Swedish Swedish dialects Rinkebysvenska Danish Danish dialects Insular Danish Jutlandic South Jutlandic East Danish Bornholmsk Scanian (historically) Southern Schleswig Danish Gøtudanskt Perkerdansk Old Danish Middle Danish Dalecarlian Elfdalian Gutnish Mainland Gutnish Fårö Gutnish East Gothic Crimean Gothic Ostrogoth Visigoth Gepid ? Burgundian Vandalic Herulian ? Skirian ? North and East North Historical forms Proto-Norse Old Norse Old West Norse Old East Norse Old Gutnish West Norwegian Bergensk Kebabnorsk Sognamål Trøndersk Valdris Vestlandsk Vikværsk Bokmål (written) Nynorsk (written) Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Faroese Icelandic Old Icelandic Middle Icelandic Greenlandic Norse Norn East Swedish Swedish dialects Rinkebysvenska Danish Danish dialects Insular Danish Jutlandic South Jutlandic East Danish Bornholmsk Scanian (historically) Southern Schleswig Danish Gøtudanskt Perkerdansk Old Danish Middle Danish Dalecarlian Elfdalian Gutnish Mainland Gutnish Fårö Gutnish East Gothic Crimean Gothic Ostrogoth Visigoth Gepid ? Burgundian Vandalic Herulian ? Skirian ? North Historical forms Proto-Norse Old Norse Old West Norse Old East Norse Old Gutnish West Norwegian Bergensk Kebabnorsk Sognamål Trøndersk Valdris Vestlandsk Vikværsk Bokmål (written) Nynorsk (written) Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Faroese Icelandic Old Icelandic Middle Icelandic Greenlandic Norse Norn East Swedish Swedish dialects Rinkebysvenska Danish Danish dialects Insular Danish Jutlandic South Jutlandic East Danish Bornholmsk Scanian (historically) Southern Schleswig Danish Gøtudanskt Perkerdansk Old Danish Middle Danish Dalecarlian Elfdalian Gutnish Mainland Gutnish Fårö Gutnish Historical forms Proto-Norse Old Norse Old West Norse Old East Norse Old Gutnish Proto-Norse Old Norse Old West Norse Old East Norse Old Gutnish Old West Norse Old East Norse Old Gutnish West Norwegian Bergensk Kebabnorsk Sognamål Trøndersk Valdris Vestlandsk Vikværsk Bokmål (written) Nynorsk (written) Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Faroese Icelandic Old Icelandic Middle Icelandic Greenlandic Norse Norn Norwegian Bergensk Kebabnorsk Sognamål Trøndersk Valdris Vestlandsk Vikværsk Bokmål (written) Nynorsk (written) Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Bergensk Kebabnorsk Sognamål Trøndersk Valdris Vestlandsk Vikværsk Bokmål (written) Nynorsk (written) Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Faroese Icelandic Old Icelandic Middle Icelandic Old Icelandic Middle Icelandic Greenlandic Norse Norn East Swedish Swedish dialects Rinkebysvenska Danish Danish dialects Insular Danish Jutlandic South Jutlandic East Danish Bornholmsk Scanian (historically) Southern Schleswig Danish Gøtudanskt Perkerdansk Old Danish Middle Danish Dalecarlian Elfdalian Swedish Swedish dialects Rinkebysvenska Swedish dialects Rinkebysvenska Danish Danish dialects Insular Danish Jutlandic South Jutlandic East Danish Bornholmsk Scanian (historically) Southern Schleswig Danish Gøtudanskt Perkerdansk Old Danish Middle Danish Danish dialects Insular Danish Jutlandic South Jutlandic South Jutlandic East Danish Bornholmsk Scanian (historically) Bornholmsk Scanian (historically) Southern Schleswig Danish Gøtudanskt Perkerdansk Old Danish Middle Danish Dalecarlian Elfdalian Elfdalian Gutnish Mainland Gutnish Fårö Gutnish Gutnish Mainland Gutnish Fårö Gutnish Mainland Gutnish Fårö Gutnish East Gothic Crimean Gothic Ostrogoth Visigoth Gepid ? Burgundian Vandalic Herulian ? Skirian ? Gothic Crimean Gothic Ostrogoth Visigoth Gepid ? Crimean Gothic Ostrogoth Visigoth Gepid ? Burgundian Vandalic Herulian ? Skirian ? Philology Language subgroups North East West Elbe (Irminonic) Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) North Sea (Ingvaeonic) Northwest Gotho-Nordic South Reconstructed Proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic grammar Germanic parent language Ancient Belgian language Diachronic features Grimm's law Verner's law Holtzmann's law Sievers's law Kluge's law Germanic substrate hypothesis West Germanic gemination High German consonant shift Germanic a-mutation Germanic umlaut Germanic spirant law Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law Great Vowel Shift Synchronic features Germanic verb Germanic strong verb Germanic weak verb Preterite-present verb Grammatischer Wechsel Indo-European ablaut Philology Language subgroups North East West Elbe (Irminonic) Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) North Sea (Ingvaeonic) Northwest Gotho-Nordic South Reconstructed Proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic grammar Germanic parent language Ancient Belgian language Diachronic features Grimm's law Verner's law Holtzmann's law Sievers's law Kluge's law Germanic substrate hypothesis West Germanic gemination High German consonant shift Germanic a-mutation Germanic umlaut Germanic spirant law Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law Great Vowel Shift Synchronic features Germanic verb Germanic strong verb Germanic weak verb Preterite-present verb Grammatischer Wechsel Indo-European ablaut Language subgroups North East West Elbe (Irminonic) Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) North Sea (Ingvaeonic) Northwest Gotho-Nordic South North East West Elbe (Irminonic) Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) North Sea (Ingvaeonic) Elbe (Irminonic) Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) North Sea (Ingvaeonic) Northwest Gotho-Nordic South Reconstructed Proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic grammar Germanic parent language Ancient Belgian language Proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic grammar Germanic parent language Ancient Belgian language Diachronic features Grimm's law Verner's law Holtzmann's law Sievers's law Kluge's law Germanic substrate hypothesis West Germanic gemination High German consonant shift Germanic a-mutation Germanic umlaut Germanic spirant law Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law Great Vowel Shift Grimm's law Verner's law Holtzmann's law Sievers's law Kluge's law Germanic substrate hypothesis West Germanic gemination High German consonant shift Germanic a-mutation Germanic umlaut Germanic spirant law Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law Great Vowel Shift Synchronic features Germanic verb Germanic strong verb Germanic weak verb Preterite-present verb Grammatischer Wechsel Indo-European ablaut Germanic verb Germanic strong verb Germanic weak verb Preterite-present verb Grammatischer Wechsel Indo-European ablaut Italics indicate extinct languages Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. Italics indicate extinct languages Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. v t e Dictionaries of English v t e Old and Middle English An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Dictionary of Old English Middle English Dictionary An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Dictionary of Old English Middle English Dictionary Historic Catholicon Anglicum (1483) The English Schoole-Master (1596) The New World of English Words (1658) A New English Dictionary (1702) An Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721) Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) Webster's Dictionary (1828) Worcester's Dictionary Richardson's New Dictionary Imperial Dictionary (1847–1850) Century Dictionary (1889–1891) World Book Dictionary Dictionary of American English Catholicon Anglicum (1483) The English Schoole-Master (1596) The New World of English Words (1658) A New English Dictionary (1702) An Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721) Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) Webster's Dictionary (1828) Worcester's Dictionary Richardson's New Dictionary Imperial Dictionary (1847–1850) Century Dictionary (1889–1891) World Book Dictionary Dictionary of American English British English Chambers Collins Oxford OED ODE Compact Concise Shorter Penguin Chambers Collins Oxford OED ODE Compact Concise Shorter OED ODE Compact Concise Shorter Penguin American English American Heritage American Regional Encarta New Oxford American Random House Webster's Webster's New World Webster's Third New International American Heritage American Regional Encarta New Oxford American Random House Webster's Webster's New World Webster's Third New International Canadian English Canadian Oxford Dictionary of Canadianisms Dictionary of Newfoundland English Gage Canadian Canadian Oxford Dictionary of Canadianisms Dictionary of Newfoundland English Gage Canadian Australian English Australian National Australian Oxford Macquarie Australian National Australian Oxford Macquarie Online Collaborative International Dictionary of English Urban Dictionary Wiktionary Wordnik Collaborative International Dictionary of English Urban Dictionary Wiktionary Wordnik Learners / ESL Cambridge Advanced Learner's Collins COBUILD Advanced Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Oxford Advanced Learner's Cambridge Advanced Learner's Collins COBUILD Advanced Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Oxford Advanced Learner's v t e English-speaking world v t e English speaking countries Further links Articles English-speaking world History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations Anglosphere Lists List of countries by English-speaking population List of countries where English is an official language Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon Eswatini The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Dependencies shown in italics . Further links Articles English-speaking world History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations Anglosphere Lists List of countries by English-speaking population List of countries where English is an official language Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon Eswatini The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Dependencies shown in italics . Articles English-speaking world History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations Anglosphere English-speaking world History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations Anglosphere Lists List of countries by English-speaking population List of countries where English is an official language List of countries by English-speaking population List of countries where English is an official language Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon Eswatini The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon Eswatini The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon Eswatini The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Botswana Cameroon Eswatini The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Dependencies shown in italics . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Article content 2 Items outside article text 3 Topic- and culture-specific guidelines Toggle Topic- and culture-specific guidelines subsection 3.1 Topic-specific 3.2 Country-, region- and language-specific 3.1 Topic-specific 3.2 Country-, region- and language-specific 4 Other relevant pages 5 See also Wikipedia : Manual of Style/Contents Српски / srpski Türkçe Project page Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This guideline is a part of the English Wikipedia's Manual of Style . Editors should generally follow it, though exceptions may apply. 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e This is a descriptive directory of the pages which make up the Wikipedia Manual of Style . It includes only current guidelines , not proposals or historical pages, nor pages that now redirect outside the Manual of Style (e.g. WikiProjects' style-advice essays ). The Manual of Style can also be navigated via the other directory , categories , the navigation template or by a custom search box (as seen below) Article content Wikipedia:Manual of Style (WP:MOS, WP:STYLE) The main page of the Manual of Style. It contains general remarks, summaries of the guidance to be found on certain other MoS pages, and fully detailed guidance on certain topics: How to deal with national varieties of English (MOS:ENGVAR) Language for section headings (MOS:HEAD) How to format quotations (MOS:QUOTE) The preferred usage of punctuation (MOS:PUNCT) , the largest section specific to the main Manual of Style page Miscellaneous grammatical issues including the writing of possessives , use of pronouns, the ampersand (MOS:&) , collective plurals (MOS:PLURALS) , and general guidelines for dealing with non-English words and languages . Usage of images (MOS:IMAGES) . How to deal with national varieties of English (MOS:ENGVAR) Language for section headings (MOS:HEAD) How to format quotations (MOS:QUOTE) The preferred usage of punctuation (MOS:PUNCT) , the largest section specific to the main Manual of Style page Miscellaneous grammatical issues including the writing of possessives , use of pronouns, the ampersand (MOS:&) , collective plurals (MOS:PLURALS) , and general guidelines for dealing with non-English words and languages . Usage of images (MOS:IMAGES) . Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations (MOS:ABBR) Use of periods, disambiguation, and which abbreviations need and need not be spelled out first. Use of periods, disambiguation, and which abbreviations need and need not be spelled out first. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility (MOS:ACCESS) Details recommended editing practices for best web accessibility of Wikipedia. Details recommended editing practices for best web accessibility of Wikipedia. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters (MOS:CAPS) When and when not to use capitals, including all-caps (MOS:ALLCAPS) . When and when not to use capitals, including all-caps (MOS:ALLCAPS) . Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions (WP:CAPTION) Best practices for writing and formatting image captions. Best practices for writing and formatting image captions. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers (MOS:NUM) Covers time and date formatting, including seasons (MOS:TIME) , recommendations for numbers and their notation, which units to use and how to format and abbreviate them (MOS:UNITS) , dealing with currencies (MOS:CURRENCY) and geographical coordinates (MOS:COORDS) . Covers time and date formatting, including seasons (MOS:TIME) , recommendations for numbers and their notation, which units to use and how to format and abbreviate them (MOS:UNITS) , dealing with currencies (MOS:CURRENCY) and geographical coordinates (MOS:COORDS) . Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Embedded lists (WP:EMBED) When to and not to use a list instead of prose within an article. When to and not to use a list instead of prose within an article. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons (MOS:ICON) On the use of small images within text. On the use of small images within text. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout (MOS:LAYOUT) Ordering of content within articles, structures of standard appendices (MOS:APPENDIX) . Ordering of content within articles, structures of standard appendices (MOS:APPENDIX) . Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section (MOS:LEAD) Everything about the article opener, including the guidance on bolding the subject's name (MOS:BOLDTITLE) Everything about the article opener, including the guidance on bolding the subject's name (MOS:BOLDTITLE) Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking (MOS:LINKS) Everything about the best use of wikilinks. Everything about the best use of wikilinks. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists (MOS:LISTS) How and when to use lists on Wikipedia. How and when to use lists on Wikipedia. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works (MOS:WORKS) Presenting a list of works by the article's subject. Presenting a list of works by the article's subject. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation (MOS:PRON) How to introduce pronunciation data in the International Phonetic Alphabet. How to introduce pronunciation data in the International Phonetic Alphabet. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Proper names (MOS:PN) Details how Wikipedia:Article titles applies within the text of articles. Details how Wikipedia:Article titles applies within the text of articles. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid (MOS:SELF) How to avoid mentioning Wikipedia itself, or the fact the article is a webpage. How to avoid mentioning Wikipedia itself, or the fact the article is a webpage. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling (MOS:SPELLING) Not a guideline per se , but a handy guide to national varieties of English. Not a guideline per se , but a handy guide to national varieties of English. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stand-alone lists (WP:STANDALONE) Goes into greater details than MOS:LISTS. Goes into greater details than MOS:LISTS. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables (WP:TABLES) The use and formatting of wikitables . The use and formatting of wikitables . Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting (MOS:TEXT) The use of bold (MOS:BOLD) , italics (MOS:ITALICS) , and font size (MOS:FONTSIZE) are all discussed here. The use of bold (MOS:BOLD) , italics (MOS:ITALICS) , and font size (MOS:FONTSIZE) are all discussed here. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks (MOS:TM) Dealing with the idiosyncratic formatting of many trademarks. Dealing with the idiosyncratic formatting of many trademarks. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections (WP:TRIVIA) How to avoid accumulation of poorly formatted miscellaneous information. How to avoid accumulation of poorly formatted miscellaneous information. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch (MOS:WTW) Techniques for recognizing and dealing with puffery (MOS:PUFF) , charged words (MOS:LABEL and MOS:CLAIM) , weasel and doubtful words (MOS:WEASEL and MOS:ALLEGED) , editorializing (MOS:EDITORIAL) , euphemisms (MOS:EUPHEMISM) , clichés (MOS:CLICHE) and rapidly dated expressions (MOS:RELTIME) are all to be found here. Techniques for recognizing and dealing with puffery (MOS:PUFF) , charged words (MOS:LABEL and MOS:CLAIM) , weasel and doubtful words (MOS:WEASEL and MOS:ALLEGED) , editorializing (MOS:EDITORIAL) , euphemisms (MOS:EUPHEMISM) , clichés (MOS:CLICHE) and rapidly dated expressions (MOS:RELTIME) are all to be found here. Items outside article text Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Article message boxes (WP:AMBOX) Legacy page describing the styling of these banner templates. Legacy page describing the styling of these banner templates. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages (MOS:DAB) What to include, how to format it and in which order. What to include, how to format it and in which order. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes (WP:IBX) Design of infobox templates. Design of infobox templates. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Wikipedia books (WP:MOSBOOKS) The styling of books . The styling of books . Topic- and culture-specific guidelines Topic-specific These usually originated as project guidelines, and typically cover all of terminology, layout, conventions and formatting related to the topic at hand. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Anime and manga (MOS:ANIME) Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography (MOS:BIO) How to deal with all the parts of the name, including post-nominal letters (MOS:INITIALS) and honorifics (MOS:HONORIFIC) . How to deal with all the parts of the name, including post-nominal letters (MOS:INITIALS) and honorifics (MOS:HONORIFIC) . Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry (MOS:CHEM) Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Comics (WP:CMOS) Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Cue sports (MOS:CUE) For all billiards/pool games, but see also MOS:SNOOKER for snooker-specific additions. For all billiards/pool games, but see also MOS:SNOOKER for snooker-specific additions. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating (WP:FS STYLE) Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Film (MOS:FILM) Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Islam-related articles (MOS:ISLAM) Transliteration and terminology, religious text references Transliteration and terminology, religious text references Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Latter Day Saints (MOS:LDS) Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Legal (MOS:LEGAL) Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics (MOS:MATHS) Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Medicine-related articles (MOS:MED) Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Military history (MOS:MILHIST) Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music (MOS:MUSIC) Also covers musical notation (in text and images), and use of italics for classical music works Also covers musical notation (in text and images), and use of italics for classical music works Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music samples (WP:SAMPLE) Fair-use policy on this issue, and how to present them in articles. Fair-use policy on this issue, and how to present them in articles. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Novels (WP:NOVELS) Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Philosophy (MOS:PHILO) Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Record charts (WP:CHARTS) The ordering, presentation and sourcing of chart information The ordering, presentation and sourcing of chart information Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Road junction lists (MOS:RJL) Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Snooker (MOS:SNOOKER) Much of MOS:CUE also applies. Much of MOS:CUE also applies. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stringed instrument tunings (MOS:TUNINGS) Spun out from MOS:MUSIC Spun out from MOS:MUSIC Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Television (MOS:TV) Covers television series, seasons and episodes. Covers television series, seasons and episodes. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles (MOS:TITLE) About the use of italics or quotation marks for titles of works. About the use of italics or quotation marks for titles of works. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Video games (MOS:VG) Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Visual arts (MOS:VA) Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Writing about fiction (MOS:FICTION) How to keep the right perspective, source and present in-universe information and similar aspects of writing about fiction. How to keep the right perspective, source and present in-universe information and similar aspects of writing about fiction. Country-, region- and language-specific A number of proposed or inactive language-specific guidelines exist, but they are not listed here; there are language-specific guidelines for several languages including Korean, Chinese and Hebrew; most issues are instead covered by naming conventions . Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Canada-related articles (MOS:CA) Covers mostly disambiguation, French names and sourcing population data. Covers mostly disambiguation, French names and sourcing population data. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/France and French-related articles (MOS:FR) Accents and their effects on sorting, capitalization of works, noble titles. Accents and their effects on sorting, capitalization of works, noble titles. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles (MOS:HAWAII) Capitalization and use of Hawaiian diacritics. Capitalization and use of Hawaiian diacritics. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles (MOS:INDIA) Content and naming conventions. Content and naming conventions. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Indonesia-related articles (MOS:INDONESIA) Naming and spelling conventions. Naming and spelling conventions. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Ireland-related articles (MOS:IE) Historical issues, Irish vs. English, reference to counties Historical issues, Irish vs. English, reference to counties Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Japan-related articles (MOS:JP) Mostly issues of romanization and plural, but also terminology, addresses and related matters Mostly issues of romanization and plural, but also terminology, addresses and related matters Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Philippines-related articles (MOS:PHIL) Choice of ethnonym, use of diacritics, disambiguation, name of subdivisions Choice of ethnonym, use of diacritics, disambiguation, name of subdivisions Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Poland-related articles (MOS:PL) Terminology, pronunciation, and spelling Terminology, pronunciation, and spelling Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Singapore-related articles (MOS:SG) Mostly covers names of people Mostly covers names of people Other relevant pages The following pages are not part of the Manual of Style, but contain related guidance. Wikipedia:Article titles (WP:AT) Principles for choosing the titles of articles. Contains links to many topic-related naming convention pages. Principles for choosing the titles of articles. Contains links to many topic-related naming convention pages. Wikipedia:Citing sources (WP:CITE) Guidance on organizing and formatting references. Guidance on organizing and formatting references. Wikipedia:Summary style (WP:SUMMARY) Method used when a section becomes its own article. Method used when a section becomes its own article. See also Introduction to the Manual of Style – a quick introduction to the style guide for articles. Simplified Manual of Style – the basics about commonly used style guidelines. Styletips – a list of advice for editors on writing style and formatting. Manual of Style reading schedule – an essay. Article development – lists the ways in which you can help an article grow. Basic copyediting – gives helpful advice on copy-editing. Better articles – guidance on how to make articles better. Perfect article – point by point guidance on what makes a great article. Basic copyediting – gives helpful advice on copy-editing. Better articles – guidance on how to make articles better. Perfect article – point by point guidance on what makes a great article. Avoiding common mistakes – gives a list of common mistakes and how to avoid them. Logical quotation – describes how to best use logical quotation in articles. List of policies – a comprehensive descriptive directory of policies List of guidelines – a comprehensive descriptive directory of guidelines. Community standards and advice – a quick directory of community norms and related guidance essays. Community standards and advice – a quick directory of community norms and related guidance essays. Advice pages – about advice pages written by WikiProjects. v t e Manual of Style v t e Overview Contents Tips Overview Contents Tips Content Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Formatting Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Layout Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists By topic area Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Cue sports Snooker Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Related guidelines Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Search Category Category v t e Wikipedia directories and indexes v t e Administration pages Protocols Policies Guidelines Manual of Style Assistance Help directory Menu FAQs Interactive help Reader's index Tips Styletips Tools The community Portal Discussions Noticeboards Essays Editor's index Departments Maintenance WikiProjects MediaWiki Wikitext HTML Templates Locutions Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary Shortcuts Protocols Policies Guidelines Manual of Style Policies Guidelines Manual of Style Assistance Help directory Menu FAQs Interactive help Reader's index Tips Styletips Tools Help directory Menu Menu FAQs Interactive help Reader's index Tips Styletips Styletips Tools The community Portal Discussions Noticeboards Essays Editor's index Departments Maintenance WikiProjects Portal Discussions Noticeboards Noticeboards Essays Editor's index Departments Maintenance Maintenance WikiProjects MediaWiki Wikitext HTML Templates Wikitext HTML Templates HTML Templates Locutions Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary Shortcuts Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary Shortcuts Encyclopedia proper Types Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Featured , good Featured articles Good articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Good topics Topics Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Math Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology LOC, bios, times Academic disciplines Anniversaries Today Sovereign states and dependent territories Deaths this year Timelines Decades, centuries, and millennia Indexes A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Spoken articles Searching Types Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Featured , good Featured articles Good articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Good topics Featured articles Good articles Good articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Good topics Good topics Topics Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Math Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Math Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology LOC, bios, times Academic disciplines Anniversaries Today Sovereign states and dependent territories Deaths this year Timelines Decades, centuries, and millennia Academic disciplines Anniversaries Today Today Sovereign states and dependent territories Deaths this year Deaths this year Timelines Decades, centuries, and millennia Decades, centuries, and millennia Indexes A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Spoken articles A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Spoken articles Searching v t e Wikipedia editor navigation ( Search ) v t e v t e Wikipedia key policies and guidelines (?) Five pillars Ignore all rules Content (?) P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs Conduct (?) P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Deletion (?) P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Enforcement (?) P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Editing (?) P Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Project content (?) G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages WMF (?) P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ v t e Manual of Style Overview Contents Tips Content Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Formatting Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Layout Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists By topic area Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Related guidelines Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Search Category v t e Wikipedia accounts and governance Unregistered users Why create an account? Create an account Request an account Unregistered editors are human too IP addresses are not people IP hopper Temporary accounts Registered users New account Logging in Reset passwords Username policy Changing username Usernames for administrator attention Unified login or SUL Alternate account Account security Password strength requirements User account security Personal security practices Two-factor authentication 2FA for AWB Committed identity On privacy, confidentiality and discretion Compromised accounts How to not get outed Blocks, bans, sanctions, global actions Blocking policy FAQ Admin's guide Tools Autoblock Appealing a block Guide to appealing blocks UTRS Unblock Ticket Request System Unblock Wizard Blocking IP addresses Range blocks IPv6 Open proxies Banning policy ArbCom appeals Sanctions Personal sanctions General sanctions Contentious topics and Log Essay Indef ≠ infinite Long-term abuse Standard offer Global actions Related to accounts Sockpuppetry Single-purpose account Sleeper account Spam-only account Vandalism-only account Wikibreak Enforcer Retiring Courtesy vanishing Clean start Quiet return Account deletion User groups and global user groups Requests for permissions Admin instructions Admin guide Account creator PERM (Auto) confirmed PERM Autopatrolled PERM AutoWikiBrowser PERM Bot Request Edit filter helper Request Event coordinator PERM Extended confirmed PERM File mover PERM IP block exempt Request Mass message sender PERM New page reviewer PERM Page mover PERM Pending changes reviewer PERM Rollback PERM Template editor PERM Temporary account IP viewer PERM Global rights policy Volunteer Response Team Advanced user groups Administrator RfA Bureaucrat RfB CheckUser and Oversight Request Edit filter manager Request Interface administrator Request Founder Importer Researcher Committees and related Arbitration Committee Bot approvals group Functionaries Clerks SPI clerks ArbCom clerks Governance Administration FAQ Formal organization Editorial oversight and control Quality control Wikimedia Foundation Board Founder's seat Meta-Wiki Proposals WikiProjects Elections Policies and guidelines Petitions Noticeboards Consensus Dispute resolution Reforms v t e Wikipedia community For a listing of current collaborations, tasks, and news, see the Community portal . For a listing of ongoing discussions and current requests, see the Dashboard . General community topics Administration News The Signpost Goings-on In the media Meetups Mailing lists Wikipedians Statistics The Wikipedia Library Centralized discussion Village pump Idea lab Policy Proposals Technical Miscellaneous WMF Holidays Bots Contents and grading Requested articles Most-wanted articles Images needing articles Articles needing images Articles for creation WP:AFC/R WP:AFC/C Creating articles Help Vital articles Articles for improvement Peer review Good article nominations Featured article candidates Lists Pictures Topics Article translation Pages Main Page Errors WikiProjects and collaborations Directory Culture and the arts Geographical History and society Science, technology and engineering Wikipedia assistance and tasks Patrols Recent changes Counter-Vandalism Unit Accessibility Organizations category Awards and feedback Reward board Contests A nice cup of tea and a sit down Charitableness WikiLove Compliment before criticism Kindness Campaign Thanks! Maintenance tasks Task Center Open tasks Backlog Category Admin category Edit requests Category Database reports Category tracker Dusty articles Special pages New pages Recent changes Controversial issues Administrators and noticeboards Administrators' noticeboard Incidents Edit warring Vandalism Admin dashboard Admin requests Closure Page protection User permissions Sockpuppets Open proxies Revision deletion Oversight Request Usernames Changing Title blacklist OTRS Bureaucrats' Requests for adminship and bureaucratship Arbitration Committee Requests Enforcement Content dispute resolution Requests for comment Third opinion Dispute resolution noticeboard Biographies of living persons Conflict of interest External links Fringe theories Neutral point of view No original research Reliable sources Other noticeboards and assistance Regional notice boards Requests for help Category Asking questions Teahouse Help desk Reference desk Adopt-a-user Copyright assistance Copyright investigations Text problems Media questions Resource requests Mergers History mergers Moves Page importation Spam Blacklist Whitelist Bots Education General sanctions Editor sanctions Long-term abuse Deletion discussions Guide Admin Today Articles Templates Files Categories Redirects Miscellany Speedy Proposed BLP Review Undeletion Arguments to avoid Arguments to make Article Rescue Elections and voting Requests for comment ( meta ) Wikimedia Foundation elections WP Democracy Milestones Directories, indexes, and summaries Departments Edit summary legend Editor's index Essays FAQs Glossary Abbreviations Help Manual of Style Simplified Rules Five pillars Policies Guidelines Shortcuts Templates Citation templates Tips Today Tools Wiki markup Media Category Templates v t e Wikipedia essays (?) Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? 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P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs LLMs Conduct (?) P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Signatures Deletion (?) P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Enforcement (?) P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Editing (?) P Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace P Editing policy Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Article size Summary style Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Manual of Style Contents Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Project content (?) G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages Project namespace WikiProjects WikiProjects User pages User boxes User boxes Shortcuts Subpages WMF (?) P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ v t e Manual of Style v t e Overview Contents Tips Overview Contents Tips Content Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Formatting Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Layout Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists By topic area Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Cue sports Snooker Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Related guidelines Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Search Category Category v t e Wikipedia accounts and governance v t e Unregistered users Why create an account? Create an account Request an account Unregistered editors are human too IP addresses are not people IP hopper Temporary accounts Why create an account? 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General community topics Administration News The Signpost Goings-on In the media Meetups Mailing lists Wikipedians Statistics The Wikipedia Library Centralized discussion Village pump Idea lab Policy Proposals Technical Miscellaneous WMF Holidays Bots Administration News The Signpost Goings-on In the media The Signpost Goings-on In the media Meetups Mailing lists Wikipedians Statistics The Wikipedia Library Centralized discussion Village pump Idea lab Policy Proposals Technical Miscellaneous WMF Idea lab Policy Proposals Technical Miscellaneous WMF Holidays Bots Contents and grading Requested articles Most-wanted articles Images needing articles Articles needing images Articles for creation WP:AFC/R WP:AFC/C Creating articles Help Vital articles Articles for improvement Peer review Good article nominations Featured article candidates Lists Pictures Topics Article translation Pages Main Page Errors Requested articles Most-wanted articles Images needing articles Articles needing images Articles for creation WP:AFC/R WP:AFC/C Creating articles Help WP:AFC/R WP:AFC/C Creating articles Help Vital articles Articles for improvement Peer review Good article nominations Featured article candidates Lists Pictures Topics Lists Pictures Topics Article translation Pages Pages Main Page Errors Errors WikiProjects and collaborations Directory Culture and the arts Geographical History and society Science, technology and engineering Wikipedia assistance and tasks Patrols Recent changes Counter-Vandalism Unit Accessibility Organizations category Directory Culture and the arts Geographical History and society Science, technology and engineering Wikipedia assistance and tasks Patrols Recent changes Recent changes Counter-Vandalism Unit Accessibility Organizations category Awards and feedback Reward board Contests A nice cup of tea and a sit down Charitableness WikiLove Compliment before criticism Kindness Campaign Thanks! Reward board Contests A nice cup of tea and a sit down Charitableness WikiLove Compliment before criticism Kindness Campaign Compliment before criticism Kindness Campaign Thanks! Maintenance tasks Task Center Open tasks Backlog Category Admin category Edit requests Category Database reports Category tracker Dusty articles Special pages New pages Recent changes Controversial issues Task Center Open tasks Open tasks Backlog Category Admin category Category Admin category Edit requests Category Category Database reports Category tracker Dusty articles Special pages New pages Recent changes New pages Recent changes Controversial issues Administrators and noticeboards Administrators' noticeboard Incidents Edit warring Vandalism Admin dashboard Admin requests Closure Page protection User permissions Sockpuppets Open proxies Revision deletion Oversight Request Usernames Changing Title blacklist OTRS Bureaucrats' Requests for adminship and bureaucratship Arbitration Committee Requests Enforcement Administrators' noticeboard Incidents Edit warring Vandalism Incidents Edit warring Vandalism Admin dashboard Admin requests Closure Page protection User permissions 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Templates Media Category Templates v t e Wikipedia essays (?) v t e Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard v t e Wikipedia help pages v t e Visit the Teahouse or the Help desk for an interactive Q & A forum. 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General technical help Bypass cache Keyboard shortcuts Editing CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting How to create a page IRC Tutorial Mobile access Multilingual support Page history Page information Page name Help Printing Software notices Editnotice Special characters Entering User access levels VisualEditor Help Bypass cache Keyboard shortcuts Editing CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting How to create a page IRC Tutorial Tutorial Mobile access Multilingual support Page history Page information Page name Help Help Printing Software notices Editnotice Editnotice Special characters Entering Entering User access levels VisualEditor Help Help Special page -related Special page help AllPages Edit filter Emailing users Logging in Reset passwords Logs Moving a page History merging Non-admin and admin-only page moves Notifications/Echo FAQ Page Curation Page import Pending changes Random pages Recent changes Related changes 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Administrators Accessibility Accounts Bots Referencing Citation metadata Templates User scripts See also: Category:Wikipedia how-to Category:Wikipedia information pages Further navigation at: Help pages Administrators Administrators Accessibility Accounts Bots Referencing Citation metadata Citation metadata Templates User scripts v t e Wikipedia templates v t e Main namespace General Cleanup Verifiability and sources Disputes Hatnotes Infoboxes Links External link templates Linking country articles Lists Main page Section Sources of articles Quick reference Standard boxes Stub types Translation General Cleanup Verifiability and sources Verifiability and sources Disputes Hatnotes Infoboxes Links External link templates Linking country articles External link templates Linking country articles Lists Main page Section Sources of articles Quick reference Quick reference Standard boxes Stub types Translation Other namespaces Compact TOC Category File Talk Template User Userboxes User talk 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 6,559 results for author: Liu, Z Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 3 4 5 … arXiv:2601.10679 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.LG Are Your Reasoning Models Reasoning or Guessing? A Mechanistic Analysis of Hierarchical Reasoning Models Authors: Zirui Ren , Ziming Liu Abstract : Hierarchical reasoning model (HRM) achieves extraordinary performance on various reasoning tasks, significantly outperforming large language model-based reasoners. To understand the strengths and potential failure modes of HRM, we conduct a mechanistic study on its reasoning patterns and find three surprising facts: (a) Failure of extremely simple puzzles, e.g., HRM can fail on a puzzle with only… ▽ More Hierarchical reasoning model (HRM) achieves extraordinary performance on various reasoning tasks, significantly outperforming large language model-based reasoners. To understand the strengths and potential failure modes of HRM, we conduct a mechanistic study on its reasoning patterns and find three surprising facts: (a) Failure of extremely simple puzzles, e.g., HRM can fail on a puzzle with only one unknown cell. We attribute this failure to the violation of the fixed point property, a fundamental assumption of HRM. (b) "Grokking" dynamics in reasoning steps, i.e., the answer is not improved uniformly, but instead there is a critical reasoning step that suddenly makes the answer correct; (c) Existence of multiple fixed points. HRM "guesses" the first fixed point, which could be incorrect, and gets trapped there for a while or forever. All facts imply that HRM appears to be "guessing" instead of "reasoning". Leveraging this "guessing" picture, we propose three strategies to scale HRM's guesses: data augmentation (scaling the quality of guesses), input perturbation (scaling the number of guesses by leveraging inference randomness), and model bootstrapping (scaling the number of guesses by leveraging training randomness). On the practical side, by combining all methods, we develop Augmented HRM, boosting accuracy on Sudoku-Extreme from 54.5% to 96.9%. On the scientific side, our analysis provides new insights into how reasoning models "reason". △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10679 [ pdf , ps , other ] Are Your Reasoning Models Reasoning or Guessing? A Mechanistic Analysis of Hierarchical Reasoning Models Authors: Zirui Ren , Ziming Liu Abstract : Hierarchical reasoning model (HRM) achieves extraordinary performance on various reasoning tasks, significantly outperforming large language model-based reasoners. To understand the strengths and potential failure modes of HRM, we conduct a mechanistic study on its reasoning patterns and find three surprising facts: (a) Failure of extremely simple puzzles, e.g., HRM can fail on a puzzle with only… ▽ More Hierarchical reasoning model (HRM) achieves extraordinary performance on various reasoning tasks, significantly outperforming large language model-based reasoners. To understand the strengths and potential failure modes of HRM, we conduct a mechanistic study on its reasoning patterns and find three surprising facts: (a) Failure of extremely simple puzzles, e.g., HRM can fail on a puzzle with only one unknown cell. We attribute this failure to the violation of the fixed point property, a fundamental assumption of HRM. (b) "Grokking" dynamics in reasoning steps, i.e., the answer is not improved uniformly, but instead there is a critical reasoning step that suddenly makes the answer correct; (c) Existence of multiple fixed points. HRM "guesses" the first fixed point, which could be incorrect, and gets trapped there for a while or forever. All facts imply that HRM appears to be "guessing" instead of "reasoning". Leveraging this "guessing" picture, we propose three strategies to scale HRM's guesses: data augmentation (scaling the quality of guesses), input perturbation (scaling the number of guesses by leveraging inference randomness), and model bootstrapping (scaling the number of guesses by leveraging training randomness). On the practical side, by combining all methods, we develop Augmented HRM, boosting accuracy on Sudoku-Extreme from 54.5% to 96.9%. On the scientific side, our analysis provides new insights into how reasoning models "reason". △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10639 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG STEM: Scaling Transformers with Embedding Modules Authors: Ranajoy Sadhukhan , Sheng Cao , Harry Dong , Changsheng Zhao , Attiano Purpura-Pontoniere , Yuandong Tian , Zechun Liu , Beidi Chen Abstract : Fine-grained sparsity promises higher parametric capacity without proportional per-token compute, but often suffers from training instability, load balancing, and communication overhead. We introduce STEM (Scaling Transformers with Embedding Modules), a static, token-indexed approach that replaces the FFN up-projection with a layer-local embedding lookup while keeping the gate and down-projection… ▽ More Fine-grained sparsity promises higher parametric capacity without proportional per-token compute, but often suffers from training instability, load balancing, and communication overhead. We introduce STEM (Scaling Transformers with Embedding Modules), a static, token-indexed approach that replaces the FFN up-projection with a layer-local embedding lookup while keeping the gate and down-projection dense. This removes runtime routing, enables CPU offload with asynchronous prefetch, and decouples capacity from both per-token FLOPs and cross-device communication. Empirically, STEM trains stably despite extreme sparsity. It improves downstream performance over dense baselines while reducing per-token FLOPs and parameter accesses (eliminating roughly one-third of FFN parameters). STEM learns embedding spaces with large angular spread which enhances its knowledge storage capacity. More interestingly, this enhanced knowledge capacity comes with better interpretability. The token-indexed nature of STEM embeddings allows simple ways to perform knowledge editing and knowledge injection in an interpretable manner without any intervention in the input text or additional computation. In addition, STEM strengthens long-context performance: as sequence length grows, more distinct parameters are activated, yielding practical test-time capacity scaling. Across 350M and 1B model scales, STEM delivers up to ~3--4% accuracy improvements overall, with notable gains on knowledge and reasoning-heavy benchmarks (ARC-Challenge, OpenBookQA, GSM8K, MMLU). Overall, STEM is an effective way of scaling parametric memory while providing better interpretability, better training stability and improved efficiency. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10639 [ pdf , ps , other ] STEM: Scaling Transformers with Embedding Modules Authors: Ranajoy Sadhukhan , Sheng Cao , Harry Dong , Changsheng Zhao , Attiano Purpura-Pontoniere , Yuandong Tian , Zechun Liu , Beidi Chen Abstract : Fine-grained sparsity promises higher parametric capacity without proportional per-token compute, but often suffers from training instability, load balancing, and communication overhead. We introduce STEM (Scaling Transformers with Embedding Modules), a static, token-indexed approach that replaces the FFN up-projection with a layer-local embedding lookup while keeping the gate and down-projection… ▽ More Fine-grained sparsity promises higher parametric capacity without proportional per-token compute, but often suffers from training instability, load balancing, and communication overhead. We introduce STEM (Scaling Transformers with Embedding Modules), a static, token-indexed approach that replaces the FFN up-projection with a layer-local embedding lookup while keeping the gate and down-projection dense. This removes runtime routing, enables CPU offload with asynchronous prefetch, and decouples capacity from both per-token FLOPs and cross-device communication. Empirically, STEM trains stably despite extreme sparsity. It improves downstream performance over dense baselines while reducing per-token FLOPs and parameter accesses (eliminating roughly one-third of FFN parameters). STEM learns embedding spaces with large angular spread which enhances its knowledge storage capacity. More interestingly, this enhanced knowledge capacity comes with better interpretability. The token-indexed nature of STEM embeddings allows simple ways to perform knowledge editing and knowledge injection in an interpretable manner without any intervention in the input text or additional computation. In addition, STEM strengthens long-context performance: as sequence length grows, more distinct parameters are activated, yielding practical test-time capacity scaling. Across 350M and 1B model scales, STEM delivers up to ~3--4% accuracy improvements overall, with notable gains on knowledge and reasoning-heavy benchmarks (ARC-Challenge, OpenBookQA, GSM8K, MMLU). Overall, STEM is an effective way of scaling parametric memory while providing better interpretability, better training stability and improved efficiency. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10402 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Toward Ultra-Long-Horizon Agentic Science: Cognitive Accumulation for Machine Learning Engineering Authors: Xinyu Zhu , Yuzhu Cai , Zexi Liu , Bingyang Zheng , Cheng Wang , Rui Ye , Jiaao Chen , Hanrui Wang , Wei-Chen Wang , Yuzhi Zhang , Linfeng Zhang , Weinan E , Di Jin , Siheng Chen Abstract : The advancement of artificial intelligence toward agentic science is currently bottlenecked by the challenge of ultra-long-horizon autonomy, the ability to sustain strategic coherence and iterative correction over experimental cycles spanning days or weeks. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in short-horizon reasoning, they are easily overwhelmed by execution details in t… ▽ More The advancement of artificial intelligence toward agentic science is currently bottlenecked by the challenge of ultra-long-horizon autonomy, the ability to sustain strategic coherence and iterative correction over experimental cycles spanning days or weeks. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in short-horizon reasoning, they are easily overwhelmed by execution details in the high-dimensional, delayed-feedback environments of real-world research, failing to consolidate sparse feedback into coherent long-term guidance. Here, we present ML-Master 2.0, an autonomous agent that masters ultra-long-horizon machine learning engineering (MLE) which is a representative microcosm of scientific discovery. By reframing context management as a process of cognitive accumulation, our approach introduces Hierarchical Cognitive Caching (HCC), a multi-tiered architecture inspired by computer systems that enables the structural differentiation of experience over time. By dynamically distilling transient execution traces into stable knowledge and cross-task wisdom, HCC allows agents to decouple immediate execution from long-term experimental strategy, effectively overcoming the scaling limits of static context windows. In evaluations on OpenAI's MLE-Bench under 24-hour budgets, ML-Master 2.0 achieves a state-of-the-art medal rate of 56.44%. Our findings demonstrate that ultra-long-horizon autonomy provides a scalable blueprint for AI capable of autonomous exploration beyond human-precedent complexities. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 26 pages. 5 figures arXiv:2601.10402 [ pdf , ps , other ] Toward Ultra-Long-Horizon Agentic Science: Cognitive Accumulation for Machine Learning Engineering Authors: Xinyu Zhu , Yuzhu Cai , Zexi Liu , Bingyang Zheng , Cheng Wang , Rui Ye , Jiaao Chen , Hanrui Wang , Wei-Chen Wang , Yuzhi Zhang , Linfeng Zhang , Weinan E , Di Jin , Siheng Chen Abstract : The advancement of artificial intelligence toward agentic science is currently bottlenecked by the challenge of ultra-long-horizon autonomy, the ability to sustain strategic coherence and iterative correction over experimental cycles spanning days or weeks. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in short-horizon reasoning, they are easily overwhelmed by execution details in t… ▽ More The advancement of artificial intelligence toward agentic science is currently bottlenecked by the challenge of ultra-long-horizon autonomy, the ability to sustain strategic coherence and iterative correction over experimental cycles spanning days or weeks. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in short-horizon reasoning, they are easily overwhelmed by execution details in the high-dimensional, delayed-feedback environments of real-world research, failing to consolidate sparse feedback into coherent long-term guidance. Here, we present ML-Master 2.0, an autonomous agent that masters ultra-long-horizon machine learning engineering (MLE) which is a representative microcosm of scientific discovery. By reframing context management as a process of cognitive accumulation, our approach introduces Hierarchical Cognitive Caching (HCC), a multi-tiered architecture inspired by computer systems that enables the structural differentiation of experience over time. By dynamically distilling transient execution traces into stable knowledge and cross-task wisdom, HCC allows agents to decouple immediate execution from long-term experimental strategy, effectively overcoming the scaling limits of static context windows. In evaluations on OpenAI's MLE-Bench under 24-hour budgets, ML-Master 2.0 achieves a state-of-the-art medal rate of 56.44%. Our findings demonstrate that ultra-long-horizon autonomy provides a scalable blueprint for AI capable of autonomous exploration beyond human-precedent complexities. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 26 pages. 5 figures arXiv:2601.10312 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG We Need a More Robust Classifier: Dual Causal Learning Empowers Domain-Incremental Time Series Classification Authors: Zhipeng Liu , Peibo Duan , Xuan Tang , Haodong Jing , Mingyang Geng , Yongsheng Huang , Jialu Xu , Bin Zhang , Binwu Wang Abstract : The World Wide Web thrives on intelligent services that rely on accurate time series classification, which has recently witnessed significant progress driven by advances in deep learning. However, existing studies face challenges in domain incremental learning. In this paper, we propose a lightweight and robust dual-causal disentanglement framework (DualCD) to enhance the robustness of models unde… ▽ More The World Wide Web thrives on intelligent services that rely on accurate time series classification, which has recently witnessed significant progress driven by advances in deep learning. However, existing studies face challenges in domain incremental learning. In this paper, we propose a lightweight and robust dual-causal disentanglement framework (DualCD) to enhance the robustness of models under domain incremental scenarios, which can be seamlessly integrated into time series classification models. Specifically, DualCD first introduces a temporal feature disentanglement module to capture class-causal features and spurious features. The causal features can offer sufficient predictive power to support the classifier in domain incremental learning settings. To accurately capture these causal features, we further design a dual-causal intervention mechanism to eliminate the influence of both intra-class and inter-class confounding features. This mechanism constructs variant samples by combining the current class's causal features with intra-class spurious features and with causal features from other classes. The causal intervention loss encourages the model to accurately predict the labels of these variant samples based solely on the causal features. Extensive experiments on multiple datasets and models demonstrate that DualCD effectively improves performance in domain incremental scenarios. We summarize our rich experiments into a comprehensive benchmark to facilitate research in domain incremental time series classification. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: This paper has been accepted for publication at ACM WWW 2026 arXiv:2601.10312 [ pdf , ps , other ] We Need a More Robust Classifier: Dual Causal Learning Empowers Domain-Incremental Time Series Classification Authors: Zhipeng Liu , Peibo Duan , Xuan Tang , Haodong Jing , Mingyang Geng , Yongsheng Huang , Jialu Xu , Bin Zhang , Binwu Wang Abstract : The World Wide Web thrives on intelligent services that rely on accurate time series classification, which has recently witnessed significant progress driven by advances in deep learning. However, existing studies face challenges in domain incremental learning. In this paper, we propose a lightweight and robust dual-causal disentanglement framework (DualCD) to enhance the robustness of models unde… ▽ More The World Wide Web thrives on intelligent services that rely on accurate time series classification, which has recently witnessed significant progress driven by advances in deep learning. However, existing studies face challenges in domain incremental learning. In this paper, we propose a lightweight and robust dual-causal disentanglement framework (DualCD) to enhance the robustness of models under domain incremental scenarios, which can be seamlessly integrated into time series classification models. Specifically, DualCD first introduces a temporal feature disentanglement module to capture class-causal features and spurious features. The causal features can offer sufficient predictive power to support the classifier in domain incremental learning settings. To accurately capture these causal features, we further design a dual-causal intervention mechanism to eliminate the influence of both intra-class and inter-class confounding features. This mechanism constructs variant samples by combining the current class's causal features with intra-class spurious features and with causal features from other classes. The causal intervention loss encourages the model to accurately predict the labels of these variant samples based solely on the causal features. Extensive experiments on multiple datasets and models demonstrate that DualCD effectively improves performance in domain incremental scenarios. We summarize our rich experiments into a comprehensive benchmark to facilitate research in domain incremental time series classification. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: This paper has been accepted for publication at ACM WWW 2026 arXiv:2601.10064 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Long-Chain Reasoning Distillation via Adaptive Prefix Alignment Authors: Zhenghao Liu , Zhuoyang Wu , Xinze Li , Yukun Yan , Shuo Wang , Zulong Chen , Yu Gu , Ge Yu , Maosong Sun Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable reasoning capabilities, particularly in solving complex mathematical problems. Recent studies show that distilling long reasoning trajectories can effectively enhance the reasoning performance of small-scale student models. However, teacher-generated reasoning trajectories are often excessively long and structurally complex, making them dif… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable reasoning capabilities, particularly in solving complex mathematical problems. Recent studies show that distilling long reasoning trajectories can effectively enhance the reasoning performance of small-scale student models. However, teacher-generated reasoning trajectories are often excessively long and structurally complex, making them difficult for student models to learn. This mismatch leads to a gap between the provided supervision signal and the learning capacity of the student model. To address this challenge, we propose Prefix-ALIGNment distillation (P-ALIGN), a framework that fully exploits teacher CoTs for distillation through adaptive prefix alignment. Specifically, P-ALIGN adaptively truncates teacher-generated reasoning trajectories by determining whether the remaining suffix is concise and sufficient to guide the student model. Then, P-ALIGN leverages the teacher-generated prefix to supervise the student model, encouraging effective prefix alignment. Experiments on multiple mathematical reasoning benchmarks demonstrate that P-ALIGN outperforms all baselines by over 3%. Further analysis indicates that the prefixes constructed by P-ALIGN provide more effective supervision signals, while avoiding the negative impact of redundant and uncertain reasoning components. All code is available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10064 [ pdf , ps , other ] Long-Chain Reasoning Distillation via Adaptive Prefix Alignment Authors: Zhenghao Liu , Zhuoyang Wu , Xinze Li , Yukun Yan , Shuo Wang , Zulong Chen , Yu Gu , Ge Yu , Maosong Sun Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable reasoning capabilities, particularly in solving complex mathematical problems. Recent studies show that distilling long reasoning trajectories can effectively enhance the reasoning performance of small-scale student models. However, teacher-generated reasoning trajectories are often excessively long and structurally complex, making them dif… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable reasoning capabilities, particularly in solving complex mathematical problems. Recent studies show that distilling long reasoning trajectories can effectively enhance the reasoning performance of small-scale student models. However, teacher-generated reasoning trajectories are often excessively long and structurally complex, making them difficult for student models to learn. This mismatch leads to a gap between the provided supervision signal and the learning capacity of the student model. To address this challenge, we propose Prefix-ALIGNment distillation (P-ALIGN), a framework that fully exploits teacher CoTs for distillation through adaptive prefix alignment. Specifically, P-ALIGN adaptively truncates teacher-generated reasoning trajectories by determining whether the remaining suffix is concise and sufficient to guide the student model. Then, P-ALIGN leverages the teacher-generated prefix to supervise the student model, encouraging effective prefix alignment. Experiments on multiple mathematical reasoning benchmarks demonstrate that P-ALIGN outperforms all baselines by over 3%. Further analysis indicates that the prefixes constructed by P-ALIGN provide more effective supervision signals, while avoiding the negative impact of redundant and uncertain reasoning components. All code is available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10029 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI PaperScout: An Autonomous Agent for Academic Paper Search with Process-Aware Sequence-Level Policy Optimization Authors: Tingyue Pan , Jie Ouyang , Mingyue Cheng , Qingchuan Li , Zirui Liu , Mingfan Pan , Shuo Yu , Qi Liu Abstract : Academic paper search is a fundamental task in scientific research, yet most existing approaches rely on rigid, predefined workflows that struggle with complex, conditional queries. To address this limitation, we propose PaperScout, an autonomous agent that reformulates paper search as a sequential decision-making process. Unlike static workflows, PaperScout dynamically decides whether, when, and… ▽ More Academic paper search is a fundamental task in scientific research, yet most existing approaches rely on rigid, predefined workflows that struggle with complex, conditional queries. To address this limitation, we propose PaperScout, an autonomous agent that reformulates paper search as a sequential decision-making process. Unlike static workflows, PaperScout dynamically decides whether, when, and how to invoke search and expand tools based on accumulated retrieval context. However, training such agents presents a fundamental challenge: standard reinforcement learning methods, typically designed for single-turn tasks, suffer from a granularity mismatch when applied to multi-turn agentic tasks, where token-level optimization diverges from the granularity of sequence-level interactions, leading to noisy credit assignment. We introduce Proximal Sequence Policy Optimization (PSPO), a process-aware, sequence-level policy optimization method that aligns optimization with agent-environment interaction. Comprehensive experiments on both synthetic and real-world benchmarks demonstrate that PaperScout significantly outperforms strong workflow-driven and RL baselines in both recall and relevance, validating the effectiveness of our adaptive agentic framework and optimization strategy. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10029 [ pdf , ps , other ] PaperScout: An Autonomous Agent for Academic Paper Search with Process-Aware Sequence-Level Policy Optimization Authors: Tingyue Pan , Jie Ouyang , Mingyue Cheng , Qingchuan Li , Zirui Liu , Mingfan Pan , Shuo Yu , Qi Liu Abstract : Academic paper search is a fundamental task in scientific research, yet most existing approaches rely on rigid, predefined workflows that struggle with complex, conditional queries. To address this limitation, we propose PaperScout, an autonomous agent that reformulates paper search as a sequential decision-making process. Unlike static workflows, PaperScout dynamically decides whether, when, and… ▽ More Academic paper search is a fundamental task in scientific research, yet most existing approaches rely on rigid, predefined workflows that struggle with complex, conditional queries. To address this limitation, we propose PaperScout, an autonomous agent that reformulates paper search as a sequential decision-making process. Unlike static workflows, PaperScout dynamically decides whether, when, and how to invoke search and expand tools based on accumulated retrieval context. However, training such agents presents a fundamental challenge: standard reinforcement learning methods, typically designed for single-turn tasks, suffer from a granularity mismatch when applied to multi-turn agentic tasks, where token-level optimization diverges from the granularity of sequence-level interactions, leading to noisy credit assignment. We introduce Proximal Sequence Policy Optimization (PSPO), a process-aware, sequence-level policy optimization method that aligns optimization with agent-environment interaction. Comprehensive experiments on both synthetic and real-world benchmarks demonstrate that PaperScout significantly outperforms strong workflow-driven and RL baselines in both recall and relevance, validating the effectiveness of our adaptive agentic framework and optimization strategy. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09402 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Structured Knowledge Representation through Contextual Pages for Retrieval-Augmented Generation Authors: Xinze Li , Zhenghao Liu , Haidong Xin , Yukun Yan , Shuo Wang , Zheni Zeng , Sen Mei , Ge Yu , Maosong Sun Abstract : Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances Large Language Models (LLMs) by incorporating external knowledge. Recently, some works have incorporated iterative knowledge accumulation processes into RAG models to progressively accumulate and refine query-related knowledge, thereby constructing more comprehensive knowledge representations. However, these iterative processes often lack a coherent or… ▽ More Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances Large Language Models (LLMs) by incorporating external knowledge. Recently, some works have incorporated iterative knowledge accumulation processes into RAG models to progressively accumulate and refine query-related knowledge, thereby constructing more comprehensive knowledge representations. However, these iterative processes often lack a coherent organizational structure, which limits the construction of more comprehensive and cohesive knowledge representations. To address this, we propose PAGER, a page-driven autonomous knowledge representation framework for RAG. PAGER first prompts an LLM to construct a structured cognitive outline for a given question, which consists of multiple slots representing a distinct knowledge aspect. Then, PAGER iteratively retrieves and refines relevant documents to populate each slot, ultimately constructing a coherent page that serves as contextual input for guiding answer generation. Experiments on multiple knowledge-intensive benchmarks and backbone models show that PAGER consistently outperforms all RAG baselines. Further analyses demonstrate that PAGER constructs higher-quality and information-dense knowledge representations, better mitigates knowledge conflicts, and enables LLMs to leverage external knowledge more effectively. All code is available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09402 [ pdf , ps , other ] Structured Knowledge Representation through Contextual Pages for Retrieval-Augmented Generation Authors: Xinze Li , Zhenghao Liu , Haidong Xin , Yukun Yan , Shuo Wang , Zheni Zeng , Sen Mei , Ge Yu , Maosong Sun Abstract : Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances Large Language Models (LLMs) by incorporating external knowledge. Recently, some works have incorporated iterative knowledge accumulation processes into RAG models to progressively accumulate and refine query-related knowledge, thereby constructing more comprehensive knowledge representations. However, these iterative processes often lack a coherent or… ▽ More Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances Large Language Models (LLMs) by incorporating external knowledge. Recently, some works have incorporated iterative knowledge accumulation processes into RAG models to progressively accumulate and refine query-related knowledge, thereby constructing more comprehensive knowledge representations. However, these iterative processes often lack a coherent organizational structure, which limits the construction of more comprehensive and cohesive knowledge representations. To address this, we propose PAGER, a page-driven autonomous knowledge representation framework for RAG. PAGER first prompts an LLM to construct a structured cognitive outline for a given question, which consists of multiple slots representing a distinct knowledge aspect. Then, PAGER iteratively retrieves and refines relevant documents to populate each slot, ultimately constructing a coherent page that serves as contextual input for guiding answer generation. Experiments on multiple knowledge-intensive benchmarks and backbone models show that PAGER consistently outperforms all RAG baselines. Further analyses demonstrate that PAGER constructs higher-quality and information-dense knowledge representations, better mitigates knowledge conflicts, and enables LLMs to leverage external knowledge more effectively. All code is available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09253 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI RIFT: Repurposing Negative Samples via Reward-Informed Fine-Tuning Authors: Zehua Liu , Shuqi Liu , Tao Zhong , Mingxuan Yuan Abstract : While Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) and Rejection Sampling Fine-Tuning (RFT) are standard for LLM alignment, they either rely on costly expert data or discard valuable negative samples, leading to data inefficiency. To address this, we propose Reward Informed Fine-Tuning (RIFT), a simple yet effective framework that utilizes all self-generated samples. Unlike the hard thresholding of RFT, RIFT repu… ▽ More While Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) and Rejection Sampling Fine-Tuning (RFT) are standard for LLM alignment, they either rely on costly expert data or discard valuable negative samples, leading to data inefficiency. To address this, we propose Reward Informed Fine-Tuning (RIFT), a simple yet effective framework that utilizes all self-generated samples. Unlike the hard thresholding of RFT, RIFT repurposes negative trajectories, reweighting the loss with scalar rewards to learn from both the positive and negative trajectories from the model outputs. To overcome the training collapse caused by naive reward integration, where direct multiplication yields an unbounded loss, we introduce a stabilized loss formulation that ensures numerical robustness and optimization efficiency. Extensive experiments on mathematical benchmarks across various base models show that RIFT consistently outperforms RFT. Our results demonstrate that RIFT is a robust and data-efficient alternative for alignment using mixed-quality, self-generated data. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09253 [ pdf , ps , other ] RIFT: Repurposing Negative Samples via Reward-Informed Fine-Tuning Authors: Zehua Liu , Shuqi Liu , Tao Zhong , Mingxuan Yuan Abstract : While Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) and Rejection Sampling Fine-Tuning (RFT) are standard for LLM alignment, they either rely on costly expert data or discard valuable negative samples, leading to data inefficiency. To address this, we propose Reward Informed Fine-Tuning (RIFT), a simple yet effective framework that utilizes all self-generated samples. Unlike the hard thresholding of RFT, RIFT repu… ▽ More While Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) and Rejection Sampling Fine-Tuning (RFT) are standard for LLM alignment, they either rely on costly expert data or discard valuable negative samples, leading to data inefficiency. To address this, we propose Reward Informed Fine-Tuning (RIFT), a simple yet effective framework that utilizes all self-generated samples. Unlike the hard thresholding of RFT, RIFT repurposes negative trajectories, reweighting the loss with scalar rewards to learn from both the positive and negative trajectories from the model outputs. To overcome the training collapse caused by naive reward integration, where direct multiplication yields an unbounded loss, we introduce a stabilized loss formulation that ensures numerical robustness and optimization efficiency. Extensive experiments on mathematical benchmarks across various base models show that RIFT consistently outperforms RFT. Our results demonstrate that RIFT is a robust and data-efficient alternative for alignment using mixed-quality, self-generated data. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09136 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI SkinFlow: Efficient Information Transmission for Open Dermatological Diagnosis via Dynamic Visual Encoding and Staged RL Authors: Lijun Liu , Linwei Chen , Zhishou Zhang , Meng Tian , Hengfu Cui , Ruiyang Li , Zhaocheng Liu , Qiang Ju , Qianxi Li , Hong-Yu Zhou Abstract : General-purpose Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs), despite their massive scale, often falter in dermatology due to "diffuse attention" - the inability to disentangle subtle pathological lesions from background noise. In this paper, we challenge the assumption that parameter scaling is the only path to medical precision. We introduce SkinFlow, a framework that treats diagnosis as an optimization… ▽ More General-purpose Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs), despite their massive scale, often falter in dermatology due to "diffuse attention" - the inability to disentangle subtle pathological lesions from background noise. In this paper, we challenge the assumption that parameter scaling is the only path to medical precision. We introduce SkinFlow, a framework that treats diagnosis as an optimization of visual information transmission efficiency. Our approach utilizes a Virtual-Width Dynamic Vision Encoder (DVE) to "unfold" complex pathological manifolds without physical parameter expansion, coupled with a two-stage Reinforcement Learning strategy. This strategy sequentially aligns explicit medical descriptions (Stage I) and reconstructs implicit diagnostic textures (Stage II) within a constrained semantic space. Furthermore, we propose a clinically grounded evaluation protocol that prioritizes diagnostic safety and hierarchical relevance over rigid label matching. Empirical results are compelling: our 7B model establishes a new state-of-the-art on the Fitzpatrick17k benchmark, achieving a +12.06% gain in Top-1 accuracy and a +28.57% boost in Top-6 accuracy over the massive general-purpose models (e.g., Qwen3VL-235B and GPT-5.2). These findings demonstrate that optimizing geometric capacity and information flow yields superior diagnostic reasoning compared to raw parameter scaling. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09136 [ pdf , ps , other ] SkinFlow: Efficient Information Transmission for Open Dermatological Diagnosis via Dynamic Visual Encoding and Staged RL Authors: Lijun Liu , Linwei Chen , Zhishou Zhang , Meng Tian , Hengfu Cui , Ruiyang Li , Zhaocheng Liu , Qiang Ju , Qianxi Li , Hong-Yu Zhou Abstract : General-purpose Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs), despite their massive scale, often falter in dermatology due to "diffuse attention" - the inability to disentangle subtle pathological lesions from background noise. In this paper, we challenge the assumption that parameter scaling is the only path to medical precision. We introduce SkinFlow, a framework that treats diagnosis as an optimization… ▽ More General-purpose Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs), despite their massive scale, often falter in dermatology due to "diffuse attention" - the inability to disentangle subtle pathological lesions from background noise. In this paper, we challenge the assumption that parameter scaling is the only path to medical precision. We introduce SkinFlow, a framework that treats diagnosis as an optimization of visual information transmission efficiency. Our approach utilizes a Virtual-Width Dynamic Vision Encoder (DVE) to "unfold" complex pathological manifolds without physical parameter expansion, coupled with a two-stage Reinforcement Learning strategy. This strategy sequentially aligns explicit medical descriptions (Stage I) and reconstructs implicit diagnostic textures (Stage II) within a constrained semantic space. Furthermore, we propose a clinically grounded evaluation protocol that prioritizes diagnostic safety and hierarchical relevance over rigid label matching. Empirical results are compelling: our 7B model establishes a new state-of-the-art on the Fitzpatrick17k benchmark, achieving a +12.06% gain in Top-1 accuracy and a +28.57% boost in Top-6 accuracy over the massive general-purpose models (e.g., Qwen3VL-235B and GPT-5.2). These findings demonstrate that optimizing geometric capacity and information flow yields superior diagnostic reasoning compared to raw parameter scaling. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09097 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Programming over Thinking: Efficient and Robust Multi-Constraint Planning Authors: Derrick Goh Xin Deik , Quanyu Long , Zhengyuan Liu , Nancy F. Chen , Wenya Wang Abstract : Multi-constraint planning involves identifying, evaluating, and refining candidate plans while satisfying multiple, potentially conflicting constraints. Existing large language model (LLM) approaches face fundamental limitations in this domain. Pure reasoning paradigms, which rely on long natural language chains, are prone to inconsistency, error accumulation, and prohibitive cost as constraints c… ▽ More Multi-constraint planning involves identifying, evaluating, and refining candidate plans while satisfying multiple, potentially conflicting constraints. Existing large language model (LLM) approaches face fundamental limitations in this domain. Pure reasoning paradigms, which rely on long natural language chains, are prone to inconsistency, error accumulation, and prohibitive cost as constraints compound. Conversely, LLMs combined with coding- or solver-based strategies lack flexibility: they often generate problem-specific code from scratch or depend on fixed solvers, failing to capture generalizable logic across diverse problems. To address these challenges, we introduce the Scalable COde Planning Engine (SCOPE), a framework that disentangles query-specific reasoning from generic code execution. By separating reasoning from execution, SCOPE produces solver functions that are consistent, deterministic, and reusable across queries while requiring only minimal changes to input parameters. SCOPE achieves state-of-the-art performance while lowering cost and latency. For example, with GPT-4o, it reaches 93.1% success on TravelPlanner, a 61.6% gain over the best baseline (CoT) while cutting inference cost by 1.4x and time by ~4.67x. Code is available at △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 8 pages of main text, 2 pages of references and and limitations, 37 pages of appendices arXiv:2601.09097 [ pdf , ps , other ] Programming over Thinking: Efficient and Robust Multi-Constraint Planning Authors: Derrick Goh Xin Deik , Quanyu Long , Zhengyuan Liu , Nancy F. Chen , Wenya Wang Abstract : Multi-constraint planning involves identifying, evaluating, and refining candidate plans while satisfying multiple, potentially conflicting constraints. Existing large language model (LLM) approaches face fundamental limitations in this domain. Pure reasoning paradigms, which rely on long natural language chains, are prone to inconsistency, error accumulation, and prohibitive cost as constraints c… ▽ More Multi-constraint planning involves identifying, evaluating, and refining candidate plans while satisfying multiple, potentially conflicting constraints. Existing large language model (LLM) approaches face fundamental limitations in this domain. Pure reasoning paradigms, which rely on long natural language chains, are prone to inconsistency, error accumulation, and prohibitive cost as constraints compound. Conversely, LLMs combined with coding- or solver-based strategies lack flexibility: they often generate problem-specific code from scratch or depend on fixed solvers, failing to capture generalizable logic across diverse problems. To address these challenges, we introduce the Scalable COde Planning Engine (SCOPE), a framework that disentangles query-specific reasoning from generic code execution. By separating reasoning from execution, SCOPE produces solver functions that are consistent, deterministic, and reusable across queries while requiring only minimal changes to input parameters. SCOPE achieves state-of-the-art performance while lowering cost and latency. For example, with GPT-4o, it reaches 93.1% success on TravelPlanner, a 61.6% gain over the best baseline (CoT) while cutting inference cost by 1.4x and time by ~4.67x. Code is available at △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 8 pages of main text, 2 pages of references and and limitations, 37 pages of appendices arXiv:2601.09028 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.IR OpenDecoder: Open Large Language Model Decoding to Incorporate Document Quality in RAG Authors: Fengran Mo , Zhan Su , Yuchen Hui , Jinghan Zhang , Jia Ao Sun , Zheyuan Liu , Chao Zhang , Tetsuya Sakai , Jian-Yun Nie Abstract : The development of large language models (LLMs) has achieved superior performance in a range of downstream tasks, including LLM-based retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). The quality of generated content heavily relies on the usefulness of the retrieved information and the capacity of LLMs' internal information processing mechanism to incorporate it in answer generation. It is generally assumed t… ▽ More The development of large language models (LLMs) has achieved superior performance in a range of downstream tasks, including LLM-based retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). The quality of generated content heavily relies on the usefulness of the retrieved information and the capacity of LLMs' internal information processing mechanism to incorporate it in answer generation. It is generally assumed that the retrieved information is relevant to the question. However, the retrieved information may have a variable degree of relevance and usefulness, depending on the question and the document collection. It is important to take into account the relevance of the retrieved information in answer generation. In this paper, we propose OpenDecoder, a new approach that leverages explicit evaluation of the retrieved information as quality indicator features for generation. We aim to build a RAG model that is more robust to varying levels of noisy context. Three types of explicit evaluation information are considered: relevance score, ranking score, and QPP (query performance prediction) score. The experimental results on five benchmark datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and better robustness of OpenDecoder by outperforming various baseline methods. Importantly, this paradigm is flexible to be integrated with the post-training of LLMs for any purposes and incorporated with any type of external indicators. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by ACM WWW 2026 arXiv:2601.09028 [ pdf , ps , other ] OpenDecoder: Open Large Language Model Decoding to Incorporate Document Quality in RAG Authors: Fengran Mo , Zhan Su , Yuchen Hui , Jinghan Zhang , Jia Ao Sun , Zheyuan Liu , Chao Zhang , Tetsuya Sakai , Jian-Yun Nie Abstract : The development of large language models (LLMs) has achieved superior performance in a range of downstream tasks, including LLM-based retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). The quality of generated content heavily relies on the usefulness of the retrieved information and the capacity of LLMs' internal information processing mechanism to incorporate it in answer generation. It is generally assumed t… ▽ More The development of large language models (LLMs) has achieved superior performance in a range of downstream tasks, including LLM-based retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). The quality of generated content heavily relies on the usefulness of the retrieved information and the capacity of LLMs' internal information processing mechanism to incorporate it in answer generation. It is generally assumed that the retrieved information is relevant to the question. However, the retrieved information may have a variable degree of relevance and usefulness, depending on the question and the document collection. It is important to take into account the relevance of the retrieved information in answer generation. In this paper, we propose OpenDecoder, a new approach that leverages explicit evaluation of the retrieved information as quality indicator features for generation. We aim to build a RAG model that is more robust to varying levels of noisy context. Three types of explicit evaluation information are considered: relevance score, ranking score, and QPP (query performance prediction) score. The experimental results on five benchmark datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and better robustness of OpenDecoder by outperforming various baseline methods. Importantly, this paradigm is flexible to be integrated with the post-training of LLMs for any purposes and incorporated with any type of external indicators. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by ACM WWW 2026 arXiv:2601.08510 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI STAGE: A Benchmark for Knowledge Graph Construction, Question Answering, and In-Script Role-Playing over Movie Screenplays Authors: Qiuyu Tian , Yiding Li , Fengyi Chen , Zequn Liu , Youyong Kong , Fan Guo , Yuyao Li , Jinjing Shen , Zhijing Xie , Yiyun Luo , Xin Zhang Abstract : Movie screenplays are rich long-form narratives that interleave complex character relationships, temporally ordered events, and dialogue-driven interactions. While prior benchmarks target individual subtasks such as question answering or dialogue generation, they rarely evaluate whether models can construct a coherent story world and use it consistently across multiple forms of reasoning and gener… ▽ More Movie screenplays are rich long-form narratives that interleave complex character relationships, temporally ordered events, and dialogue-driven interactions. While prior benchmarks target individual subtasks such as question answering or dialogue generation, they rarely evaluate whether models can construct a coherent story world and use it consistently across multiple forms of reasoning and generation. We introduce STAGE (Screenplay Text, Agents, Graphs and Evaluation), a unified benchmark for narrative understanding over full-length movie screenplays. STAGE defines four tasks: knowledge graph construction, scene-level event summarization, long-context screenplay question answering, and in-script character role-playing, all grounded in a shared narrative world representation. The benchmark provides cleaned scripts, curated knowledge graphs, and event- and character-centric annotations for 150 films across English and Chinese, enabling holistic evaluation of models' abilities to build world representations, abstract and verify narrative events, reason over long narratives, and generate character-consistent responses. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 66 pages, 9 figures arXiv:2601.08510 [ pdf , ps , other ] STAGE: A Benchmark for Knowledge Graph Construction, Question Answering, and In-Script Role-Playing over Movie Screenplays Authors: Qiuyu Tian , Yiding Li , Fengyi Chen , Zequn Liu , Youyong Kong , Fan Guo , Yuyao Li , Jinjing Shen , Zhijing Xie , Yiyun Luo , Xin Zhang Abstract : Movie screenplays are rich long-form narratives that interleave complex character relationships, temporally ordered events, and dialogue-driven interactions. While prior benchmarks target individual subtasks such as question answering or dialogue generation, they rarely evaluate whether models can construct a coherent story world and use it consistently across multiple forms of reasoning and gener… ▽ More Movie screenplays are rich long-form narratives that interleave complex character relationships, temporally ordered events, and dialogue-driven interactions. While prior benchmarks target individual subtasks such as question answering or dialogue generation, they rarely evaluate whether models can construct a coherent story world and use it consistently across multiple forms of reasoning and generation. We introduce STAGE (Screenplay Text, Agents, Graphs and Evaluation), a unified benchmark for narrative understanding over full-length movie screenplays. STAGE defines four tasks: knowledge graph construction, scene-level event summarization, long-context screenplay question answering, and in-script character role-playing, all grounded in a shared narrative world representation. The benchmark provides cleaned scripts, curated knowledge graphs, and event- and character-centric annotations for 150 films across English and Chinese, enabling holistic evaluation of models' abilities to build world representations, abstract and verify narrative events, reason over long narratives, and generate character-consistent responses. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 66 pages, 9 figures arXiv:2601.08434 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO cs.AI Large Multimodal Models for Embodied Intelligent Driving: The Next Frontier in Self-Driving? Authors: Long Zhang , Yuchen Xia , Bingqing Wei , Zhen Liu , Shiwen Mao , Zhu Han , Mohsen Guizani Abstract : The advent of Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) offers a promising technology to tackle the limitations of modular design in autonomous driving, which often falters in open-world scenarios requiring sustained environmental understanding and logical reasoning. Besides, embodied artificial intelligence facilitates policy optimization through closed-loop interactions to achieve the continuous learning c… ▽ More The advent of Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) offers a promising technology to tackle the limitations of modular design in autonomous driving, which often falters in open-world scenarios requiring sustained environmental understanding and logical reasoning. Besides, embodied artificial intelligence facilitates policy optimization through closed-loop interactions to achieve the continuous learning capability, thereby advancing autonomous driving toward embodied intelligent (El) driving. However, such capability will be constrained by relying solely on LMMs to enhance EI driving without joint decision-making. This article introduces a novel semantics and policy dual-driven hybrid decision framework to tackle this challenge, ensuring continuous learning and joint decision. The framework merges LMMs for semantic understanding and cognitive representation, and deep reinforcement learning (DRL) for real-time policy optimization. We starts by introducing the foundational principles of EI driving and LMMs. Moreover, we examine the emerging opportunities this framework enables, encompassing potential benefits and representative use cases. A case study is conducted experimentally to validate the performance superiority of our framework in completing lane-change planning task. Finally, several future research directions to empower EI driving are identified to guide subsequent work. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08434 [ pdf , ps , other ] Large Multimodal Models for Embodied Intelligent Driving: The Next Frontier in Self-Driving? Authors: Long Zhang , Yuchen Xia , Bingqing Wei , Zhen Liu , Shiwen Mao , Zhu Han , Mohsen Guizani Abstract : The advent of Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) offers a promising technology to tackle the limitations of modular design in autonomous driving, which often falters in open-world scenarios requiring sustained environmental understanding and logical reasoning. Besides, embodied artificial intelligence facilitates policy optimization through closed-loop interactions to achieve the continuous learning c… ▽ More The advent of Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) offers a promising technology to tackle the limitations of modular design in autonomous driving, which often falters in open-world scenarios requiring sustained environmental understanding and logical reasoning. Besides, embodied artificial intelligence facilitates policy optimization through closed-loop interactions to achieve the continuous learning capability, thereby advancing autonomous driving toward embodied intelligent (El) driving. However, such capability will be constrained by relying solely on LMMs to enhance EI driving without joint decision-making. This article introduces a novel semantics and policy dual-driven hybrid decision framework to tackle this challenge, ensuring continuous learning and joint decision. The framework merges LMMs for semantic understanding and cognitive representation, and deep reinforcement learning (DRL) for real-time policy optimization. We starts by introducing the foundational principles of EI driving and LMMs. Moreover, we examine the emerging opportunities this framework enables, encompassing potential benefits and representative use cases. A case study is conducted experimentally to validate the performance superiority of our framework in completing lane-change planning task. Finally, several future research directions to empower EI driving are identified to guide subsequent work. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08325 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO ActiveVLA: Injecting Active Perception into Vision-Language-Action Models for Precise 3D Robotic Manipulation Authors: Zhenyang Liu , Yongchong Gu , Yikai Wang , Xiangyang Xue , Yanwei Fu Abstract : Recent advances in robot manipulation have leveraged pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs) and explored integrating 3D spatial signals into these models for effective action prediction, giving rise to the promising vision-language-action (VLA) paradigm. However, most existing approaches overlook the importance of active perception: they typically rely on static, wrist-mounted cameras that prov… ▽ More Recent advances in robot manipulation have leveraged pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs) and explored integrating 3D spatial signals into these models for effective action prediction, giving rise to the promising vision-language-action (VLA) paradigm. However, most existing approaches overlook the importance of active perception: they typically rely on static, wrist-mounted cameras that provide an end-effector-centric viewpoint. As a result, these models are unable to adaptively select optimal viewpoints or resolutions during task execution, which significantly limits their performance in long-horizon tasks and fine-grained manipulation scenarios. To address these limitations, we propose ActiveVLA, a novel vision-language-action framework that empowers robots with active perception capabilities for high-precision, fine-grained manipulation. ActiveVLA adopts a coarse-to-fine paradigm, dividing the process into two stages: (1) Critical region localization. ActiveVLA projects 3D inputs onto multi-view 2D projections, identifies critical 3D regions, and supports dynamic spatial awareness. (2) Active perception optimization. Drawing on the localized critical regions, ActiveVLA uses an active view selection strategy to choose optimal viewpoints. These viewpoints aim to maximize amodal relevance and diversity while minimizing occlusions. Additionally, ActiveVLA applies a 3D zoom-in to improve resolution in key areas. Together, these steps enable finer-grained active perception for precise manipulation. Extensive experiments demonstrate that ActiveVLA achieves precise 3D manipulation and outperforms state-of-the-art baselines on three simulation benchmarks. Moreover, ActiveVLA transfers seamlessly to real-world scenarios, enabling robots to learn high-precision tasks in complex environments. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08325 [ pdf , ps , other ] ActiveVLA: Injecting Active Perception into Vision-Language-Action Models for Precise 3D Robotic Manipulation Authors: Zhenyang Liu , Yongchong Gu , Yikai Wang , Xiangyang Xue , Yanwei Fu Abstract : Recent advances in robot manipulation have leveraged pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs) and explored integrating 3D spatial signals into these models for effective action prediction, giving rise to the promising vision-language-action (VLA) paradigm. However, most existing approaches overlook the importance of active perception: they typically rely on static, wrist-mounted cameras that prov… ▽ More Recent advances in robot manipulation have leveraged pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs) and explored integrating 3D spatial signals into these models for effective action prediction, giving rise to the promising vision-language-action (VLA) paradigm. However, most existing approaches overlook the importance of active perception: they typically rely on static, wrist-mounted cameras that provide an end-effector-centric viewpoint. As a result, these models are unable to adaptively select optimal viewpoints or resolutions during task execution, which significantly limits their performance in long-horizon tasks and fine-grained manipulation scenarios. To address these limitations, we propose ActiveVLA, a novel vision-language-action framework that empowers robots with active perception capabilities for high-precision, fine-grained manipulation. ActiveVLA adopts a coarse-to-fine paradigm, dividing the process into two stages: (1) Critical region localization. ActiveVLA projects 3D inputs onto multi-view 2D projections, identifies critical 3D regions, and supports dynamic spatial awareness. (2) Active perception optimization. Drawing on the localized critical regions, ActiveVLA uses an active view selection strategy to choose optimal viewpoints. These viewpoints aim to maximize amodal relevance and diversity while minimizing occlusions. Additionally, ActiveVLA applies a 3D zoom-in to improve resolution in key areas. Together, these steps enable finer-grained active perception for precise manipulation. Extensive experiments demonstrate that ActiveVLA achieves precise 3D manipulation and outperforms state-of-the-art baselines on three simulation benchmarks. Moreover, ActiveVLA transfers seamlessly to real-world scenarios, enabling robots to learn high-precision tasks in complex environments. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08079 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL cs.IR MemoBrain: Executive Memory as an Agentic Brain for Reasoning Authors: Hongjin Qian , Zhao Cao , Zheng Liu Abstract : Complex reasoning in tool-augmented agent frameworks is inherently long-horizon, causing reasoning traces and transient tool artifacts to accumulate and strain the bounded working context of large language models. Without explicit memory mechanisms, such accumulation disrupts logical continuity and undermines task alignment. This positions memory not as an auxiliary efficiency concern, but as a co… ▽ More Complex reasoning in tool-augmented agent frameworks is inherently long-horizon, causing reasoning traces and transient tool artifacts to accumulate and strain the bounded working context of large language models. Without explicit memory mechanisms, such accumulation disrupts logical continuity and undermines task alignment. This positions memory not as an auxiliary efficiency concern, but as a core component for sustaining coherent, goal-directed reasoning over long horizons. We propose MemoBrain, an executive memory model for tool-augmented agents that constructs a dependency-aware memory over reasoning steps, capturing salient intermediate states and their logical relations. Operating as a co-pilot alongside the reasoning agent, MemoBrain organizes reasoning progress without blocking execution and actively manages the working context. Specifically, it prunes invalid steps, folds completed sub-trajectories, and preserves a compact, high-salience reasoning backbone under a fixed context budget. Together, these mechanisms enable explicit cognitive control over reasoning trajectories rather than passive context accumulation. We evaluate MemoBrain on challenging long-horizon benchmarks, including GAIA, WebWalker, and BrowseComp-Plus, demonstrating consistent improvements over strong baselines. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Our codes are in arXiv:2601.08079 [ pdf , ps , other ] MemoBrain: Executive Memory as an Agentic Brain for Reasoning Authors: Hongjin Qian , Zhao Cao , Zheng Liu Abstract : Complex reasoning in tool-augmented agent frameworks is inherently long-horizon, causing reasoning traces and transient tool artifacts to accumulate and strain the bounded working context of large language models. Without explicit memory mechanisms, such accumulation disrupts logical continuity and undermines task alignment. This positions memory not as an auxiliary efficiency concern, but as a co… ▽ More Complex reasoning in tool-augmented agent frameworks is inherently long-horizon, causing reasoning traces and transient tool artifacts to accumulate and strain the bounded working context of large language models. Without explicit memory mechanisms, such accumulation disrupts logical continuity and undermines task alignment. This positions memory not as an auxiliary efficiency concern, but as a core component for sustaining coherent, goal-directed reasoning over long horizons. We propose MemoBrain, an executive memory model for tool-augmented agents that constructs a dependency-aware memory over reasoning steps, capturing salient intermediate states and their logical relations. Operating as a co-pilot alongside the reasoning agent, MemoBrain organizes reasoning progress without blocking execution and actively manages the working context. Specifically, it prunes invalid steps, folds completed sub-trajectories, and preserves a compact, high-salience reasoning backbone under a fixed context budget. Together, these mechanisms enable explicit cognitive control over reasoning trajectories rather than passive context accumulation. We evaluate MemoBrain on challenging long-horizon benchmarks, including GAIA, WebWalker, and BrowseComp-Plus, demonstrating consistent improvements over strong baselines. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Our codes are in arXiv:2601.07894 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Revealing the Attention Floating Mechanism in Masked Diffusion Models Authors: Xin Dai , Pengcheng Huang , Zhenghao Liu , Shuo Wang , Yukun Yan , Chaojun Xiao , Yu Gu , Ge Yu , Maosong Sun Abstract : Masked diffusion models (MDMs), which leverage bidirectional attention and a denoising process, are narrowing the performance gap with autoregressive models (ARMs). However, their internal attention mechanisms remain under-explored. This paper investigates the attention behaviors in MDMs, revealing the phenomenon of Attention Floating. Unlike ARMs, where attention converges to a fixed sink, MDMs e… ▽ More Masked diffusion models (MDMs), which leverage bidirectional attention and a denoising process, are narrowing the performance gap with autoregressive models (ARMs). However, their internal attention mechanisms remain under-explored. This paper investigates the attention behaviors in MDMs, revealing the phenomenon of Attention Floating. Unlike ARMs, where attention converges to a fixed sink, MDMs exhibit dynamic, dispersed attention anchors that shift across denoising steps and layers. Further analysis reveals its Shallow Structure-Aware, Deep Content-Focused attention mechanism: shallow layers utilize floating tokens to build a global structural framework, while deeper layers allocate more capability toward capturing semantic content. Empirically, this distinctive attention pattern provides a mechanistic explanation for the strong in-context learning capabilities of MDMs, allowing them to double the performance compared to ARMs in knowledge-intensive tasks. All codes and datasets are available at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07894 [ pdf , ps , other ] Revealing the Attention Floating Mechanism in Masked Diffusion Models Authors: Xin Dai , Pengcheng Huang , Zhenghao Liu , Shuo Wang , Yukun Yan , Chaojun Xiao , Yu Gu , Ge Yu , Maosong Sun Abstract : Masked diffusion models (MDMs), which leverage bidirectional attention and a denoising process, are narrowing the performance gap with autoregressive models (ARMs). However, their internal attention mechanisms remain under-explored. This paper investigates the attention behaviors in MDMs, revealing the phenomenon of Attention Floating. Unlike ARMs, where attention converges to a fixed sink, MDMs e… ▽ More Masked diffusion models (MDMs), which leverage bidirectional attention and a denoising process, are narrowing the performance gap with autoregressive models (ARMs). However, their internal attention mechanisms remain under-explored. This paper investigates the attention behaviors in MDMs, revealing the phenomenon of Attention Floating. Unlike ARMs, where attention converges to a fixed sink, MDMs exhibit dynamic, dispersed attention anchors that shift across denoising steps and layers. Further analysis reveals its Shallow Structure-Aware, Deep Content-Focused attention mechanism: shallow layers utilize floating tokens to build a global structural framework, while deeper layers allocate more capability toward capturing semantic content. Empirically, this distinctive attention pattern provides a mechanistic explanation for the strong in-context learning capabilities of MDMs, allowing them to double the performance compared to ARMs in knowledge-intensive tasks. All codes and datasets are available at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07853 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.AI FinVault: Benchmarking Financial Agent Safety in Execution-Grounded Environments Authors: Zhi Yang , Runguo Li , Qiqi Qiang , Jiashun Wang , Fangqi Lou , Mengping Li , Dongpo Cheng , Rui Xu , Heng Lian , Shuo Zhang , Xiaolong Liang , Xiaoming Huang , Zheng Wei , Zhaowei Liu , Xin Guo , Huacan Wang , Ronghao Chen , Liwen Zhang Abstract : Financial agents powered by large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for investment analysis, risk assessment, and automated decision-making, where their abilities to plan, invoke tools, and manipulate mutable state introduce new security risks in high-stakes and highly regulated financial environments. However, existing safety evaluations largely focus on language-model-level conten… ▽ More Financial agents powered by large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for investment analysis, risk assessment, and automated decision-making, where their abilities to plan, invoke tools, and manipulate mutable state introduce new security risks in high-stakes and highly regulated financial environments. However, existing safety evaluations largely focus on language-model-level content compliance or abstract agent settings, failing to capture execution-grounded risks arising from real operational workflows and state-changing actions. To bridge this gap, we propose FinVault, the first execution-grounded security benchmark for financial agents, comprising 31 regulatory case-driven sandbox scenarios with state-writable databases and explicit compliance constraints, together with 107 real-world vulnerabilities and 963 test cases that systematically cover prompt injection, jailbreaking, financially adapted attacks, as well as benign inputs for false-positive evaluation. Experimental results reveal that existing defense mechanisms remain ineffective in realistic financial agent settings, with average attack success rates (ASR) still reaching up to 50.0\% on state-of-the-art models and remaining non-negligible even for the most robust systems (ASR 6.7\%), highlighting the limited transferability of current safety designs and the need for stronger financial-specific defenses. Our code can be found at △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07853 [ pdf , ps , other ] FinVault: Benchmarking Financial Agent Safety in Execution-Grounded Environments Authors: Zhi Yang , Runguo Li , Qiqi Qiang , Jiashun Wang , Fangqi Lou , Mengping Li , Dongpo Cheng , Rui Xu , Heng Lian , Shuo Zhang , Xiaolong Liang , Xiaoming Huang , Zheng Wei , Zhaowei Liu , Xin Guo , Huacan Wang , Ronghao Chen , Liwen Zhang Abstract : Financial agents powered by large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for investment analysis, risk assessment, and automated decision-making, where their abilities to plan, invoke tools, and manipulate mutable state introduce new security risks in high-stakes and highly regulated financial environments. However, existing safety evaluations largely focus on language-model-level conten… ▽ More Financial agents powered by large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for investment analysis, risk assessment, and automated decision-making, where their abilities to plan, invoke tools, and manipulate mutable state introduce new security risks in high-stakes and highly regulated financial environments. However, existing safety evaluations largely focus on language-model-level content compliance or abstract agent settings, failing to capture execution-grounded risks arising from real operational workflows and state-changing actions. To bridge this gap, we propose FinVault, the first execution-grounded security benchmark for financial agents, comprising 31 regulatory case-driven sandbox scenarios with state-writable databases and explicit compliance constraints, together with 107 real-world vulnerabilities and 963 test cases that systematically cover prompt injection, jailbreaking, financially adapted attacks, as well as benign inputs for false-positive evaluation. Experimental results reveal that existing defense mechanisms remain ineffective in realistic financial agent settings, with average attack success rates (ASR) still reaching up to 50.0\% on state-of-the-art models and remaining non-negligible even for the most robust systems (ASR 6.7\%), highlighting the limited transferability of current safety designs and the need for stronger financial-specific defenses. Our code can be found at △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07779 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.MA cs.AI cs.CL cs.CV cs.HC OS-Symphony: A Holistic Framework for Robust and Generalist Computer-Using Agent Authors: Bowen Yang , Kaiming Jin , Zhenyu Wu , Zhaoyang Liu , Qiushi Sun , Zehao Li , JingJing Xie , Zhoumianze Liu , Fangzhi Xu , Kanzhi Cheng , Qingyun Li , Yian Wang , Yu Qiao , Zun Wang , Zichen Ding Abstract : While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have significantly advanced Computer-Using Agents (CUAs), current frameworks struggle with robustness in long-horizon workflows and generalization in novel domains. These limitations stem from a lack of granular control over historical visual context curation and the absence of visual-aware tutorial retrieval. To bridge these gaps, we introduce OS-Symphony, a ho… ▽ More While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have significantly advanced Computer-Using Agents (CUAs), current frameworks struggle with robustness in long-horizon workflows and generalization in novel domains. These limitations stem from a lack of granular control over historical visual context curation and the absence of visual-aware tutorial retrieval. To bridge these gaps, we introduce OS-Symphony, a holistic framework that comprises an Orchestrator coordinating two key innovations for robust automation: (1) a Reflection-Memory Agent that utilizes milestone-driven long-term memory to enable trajectory-level self-correction, effectively mitigating visual context loss in long-horizon tasks; (2) Versatile Tool Agents featuring a Multimodal Searcher that adopts a SeeAct paradigm to navigate a browser-based sandbox to synthesize live, visually aligned tutorials, thereby resolving fidelity issues in unseen scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate that OS-Symphony delivers substantial performance gains across varying model scales, establishing new state-of-the-art results on three online benchmarks, notably achieving 65.84% on OSWorld. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 31 pages, 11 figures, 12 tables ACM Class: I.2.10 arXiv:2601.07779 [ pdf , ps , other ] OS-Symphony: A Holistic Framework for Robust and Generalist Computer-Using Agent Authors: Bowen Yang , Kaiming Jin , Zhenyu Wu , Zhaoyang Liu , Qiushi Sun , Zehao Li , JingJing Xie , Zhoumianze Liu , Fangzhi Xu , Kanzhi Cheng , Qingyun Li , Yian Wang , Yu Qiao , Zun Wang , Zichen Ding Abstract : While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have significantly advanced Computer-Using Agents (CUAs), current frameworks struggle with robustness in long-horizon workflows and generalization in novel domains. These limitations stem from a lack of granular control over historical visual context curation and the absence of visual-aware tutorial retrieval. To bridge these gaps, we introduce OS-Symphony, a ho… ▽ More While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have significantly advanced Computer-Using Agents (CUAs), current frameworks struggle with robustness in long-horizon workflows and generalization in novel domains. These limitations stem from a lack of granular control over historical visual context curation and the absence of visual-aware tutorial retrieval. To bridge these gaps, we introduce OS-Symphony, a holistic framework that comprises an Orchestrator coordinating two key innovations for robust automation: (1) a Reflection-Memory Agent that utilizes milestone-driven long-term memory to enable trajectory-level self-correction, effectively mitigating visual context loss in long-horizon tasks; (2) Versatile Tool Agents featuring a Multimodal Searcher that adopts a SeeAct paradigm to navigate a browser-based sandbox to synthesize live, visually aligned tutorials, thereby resolving fidelity issues in unseen scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate that OS-Symphony delivers substantial performance gains across varying model scales, establishing new state-of-the-art results on three online benchmarks, notably achieving 65.84% on OSWorld. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 31 pages, 11 figures, 12 tables ACM Class: I.2.10 arXiv:2601.07518 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI Mon3tr: Monocular 3D Telepresence with Pre-built Gaussian Avatars as Amortization Authors: Fangyu Lin , Yingdong Hu , Zhening Liu , Yufan Zhuang , Zehong Lin , Jun Zhang Abstract : Immersive telepresence aims to transform human interaction in AR/VR applications by enabling lifelike full-body holographic representations for enhanced remote collaboration. However, existing systems rely on hardware-intensive multi-camera setups and demand high bandwidth for volumetric streaming, limiting their real-time performance on mobile devices. To overcome these challenges, we propose Mon… ▽ More Immersive telepresence aims to transform human interaction in AR/VR applications by enabling lifelike full-body holographic representations for enhanced remote collaboration. However, existing systems rely on hardware-intensive multi-camera setups and demand high bandwidth for volumetric streaming, limiting their real-time performance on mobile devices. To overcome these challenges, we propose Mon3tr, a novel Monocular 3D telepresence framework that integrates 3D Gaussian splatting (3DGS) based parametric human modeling into telepresence for the first time. Mon3tr adopts an amortized computation strategy, dividing the process into a one-time offline multi-view reconstruction phase to build a user-specific avatar and a monocular online inference phase during live telepresence sessions. A single monocular RGB camera is used to capture body motions and facial expressions in real time to drive the 3DGS-based parametric human model, significantly reducing system complexity and cost. The extracted motion and appearance features are transmitted at < 0.2 Mbps over WebRTC's data channel, allowing robust adaptation to network fluctuations. On the receiver side, e.g., Meta Quest 3, we develop a lightweight 3DGS attribute deformation network to dynamically generate corrective 3DGS attribute adjustments on the pre-built avatar, synthesizing photorealistic motion and appearance at ~ 60 FPS. Extensive experiments demonstrate the state-of-the-art performance of our method, achieving a PSNR of > 28 dB for novel poses, an end-to-end latency of ~ 80 ms, and > 1000x bandwidth reduction compared to point-cloud streaming, while supporting real-time operation from monocular inputs across diverse scenarios. Our demos can be found at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07518 [ pdf , ps , other ] Mon3tr: Monocular 3D Telepresence with Pre-built Gaussian Avatars as Amortization Authors: Fangyu Lin , Yingdong Hu , Zhening Liu , Yufan Zhuang , Zehong Lin , Jun Zhang Abstract : Immersive telepresence aims to transform human interaction in AR/VR applications by enabling lifelike full-body holographic representations for enhanced remote collaboration. However, existing systems rely on hardware-intensive multi-camera setups and demand high bandwidth for volumetric streaming, limiting their real-time performance on mobile devices. To overcome these challenges, we propose Mon… ▽ More Immersive telepresence aims to transform human interaction in AR/VR applications by enabling lifelike full-body holographic representations for enhanced remote collaboration. However, existing systems rely on hardware-intensive multi-camera setups and demand high bandwidth for volumetric streaming, limiting their real-time performance on mobile devices. To overcome these challenges, we propose Mon3tr, a novel Monocular 3D telepresence framework that integrates 3D Gaussian splatting (3DGS) based parametric human modeling into telepresence for the first time. Mon3tr adopts an amortized computation strategy, dividing the process into a one-time offline multi-view reconstruction phase to build a user-specific avatar and a monocular online inference phase during live telepresence sessions. A single monocular RGB camera is used to capture body motions and facial expressions in real time to drive the 3DGS-based parametric human model, significantly reducing system complexity and cost. The extracted motion and appearance features are transmitted at < 0.2 Mbps over WebRTC's data channel, allowing robust adaptation to network fluctuations. On the receiver side, e.g., Meta Quest 3, we develop a lightweight 3DGS attribute deformation network to dynamically generate corrective 3DGS attribute adjustments on the pre-built avatar, synthesizing photorealistic motion and appearance at ~ 60 FPS. Extensive experiments demonstrate the state-of-the-art performance of our method, achieving a PSNR of > 28 dB for novel poses, an end-to-end latency of ~ 80 ms, and > 1000x bandwidth reduction compared to point-cloud streaming, while supporting real-time operation from monocular inputs across diverse scenarios. Our demos can be found at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07338 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Beyond Literal Mapping: Benchmarking and Improving Non-Literal Translation Evaluation Authors: Yanzhi Tian , Cunxiang Wang , Zeming Liu , Heyan Huang , Wenbo Yu , Dawei Song , Jie Tang , Yuhang Guo Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced Machine Translation (MT), applying them to linguistically complex domains-such as Social Network Services, literature etc. In these scenarios, translations often require handling non-literal expressions, leading to the inaccuracy of MT metrics. To systematically investigate the reliability of MT metrics, we first curate a meta-evaluation dat… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced Machine Translation (MT), applying them to linguistically complex domains-such as Social Network Services, literature etc. In these scenarios, translations often require handling non-literal expressions, leading to the inaccuracy of MT metrics. To systematically investigate the reliability of MT metrics, we first curate a meta-evaluation dataset focused on non-literal translations, namely MENT. MENT encompasses four non-literal translation domains and features source sentences paired with translations from diverse MT systems, with 7,530 human-annotated scores on translation quality. Experimental results reveal the inaccuracies of traditional MT metrics and the limitations of LLM-as-a-Judge, particularly the knowledge cutoff and score inconsistency problem. To mitigate these limitations, we propose RATE, a novel agentic translation evaluation framework, centered by a reflective Core Agent that dynamically invokes specialized sub-agents. Experimental results indicate the efficacy of RATE, achieving an improvement of at least 3.2 meta score compared with current metrics. Further experiments demonstrate the robustness of RATE to general-domain MT evaluation. Code and dataset are available at: △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07338 [ pdf , ps , other ] Beyond Literal Mapping: Benchmarking and Improving Non-Literal Translation Evaluation Authors: Yanzhi Tian , Cunxiang Wang , Zeming Liu , Heyan Huang , Wenbo Yu , Dawei Song , Jie Tang , Yuhang Guo Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced Machine Translation (MT), applying them to linguistically complex domains-such as Social Network Services, literature etc. In these scenarios, translations often require handling non-literal expressions, leading to the inaccuracy of MT metrics. To systematically investigate the reliability of MT metrics, we first curate a meta-evaluation dat… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced Machine Translation (MT), applying them to linguistically complex domains-such as Social Network Services, literature etc. In these scenarios, translations often require handling non-literal expressions, leading to the inaccuracy of MT metrics. To systematically investigate the reliability of MT metrics, we first curate a meta-evaluation dataset focused on non-literal translations, namely MENT. MENT encompasses four non-literal translation domains and features source sentences paired with translations from diverse MT systems, with 7,530 human-annotated scores on translation quality. Experimental results reveal the inaccuracies of traditional MT metrics and the limitations of LLM-as-a-Judge, particularly the knowledge cutoff and score inconsistency problem. To mitigate these limitations, we propose RATE, a novel agentic translation evaluation framework, centered by a reflective Core Agent that dynamically invokes specialized sub-agents. Experimental results indicate the efficacy of RATE, achieving an improvement of at least 3.2 meta score compared with current metrics. Further experiments demonstrate the robustness of RATE to general-domain MT evaluation. Code and dataset are available at: △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07310 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Revisiting the Ordering of Channel and Spatial Attention: A Comprehensive Study on Sequential and Parallel Designs Authors: Zhongming Liu , Bingbing Jiang Abstract : Attention mechanisms have become a core component of deep learning models, with Channel Attention and Spatial Attention being the two most representative architectures. Current research on their fusion strategies primarily bifurcates into sequential and parallel paradigms, yet the selection process remains largely empirical, lacking systematic analysis and unified principles. We systematically com… ▽ More Attention mechanisms have become a core component of deep learning models, with Channel Attention and Spatial Attention being the two most representative architectures. Current research on their fusion strategies primarily bifurcates into sequential and parallel paradigms, yet the selection process remains largely empirical, lacking systematic analysis and unified principles. We systematically compare channel-spatial attention combinations under a unified framework, building an evaluation suite of 18 topologies across four classes: sequential, parallel, multi-scale, and residual. Across two vision and nine medical datasets, we uncover a "data scale-method-performance" coupling law: (1) in few-shot tasks, the "Channel-Multi-scale Spatial" cascaded structure achieves optimal performance; (2) in medium-scale tasks, parallel learnable fusion architectures demonstrate superior results; (3) in large-scale tasks, parallel structures with dynamic gating yield the best performance. Additionally, experiments indicate that the "Spatial-Channel" order is more stable and effective for fine-grained classification, while residual connections mitigate vanishing gradient problems across varying data scales. We thus propose scenario-based guidelines for building future attention modules. Code is open-sourced at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07310 [ pdf , ps , other ] Revisiting the Ordering of Channel and Spatial Attention: A Comprehensive Study on Sequential and Parallel Designs Authors: Zhongming Liu , Bingbing Jiang Abstract : Attention mechanisms have become a core component of deep learning models, with Channel Attention and Spatial Attention being the two most representative architectures. Current research on their fusion strategies primarily bifurcates into sequential and parallel paradigms, yet the selection process remains largely empirical, lacking systematic analysis and unified principles. We systematically com… ▽ More Attention mechanisms have become a core component of deep learning models, with Channel Attention and Spatial Attention being the two most representative architectures. Current research on their fusion strategies primarily bifurcates into sequential and parallel paradigms, yet the selection process remains largely empirical, lacking systematic analysis and unified principles. We systematically compare channel-spatial attention combinations under a unified framework, building an evaluation suite of 18 topologies across four classes: sequential, parallel, multi-scale, and residual. Across two vision and nine medical datasets, we uncover a "data scale-method-performance" coupling law: (1) in few-shot tasks, the "Channel-Multi-scale Spatial" cascaded structure achieves optimal performance; (2) in medium-scale tasks, parallel learnable fusion architectures demonstrate superior results; (3) in large-scale tasks, parallel structures with dynamic gating yield the best performance. Additionally, experiments indicate that the "Spatial-Channel" order is more stable and effective for fine-grained classification, while residual connections mitigate vanishing gradient problems across varying data scales. We thus propose scenario-based guidelines for building future attention modules. Code is open-sourced at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07055 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Dr. Zero: Self-Evolving Search Agents without Training Data Authors: Zhenrui Yue , Kartikeya Upasani , Xianjun Yang , Suyu Ge , Shaoliang Nie , Yuning Mao , Zhe Liu , Dong Wang Abstract : As high-quality data becomes increasingly difficult to obtain, data-free self-evolution has emerged as a promising paradigm. This approach allows large language models (LLMs) to autonomously generate and solve complex problems, thereby improving their reasoning capabilities. However, multi-turn search agents struggle in data-free self-evolution due to the limited question diversity and the substan… ▽ More As high-quality data becomes increasingly difficult to obtain, data-free self-evolution has emerged as a promising paradigm. This approach allows large language models (LLMs) to autonomously generate and solve complex problems, thereby improving their reasoning capabilities. However, multi-turn search agents struggle in data-free self-evolution due to the limited question diversity and the substantial compute required for multi-step reasoning and tool using. In this work, we introduce Dr. Zero, a framework enabling search agents to effectively self-evolve without any training data. In particular, we design a self-evolution feedback loop where a proposer generates diverse questions to train a solver initialized from the same base model. As the solver evolves, it incentivizes the proposer to produce increasingly difficult yet solvable tasks, thus establishing an automated curriculum to refine both agents. To enhance training efficiency, we also introduce hop-grouped relative policy optimization (HRPO). This method clusters structurally similar questions to construct group-level baselines, effectively minimizing the sampling overhead in evaluating each query's individual difficulty and solvability. Consequently, HRPO significantly reduces the compute requirements for solver training without compromising performance or stability. Extensive experiment results demonstrate that the data-free Dr. Zero matches or surpasses fully supervised search agents, proving that complex reasoning and search capabilities can emerge solely through self-evolution. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07055 [ pdf , ps , other ] Dr. Zero: Self-Evolving Search Agents without Training Data Authors: Zhenrui Yue , Kartikeya Upasani , Xianjun Yang , Suyu Ge , Shaoliang Nie , Yuning Mao , Zhe Liu , Dong Wang Abstract : As high-quality data becomes increasingly difficult to obtain, data-free self-evolution has emerged as a promising paradigm. This approach allows large language models (LLMs) to autonomously generate and solve complex problems, thereby improving their reasoning capabilities. However, multi-turn search agents struggle in data-free self-evolution due to the limited question diversity and the substan… ▽ More As high-quality data becomes increasingly difficult to obtain, data-free self-evolution has emerged as a promising paradigm. This approach allows large language models (LLMs) to autonomously generate and solve complex problems, thereby improving their reasoning capabilities. However, multi-turn search agents struggle in data-free self-evolution due to the limited question diversity and the substantial compute required for multi-step reasoning and tool using. In this work, we introduce Dr. Zero, a framework enabling search agents to effectively self-evolve without any training data. In particular, we design a self-evolution feedback loop where a proposer generates diverse questions to train a solver initialized from the same base model. As the solver evolves, it incentivizes the proposer to produce increasingly difficult yet solvable tasks, thus establishing an automated curriculum to refine both agents. To enhance training efficiency, we also introduce hop-grouped relative policy optimization (HRPO). This method clusters structurally similar questions to construct group-level baselines, effectively minimizing the sampling overhead in evaluating each query's individual difficulty and solvability. Consequently, HRPO significantly reduces the compute requirements for solver training without compromising performance or stability. Extensive experiment results demonstrate that the data-free Dr. Zero matches or surpasses fully supervised search agents, proving that complex reasoning and search capabilities can emerge solely through self-evolution. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06781 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.HC cs.AI cs.CV AutoTour: Automatic Photo Tour Guide with Smartphones and LLMs Authors: Huatao Xu , Zihe Liu , Zilin Zeng , Baichuan Li , Mo Li Abstract : We present AutoTour, a system that enhances user exploration by automatically generating fine-grained landmark annotations and descriptive narratives for photos captured by users. The key idea of AutoTour is to fuse visual features extracted from photos with nearby geospatial features queried from open matching databases. Unlike existing tour applications that rely on pre-defined content or propri… ▽ More We present AutoTour, a system that enhances user exploration by automatically generating fine-grained landmark annotations and descriptive narratives for photos captured by users. The key idea of AutoTour is to fuse visual features extracted from photos with nearby geospatial features queried from open matching databases. Unlike existing tour applications that rely on pre-defined content or proprietary datasets, AutoTour leverages open and extensible data sources to provide scalable and context-aware photo-based guidance. To achieve this, we design a training-free pipeline that first extracts and filters relevant geospatial features around the user's GPS location. It then detects major landmarks in user photos through VLM-based feature detection and projects them into the horizontal spatial plane. A geometric matching algorithm aligns photo features with corresponding geospatial entities based on their estimated distance and direction. The matched features are subsequently grounded and annotated directly on the original photo, accompanied by large language model-generated textual and audio descriptions to provide an informative, tour-like experience. We demonstrate that AutoTour can deliver rich, interpretable annotations for both iconic and lesser-known landmarks, enabling a new form of interactive, context-aware exploration that bridges visual perception and geospatial understanding. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 21 arXiv:2601.06781 [ pdf , ps , other ] AutoTour: Automatic Photo Tour Guide with Smartphones and LLMs Authors: Huatao Xu , Zihe Liu , Zilin Zeng , Baichuan Li , Mo Li Abstract : We present AutoTour, a system that enhances user exploration by automatically generating fine-grained landmark annotations and descriptive narratives for photos captured by users. The key idea of AutoTour is to fuse visual features extracted from photos with nearby geospatial features queried from open matching databases. Unlike existing tour applications that rely on pre-defined content or propri… ▽ More We present AutoTour, a system that enhances user exploration by automatically generating fine-grained landmark annotations and descriptive narratives for photos captured by users. The key idea of AutoTour is to fuse visual features extracted from photos with nearby geospatial features queried from open matching databases. Unlike existing tour applications that rely on pre-defined content or proprietary datasets, AutoTour leverages open and extensible data sources to provide scalable and context-aware photo-based guidance. To achieve this, we design a training-free pipeline that first extracts and filters relevant geospatial features around the user's GPS location. It then detects major landmarks in user photos through VLM-based feature detection and projects them into the horizontal spatial plane. A geometric matching algorithm aligns photo features with corresponding geospatial entities based on their estimated distance and direction. The matched features are subsequently grounded and annotated directly on the original photo, accompanied by large language model-generated textual and audio descriptions to provide an informative, tour-like experience. We demonstrate that AutoTour can deliver rich, interpretable annotations for both iconic and lesser-known landmarks, enabling a new form of interactive, context-aware exploration that bridges visual perception and geospatial understanding. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 21 arXiv:2601.06757 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI MTMCS-Bench: Evaluating Contextual Safety of Multimodal Large Language Models in Multi-Turn Dialogues Authors: Zheyuan Liu , Dongwhi Kim , Yixin Wan , Xiangchi Yuan , Zhaoxuan Tan , Fengran Mo , Meng Jiang Abstract : Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are increasingly deployed as assistants that interact through text and images, making it crucial to evaluate contextual safety when risk depends on both the visual scene and the evolving dialogue. Existing contextual safety benchmarks are mostly single-turn and often miss how malicious intent can emerge gradually or how the same scene can support both benig… ▽ More Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are increasingly deployed as assistants that interact through text and images, making it crucial to evaluate contextual safety when risk depends on both the visual scene and the evolving dialogue. Existing contextual safety benchmarks are mostly single-turn and often miss how malicious intent can emerge gradually or how the same scene can support both benign and exploitative goals. We introduce the Multi-Turn Multimodal Contextual Safety Benchmark (MTMCS-Bench), a benchmark of realistic images and multi-turn conversations that evaluates contextual safety in MLLMs under two complementary settings, escalation-based risk and context-switch risk. MTMCS-Bench offers paired safe and unsafe dialogues with structured evaluation. It contains over 30 thousand multimodal (image+text) and unimodal (text-only) samples, with metrics that separately measure contextual intent recognition, safety-awareness on unsafe cases, and helpfulness on benign ones. Across eight open-source and seven proprietary MLLMs, we observe persistent trade-offs between contextual safety and utility, with models tending to either miss gradual risks or over-refuse benign dialogues. Finally, we evaluate five current guardrails and find that they mitigate some failures but do not fully resolve multi-turn contextual risks. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: A benchmark of realistic images and multi-turn conversations that evaluates contextual safety in MLLMs under two complementary settings arXiv:2601.06757 [ pdf , ps , other ] MTMCS-Bench: Evaluating Contextual Safety of Multimodal Large Language Models in Multi-Turn Dialogues Authors: Zheyuan Liu , Dongwhi Kim , Yixin Wan , Xiangchi Yuan , Zhaoxuan Tan , Fengran Mo , Meng Jiang Abstract : Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are increasingly deployed as assistants that interact through text and images, making it crucial to evaluate contextual safety when risk depends on both the visual scene and the evolving dialogue. Existing contextual safety benchmarks are mostly single-turn and often miss how malicious intent can emerge gradually or how the same scene can support both benig… ▽ More Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are increasingly deployed as assistants that interact through text and images, making it crucial to evaluate contextual safety when risk depends on both the visual scene and the evolving dialogue. Existing contextual safety benchmarks are mostly single-turn and often miss how malicious intent can emerge gradually or how the same scene can support both benign and exploitative goals. We introduce the Multi-Turn Multimodal Contextual Safety Benchmark (MTMCS-Bench), a benchmark of realistic images and multi-turn conversations that evaluates contextual safety in MLLMs under two complementary settings, escalation-based risk and context-switch risk. MTMCS-Bench offers paired safe and unsafe dialogues with structured evaluation. It contains over 30 thousand multimodal (image+text) and unimodal (text-only) samples, with metrics that separately measure contextual intent recognition, safety-awareness on unsafe cases, and helpfulness on benign ones. Across eight open-source and seven proprietary MLLMs, we observe persistent trade-offs between contextual safety and utility, with models tending to either miss gradual risks or over-refuse benign dialogues. Finally, we evaluate five current guardrails and find that they mitigate some failures but do not fully resolve multi-turn contextual risks. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: A benchmark of realistic images and multi-turn conversations that evaluates contextual safety in MLLMs under two complementary settings arXiv:2601.06429 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG stat.ML A Unified Shape-Aware Foundation Model for Time Series Classification Authors: Zhen Liu , Yucheng Wang , Boyuan Li , Junhao Zheng , Emadeldeen Eldele , Min Wu , Qianli Ma Abstract : Foundation models pre-trained on large-scale source datasets are reshaping the traditional training paradigm for time series classification. However, existing time series foundation models primarily focus on forecasting tasks and often overlook classification-specific challenges, such as modeling interpretable shapelets that capture class-discriminative temporal features. To bridge this gap, we pr… ▽ More Foundation models pre-trained on large-scale source datasets are reshaping the traditional training paradigm for time series classification. However, existing time series foundation models primarily focus on forecasting tasks and often overlook classification-specific challenges, such as modeling interpretable shapelets that capture class-discriminative temporal features. To bridge this gap, we propose UniShape, a unified shape-aware foundation model designed for time series classification. UniShape incorporates a shape-aware adapter that adaptively aggregates multiscale discriminative subsequences (shapes) into class tokens, effectively selecting the most relevant subsequence scales to enhance model interpretability. Meanwhile, a prototype-based pretraining module is introduced to jointly learn instance- and shape-level representations, enabling the capture of transferable shape patterns. Pre-trained on a large-scale multi-domain time series dataset comprising 1.89 million samples, UniShape exhibits superior generalization across diverse target domains. Experiments on 128 UCR datasets and 30 additional time series datasets demonstrate that UniShape achieves state-of-the-art classification performance, with interpretability and ablation analyses further validating its effectiveness. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted in AAAI 2026 arXiv:2601.06429 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Unified Shape-Aware Foundation Model for Time Series Classification Authors: Zhen Liu , Yucheng Wang , Boyuan Li , Junhao Zheng , Emadeldeen Eldele , Min Wu , Qianli Ma Abstract : Foundation models pre-trained on large-scale source datasets are reshaping the traditional training paradigm for time series classification. However, existing time series foundation models primarily focus on forecasting tasks and often overlook classification-specific challenges, such as modeling interpretable shapelets that capture class-discriminative temporal features. To bridge this gap, we pr… ▽ More Foundation models pre-trained on large-scale source datasets are reshaping the traditional training paradigm for time series classification. However, existing time series foundation models primarily focus on forecasting tasks and often overlook classification-specific challenges, such as modeling interpretable shapelets that capture class-discriminative temporal features. To bridge this gap, we propose UniShape, a unified shape-aware foundation model designed for time series classification. UniShape incorporates a shape-aware adapter that adaptively aggregates multiscale discriminative subsequences (shapes) into class tokens, effectively selecting the most relevant subsequence scales to enhance model interpretability. Meanwhile, a prototype-based pretraining module is introduced to jointly learn instance- and shape-level representations, enabling the capture of transferable shape patterns. Pre-trained on a large-scale multi-domain time series dataset comprising 1.89 million samples, UniShape exhibits superior generalization across diverse target domains. Experiments on 128 UCR datasets and 30 additional time series datasets demonstrate that UniShape achieves state-of-the-art classification performance, with interpretability and ablation analyses further validating its effectiveness. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted in AAAI 2026 arXiv:2601.06388 [ pdf , ps , other ] math.NA cs.LG Supervised and Unsupervised Neural Network Solver for First Order Hyperbolic Nonlinear PDEs Authors: Zakaria Baba , Alexandre M. Bayen , Alexi Canesse , Maria Laura Delle Monache , Martin Drieux , Zhe Fu , Nathan Lichtlé , Zihe Liu , Hossein Nick Zinat Matin , Benedetto Piccoli Abstract : We present a neural network-based method for learning scalar hyperbolic conservation laws. Our method replaces the traditional numerical flux in finite volume schemes with a trainable neural network while preserving the conservative structure of the scheme. The model can be trained both in a supervised setting with efficiently generated synthetic data or in an unsupervised manner, leveraging the w… ▽ More We present a neural network-based method for learning scalar hyperbolic conservation laws. Our method replaces the traditional numerical flux in finite volume schemes with a trainable neural network while preserving the conservative structure of the scheme. The model can be trained both in a supervised setting with efficiently generated synthetic data or in an unsupervised manner, leveraging the weak formulation of the partial differential equation. We provide theoretical results that our model can perform arbitrarily well, and provide associated upper bounds on neural network size. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method often outperforms efficient schemes such as Godunov's scheme, WENO, and Discontinuous Galerkin for comparable computational budgets. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on a traffic prediction task, leveraging field experimental highway data from the Berkeley DeepDrive drone dataset. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06388 [ pdf , ps , other ] Supervised and Unsupervised Neural Network Solver for First Order Hyperbolic Nonlinear PDEs Authors: Zakaria Baba , Alexandre M. Bayen , Alexi Canesse , Maria Laura Delle Monache , Martin Drieux , Zhe Fu , Nathan Lichtlé , Zihe Liu , Hossein Nick Zinat Matin , Benedetto Piccoli Abstract : We present a neural network-based method for learning scalar hyperbolic conservation laws. Our method replaces the traditional numerical flux in finite volume schemes with a trainable neural network while preserving the conservative structure of the scheme. The model can be trained both in a supervised setting with efficiently generated synthetic data or in an unsupervised manner, leveraging the w… ▽ More We present a neural network-based method for learning scalar hyperbolic conservation laws. Our method replaces the traditional numerical flux in finite volume schemes with a trainable neural network while preserving the conservative structure of the scheme. The model can be trained both in a supervised setting with efficiently generated synthetic data or in an unsupervised manner, leveraging the weak formulation of the partial differential equation. We provide theoretical results that our model can perform arbitrarily well, and provide associated upper bounds on neural network size. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method often outperforms efficient schemes such as Godunov's scheme, WENO, and Discontinuous Galerkin for comparable computational budgets. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on a traffic prediction task, leveraging field experimental highway data from the Berkeley DeepDrive drone dataset. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06205 [ pdf ] cs.CY cs.LG Towards Public Administration Research Based on Interpretable Machine Learning Authors: Zhanyu Liu , Yang Yu Abstract : Causal relationships play a pivotal role in research within the field of public administration. Ensuring reliable causal inference requires validating the predictability of these relationships, which is a crucial precondition. However, prediction has not garnered adequate attention within the realm of quantitative research in public administration and the broader social sciences. The advent of int… ▽ More Causal relationships play a pivotal role in research within the field of public administration. Ensuring reliable causal inference requires validating the predictability of these relationships, which is a crucial precondition. However, prediction has not garnered adequate attention within the realm of quantitative research in public administration and the broader social sciences. The advent of interpretable machine learning presents a significant opportunity to integrate prediction into quantitative research conducted in public administration. This article delves into the fundamental principles of interpretable machine learning while also examining its current applications in social science research. Building upon this foundation, the article further expounds upon the implementation process of interpretable machine learning, encompassing key aspects such as dataset construction, model training, model evaluation, and model interpretation. Lastly, the article explores the disciplinary value of interpretable machine learning within the field of public administration, highlighting its potential to enhance the generalization of inference, facilitate the selection of optimal explanations for phenomena, stimulate the construction of theoretical hypotheses, and provide a platform for the translation of knowledge. As a complement to traditional causal inference methods, interpretable machine learning ushers in a new era of credibility in quantitative research within the realm of public administration. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06205 [ pdf ] Towards Public Administration Research Based on Interpretable Machine Learning Authors: Zhanyu Liu , Yang Yu Abstract : Causal relationships play a pivotal role in research within the field of public administration. Ensuring reliable causal inference requires validating the predictability of these relationships, which is a crucial precondition. However, prediction has not garnered adequate attention within the realm of quantitative research in public administration and the broader social sciences. The advent of int… ▽ More Causal relationships play a pivotal role in research within the field of public administration. Ensuring reliable causal inference requires validating the predictability of these relationships, which is a crucial precondition. However, prediction has not garnered adequate attention within the realm of quantitative research in public administration and the broader social sciences. The advent of interpretable machine learning presents a significant opportunity to integrate prediction into quantitative research conducted in public administration. This article delves into the fundamental principles of interpretable machine learning while also examining its current applications in social science research. Building upon this foundation, the article further expounds upon the implementation process of interpretable machine learning, encompassing key aspects such as dataset construction, model training, model evaluation, and model interpretation. Lastly, the article explores the disciplinary value of interpretable machine learning within the field of public administration, highlighting its potential to enhance the generalization of inference, facilitate the selection of optimal explanations for phenomena, stimulate the construction of theoretical hypotheses, and provide a platform for the translation of knowledge. As a complement to traditional causal inference methods, interpretable machine learning ushers in a new era of credibility in quantitative research within the realm of public administration. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06122 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI cs.LG COVR:Collaborative Optimization of VLMs and RL Agent for Visual-Based Control Authors: Canming Xia , Peixi Peng , Guang Tan , Zhan Su , Haoran Xu , Zhenxian Liu , Luntong Li Abstract : Visual reinforcement learning (RL) suffers from poor sample efficiency due to high-dimensional observations in complex tasks. While existing works have shown that vision-language models (VLMs) can assist RL, they often focus on knowledge distillation from the VLM to RL, overlooking the potential of RL-generated interaction data to enhance the VLM. To address this, we propose COVR, a collaborative… ▽ More Visual reinforcement learning (RL) suffers from poor sample efficiency due to high-dimensional observations in complex tasks. While existing works have shown that vision-language models (VLMs) can assist RL, they often focus on knowledge distillation from the VLM to RL, overlooking the potential of RL-generated interaction data to enhance the VLM. To address this, we propose COVR, a collaborative optimization framework that enables the mutual enhancement of the VLM and RL policies. Specifically, COVR fine-tunes the VLM with RL-generated data to enhance the semantic reasoning ability consistent with the target task, and uses the enhanced VLM to further guide policy learning via action priors. To improve fine-tuning efficiency, we introduce two key modules: (1) an Exploration-Driven Dynamic Filter module that preserves valuable exploration samples using adaptive thresholds based on the degree of exploration, and (2) a Return-Aware Adaptive Loss Weight module that improves the stability of training by quantifying the inconsistency of sampling actions via return signals of RL. We further design a progressive fine-tuning strategy to reduce resource consumption. Extensive experiments show that COVR achieves strong performance across various challenging visual control tasks. △ Less Submitted 3 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: The paper was accepted by the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26) arXiv:2601.06122 [ pdf , ps , other ] COVR:Collaborative Optimization of VLMs and RL Agent for Visual-Based Control Authors: Canming Xia , Peixi Peng , Guang Tan , Zhan Su , Haoran Xu , Zhenxian Liu , Luntong Li Abstract : Visual reinforcement learning (RL) suffers from poor sample efficiency due to high-dimensional observations in complex tasks. While existing works have shown that vision-language models (VLMs) can assist RL, they often focus on knowledge distillation from the VLM to RL, overlooking the potential of RL-generated interaction data to enhance the VLM. To address this, we propose COVR, a collaborative… ▽ More Visual reinforcement learning (RL) suffers from poor sample efficiency due to high-dimensional observations in complex tasks. While existing works have shown that vision-language models (VLMs) can assist RL, they often focus on knowledge distillation from the VLM to RL, overlooking the potential of RL-generated interaction data to enhance the VLM. To address this, we propose COVR, a collaborative optimization framework that enables the mutual enhancement of the VLM and RL policies. Specifically, COVR fine-tunes the VLM with RL-generated data to enhance the semantic reasoning ability consistent with the target task, and uses the enhanced VLM to further guide policy learning via action priors. To improve fine-tuning efficiency, we introduce two key modules: (1) an Exploration-Driven Dynamic Filter module that preserves valuable exploration samples using adaptive thresholds based on the degree of exploration, and (2) a Return-Aware Adaptive Loss Weight module that improves the stability of training by quantifying the inconsistency of sampling actions via return signals of RL. We further design a progressive fine-tuning strategy to reduce resource consumption. Extensive experiments show that COVR achieves strong performance across various challenging visual control tasks. △ Less Submitted 3 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: The paper was accepted by the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26) arXiv:2601.06022 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI AdaFuse: Adaptive Ensemble Decoding with Test-Time Scaling for LLMs Authors: Chengming Cui , Tianxin Wei , Ziyi Chen , Ruizhong Qiu , Zhichen Zeng , Zhining Liu , Xuying Ning , Duo Zhou , Jingrui He Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) exhibit complementary strengths arising from differences in pretraining data, model architectures, and decoding behaviors. Inference-time ensembling provides a practical way to combine these capabilities without retraining. However, existing ensemble approaches suffer from fundamental limitations. Most rely on fixed fusion granularity, which lacks the flexibility requi… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) exhibit complementary strengths arising from differences in pretraining data, model architectures, and decoding behaviors. Inference-time ensembling provides a practical way to combine these capabilities without retraining. However, existing ensemble approaches suffer from fundamental limitations. Most rely on fixed fusion granularity, which lacks the flexibility required for mid-generation adaptation and fails to adapt to different generation characteristics across tasks. To address these challenges, we propose AdaFuse, an adaptive ensemble decoding framework that dynamically selects semantically appropriate fusion units during generation. Rather than committing to a fixed granularity, AdaFuse adjusts fusion behavior on the fly based on the decoding context, with words serving as basic building blocks for alignment. To be specific, we introduce an uncertainty-based criterion to decide whether to apply ensembling at each decoding step. Under confident decoding states, the model continues generation directly. In less certain states, AdaFuse invokes a diversity-aware scaling strategy to explore alternative candidate continuations and inform ensemble decisions. This design establishes a synergistic interaction between adaptive ensembling and test-time scaling, where ensemble decisions guide targeted exploration, and the resulting diversity in turn strengthens ensemble quality. Experiments on open-domain question answering, arithmetic reasoning, and machine translation demonstrate that AdaFuse consistently outperforms strong ensemble baselines, achieving an average relative improvement of 6.88%. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06022 [ pdf , ps , other ] AdaFuse: Adaptive Ensemble Decoding with Test-Time Scaling for LLMs Authors: Chengming Cui , Tianxin Wei , Ziyi Chen , Ruizhong Qiu , Zhichen Zeng , Zhining Liu , Xuying Ning , Duo Zhou , Jingrui He Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) exhibit complementary strengths arising from differences in pretraining data, model architectures, and decoding behaviors. Inference-time ensembling provides a practical way to combine these capabilities without retraining. However, existing ensemble approaches suffer from fundamental limitations. Most rely on fixed fusion granularity, which lacks the flexibility requi… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) exhibit complementary strengths arising from differences in pretraining data, model architectures, and decoding behaviors. Inference-time ensembling provides a practical way to combine these capabilities without retraining. However, existing ensemble approaches suffer from fundamental limitations. Most rely on fixed fusion granularity, which lacks the flexibility required for mid-generation adaptation and fails to adapt to different generation characteristics across tasks. To address these challenges, we propose AdaFuse, an adaptive ensemble decoding framework that dynamically selects semantically appropriate fusion units during generation. Rather than committing to a fixed granularity, AdaFuse adjusts fusion behavior on the fly based on the decoding context, with words serving as basic building blocks for alignment. To be specific, we introduce an uncertainty-based criterion to decide whether to apply ensembling at each decoding step. Under confident decoding states, the model continues generation directly. In less certain states, AdaFuse invokes a diversity-aware scaling strategy to explore alternative candidate continuations and inform ensemble decisions. This design establishes a synergistic interaction between adaptive ensembling and test-time scaling, where ensemble decisions guide targeted exploration, and the resulting diversity in turn strengthens ensemble quality. Experiments on open-domain question answering, arithmetic reasoning, and machine translation demonstrate that AdaFuse consistently outperforms strong ensemble baselines, achieving an average relative improvement of 6.88%. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05785 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI Adaptive Disentangled Representation Learning for Incomplete Multi-View Multi-Label Classification Authors: Quanjiang Li , Zhiming Liu , Tianxiang Xu , Tingjin Luo , Chenping Hou Abstract : Multi-view multi-label learning frequently suffers from simultaneous feature absence and incomplete annotations, due to challenges in data acquisition and cost-intensive supervision. To tackle the complex yet highly practical problem while overcoming the existing limitations of feature recovery, representation disentanglement, and label semantics modeling, we propose an Adaptive Disentangled Repre… ▽ More Multi-view multi-label learning frequently suffers from simultaneous feature absence and incomplete annotations, due to challenges in data acquisition and cost-intensive supervision. To tackle the complex yet highly practical problem while overcoming the existing limitations of feature recovery, representation disentanglement, and label semantics modeling, we propose an Adaptive Disentangled Representation Learning method (ADRL). ADRL achieves robust view completion by propagating feature-level affinity across modalities with neighborhood awareness, and reinforces reconstruction effectiveness by leveraging a stochastic masking strategy. Through disseminating category-level association across label distributions, ADRL refines distribution parameters for capturing interdependent label prototypes. Besides, we formulate a mutual-information-based objective to promote consistency among shared representations and suppress information overlap between view-specific representation and other modalities. Theoretically, we derive the tractable bounds to train the dual-channel network. Moreover, ADRL performs prototype-specific feature selection by enabling independent interactions between label embeddings and view representations, accompanied by the generation of pseudo-labels for each category. The structural characteristics of the pseudo-label space are then exploited to guide a discriminative trade-off during view fusion. Finally, extensive experiments on public datasets and real-world applications demonstrate the superior performance of ADRL. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05785 [ pdf , ps , other ] Adaptive Disentangled Representation Learning for Incomplete Multi-View Multi-Label Classification Authors: Quanjiang Li , Zhiming Liu , Tianxiang Xu , Tingjin Luo , Chenping Hou Abstract : Multi-view multi-label learning frequently suffers from simultaneous feature absence and incomplete annotations, due to challenges in data acquisition and cost-intensive supervision. To tackle the complex yet highly practical problem while overcoming the existing limitations of feature recovery, representation disentanglement, and label semantics modeling, we propose an Adaptive Disentangled Repre… ▽ More Multi-view multi-label learning frequently suffers from simultaneous feature absence and incomplete annotations, due to challenges in data acquisition and cost-intensive supervision. To tackle the complex yet highly practical problem while overcoming the existing limitations of feature recovery, representation disentanglement, and label semantics modeling, we propose an Adaptive Disentangled Representation Learning method (ADRL). ADRL achieves robust view completion by propagating feature-level affinity across modalities with neighborhood awareness, and reinforces reconstruction effectiveness by leveraging a stochastic masking strategy. Through disseminating category-level association across label distributions, ADRL refines distribution parameters for capturing interdependent label prototypes. Besides, we formulate a mutual-information-based objective to promote consistency among shared representations and suppress information overlap between view-specific representation and other modalities. Theoretically, we derive the tractable bounds to train the dual-channel network. Moreover, ADRL performs prototype-specific feature selection by enabling independent interactions between label embeddings and view representations, accompanied by the generation of pseudo-labels for each category. The structural characteristics of the pseudo-label space are then exploited to guide a discriminative trade-off during view fusion. Finally, extensive experiments on public datasets and real-world applications demonstrate the superior performance of ADRL. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05403 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Same Claim, Different Judgment: Benchmarking Scenario-Induced Bias in Multilingual Financial Misinformation Detection Authors: Zhiwei Liu , Yupen Cao , Yuechen Jiang , Mohsinul Kabir , Polydoros Giannouris , Chen Xu , Ziyang Xu , Tianlei Zhu , Tariquzzaman Faisal , Triantafillos Papadopoulos , Yan Wang , Lingfei Qian , Xueqing Peng , Zhuohan Xie , Ye Yuan , Saeed Almheiri , Abdulrazzaq Alnajjar , Mingbin Chen , Harry Stuart , Paul Thompson , Prayag Tiwari , Alejandro Lopez-Lira , Xue Liu , Jimin Huang , Sophia Ananiadou Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have been widely applied across various domains of finance. Since their training data are largely derived from human-authored corpora, LLMs may inherit a range of human biases. Behavioral biases can lead to instability and uncertainty in decision-making, particularly when processing financial information. However, existing research on LLM bias has mainly focused on dir… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have been widely applied across various domains of finance. Since their training data are largely derived from human-authored corpora, LLMs may inherit a range of human biases. Behavioral biases can lead to instability and uncertainty in decision-making, particularly when processing financial information. However, existing research on LLM bias has mainly focused on direct questioning or simplified, general-purpose settings, with limited consideration of the complex real-world financial environments and high-risk, context-sensitive, multilingual financial misinformation detection tasks (\mfmd). In this work, we propose \mfmdscen, a comprehensive benchmark for evaluating behavioral biases of LLMs in \mfmd across diverse economic scenarios. In collaboration with financial experts, we construct three types of complex financial scenarios: (i) role- and personality-based, (ii) role- and region-based, and (iii) role-based scenarios incorporating ethnicity and religious beliefs. We further develop a multilingual financial misinformation dataset covering English, Chinese, Greek, and Bengali. By integrating these scenarios with misinformation claims, \mfmdscen enables a systematic evaluation of 22 mainstream LLMs. Our findings reveal that pronounced behavioral biases persist across both commercial and open-source models. This project will be available at △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Work in progress arXiv:2601.05403 [ pdf , ps , other ] Same Claim, Different Judgment: Benchmarking Scenario-Induced Bias in Multilingual Financial Misinformation Detection Authors: Zhiwei Liu , Yupen Cao , Yuechen Jiang , Mohsinul Kabir , Polydoros Giannouris , Chen Xu , Ziyang Xu , Tianlei Zhu , Tariquzzaman Faisal , Triantafillos Papadopoulos , Yan Wang , Lingfei Qian , Xueqing Peng , Zhuohan Xie , Ye Yuan , Saeed Almheiri , Abdulrazzaq Alnajjar , Mingbin Chen , Harry Stuart , Paul Thompson , Prayag Tiwari , Alejandro Lopez-Lira , Xue Liu , Jimin Huang , Sophia Ananiadou Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have been widely applied across various domains of finance. Since their training data are largely derived from human-authored corpora, LLMs may inherit a range of human biases. Behavioral biases can lead to instability and uncertainty in decision-making, particularly when processing financial information. However, existing research on LLM bias has mainly focused on dir… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have been widely applied across various domains of finance. Since their training data are largely derived from human-authored corpora, LLMs may inherit a range of human biases. Behavioral biases can lead to instability and uncertainty in decision-making, particularly when processing financial information. However, existing research on LLM bias has mainly focused on direct questioning or simplified, general-purpose settings, with limited consideration of the complex real-world financial environments and high-risk, context-sensitive, multilingual financial misinformation detection tasks (\mfmd). In this work, we propose \mfmdscen, a comprehensive benchmark for evaluating behavioral biases of LLMs in \mfmd across diverse economic scenarios. In collaboration with financial experts, we construct three types of complex financial scenarios: (i) role- and personality-based, (ii) role- and region-based, and (iii) role-based scenarios incorporating ethnicity and religious beliefs. We further develop a multilingual financial misinformation dataset covering English, Chinese, Greek, and Bengali. By integrating these scenarios with misinformation claims, \mfmdscen enables a systematic evaluation of 22 mainstream LLMs. Our findings reveal that pronounced behavioral biases persist across both commercial and open-source models. This project will be available at △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Work in progress arXiv:2601.05352 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.CR cs.IR cs.SI When the Server Steps In: Calibrated Updates for Fair Federated Learning Authors: Tianrun Yu , Kaixiang Zhao , Cheng Zhang , Anjun Gao , Yueyang Quan , Zhuqing Liu , Minghong Fang Abstract : Federated learning (FL) has emerged as a transformative distributed learning paradigm, enabling multiple clients to collaboratively train a global model under the coordination of a central server without sharing their raw training data. While FL offers notable advantages, it faces critical challenges in ensuring fairness across diverse demographic groups. To address these fairness concerns, variou… ▽ More Federated learning (FL) has emerged as a transformative distributed learning paradigm, enabling multiple clients to collaboratively train a global model under the coordination of a central server without sharing their raw training data. While FL offers notable advantages, it faces critical challenges in ensuring fairness across diverse demographic groups. To address these fairness concerns, various fairness-aware debiasing methods have been proposed. However, many of these approaches either require modifications to clients' training protocols or lack flexibility in their aggregation strategies. In this work, we address these limitations by introducing EquFL, a novel server-side debiasing method designed to mitigate bias in FL systems. EquFL operates by allowing the server to generate a single calibrated update after receiving model updates from the clients. This calibrated update is then integrated with the aggregated client updates to produce an adjusted global model that reduces bias. Theoretically, we establish that EquFL converges to the optimal global model achieved by FedAvg and effectively reduces fairness loss over training rounds. Empirically, we demonstrate that EquFL significantly mitigates bias within the system, showcasing its practical effectiveness. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05352 [ pdf , ps , other ] When the Server Steps In: Calibrated Updates for Fair Federated Learning Authors: Tianrun Yu , Kaixiang Zhao , Cheng Zhang , Anjun Gao , Yueyang Quan , Zhuqing Liu , Minghong Fang Abstract : Federated learning (FL) has emerged as a transformative distributed learning paradigm, enabling multiple clients to collaboratively train a global model under the coordination of a central server without sharing their raw training data. While FL offers notable advantages, it faces critical challenges in ensuring fairness across diverse demographic groups. To address these fairness concerns, variou… ▽ More Federated learning (FL) has emerged as a transformative distributed learning paradigm, enabling multiple clients to collaboratively train a global model under the coordination of a central server without sharing their raw training data. While FL offers notable advantages, it faces critical challenges in ensuring fairness across diverse demographic groups. To address these fairness concerns, various fairness-aware debiasing methods have been proposed. However, many of these approaches either require modifications to clients' training protocols or lack flexibility in their aggregation strategies. In this work, we address these limitations by introducing EquFL, a novel server-side debiasing method designed to mitigate bias in FL systems. EquFL operates by allowing the server to generate a single calibrated update after receiving model updates from the clients. This calibrated update is then integrated with the aggregated client updates to produce an adjusted global model that reduces bias. Theoretically, we establish that EquFL converges to the optimal global model achieved by FedAvg and effectively reduces fairness loss over training rounds. Empirically, we demonstrate that EquFL significantly mitigates bias within the system, showcasing its practical effectiveness. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05248 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO LaST$_{0}$: Latent Spatio-Temporal Chain-of-Thought for Robotic Vision-Language-Action Model Authors: Zhuoyang Liu , Jiaming Liu , Hao Chen , Ziyu Guo , Chengkai Hou , Chenyang Gu , Jiale Yu , Xiangju Mi , Renrui Zhang , Zhengping Che , Jian Tang , Pheng-Ann Heng , Shanghang Zhang Abstract : Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have recently demonstrated strong generalization capabilities in robotic manipulation. Some existing VLA approaches attempt to improve action accuracy by explicitly generating linguistic reasoning traces or future visual observations before action execution. However, explicit reasoning typically incurs non-negligible inference latency, which constrains the tempo… ▽ More Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have recently demonstrated strong generalization capabilities in robotic manipulation. Some existing VLA approaches attempt to improve action accuracy by explicitly generating linguistic reasoning traces or future visual observations before action execution. However, explicit reasoning typically incurs non-negligible inference latency, which constrains the temporal resolution required for robotic manipulation. Moreover, such reasoning is confined to the linguistic space, imposing a representational bottleneck that struggles to faithfully capture ineffable physical attributes. To mitigate these limitations, we propose LaST$_0$, a framework that enables efficient reasoning before acting through a Latent Spatio-Temporal Chain-of-Thought (CoT), capturing fine-grained physical and robotic dynamics that are often difficult to verbalize. Specifically, we introduce a token-efficient latent CoT space that models future visual dynamics, 3D structural information, and robot proprioceptive states, and further extends these representations across time to enable temporally consistent implicit reasoning trajectories. Furthermore, LaST$_0$ adopts a dual-system architecture implemented via a Mixture-of-Transformers design, where a reasoning expert conducts low-frequency latent inference and an acting expert generates high-frequency actions conditioned on robotics-oriented latent representations. To facilitate coordination, LaST$_0$ is trained with heterogeneous operation frequencies, enabling adaptive switching between reasoning and action inference rates during deployment. Across ten simulated and six real-world manipulation tasks, LaST$_0$ improves mean success rates by 8% and 13% over prior VLA methods, respectively, while achieving substantially faster inference. Project website: △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05248 [ pdf , ps , other ] LaST$_{0}$: Latent Spatio-Temporal Chain-of-Thought for Robotic Vision-Language-Action Model Authors: Zhuoyang Liu , Jiaming Liu , Hao Chen , Ziyu Guo , Chengkai Hou , Chenyang Gu , Jiale Yu , Xiangju Mi , Renrui Zhang , Zhengping Che , Jian Tang , Pheng-Ann Heng , Shanghang Zhang Abstract : Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have recently demonstrated strong generalization capabilities in robotic manipulation. Some existing VLA approaches attempt to improve action accuracy by explicitly generating linguistic reasoning traces or future visual observations before action execution. However, explicit reasoning typically incurs non-negligible inference latency, which constrains the tempo… ▽ More Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have recently demonstrated strong generalization capabilities in robotic manipulation. Some existing VLA approaches attempt to improve action accuracy by explicitly generating linguistic reasoning traces or future visual observations before action execution. However, explicit reasoning typically incurs non-negligible inference latency, which constrains the temporal resolution required for robotic manipulation. Moreover, such reasoning is confined to the linguistic space, imposing a representational bottleneck that struggles to faithfully capture ineffable physical attributes. To mitigate these limitations, we propose LaST$_0$, a framework that enables efficient reasoning before acting through a Latent Spatio-Temporal Chain-of-Thought (CoT), capturing fine-grained physical and robotic dynamics that are often difficult to verbalize. Specifically, we introduce a token-efficient latent CoT space that models future visual dynamics, 3D structural information, and robot proprioceptive states, and further extends these representations across time to enable temporally consistent implicit reasoning trajectories. Furthermore, LaST$_0$ adopts a dual-system architecture implemented via a Mixture-of-Transformers design, where a reasoning expert conducts low-frequency latent inference and an acting expert generates high-frequency actions conditioned on robotics-oriented latent representations. To facilitate coordination, LaST$_0$ is trained with heterogeneous operation frequencies, enabling adaptive switching between reasoning and action inference rates during deployment. Across ten simulated and six real-world manipulation tasks, LaST$_0$ improves mean success rates by 8% and 13% over prior VLA methods, respectively, while achieving substantially faster inference. Project website: △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05175 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV VideoAuto-R1: Video Auto Reasoning via Thinking Once, Answering Twice Authors: Shuming Liu , Mingchen Zhuge , Changsheng Zhao , Jun Chen , Lemeng Wu , Zechun Liu , Chenchen Zhu , Zhipeng Cai , Chong Zhou , Haozhe Liu , Ernie Chang , Saksham Suri , Hongyu Xu , Qi Qian , Wei Wen , Balakrishnan Varadarajan , Zhuang Liu , Hu Xu , Florian Bordes , Raghuraman Krishnamoorthi , Bernard Ghanem , Vikas Chandra , Yunyang Xiong Abstract : Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning has emerged as a powerful tool for multimodal large language models on video understanding tasks. However, its necessity and advantages over direct answering remain underexplored. In this paper, we first demonstrate that for RL-trained video models, direct answering often matches or even surpasses CoT performance, despite CoT producing step-by-step analyses at a hi… ▽ More Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning has emerged as a powerful tool for multimodal large language models on video understanding tasks. However, its necessity and advantages over direct answering remain underexplored. In this paper, we first demonstrate that for RL-trained video models, direct answering often matches or even surpasses CoT performance, despite CoT producing step-by-step analyses at a higher computational cost. Motivated by this, we propose VideoAuto-R1, a video understanding framework that adopts a reason-when-necessary strategy. During training, our approach follows a Thinking Once, Answering Twice paradigm: the model first generates an initial answer, then performs reasoning, and finally outputs a reviewed answer. Both answers are supervised via verifiable rewards. During inference, the model uses the confidence score of the initial answer to determine whether to proceed with reasoning. Across video QA and grounding benchmarks, VideoAuto-R1 achieves state-of-the-art accuracy with significantly improved efficiency, reducing the average response length by ~3.3x, e.g., from 149 to just 44 tokens. Moreover, we observe a low rate of thinking-mode activation on perception-oriented tasks, but a higher rate on reasoning-intensive tasks. This suggests that explicit language-based reasoning is generally beneficial but not always necessary. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project page: arXiv:2601.05175 [ pdf , ps , other ] VideoAuto-R1: Video Auto Reasoning via Thinking Once, Answering Twice Authors: Shuming Liu , Mingchen Zhuge , Changsheng Zhao , Jun Chen , Lemeng Wu , Zechun Liu , Chenchen Zhu , Zhipeng Cai , Chong Zhou , Haozhe Liu , Ernie Chang , Saksham Suri , Hongyu Xu , Qi Qian , Wei Wen , Balakrishnan Varadarajan , Zhuang Liu , Hu Xu , Florian Bordes , Raghuraman Krishnamoorthi , Bernard Ghanem , Vikas Chandra , Yunyang Xiong Abstract : Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning has emerged as a powerful tool for multimodal large language models on video understanding tasks. However, its necessity and advantages over direct answering remain underexplored. In this paper, we first demonstrate that for RL-trained video models, direct answering often matches or even surpasses CoT performance, despite CoT producing step-by-step analyses at a hi… ▽ More Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning has emerged as a powerful tool for multimodal large language models on video understanding tasks. However, its necessity and advantages over direct answering remain underexplored. In this paper, we first demonstrate that for RL-trained video models, direct answering often matches or even surpasses CoT performance, despite CoT producing step-by-step analyses at a higher computational cost. Motivated by this, we propose VideoAuto-R1, a video understanding framework that adopts a reason-when-necessary strategy. During training, our approach follows a Thinking Once, Answering Twice paradigm: the model first generates an initial answer, then performs reasoning, and finally outputs a reviewed answer. Both answers are supervised via verifiable rewards. During inference, the model uses the confidence score of the initial answer to determine whether to proceed with reasoning. Across video QA and grounding benchmarks, VideoAuto-R1 achieves state-of-the-art accuracy with significantly improved efficiency, reducing the average response length by ~3.3x, e.g., from 149 to just 44 tokens. Moreover, we observe a low rate of thinking-mode activation on perception-oriented tasks, but a higher rate on reasoning-intensive tasks. This suggests that explicit language-based reasoning is generally beneficial but not always necessary. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project page: arXiv:2601.05039 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.MA FinDeepForecast: A Live Multi-Agent System for Benchmarking Deep Research Agents in Financial Forecasting Authors: Xiangyu Li , Xuan Yao , Guohao Qi , Fengbin Zhu , Kelvin J. L. Koa , Xiang Yao Ng , Ziyang Liu , Xingyu Ni , Chang Liu , Yonghui Yang , Yang Zhang , Wenjie Wang , Fuli Feng , Chao Wang , Huanbo Luan , Xiaofen Xing , Xiangmin Xu , Tat-Seng Chua , Ke-Wei Huang Abstract : Deep Research (DR) Agents powered by advanced Large Language Models (LLMs) have fundamentally shifted the paradigm for completing complex research tasks. Yet, a comprehensive and live evaluation of their forecasting performance on real-world, research-oriented tasks in high-stakes domains (e.g., finance) remains underexplored. We introduce FinDeepForecast, the first live, end-to-end multi-agent sy… ▽ More Deep Research (DR) Agents powered by advanced Large Language Models (LLMs) have fundamentally shifted the paradigm for completing complex research tasks. Yet, a comprehensive and live evaluation of their forecasting performance on real-world, research-oriented tasks in high-stakes domains (e.g., finance) remains underexplored. We introduce FinDeepForecast, the first live, end-to-end multi-agent system for automatically evaluating DR agents by continuously generating research-oriented financial forecasting tasks. This system is equipped with a dual-track taxonomy, enabling the dynamic generation of recurrent and non-recurrent forecasting tasks at both corporate and macro levels. With this system, we generate FinDeepForecastBench, a weekly evaluation benchmark over a ten-week horizon, encompassing 8 global economies and 1,314 listed companies, and evaluate 13 representative methods. Extensive experiments show that, while DR agents consistently outperform strong baselines, their performance still falls short of genuine forward-looking financial reasoning. We expect the proposed FinDeepForecast system to consistently facilitate future advancements of DR agents in research-oriented financial forecasting tasks. The benchmark and leaderboard are publicly available on the OpenFinArena Platform. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05039 [ pdf , ps , other ] FinDeepForecast: A Live Multi-Agent System for Benchmarking Deep Research Agents in Financial Forecasting Authors: Xiangyu Li , Xuan Yao , Guohao Qi , Fengbin Zhu , Kelvin J. L. Koa , Xiang Yao Ng , Ziyang Liu , Xingyu Ni , Chang Liu , Yonghui Yang , Yang Zhang , Wenjie Wang , Fuli Feng , Chao Wang , Huanbo Luan , Xiaofen Xing , Xiangmin Xu , Tat-Seng Chua , Ke-Wei Huang Abstract : Deep Research (DR) Agents powered by advanced Large Language Models (LLMs) have fundamentally shifted the paradigm for completing complex research tasks. Yet, a comprehensive and live evaluation of their forecasting performance on real-world, research-oriented tasks in high-stakes domains (e.g., finance) remains underexplored. We introduce FinDeepForecast, the first live, end-to-end multi-agent sy… ▽ More Deep Research (DR) Agents powered by advanced Large Language Models (LLMs) have fundamentally shifted the paradigm for completing complex research tasks. Yet, a comprehensive and live evaluation of their forecasting performance on real-world, research-oriented tasks in high-stakes domains (e.g., finance) remains underexplored. We introduce FinDeepForecast, the first live, end-to-end multi-agent system for automatically evaluating DR agents by continuously generating research-oriented financial forecasting tasks. This system is equipped with a dual-track taxonomy, enabling the dynamic generation of recurrent and non-recurrent forecasting tasks at both corporate and macro levels. With this system, we generate FinDeepForecastBench, a weekly evaluation benchmark over a ten-week horizon, encompassing 8 global economies and 1,314 listed companies, and evaluate 13 representative methods. Extensive experiments show that, while DR agents consistently outperform strong baselines, their performance still falls short of genuine forward-looking financial reasoning. We expect the proposed FinDeepForecast system to consistently facilitate future advancements of DR agents in research-oriented financial forecasting tasks. The benchmark and leaderboard are publicly available on the OpenFinArena Platform. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05014 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO The RoboSense Challenge: Sense Anything, Navigate Anywhere, Adapt Across Platforms Authors: Lingdong Kong , Shaoyuan Xie , Zeying Gong , Ye Li , Meng Chu , Ao Liang , Yuhao Dong , Tianshuai Hu , Ronghe Qiu , Rong Li , Hanjiang Hu , Dongyue Lu , Wei Yin , Wenhao Ding , Linfeng Li , Hang Song , Wenwei Zhang , Yuexin Ma , Junwei Liang , Zhedong Zheng , Lai Xing Ng , Benoit R. Cottereau , Wei Tsang Ooi , Ziwei Liu , Zhanpeng Zhang , et al. (114 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2… ▽ More Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2025 Challenge is designed to advance robustness and adaptability in robot perception across diverse sensing scenarios. It unifies five complementary research tracks spanning language-grounded decision making, socially compliant navigation, sensor configuration generalization, cross-view and cross-modal correspondence, and cross-platform 3D perception. Together, these tasks form a comprehensive benchmark for evaluating real-world sensing reliability under domain shifts, sensor failures, and platform discrepancies. RoboSense 2025 provides standardized datasets, baseline models, and unified evaluation protocols, enabling large-scale and reproducible comparison of robust perception methods. The challenge attracted 143 teams from 85 institutions across 16 countries, reflecting broad community engagement. By consolidating insights from 23 winning solutions, this report highlights emerging methodological trends, shared design principles, and open challenges across all tracks, marking a step toward building robots that can sense reliably, act robustly, and adapt across platforms in real-world environments. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Official IROS 2025 RoboSense Challenge Report; 51 pages, 37 figures, 5 tables; Competition Website at arXiv:2601.05014 [ pdf , ps , other ] The RoboSense Challenge: Sense Anything, Navigate Anywhere, Adapt Across Platforms Authors: Lingdong Kong , Shaoyuan Xie , Zeying Gong , Ye Li , Meng Chu , Ao Liang , Yuhao Dong , Tianshuai Hu , Ronghe Qiu , Rong Li , Hanjiang Hu , Dongyue Lu , Wei Yin , Wenhao Ding , Linfeng Li , Hang Song , Wenwei Zhang , Yuexin Ma , Junwei Liang , Zhedong Zheng , Lai Xing Ng , Benoit R. Cottereau , Wei Tsang Ooi , Ziwei Liu , Zhanpeng Zhang , et al. (114 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2… ▽ More Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2025 Challenge is designed to advance robustness and adaptability in robot perception across diverse sensing scenarios. It unifies five complementary research tracks spanning language-grounded decision making, socially compliant navigation, sensor configuration generalization, cross-view and cross-modal correspondence, and cross-platform 3D perception. Together, these tasks form a comprehensive benchmark for evaluating real-world sensing reliability under domain shifts, sensor failures, and platform discrepancies. RoboSense 2025 provides standardized datasets, baseline models, and unified evaluation protocols, enabling large-scale and reproducible comparison of robust perception methods. The challenge attracted 143 teams from 85 institutions across 16 countries, reflecting broad community engagement. By consolidating insights from 23 winning solutions, this report highlights emerging methodological trends, shared design principles, and open challenges across all tracks, marking a step toward building robots that can sense reliably, act robustly, and adapt across platforms in real-world environments. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Official IROS 2025 RoboSense Challenge Report; 51 pages, 37 figures, 5 tables; Competition Website at arXiv:2601.04857 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL MisSpans: Fine-Grained False Span Identification in Cross-Domain Fake News Authors: Zhiwei Liu , Paul Thompson , Jiaqi Rong , Baojie Qu , Runteng Guo , Min Peng , Qianqian Xie , Sophia Ananiadou Abstract : Online misinformation is increasingly pervasive, yet most existing benchmarks and methods evaluate veracity at the level of whole claims or paragraphs using coarse binary labels, obscuring how true and false details often co-exist within single sentences. These simplifications also limit interpretability: global explanations cannot identify which specific segments are misleading or differentiate h… ▽ More Online misinformation is increasingly pervasive, yet most existing benchmarks and methods evaluate veracity at the level of whole claims or paragraphs using coarse binary labels, obscuring how true and false details often co-exist within single sentences. These simplifications also limit interpretability: global explanations cannot identify which specific segments are misleading or differentiate how a detail is false (e.g., distorted vs. fabricated). To address these gaps, we introduce MisSpans, the first multi-domain, human-annotated benchmark for span-level misinformation detection and analysis, consisting of paired real and fake news stories. MisSpans defines three complementary tasks: MisSpansIdentity for pinpointing false spans within sentences, MisSpansType for categorising false spans by misinformation type, and MisSpansExplanation for providing rationales grounded in identified spans. Together, these tasks enable fine-grained localisation, nuanced characterisation beyond true/false and actionable explanations. Expert annotators were guided by standardised guidelines and consistency checks, leading to high inter-annotator agreement. We evaluate 15 representative LLMs, including reasoning-enhanced and non-reasoning variants, under zero-shot and one-shot settings. Results reveal the challenging nature of fine-grained misinformation identification and analysis, and highlight the need for a deeper understanding of how performance may be influenced by multiple interacting factors, including model size and reasoning capabilities, along with domain-specific textual features. This project will be available at △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Work in progress arXiv:2601.04857 [ pdf , ps , other ] MisSpans: Fine-Grained False Span Identification in Cross-Domain Fake News Authors: Zhiwei Liu , Paul Thompson , Jiaqi Rong , Baojie Qu , Runteng Guo , Min Peng , Qianqian Xie , Sophia Ananiadou Abstract : Online misinformation is increasingly pervasive, yet most existing benchmarks and methods evaluate veracity at the level of whole claims or paragraphs using coarse binary labels, obscuring how true and false details often co-exist within single sentences. These simplifications also limit interpretability: global explanations cannot identify which specific segments are misleading or differentiate h… ▽ More Online misinformation is increasingly pervasive, yet most existing benchmarks and methods evaluate veracity at the level of whole claims or paragraphs using coarse binary labels, obscuring how true and false details often co-exist within single sentences. These simplifications also limit interpretability: global explanations cannot identify which specific segments are misleading or differentiate how a detail is false (e.g., distorted vs. fabricated). To address these gaps, we introduce MisSpans, the first multi-domain, human-annotated benchmark for span-level misinformation detection and analysis, consisting of paired real and fake news stories. MisSpans defines three complementary tasks: MisSpansIdentity for pinpointing false spans within sentences, MisSpansType for categorising false spans by misinformation type, and MisSpansExplanation for providing rationales grounded in identified spans. Together, these tasks enable fine-grained localisation, nuanced characterisation beyond true/false and actionable explanations. Expert annotators were guided by standardised guidelines and consistency checks, leading to high inter-annotator agreement. We evaluate 15 representative LLMs, including reasoning-enhanced and non-reasoning variants, under zero-shot and one-shot settings. Results reveal the challenging nature of fine-grained misinformation identification and analysis, and highlight the need for a deeper understanding of how performance may be influenced by multiple interacting factors, including model size and reasoning capabilities, along with domain-specific textual features. This project will be available at △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Work in progress arXiv:2601.04853 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL RAAR: Retrieval Augmented Agentic Reasoning for Cross-Domain Misinformation Detection Authors: Zhiwei Liu , Runteng Guo , Baojie Qu , Yuechen Jiang , Min Peng , Qianqian Xie , Sophia Ananiadou Abstract : Cross-domain misinformation detection is challenging, as misinformation arises across domains with substantial differences in knowledge and discourse. Existing methods often rely on single-perspective cues and struggle to generalize to challenging or underrepresented domains, while reasoning large language models (LLMs), though effective on complex tasks, are limited to same-distribution data. To… ▽ More Cross-domain misinformation detection is challenging, as misinformation arises across domains with substantial differences in knowledge and discourse. Existing methods often rely on single-perspective cues and struggle to generalize to challenging or underrepresented domains, while reasoning large language models (LLMs), though effective on complex tasks, are limited to same-distribution data. To address these gaps, we introduce RAAR, the first retrieval-augmented agentic reasoning framework for cross-domain misinformation detection. To enable cross-domain transfer beyond same-distribution assumptions, RAAR retrieves multi-perspective source-domain evidence aligned with each target sample's semantics, sentiment, and writing style. To overcome single-perspective modeling and missing systematic reasoning, RAAR constructs verifiable multi-step reasoning paths through specialized multi-agent collaboration, where perspective-specific agents produce complementary analyses and a summary agent integrates them under verifier guidance. RAAR further applies supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning to train a single multi-task verifier to enhance verification and reasoning capabilities. Based on RAAR, we trained the RAAR-8b and RAAR-14b models. Evaluation on three cross-domain misinformation detection tasks shows that RAAR substantially enhances the capabilities of the base models and outperforms other cross-domain methods, advanced LLMs, and LLM-based adaptation approaches. The project will be released at △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04853 [ pdf , ps , other ] RAAR: Retrieval Augmented Agentic Reasoning for Cross-Domain Misinformation Detection Authors: Zhiwei Liu , Runteng Guo , Baojie Qu , Yuechen Jiang , Min Peng , Qianqian Xie , Sophia Ananiadou Abstract : Cross-domain misinformation detection is challenging, as misinformation arises across domains with substantial differences in knowledge and discourse. Existing methods often rely on single-perspective cues and struggle to generalize to challenging or underrepresented domains, while reasoning large language models (LLMs), though effective on complex tasks, are limited to same-distribution data. To… ▽ More Cross-domain misinformation detection is challenging, as misinformation arises across domains with substantial differences in knowledge and discourse. Existing methods often rely on single-perspective cues and struggle to generalize to challenging or underrepresented domains, while reasoning large language models (LLMs), though effective on complex tasks, are limited to same-distribution data. To address these gaps, we introduce RAAR, the first retrieval-augmented agentic reasoning framework for cross-domain misinformation detection. To enable cross-domain transfer beyond same-distribution assumptions, RAAR retrieves multi-perspective source-domain evidence aligned with each target sample's semantics, sentiment, and writing style. To overcome single-perspective modeling and missing systematic reasoning, RAAR constructs verifiable multi-step reasoning paths through specialized multi-agent collaboration, where perspective-specific agents produce complementary analyses and a summary agent integrates them under verifier guidance. RAAR further applies supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning to train a single multi-task verifier to enhance verification and reasoning capabilities. Based on RAAR, we trained the RAAR-8b and RAAR-14b models. Evaluation on three cross-domain misinformation detection tasks shows that RAAR substantially enhances the capabilities of the base models and outperforms other cross-domain methods, advanced LLMs, and LLM-based adaptation approaches. The project will be released at △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04694 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI ResMAS: Resilience Optimization in LLM-based Multi-agent Systems Authors: Zhilun Zhou , Zihan Liu , Jiahe Liu , Qingyu Shao , Yihan Wang , Kun Shao , Depeng Jin , Fengli Xu Abstract : Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Systems (LLM-based MAS), where multiple LLM agents collaborate to solve complex tasks, have shown impressive performance in many areas. However, MAS are typically distributed across different devices or environments, making them vulnerable to perturbations such as agent failures. While existing works have studied the adversarial attacks and corresponding defe… ▽ More Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Systems (LLM-based MAS), where multiple LLM agents collaborate to solve complex tasks, have shown impressive performance in many areas. However, MAS are typically distributed across different devices or environments, making them vulnerable to perturbations such as agent failures. While existing works have studied the adversarial attacks and corresponding defense strategies, they mainly focus on reactively detecting and mitigating attacks after they occur rather than proactively designing inherently resilient systems. In this work, we study the resilience of LLM-based MAS under perturbations and find that both the communication topology and prompt design significantly influence system resilience. Motivated by these findings, we propose ResMAS: a two-stage framework for enhancing MAS resilience. First, we train a reward model to predict the MAS's resilience, based on which we train a topology generator to automatically design resilient topology for specific tasks through reinforcement learning. Second, we introduce a topology-aware prompt optimization method that refines each agent's prompt based on its connections and interactions with other agents. Extensive experiments across a range of tasks show that our approach substantially improves MAS resilience under various constraints. Moreover, our framework demonstrates strong generalization ability to new tasks and models, highlighting its potential for building resilient MASs. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04694 [ pdf , ps , other ] ResMAS: Resilience Optimization in LLM-based Multi-agent Systems Authors: Zhilun Zhou , Zihan Liu , Jiahe Liu , Qingyu Shao , Yihan Wang , Kun Shao , Depeng Jin , Fengli Xu Abstract : Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Systems (LLM-based MAS), where multiple LLM agents collaborate to solve complex tasks, have shown impressive performance in many areas. However, MAS are typically distributed across different devices or environments, making them vulnerable to perturbations such as agent failures. While existing works have studied the adversarial attacks and corresponding defe… ▽ More Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Systems (LLM-based MAS), where multiple LLM agents collaborate to solve complex tasks, have shown impressive performance in many areas. However, MAS are typically distributed across different devices or environments, making them vulnerable to perturbations such as agent failures. While existing works have studied the adversarial attacks and corresponding defense strategies, they mainly focus on reactively detecting and mitigating attacks after they occur rather than proactively designing inherently resilient systems. In this work, we study the resilience of LLM-based MAS under perturbations and find that both the communication topology and prompt design significantly influence system resilience. Motivated by these findings, we propose ResMAS: a two-stage framework for enhancing MAS resilience. First, we train a reward model to predict the MAS's resilience, based on which we train a topology generator to automatically design resilient topology for specific tasks through reinforcement learning. Second, we introduce a topology-aware prompt optimization method that refines each agent's prompt based on its connections and interactions with other agents. Extensive experiments across a range of tasks show that our approach substantially improves MAS resilience under various constraints. Moreover, our framework demonstrates strong generalization ability to new tasks and models, highlighting its potential for building resilient MASs. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04660 [ pdf ] econ.GN cs.CE Global Inequalities in Clinical Trials Participation Authors: Wen Lou , Adrián A. Díaz-Faes , Jiangen He , Zhihao Liu , Vincent Larivière Abstract : Clinical trials shape medical evidence and determine who gains access to experimental therapies. Whether participation in these trials reflects the global burden of disease remains unclear. Here we analyze participation inequality across more than 62,000 randomized controlled trials spanning 16 major disease categories from 2000 to 2024. Linking 36.8 million trial participants to country-level dis… ▽ More Clinical trials shape medical evidence and determine who gains access to experimental therapies. Whether participation in these trials reflects the global burden of disease remains unclear. Here we analyze participation inequality across more than 62,000 randomized controlled trials spanning 16 major disease categories from 2000 to 2024. Linking 36.8 million trial participants to country-level disease burden, we show that global inequality in clinical trial participation is overwhelmingly structured by country rather than disease. Country-level factors explain over 90% of variation in participation, whereas disease-specific effects contribute only marginally. Removing entire disease categories, including those traditionally considered underfunded, has little effect on overall inequality. Instead, participation is highly concentrated geographically, with a small group of countries enrolling a disproportionate share of participants across nearly all diseases. These patterns have persisted despite decades of disease-targeted funding and increasing alignment between research attention and disease burden within diseases. Our findings indicate that disease-vertical strategies alone cannot correct participation inequality. Reducing global inequities in clinical research requires horizontal investments in research capacity, health infrastructure, and governance that operate across disease domains. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04660 [ pdf ] Global Inequalities in Clinical Trials Participation Authors: Wen Lou , Adrián A. Díaz-Faes , Jiangen He , Zhihao Liu , Vincent Larivière Abstract : Clinical trials shape medical evidence and determine who gains access to experimental therapies. Whether participation in these trials reflects the global burden of disease remains unclear. Here we analyze participation inequality across more than 62,000 randomized controlled trials spanning 16 major disease categories from 2000 to 2024. Linking 36.8 million trial participants to country-level dis… ▽ More Clinical trials shape medical evidence and determine who gains access to experimental therapies. Whether participation in these trials reflects the global burden of disease remains unclear. Here we analyze participation inequality across more than 62,000 randomized controlled trials spanning 16 major disease categories from 2000 to 2024. Linking 36.8 million trial participants to country-level disease burden, we show that global inequality in clinical trial participation is overwhelmingly structured by country rather than disease. Country-level factors explain over 90% of variation in participation, whereas disease-specific effects contribute only marginally. Removing entire disease categories, including those traditionally considered underfunded, has little effect on overall inequality. Instead, participation is highly concentrated geographically, with a small group of countries enrolling a disproportionate share of participants across nearly all diseases. These patterns have persisted despite decades of disease-targeted funding and increasing alignment between research attention and disease burden within diseases. Our findings indicate that disease-vertical strategies alone cannot correct participation inequality. Reducing global inequities in clinical research requires horizontal investments in research capacity, health infrastructure, and governance that operate across disease domains. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04611 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Character-R1: Enhancing Role-Aware Reasoning in Role-Playing Agents via RLVR Authors: Yihong Tang , Kehai Chen , Xuefeng Bai , Benyou Wang , Zeming Liu , Haifeng Wang , Min Zhang Abstract : Current role-playing agents (RPAs) are typically constructed by imitating surface-level behaviors, but this approach lacks internal cognitive consistency, often causing out-of-character errors in complex situations. To address this, we propose Character-R1, a framework designed to provide comprehensive verifiable reward signals for effective role-aware reasoning, which are missing in recent studie… ▽ More Current role-playing agents (RPAs) are typically constructed by imitating surface-level behaviors, but this approach lacks internal cognitive consistency, often causing out-of-character errors in complex situations. To address this, we propose Character-R1, a framework designed to provide comprehensive verifiable reward signals for effective role-aware reasoning, which are missing in recent studies. Specifically, our framework comprises three core designs: (1) Cognitive Focus Reward, which enforces explicit label-based analysis of 10 character elements (e.g., worldview) to structure internal cognition; (2) Reference-Guided Reward, which utilizes overlap-based metrics with reference responses as optimization anchors to enhance exploration and performance; and (3) Character-Conditioned Reward Normalization, which adjusts reward distributions based on character categories to ensure robust optimization across heterogeneous roles. Extensive experiments demonstrate that Character-R1 significantly outperforms existing methods in knowledge, memory and others. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04611 [ pdf , ps , other ] Character-R1: Enhancing Role-Aware Reasoning in Role-Playing Agents via RLVR Authors: Yihong Tang , Kehai Chen , Xuefeng Bai , Benyou Wang , Zeming Liu , Haifeng Wang , Min Zhang Abstract : Current role-playing agents (RPAs) are typically constructed by imitating surface-level behaviors, but this approach lacks internal cognitive consistency, often causing out-of-character errors in complex situations. To address this, we propose Character-R1, a framework designed to provide comprehensive verifiable reward signals for effective role-aware reasoning, which are missing in recent studie… ▽ More Current role-playing agents (RPAs) are typically constructed by imitating surface-level behaviors, but this approach lacks internal cognitive consistency, often causing out-of-character errors in complex situations. To address this, we propose Character-R1, a framework designed to provide comprehensive verifiable reward signals for effective role-aware reasoning, which are missing in recent studies. Specifically, our framework comprises three core designs: (1) Cognitive Focus Reward, which enforces explicit label-based analysis of 10 character elements (e.g., worldview) to structure internal cognition; (2) Reference-Guided Reward, which utilizes overlap-based metrics with reference responses as optimization anchors to enhance exploration and performance; and (3) Character-Conditioned Reward Normalization, which adjusts reward distributions based on character categories to ensure robust optimization across heterogeneous roles. Extensive experiments demonstrate that Character-R1 significantly outperforms existing methods in knowledge, memory and others. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04516 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL LinguaGame: A Linguistically Grounded Game-Theoretic Paradigm for Multi-Agent Dialogue Generation Authors: Yuxiao Ye , Yiming Zhang , Yiran Ma , Huiyuan Xie , Huining Zhu , Zhiyuan Liu Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled Multi-Agent Systems (MASs) where agents interact through natural language to solve complex tasks or simulate multi-party dialogues. Recent work on LLM-based MASs has mainly focused on architecture design, such as role assignment and workflow orchestration. In contrast, this paper targets the interaction process itself, aiming to improve agents' communicati… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled Multi-Agent Systems (MASs) where agents interact through natural language to solve complex tasks or simulate multi-party dialogues. Recent work on LLM-based MASs has mainly focused on architecture design, such as role assignment and workflow orchestration. In contrast, this paper targets the interaction process itself, aiming to improve agents' communication efficiency by helping them convey their intended meaning more effectively through language. To this end, we propose LinguaGame, a linguistically-grounded game-theoretic paradigm for multi-agent dialogue generation. Our approach models dialogue as a signalling game over communicative intents and strategies, solved with a training-free equilibrium approximation algorithm for inference-time decision adjustment. Unlike prior game-theoretic MASs, whose game designs are often tightly coupled with task-specific objectives, our framework relies on linguistically informed reasoning with minimal task-specific coupling. Specifically, it treats dialogue as intentional and strategic communication, requiring agents to infer what others aim to achieve (intents) and how they pursue those goals (strategies). We evaluate our framework in simulated courtroom proceedings and debates, with human expert assessments showing significant gains in communication efficiency. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04516 [ pdf , ps , other ] LinguaGame: A Linguistically Grounded Game-Theoretic Paradigm for Multi-Agent Dialogue Generation Authors: Yuxiao Ye , Yiming Zhang , Yiran Ma , Huiyuan Xie , Huining Zhu , Zhiyuan Liu Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled Multi-Agent Systems (MASs) where agents interact through natural language to solve complex tasks or simulate multi-party dialogues. Recent work on LLM-based MASs has mainly focused on architecture design, such as role assignment and workflow orchestration. In contrast, this paper targets the interaction process itself, aiming to improve agents' communicati… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled Multi-Agent Systems (MASs) where agents interact through natural language to solve complex tasks or simulate multi-party dialogues. Recent work on LLM-based MASs has mainly focused on architecture design, such as role assignment and workflow orchestration. In contrast, this paper targets the interaction process itself, aiming to improve agents' communication efficiency by helping them convey their intended meaning more effectively through language. To this end, we propose LinguaGame, a linguistically-grounded game-theoretic paradigm for multi-agent dialogue generation. Our approach models dialogue as a signalling game over communicative intents and strategies, solved with a training-free equilibrium approximation algorithm for inference-time decision adjustment. Unlike prior game-theoretic MASs, whose game designs are often tightly coupled with task-specific objectives, our framework relies on linguistically informed reasoning with minimal task-specific coupling. Specifically, it treats dialogue as intentional and strategic communication, requiring agents to infer what others aim to achieve (intents) and how they pursue those goals (strategies). We evaluate our framework in simulated courtroom proceedings and debates, with human expert assessments showing significant gains in communication efficiency. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04442 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.CL Addressing Overthinking in Large Vision-Language Models via Gated Perception-Reasoning Optimization Authors: Xingjian Diao , Zheyuan Liu , Chunhui Zhang , Weiyi Wu , Keyi Kong , Lin Shi , Kaize Ding , Soroush Vosoughi , Jiang Gui Abstract : Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have exhibited strong reasoning capabilities through chain-of-thought mechanisms that generate step-by-step rationales. However, such slow-thinking approaches often lead to overthinking, where models produce excessively verbose responses even for simple queries, resulting in test-time inefficiency and even degraded accuracy. Prior work has attempted to mitigate… ▽ More Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have exhibited strong reasoning capabilities through chain-of-thought mechanisms that generate step-by-step rationales. However, such slow-thinking approaches often lead to overthinking, where models produce excessively verbose responses even for simple queries, resulting in test-time inefficiency and even degraded accuracy. Prior work has attempted to mitigate this issue via adaptive reasoning strategies, but these methods largely overlook a fundamental bottleneck: visual perception failures. We argue that stable reasoning critically depends on low-level visual grounding, and that reasoning errors often originate from imperfect perception rather than insufficient deliberation. To address this limitation, we propose Gated Perception-Reasoning Optimization (GPRO), a meta-reasoning controller that dynamically routes computation among three decision paths at each generation step: a lightweight fast path, a slow perception path for re-examining visual inputs, and a slow reasoning path for internal self-reflection. To learn this distinction, we derive large-scale failure attribution supervision from approximately 790k samples, using teacher models to distinguish perceptual hallucinations from reasoning errors. We then train the controller with multi-objective reinforcement learning to optimize the trade-off between task accuracy and computational cost under uncertainty. Experiments on five benchmarks demonstrate that GPRO substantially improves both accuracy and efficiency, outperforming recent slow-thinking methods while generating significantly shorter responses. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04442 [ pdf , ps , other ] Addressing Overthinking in Large Vision-Language Models via Gated Perception-Reasoning Optimization Authors: Xingjian Diao , Zheyuan Liu , Chunhui Zhang , Weiyi Wu , Keyi Kong , Lin Shi , Kaize Ding , Soroush Vosoughi , Jiang Gui Abstract : Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have exhibited strong reasoning capabilities through chain-of-thought mechanisms that generate step-by-step rationales. However, such slow-thinking approaches often lead to overthinking, where models produce excessively verbose responses even for simple queries, resulting in test-time inefficiency and even degraded accuracy. Prior work has attempted to mitigate… ▽ More Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have exhibited strong reasoning capabilities through chain-of-thought mechanisms that generate step-by-step rationales. However, such slow-thinking approaches often lead to overthinking, where models produce excessively verbose responses even for simple queries, resulting in test-time inefficiency and even degraded accuracy. Prior work has attempted to mitigate this issue via adaptive reasoning strategies, but these methods largely overlook a fundamental bottleneck: visual perception failures. We argue that stable reasoning critically depends on low-level visual grounding, and that reasoning errors often originate from imperfect perception rather than insufficient deliberation. To address this limitation, we propose Gated Perception-Reasoning Optimization (GPRO), a meta-reasoning controller that dynamically routes computation among three decision paths at each generation step: a lightweight fast path, a slow perception path for re-examining visual inputs, and a slow reasoning path for internal self-reflection. To learn this distinction, we derive large-scale failure attribution supervision from approximately 790k samples, using teacher models to distinguish perceptual hallucinations from reasoning errors. We then train the controller with multi-objective reinforcement learning to optimize the trade-off between task accuracy and computational cost under uncertainty. Experiments on five benchmarks demonstrate that GPRO substantially improves both accuracy and efficiency, outperforming recent slow-thinking methods while generating significantly shorter responses. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04370 [ pdf , ps , other ] physics.optics cs.CV cs.GR End-to-end differentiable design of geometric waveguide displays Authors: Xinge Yang , Zhaocheng Liu , Zhaoyu Nie , Qingyuan Fan , Zhimin Shi , Jim Bonar , Wolfgang Heidrich Abstract : Geometric waveguides are a promising architecture for optical see-through augmented reality displays, but their performance is severely bottlenecked by the difficulty of jointly optimizing non-sequential light transport and polarization-dependent multilayer thin-film coatings. Here we present the first end-to-end differentiable optimization framework for geometric waveguide that couples non-sequen… ▽ More Geometric waveguides are a promising architecture for optical see-through augmented reality displays, but their performance is severely bottlenecked by the difficulty of jointly optimizing non-sequential light transport and polarization-dependent multilayer thin-film coatings. Here we present the first end-to-end differentiable optimization framework for geometric waveguide that couples non-sequential Monte Carlo polarization ray tracing with a differentiable transfer-matrix thin-film solver. A differentiable Monte Carlo ray tracer avoids the exponential growth of deterministic ray splitting while enabling gradients backpropagation from eyebox metrics to design parameters. With memory-saving strategies, we optimize more than one thousand layer-thickness parameters and billions of non-sequential ray-surface intersections on a single multi-GPU workstation. Automated layer pruning is achieved by starting from over-parameterized stacks and driving redundant layers to zero thickness under discrete manufacturability constraints, effectively performing topology optimization to discover optimal coating structures. On a representative design, starting from random initialization within thickness bounds, our method increases light efficiency from 4.1\% to 33.5\% and improves eyebox and FoV uniformity by $\sim$17$\times$ and $\sim$11$\times$, respectively. Furthermore, we jointly optimize the waveguide and an image preprocessing network to improve perceived image quality. Our framework not only enables system-level, high-dimensional coating optimization inside the waveguide, but also expands the scope of differentiable optics for next-generation optical design. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04370 [ pdf , ps , other ] End-to-end differentiable design of geometric waveguide displays Authors: Xinge Yang , Zhaocheng Liu , Zhaoyu Nie , Qingyuan Fan , Zhimin Shi , Jim Bonar , Wolfgang Heidrich Abstract : Geometric waveguides are a promising architecture for optical see-through augmented reality displays, but their performance is severely bottlenecked by the difficulty of jointly optimizing non-sequential light transport and polarization-dependent multilayer thin-film coatings. Here we present the first end-to-end differentiable optimization framework for geometric waveguide that couples non-sequen… ▽ More Geometric waveguides are a promising architecture for optical see-through augmented reality displays, but their performance is severely bottlenecked by the difficulty of jointly optimizing non-sequential light transport and polarization-dependent multilayer thin-film coatings. Here we present the first end-to-end differentiable optimization framework for geometric waveguide that couples non-sequential Monte Carlo polarization ray tracing with a differentiable transfer-matrix thin-film solver. A differentiable Monte Carlo ray tracer avoids the exponential growth of deterministic ray splitting while enabling gradients backpropagation from eyebox metrics to design parameters. With memory-saving strategies, we optimize more than one thousand layer-thickness parameters and billions of non-sequential ray-surface intersections on a single multi-GPU workstation. Automated layer pruning is achieved by starting from over-parameterized stacks and driving redundant layers to zero thickness under discrete manufacturability constraints, effectively performing topology optimization to discover optimal coating structures. On a representative design, starting from random initialization within thickness bounds, our method increases light efficiency from 4.1\% to 33.5\% and improves eyebox and FoV uniformity by $\sim$17$\times$ and $\sim$11$\times$, respectively. Furthermore, we jointly optimize the waveguide and an image preprocessing network to improve perceived image quality. Our framework not only enables system-level, high-dimensional coating optimization inside the waveguide, but also expands the scope of differentiable optics for next-generation optical design. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04301 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.CL Quantifying the Effect of Test Set Contamination on Generative Evaluations Authors: Rylan Schaeffer , Joshua Kazdan , Baber Abbasi , Ken Ziyu Liu , Brando Miranda , Ahmed Ahmed , Abhay Puri , Niloofar Mireshghallah , Sanmi Koyejo Abstract : As frontier AI systems are pretrained on web-scale data, test set contamination has become a critical concern for accurately assessing their capabilities. While research has thoroughly investigated the impact of test set contamination on discriminative evaluations like multiple-choice question-answering, comparatively little research has studied the impact of test set contamination on generative e… ▽ More As frontier AI systems are pretrained on web-scale data, test set contamination has become a critical concern for accurately assessing their capabilities. While research has thoroughly investigated the impact of test set contamination on discriminative evaluations like multiple-choice question-answering, comparatively little research has studied the impact of test set contamination on generative evaluations. In this work, we quantitatively assess the effect of test set contamination on generative evaluations through the language model lifecycle. We pretrain language models on mixtures of web data and the MATH benchmark, sweeping model sizes and number of test set replicas contaminating the pretraining corpus; performance improves with contamination and model size. Using scaling laws, we make a surprising discovery: including even a single test set replica enables models to achieve lower loss than the irreducible error of training on the uncontaminated corpus. We then study further training: overtraining with fresh data reduces the effects of contamination, whereas supervised finetuning on the training set can either increase or decrease performance on test data, depending on the amount of pretraining contamination. Finally, at inference, we identify factors that modulate memorization: high sampling temperatures mitigate contamination effects, and longer solutions are exponentially more difficult to memorize than shorter ones, presenting a contrast with discriminative evaluations, where solutions are only a few tokens in length. By characterizing how generation and memorization interact, we highlight a new layer of complexity for trustworthy evaluation of AI systems. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04301 [ pdf , ps , other ] Quantifying the Effect of Test Set Contamination on Generative Evaluations Authors: Rylan Schaeffer , Joshua Kazdan , Baber Abbasi , Ken Ziyu Liu , Brando Miranda , Ahmed Ahmed , Abhay Puri , Niloofar Mireshghallah , Sanmi Koyejo Abstract : As frontier AI systems are pretrained on web-scale data, test set contamination has become a critical concern for accurately assessing their capabilities. While research has thoroughly investigated the impact of test set contamination on discriminative evaluations like multiple-choice question-answering, comparatively little research has studied the impact of test set contamination on generative e… ▽ More As frontier AI systems are pretrained on web-scale data, test set contamination has become a critical concern for accurately assessing their capabilities. While research has thoroughly investigated the impact of test set contamination on discriminative evaluations like multiple-choice question-answering, comparatively little research has studied the impact of test set contamination on generative evaluations. In this work, we quantitatively assess the effect of test set contamination on generative evaluations through the language model lifecycle. We pretrain language models on mixtures of web data and the MATH benchmark, sweeping model sizes and number of test set replicas contaminating the pretraining corpus; performance improves with contamination and model size. Using scaling laws, we make a surprising discovery: including even a single test set replica enables models to achieve lower loss than the irreducible error of training on the uncontaminated corpus. We then study further training: overtraining with fresh data reduces the effects of contamination, whereas supervised finetuning on the training set can either increase or decrease performance on test data, depending on the amount of pretraining contamination. Finally, at inference, we identify factors that modulate memorization: high sampling temperatures mitigate contamination effects, and longer solutions are exponentially more difficult to memorize than shorter ones, presenting a contrast with discriminative evaluations, where solutions are only a few tokens in length. By characterizing how generation and memorization interact, we highlight a new layer of complexity for trustworthy evaluation of AI systems. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04300 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Beyond Binary Preference: Aligning Diffusion Models to Fine-grained Criteria by Decoupling Attributes Authors: Chenye Meng , Zejian Li , Zhongni Liu , Yize Li , Changle Xie , Kaixin Jia , Ling Yang , Huanghuang Deng , Shiying Ding , Shengyuan Zhang , Jiayi Li , Lingyun Sun Abstract : Post-training alignment of diffusion models relies on simplified signals, such as scalar rewards or binary preferences. This limits alignment with complex human expertise, which is hierarchical and fine-grained. To address this, we first construct a hierarchical, fine-grained evaluation criteria with domain experts, which decomposes image quality into multiple positive and negative attributes orga… ▽ More Post-training alignment of diffusion models relies on simplified signals, such as scalar rewards or binary preferences. This limits alignment with complex human expertise, which is hierarchical and fine-grained. To address this, we first construct a hierarchical, fine-grained evaluation criteria with domain experts, which decomposes image quality into multiple positive and negative attributes organized in a tree structure. Building on this, we propose a two-stage alignment framework. First, we inject domain knowledge to an auxiliary diffusion model via Supervised Fine-Tuning. Second, we introduce Complex Preference Optimization (CPO) that extends DPO to align the target diffusion to our non-binary, hierarchical criteria. Specifically, we reformulate the alignment problem to simultaneously maximize the probability of positive attributes while minimizing the probability of negative attributes with the auxiliary diffusion. We instantiate our approach in the domain of painting generation and conduct CPO training with an annotated dataset of painting with fine-grained attributes based on our criteria. Extensive experiments demonstrate that CPO significantly enhances generation quality and alignment with expertise, opening new avenues for fine-grained criteria alignment. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04300 [ pdf , ps , other ] Beyond Binary Preference: Aligning Diffusion Models to Fine-grained Criteria by Decoupling Attributes Authors: Chenye Meng , Zejian Li , Zhongni Liu , Yize Li , Changle Xie , Kaixin Jia , Ling Yang , Huanghuang Deng , Shiying Ding , Shengyuan Zhang , Jiayi Li , Lingyun Sun Abstract : Post-training alignment of diffusion models relies on simplified signals, such as scalar rewards or binary preferences. This limits alignment with complex human expertise, which is hierarchical and fine-grained. To address this, we first construct a hierarchical, fine-grained evaluation criteria with domain experts, which decomposes image quality into multiple positive and negative attributes orga… ▽ More Post-training alignment of diffusion models relies on simplified signals, such as scalar rewards or binary preferences. This limits alignment with complex human expertise, which is hierarchical and fine-grained. To address this, we first construct a hierarchical, fine-grained evaluation criteria with domain experts, which decomposes image quality into multiple positive and negative attributes organized in a tree structure. Building on this, we propose a two-stage alignment framework. First, we inject domain knowledge to an auxiliary diffusion model via Supervised Fine-Tuning. Second, we introduce Complex Preference Optimization (CPO) that extends DPO to align the target diffusion to our non-binary, hierarchical criteria. Specifically, we reformulate the alignment problem to simultaneously maximize the probability of positive attributes while minimizing the probability of negative attributes with the auxiliary diffusion. We instantiate our approach in the domain of painting generation and conduct CPO training with an annotated dataset of painting with fine-grained attributes based on our criteria. Extensive experiments demonstrate that CPO significantly enhances generation quality and alignment with expertise, opening new avenues for fine-grained criteria alignment. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04247 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.AI Beyond Immediate Activation: Temporally Decoupled Backdoor Attacks on Time Series Forecasting Authors: Zhixin Liu , Xuanlin Liu , Sihan Xu , Yaqiong Qiao , Ying Zhang , Xiangrui Cai Abstract : Existing backdoor attacks on multivariate time series (MTS) forecasting enforce strict temporal and dimensional coupling between triggers and target patterns, requiring synchronous activation at fixed positions across variables. However, realistic scenarios often demand delayed and variable-specific activation. We identify this critical unmet need and propose TDBA, a temporally decoupled backdoor… ▽ More Existing backdoor attacks on multivariate time series (MTS) forecasting enforce strict temporal and dimensional coupling between triggers and target patterns, requiring synchronous activation at fixed positions across variables. However, realistic scenarios often demand delayed and variable-specific activation. We identify this critical unmet need and propose TDBA, a temporally decoupled backdoor attack framework for MTS forecasting. By injecting triggers that encode the expected location of the target pattern, TDBA enables the activation of the target pattern at any positions within the forecasted data, with the activation position flexibly varying across different variable dimensions. TDBA introduces two core modules: (1) a position-guided trigger generation mechanism that leverages smoothed Gaussian priors to generate triggers that are position-related to the predefined target pattern; and (2) a position-aware optimization module that assigns soft weights based on trigger completeness, pattern coverage, and temporal offset, facilitating targeted and stealthy attack optimization. Extensive experiments on real-world datasets show that TDBA consistently outperforms existing baselines in effectiveness while maintaining good stealthiness. Ablation studies confirm the controllability and robustness of its design. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04247 [ pdf , ps , other ] Beyond Immediate Activation: Temporally Decoupled Backdoor Attacks on Time Series Forecasting Authors: Zhixin Liu , Xuanlin Liu , Sihan Xu , Yaqiong Qiao , Ying Zhang , Xiangrui Cai Abstract : Existing backdoor attacks on multivariate time series (MTS) forecasting enforce strict temporal and dimensional coupling between triggers and target patterns, requiring synchronous activation at fixed positions across variables. However, realistic scenarios often demand delayed and variable-specific activation. We identify this critical unmet need and propose TDBA, a temporally decoupled backdoor… ▽ More Existing backdoor attacks on multivariate time series (MTS) forecasting enforce strict temporal and dimensional coupling between triggers and target patterns, requiring synchronous activation at fixed positions across variables. However, realistic scenarios often demand delayed and variable-specific activation. We identify this critical unmet need and propose TDBA, a temporally decoupled backdoor attack framework for MTS forecasting. By injecting triggers that encode the expected location of the target pattern, TDBA enables the activation of the target pattern at any positions within the forecasted data, with the activation position flexibly varying across different variable dimensions. TDBA introduces two core modules: (1) a position-guided trigger generation mechanism that leverages smoothed Gaussian priors to generate triggers that are position-related to the predefined target pattern; and (2) a position-aware optimization module that assigns soft weights based on trigger completeness, pattern coverage, and temporal offset, facilitating targeted and stealthy attack optimization. Extensive experiments on real-world datasets show that TDBA consistently outperforms existing baselines in effectiveness while maintaining good stealthiness. Ablation studies confirm the controllability and robustness of its design. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04160 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.CE q-fin.CP All That Glisters Is Not Gold: A Benchmark for Reference-Free Counterfactual Financial Misinformation Detection Authors: Yuechen Jiang , Zhiwei Liu , Yupeng Cao , Yueru He , Ziyang Xu , Chen Xu , Zhiyang Deng , Prayag Tiwari , Xi Chen , Alejandro Lopez-Lira , Jimin Huang , Junichi Tsujii , Sophia Ananiadou Abstract : We introduce RFC Bench, a benchmark for evaluating large language models on financial misinformation under realistic news. RFC Bench operates at the paragraph level and captures the contextual complexity of financial news where meaning emerges from dispersed cues. The benchmark defines two complementary tasks: reference free misinformation detection and comparison based diagnosis using paired orig… ▽ More We introduce RFC Bench, a benchmark for evaluating large language models on financial misinformation under realistic news. RFC Bench operates at the paragraph level and captures the contextual complexity of financial news where meaning emerges from dispersed cues. The benchmark defines two complementary tasks: reference free misinformation detection and comparison based diagnosis using paired original perturbed inputs. Experiments reveal a consistent pattern: performance is substantially stronger when comparative context is available, while reference free settings expose significant weaknesses, including unstable predictions and elevated invalid outputs. These results indicate that current models struggle to maintain coherent belief states without external grounding. By highlighting this gap, RFC Bench provides a structured testbed for studying reference free reasoning and advancing more reliable financial misinformation detection in real world settings. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 48 pages; 24 figures arXiv:2601.04160 [ pdf , ps , other ] All That Glisters Is Not Gold: A Benchmark for Reference-Free Counterfactual Financial Misinformation Detection Authors: Yuechen Jiang , Zhiwei Liu , Yupeng Cao , Yueru He , Ziyang Xu , Chen Xu , Zhiyang Deng , Prayag Tiwari , Xi Chen , Alejandro Lopez-Lira , Jimin Huang , Junichi Tsujii , Sophia Ananiadou Abstract : We introduce RFC Bench, a benchmark for evaluating large language models on financial misinformation under realistic news. RFC Bench operates at the paragraph level and captures the contextual complexity of financial news where meaning emerges from dispersed cues. The benchmark defines two complementary tasks: reference free misinformation detection and comparison based diagnosis using paired orig… ▽ More We introduce RFC Bench, a benchmark for evaluating large language models on financial misinformation under realistic news. RFC Bench operates at the paragraph level and captures the contextual complexity of financial news where meaning emerges from dispersed cues. The benchmark defines two complementary tasks: reference free misinformation detection and comparison based diagnosis using paired original perturbed inputs. Experiments reveal a consistent pattern: performance is substantially stronger when comparative context is available, while reference free settings expose significant weaknesses, including unstable predictions and elevated invalid outputs. These results indicate that current models struggle to maintain coherent belief states without external grounding. By highlighting this gap, RFC Bench provides a structured testbed for studying reference free reasoning and advancing more reliable financial misinformation detection in real world settings. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 48 pages; 24 figures arXiv:2601.04034 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.AI HoneyTrap: Deceiving Large Language Model Attackers to Honeypot Traps with Resilient Multi-Agent Defense Authors: Siyuan Li , Xi Lin , Jun Wu , Zehao Liu , Haoyu Li , Tianjie Ju , Xiang Chen , Jianhua Li Abstract : Jailbreak attacks pose significant threats to large language models (LLMs), enabling attackers to bypass safeguards. However, existing reactive defense approaches struggle to keep up with the rapidly evolving multi-turn jailbreaks, where attackers continuously deepen their attacks to exploit vulnerabilities. To address this critical challenge, we propose HoneyTrap, a novel deceptive LLM defense fr… ▽ More Jailbreak attacks pose significant threats to large language models (LLMs), enabling attackers to bypass safeguards. However, existing reactive defense approaches struggle to keep up with the rapidly evolving multi-turn jailbreaks, where attackers continuously deepen their attacks to exploit vulnerabilities. To address this critical challenge, we propose HoneyTrap, a novel deceptive LLM defense framework leveraging collaborative defenders to counter jailbreak attacks. It integrates four defensive agents, Threat Interceptor, Misdirection Controller, Forensic Tracker, and System Harmonizer, each performing a specialized security role and collaborating to complete a deceptive defense. To ensure a comprehensive evaluation, we introduce MTJ-Pro, a challenging multi-turn progressive jailbreak dataset that combines seven advanced jailbreak strategies designed to gradually deepen attack strategies across multi-turn attacks. Besides, we present two novel metrics: Mislead Success Rate (MSR) and Attack Resource Consumption (ARC), which provide more nuanced assessments of deceptive defense beyond conventional measures. Experimental results on GPT-4, GPT-3.5-turbo, Gemini-1.5-pro, and LLaMa-3.1 demonstrate that HoneyTrap achieves an average reduction of 68.77% in attack success rates compared to state-of-the-art baselines. Notably, even in a dedicated adaptive attacker setting with intensified conditions, HoneyTrap remains resilient, leveraging deceptive engagement to prolong interactions, significantly increasing the time and computational costs required for successful exploitation. Unlike simple rejection, HoneyTrap strategically wastes attacker resources without impacting benign queries, improving MSR and ARC by 118.11% and 149.16%, respectively. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04034 [ pdf , ps , other ] HoneyTrap: Deceiving Large Language Model Attackers to Honeypot Traps with Resilient Multi-Agent Defense Authors: Siyuan Li , Xi Lin , Jun Wu , Zehao Liu , Haoyu Li , Tianjie Ju , Xiang Chen , Jianhua Li Abstract : Jailbreak attacks pose significant threats to large language models (LLMs), enabling attackers to bypass safeguards. However, existing reactive defense approaches struggle to keep up with the rapidly evolving multi-turn jailbreaks, where attackers continuously deepen their attacks to exploit vulnerabilities. To address this critical challenge, we propose HoneyTrap, a novel deceptive LLM defense fr… ▽ More Jailbreak attacks pose significant threats to large language models (LLMs), enabling attackers to bypass safeguards. However, existing reactive defense approaches struggle to keep up with the rapidly evolving multi-turn jailbreaks, where attackers continuously deepen their attacks to exploit vulnerabilities. To address this critical challenge, we propose HoneyTrap, a novel deceptive LLM defense framework leveraging collaborative defenders to counter jailbreak attacks. It integrates four defensive agents, Threat Interceptor, Misdirection Controller, Forensic Tracker, and System Harmonizer, each performing a specialized security role and collaborating to complete a deceptive defense. To ensure a comprehensive evaluation, we introduce MTJ-Pro, a challenging multi-turn progressive jailbreak dataset that combines seven advanced jailbreak strategies designed to gradually deepen attack strategies across multi-turn attacks. Besides, we present two novel metrics: Mislead Success Rate (MSR) and Attack Resource Consumption (ARC), which provide more nuanced assessments of deceptive defense beyond conventional measures. Experimental results on GPT-4, GPT-3.5-turbo, Gemini-1.5-pro, and LLaMa-3.1 demonstrate that HoneyTrap achieves an average reduction of 68.77% in attack success rates compared to state-of-the-art baselines. Notably, even in a dedicated adaptive attacker setting with intensified conditions, HoneyTrap remains resilient, leveraging deceptive engagement to prolong interactions, significantly increasing the time and computational costs required for successful exploitation. Unlike simple rejection, HoneyTrap strategically wastes attacker resources without impacting benign queries, improving MSR and ARC by 118.11% and 149.16%, respectively. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03825 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.HC cs.LG Beyond Physical Labels: Redefining Domains for Robust WiFi-based Gesture Recognition Authors: Xiang Zhang , Huan Yan , Jinyang Huang , Bin Liu , Yuanhao Feng , Jianchun Liu , Meng Li , Fusang Zhang , Zhi Liu Abstract : In this paper, we propose GesFi, a novel WiFi-based gesture recognition system that introduces WiFi latent domain mining to redefine domains directly from the data itself. GesFi first processes raw sensing data collected from WiFi receivers using CSI-ratio denoising, Short-Time Fast Fourier Transform, and visualization techniques to generate standardized input representations. It then employs clas… ▽ More In this paper, we propose GesFi, a novel WiFi-based gesture recognition system that introduces WiFi latent domain mining to redefine domains directly from the data itself. GesFi first processes raw sensing data collected from WiFi receivers using CSI-ratio denoising, Short-Time Fast Fourier Transform, and visualization techniques to generate standardized input representations. It then employs class-wise adversarial learning to suppress gesture semantic and leverages unsupervised clustering to automatically uncover latent domain factors responsible for distributional shifts. These latent domains are then aligned through adversarial learning to support robust cross-domain generalization. Finally, the system is applied to the target environment for robust gesture inference. We deployed GesFi under both single-pair and multi-pair settings using commodity WiFi transceivers, and evaluated it across multiple public datasets and real-world environments. Compared to state-of-the-art baselines, GesFi achieves up to 78% and 50% performance improvements over existing adversarial methods, and consistently outperforms prior generalization approaches across most cross-domain tasks. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by IMWUT/Ubicomp 2026 arXiv:2601.03825 [ pdf , ps , other ] Beyond Physical Labels: Redefining Domains for Robust WiFi-based Gesture Recognition Authors: Xiang Zhang , Huan Yan , Jinyang Huang , Bin Liu , Yuanhao Feng , Jianchun Liu , Meng Li , Fusang Zhang , Zhi Liu Abstract : In this paper, we propose GesFi, a novel WiFi-based gesture recognition system that introduces WiFi latent domain mining to redefine domains directly from the data itself. GesFi first processes raw sensing data collected from WiFi receivers using CSI-ratio denoising, Short-Time Fast Fourier Transform, and visualization techniques to generate standardized input representations. It then employs clas… ▽ More In this paper, we propose GesFi, a novel WiFi-based gesture recognition system that introduces WiFi latent domain mining to redefine domains directly from the data itself. GesFi first processes raw sensing data collected from WiFi receivers using CSI-ratio denoising, Short-Time Fast Fourier Transform, and visualization techniques to generate standardized input representations. It then employs class-wise adversarial learning to suppress gesture semantic and leverages unsupervised clustering to automatically uncover latent domain factors responsible for distributional shifts. These latent domains are then aligned through adversarial learning to support robust cross-domain generalization. Finally, the system is applied to the target environment for robust gesture inference. We deployed GesFi under both single-pair and multi-pair settings using commodity WiFi transceivers, and evaluated it across multiple public datasets and real-world environments. Compared to state-of-the-art baselines, GesFi achieves up to 78% and 50% performance improvements over existing adversarial methods, and consistently outperforms prior generalization approaches across most cross-domain tasks. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by IMWUT/Ubicomp 2026 1 2 3 4 5 … About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=Liu,+Z
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La Primera Hoja Portal de la komunitá Novedades Trocamientos freskos Hoja por azardo Ayudo La Kavané Diskusyón en la Embasada Donos Criar un cuento Entrar Donos Criar un cuento Entrar Contenidos Inicio 1 Karakteristikas de un teksto ansiklopediko 2 Kontenidos de una ansiklopedia 3 Istoria Alternar subsección Istoria 3.1 Ansiklopedias en América Latina 3.1 Ansiklopedias en América Latina 4 Véase también 5 Atamientos eksternos Ansiklopedya Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo العربية الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Буряад Català 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano کوردی Corsu Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Fulfulde Suomi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge 贛語 Gàidhlig Galego Avañe'ẽ ગુજરાતી Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Jawa ქართული Taqbaylit Kabɩyɛ Kumoring Қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Limburgs Lombard ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Malagasy Олык марий Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ मराठी Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Nouormand Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu Deitsch Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Русский Русиньскый संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Shqip Српски / srpski SiSwati Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski தமிழ் ತುಳು తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 მარგალური ייִדיש ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Oja Diskusyón Meldar Trocar Trocar el manadero Ver la istoria Meldar Trocar Trocar el manadero Ver la istoria Hojas atadas Trocamientos atados Suvir una dosya Atamiento permanente Información encima de la hoja Sitar esta hoja Obtener URL acortado Descargar código QR Cambiar al analizador antiguo Crear un libro Deskargar komo PDF Forma para imprimir Wikimedia Commons ''ítem'' Wikidata Esta ója se esta tresladando de la lingua espanyol , desde el artikolo Enciclopedia , i por esto puede tener yerros sintaktikos o eskrita sin tresladar. Puedes kontrivuyir kon la Wikipedia akavando la tresladasiyon desde el artikolo orijinal . Ansiklopedya אנסיקלופידײה Una ansiklopedia es un kompendio de konosimiento umano. El termo prosede del griego ενκυκλιος παιδεια , ke se igñfika "en un sirkulo de instruksion". Esta ója se esta tresladando de la lingua espanyol , desde el artikolo Enciclopedia , i por esto puede tener yerros sintaktikos o eskrita sin tresladar. Puedes kontrivuyir kon la Wikipedia akavando la tresladasiyon desde el artikolo orijinal . Ansiklopedya אנסיקלופידײה Una ansiklopedia es un kompendio de konosimiento umano. El termo prosede del griego ενκυκλιος παιδεια , ke se igñfika "en un sirkulo de instruksion". Karakteristikas de un teksto ansiklopediko [ trocar | trocar el manadero ] Tomos de una ansiklopedia Los artikoloz ansiklopedikoz tyenen una serie de karakteristikas ke loz distinguen de utroz formatoz literarios: Son mui sintetikos, tratando de kondensar al maksimo la informasiyon. No suelen faser konsesionez a la legibilidad del teksto, primando la fasilida de obtener la informasiyon Karesen delementoz subjetivos o de opinion, vuzkandoze ante todo el rigor I la eksposision de los fechos. Las imajenes y utroz elementos graficos, ze ezcochen en fonksion de su utilidad, I no de la estetika. Una ansiklopedia suele tinir varios autores, pudiendo llegar a sentenares. Karakteristikas de un teksto ansiklopediko Los artikoloz ansiklopedikoz tyenen una serie de karakteristikas ke loz distinguen de utroz formatoz literarios: Son mui sintetikos, tratando de kondensar al maksimo la informasiyon. No suelen faser konsesionez a la legibilidad del teksto, primando la fasilida de obtener la informasiyon Karesen delementoz subjetivos o de opinion, vuzkandoze ante todo el rigor I la eksposision de los fechos. Las imajenes y utroz elementos graficos, ze ezcochen en fonksion de su utilidad, I no de la estetika. Una ansiklopedia suele tinir varios autores, pudiendo llegar a sentenares. Kontenidos de una ansiklopedia [ trocar | trocar el manadero ] Los kontenidos de una ansiklopedia, traten el tema que traten, kumplen semprie una serie de rekisitos: Son de interes universal: pueden ser de interes para kualunkiskiser umano, independientemente de kualunka otra konsiderasion. Ańsí, no ai kontenidos de interes puramente lokal o personal. Son de interes atemporal: en prinsipio, no ai rasonsiyas para pensar ke el kontenido pueda perder interes kon el tempo, salvo ke la informasion se kede desaktualisada. Se organisan de lo jeneral a lo konkreto. Esto por las limitasiones de espasio, y para konseguir ke la obra kompleta sea autosufisiente, ezdezir, ke no sea nesesario konsultar utroz tekstoz para komprender zuz kontenido. Kontenidos de una ansiklopedia Los kontenidos de una ansiklopedia, traten el tema que traten, kumplen semprie una serie de rekisitos: Son de interes universal: pueden ser de interes para kualunkiskiser umano, independientemente de kualunka otra konsiderasion. Ańsí, no ai kontenidos de interes puramente lokal o personal. Son de interes atemporal: en prinsipio, no ai rasonsiyas para pensar ke el kontenido pueda perder interes kon el tempo, salvo ke la informasion se kede desaktualisada. Se organisan de lo jeneral a lo konkreto. Esto por las limitasiones de espasio, y para konseguir ke la obra kompleta sea autosufisiente, ezdezir, ke no sea nesesario konsultar utroz tekstoz para komprender zuz kontenido. Istoria [ trocar | trocar el manadero ] Munchos eskritores en la Antiguedäd (komo el filosofo Aristoteles ) isieron el intento de kompendiar todo el konosimiento umano . La idea de rekopilar en un mismo lugar todo este konosimiento se remonta a las bibliotekas de Alejandria o Pergamo . Sin embargo John Harris frekuentemente es kien resibe el kredito por aber establesido el aora familiar formato de ansiklopedia en 1704 kon su Lexicon technicum . La venerable Enciclopedia Británica tuvo un empesijo modesto; de 1768 a 1771 se publikaron tres volumenes. Kizas la mas famosa ansiklopedia antigua fue la francesa Encyclopédie , editada por Denis Diderot y kompletada en 1772 . La nosion mas moderna de ansiklopedia de proposito jeneral y de amplia distribusion data de la epoca de Denis Diderot y los ensiklopedistas del siglo XVIII . El mayor hito del periodo de la Ilustración del siglo XVIII es la Encyclopédie compilada por un grupo de escritores y hombres de ciencia de Francia . De manera plenamente consciente, estos hombres estaban dando la espalda tanto a la religión como a la metafísica como fuentes de conocimiento viendo en la ciencia pura una nueva fuerza motriz intelectual. Reunieron en una vasta obra todos los conocimientos científicos de la época, no como un mero registro alfabético, sino como un relato del modo científico de enfrentarse con el mundo. Estos escritores, conscientemente, esperaban forjar un poderoso instrumento para la lucha contra el oscurantismo de las autoridades políticas y religiosas. La mayoría de las figuras culturales y científicas de la época colaboraron en esa empresa. De ellas destaca D'Alembert , Diderot y Voltaire . Las ansiklopedias más importantes del siglo XX fueron: De habla inglesa, la Enciclopedia Británica . De habla castellana, la Enciclopedia Espasa . De habla francesa, la Enciclopedia Larousse , teniendo también su versión en castellano una gran aceptación. De habla alemana, la Enciclopedia Brockhaus Con el advenimiento de la informática, surgen las ansiklopedias multimedia , como la Encarta (que no incluye ninguna alusión al fenómeno wiki), y las disponibles a través de Internet, como Wikipedia (que sí alude a la Encarta). Ansiklopedias en América Latina [ trocar | trocar el manadero ] Los antesedentes de rejistros dokumentales ke demuestran konosimiento en Amerika están en las estelas i muros de piedra tayada kon eskritura Jeroglifika amerikana, así komo kodises pertenesientes a las kulturas mayas , astekas e inkas . Los inkas usaron el quipu . Fue en el siglo XVI kuando se imprimen los verdaderos dokumentos de referensia gasias a la yegada de la imprenta a Amerika . Una de las primera ansiklopedya de uso medieval fue la Istorya jeneral de las kosas de la Mueva Espanya de fray Bernardino de Sahagún . Tenemos tambyen la Bibioteka Ispanoamerikana Septentorial de José Mariano Beristáin . Ovras espanyolas emportantes sovre Amerika Latina fueron el Diksionario Ansiklopéddiko Ispano Amerikano 28 volúmenes (1883-1910) i la Ansiklopedya universal ilustrada evropeo-amerikana de Editoryal Espasa-Kalpe, 70 volúmenes (1908-1930). Ovras ansiklopéddikas emportantes de los payises de Amerika son: En Meshiko el Diksionario Ansiklopéddiko UTEHA , puvlikado en 1950 . Ovras arjentinas son Diksionario Ansiklopéddiko Gran Omeba i Diksionario Ansiklopéddiko Quillet . Istoria Munchos eskritores en la Antiguedäd (komo el filosofo Aristoteles ) isieron el intento de kompendiar todo el konosimiento umano . La idea de rekopilar en un mismo lugar todo este konosimiento se remonta a las bibliotekas de Alejandria o Pergamo . Sin embargo John Harris frekuentemente es kien resibe el kredito por aber establesido el aora familiar formato de ansiklopedia en 1704 kon su Lexicon technicum . La venerable Enciclopedia Británica tuvo un empesijo modesto; de 1768 a 1771 se publikaron tres volumenes. Kizas la mas famosa ansiklopedia antigua fue la francesa Encyclopédie , editada por Denis Diderot y kompletada en 1772 . La nosion mas moderna de ansiklopedia de proposito jeneral y de amplia distribusion data de la epoca de Denis Diderot y los ensiklopedistas del siglo XVIII . El mayor hito del periodo de la Ilustración del siglo XVIII es la Encyclopédie compilada por un grupo de escritores y hombres de ciencia de Francia . De manera plenamente consciente, estos hombres estaban dando la espalda tanto a la religión como a la metafísica como fuentes de conocimiento viendo en la ciencia pura una nueva fuerza motriz intelectual. Reunieron en una vasta obra todos los conocimientos científicos de la época, no como un mero registro alfabético, sino como un relato del modo científico de enfrentarse con el mundo. Estos escritores, conscientemente, esperaban forjar un poderoso instrumento para la lucha contra el oscurantismo de las autoridades políticas y religiosas. La mayoría de las figuras culturales y científicas de la época colaboraron en esa empresa. De ellas destaca D'Alembert , Diderot y Voltaire . Las ansiklopedias más importantes del siglo XX fueron: De habla inglesa, la Enciclopedia Británica . De habla castellana, la Enciclopedia Espasa . De habla francesa, la Enciclopedia Larousse , teniendo también su versión en castellano una gran aceptación. De habla alemana, la Enciclopedia Brockhaus Con el advenimiento de la informática, surgen las ansiklopedias multimedia , como la Encarta (que no incluye ninguna alusión al fenómeno wiki), y las disponibles a través de Internet, como Wikipedia (que sí alude a la Encarta). Ansiklopedias en América Latina [ trocar | trocar el manadero ] Los antesedentes de rejistros dokumentales ke demuestran konosimiento en Amerika están en las estelas i muros de piedra tayada kon eskritura Jeroglifika amerikana, así komo kodises pertenesientes a las kulturas mayas , astekas e inkas . Los inkas usaron el quipu . Fue en el siglo XVI kuando se imprimen los verdaderos dokumentos de referensia gasias a la yegada de la imprenta a Amerika . Una de las primera ansiklopedya de uso medieval fue la Istorya jeneral de las kosas de la Mueva Espanya de fray Bernardino de Sahagún . Tenemos tambyen la Bibioteka Ispanoamerikana Septentorial de José Mariano Beristáin . Ovras espanyolas emportantes sovre Amerika Latina fueron el Diksionario Ansiklopéddiko Ispano Amerikano 28 volúmenes (1883-1910) i la Ansiklopedya universal ilustrada evropeo-amerikana de Editoryal Espasa-Kalpe, 70 volúmenes (1908-1930). Ovras ansiklopéddikas emportantes de los payises de Amerika son: En Meshiko el Diksionario Ansiklopéddiko UTEHA , puvlikado en 1950 . Ovras arjentinas son Diksionario Ansiklopéddiko Gran Omeba i Diksionario Ansiklopéddiko Quillet . Ansiklopedias en América Latina Los antesedentes de rejistros dokumentales ke demuestran konosimiento en Amerika están en las estelas i muros de piedra tayada kon eskritura Jeroglifika amerikana, así komo kodises pertenesientes a las kulturas mayas , astekas e inkas . Los inkas usaron el quipu . Fue en el siglo XVI kuando se imprimen los verdaderos dokumentos de referensia gasias a la yegada de la imprenta a Amerika . Una de las primera ansiklopedya de uso medieval fue la Istorya jeneral de las kosas de la Mueva Espanya de fray Bernardino de Sahagún . Tenemos tambyen la Bibioteka Ispanoamerikana Septentorial de José Mariano Beristáin . Ovras espanyolas emportantes sovre Amerika Latina fueron el Diksionario Ansiklopéddiko Ispano Amerikano 28 volúmenes (1883-1910) i la Ansiklopedya universal ilustrada evropeo-amerikana de Editoryal Espasa-Kalpe, 70 volúmenes (1908-1930). Ovras ansiklopéddikas emportantes de los payises de Amerika son: En Meshiko el Diksionario Ansiklopéddiko UTEHA , puvlikado en 1950 . Ovras arjentinas son Diksionario Ansiklopéddiko Gran Omeba i Diksionario Ansiklopéddiko Quillet . Véase también [ trocar | trocar el manadero ] Diksionario Tesauro Lista de ansiklopedyas en espanyol Lista de ansiklopedyas en inglez Vikipedya Xablón:Primeras enciclopedias Véase también Diksionario Tesauro Lista de ansiklopedyas en espanyol Lista de ansiklopedyas en inglez Vikipedya Xablón:Primeras enciclopedias Atamientos eksternos [ trocar | trocar el manadero ] Vikipedya:Lo ke Wikipedia no es : una lista de kosas que no puede kontener una Ansiklopedya . Directorio de enciclopedias Enciclopedias en Internet en castellano: Véase Lista de enciclopedias en español Ensiklopedyas inglezas online: Wikipedia Enciclopædia Británica (se requiere una cuota de suscripción para un acceso completo) Encarta (de Microsoft ) (se requiere una cuota de suscripción para un acceso completo) Open Site netcyclo Columbia Concise Grolier Comptons Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Internet Encyclopaedia Free Encyclopedia of Articles Sorted By Rank! Enciclopedias en Internet en portugués: Enciclopédia Virtual Atamientos eksternos Vikipedya:Lo ke Wikipedia no es : una lista de kosas que no puede kontener una Ansiklopedya . Directorio de enciclopedias Enciclopedias en Internet en castellano: Véase Lista de enciclopedias en español Véase Lista de enciclopedias en español Ensiklopedyas inglezas online: Wikipedia Enciclopædia Británica (se requiere una cuota de suscripción para un acceso completo) Encarta (de Microsoft ) (se requiere una cuota de suscripción para un acceso completo) Open Site netcyclo Columbia Concise Grolier Comptons Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Internet Encyclopaedia Free Encyclopedia of Articles Sorted By Rank! Wikipedia Enciclopædia Británica (se requiere una cuota de suscripción para un acceso completo) Encarta (de Microsoft ) (se requiere una cuota de suscripción para un acceso completo) Open Site netcyclo Columbia Concise Grolier Comptons Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Internet Encyclopaedia Free Encyclopedia of Articles Sorted By Rank! Enciclopedias en Internet en portugués: Enciclopédia Virtual Enciclopédia Virtual Vikipedya:Artikolos kon grafia ladina Vikipedya:Artikolos kon varias grafias Esta hoja la vez dalcavo se trocó enel 29 des. 2025, a las 09:40 la ora. La página fue renderizada con Parsoid . El teksto está disponivle debaxo la Lecencia de Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike ; pueden aver otras kondisyones. Para mas detalyos, mira las Kondisyones d'Usaje . Prencipio de partikolaridad Encima de la Vikipedya Refuzo de responsabilitá Reglas de Comportamiento Desvelopadores Estatistikas Deklarasyón de cookies Vista mobil
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https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansiklopedya
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Redevelopment 1.1 Redevelopment 2 Facilities 3 Airlines and destinations Toggle Airlines and destinations subsection 3.1 Passenger 3.2 Cargo 3.1 Passenger 3.2 Cargo 4 Statistics Toggle Statistics subsection 4.1 Annual traffic 4.1 Annual traffic 5 Accidents and incidents 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Manas International Airport العربية Башҡортса Български Català Cebuano Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Manas International Airport .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} Kyrgyz : Манас эл аралык аэропорту , romanized : Manas El Aralyk Aeroportu .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} IATA : BSZ [ 1 ] ICAO : UCFM IATA : BSZ [ 1 ] ICAO : UCFM Summary Airport type Joint (civil and military) Serves Bishkek Location Sokuluk District , Kyrgyzstan Hub for Aero Nomad Airlines Avia Traffic Company Asman Airlines TezJet Aero Nomad Airlines Avia Traffic Company Asman Airlines TezJet Elevation AMSL 637 m / 2,090 ft Coordinates .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 43°03′41″N 74°28′39″E / 43.06139°N 74.47750°E / 43.06139; 74.47750 Website airport.kg Map .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} UCFM Location of Manas International Airport Show map of Kyrgyzstan UCFM UCFM (Asia) Show map of Asia Runways Direction Length Surface m ft 07/25 4,204 13,792 Concrete Direction Length Surface m ft 07/25 4,204 13,792 Concrete Statistics (2017) Passengers 3,586,337 Passengers 3,586,337 Source: AIP Kyrgyzstan [ 2 ] Manas International Airport ( Kyrgyz : Манас эл аралык аэропорту , romanized : Manas El Aralyk Aeroportu ; Russian : Международный аэропорт «Манас» ) ( IATA : BSZ , ICAO : UCFM ) [ 1 ] is the main international airport in Kyrgyzstan , located 25 kilometres (16 mi) north-northwest of the capital, Bishkek . History The airport was constructed as a replacement for the former Frunzensky Airport that was located to the south of the city, and named after Kyrgyz epic hero, Manas , suggested by writer and intellectual Chinghiz Aitmatov . The first plane landed at Manas in October 1974, with Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin on board. Aeroflot operated the first scheduled flight to Moscow–Domodedovo on 4 May 1975. [ 3 ] When Kyrgyzstan gained independence from the Soviet Union in December 1991, the airport began a steady decline as its infrastructure was neglected for almost ten years and a sizable aircraft boneyard developed. Approximately 60 derelict aircraft from the Soviet era, ranging in size from helicopters to full-sized airliners, were left in mothballs on the airport ramp at the eastern end of the field. [ citation needed ] After the 11 September terrorist attacks and the beginning of the United States invasion of Afghanistan , the United States Department of Defense immediately sought permission from the Kyrgyz government to use the airport as a military base. U.S. forces arrived in late December 2001 and immediately the airport saw unprecedented expansion of operations and facilities. [ citation needed ] The derelict aircraft were rolled into a pasture next to the ramp to make room for coalition aircraft, and large, semi-permanent hangars were constructed to house coalition fighter aircraft. Additionally, a Marsden Matting parking apron was built along the Eastern half of the runway, along with a large cargo depot and several aircraft maintenance facilities. A tent city sprang up across the street from the passenger terminal, housing over 2,000 troops. The American forces christened the site "Ganci Air Base", after New York Fire Department chief Peter J. Ganci, Jr. , who was killed in the 11 September terrorist attacks . It was later given the official name of Manas Air Base , renamed Transit Center at Manas in 2009, and closed and handed over to Kyrgyz authorities in 2014. [ citation needed ] In 2004, a new parking ramp was added in front of the passenger terminal to make room for larger refueling and transport aircraft such as the KC-135 and C-17 . Around the same time, the Kyrgyz government performed a major expansion and renovation of the passenger terminal, funded in part by the sizable landing fees paid by coalition forces. Several restaurants, gift shops, and barber shops sprang up in the terminal, catering to the deployed troops. The airport terminal underwent renovation and redesign in 2007. [ 4 ] On 9 August 2025 Manas International Airport changed IATA code to BSZ. [ 1 ] The former IATA code, FRU, originated from the Soviet name of the city of Bishkek, then called Frunze . In 2012, the airport handled 1,056,000 passengers. Redevelopment Reconstruction of Manas International Airport began on March 7, 2025, marking the start of a major modernization of its infrastructure. The terminal complex will expand from 38,919 to 56,919 square meters with an additional 18,000 square meters. The renovation will include an increase in the number of check-in counters, expanded waiting areas, and the creation of modern lounge and dining zones to enhance passenger comfort. Additionally, new technological solutions will be implemented to improve the airport's operational efficiency and service quality. A key feature of the modernization will be the construction of a covered skywalk , connecting the main airport buildings, providing weather protection and facilitating faster movement between terminals. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The reconstruction of Manas International Airport has begun under the leadership of China Road and Bridge Corporation , which will upgrade the runway, apron, and lighting systems by the end of 2025. [ 7 ] Facilities The airport operates 24 hours a day and its ILS system meets ICAO CAT II standards, enabling flight operations in low ceilings (30 meters or 100 feet) and visibilities (350 m or 1,150 ft). During its existence, Kyrgyzstan Airlines had its head office on the airport property. On 2 January 2002, the airline moved its head office to the Kyrgyzstan Airlines Sales Agency building of Manas International Airport. [ 8 ] Previously the head office was also on the grounds of the airport. [ 9 ] Airlines and destinations Passenger Airlines Destinations Aero Nomad Airlines [ 10 ] Delhi , Islamabad , Lahore , Moscow–Vnukovo , Osh Seasonal charter: Kolkata [ 11 ] , Nha Trang [ 12 ] Aeroflot Moscow–Sheremetyevo Air Arabia Sharjah [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Air Astana Almaty AJet Ankara , [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Istanbul–Sabiha Gökçen [ 17 ] Asman Airlines [ 18 ] Batken , Jalal-Abad , Karakol , Kerben , [ 19 ] Naryn , Osh , Razzakov , Talas , Kazarman Avia Traffic Company Dushanbe , Grozny , Kazan , Krasnoyarsk–Yemelyanovo , Moscow–Domodedovo , Novosibirsk , Osh , Saint Petersburg Azerbaijan Airlines Baku [ 20 ] Centrum Air Tashkent [ 21 ] China Southern Airlines Beijing–Daxing , [ 22 ] Ürümqi [ 23 ] FlyArystan Seasonal: Astana [ 24 ] Flydubai Dubai–International [ 25 ] Flynas Jeddah [ 26 ] Jazeera Airways Kuwait City [ 27 ] Loong Air Chengdu–Tianfu , [ 28 ] Xi'an [ 29 ] Nordwind Airlines Kazan Pegasus Airlines Antalya , Istanbul–Sabiha Gökçen Qazaq Air Astana [ 30 ] Red Sea Airlines Seasonal charter: Sharm El Sheikh [ 31 ] Red Wings Airlines Makhachkala Rossiya Airlines Krasnoyarsk–Yemelyanovo S7 Airlines Novosibirsk Sky FRU Osh Somon Air Dushanbe [ 32 ] T'way Air Seoul–Incheon [ 33 ] TezJet Batken , Jalal-Abad , Karakol , [ 34 ] Moscow–Domodedovo , [ 35 ] Osh , Razzakov , Tashkent [ 36 ] Turkish Airlines Istanbul [ 37 ] Ural Airlines Moscow–Domodedovo , Yekaterinburg Utair Surgut Uzbekistan Airways Tashkent Cargo This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Manas International Airport" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( April 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Airlines Destinations My Freighter Tashkent [ 38 ] RUS Aviation [ 39 ] Sharjah Silk Way Airlines Baku , Ürümqi Turkish Cargo [ 40 ] Almaty , Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi , Guangzhou , Islamabad , Istanbul , Shanghai–Pudong Turkmenistan Airlines Cargo [ 41 ] Turkmenabat Uzbekistan Airways Cargo Navoiy YTO Cargo Airlines [ 42 ] Shijiazhuang Statistics Annual traffic Year Passengers % change 2012 1,056,000 2013 N/A N/A 2014 N/A N/A 2015 N/A N/A 2016 3,082,931 N/A 2017 3,586,337 16.3% Accidents and incidents On 23 October 2002, an Ilyushin IL-62 airliner operated by the Tretyakovo Air Transport Company crashed on takeoff after running off the end of the runway. There were no passengers aboard and all eleven crew members escaped, with only minor injuries. The pilot was pulled from the aircraft by responding U.S. Air Force Security Forces personnel of the 111th Security Forces Squadron, 111th Fighter Wing , from the Pennsylvania Air National Guard. [ 44 ] The injured were treated at the joint US Air Force and South Korean army clinic at Manas Air Base . The wreckage was bulldozed by Kyrgyz personnel and left at the site. Airport operations resumed before the crash site had finished smoldering. [ 45 ] On 26 September 2006, a Kyrgyzstan Airlines Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft taking off for Moscow–Domodedovo collided on the runway with a US Air Force KC-135 tanker that had just landed. The Tupolev, with 52 passengers and nine crew on board, lost part of its wing but was able to take off and return to make a safe landing with a 2.5 m section of its wing missing. The KC-135, with three crew members and a cargo of jet fuel , caught fire and was destroyed. There were no injuries on either aircraft. [ 46 ] On 24 August 2008, Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 6895 (a Boeing 737 operated by Itek Air ) heading to Tehran with 90 people aboard crashed 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the airport, killing 68. 22 people, including two crew members, survived the crash. According to an airport official, the crew had reported a technical problem on board and were returning to the airport when the plane went down. [ 47 ] On 28 December 2011, a Kyrgyzstan Airlines Tupolev Tu-134 , which had taken off from Bishkek, crashed while attempting to land at Osh , causing 31 injuries. [ 48 ] On 16 January 2017, Turkish Airlines Flight 6491 , a Boeing 747-400F operated by ACT Airlines under wet lease for Turkish Cargo , en route from Hong Kong to Istanbul via Bishkek, missed the runway on landing in thick fog, crashing into a village. At least 38 people were killed, including all four crew members and 34 people on the ground. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] See also List of the busiest airports in the former USSR Transportation in Kyrgyzstan References ^ a b c .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Kerimova, Aizhan (11 August 2025). "Manas Airport officially changes IATA code from FRU to BSZ -" . 24.kg . «24.kg» News Agency . Retrieved 12 August 2025 . ^ "Aip, Aic" . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. ^ "Аэропорт «Манас»: от целинного поля до современной бетонки" . 24.kg (in Russian). 7 October 2023 . Retrieved 1 January 2026 . ^ Manas airport in Bishkek is completely modernised (in Russian) ^ В аэропорту "Манас" будет проведена реконструкция. Эскиз ^ В международном аэропорту «Манас» начнется масштабная реконструкция ^ Реконструкцию взлетно-посадочной полосы и перрона проведут в аэропорту «Манас» ^ " Kyrgyzstan airlines head office changes its address ." Kyrgyzstan Airlines . 3 October 2002. Retrieved on 28 December 2011. "Now it's located in the building of the former Frunze Airport or Kyrgyzstan Airlines Sales Agency. Its new address is – Mir prospect 95." ^ "World Airline Directory." Flight International . 4–10 April 2000. 114 . ^ "Flight schedule" . www.aeronomad.kg . Aero Nomad Airlines. ^ "Aero Nomad Airlines starts flights to Vietnam via Kolkata" . Airportia . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "New flight from Bishkek to Nha Trang opened" . en.kabar.kg . Kyrgyz National Kabar News Agency. 28 February 2025 . Retrieved 22 March 2025 . ^ "Sharjah, United Arab Emirates SHJ". OAG Flight Guide Worldwide . 26 (11). Luton, United Kingdom: OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited : 1056– 1057. May 2025. ISSN 1466-8718 . OCLC 41608313 . ^ "Air Arabia" . ^ "✅ ✈️️ Fly with Most Affordable and Cheap Ticket Opportunities | AnadoluJet" . www.anadolujet.com . ^ Liu, Jim (13 March 2024). "AJet NS24 New Flight Number Designations – 12MAR24" . Aeroroutes.com . Retrieved 2 February 2025 . ^ Liu, Jim (31 January 2025). "AJet Adds Istanbul – Bishkek Service in NS25" . AeroRoutes . Retrieved 31 January 2025 . ^ "Kyrgyzstan's Asman Airlines to serve all domestic airports by 2025" . Daryo.uz . Simple Networking Solutions. 14 December 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2025 . ^ С 1 марта в Кыргызстане запускается рейс Бишкек — Кербен ^ "Azerbaijan Airlines Begins Bishkek Service From late-July 2023" . AeroRoutes . 27 July 2023 . Retrieved 30 July 2023 . ^ "Centrum Air June 2025 Regional Network Expansion" . Aeroroutes . Retrieved 11 June 2025 . ^ Janob, Abdullo (26 January 2024). "Kyrgyzstan's international airport welcomes first flight from Beijing" . Trend.Az . Trend News Agency . Retrieved 27 January 2024 . ^ "China Southern / Xiamen Airlines NW22 International Operations - 30OCT22" . AeroRoutes. 31 October 2022 . Retrieved 31 October 2022 . ^ "Flights Astana - Bishkek" . flyarystan.com . FlyArystan . Retrieved 26 March 2025 . ^ "Dubai, United Arab Emirates DXB". OAG Flight Guide Worldwide . 26 (11). Luton, United Kingdom: OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited : 337– 343. May 2025. ISSN 1466-8718 . OCLC 41608313 . ^ "flynas Adds Jeddah – Kyrgyzstan Routes in 3Q23" . AeroRoutes . 28 June 2023 . Retrieved 28 June 2023 . ^ "StackPath" . 30 June 2021. ^ "Loong Air Adds Chengdu – Bishkek From Dec 2023" . AeroRoutes . 15 November 2023 . Retrieved 15 November 2023 . ^ "3月26日起，长龙航空2023夏航季换季航线全新上线" . Retrieved 8 March 2023 . ^ "Qazaq Air Nov 2025 Regional Network Additions" . Aeroroutes . Retrieved 17 October 2025 . ^ Liu, Jim (22 October 2025). "Red Sea Airlines NW25 Bishkek / Yerevan Scheduled Charters" . AeroRoutes . Retrieved 22 October 2025 . ^ Бишкек и Душанбе возобновили авиасообщение: в «Манасе» приземлился самолет Somon Air ^ Seo Ji-Eun (18 April 2023). "T'way to begin regular flights to Kyrgyzstan" . Korea JoongAng Daily . ^ Liu, Jim (5 June 2025). "TezJet Airlines Adds Bishkek – Karakol in mid-2Q25" . AeroRoutes . Retrieved 5 June 2025 . ^ Liu, Jim (18 July 2025). "TezJet Plans Bishkek – Moscow late-August 2025 Launch" . AeroRoutes . Retrieved 18 July 2025 . ^ "TezJet to launch flights from Bishkek to Tashkent" . 11 August 2024. 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The crash is the worst ever aviation accident in Kyrgyzstan. 68 die, 22 survive airliner crash in Kyrgyzstan ^ "All passengers survive after plane flips over in crash-landing" . Yahoo News UK . 29 December 2011 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . ^ "Belarus' First Deputy Foreign Minister signs Book of Condolences at Kyrgyzstan's embassy" . Belarusian Telegraph Agency . 17 January 2017 . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . ^ Hradecky, Simon (16 January 2017). "Crash: MyCargo B744 at Bishkek on Jan 16th 2017, impacted terrain on go around" . The Aviation Herald . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-412F TC-MCL Bishkek-Manas International Airport (FRU)" . Aviation Safety Network . 16 January 2017 . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Manas International Airport at Wikimedia Commons Manas International Airport Official Website (in English, Kyrgyz, and Russian) Manas International Airport (globalsecurity.org) Accident history for FRU at Aviation Safety Network Airport information for UAFM at Great Circle Mapper. Source: DAFIF (effective October 2006). Current weather for UAFM at NOAA / NWS 43°03′40.7″N 74°28′39.2″E / 43.061306°N 74.477556°E / 43.061306; 74.477556 Asia Aviation .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Airports in Kyrgyzstan v t e International Bishkek Issyk-Kul Osh Bishkek Issyk-Kul Osh Domestic Batken Jalal-Abad Kazarman Karakol Kerben Naryn Razzakov Talas Batken Jalal-Abad Kazarman Karakol Kerben Naryn Razzakov Talas Unscheduled Cholpon-Ata Kant Kanysh-Kiya Kyzyl-Kiya Tamga Tokmok Toktogul Cholpon-Ata Kant Kanysh-Kiya Kyzyl-Kiya Tamga Tokmok Toktogul v t e Airports built in the Soviet Union v t e Military Active Belaya Borisoglebskoye Burevestnik Dzyomgi Engels-2 Kirovsk–Apatity Klyuchi Kondinskoye Levashovo Lipetsk Magdagachi Ozerne Poltava Pugachyov Ryazan Dyagilevo Rzhev Samara Kryazh Saratov West Shatalovo Shaykovka Sol'tsy-2 Tatishchevo Tiksi Tilichiki Tushino Airfield Uka Ukrainka Vorkuta Sovetsky Vozdvizhenka Yaroslavl Levtsovo Yevpatoria Yugorsk Sovetsky Defunct Baherove Bakharevka Berezovka Dolon Dolon Southwest Jonava Lakhta Lenino Pryluky Raadi Saratov South Smirnykh Stryi Tiksi West Uzyn Vetrovoye Zavitinsk Active Belaya Borisoglebskoye Burevestnik Dzyomgi Engels-2 Kirovsk–Apatity Klyuchi Kondinskoye Levashovo Lipetsk Magdagachi Ozerne Poltava Pugachyov Ryazan Dyagilevo Rzhev Samara Kryazh Saratov West Shatalovo Shaykovka Sol'tsy-2 Tatishchevo Tiksi Tilichiki Tushino Airfield Uka Ukrainka Vorkuta Sovetsky Vozdvizhenka Yaroslavl Levtsovo Yevpatoria Yugorsk Sovetsky Belaya Borisoglebskoye Burevestnik Dzyomgi Engels-2 Kirovsk–Apatity Klyuchi Kondinskoye Levashovo Lipetsk Magdagachi Ozerne Poltava Pugachyov Ryazan Dyagilevo Rzhev Samara Kryazh Saratov West Shatalovo Shaykovka Sol'tsy-2 Tatishchevo Tiksi Tilichiki Tushino Airfield Uka Ukrainka Vorkuta Sovetsky Vozdvizhenka Yaroslavl Levtsovo Yevpatoria Yugorsk Sovetsky Defunct Baherove Bakharevka Berezovka Dolon Dolon Southwest Jonava Lakhta Lenino Pryluky Raadi Saratov South Smirnykh Stryi Tiksi West Uzyn Vetrovoye Zavitinsk Baherove Bakharevka Berezovka Dolon Dolon Southwest Jonava Lakhta Lenino Pryluky Raadi Saratov South Smirnykh Stryi Tiksi West Uzyn Vetrovoye Zavitinsk Civilian Active International Ashgabat Almaty Astana Belgorod Cherkasy Domodedovo Dushanbe Heydar Aliyev Irkutsk Issyk-Kul Karakol Kazan Kemerovo Kharkiv Kherson Kogalym Kokshetau Kurumoch Lviv Danylo Halytskyi Magnitogorsk Mariupol Navoi Riga Roshchino Sabetta Sheremetyevo Shymkent Simferopol Sochi Strigino Surgut Tallinn Talagi Tartu Tashkent Tbilisi Turkmenbashi Turkmenabat Ufa Uzhhorod Ventspils Vilnius Vnukovo Volgograd Voronezh Yemelyanovo Zvartnots Aktobe Aldan Alykel Arkalyk Atbasar Balakovo Baley Barnaul Batagay Batken Baykit Begishevo Belaya Gora Berezniki Beslan Biysk Bogashevo Boguchany Bugulma Bykovo Chara Chaybukha Cheboksary Chelyabinsk Cherepovets Chersky Chistopol Chokurdakh Cholpon-Ata Deputatsky Dikson Dudinka Ekibastuz Elista Erbogachen Gomel Gorno-Altaysk Grozny Grodno Igarka Inta Irkutsk Northwest Ivanovo Yuzhny Izhevsk Izhma Jalal-Abad Kadala Kaluga Kärdla Kaunas Kazachinskoe Kazarman Keperveyem Kerben Khanty-Mansiysk Kharkiv North Khatanga Khmelnytskyi Kyiv Chaika Airfield Kimry Kirensk Kolpashevo Koltsovo Kostroma Kotlas Krasnokamensk Krasnovishersk Kurgan Kyren Kyzyl Kyzyl-Kiya Kyzyl-Syr Lavrentiya Lipetsk Lutsk Magadan-13 Magan Mama Markovo Maykop Menzelinsk Mezen Milkovo Mineralnye Vody Minsk National Airport Mirny Mogilev Moma Murmansk Myachkovo Mys Shmidta Nadym Nalchik Naryn Nazran Neftekamsk Nefteyugansk Neryungri–Chulman Nikolayevsk-on-Amur Nikolsk Nikolskoye Nizhneangarsk Nizhnevartovsk Novy Urengoy Noyabrsk Nyagan Nyurba Oktyabrsky Olyokminsk Omsk Tsentralny Oral Ak Zhol Orenburg Tsentralny Orsk Oryol Yuzhny Osh Oskemen Palana Pavlodar Pechora Penza Petropavl Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Pevek Plekhanovo Plestsy Pobedilovo Podkamennaya Tunguska Polotsk Polyarny Provideniya Bay Pulkovo Pushkin Raduzhny Razzakov Rostov-on-Don Rzhevka Sakkyryr Salekhard Salka Saransk Sarmany Sarov Sary-Arka Semenovskoye Shidrovo Semey Semyazino Severny Severo-Eniseysk Severo-Evensk Seymchan Sharypovo Shimanovsk Shirak Sibay Smolensk South Snezhnogorsk Magadan–Sokol Solovki Sovetsky Spichenkovo Srednekolymsk Staraya Russa Staroselye Stary Oskol Stavropol Shpakovskoye Stepanavan Strezhevoy Sumy Susuman Svetlogorsk Svobodny Syktyvkar Syktyvkar Southwest Taksimo Talas Tambov Donskoye Tamga Tasayevo Teply Klyuch Ternopil Tokmok Toktogul Tolmachevo Tretyakovo Tunoshna Tura Turlatovo Turukhansk Tynda Maksimovka Ukhta Uktus Ulan-Ude Vostochny Ulyanovsk Baratayevka Ulyanovsk Vostochny Uray Usinsk Ust-Ilimsk Ust-Kamchatsk Ust-Kut Ust-Kuyga Ust-Maya Ust-Nera Ust-Pakhachi Ust-Tsilma Uytash Vanavara Varandey Vaskovo Velikiye Luki Veliky Ustyug Verkhnevilyuysk Verkhnyaya Toyma Vilyuysk Vitebsk Vostochny Vologda Vorkuta Vuktyl Yakutsk Yamburg Yeltsovka Yeniseysk Yermolino Yoshkar-Ola Yuzhno-Kurilsk Mendeleyevo Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Zavodske Zaysan Zheleznogorsk Zhytomyr Zonalnoye Zyryanka Zyryanka West Defunct International Bălți Cahul Dnipro Donetsk Havryshivka Vinnytsia Iultin Luhansk Chernihiv Shestovytsia Goris Kanysh-Kiya Kazan-2 Kerch Khanskaya Kozyrevsk Minsk-1 Novgorod Rubtsovsk Saratov Tsentralny Severouralsk Tarnogsky Gorodok Yelabuga North Yugarenok Active International Ashgabat Almaty Astana Belgorod Cherkasy Domodedovo Dushanbe Heydar Aliyev Irkutsk Issyk-Kul Karakol Kazan Kemerovo Kharkiv Kherson Kogalym Kokshetau Kurumoch Lviv Danylo Halytskyi Magnitogorsk Mariupol Navoi Riga Roshchino Sabetta Sheremetyevo Shymkent Simferopol Sochi Strigino Surgut Tallinn Talagi Tartu Tashkent Tbilisi Turkmenbashi Turkmenabat Ufa Uzhhorod Ventspils Vilnius Vnukovo Volgograd Voronezh Yemelyanovo Zvartnots Aktobe Aldan Alykel Arkalyk Atbasar Balakovo Baley Barnaul Batagay Batken Baykit Begishevo Belaya Gora Berezniki Beslan Biysk Bogashevo Boguchany Bugulma Bykovo Chara Chaybukha Cheboksary Chelyabinsk Cherepovets Chersky Chistopol Chokurdakh Cholpon-Ata Deputatsky Dikson Dudinka Ekibastuz Elista Erbogachen Gomel Gorno-Altaysk Grozny Grodno Igarka Inta Irkutsk Northwest Ivanovo Yuzhny Izhevsk Izhma Jalal-Abad Kadala Kaluga Kärdla Kaunas Kazachinskoe Kazarman Keperveyem Kerben Khanty-Mansiysk Kharkiv North Khatanga Khmelnytskyi Kyiv Chaika Airfield Kimry Kirensk Kolpashevo Koltsovo Kostroma Kotlas Krasnokamensk Krasnovishersk Kurgan Kyren Kyzyl Kyzyl-Kiya Kyzyl-Syr Lavrentiya Lipetsk Lutsk Magadan-13 Magan Mama Markovo Maykop Menzelinsk Mezen Milkovo Mineralnye Vody Minsk National Airport Mirny Mogilev Moma Murmansk Myachkovo Mys Shmidta Nadym Nalchik Naryn Nazran Neftekamsk Nefteyugansk Neryungri–Chulman Nikolayevsk-on-Amur Nikolsk Nikolskoye Nizhneangarsk Nizhnevartovsk Novy Urengoy Noyabrsk Nyagan Nyurba Oktyabrsky Olyokminsk Omsk Tsentralny Oral Ak Zhol Orenburg Tsentralny Orsk Oryol Yuzhny Osh Oskemen Palana Pavlodar Pechora Penza Petropavl Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Pevek Plekhanovo Plestsy Pobedilovo Podkamennaya Tunguska Polotsk Polyarny Provideniya Bay Pulkovo Pushkin Raduzhny Razzakov Rostov-on-Don Rzhevka Sakkyryr Salekhard Salka Saransk Sarmany Sarov Sary-Arka Semenovskoye Shidrovo Semey Semyazino Severny Severo-Eniseysk Severo-Evensk Seymchan Sharypovo Shimanovsk Shirak Sibay Smolensk South Snezhnogorsk Magadan–Sokol Solovki Sovetsky Spichenkovo Srednekolymsk Staraya Russa Staroselye Stary Oskol Stavropol Shpakovskoye Stepanavan Strezhevoy Sumy Susuman Svetlogorsk Svobodny Syktyvkar Syktyvkar Southwest Taksimo Talas Tambov Donskoye Tamga Tasayevo Teply Klyuch Ternopil Tokmok Toktogul Tolmachevo Tretyakovo Tunoshna Tura Turlatovo Turukhansk Tynda Maksimovka Ukhta Uktus Ulan-Ude Vostochny Ulyanovsk Baratayevka Ulyanovsk Vostochny Uray Usinsk Ust-Ilimsk Ust-Kamchatsk Ust-Kut Ust-Kuyga Ust-Maya Ust-Nera Ust-Pakhachi Ust-Tsilma Uytash Vanavara Varandey Vaskovo Velikiye Luki Veliky Ustyug Verkhnevilyuysk Verkhnyaya Toyma Vilyuysk Vitebsk Vostochny Vologda Vorkuta Vuktyl Yakutsk Yamburg Yeltsovka Yeniseysk Yermolino Yoshkar-Ola Yuzhno-Kurilsk Mendeleyevo Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Zavodske Zaysan Zheleznogorsk Zhytomyr Zonalnoye Zyryanka Zyryanka West International Ashgabat Almaty Astana Belgorod Cherkasy Domodedovo Dushanbe Heydar Aliyev Irkutsk Issyk-Kul Karakol Kazan Kemerovo Kharkiv Kherson Kogalym Kokshetau Kurumoch Lviv Danylo Halytskyi Magnitogorsk Mariupol Navoi Riga Roshchino Sabetta Sheremetyevo Shymkent Simferopol Sochi Strigino Surgut Tallinn Talagi Tartu Tashkent Tbilisi Turkmenbashi Turkmenabat Ufa Uzhhorod Ventspils Vilnius Vnukovo Volgograd Voronezh Yemelyanovo Zvartnots Ashgabat Almaty Astana Belgorod Cherkasy Domodedovo Dushanbe Heydar Aliyev Irkutsk Issyk-Kul Karakol Kazan Kemerovo Kharkiv Kherson Kogalym Kokshetau Kurumoch Lviv Danylo Halytskyi Magnitogorsk Mariupol Navoi Riga Roshchino Sabetta Sheremetyevo Shymkent Simferopol Sochi Strigino Surgut Tallinn Talagi Tartu Tashkent Tbilisi Turkmenbashi Turkmenabat Ufa Uzhhorod Ventspils Vilnius Vnukovo Volgograd Voronezh Yemelyanovo Zvartnots Aktobe Aldan Alykel Arkalyk Atbasar Balakovo Baley Barnaul Batagay Batken Baykit Begishevo Belaya Gora Berezniki Beslan Biysk Bogashevo Boguchany Bugulma Bykovo Chara Chaybukha Cheboksary Chelyabinsk Cherepovets Chersky Chistopol Chokurdakh Cholpon-Ata Deputatsky Dikson Dudinka Ekibastuz Elista Erbogachen Gomel Gorno-Altaysk Grozny Grodno Igarka Inta Irkutsk Northwest Ivanovo Yuzhny Izhevsk Izhma Jalal-Abad Kadala Kaluga Kärdla Kaunas Kazachinskoe Kazarman Keperveyem Kerben Khanty-Mansiysk Kharkiv North Khatanga Khmelnytskyi Kyiv Chaika Airfield Kimry Kirensk Kolpashevo Koltsovo Kostroma Kotlas Krasnokamensk Krasnovishersk Kurgan Kyren Kyzyl Kyzyl-Kiya Kyzyl-Syr Lavrentiya Lipetsk Lutsk Magadan-13 Magan Mama Markovo Maykop Menzelinsk Mezen Milkovo Mineralnye Vody Minsk National Airport Mirny Mogilev Moma Murmansk Myachkovo Mys Shmidta Nadym Nalchik Naryn Nazran Neftekamsk Nefteyugansk Neryungri–Chulman Nikolayevsk-on-Amur Nikolsk Nikolskoye Nizhneangarsk Nizhnevartovsk Novy Urengoy Noyabrsk Nyagan Nyurba Oktyabrsky Olyokminsk Omsk Tsentralny Oral Ak Zhol Orenburg Tsentralny Orsk Oryol Yuzhny Osh Oskemen Palana Pavlodar Pechora Penza Petropavl Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Pevek Plekhanovo Plestsy Pobedilovo Podkamennaya Tunguska Polotsk Polyarny Provideniya Bay Pulkovo Pushkin Raduzhny Razzakov Rostov-on-Don Rzhevka Sakkyryr Salekhard Salka Saransk Sarmany Sarov Sary-Arka Semenovskoye Shidrovo Semey Semyazino Severny Severo-Eniseysk Severo-Evensk Seymchan Sharypovo Shimanovsk Shirak Sibay Smolensk South Snezhnogorsk Magadan–Sokol Solovki Sovetsky Spichenkovo Srednekolymsk Staraya Russa Staroselye Stary Oskol Stavropol Shpakovskoye Stepanavan Strezhevoy Sumy Susuman Svetlogorsk Svobodny Syktyvkar Syktyvkar Southwest Taksimo Talas Tambov Donskoye Tamga Tasayevo Teply Klyuch Ternopil Tokmok Toktogul Tolmachevo Tretyakovo Tunoshna Tura Turlatovo Turukhansk Tynda Maksimovka Ukhta Uktus Ulan-Ude Vostochny Ulyanovsk Baratayevka Ulyanovsk Vostochny Uray Usinsk Ust-Ilimsk Ust-Kamchatsk Ust-Kut Ust-Kuyga Ust-Maya Ust-Nera Ust-Pakhachi Ust-Tsilma Uytash Vanavara Varandey Vaskovo Velikiye Luki Veliky Ustyug Verkhnevilyuysk Verkhnyaya Toyma Vilyuysk Vitebsk Vostochny Vologda Vorkuta Vuktyl Yakutsk Yamburg Yeltsovka Yeniseysk Yermolino Yoshkar-Ola Yuzhno-Kurilsk Mendeleyevo Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Zavodske Zaysan Zheleznogorsk Zhytomyr Zonalnoye Zyryanka Zyryanka West Defunct International Bălți Cahul Dnipro Donetsk Havryshivka Vinnytsia Iultin Luhansk Chernihiv Shestovytsia Goris Kanysh-Kiya Kazan-2 Kerch Khanskaya Kozyrevsk Minsk-1 Novgorod Rubtsovsk Saratov Tsentralny Severouralsk Tarnogsky Gorodok Yelabuga North Yugarenok International Bălți Cahul Dnipro Donetsk Havryshivka Vinnytsia Iultin Luhansk Bălți Cahul Dnipro Donetsk Havryshivka Vinnytsia Iultin Luhansk Chernihiv Shestovytsia Goris Kanysh-Kiya Kazan-2 Kerch Khanskaya Kozyrevsk Minsk-1 Novgorod Rubtsovsk Saratov Tsentralny Severouralsk Tarnogsky Gorodok Yelabuga North Yugarenok Joint use Active International Baikal Manas Odesa Perm Zhukovsky Sevastopol Achinsk Amderma Bagdarin Bratsk Chelyabinsk Shagol Erebuni Ignatyevo Komsomolsk Krasnoyarsk Cheremshanka Kursk Vostochny Kurumkan Naryan-Mar Orlik Orsha Petrozavodsk Pskov Sukhumi Babushara Suntar Taldykorgan Ugolny Vyazma Yeysk Active International Baikal Manas Odesa Perm Zhukovsky Sevastopol Achinsk Amderma Bagdarin Bratsk Chelyabinsk Shagol Erebuni Ignatyevo Komsomolsk Krasnoyarsk Cheremshanka Kursk Vostochny Kurumkan Naryan-Mar Orlik Orsha Petrozavodsk Pskov Sukhumi Babushara Suntar Taldykorgan Ugolny Vyazma Yeysk International Baikal Manas Odesa Perm Zhukovsky Sevastopol Baikal Manas Odesa Perm Zhukovsky Sevastopol Achinsk Amderma Bagdarin Bratsk Chelyabinsk Shagol Erebuni Ignatyevo Komsomolsk Krasnoyarsk Cheremshanka Kursk Vostochny Kurumkan Naryan-Mar Orlik Orsha Petrozavodsk Pskov Sukhumi Babushara Suntar Taldykorgan Ugolny Vyazma Yeysk Other Bezymyanka Gromov Flight Research Institute Nizhyn Pridacha Valek Bezymyanka Gromov Flight Research Institute Nizhyn Pridacha Valek Airports in Kyrgyzstan Airports established in 1974 Airports built in the Soviet Union Chüy Region 1974 establishments in Asia 1974 establishments in the Soviet Union Installations of the United States Air Force Buildings and structures in Bishkek Transport in Bishkek CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) CS1: unfit URL Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Use dmy dates from May 2014 Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles containing Kyrgyz-language text Articles containing Russian-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022 Articles needing additional references from April 2023 All articles needing additional references Commons category link is on Wikidata Articles with Kyrgyz-language sources (ky) Articles with Russian-language sources (ru) Coordinates on Wikidata This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 13:25 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Search box 2 Search string 3 Search string syntax Toggle Search string syntax subsection 3.1 Namespaces 3.2 Spaces 3.3 Special characters 3.3.1 Double quotes for exact phrase search 3.3.2 Suffixed tilde character for fuzzy search 3.3.3 Prefixed tilde character for forced search 3.3.4 Prefixed hyphen or exclamation point for exclusion 3.3.5 Wildcard characters 3.3.6 Non-alphabetic characters 3.3.7 Logical operators 3.4 Parameters 3.4.1 namespace: 3.4.2 all: 3.4.3 intitle: 3.4.4 insource: 3.4.5 incategory: 3.4.6 deepcategory: 3.4.7 prefix: 3.4.8 linksto: 3.4.9 subpageof: 3.4.10 hastemplate: 3.4.11 articletopic: 3.4.12 inproject: 3.1 Namespaces 3.2 Spaces 3.3 Special characters 3.3.1 Double quotes for exact phrase search 3.3.2 Suffixed tilde character for fuzzy search 3.3.3 Prefixed tilde character for forced search 3.3.4 Prefixed hyphen or exclamation point for exclusion 3.3.5 Wildcard characters 3.3.6 Non-alphabetic characters 3.3.7 Logical operators 3.3.1 Double quotes for exact phrase search 3.3.2 Suffixed tilde character for fuzzy search 3.3.3 Prefixed tilde character for forced search 3.3.4 Prefixed hyphen or exclamation point for exclusion 3.3.5 Wildcard characters 3.3.6 Non-alphabetic characters 3.3.7 Logical operators 3.4 Parameters 3.4.1 namespace: 3.4.2 all: 3.4.3 intitle: 3.4.4 insource: 3.4.5 incategory: 3.4.6 deepcategory: 3.4.7 prefix: 3.4.8 linksto: 3.4.9 subpageof: 3.4.10 hastemplate: 3.4.11 articletopic: 3.4.12 inproject: 3.4.1 namespace: 3.4.2 all: 3.4.3 intitle: 3.4.4 insource: 3.4.5 incategory: 3.4.6 deepcategory: 3.4.7 prefix: 3.4.8 linksto: 3.4.9 subpageof: 3.4.10 hastemplate: 3.4.11 articletopic: 3.4.12 inproject: 4 Search page 5 Search results page Toggle Search results page subsection 5.1 Understanding search results 5.1.1 Preliminary reports 5.2 Refining results 5.2.1 Namespaces 5.2.2 Sorting 5.1 Understanding search results 5.1.1 Preliminary reports 5.1.1 Preliminary reports 5.2 Refining results 5.2.1 Namespaces 5.2.2 Sorting 5.2.1 Namespaces 5.2.2 Sorting 6 Search settings 7 Tips and tricks Toggle Tips and tricks subsection 7.1 Searching within a page 7.2 Searching for a specific person's contributions 7.3 Search Wikipedia from any web page 7.4 SQL searches / Quarry 7.1 Searching within a page 7.2 Searching for a specific person's contributions 7.3 Search Wikipedia from any web page 7.4 SQL searches / Quarry 8 Other search tools 9 If you cannot find what you are looking for Toggle If you cannot find what you are looking for subsection 9.1 Delay in updating the search index 9.1 Delay in updating the search index 10 Under the hood Toggle Under the hood subsection 10.1 Stem matching 10.1 Stem matching 11 Custom search boxes Toggle Custom search boxes subsection 11.1 Content namespaces 11.2 Administrative namespaces 11.1 Content namespaces 11.2 Administrative namespaces 12 See also 13 Notes Help : Searching Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ العربية تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული Қазақша ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük West-Vlams ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Help page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikidata Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wiktionary Wikidata item This help page is a how-to guide . 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It will navigate directly to a given page name upon an exact match. You can force it to show you other pages that include your search string by including a tilde character .mw-parser-output .mw-tmpl-kbd{background:#EEE;color:var(--color-base)}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mw-tmpl-kbd{background:#171a1d}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-tmpl-kbd{background:#171a1d}} ~ before the first term of a query. The maximum search string is 300 characters long. [ a ] However, search can instantly search all 64,880,147 pages on the wiki when the search is kept to a simple word or two. Wikipedia's searches can be made domain-specific (i.e., search in desired namespaces). The search engine also supports special characters and parameters to extend the power of searches and allow users to make their search strings more specific. Advanced features of the Wikipedia search engine include multi-word proximity-searches (in which the user indicates how close the words in a phrase might be), wildcard searches, "fuzzy" ~ searches (handles typo-correction and questionable spelling), and several wiki-oriented operators and parameters for weighting and filtering. Search can also handle regular expressions , a sophisticated exact-string and string-pattern search tool that is not offered by most public search engines. Search can also filter results by template names used, category membership, or pages linking to a specific page. Special:Preferences offers several search options, and Wikipedia:Tools § Searching offers the setups of other users. Search box The search box is an input box with the placeholder text "Search Wikipedia" in it. In Wikipedia's default Vector 2022 skin, it is located in the header of the page at the top of the screen. To use the search box, click in it, or jump to it by pressing .mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0),var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa),var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0));color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em} ⇧ Shift + Alt + F , and type in your search string . Then, either click ↵ Enter , or the Search button. If your search matches a page name exactly, search will navigate to the page directly instead of showing search results. To get search results instead, prepend or end a word of the search string (i.e., the page name) with a tilde (" ~ "). (Or choose "Search for pages containing" from the suggestions that drop down as you type.) In the former default skin Vector , the search box is located in the top right hand corner, and instead of a search button, there is an icon of a magnifying glass on the right-hand end of the search box. Pressing ↵ Enter or clicking on the magnifying glass when the box is empty takes you directly to Wikipedia's search page . Prior to that, in Monobook it was in the middle of the sidebar on the left of the screen. JavaScript , and thus possibly user scripts , and skins have an effect on the search/navigate default behavior. Monobook's default is to navigate, and Vector's default is search; however, when JavaScript is on, the Vector skin will navigate. Monobook's Go will navigate, and is the default, but Monobook has a Search button. Search string Whatever you type into the search box is called the "search string". It may also be referred to as the "search query". A basic search string is simply the topic you are interested in reading about. A direct match of a basic search string will navigate you directly to Wikipedia's article that has that title. A non-match, or any other type of search string will take you to Wikipedia's search results page, where the results of your search are displayed. Terms in the search string are subject to stem matching , except for anything included between double quotation marks. You can include in your search string special characters and parameters that activate specific search capabilities. Using any of these will take you to Wikipedia's search results page with the results of your search displayed. The maximum search string is 300 characters long. [ a ] The format of the text that is entered is called search string syntax . Search string syntax Search is case insensitive, that is, upper and lowercase is ignored. Search "folds" character families, matching similar-looking letters across alphabets, to match foreign terms. So, you don't have to type in diacritical letters, and your terms will still match. For example, a search on Citroen will also match Citroën , and Aeroskobing matches Ærøskøbing . Characters that are not numbers or letters (punctuation marks, brackets and slashes, math and other symbols) are generally ignored. For example, Credit (finance) will return articles with the words credit and finance , ignoring the parentheses, unless an article with exact title Credit (finance) exists. Similarly, a search for the string |LT| (letters LT between two pipe symbols) will only return articles with lt . In order to search for terms that contain non-alphanumeric characters, a regex search must be used instead (using the \ escape character if required); for example, insource:/\|LT\|/ will successfully return all instances of |LT| . The source text is what is searched, which is not always what is displayed on the screen. This distinction is relevant for piped links , for interlanguage links (to find links to Chinese articles, search for zh , not for Zhongwen ), special characters (if ê is coded as it is found searching for ecirc ), etc. .mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0} For regex searches, see the insource: parameter below. Namespaces The default search domain is the article space, but any namespace may be specified in a query. At the search results page, any number of namespaces can be specified, and users can keep those namespaces as their own default search domain. Partial namespace searches can be made by specifying the initial letters of a page name. Spaces The use of spaces is, in general, intuitive. Unnecessary spaces, and all non-alphanumeric characters except " are ignored, which makes for flexibility; it is simplest and best to avoid typing unnecessary spaces, although the tolerance for grey space simplifies copying and pasting search terms without the need for cleanup. For example, credit card is obviously reasonable; copying and pasting [[Credit(?!)card]] is equivalent and convenient; "credit card""payment card" is actually correct and minimal, but "credit card" "payment card" is an intuitive equivalent. Any of the following characters will be treated as a space character : !@#$%^&()_+-=~`{}[]|\:;'<>,.?/ . The double quotation mark " is not one of these characters, because it has the special purpose of specifying an exact phrase search, and - and ! can be used to exclude results if either occurs at the beginning of a word or phrase (see more below). We use the term grey-space instead of whitespace here to include the space character itself and all these characters. Multiple [grey-]spaces are equivalent to a single space. Grey-space is ignored between the words of exact-phrase searches, between adjacent items in the query, and in starting characters of the search box query. All filters can have grey-space between them without affecting search results. Most operators, such as intitle: and incategory: , ignore unnecessary spaces, or grey-space, after the colon. Where spaces are significant: single search terms cannot have embedded spaces; work space , "work space" , and workspace are all different. The particular keywords prefix and insource must be followed immediately by a colon : and their arguments, without intervening [grey-]spaces. Special characters H:SPCHAR H:SPCHAR For regex searches, see the insource: parameter below. Double quotes for exact phrase search A phrase can be matched by enclosing it in double quotes, "like this" . Double quotes can define a single search term that contains spaces. For example, "holly dolly" where the space is quoted as a character, differs much from holly dolly where the space is interpreted as a logical AND. Suffixed tilde character for fuzzy search H:FUZZY H:FUZZY Spelling relaxation is requested by suffixing a tilde ~ , like this~ to match results like thus and thins . It covers any two character-changes for any character except the first: it returns addition, exchange, or subtraction. This search technique is sometimes called a "sounds-like" search. For example, searching for charlie~ parker~ returns Charlie Parker , Charles Palmer , Charley Parks , etc. Prefixed tilde character for forced search H:FORCE H:FORCE To force a search rather than navigate directly to a matching page, include a tilde character ~ anywhere in the query. It always takes you to the search results page, never jumping to a single title. For example, the misspelling similiar is redirected to the Similarity article (or, in this case, disambiguation page); but prefixing a tilde, ~similiar , lists pages containing that misspelling. Prefixed hyphen or exclamation point for exclusion H:EXCLUDE H:EXCLUDE Pages matching a search term can be excluded by prefixing an exclamation point ( ! ) or a hyphen ( - ) to the term. This is the logical NOT . For example, credit card -"credit card" finds all articles with credit and card except those with the phrase credit card . Wildcard characters H:WLD H:WLD The two wildcard characters are * and \? , and both can come in the middle or end of a word. The escaped question mark stands for one character and the star stands for any number of characters. Because many users ask questions when searching, question marks are ignored by default, and the escaped question mark ( \? ) must be used for a wildcard. Non-alphabetic characters For non-alphabetic characters, regex expressions are needed. (See insource: below.) Logical operators H:BOOLEAN H:BOOLEAN H:LOPS H:LOPS The search engine supports limited boolean logic in searches. Logical NOT (negation) can be indicated by a " - " (minus sign) or a " ! " (exclamation point) character prefixed to a search term, or by the NOT keyword. Parentheses (…) are ignored by the search engine and have no effect. Search terms are implicitly joined by logical AND (conjunction) . For example "credit card" housecat searches for pages containing both "credit card" and "housecat". An OR operator is supported, but will only give intuitive results (corresponding to logical disjunction ) if all search terms are separated by OR (e.g. red OR green OR blue has the expected behaviour, but red OR green blue does not). OR also does not behave predictably with special keywords (like intitle: ) or namespaces. (See mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Logical operators for a more detailed explanation.) Parameters H:PARAM H:PARAM Parameters function as name filters, each followed by the search term it operates on. Their search term may be a word or a phrase. The main parameters are namespace : , intitle: , insource: , incategory: , and prefix: ( namespace as used here isn't literal – use the name of the actual namespace desired). prefix: differs from the other parameters in that it can only be used at the end of a search string. A single namespace : filter can go first, and a single prefix: filter can go last. namespace : Only articles are searched by default because most users are only readers. Given only at the beginning of the query, a namespace name followed by a colon limits search results to that namespace. It is a filter without a query string. The namespace can also be selected at Special:Search . Namespace aliases like WP: or wp: instead of Wikipedia: are accepted. User: will normally go directly to a user page even if it doesn't exist. To search userspace, use Special:Search or click "Search for pages containing" below the search box. all: will search all namespaces. To search multiple namespaces but not all, use "Search in:" at Special:Search . all: H:ALL H:ALL Prefixing all: (in lower case) searches all namespaces, sorted by namespace, and with substring matches at the end. [ b ] intitle: H:INTIT H:INTIT H:INTITLE H:INTITLE Page titles and redirects can be searched with intitle: query , where query is the search string. The search results highlight occurrences in both the title and page content. Multiple intitle: filters may be used to search for words in titles regardless of order, or in different titles (i.e., redirects) for the same article. Regular expressions can be used with intitle:/ regexp / or the case insensitive intitle:/ regexp /i . (See more in the insource section.) Query Description intitle:airport All articles with the word airport (or Airport – this is case-insensitive) in their titles. parking intitle:airport Articles with parking in their text and airport in their titles. intitle:international intitle:airport Articles containing both international and airport in their titles (including, e.g., Airports Council International ) intitle:"international airport" Articles with the phrase international airport in their titles. airport -intitle:airport Articles with airport in their text but not in their titles. intitle:/airport/i -intitle:airport Articles with the string airport (case-insensitive) but not the word airport in their titles. insource: H:INSOURCE H:INSOURCE This can find template arguments, URLs, links, html, etc. It has two forms, one is an indexed search, and the other is regex-based . Query Description insource: word insource:" word1 word2 " Like word searches and exact-phrase searches, non-alphanumeric characters are ignored, and proximity and fuzziness are options. insource:/ regexp / insource:/ regexp /i These are regular expressions . They use a lot of processing power, so we can only allow a few at a time on the search cluster, but they are very powerful. The version with the extra i runs the expression case-insensitive, and is even less efficient. Regex searches are likely to time out unless you further limit the search in some way, such as by including another parameter or a search term outside of the insource component of the search string. (For example, X* intitle:/X/ to restrict the search to initial position.) For more details, see mw:Help:CirrusSearch#Regular expression searches . incategory: H:INCAT H:INCAT H:INCATEGORY H:INCATEGORY Given as incategory: category , where category is the page name of a category page, it lists pages assigned to the given category by methods including the addition of [[Category: page name ]] to their wikitext. (Editors searching in namespaces other than mainspace will need to know the limitations these search results may contain.) If the category page name includes space characters; replace the spaces with underscores (e.g. incategory:Pages_of_interest ), surround the page name with double quotes (e.g. incategory:"Pages of interest" ) or both (but not on the Wikimedia Commons site). incategory: will also return pages in the adjacent subcategory (see for example, category: incategory:History ) . Multiple incategory: filters may be applied. A more graphical alternative to a single filter is at Special:CategoryTree . Because categories are important structures for searching for related articles, any use of this prefix is particularly effective for searching. (For more on using the categories themselves to find articles, see Wikipedia:FAQ/Categories .) Query Description Berlin incategory:German_chemists Starting with the articles listed at Category: German chemists , only the ones that have the word Berlin in their text. incategory:"Suspension bridges in the United States" incategory:"Bridges in New York City" Articles that are common to both categories – the suspension bridges in New York City. This will return nothing since all NYC bridges are categorized in subcategories, and incategory: doesn't search in subcategories. (For the probably desired result, see usage of deepcategory: in the next section.) incategory:"Suspension bridges in New York City" incategory:"Bridges in Brooklyn" Suspension bridges of Brooklyn. "feral cat" -incategory:"Category:Cats in the United Kingdom" Articles that contain the phrase feral cat , but not listed in Category:Cats in the United Kingdom . deepcategory: H:DEEPCAT H:DEEPCAT Also deepcat: , this allows you to search in a category and all its subcategories. The depth of the tree is currently limited to 5 levels, and the overall number of categories is limited to 1000. Examples: Query Description deepcat:"Musicals by topic" All musicals of any topic. (Finds articles that are in Category:Musicals by topic or any of its subcategories.) Berlin deepcat:German_chemists Starting with the articles listed at Category: German chemists , only the ones that have the word Berlin in their text. deepcat:"Suspension bridges in the United States" deepcat:"Bridges in New York City" Articles that are common to both categories – the suspension bridges in New York City. This will work since all NYC bridges are categorized in subcategories, and incategory: doesn't search in subcategories but deepcat: does. deepcat:"Suspension bridges in New York City" deepcat:"Bridges in Brooklyn" Suspension bridges of Brooklyn. "feral cat" -deepcat:"Category:Cats in the United Kingdom" Articles that contain the phrase feral cat , but not listed in Category:Cats in the United Kingdom or its subcategories. prefix: H:PREFIX H:PREFIX prefix: page name patterns only the beginning characters of a page name . Because the "beginning" characters can, if you need, go on to include the characters all the way to the end of the page name, prefix must include spaces, since page names often include spaces. For this reason prefix: must only ever be given as the last part of a search box query, and next character after the colon cannot be a space. prefix: does not search for partial namespace names, but requires at least a full namespace name to start to find pages, but prefix: also recognizes an alias of a namespace, and it recognizes redirects (or shortcut). Prefix is the most widely used and powerful filter as it can mimic the namespace filter, and because intitle: cannot easily target a single page, even together with other filters. Special:PrefixIndex is a MediaWiki, graphical, version, using only prefix: to find pages. Query Description Salvage wreck prefix:USS Articles containing the words salvage and wreck whose title starts with the characters USS . wave particle prefix:Talk:Speed of light The Speed of light article's talk pages containing the terms particle and wave , including the current and the archived talk subpages . wave particle prefix:Talk:Speed of light/ Same search, but only in the archived talk subpages. "portal namespace" readers prefix:Wikipedia talk: Is equivalent to Wikipedia talk:"portal namespace" readers . language prefix:Portal:Chi Portal namespace page names that begin with Portal:Chi and have the word language in the page. linksto: H:LINKSTO H:LINKSTO linksto: page name searches in pages that link to the given page. Can be used negatively by prefixing a hyphen, which will return pages that do not link to the given page. Unlike with some other keywords, the page name is case-sensitive. Query Description linksto:Airport All articles containing internal link to Airport . parking linksto:Airport Articles with parking in their text linking to Airport -linksto:"Albert Einstein" "Albert Einstein" Articles containing Albert Einstein NOT linking to Albert Einstein subpageof: H:SUBOF H:SUBOF This limits searches to subpages of the specified page. You can also negate the subpages from a search by preceding subpageof: with a hyphen. Note that articles on Wikipedia don't have subpages, but the pages of the other namespaces do. Therefore, use the namespace parameter also, or select the namespace at Special:Search . Here are some examples: For User: searches, click "Search for pages containing" or use Special:Search . This is not needed for other namespaces. To look at all the subpages of a user, try this: User:subpageof:AzaToth That will display all the subpages of User:AzaToth . They can also be seen at Special:PrefixIndex/User:AzaToth/ but Special:PrefixIndex cannot be combined with a search. To make sure Articles for deletion pages do not show up in the results of a Wikipedia namespace search, try this: Wikipedia:"Hi there" -subpageof:"Articles for deletion" That will show pages from the Wikipedia namespace with "Hi there" in them, and the list of results will not be cluttered with any WP:Articles for deletion debates (there are hundreds of thousands). Notice the use of the hyphen (that makes it mean "not subpages of"). hastemplate: H:HASTEMP H:HASTEMP This finds pages that use the specified template . Input the canonical page name to find all usage of the template, but use any of its redirect page names finds just that naming. Namespace aliases are accepted, capitalization is entirely ignored, and redirects are found, all in one name-search. This is more thorough than insource: , in that it will find meta-templates (templates called by another template). Meta-templates don't show up in the local page's wikitext. Example of hastemplate: usage: hastemplate:"Article for deletion/dated" This lets you find all the articles being considered for deletion. intitle:"Outline of " -hastemplate:"Outline footer" This lets you find Wikipedia outlines that lack the outline footer template. (Notice the use of the hyphen to indicate "NOT"). articletopic: This keyword allows filtering search results by topic. (For possible topics see mw:Help:CirrusSearch/articletopic .) E.g. articletopic:books will filter the search results to articles about books. articletopic:books|films will filter to articles about books or films. articletopic:books articletopic:films will filter to articles which are about both books and films. Only mainspace articles belong to topics. Unlike most other filters, articletopic: also does page weighting: articles which are a stronger match for a topic will be higher in the search results (while articles which aren't about that subject at all will be removed from the result set completely). Topic models are derived via machine learning from ORES . Any given article receives a score on dozens of different topics, and therefore may appear under different keywords. For instance, the article on Albert Einstein may appear as a "physics" article and a "biography" article. Topic-related search data is updated weekly, so recently created articles might not show up in topic-based search queries. inproject: Allows filtering of search results to pages in given WikiProjects . Examples: inproject:Cricket filters to pages in WikiProject Cricket inproject:Cricket|Football filters to pages in either WikiProject Cricket or WikiProject Football. inproject:Football inproject:Cricket filters to only pages which are in both WikiProjects inproject:"Africa/Seychelles work group" filters to pages in the Seychelles work group of WikiProject Africa. A list of all possible projects and subprojects can be obtained via the API. Note this filter only works on wikis with Extension:PageAssessments installed (which includes English Wikipedia) Search page The search page features a search box, with some links to search domains beneath it. (For information on what can by typed into the search box, see Search string syntax above.) The main difference between this search box and the one that appears on article pages is that exact matches on this one will not navigate you directly to an article page. This search box will produce the search results page showing what all matches your search on Wikipedia. To get to the search page, perform an empty search (press ↵ Enter while in the search box before typing anything else in), or click on the Search button. The link Special:Search , which can be inserted onto user pages or project pages, for example, also leads to the search page. While the entire contents of the search page is included in the search results page , it is a distinct page. User scripts might be designed to work on the search results page but not the search page, for example. (For an explanation of the controls available on the search page, see Refining results below.) Search results page H:RESULTS H:RESULTS The search results page looks just like the search page , with the results for your search query presented below it. (For information on what can by typed into the search box, see Search string syntax above.) The search results page is displayed when a search is done from the search page, when a search from the regular search box does not exactly match a page title, or when any parameters or special characters are included in a search string . Understanding search results The search string entered will be displayed in the search box on the page, in case you wish to modify it. Spelling corrections and query corrections are offered at the top of the results (see Preliminary reports , below) . Note that search results include content from templates displayed on the pages searched. The order that search results are presented in is based on the page ranking software. Results match word stems, along with their various tenses (past tense, plural tense, etc.), except for anything included between double quotation marks. See Stem matching , below. Throughout the results, matching terms are highlighted in bold. All matches in the title show for sure, while matches within the details may show, but not if they are far apart on the page. Matches are included for section headings, members of matching categories, and destination pages of redirects. These will show off to the side of the page name, parenthetically. A single result (one each) from selected sister projects appears on the right side of the page (the most likely relevant match for each). This feature may be permanently turned off in Preferences . Files from Wikimedia Commons are included within the results when the File: namespace has been selected. You can prepend search terms with local: to limit results to locally uploaded files. Preliminary reports Search results will often be accompanied by a preliminary report. There is a page named " Page name " (a wikilink to an existing page) Did you mean: spelling correction (either a wikilink or a search-link) You may create the page " New title " (a redlink to a new page name) The Did you mean report corrects dictionary word spellings and gives a link that is either a wikilink that will navigate to an article or a search link that will perform a query. The distinction can be made by observing the presence of a You may create the page report. Another report corrects "spellings" to coincide with any "word" found in a search index (any word on the wiki): Refining results H:REFINE H:REFINE The Search page is designed for presenting and refining results in a re-search loop controlled by modifying the query or the search parameters, such as namespace. Namespaces Articles are in the main namespace , or "article space", but Special:Statistics will show that there are many times more pages on Wikipedia than there are articles on Wikipedia. Other types of pages are in other namespaces , and these can be selected using the checkboxes that appear when expanding the section labelled Search in: under the search box. "Default": Only search encyclopedia articles (also called mainspace ). "Discussion": Search talk pages . Some discussions are in the Wikipedia: namespace, which can be included by also selecting "General help" (which also adds help pages) or by selecting "Wikipedia" under "Add namespaces…". "General Help": Search the Help: namespace and Wikipedia: namespace (also called project namespace). The latter contains various types of pages including many help pages. Unfortunarely, there is no reliable way to exclude discussion pages from the results, but you can try adding to your query -insource:/\(UTC\)/ (which would also exclude help pages containing "(UTC)"); or try something more delicate like this (which would also exclude help subpages of WikiProjects). Unfortunarely, there is no reliable way to exclude discussion pages from the results, but you can try adding to your query -insource:/\(UTC\)/ (which would also exclude help pages containing "(UTC)"); or try something more delicate like this (which would also exclude help subpages of WikiProjects). "All": Search every page on the entire wiki, for example also drafts and user pages. Click "Add namespaces…" to select namespaces individually. In order to fully interpret the search results page, check which search domains are checked off, but also remember to check for a namespace name at the beginning or a prefix: parameter at the end of the search box query. A namespace entered in a query always takes priority for determination of the search domain of a query, and will at any time override your default search domain, or any displayed profile . A prefix: parameter at the end of a query in the search box, furthermore, will override any namespace there, or any profile underneath that. Equivalently, you could check the URL in your browser's address bar for profile and namespace parameter settings, because the search query was sent to the search engine by way of that URL. Sorting By default, results are ordered by relevance . The "Sorting order" control in the "Advanced search" section allows you to select two other sort orders: most recently edited, and most recently created. An advanced technique is to manually modify the URL to achieve other sort orders. For example, adding &sort=incoming_links_desc to the end of the URL will sort pages with the most incoming links to the top, and &sort=random will randomly order results. For a full list of available sort orders, see mw:Help:CirrusSearch#Explicit sort orders . Search settings There is a Preferences → Search tab. (You must be logged in.) The default search domain is article space, but any user can change this default, and have their own default search domain for all the queries they run. In any case a query always can specify a namespace to make the search domain explicit and override any default. At the search results page, Special:Search , Advanced dialog, a search can specify any number of namespaces, and logged-in users can set their default search domain there by clicking "Remember selection for future searches". [ c ] Visit your Preferences → Gadgets page (requires JavaScript) to set up: several external search engines' views of Wikipedia. The search results page will then have a pull down list to the left of its search box, offering your choice as, say, a modification of a word or phrase search, or a page ranking refinement. Go to Preferences → Gadgets Appearance , and see "Add a selector to the Wikipedia search page allowing the use of external search engines." a wider search box. Go to Appearance and find "Widen the search box in the Vector skin." Preferences → Search → Completion . Spell-correct titles dropped-down from the search box as you type, or not. Or go to Preferences → Appearance and see "Disable the suggestions dropdown-lists of the search fields". The search results page can open in a new tab. See Preferences → Gadgets Browsing There are also custom user-scripts to make all search results always open in a new tab. (See the scripts available in See also .) To hide/opt-out the search results snippets from sister projects, go to Preferences → Gadgets → Appearance and see "Do not show search results for sister projects on the search results page". Tips and tricks Searching within a page The internal search engine cannot locate occurrences of a string within the page you are viewing but browsers can usually do this with Ctrl + F , or ⌘ Command + F on a Mac. Searching for a specific person's contributions Due to the way the wikimedia database is indexed, there's no direct way to search for something like insource:foo author:person . But, you can come close in some situations. If you're looking for something on a talk (or, sometimes, project) page, people tend to leave a signature after each edit, and such pages are usually set up so old edits roll off onto archive pages. In this case, the proximity search operator can find instances of your search term near the user's name. Something like foo person ~50 might find what you are looking for. Search Wikipedia from any web page To get Wikipedia search results while on any web page , you can temporarily set your web browser's search box to become a Wikipedia search search box, even though you're on another web site (see Help:Searching from a web browser ) . This trick removes the need to first navigate to Wikipedia from a web page, and then do the search or navigation. It is a temporary change, and then you put it back to your preferred web-search engine. You can just drag items on the page the name up to the web browser search box while on any web site , even in the lower sections of a Wikipedia page, where no search box is immediately available. You can reach all twelve sister projects the same way by using interwiki prefixes in the web browser's search box. For example, you can go straight to a Wiktionary entry by using the prefix wikt: from your web-search box. SQL searches / Quarry The entire wikipedia database (with some redactions for privacy) is exposed for SQL queries at the experimental Quarry service . Using this requires a high degree of technical skill; you must not only know SQL, but also be able to navigate the complex (and not always well documented) database schema. For those who are so equipped, it may provide another option for searches which would be impossible to do via the standard search interface. Other search tools Other search tools include: Your own browser, to search the current page only. Try Ctrl + F , F3 , or ⌘ Command + F . , to search other language editions of Wikipedia. Search-related templates See the navigation box below. Internal search tools: ISBN Prefix And many other SpecialPages External tools dedicated to Wikipedia Database searches include: Article title grep : searches page titles using regular expressions . This search is much slower than standard search. In particular this tool can search for exact strings of characters , including punctuation and with case sensitivity . For example the pattern \(& Co\. Ltd\. will find only titles containing (& Co. Ltd. exactly as shown. Regular expressions are precisely defined, and not intuitively obvious. PetScan : about 20 search parameters, three for categories WikiBlame : search for text in the revision history of a page User Contribution Search : reports anyone's contributions to a page Edit summary search : search for text in anyone's edit summaries whichsub : finds transcluded templates of a given page which contain a given string. If you cannot find what you are looking for If you're looking for a place where wine comes from pronounced "Bordo", you can try searching for a more general article such as "Wine", "Wine regions" (returning "List of wine-producing regions") or other wine types such as "Burgundy" and see if it's mentioned there or follow links (in this case, to "Burgundy wine", which has several mentions of "Bordeaux", and links to "French wine" and "Bordeaux wine"). If you know it's in France, look at "France" or the Category:Cities in France , from where you can easily find Bordeaux. You can try various things depending upon the particular case; for "Bordo" wine, it's quite likely that the first letters are "bord", so search an article you've landed on for these letters. (For an overview of how to find and navigate Wikipedia content, see Wikipedia:Contents . If you're looking for a straight definition of a word, try our sister project Wiktionary .) If there is no appropriate page on Wikipedia, consider creating a page , since you can edit Wikipedia right now. Or consider adding what you were looking for to the Requested articles page. If you have a question, then see Where to ask questions , which is a list of departments where our volunteers answer questions, any question you can possibly imagine. A common mistake is to type a natural-language question into the search box and expect an answer. While some Web search tools support this, the Wikipedia search is a text search only; questions, as such, can be asked at the reference desk and similar places. A search for how do clocks work? will return articles with the words how , do , clocks , and work , ignoring the question mark (in practice this can lead to articles answering simple questions). Delay in updating the search index Because people like to see their work in search results, the search engine attempts to update in near real-time . Edits made to pages via templates can take a little longer to propagate. If you see the index lagging more than a day or so, report it . For other technical issues with the search engine, please leave a message on the talk page . Under the hood To power its search feature, Wikipedia uses CirrusSearch , a MediaWiki extension that uses Elasticsearch to provide enhanced search features. Stem matching H:STEM H:STEM Search results will include the roots of words included in the search string, and their various tenses (plural, past-tense, etc.). If stem matching is not wanted, use double quotes around the word or phrase you want to match verbatim. Here are some examples: Query Description stem Matches stem , stemming , stems , etc. cloud Matches cloud , clouds , clouding , or clouded , etc., but not cloudy . "stemming" Matches stemming but not stemmed or stems , etc. "clouds" Matches clouds , but not clouding , or cloud , etc. Custom search boxes H:CSB H:CSB Custom search boxes are made by <inputbox> tags. See mw:Extension:InputBox for more information. Content namespaces Content namespaces are intended for use by readers as part of the encyclopedia. Administrative namespaces Administrative namespaces are intended for use by editors or by automated tools for the administration and governance of the encyclopedia. See also Help:Navigation § Using the search box to navigate Help:Searching from a web browser Help:Searching/Features Help:Searching/feedback MediaWiki:Help:Searching MediaWiki:Search mw:Help:CirrusSearch mw:Help:Extension:WikibaseCirrusSearch mw:Help:Extension:WikibaseCirrusSearch Wikipedia:Search engine test Wikipedia:WikiProject User scripts/Scripts § Search SearchSuite SearchSuite Wikipedia:Overreliance upon Google Wikipedia:Article name search Wikipedia:External search engines Wikipedia:Manual of Style/List of talk page search boxes Wikipedia:United States government document search tools Wikipedia:WikiProject Geographical coordinates/coordinates search tool Wikipedia:WikiProject User scripts/Scripts/Google search Wikipedia:WikiProject User scripts/Scripts/Multi-NS search Wikipedia:Reference desk : Ask a question here and Wikipedia volunteers will try to answer it phab:T204089 – why you can't specifically include or exclude redirects from your search results The alternative to searching = browsing a.k.a. : looking it up Wikipedia:Editor's index to Wikipedia – an enormous list of the Wikipedia community, intended to help find anything not in the encyclopedia itself. Advanced search methods Help:Searching/Regex Help:Searching/Regex/Sandboxing Wikipedia:Tools § Searching Wikipedia:User scripts/List § Search Wikipedia:Advanced source searching Wikipedia:External search engines Help:Linksearch – to search external links (URLs) Wikipedia:PetScan Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/Database Scanner Global search . [1] . "A tool to do keyword and source regex searches across all Wikimedia Foundation wikis." Notes ^ a b See Phabricator task T107947 for an explanation. ^ The upper-cased All: was previously documented as distinct from all: , in doing such namespace sorting while the lower-case version did not. But as of 2024, [update] All: is no longer functional, and tends to produce unexpected results (e.g. no matches, or those containing the word all ). ^ Because the default search domain is a settable preference, any query you intend to share, publish, or save in a search link might need the search domain explicitly given in the search link in order to ensure consistent search results among all users, at any time. {{ Search link }} defaults to article space but can specify multiple namespaces in its query. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Search templates v t e General {{ Search link |SEARCH}} {{ Template usage |TEMPLATE}} {{ Regex |REGEXP}} {{ Search link |SEARCH}} {{ Template usage |TEMPLATE}} {{ Regex |REGEXP}} Links {{ Links to |SECTION}} {{ Links to |SECTION}} Titles {{ In title }} {{ Look from }} {{ In title }} {{ Look from }} Other {{ Linksearch }} {{ Search deletion discussions }} {{ Dabsearch }} {{ Help desk searches }} {{ Spamcheck }} {{ Spamsearch }} {{ Linksearch }} {{ Search deletion discussions }} {{ Dabsearch }} {{ Help desk searches }} {{ Spamcheck }} {{ Spamsearch }} External engines {{ ShortSearch |QUERY TERMS}} {{ Wpsearch |QUERY TERMS}} {{ ShortSearch |QUERY TERMS}} {{ Wpsearch |QUERY TERMS}} Search boxes {{ Search box }} {{ Search prefixes }} {{ Archives }} {{ Search box }} {{ Search prefixes }} {{ Archives }} Self reference {{ Self-reference link |FULLPAGENAME}} {{ Unprintworthy block |(Search)}} {{ Wikibullet }} {{ Self-reference link |FULLPAGENAME}} {{ Unprintworthy block |(Search)}} {{ Wikibullet }} Editor search boxes Search templates documentation Category:Search templates Editor search boxes Search templates documentation Category:Search templates Wikipedia how-to Searching in Wikipedia Reader help Wikipedia features Wikipedia interface help Wikipedia semi-protected project pages This page was last edited on 17 December 2025, at 14:04 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Main Page Main Page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikibooks Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wiktionary Wikidata item Welcome to Wikipedia 267,090 active editors 7,122,778 articles in English From today's featured article Batman Returns is a 1992 American superhero film directed by Tim Burton and written by Daniel Waters . Based on the DC Comics character Batman , it is the sequel to Batman (1989) and the second installment in the Batman film series (1989–1997). Set during Christmas in Gotham City , the film follows Batman , played by Michael Keaton (pictured) , as he confronts corrupt businessman Max Shreck ( Christopher Walken ) and deformed crime boss Oswald Cobblepot / the Penguin ( Danny DeVito ), whose bid for power threatens the city. Their schemes are further complicated by Shreck's former secretary Selina Kyle ( Michelle Pfeiffer ), who seeks revenge against him as Catwoman. Released in June 1992, Batman Returns broke several box-office records and grossed $266.8 million worldwide, becoming the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1992 . Critical reception was polarized, though most reviewers praised the principal cast. Following the film's mixed reception, Burton was replaced as director for its sequel, Batman Forever (1995). ( Full article... ) Louis Abramson The Snow Queen (Kernaghan novel) "Shine" (Gwen Stefani song) Archive By email More featured articles About Did you know ... ... that, when reminiscing about her Spitting Image puppet, bonkbuster writer Jilly Cooper (pictured) only remembered it shouting "sex sex sex sex sex sex"? ... that the film Wicked was dubbed by actresses who were part of the stage show in various countries returning to voice their characters? ... that Fernando Mayén was named the top college football player in Mexico in 2023 after leading the nation with 14 touchdowns? ... that a World War I chemical agent was apparently used against protestors in Tbilisi during the 2024–2026 Georgian protests? ... that, according to the Albatross file , Singapore's Goh Keng Swee never raised proposals for a looser federation in talks with the Malaysian leaders, in spite of Lee Kuan Yew 's instructions? ... that Oregon lumberjack Clarence Boggie had been convicted and pardoned twice for robbery before being charged with murder in 1935? ... that six people were killed and more than 100 others injured during the Trieste riots in 1953 following the announcement of the city being transferred to Italy? ... that Samar was the first Philippine island sighted by Ferdinand Magellan ? ... that between 1906 and 1914 Julian P. Thomas claimed to have set ballooning records, crashed a wind wagon, sold mislabeled bread, and was arrested for providing fraudulent medical advice? Archive Start a new article Nominate an article In the news Thirty-two people are killed when a crane falls onto a passenger train in Sikhio district , Thailand. Following a Saudi-led offensive , Yemeni government forces take control of Aden , the capital of the Southern Transitional Council . Faustin-Archange Touadéra (pictured) is re-elected as the president of the Central African Republic . Delcy Rodríguez is sworn in as the interim president of Venezuela following the capture of Nicolás Maduro during United States strikes on the capital . Iranian protests Russo-Ukrainian war timeline timeline Sudanese civil war timeline timeline Bob Weir Włodzimierz Jakubowski Aoi Fujino Scott Adams Terry Yorath Jim Dennison More current events Nominate an article On this day January 16 1537 – Sir Francis Bigod began an armed rebellion against King Henry VIII and the English Parliament . 1883 – The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act , establishing the United States Civil Service , was enacted by the U.S. Congress . 1945 – World War II : Adolf Hitler and his staff moved into the Führerbunker in Berlin, where he would eventually commit suicide . 2016 – After gunmen took hostages the previous night at a restaurant in Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso, government commandos stormed the premises to bring the situation to an end. 2017 – Turkish Airlines Flight 6491 crashed in Manas International Airport (aftermath pictured) after the flight overflew the entire runway, which resulted in 39 deaths. John C. Breckinridge ( b. 1821) Miguel Ángel Mancera ( b. 1966) Susie Bootja Bootja Napaltjarri ( d. 2003) Valene L. Smith ( d. 2024) January 15 January 16 January 17 Archive By email List of days of the year About From today's featured list There are sixty-three extant species of heteromyids , members of Heteromyidae , a family of small mammals in the order Rodentia . Members include kangaroo rats (example pictured) , kangaroo mice , pocket mice , and spiny pocket mice . They are found in North America, Central America, and the northwest tip of South America, primarily in forests, shrublands , and deserts, though some species can be found in grasslands or rocky areas. The sixty-three extant species in Heteromyidae are divided into three subfamilies: Dipodomyinae , containing twenty-two species of kangaroo rats and kangaroo mice in two genera; Heteromyinae , containing fourteen species of spiny pocket mice in a single genus; and Perognathinae , containing twenty-seven species of pocket mice in two genera. ( Full list... ) Green Bay Packers draft picks (1936–1969) Awards and nominations received by Kim Seon-ho National Assembly constituencies of the Bahamas Archive More featured lists Today's featured picture Narbonne Cathedral is a Catholic church located in the town of Narbonne , France. Dedicated to Saints Justus and Pastor , it was the cathedral of the Diocese of Narbonne until it was merged with the Diocese of Carcassonne under the Concordat of 1801 . It is now a co-cathedral of the Diocese of Carcassonne–Narbonne, and was declared a minor basilica in 1886. The first church on the site was a small Constantinian structure that was erected in 313 and destroyed by fire in 441. A replacement building, erected in 445, fell into ruin and was eventually replaced in 890 by a Carolingian cathedral whose restored steeple remains on the site. Construction on the present Gothic building began in 1272, opening in 1286. It was gradually expanded until 1354, but its size was then limited by the location of the city walls and the rest of the building was never completed, the nave and transept being notably absent. This photograph shows the choir of Narbonne cathedral, looking towards the high altar in the background. Photograph credit: Diego Delso Recently featured: Great Chicago Fire Rainbow bee-eater Paxillus involutus Archive More featured pictures Narbonne Cathedral is a Catholic church located in the town of Narbonne , France. Dedicated to Saints Justus and Pastor , it was the cathedral of the Diocese of Narbonne until it was merged with the Diocese of Carcassonne under the Concordat of 1801 . It is now a co-cathedral of the Diocese of Carcassonne–Narbonne, and was declared a minor basilica in 1886. The first church on the site was a small Constantinian structure that was erected in 313 and destroyed by fire in 441. A replacement building, erected in 445, fell into ruin and was eventually replaced in 890 by a Carolingian cathedral whose restored steeple remains on the site. Construction on the present Gothic building began in 1272, opening in 1286. It was gradually expanded until 1354, but its size was then limited by the location of the city walls and the rest of the building was never completed, the nave and transept being notably absent. This photograph shows the choir of Narbonne cathedral, looking towards the high altar in the background. Photograph credit: Diego Delso Great Chicago Fire Rainbow bee-eater Paxillus involutus Archive More featured pictures Other areas of Wikipedia Community portal – The central hub for editors, with resources, links, tasks, and announcements. Village pump – Forum for discussions about Wikipedia itself, including policies and technical issues. Site news – Sources of news about Wikipedia and the broader Wikimedia movement. Teahouse – Ask basic questions about using or editing Wikipedia. Help desk – Ask questions about using or editing Wikipedia. Reference desk – Ask research questions about encyclopedic topics. Content portals – A unique way to navigate the encyclopedia. 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Mwaisse pådje Inte di nozôtes Dierins candjmints Årtike a l’ astcheyance Aidance Pådjes sipeciåles Ecwårlaedje Ahiver on novea conte S’ elodjî Ecwårlaedje Ahiver on novea conte S’ elodjî Mwaisse pådje Mwaisse pådje Copene Lére Voir le texte source Vey l’ istwere Lére Voir le texte source Vey l’ istwere Pådjes ki loynut cial Candjmints aloyîs Eberweter on fitchî Hårdêye viè cisse modêye ci Infôrmåcion sol pådje Citer cisse pådje ci Obtenir l'URL raccourcie Télécharger le code QR Utiliser l'ancien analyseur Fé on live Aberweter come PDF Modêye sicrirece-amiståve Wikimedia Commons Fondation Wikimédia MediaWiki Méta-Wiki Sensibilisation Wikimédia Wikisource multilingue Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikisource Wiktionnaire Cayet di Wikidata .mw-parser-output .MP{max-width:1200px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .MPcop{border:1px solid #ddd;padding:20pt;overflow:auto;margin-bottom:15pt;box-shadow:0 3px 5px -2px #aaa;background:#DEF2F2;font-size:110%;border-radius:3px}.mw-parser-output .MPbv{float:left;font-size:180%}.mw-parser-output .MPi{float:right;font-size:85%;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .MPbv1{font-family:serif}.mw-parser-output .MPbv2{font-size:50%}.mw-parser-output .MPh{clear:both;text-align:center;padding:20pt 0 0 0;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .MPcol{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .MPcol1{flex:1;margin-right:10pt}.mw-parser-output .MPcol2{width:40%}.mw-parser-output .MPboe{border:1px solid #ddd;margin-bottom:10pt;padding:10pt;box-shadow:0 3px 5px -2px #aaa;background:linear-gradient(#DEF2F2,#DEF2F2);border-radius:3px}.mw-parser-output .MPboe1{padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 30pt;font-family:serif;text-transform:uppercase;border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;color:#000000;background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/22px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png")no-repeat 5pt center}.mw-parser-output .MPboe1p{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/22px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png")}.mw-parser-output .MPboe1s{background-image:url(" .MPboe1h{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Dialog-information_on.svg/22px-Dialog-information_on.svg.png")}.mw-parser-output .MPboe1v{background-image:url(" .MPboe1n{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Newspaper_Cover.svg/24px-Newspaper_Cover.svg.png")}.mw-parser-output .MPboe1a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Applications-office.svg/22px-Applications-office.svg.png")}.mw-parser-output .MPboe2{padding:15pt 10pt}.mw-parser-output .MPr{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .MPdico strong{font-size:.9em;text-transform:uppercase}.mw-parser-output .WP,.mw-parser-output .WS{padding-left:60px;display:inline-block;margin:0 10pt}.mw-parser-output .WP span,.mw-parser-output .WS span{color:gray;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .WP{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/32px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png")no-repeat center left}.mw-parser-output .WS{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat center left}.mw-parser-output hr{background-color:#ddd;margin:1em 0}@media screen and (max-width:1200px){.mw-parser-output .MPcol{flex-direction:column-reverse}.mw-parser-output .MPcol1{flex:1;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .MPcol2{width:auto}} Wilicom sol coxhe walon-cåzante do Wikipedia … …ki c' est ene libe eciclopedeye , dinêye po rén, k’ on pout tertos recråxhî. Nos estans li semdi 10 di djanvî 2026 ey i gn a 12 848 årtikes . Gråces a tertotes ey a tertos ! Modêye po les sûtifones 0 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 A - Å - B - C - D - E - Ê - F - G - H - I - Î - J - K - L - M - N - O - Ô - P - Q - R - S - T - U - Û - V - W - X - Y - Z Årtike do moes si portrait oficir come imperresse do Mecsike Tchårlote di Beldjike , e-n espagnol Carlotta de México ( Tchårlote do Mecsike ), c' esteut l' seule feye do rwè Yopôl Prumî et del royinne Louwisse d' Orleyan (k' avént eto deus fis). Ele sikepia li 7 di djun 1840 a Låken et mora li 19 di djanvî 1927 a Meise . Di s' mariaedje avou Miyin d' Otriche ( 1857 ), ele divna on moumint imperresse do Mecsike ( 1864 - 1867 ). Ele dimora deus grossès anêyes e Mecsike. C' est leye ki tneut l' pot droet cwand si ome n' esteut nén la. Ele aveut l' idêye di mintni låvå on sistinme di rweyålté et d’ fwè catolike . Ca les Mecsikins vinént di declårer ene republike layike (1857). Shuva l' abrocaedje des Francès da Napoleyon III , ki declara l' impire, et diner l' trône a Miyin d' Otriche ki divna impreur do Mecsike e 1864 . Mins l' impreur francès Napoleyon III rihouca ses sôdårds ki sotnént li povwer imperiå. Tote seule, ele decida d' eraler e l' Urope dimander d' l' aidance a Napoleyon III et å Påpe Pî IX . Mins ele pierda ses tåtes, estant a Rome . Les docteurs li fjhît reclôre. C' est adon ki si ome esta fuziyî påzès revinteus mecsikins (e moes d' djun 1867 ). Mins ele n' è sepa rén. Si famile li fjha raminer e l’ Beldjike. Ele vica co cåzu swessante ans foû do pazea (come ene dimeye doûce). Mins on n' è sava måy li fén mot. Lére l' årtike Pordjets d' asteure Årtikes Eterface Wikimedia Åbussons et tchampions Ratournaedje Vî motî « R11 » bagué viè El Wiccionaire Culture eyet tuzance walones / Istwere del Walonreye Lingaedje walon Linwince walone Lingaedjes daegnreces Plantes et biesses del Walonreye Dominnes dedja bén diswalpés e l' eciclopedeye Årts Danse Muzike ; Muzicyin walon-cåzant Pondeure Djeyografeye Aiwe Meteyorolodjeye Payis Viyaedjes rebanés di Walonreye Societé Economeye ; Industreye ; Comiece Istwere ; Vîs mestîs Lingaedjes ; Lisse daegnrece Lingaedje walon Monde amazir Medias Rilidjons Rilomêyès djins ; Grands scrijheus Syinces Agricoûteure Astronomeye ; Cirnaiviaedje Biyolodjeye Biesses Ecolodjeye Plantes ; Rindjmint nén sincieus Ringnes då vicant Tchampions Infôrmatike Maladeyes Fitiyatreye Medcene Årtisyince : maladeyes des bovrins , des bedots ; des poyes ; des tchvås Prezintaedje do Wikipedia Çoucial, c' est l' eciclopedeye Wikipedia e walon, k' a-st ataké e 2003 . Si vos vloz rbouter avou nozôtes, c' est foirt åjhey : vos fåt djusse clitchî so les loyéns et vs mete a scrire des noveas årtikes ou coridjî, ubén ecråxhî les cis k' i gn a ddja. Po pus di racsegnes so çou k' est Wikipedia, sol manire di scrire les årtikes, et tchik et tchak. Vos ploz pol moumint aler lére les pådjes d' aidance des wikipedias francès eyet inglès ; vos ploz ratourner ces pådjes d' aidance rola eto, si vos l' voloz bén. Tapez ossu èn ouy so les esplikêyes di cmint candjî ene pådje oudonbén léjhoz l' FAQ . Si vos vloz fé des sayes po vey kimint k' ça rote, alez vaici . Vos ploz bén seur sicrire so ttafwait; mins nos nos rafiyans di håyner tot des hagnons k' ont-st a vey avou l' Walonreye ou l' walon . Li contnou di Wikipedia est dizo l' Licince di Libe Documintåcion di GNU : dj' ô bén k' il est libe eyet l' serè po todi ! Po pus di racsegnes, léjhoz l' pådje so les abondroets . Vos vôrîz k' èn årtike so on sudjet dné soeye askepyî abeymint ? Vos n' av' k' a dmander. Årmonak Wikipedia:Årmonak/djanvî 10 Årtchives des årmonaks po djanvî El savîz ? Li 27 di setimbe , c' est l' fiesse del Federåcion Walonreye-Brussele , mins nén el ci del Redjon walone . Come di djusse, ès fiesse, c' est l' troejhinme dimegne di setimbe . Li 15 di setimbe , c' est l' djoû avou l' pus d' nexhances so l' anêye, e l' Beldjike . Houte di çoula, el moes d' setimbe , c' est l' deujhinme moes avou l' pus d' nexhances, djusse dirî el moes d' djulete . C' est espaitchî, po les omes, d' intrer dins l' pårlumint walon avou on chorte . Totfeye, les omes polnut intrer didins avou ene cote . C' est possibe di fé do laecea avou del tchene . Li mot « scole » vént do vî grek « σχολή », ki vout dire fouzeure . Ôtes pordjets wikimedia e walon Wiccionaire Wiccionaire Motî Wikisourd Wikisourd Bibioteke Gråces a tertotes ey a tertos ! Tchårlote di Beldjike , e-n espagnol Carlotta de México ( Tchårlote do Mecsike ), c' esteut l' seule feye do rwè Yopôl Prumî et del royinne Louwisse d' Orleyan (k' avént eto deus fis). Ele sikepia li 7 di djun 1840 a Låken et mora li 19 di djanvî 1927 a Meise . Di s' mariaedje avou Miyin d' Otriche ( 1857 ), ele divna on moumint imperresse do Mecsike ( 1864 - 1867 ). Ele dimora deus grossès anêyes e Mecsike. C' est leye ki tneut l' pot droet cwand si ome n' esteut nén la. Ele aveut l' idêye di mintni låvå on sistinme di rweyålté et d’ fwè catolike . Ca les Mecsikins vinént di declårer ene republike layike (1857). Shuva l' abrocaedje des Francès da Napoleyon III , ki declara l' impire, et diner l' trône a Miyin d' Otriche ki divna impreur do Mecsike e 1864 . Mins l' impreur francès Napoleyon III rihouca ses sôdårds ki sotnént li povwer imperiå. Tote seule, ele decida d' eraler e l' Urope dimander d' l' aidance a Napoleyon III et å Påpe Pî IX . Mins ele pierda ses tåtes, estant a Rome . Les docteurs li fjhît reclôre. C' est adon ki si ome esta fuziyî påzès revinteus mecsikins (e moes d' djun 1867 ). Mins ele n' è sepa rén. Si famile li fjha raminer e l’ Beldjike. Ele vica co cåzu swessante ans foû do pazea (come ene dimeye doûce). Mins on n' è sava måy li fén mot. Lére l' årtike Årtikes Eterface Wikimedia Åbussons et tchampions Ratournaedje Vî motî « R11 » bagué viè El Wiccionaire bagué viè Culture eyet tuzance walones / Istwere del Walonreye Lingaedje walon Linwince walone Lingaedjes daegnreces Plantes et biesses del Walonreye Årts Danse Muzike ; Muzicyin walon-cåzant Pondeure Danse Muzike ; Muzicyin walon-cåzant Pondeure Djeyografeye Aiwe Meteyorolodjeye Payis Viyaedjes rebanés di Walonreye Aiwe Meteyorolodjeye Payis Viyaedjes rebanés di Walonreye Societé Economeye ; Industreye ; Comiece Istwere ; Vîs mestîs Lingaedjes ; Lisse daegnrece Lingaedje walon Monde amazir Medias Rilidjons Rilomêyès djins ; Grands scrijheus Economeye ; Industreye ; Comiece Istwere ; Vîs mestîs Lingaedjes ; Lisse daegnrece Lingaedje walon Monde amazir Lingaedje walon Monde amazir Medias Rilidjons Rilomêyès djins ; Grands scrijheus Syinces Agricoûteure Astronomeye ; Cirnaiviaedje Biyolodjeye Biesses Ecolodjeye Plantes ; Rindjmint nén sincieus Ringnes då vicant Tchampions Infôrmatike Maladeyes Fitiyatreye Medcene Årtisyince : maladeyes des bovrins , des bedots ; des poyes ; des tchvås Agricoûteure Astronomeye ; Cirnaiviaedje Biyolodjeye Biesses Ecolodjeye Plantes ; Rindjmint nén sincieus Ringnes då vicant Tchampions Biesses Ecolodjeye Plantes ; Rindjmint nén sincieus Ringnes då vicant Tchampions Infôrmatike Maladeyes Fitiyatreye Medcene Årtisyince : maladeyes des bovrins , des bedots ; des poyes ; des tchvås Fitiyatreye Medcene Årtisyince : maladeyes des bovrins , des bedots ; des poyes ; des tchvås Si vos vloz rbouter avou nozôtes, c' est foirt åjhey : vos fåt djusse clitchî so les loyéns et vs mete a scrire des noveas årtikes ou coridjî, ubén ecråxhî les cis k' i gn a ddja. Po pus di racsegnes so çou k' est Wikipedia, sol manire di scrire les årtikes, et tchik et tchak. Vos ploz pol moumint aler lére les pådjes d' aidance des wikipedias francès eyet inglès ; vos ploz ratourner ces pådjes d' aidance rola eto, si vos l' voloz bén. Tapez ossu èn ouy so les esplikêyes di cmint candjî ene pådje oudonbén léjhoz l' FAQ . Si vos vloz fé des sayes po vey kimint k' ça rote, alez vaici . Vos ploz bén seur sicrire so ttafwait; mins nos nos rafiyans di håyner tot des hagnons k' ont-st a vey avou l' Walonreye ou l' walon . Li contnou di Wikipedia est dizo l' Licince di Libe Documintåcion di GNU : dj' ô bén k' il est libe eyet l' serè po todi ! Po pus di racsegnes, léjhoz l' pådje so les abondroets . Vos vôrîz k' èn årtike so on sudjet dné soeye askepyî abeymint ? Vos n' av' k' a dmander. Li 27 di setimbe , c' est l' fiesse del Federåcion Walonreye-Brussele , mins nén el ci del Redjon walone . Come di djusse, ès fiesse, c' est l' troejhinme dimegne di setimbe . Li 15 di setimbe , c' est l' djoû avou l' pus d' nexhances so l' anêye, e l' Beldjike . Houte di çoula, el moes d' setimbe , c' est l' deujhinme moes avou l' pus d' nexhances, djusse dirî el moes d' djulete . C' est espaitchî, po les omes, d' intrer dins l' pårlumint walon avou on chorte . Totfeye, les omes polnut intrer didins avou ene cote . C' est possibe di fé do laecea avou del tchene . 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Unang Panid Tubaan Mga bag-ong giusab Bisan unsang panid Tabang Mga donasyon Paghimo og akawnt Sulod Mga donasyon Paghimo og akawnt Sulod Mga sulod Sinugdanan 1 Piniling artikulo 2 Mga Panghitabo Unang Panid Unang Panid Panaghisgot-hisgot Basaha Tan-awa ang tinubdan Tan-awa ang kaagi Basaha Tan-awa ang tinubdan Tan-awa ang kaagi Unsay mga misumpay dinhi Mga may kalabotang kausaban Pagsumiter og payl Permanenteng sumpay Impormasyon kabahin sa panid Kutloa kining maong artikulo Pagkuha og pinamubo nga URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Paghimo og libro I-download isip PDF Mapatik nga bersiyon Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Aytem sa Wikidata Dayon Wikipedya , ang libre ug gawasnong ensiklopedya. Ang Sinugboanong Wikipedya nag-inusarang ensiklopedya sa Binisaya walay bayad (tan-awa ang atong copyright ) Kini ang among damgo: Maapod-apod sa matag Bisaya/Sugboanon ang usa ka libreng ensiklopedya. 6,115,889 ka mga artikulo ug 3 file gisugdan Hunyo 22, 2005 . Biyernes , Enero 16 , 2026 ; 13:59 ( GMT+8 ) karon Bag-oha Piniling artikulo Si Adolf Hitler. (Hulagway gikan sa Arkibo Pederal sa Alemanya) Si Adolf Hitler ( Kiling 20 , 1889 - Kiling 30 , 1945 ) usa ka Alemang lugayna kinsa nangulo sa Nasodnong Sosyalistang Hugpong sa mga Mamumuong Aleman . Siya nahimong Chancellor sa Alemanya (1933-1945) ug Führer sa Alemanya (1934-1945). Human ang Gubat Kalibotanon I , ang Partidong Nazi nakakuha'g gahom sa panahon sa krisis didto sa Alemanya pinaagi sa paggamit sa nasyonalismo , antisemitismo , antikomunismo , propaganda , ug sa karismatikong oratoryo ni Hitler. Gipadakop ug gipapatay sa mga Nazi ang kadaghanan sa ilang mga kaaway, giusab ang pang-estadong ekonomiya , girearmahan ang kasundalohan ( Wehrmacht ), ug nagtukod og usa ka totalitaryano ug pasistang diktadorya . Gisulong ni Hitler ang mga polisiya nga ang tumong mao ang pagkuha og Lebenstraum . Ang pagsulong nila sa Poland niadtong 1939 maoy nagtukmod sa mga imperyong Briton ug Pranses sa pagdeklara og gubat batok sa mga Aleman, nga epektibong nakasugod sa Gubat Kalibotanon II . padayo'g pag-basa... Ang ubang maayong mga artikulo – Mga sugyot – Mga kinahanglanon Mga Panghitabo Coronavirus pandemya . Uban pang panghitabo... Makatabang ka sa pagkab-ot sa maong tinguha! Pagpuno og artikulo : Mahimong orihinal nga sinulat o hinubad gikan sa ubang Wikipedya. Niay among sugyot nga sulatonong mga artikulo . Panindota ang mga eksisting nga artikulo . Unaha ang imong (mga) hilig: kompyuter , internet , ang imong lungsod , ang imong paboritong banda nga BisRock . Pipila sa imong mahimo: butangi'g hulagway ( unsaon ?) , hinloa ang espeling, ayoha ang pagkasulat. Mga Ganghaan : Kabisay-an Mga arte Matematika Heyograpiya Kasaysayan Siyensiya Bayograpiya Katitikan Teknolohiya Pilosopiya Katilingban Uban pa Kinsa kami? Ang mga serber nga nagapadagan sa Sinugboanong Wikipedya gipanag-iya sa Wikimedia Foundation . Ang Wikimedia Pilipinas mao ang lokal nga tsapter sa nasod. Tan-awa dinhi ang talaan sa mga nag-una ug kanunayng tigtampohan . Mahimo kaming makontak pinaagi sa indibidwal nga panid sa tiggamit . Pwede usab sa Tubaan . Don't speak Cebuano? You can post messages at our Embassy . Di nagse-Sebwano? Maaari kang mag-iwan ng mensahe sa aming Pasuguan . Ang Wikipedya sa ubang pinulongan Mga Wikipedya sa Pilipinas : Binikol - Iniloko - Kinapampangan - Pinanggasinan - Tinagalog - Tsinabakano - Winaray Mga Wikipedya sa ubang pinulongan : May total nga 273 ka mga wikipedya. Pipila sa labing dako mao kining mosunod. Labaw sa 100,000 artikulo: · Kinatsila (Español) · Pinlandes (Suomi) · Ukranyano (Українська) · Inebreo (עברית) · Binyetnamita (Tiếng Việt) · Winaray Labaw sa 20,000 artikulo: · Inestonyo (Eesti) · Minalayo (Bahasa Melayu) · Iningles (simple) · Ginalyego (Galego) · Bag-ong Ninorwego (Nynorsk) · Linatin (Latina) · Hinabanes (Basa Jawa) · Lineton (Latviešu) · Binosniyo (Bosanski) · Inislandes (Íslenska) · Ginales (Cymraeg) · Binyeloruso (Беларуская) · Inoksitano (Occitan) · tanang pinulongan Mga kaubang proyekto sa Wikipedya : Wiktionary (diksiyonaryo) Wikibooks (libro) Wikiquote ( quotes ) Wikisource (dokumento) Wikispecies (organismo) Wikinews (balita) Wikiversity (tulunghaan) Commons (mga file ) Meta (koordinasyon) Dayon Wikipedya , ang libre ug gawasnong ensiklopedya. Ang Sinugboanong Wikipedya nag-inusarang ensiklopedya sa Binisaya walay bayad (tan-awa ang atong copyright ) nag-inusarang ensiklopedya sa Binisaya walay bayad (tan-awa ang atong copyright ) Kini ang among damgo: Maapod-apod sa matag Bisaya/Sugboanon ang usa ka libreng ensiklopedya. 6,115,889 ka mga artikulo ug 3 file gisugdan Hunyo 22, 2005 . Biyernes , Enero 16 , 2026 ; 13:59 ( GMT+8 ) karon Bag-oha Piniling artikulo Si Adolf Hitler. (Hulagway gikan sa Arkibo Pederal sa Alemanya) Si Adolf Hitler ( Kiling 20 , 1889 - Kiling 30 , 1945 ) usa ka Alemang lugayna kinsa nangulo sa Nasodnong Sosyalistang Hugpong sa mga Mamumuong Aleman . Siya nahimong Chancellor sa Alemanya (1933-1945) ug Führer sa Alemanya (1934-1945). Human ang Gubat Kalibotanon I , ang Partidong Nazi nakakuha'g gahom sa panahon sa krisis didto sa Alemanya pinaagi sa paggamit sa nasyonalismo , antisemitismo , antikomunismo , propaganda , ug sa karismatikong oratoryo ni Hitler. Gipadakop ug gipapatay sa mga Nazi ang kadaghanan sa ilang mga kaaway, giusab ang pang-estadong ekonomiya , girearmahan ang kasundalohan ( Wehrmacht ), ug nagtukod og usa ka totalitaryano ug pasistang diktadorya . Gisulong ni Hitler ang mga polisiya nga ang tumong mao ang pagkuha og Lebenstraum . Ang pagsulong nila sa Poland niadtong 1939 maoy nagtukmod sa mga imperyong Briton ug Pranses sa pagdeklara og gubat batok sa mga Aleman, nga epektibong nakasugod sa Gubat Kalibotanon II . padayo'g pag-basa... Ang ubang maayong mga artikulo – Mga sugyot – Mga kinahanglanon Mga Panghitabo Coronavirus pandemya . Uban pang panghitabo... Makatabang ka sa pagkab-ot sa maong tinguha! Kini ang among damgo: Piniling artikulo Si Adolf Hitler. (Hulagway gikan sa Arkibo Pederal sa Alemanya) Si Adolf Hitler ( Kiling 20 , 1889 - Kiling 30 , 1945 ) usa ka Alemang lugayna kinsa nangulo sa Nasodnong Sosyalistang Hugpong sa mga Mamumuong Aleman . Siya nahimong Chancellor sa Alemanya (1933-1945) ug Führer sa Alemanya (1934-1945). Human ang Gubat Kalibotanon I , ang Partidong Nazi nakakuha'g gahom sa panahon sa krisis didto sa Alemanya pinaagi sa paggamit sa nasyonalismo , antisemitismo , antikomunismo , propaganda , ug sa karismatikong oratoryo ni Hitler. Gipadakop ug gipapatay sa mga Nazi ang kadaghanan sa ilang mga kaaway, giusab ang pang-estadong ekonomiya , girearmahan ang kasundalohan ( Wehrmacht ), ug nagtukod og usa ka totalitaryano ug pasistang diktadorya . Gisulong ni Hitler ang mga polisiya nga ang tumong mao ang pagkuha og Lebenstraum . Ang pagsulong nila sa Poland niadtong 1939 maoy nagtukmod sa mga imperyong Briton ug Pranses sa pagdeklara og gubat batok sa mga Aleman, nga epektibong nakasugod sa Gubat Kalibotanon II . padayo'g pag-basa... Ang ubang maayong mga artikulo – Mga sugyot – Mga kinahanglanon Piniling artikulo Piniling artikulo Piniling artikulo Si Adolf Hitler. (Hulagway gikan sa Arkibo Pederal sa Alemanya) Si Adolf Hitler ( Kiling 20 , 1889 - Kiling 30 , 1945 ) usa ka Alemang lugayna kinsa nangulo sa Nasodnong Sosyalistang Hugpong sa mga Mamumuong Aleman . Siya nahimong Chancellor sa Alemanya (1933-1945) ug Führer sa Alemanya (1934-1945). Human ang Gubat Kalibotanon I , ang Partidong Nazi nakakuha'g gahom sa panahon sa krisis didto sa Alemanya pinaagi sa paggamit sa nasyonalismo , antisemitismo , antikomunismo , propaganda , ug sa karismatikong oratoryo ni Hitler. Gipadakop ug gipapatay sa mga Nazi ang kadaghanan sa ilang mga kaaway, giusab ang pang-estadong ekonomiya , girearmahan ang kasundalohan ( Wehrmacht ), ug nagtukod og usa ka totalitaryano ug pasistang diktadorya . Gisulong ni Hitler ang mga polisiya nga ang tumong mao ang pagkuha og Lebenstraum . Ang pagsulong nila sa Poland niadtong 1939 maoy nagtukmod sa mga imperyong Briton ug Pranses sa pagdeklara og gubat batok sa mga Aleman, nga epektibong nakasugod sa Gubat Kalibotanon II . padayo'g pag-basa... Ang ubang maayong mga artikulo – Mga sugyot – Mga kinahanglanon Si Adolf Hitler ( Kiling 20 , 1889 - Kiling 30 , 1945 ) usa ka Alemang lugayna kinsa nangulo sa Nasodnong Sosyalistang Hugpong sa mga Mamumuong Aleman . Siya nahimong Chancellor sa Alemanya (1933-1945) ug Führer sa Alemanya (1934-1945). Human ang Gubat Kalibotanon I , ang Partidong Nazi nakakuha'g gahom sa panahon sa krisis didto sa Alemanya pinaagi sa paggamit sa nasyonalismo , antisemitismo , antikomunismo , propaganda , ug sa karismatikong oratoryo ni Hitler. Gipadakop ug gipapatay sa mga Nazi ang kadaghanan sa ilang mga kaaway, giusab ang pang-estadong ekonomiya , girearmahan ang kasundalohan ( Wehrmacht ), ug nagtukod og usa ka totalitaryano ug pasistang diktadorya . Gisulong ni Hitler ang mga polisiya nga ang tumong mao ang pagkuha og Lebenstraum . Ang pagsulong nila sa Poland niadtong 1939 maoy nagtukmod sa mga imperyong Briton ug Pranses sa pagdeklara og gubat batok sa mga Aleman, nga epektibong nakasugod sa Gubat Kalibotanon II . Mga Panghitabo Coronavirus pandemya . Uban pang panghitabo... Mga Panghitabo Mga Panghitabo Mga Panghitabo Coronavirus pandemya . Uban pang panghitabo... Coronavirus pandemya . Uban pang panghitabo... Pagpuno og artikulo : Mahimong orihinal nga sinulat o hinubad gikan sa ubang Wikipedya. Niay among sugyot nga sulatonong mga artikulo . Pagpuno og artikulo : Mahimong orihinal nga sinulat o hinubad gikan sa ubang Wikipedya. Niay among sugyot nga sulatonong mga artikulo . Mahimong orihinal nga sinulat o hinubad gikan sa ubang Wikipedya. Niay among sugyot nga sulatonong mga artikulo . Panindota ang mga eksisting nga artikulo . Unaha ang imong (mga) hilig: kompyuter , internet , ang imong lungsod , ang imong paboritong banda nga BisRock . Pipila sa imong mahimo: butangi'g hulagway ( unsaon ?) , hinloa ang espeling, ayoha ang pagkasulat. Panindota ang mga eksisting nga artikulo . Unaha ang imong (mga) hilig: kompyuter , internet , ang imong lungsod , ang imong paboritong banda nga BisRock . Pipila sa imong mahimo: butangi'g hulagway ( unsaon ?) , hinloa ang espeling, ayoha ang pagkasulat. Unaha ang imong (mga) hilig: kompyuter , internet , ang imong lungsod , ang imong paboritong banda nga BisRock . Pipila sa imong mahimo: butangi'g hulagway ( unsaon ?) , hinloa ang espeling, ayoha ang pagkasulat. Mga Ganghaan : Kabisay-an Mga arte Matematika Heyograpiya Kasaysayan Siyensiya Bayograpiya Katitikan Teknolohiya Pilosopiya Katilingban Uban pa Mga Ganghaan : Kabisay-an Mga arte Matematika Heyograpiya Kasaysayan Siyensiya Bayograpiya Katitikan Teknolohiya Pilosopiya Katilingban Uban pa Kabisay-an Mga arte Matematika Heyograpiya Kasaysayan Siyensiya Bayograpiya Katitikan Teknolohiya Pilosopiya Katilingban Uban pa Kinsa kami? Ang mga serber nga nagapadagan sa Sinugboanong Wikipedya gipanag-iya sa Wikimedia Foundation . Ang Wikimedia Pilipinas mao ang lokal nga tsapter sa nasod. Tan-awa dinhi ang talaan sa mga nag-una ug kanunayng tigtampohan . Mahimo kaming makontak pinaagi sa indibidwal nga panid sa tiggamit . Pwede usab sa Tubaan . Don't speak Cebuano? You can post messages at our Embassy . Di nagse-Sebwano? Maaari kang mag-iwan ng mensahe sa aming Pasuguan . Ang mga serber nga nagapadagan sa Sinugboanong Wikipedya gipanag-iya sa Wikimedia Foundation . Ang Wikimedia Pilipinas mao ang lokal nga tsapter sa nasod. Don't speak Cebuano? You can post messages at our Embassy . Di nagse-Sebwano? Maaari kang mag-iwan ng mensahe sa aming Pasuguan . Ang Wikipedya sa ubang pinulongan Mga Wikipedya sa Pilipinas : Binikol - Iniloko - Kinapampangan - Pinanggasinan - Tinagalog - Tsinabakano - Winaray Mga Wikipedya sa ubang pinulongan : May total nga 273 ka mga wikipedya. Pipila sa labing dako mao kining mosunod. Labaw sa 100,000 artikulo: · Kinatsila (Español) · Pinlandes (Suomi) · Ukranyano (Українська) · Inebreo (עברית) · Binyetnamita (Tiếng Việt) · Winaray Labaw sa 20,000 artikulo: · Inestonyo (Eesti) · Minalayo (Bahasa Melayu) · Iningles (simple) · Ginalyego (Galego) · Bag-ong Ninorwego (Nynorsk) · Linatin (Latina) · Hinabanes (Basa Jawa) · Lineton (Latviešu) · Binosniyo (Bosanski) · Inislandes (Íslenska) · Ginales (Cymraeg) · Binyeloruso (Беларуская) · Inoksitano (Occitan) · tanang pinulongan Mga kaubang proyekto sa Wikipedya : Wiktionary (diksiyonaryo) Wikibooks (libro) Wikiquote ( quotes ) Wikisource (dokumento) Wikispecies (organismo) Wikinews (balita) Wikiversity (tulunghaan) Commons (mga file ) Meta (koordinasyon) Ang Wikipedya sa ubang pinulongan Mga Wikipedya sa Pilipinas : Binikol - Iniloko - Kinapampangan - Pinanggasinan - Tinagalog - Tsinabakano - Winaray Mga Wikipedya sa ubang pinulongan : May total nga 273 ka mga wikipedya. Pipila sa labing dako mao kining mosunod. Labaw sa 100,000 artikulo: · Kinatsila (Español) · Pinlandes (Suomi) · Ukranyano (Українська) · Inebreo (עברית) · Binyetnamita (Tiếng Việt) · Winaray Labaw sa 20,000 artikulo: · Inestonyo (Eesti) · Minalayo (Bahasa Melayu) · Iningles (simple) · Ginalyego (Galego) · Bag-ong Ninorwego (Nynorsk) · Linatin (Latina) · Hinabanes (Basa Jawa) · Lineton (Latviešu) · Binosniyo (Bosanski) · Inislandes (Íslenska) · Ginales (Cymraeg) · Binyeloruso (Беларуская) · Inoksitano (Occitan) · tanang pinulongan Mga kaubang proyekto sa Wikipedya : Wiktionary (diksiyonaryo) Wiktionary (diksiyonaryo) Wikibooks (libro) Wikibooks (libro) Wikiquote ( quotes ) Wikiquote ( quotes ) Wikisource (dokumento) Wikisource (dokumento) Wikispecies (organismo) Wikispecies (organismo) Wikinews (balita) Wikinews (balita) Wikiversity (tulunghaan) Wikiversity (tulunghaan) Commons (mga file ) Commons (mga file ) Meta (koordinasyon) Meta (koordinasyon) العربية Bikol Central Chavacano de Zamboanga English Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Ilokano 日本語 한국어 Malagasy Bahasa Melayu Pangasinan Kapampangan Simple English Tagalog Winaray 中文 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Kining maong panid kataposang giusab niadtong 3 Mayo 2025 sa 02:58. Page was rendered with Parsoid . Ang teksto anaa ubos sa Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; dugang mga termino mahimong magamit. Tan-awa ang Termino sa Paggamit alang sa mga detalye. Palisiya sa personal nga impormasyon Mahitungod sa Wikipedia Mga pagpasabot Code of Conduct Mga tig-ugmad Estadistika Pahayag sa cookie Alang sa <em>mobile</em>
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Hlavní strana Nápověda Potřebuji pomoc Nejlepší články Náhodný článek Poslední změny Komunitní portál Pod lípou Speciální stránky Podpořte Wikipedii Vytvoření účtu Přihlášení Podpořte Wikipedii Vytvoření účtu Přihlášení Hlavní strana Hlavní strana Diskuse Číst Zobrazit zdroj Zobrazit historii Číst Zobrazit zdroj Zobrazit historii Odkazuje sem Související změny Načíst soubor Trvalý odkaz Informace o stránce Citovat stránku Získat zkrácené URL Stáhnout QR kód Vytvořit knihu Stáhnout jako PDF Verze k tisku Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Vícejazyčné Wikizdroje Wikidruhy Wikiknihy Wikidata Wikifunkce Wikimánie Wikizprávy Wikicitáty Wikizdroje Wikiverzita Wikicesty Wikislovník Položka Wikidat St. Gallen (ve švýcarské němčině Sanggale , francouzsky Saint-Gall , italsky San Gallo , rétorománsky Sogn Gagl , česky doslovně a zastarale Svatý Havel ) je švýcarské město , hlavní město stejnojmenného kantonu , pojmenované po svatém Havlu . Žije zde asi 78 tisíc obyvatel a je tak osmým největším městem Švýcarska. V současnosti je velkou městskou aglomerací , v níž v roce 2019 žilo zhruba 167 tisíc obyvatel, a představuje centrum východního Švýcarska. Jeho hospodářství tvoří především sektor služeb . Ve městě sídlí Univerzita v St. Gallenu , jedna z prestižních evropských ekonomických škol. … velryba grónská (na obrázku) se dožívá nejvyššího věku mezi savci? … den argentinské vlajky se slaví 20. června, v den úmrtí autora argentinské vlajky – generála Manuela Belgrana ? … Jiří Beneš , synovec Edvarda Beneše , napsal knihu, ze které byly použity informace při norimberském procesu ? … v Bajanölgijském ajmagu Mongolska tvoří většinu obyvatel Kazaši ? Články podle témat Čas Dorozumívání Geografie Historie Informace Kultura Lidé Matematika Politika Právo Příroda Rekordy Společnost Sport Technika Umění Věda Vojenství Vzdělávání Zdravotnictví Život Seznamy Hlavní témata Historie Geografie Příroda Doprava Lidé Kultura Náboženství Sport O nás Česká Wikipedie Diskuse o Wikipedii Spolek Wikimedia ČR Kontakt Jak citovat Wikipedii Pomozte vylepšit Často čtené texty nižší kvality Další nedodělané články Chybějící články Podpora Úvod pro nováčky Řekněte si o pomoc Zdroje informací Často kladené otázky Časté chyby Prstencová mimoúrovňová křižovatka v srbském Bělehradu Válka na Ukrajině ( časová osa ) Súdánská válka Protesty v Íránu Nedávná úmrtí Scott Adams (68) Rudolf Urc (88) Gavri'el Barkaj (81) Louis E. Brus (82) Miroslava Pešíková (79) Erich von Däniken (90) Ivan Štampach (79) Bob Weir (79) Jitka Gruntová (80) Václav Cigler (96) 1556 – Císař Karel V. předal svému synovi Filipovi vládu nad Španělskou říší . 1996 – Astronomové hvězdárny na Kleti objevili planetku 1996 BG, která později dostala jméno Járacimrman . 2006 – Ellen Johnsonová-Sirleafová (na obrázku) se stala první ženou v úřadu prezidenta Libérie . 2016 – Byl odhalen pomník Jana Palacha na Alšově nábřeží v Praze . 2016 – Cchaj Jing-wen se stala první ženou, která vyhrála prezidentské volby Čínské republiky . Romuald Traugutt (* 1826 ) Antonín Hlaváček (* 1926 ) Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. 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Unang pahina Mga nilalaman Napiling nilalaman Alinmang artikulo Patungkol sa Wikipedia Mga kaganapan Pamayanan Kapihan Mga huling binago Makipag-ugnayan Tulong Donasyon Gumawa ng account Mag-login Donasyon Gumawa ng account Mag-login Maligayang pagdating sa Wikipedia! Unang Pahina Usapan Basahin Tingnan ang source Tingnan ang kasaysayan Basahin Tingnan ang source Tingnan ang kasaysayan Mga nakaturo rito Kaugnay na pagbabago Mag-upload ng file Permanenteng link Impormasyon ng pahina Sumangguni Kumuha ng pinaikling URL I-download ang QR code Switch to legacy parser Lumikha ng isang aklat I-download bilang PDF Bersyong mapi-print Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikibooks Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikiquote Wikisource Wiktionary Item na Wikidata Wikipedia , ang malayang ensiklopedyang maaaring baguhin ninuman . Bersiyong mobile Magtanong sa pamayanan Paano magsimula? Tulong sa nilalaman Mga paksa Mabilisang indeks For non-Tagalog speakers Napiling artikulo Isang mapa ng elebasyon ng Karagatang Pasipiko na pinapakita ang lalim ng karagatan na kinulayan ng bughaw. Ang Karagatang Pasipiko (mula sa salitang Latin na Mare Pacificum , na ang ibig sabihin ay payapang dagat , na iginawad ng manggagalugad na Portuges na si Fernando Magallanes sa korona ng Espanya ) ay ang pinakamalaki at pinamalalim sa limang hatian ng karagatan sa daigdig . Kinabibilangan ito ng isang katlo ng buong kalatagan ng Lupa at may sukat na 165.25 milyon km² (63.8 milyon milya kwadrado). Umaabot ito ng mga 15,500 km (9,600 mi) mula sa Dagat Bering sa Karagatang Artiko hanggang sa mayelong lugar ng Dagat Ross ng Antartika sa timog. May kalaparang silangan-kanluran na mga 5 gradong H latitud , nakalatag ito sa mga 19,800 km (12,300 mi) mula Indonesia hanggang sa baybayin ng Colombia . Ang kanlurang hangganan ng karagatan sa kadalasan ay ang Kipot ng Malaka . Matatagpuan ang pinakamababang dako sa mundo sa Bambang ng Marianas sa ilalim ng Pasipiko na nasa 10,928 metro (35,853 tal) mababa sa pantay dagat. Naglalaman ang Karagatang Pasipiko ng mga 25,000 pulo (mahigit ito sa kabuuang bilang ng buong pinagsamang mga karagatan sa mundo; silipin: Mga Isla ng Pasipiko ). Marami rito ay matatagpuan sa timog ng ekwador . Maraming laot ang nasa kanlurang baybayin ng Pasipiko. Pinamalalaki rito ang Dagat Selebes , Dagat Korales, Dagat Timog Tsina , Dagat Silangang Tsina , Dagat Hapon , Dagat Luzon , Dagat Sulu , Dagat Tasman at Dagat Dilaw . Ang Kipot ng Malaka ay sumasama sa Pasipiko at ang Karagatang Indiyo sa kanluran at ang Kipot ng Magallanes ang nagkakabit sa Pasipiko sa Karagatang Atlantiko sa silangan. Sa timog, ang Kipot ng Bering ang nagkakabit sa Pasipiko sa Karagatang Artiko . Ang manunuklas na Portuges na si Ferdinand Magellan ang nagpangalan sa karagatan dahil sa napansin niyang kalmadong tubig nito at naging mapayapa ang kanyang paglalayag mula Kipot ni Magallanes hanggang Pilipinas . Subalit, hindi laging mapaya ang Pasipiko. Maraming bagyo at unos (o hurricane ) ang tumatama sa mga pulo nito. Ang mga lupain din sa paligid ng Pasipiko ay puno ng mga bulkan at kadalasang niyayanig ng lindol . Dulot naman ng lindol sa ilalim ng tubig ang tsunami na nakapagpawasak na ng maraming pulo at nakapagpabura ng maraming bayan nito. Ang tsunami ( daluyong ), na dulot ng lindol sa ilalim ng tubig, ay nagdulot ng kapahamakan sa maraming mga pulo na gumunaw sa buong kabayanan. Mga napiling artikulo Pamantayan Magnomina Alam ba ninyo ... ...na kabilang ang mga pinakabagong dagdag na Domus de Janas at Daang Apia ( nakalarawan ang mapa ), ang bansang Italya ang may pinakamaraming Pandaigdigang Pamanang Pook sa buong daigdig na kasalukuyang nasa 61? ...na ikalawang pinakamalaking sistema ng ilog sa Pilipinas ang Ilog Mindanao na tinatawag ding Rio Grande de Mindanao? ...na isinama ng magasin na Time noong 2011 ang mga tao-tauhang sundalo sa kanilang talaan ng 100 pinakasikat na laruan sa lahat ng panahon? Mga nagdaang napili Mga pinakabagong artikulo Magsimula ng bagong artikulo Sa araw na ito ( Enero 10 ) Enero 10 Robert Guiscard 1072 — Sinakop ni Robert Guiscard ang Palermo . 1645 — Si arsobispong William Laud ay napugutan sa Tore ng Londres . Mga huling araw: Enero 9 — Enero 8 — Enero 7 Sinupan Sa e-liham Talaan ng mga makasaysayang anibersaryo Napiling larawan Si Sally Kristen Ride (Mayo 26, 1951 – Hulyo 23, 2012) ay isang Amerikanong astronauta at pisiko . Ipinanganak sa Los Angeles , sumali siya sa NASA noong 1978, at noong 1983 naging unang babaeng Amerikano at pangatlong babae na lumipad sa kalawakan , pagkatapos ng mga kosmonauta na sina Valentina Tereshkova noong 1963 at Svetlana Savitskaya noong 1982. Siya ang pinakabatang Amerikanong astronauta na lumipad sa kalawakan, na nagawa ito sa edad na 32. May-akda ng larawan: NASA Marami pang napiling larawan Mga dekalidad na larawan sa Wikimedia Commons Patungkol Ang Wikipedia ay isang proyektong online na ensiklopedya na panlahat, nakasulat sa maraming wika, at pinagtutulungan ang paggawa ng mga artikulo sa prinsipyong wiki . Naglalayon ang proyektong ito na mag-alok ng mga nilalaman na malayang muling magagamit , walang pinapanigan, at napapatunayan, na maaring baguhin at mapabuti ninuman. Nakikilala ang Wikipedia sa pamamagitan ng mga naitatag na prinsipyo . Nakalisensiya ang nilalaman nito sa ilalim ng Creative Commons BY-SA . Maari itong kopyahin at muling gamitin sa ilalim ng parehong lisensiya, na sumasailalim sa paggalang sa mga kondisyon. Ibinbigay ng Wikipedia ang mga nilalaman nito ng walang bayad, walang patalastas, at hindi nagsasamantala sa paggamit ng personal na datos ng mga gumagamit nito. Mga boluntaryo ang nag-aambag o patnugot ng mga artikulo sa Wikipedia. Nakikipag-ugnayan sila sa isa't isa tungkol sa kanilang mga pagsisikap sa loob ng pamayanang nagtutulungan at walang pinuno. Sa ngayon, mayroon ang Wikipediang Tagalog na: 48,716 artikulo 240 aktibong tagapag-ambag Paano makapag-ambag? Maaring maglathala ng online na nilalaman ang kahit sino basta't sundin nila ang mga pangunahing alintuntuning itinakda ng Pundasyong Wikimedia at ng pamayanan; halimbawa, pagpapatunay ng nilalaman , notabilidad , at pagkamagalang . Maraming mga pahinang pantulong ang mababasa mo, partikular sa paglikha ng artikulo , pagbago ng artikulo o pagpasok ng litrato . Huwag mag-atubiling magtanong para sa iyong unang mga hakbang, partikular sa isa sa mga proyektong tematiko o sa iba't ibang espasyo para sa mga usapan Ginagamit ang mga pahinang usapan upang isentralisado ang mga naiisip at kumento para mapabuti ang isang partikular na artikulo o pahina. Mayroon din sentrong portal o puntahan ng pamayanan, ang Kapihan , kung saan puwedeng pag-usapan ang pangkalahatang alalahanin sa pamayanang Wikipediang Tagalog. Pindutin ito upang magtanong o maghayag ng iyong naiisip para mapabuti pa ang Wikipediang Tagalog . Babasahin para sa mga baguhan Kaganapan Agad na pinapalitan ng Malacañang ang Heneral na Pulis na si Nicolas Torre III bilang hepe ng Pambansang Pulisya ng Pilipinas (PNP), ayon sa dokumentong nilagdaan ni Kalihim Tagapagpaganap Lucas Bersamin . Sa tenis , naging unang manlalarong Pilipino si Alexandra Eala ( nakalarawan ) na nakapanalo sa isang main draw match (laban sa pangunahing paligsahan) sa isang Grand Slam (Pambihirang Tropeo) sa Open Era (Panahong Bukas) matapos talunin ang taga- Dinamarka na si Clara Tauson sa unang rawmd ng 2025 US Open – torneong singles ng mga Kababaihan. Nagpahayag si Mayor Vico Sotto ng Pasig sa isang paskil sa Facebook ng pagdududa sa mga midyang nagbibigay ng plataporma sa mag-asawang Discaya, na inaakusahan ng pakikinabang sa mga pumalyang proyekto sa kontrol ng baha , sa pamamagitan ng pagbabahagi ng screenshot ng kanilang panayam kina Korina Sanchez at Julius Babao . Bilang tugon, ipinagtanggol ng mga beteranong mamamahayag ang kanilang ulat at iginiit na isinagawa ang mga panayam para sa interes ng publiko at hindi bilang bayad na promosyon. Wikinews Iba pang mga kamakailang pangyayari... Pinapaandar ang Wikipedia ng Pundasyong Wikimedia , isang organisasyong 'di-kumikinabang na pinapatakbo din ang iba pang mga proyekto : .mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li span{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px 4px}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{text-align:center}@media(min-width:360px){.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{width:33%;min-width:20em;white-space:nowrap;flex:1 0 25%}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{min-width:50px}} Commons Repositoryo ng midya Wikidata Datos ng kaalaman Wikikawikaan Mga sipi Wiksiyonaryo Diksiyonaryo Wikispecies Direktoryo ng mga espesye Wikivoyage Gabay sa paglalakbay Wikisource Aklatan Wikiversity Kurso at aralin Wikinews Balita at kaganapan Wikibooks Aklat-aralin at manwal Wikifunctions Librerya ng mga punsyon MediaWiki Paggawa ng software na wiki Meta-Wiki Koordinasyon ng proyektong Wikimedia Mga Wikipedia sa iba pang mga wika .mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-complete{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages ul a{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages>ul{list-style:none;text-align:center;clear:both}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-count-container{width:90%;display:flex;justify-content:center;padding-top:1em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-prettybars{width:100%;height:1px;margin:0.5em 0;background-color:#c8ccd1;flex-shrink:1;align-self:center}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-count{padding:0 1em;white-space:nowrap} Nakasulat ang Wikipedia na ito sa Tagalog , isa sa mga pangunahing wika sa Pilipinas. Mayroon din ibang Wikipedia na nakasulat sa ibang wika na mula sa Pilipinas na nakatala sa sumusunod. Mga Wikipedia sa mga wika sa Pilipinas Bikol Central Chavacano de Zamboanga Cebuano Ilokano Kapampangan Pangasinan Winaray Maraming iba pang Wikipedia ; nakatala sa ibaba ang ilan sa mga malalaking Wikipedia. 1,000,000+ artikulo العربية Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 250,000+ artikulo Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Български Català Čeština Dansk Esperanto Euskara فارسی עברית 한국어 Magyar Norsk Bokmål Română Srpski Srpskohrvatski Suomi Türkçe 50,000+ artikulo Asturianu Bosanski Eesti Ελληνικά Simple English Galego Hrvatski Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം Македонски Norsk nynorsk Slovenčina Slovenščina ไทย Wikipedia , ang malayang ensiklopedyang maaaring baguhin ninuman . Wikipedia , ang malayang ensiklopedyang maaaring baguhin ninuman . Magtanong sa pamayanan Paano magsimula? Tulong sa nilalaman Mga paksa Mabilisang indeks For non-Tagalog speakers Napiling artikulo Isang mapa ng elebasyon ng Karagatang Pasipiko na pinapakita ang lalim ng karagatan na kinulayan ng bughaw. Ang Karagatang Pasipiko (mula sa salitang Latin na Mare Pacificum , na ang ibig sabihin ay payapang dagat , na iginawad ng manggagalugad na Portuges na si Fernando Magallanes sa korona ng Espanya ) ay ang pinakamalaki at pinamalalim sa limang hatian ng karagatan sa daigdig . Kinabibilangan ito ng isang katlo ng buong kalatagan ng Lupa at may sukat na 165.25 milyon km² (63.8 milyon milya kwadrado). Umaabot ito ng mga 15,500 km (9,600 mi) mula sa Dagat Bering sa Karagatang Artiko hanggang sa mayelong lugar ng Dagat Ross ng Antartika sa timog. May kalaparang silangan-kanluran na mga 5 gradong H latitud , nakalatag ito sa mga 19,800 km (12,300 mi) mula Indonesia hanggang sa baybayin ng Colombia . Ang kanlurang hangganan ng karagatan sa kadalasan ay ang Kipot ng Malaka . Matatagpuan ang pinakamababang dako sa mundo sa Bambang ng Marianas sa ilalim ng Pasipiko na nasa 10,928 metro (35,853 tal) mababa sa pantay dagat. Naglalaman ang Karagatang Pasipiko ng mga 25,000 pulo (mahigit ito sa kabuuang bilang ng buong pinagsamang mga karagatan sa mundo; silipin: Mga Isla ng Pasipiko ). Marami rito ay matatagpuan sa timog ng ekwador . Maraming laot ang nasa kanlurang baybayin ng Pasipiko. Pinamalalaki rito ang Dagat Selebes , Dagat Korales, Dagat Timog Tsina , Dagat Silangang Tsina , Dagat Hapon , Dagat Luzon , Dagat Sulu , Dagat Tasman at Dagat Dilaw . Ang Kipot ng Malaka ay sumasama sa Pasipiko at ang Karagatang Indiyo sa kanluran at ang Kipot ng Magallanes ang nagkakabit sa Pasipiko sa Karagatang Atlantiko sa silangan. Sa timog, ang Kipot ng Bering ang nagkakabit sa Pasipiko sa Karagatang Artiko . Ang manunuklas na Portuges na si Ferdinand Magellan ang nagpangalan sa karagatan dahil sa napansin niyang kalmadong tubig nito at naging mapayapa ang kanyang paglalayag mula Kipot ni Magallanes hanggang Pilipinas . Subalit, hindi laging mapaya ang Pasipiko. Maraming bagyo at unos (o hurricane ) ang tumatama sa mga pulo nito. Ang mga lupain din sa paligid ng Pasipiko ay puno ng mga bulkan at kadalasang niyayanig ng lindol . Dulot naman ng lindol sa ilalim ng tubig ang tsunami na nakapagpawasak na ng maraming pulo at nakapagpabura ng maraming bayan nito. Ang tsunami ( daluyong ), na dulot ng lindol sa ilalim ng tubig, ay nagdulot ng kapahamakan sa maraming mga pulo na gumunaw sa buong kabayanan. Mga napiling artikulo Pamantayan Magnomina Napiling artikulo Ang Karagatang Pasipiko (mula sa salitang Latin na Mare Pacificum , na ang ibig sabihin ay payapang dagat , na iginawad ng manggagalugad na Portuges na si Fernando Magallanes sa korona ng Espanya ) ay ang pinakamalaki at pinamalalim sa limang hatian ng karagatan sa daigdig . Kinabibilangan ito ng isang katlo ng buong kalatagan ng Lupa at may sukat na 165.25 milyon km² (63.8 milyon milya kwadrado). Umaabot ito ng mga 15,500 km (9,600 mi) mula sa Dagat Bering sa Karagatang Artiko hanggang sa mayelong lugar ng Dagat Ross ng Antartika sa timog. May kalaparang silangan-kanluran na mga 5 gradong H latitud , nakalatag ito sa mga 19,800 km (12,300 mi) mula Indonesia hanggang sa baybayin ng Colombia . Ang kanlurang hangganan ng karagatan sa kadalasan ay ang Kipot ng Malaka . Matatagpuan ang pinakamababang dako sa mundo sa Bambang ng Marianas sa ilalim ng Pasipiko na nasa 10,928 metro (35,853 tal) mababa sa pantay dagat. Naglalaman ang Karagatang Pasipiko ng mga 25,000 pulo (mahigit ito sa kabuuang bilang ng buong pinagsamang mga karagatan sa mundo; silipin: Mga Isla ng Pasipiko ). Marami rito ay matatagpuan sa timog ng ekwador . Maraming laot ang nasa kanlurang baybayin ng Pasipiko. Pinamalalaki rito ang Dagat Selebes , Dagat Korales, Dagat Timog Tsina , Dagat Silangang Tsina , Dagat Hapon , Dagat Luzon , Dagat Sulu , Dagat Tasman at Dagat Dilaw . Ang Kipot ng Malaka ay sumasama sa Pasipiko at ang Karagatang Indiyo sa kanluran at ang Kipot ng Magallanes ang nagkakabit sa Pasipiko sa Karagatang Atlantiko sa silangan. Sa timog, ang Kipot ng Bering ang nagkakabit sa Pasipiko sa Karagatang Artiko . Ang manunuklas na Portuges na si Ferdinand Magellan ang nagpangalan sa karagatan dahil sa napansin niyang kalmadong tubig nito at naging mapayapa ang kanyang paglalayag mula Kipot ni Magallanes hanggang Pilipinas . Subalit, hindi laging mapaya ang Pasipiko. Maraming bagyo at unos (o hurricane ) ang tumatama sa mga pulo nito. Ang mga lupain din sa paligid ng Pasipiko ay puno ng mga bulkan at kadalasang niyayanig ng lindol . Dulot naman ng lindol sa ilalim ng tubig ang tsunami na nakapagpawasak na ng maraming pulo at nakapagpabura ng maraming bayan nito. Ang tsunami ( daluyong ), na dulot ng lindol sa ilalim ng tubig, ay nagdulot ng kapahamakan sa maraming mga pulo na gumunaw sa buong kabayanan. Mga napiling artikulo Pamantayan Magnomina Alam ba ninyo ... ...na kabilang ang mga pinakabagong dagdag na Domus de Janas at Daang Apia ( nakalarawan ang mapa ), ang bansang Italya ang may pinakamaraming Pandaigdigang Pamanang Pook sa buong daigdig na kasalukuyang nasa 61? ...na ikalawang pinakamalaking sistema ng ilog sa Pilipinas ang Ilog Mindanao na tinatawag ding Rio Grande de Mindanao? ...na isinama ng magasin na Time noong 2011 ang mga tao-tauhang sundalo sa kanilang talaan ng 100 pinakasikat na laruan sa lahat ng panahon? Mga nagdaang napili Mga pinakabagong artikulo Magsimula ng bagong artikulo Alam ba ninyo ... ...na kabilang ang mga pinakabagong dagdag na Domus de Janas at Daang Apia ( nakalarawan ang mapa ), ang bansang Italya ang may pinakamaraming Pandaigdigang Pamanang Pook sa buong daigdig na kasalukuyang nasa 61? ...na ikalawang pinakamalaking sistema ng ilog sa Pilipinas ang Ilog Mindanao na tinatawag ding Rio Grande de Mindanao? ...na isinama ng magasin na Time noong 2011 ang mga tao-tauhang sundalo sa kanilang talaan ng 100 pinakasikat na laruan sa lahat ng panahon? Mga nagdaang napili Mga pinakabagong artikulo Magsimula ng bagong artikulo Sa araw na ito ( Enero 10 ) Enero 10 Robert Guiscard 1072 — Sinakop ni Robert Guiscard ang Palermo . 1645 — Si arsobispong William Laud ay napugutan sa Tore ng Londres . Mga huling araw: Enero 9 — Enero 8 — Enero 7 Sinupan Sa e-liham Talaan ng mga makasaysayang anibersaryo Sa araw na ito ( Enero 10 ) Enero 10 1072 — Sinakop ni Robert Guiscard ang Palermo . 1645 — Si arsobispong William Laud ay napugutan sa Tore ng Londres . Mga huling araw: Enero 9 — Enero 8 — Enero 7 Sinupan Sa e-liham Talaan ng mga makasaysayang anibersaryo Napiling larawan Si Sally Kristen Ride (Mayo 26, 1951 – Hulyo 23, 2012) ay isang Amerikanong astronauta at pisiko . Ipinanganak sa Los Angeles , sumali siya sa NASA noong 1978, at noong 1983 naging unang babaeng Amerikano at pangatlong babae na lumipad sa kalawakan , pagkatapos ng mga kosmonauta na sina Valentina Tereshkova noong 1963 at Svetlana Savitskaya noong 1982. Siya ang pinakabatang Amerikanong astronauta na lumipad sa kalawakan, na nagawa ito sa edad na 32. May-akda ng larawan: NASA Marami pang napiling larawan Mga dekalidad na larawan sa Wikimedia Commons Napiling larawan Si Sally Kristen Ride (Mayo 26, 1951 – Hulyo 23, 2012) ay isang Amerikanong astronauta at pisiko . Ipinanganak sa Los Angeles , sumali siya sa NASA noong 1978, at noong 1983 naging unang babaeng Amerikano at pangatlong babae na lumipad sa kalawakan , pagkatapos ng mga kosmonauta na sina Valentina Tereshkova noong 1963 at Svetlana Savitskaya noong 1982. Siya ang pinakabatang Amerikanong astronauta na lumipad sa kalawakan, na nagawa ito sa edad na 32. May-akda ng larawan: NASA Marami pang napiling larawan Mga dekalidad na larawan sa Wikimedia Commons Patungkol Ang Wikipedia ay isang proyektong online na ensiklopedya na panlahat, nakasulat sa maraming wika, at pinagtutulungan ang paggawa ng mga artikulo sa prinsipyong wiki . Naglalayon ang proyektong ito na mag-alok ng mga nilalaman na malayang muling magagamit , walang pinapanigan, at napapatunayan, na maaring baguhin at mapabuti ninuman. Nakikilala ang Wikipedia sa pamamagitan ng mga naitatag na prinsipyo . Nakalisensiya ang nilalaman nito sa ilalim ng Creative Commons BY-SA . Maari itong kopyahin at muling gamitin sa ilalim ng parehong lisensiya, na sumasailalim sa paggalang sa mga kondisyon. Ibinbigay ng Wikipedia ang mga nilalaman nito ng walang bayad, walang patalastas, at hindi nagsasamantala sa paggamit ng personal na datos ng mga gumagamit nito. Mga boluntaryo ang nag-aambag o patnugot ng mga artikulo sa Wikipedia. Nakikipag-ugnayan sila sa isa't isa tungkol sa kanilang mga pagsisikap sa loob ng pamayanang nagtutulungan at walang pinuno. Sa ngayon, mayroon ang Wikipediang Tagalog na: 48,716 artikulo 240 aktibong tagapag-ambag Patungkol Ang Wikipedia ay isang proyektong online na ensiklopedya na panlahat, nakasulat sa maraming wika, at pinagtutulungan ang paggawa ng mga artikulo sa prinsipyong wiki . Naglalayon ang proyektong ito na mag-alok ng mga nilalaman na malayang muling magagamit , walang pinapanigan, at napapatunayan, na maaring baguhin at mapabuti ninuman. Nakikilala ang Wikipedia sa pamamagitan ng mga naitatag na prinsipyo . Nakalisensiya ang nilalaman nito sa ilalim ng Creative Commons BY-SA . Maari itong kopyahin at muling gamitin sa ilalim ng parehong lisensiya, na sumasailalim sa paggalang sa mga kondisyon. Ibinbigay ng Wikipedia ang mga nilalaman nito ng walang bayad, walang patalastas, at hindi nagsasamantala sa paggamit ng personal na datos ng mga gumagamit nito. Mga boluntaryo ang nag-aambag o patnugot ng mga artikulo sa Wikipedia. Nakikipag-ugnayan sila sa isa't isa tungkol sa kanilang mga pagsisikap sa loob ng pamayanang nagtutulungan at walang pinuno. Sa ngayon, mayroon ang Wikipediang Tagalog na: 48,716 artikulo 240 aktibong tagapag-ambag Paano makapag-ambag? Maaring maglathala ng online na nilalaman ang kahit sino basta't sundin nila ang mga pangunahing alintuntuning itinakda ng Pundasyong Wikimedia at ng pamayanan; halimbawa, pagpapatunay ng nilalaman , notabilidad , at pagkamagalang . Maraming mga pahinang pantulong ang mababasa mo, partikular sa paglikha ng artikulo , pagbago ng artikulo o pagpasok ng litrato . Huwag mag-atubiling magtanong para sa iyong unang mga hakbang, partikular sa isa sa mga proyektong tematiko o sa iba't ibang espasyo para sa mga usapan Ginagamit ang mga pahinang usapan upang isentralisado ang mga naiisip at kumento para mapabuti ang isang partikular na artikulo o pahina. Mayroon din sentrong portal o puntahan ng pamayanan, ang Kapihan , kung saan puwedeng pag-usapan ang pangkalahatang alalahanin sa pamayanang Wikipediang Tagalog. Pindutin ito upang magtanong o maghayag ng iyong naiisip para mapabuti pa ang Wikipediang Tagalog . Babasahin para sa mga baguhan Paano makapag-ambag? Maaring maglathala ng online na nilalaman ang kahit sino basta't sundin nila ang mga pangunahing alintuntuning itinakda ng Pundasyong Wikimedia at ng pamayanan; halimbawa, pagpapatunay ng nilalaman , notabilidad , at pagkamagalang . Maraming mga pahinang pantulong ang mababasa mo, partikular sa paglikha ng artikulo , pagbago ng artikulo o pagpasok ng litrato . Huwag mag-atubiling magtanong para sa iyong unang mga hakbang, partikular sa isa sa mga proyektong tematiko o sa iba't ibang espasyo para sa mga usapan Ginagamit ang mga pahinang usapan upang isentralisado ang mga naiisip at kumento para mapabuti ang isang partikular na artikulo o pahina. Mayroon din sentrong portal o puntahan ng pamayanan, ang Kapihan , kung saan puwedeng pag-usapan ang pangkalahatang alalahanin sa pamayanang Wikipediang Tagalog. Pindutin ito upang magtanong o maghayag ng iyong naiisip para mapabuti pa ang Wikipediang Tagalog . Kaganapan Agad na pinapalitan ng Malacañang ang Heneral na Pulis na si Nicolas Torre III bilang hepe ng Pambansang Pulisya ng Pilipinas (PNP), ayon sa dokumentong nilagdaan ni Kalihim Tagapagpaganap Lucas Bersamin . Sa tenis , naging unang manlalarong Pilipino si Alexandra Eala ( nakalarawan ) na nakapanalo sa isang main draw match (laban sa pangunahing paligsahan) sa isang Grand Slam (Pambihirang Tropeo) sa Open Era (Panahong Bukas) matapos talunin ang taga- Dinamarka na si Clara Tauson sa unang rawmd ng 2025 US Open – torneong singles ng mga Kababaihan. Nagpahayag si Mayor Vico Sotto ng Pasig sa isang paskil sa Facebook ng pagdududa sa mga midyang nagbibigay ng plataporma sa mag-asawang Discaya, na inaakusahan ng pakikinabang sa mga pumalyang proyekto sa kontrol ng baha , sa pamamagitan ng pagbabahagi ng screenshot ng kanilang panayam kina Korina Sanchez at Julius Babao . Bilang tugon, ipinagtanggol ng mga beteranong mamamahayag ang kanilang ulat at iginiit na isinagawa ang mga panayam para sa interes ng publiko at hindi bilang bayad na promosyon. Wikinews Iba pang mga kamakailang pangyayari... Kaganapan Agad na pinapalitan ng Malacañang ang Heneral na Pulis na si Nicolas Torre III bilang hepe ng Pambansang Pulisya ng Pilipinas (PNP), ayon sa dokumentong nilagdaan ni Kalihim Tagapagpaganap Lucas Bersamin . Sa tenis , naging unang manlalarong Pilipino si Alexandra Eala ( nakalarawan ) na nakapanalo sa isang main draw match (laban sa pangunahing paligsahan) sa isang Grand Slam (Pambihirang Tropeo) sa Open Era (Panahong Bukas) matapos talunin ang taga- Dinamarka na si Clara Tauson sa unang rawmd ng 2025 US Open – torneong singles ng mga Kababaihan. Nagpahayag si Mayor Vico Sotto ng Pasig sa isang paskil sa Facebook ng pagdududa sa mga midyang nagbibigay ng plataporma sa mag-asawang Discaya, na inaakusahan ng pakikinabang sa mga pumalyang proyekto sa kontrol ng baha , sa pamamagitan ng pagbabahagi ng screenshot ng kanilang panayam kina Korina Sanchez at Julius Babao . Bilang tugon, ipinagtanggol ng mga beteranong mamamahayag ang kanilang ulat at iginiit na isinagawa ang mga panayam para sa interes ng publiko at hindi bilang bayad na promosyon. Wikinews Iba pang mga kamakailang pangyayari... 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Instructions for nominators Toggle Instructions for nominators subsection 1.1 Frequently asked questions 1.1 Frequently asked questions 2 Instructions for reviewers 3 Advanced procedures Toggle Advanced procedures subsection 3.1 How to promote an accepted hook 3.2 How to remove a rejected nomination 3.3 How to remove a hook from the prep areas or queue 3.4 How to move a nomination subpage to a new name 3.1 How to promote an accepted hook 3.2 How to remove a rejected nomination 3.3 How to remove a hook from the prep areas or queue 3.4 How to move a nomination subpage to a new name 4 Nominations Toggle Nominations subsection 4.1 Older nominations 495 comments 4.1.1 Articles created/expanded on November 14 4.1.1.1 Żagiew 4.1.1.2 North Korean Postal Service 4.1.2 Articles created/expanded on November 26 4.1.2.1 Kingdom of Kubala 4.1.3 Articles created/expanded on November 28 4.1.3.1 2010 Arizona Proposition 112 4.1.4 Articles created/expanded on November 29 4.1.4.1 2014 Isla Vista killings 4.1.4.2 Diego García Miravete 4.1.5 Articles created/expanded on November 30 4.1.5.1 Es hat sich halt eröffnet 4.1.6 Articles created/expanded on December 3 4.1.6.1 Billy Gallagher (businessman) 4.1.7 Articles created/expanded on December 4 4.1.7.1 1910s in air cargo 4.1.8 Articles created/expanded on December 6 4.1.8.1 Alexa Collins 4.1.8.2 Chama (album) 4.1.8.3 History of Iloilo City 4.1.8.4 Battle of Al-Asaba'a 4.1.9 Articles created/expanded on December 7 4.1.9.1 Emily Sutton 4.1.9.2 Cyril Karabus 4.1.10 Articles created/expanded on December 8 4.1.10.1 Lozi Kingdom 4.1.11 Articles created/expanded on December 9 4.1.11.1 Anawrahta of Tharrawaddy 4.1.12 Articles created/expanded on December 10 4.1.12.1 Bhel puri 4.1.13 Articles created/expanded on December 11 4.1.13.1 Robert J. Van de Graaff 4.1.14 Articles created/expanded on December 12 4.1.14.1 Meiō incident 4.1.14.2 Dilution policies of the British Ministry of Munitions (1915–1918) 4.1.15 Articles created/expanded on December 13 4.1.15.1 Lionel Messi's 2025 India Tour 4.1.15.2 How To Survive from Nine To Five, Between the Covers (book) 4.1.15.3 Manuel Antonio Ruíz de la Rosa 4.1.16 Articles created/expanded on December 14 4.1.16.1 Suit & Tie 4.1.17 Articles created/expanded on December 15 4.1.17.1 Titan Fleischmann 4.1.17.2 Mykhailo Starytsky 4.1.17.3 Dawn Hope 4.1.18 Articles created/expanded on December 17 4.1.18.1 Communist Party of Transcarpathian Ukraine 4.1.18.2 Hotmangaradja Pandjaitan 4.1.19 Articles created/expanded on December 18 4.1.19.1 Thomas Johannes Mayer 4.1.19.2 Melkart Abou Jaoude 4.1.19.3 Oli Herbert 4.1.20 Articles created/expanded on December 19 4.1.20.1 Panipuri 4.1.20.2 Le Roseau d'Or 4.1.21 Articles created/expanded on December 20 4.1.21.1 Allan Ludwig 4.1.21.2 Lynching of Dipu Chandra Das 4.1.21.3 Youth League of Transcarpathian Ukraine 4.1.21.4 KP Permanent Make-Up, Inc. v. Lasting Impression I, Inc. 4.1.21.5 Vasyl Khaynas 4.1.21.6 Riders (novel) 4.1.22 Articles created/expanded on December 21 4.1.22.1 Three Schoolfellows 4.1.22.2 Statewide Treaty 4.1.22.3 David Munyua 4.1.22.4 Maung Me Khaung 4.1.22.5 Thone Myo Shin 4.1.23 Articles created/expanded on December 22 4.1.23.1 Roshni (album) 4.1.23.2 Ebenezer Harcourt 4.1.23.3 Sulphur molly 4.1.23.4 Christian to Crescent Trail Connector bridge 4.1.24 Articles created/expanded on December 23 4.1.24.1 Cyprus-Greece-Israel trilateral alliance 4.1.24.2 Foreign Legion (album) 4.1.24.3 Bixie jishi 4.1.24.4 Doña Clotilde 4.1.25 Articles created/expanded on December 24 4.1.25.1 An Ordinary Youth 4.1.25.2 Trade Union Council of Transcarpathian Ukraine 4.1.25.3 Federated States of Micronesia–Russia relations 4.1.26 Articles created/expanded on December 25 4.1.26.1 Chicago State Cougars football 4.1.26.2 Genocide 4.1.27 Articles created/expanded on December 26 4.1.27.1 Sandra Caron 4.1.27.2 Scott Kupor 4.1.28 Articles created/expanded on December 27 4.1.28.1 There's a Hole in the City 4.1.29 Articles created/expanded on December 28 4.1.29.1 Harley Davidson (song) 4.1.29.2 Pyapon Taung Shinma 4.1.29.3 Bird of Pray 4.1.29.4 Inugami Korone 4.1.29.5 Wing Sun Fong 4.1.30 Articles created/expanded on December 29 4.1.30.1 Emigration of Christians from Israel and Palestine 4.1.30.2 Siege of Milan (538–539) 4.1.30.3 Populus Denver 4.1.30.4 Frozen salad 4.1.30.5 Prison Mathematics Project 4.1.30.6 Unsanctioned (Magic: The Gathering) 4.1.30.7 Al-Rashid Street (Gaza) 4.1.31 Articles created/expanded on December 30 4.1.31.1 Viktor Pylypenko (military) 4.1.31.2 Waiting for the Messiah (album) 4.1.32 Articles created/expanded on December 31 4.1.32.1 Marie Engle 4.1.32.2 Alphasida zapaterii 4.1.33 Articles created/expanded on January 1 4.1.33.1 1699 May Day orations 4.1.33.2 Allen French 4.1.34 Articles created/expanded on January 2 4.1.34.1 Laufental change of canton 4.1.34.2 The Historical Geography of the Holy Land 4.1.34.3 Servaea incana 4.1.34.4 Controller Operated Battle Ready Armament 4.1.35 Articles created/expanded on January 3 4.1.35.1 Boleslovas Baranauskas 4.1.36 Articles created/expanded on January 4 4.1.36.1 Stephanie Gilmore 4.1.36.2 O'Donnell-Luria–Rodan syndrome 4.1.36.3 Am-progressive 4.1.36.4 House of the Pelplin Abbots 4.1.36.5 The Witcher: The Adventure Card Game 4.1.37 Articles created/expanded on January 5 4.1.37.1 Air Serbia Flight 324 4.1.37.2 Nazi concentration camps 4.1.38 Articles created/expanded on January 6 4.1.38.1 Craig (elephant) 4.1.38.2 Proto-Australian language 4.1.38.3 Gizmodgery 4.1.38.4 Factor Bikes 4.1.38.5 Seven Nation Army 4.1.38.6 Moffat distillery 4.1.39 Articles created/expanded on January 7 4.1.39.1 Nam Singh Thapa 4.1.39.2 Group Architects, New Zealand 4.1.39.3 The Auckland Society of Arts 4.1.39.4 Ritva Auvinen 4.1.39.5 Beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration 4.1.39.6 First flight across Cook Strait 4.1.39.7 Denver Mills 4.1.40 Articles created/expanded on January 8 4.1.40.1 Revellers Vase 4.1.40.2 Joe Sterrett 4.1.40.3 Walsh brothers (aviation) 4.2 Current nominations 77 comments 4.2.1 Articles created/expanded on January 9 4.2.1.1 Andrea Margutti Trophy 4.2.1.2 Dalmatius 4.2.1.3 Timeline of the 1996 Pacific hurricane season 4.2.1.4 American Furniture Warehouse 4.2.2 Articles created/expanded on January 10 4.2.2.1 Eliza Showell 4.2.2.2 First session of the United Nations General Assembly 4.2.2.3 Poecilia velifera 4.2.2.4 Good Girl (Carrie Underwood song) 4.2.2.5 Alexander F. Warley 4.2.2.6 1946 Ubangi-Shari Representative Council election 4.2.2.7 Aeao 4.2.2.8 Siege of Ariminum (538) 4.2.2.9 Wolsung 4.2.2.10 Not a Bad Thing 4.2.3 Articles created/expanded on January 11 4.2.3.1 Rock wren 4.2.3.2 Savannah Bond 4.2.3.3 Quizone 4.2.4 Articles created/expanded on January 12 4.2.4.1 Gu Yanwu 4.2.4.2 Saigon Hotpot 4.2.5 Articles created/expanded on January 13 4.2.5.1 Hex Maniac 4.2.5.2 Sakura Trick 4.2.5.3 West Palm Beach Fishing Club 4.2.5.4 Death of Yohana Rodríguez 4.2.5.5 Taiwan Love Story⁵ 4.2.6 Articles created/expanded on January 14 4.2.6.1 Blanca Quiñónez 4.2.6.2 Churchill Solitaire 4.2.6.3 Aqueduct Walk 4.2.6.4 Tom Maulson 4.2.6.5 Cimpoi 4.2.7 Articles created/expanded on January 15 4.2.7.1 Guillermo Pfening 4.2.7.2 Little Nicky (video game) 4.2.7.3 Chandler Court and Pollard Park Historic District 4.2.7.4 Camp of the Woods 4.2.8 Articles created/expanded on January 16 4.3 Special occasion holding area 4.1 Older nominations 495 comments 4.1.1 Articles created/expanded on November 14 4.1.1.1 Żagiew 4.1.1.2 North Korean Postal Service 4.1.2 Articles created/expanded on November 26 4.1.2.1 Kingdom of Kubala 4.1.3 Articles created/expanded on November 28 4.1.3.1 2010 Arizona Proposition 112 4.1.4 Articles created/expanded on November 29 4.1.4.1 2014 Isla Vista killings 4.1.4.2 Diego García Miravete 4.1.5 Articles created/expanded on November 30 4.1.5.1 Es hat sich halt eröffnet 4.1.6 Articles created/expanded on December 3 4.1.6.1 Billy Gallagher (businessman) 4.1.7 Articles created/expanded on December 4 4.1.7.1 1910s in air cargo 4.1.8 Articles created/expanded on December 6 4.1.8.1 Alexa Collins 4.1.8.2 Chama (album) 4.1.8.3 History of Iloilo City 4.1.8.4 Battle of Al-Asaba'a 4.1.9 Articles created/expanded on December 7 4.1.9.1 Emily Sutton 4.1.9.2 Cyril Karabus 4.1.10 Articles created/expanded on December 8 4.1.10.1 Lozi Kingdom 4.1.11 Articles created/expanded on December 9 4.1.11.1 Anawrahta of Tharrawaddy 4.1.12 Articles created/expanded on December 10 4.1.12.1 Bhel puri 4.1.13 Articles created/expanded on December 11 4.1.13.1 Robert J. Van de Graaff 4.1.14 Articles created/expanded on December 12 4.1.14.1 Meiō incident 4.1.14.2 Dilution policies of the British Ministry of Munitions (1915–1918) 4.1.15 Articles created/expanded on December 13 4.1.15.1 Lionel Messi's 2025 India Tour 4.1.15.2 How To Survive from Nine To Five, Between the Covers (book) 4.1.15.3 Manuel Antonio Ruíz de la Rosa 4.1.16 Articles created/expanded on December 14 4.1.16.1 Suit & Tie 4.1.17 Articles created/expanded on December 15 4.1.17.1 Titan Fleischmann 4.1.17.2 Mykhailo Starytsky 4.1.17.3 Dawn Hope 4.1.18 Articles created/expanded on December 17 4.1.18.1 Communist Party of Transcarpathian Ukraine 4.1.18.2 Hotmangaradja Pandjaitan 4.1.19 Articles created/expanded on December 18 4.1.19.1 Thomas Johannes Mayer 4.1.19.2 Melkart Abou Jaoude 4.1.19.3 Oli Herbert 4.1.20 Articles created/expanded on December 19 4.1.20.1 Panipuri 4.1.20.2 Le Roseau d'Or 4.1.21 Articles created/expanded on December 20 4.1.21.1 Allan Ludwig 4.1.21.2 Lynching of Dipu Chandra Das 4.1.21.3 Youth League of Transcarpathian Ukraine 4.1.21.4 KP Permanent Make-Up, Inc. v. Lasting Impression I, Inc. 4.1.21.5 Vasyl Khaynas 4.1.21.6 Riders (novel) 4.1.22 Articles created/expanded on December 21 4.1.22.1 Three Schoolfellows 4.1.22.2 Statewide Treaty 4.1.22.3 David Munyua 4.1.22.4 Maung Me Khaung 4.1.22.5 Thone Myo Shin 4.1.23 Articles created/expanded on December 22 4.1.23.1 Roshni (album) 4.1.23.2 Ebenezer Harcourt 4.1.23.3 Sulphur molly 4.1.23.4 Christian to Crescent Trail Connector bridge 4.1.24 Articles created/expanded on December 23 4.1.24.1 Cyprus-Greece-Israel trilateral alliance 4.1.24.2 Foreign Legion (album) 4.1.24.3 Bixie jishi 4.1.24.4 Doña Clotilde 4.1.25 Articles created/expanded on December 24 4.1.25.1 An Ordinary Youth 4.1.25.2 Trade Union Council of Transcarpathian Ukraine 4.1.25.3 Federated States of Micronesia–Russia relations 4.1.26 Articles created/expanded on December 25 4.1.26.1 Chicago State Cougars football 4.1.26.2 Genocide 4.1.27 Articles created/expanded on December 26 4.1.27.1 Sandra Caron 4.1.27.2 Scott Kupor 4.1.28 Articles created/expanded on December 27 4.1.28.1 There's a Hole in the City 4.1.29 Articles created/expanded on December 28 4.1.29.1 Harley Davidson (song) 4.1.29.2 Pyapon Taung Shinma 4.1.29.3 Bird of Pray 4.1.29.4 Inugami Korone 4.1.29.5 Wing Sun Fong 4.1.30 Articles created/expanded on December 29 4.1.30.1 Emigration of Christians from Israel and Palestine 4.1.30.2 Siege of Milan (538–539) 4.1.30.3 Populus Denver 4.1.30.4 Frozen salad 4.1.30.5 Prison Mathematics Project 4.1.30.6 Unsanctioned (Magic: The Gathering) 4.1.30.7 Al-Rashid Street (Gaza) 4.1.31 Articles created/expanded on December 30 4.1.31.1 Viktor Pylypenko (military) 4.1.31.2 Waiting for the Messiah (album) 4.1.32 Articles created/expanded on December 31 4.1.32.1 Marie Engle 4.1.32.2 Alphasida zapaterii 4.1.33 Articles created/expanded on January 1 4.1.33.1 1699 May Day orations 4.1.33.2 Allen French 4.1.34 Articles created/expanded on January 2 4.1.34.1 Laufental change of canton 4.1.34.2 The Historical Geography of the Holy Land 4.1.34.3 Servaea incana 4.1.34.4 Controller Operated Battle Ready Armament 4.1.35 Articles created/expanded on January 3 4.1.35.1 Boleslovas Baranauskas 4.1.36 Articles created/expanded on January 4 4.1.36.1 Stephanie Gilmore 4.1.36.2 O'Donnell-Luria–Rodan syndrome 4.1.36.3 Am-progressive 4.1.36.4 House of the Pelplin Abbots 4.1.36.5 The Witcher: The Adventure Card Game 4.1.37 Articles created/expanded on January 5 4.1.37.1 Air Serbia Flight 324 4.1.37.2 Nazi concentration camps 4.1.38 Articles created/expanded on January 6 4.1.38.1 Craig (elephant) 4.1.38.2 Proto-Australian language 4.1.38.3 Gizmodgery 4.1.38.4 Factor Bikes 4.1.38.5 Seven Nation Army 4.1.38.6 Moffat distillery 4.1.39 Articles created/expanded on January 7 4.1.39.1 Nam Singh Thapa 4.1.39.2 Group Architects, New Zealand 4.1.39.3 The Auckland Society of Arts 4.1.39.4 Ritva Auvinen 4.1.39.5 Beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration 4.1.39.6 First flight across Cook Strait 4.1.39.7 Denver Mills 4.1.40 Articles created/expanded on January 8 4.1.40.1 Revellers Vase 4.1.40.2 Joe Sterrett 4.1.40.3 Walsh brothers (aviation) 4.1.1 Articles created/expanded on November 14 4.1.1.1 Żagiew 4.1.1.2 North Korean Postal Service 4.1.1.1 Żagiew 4.1.1.2 North Korean Postal Service 4.1.2 Articles created/expanded on November 26 4.1.2.1 Kingdom of Kubala 4.1.2.1 Kingdom of Kubala 4.1.3 Articles created/expanded on November 28 4.1.3.1 2010 Arizona Proposition 112 4.1.3.1 2010 Arizona Proposition 112 4.1.4 Articles created/expanded on November 29 4.1.4.1 2014 Isla Vista killings 4.1.4.2 Diego García Miravete 4.1.4.1 2014 Isla Vista killings 4.1.4.2 Diego García Miravete 4.1.5 Articles created/expanded on November 30 4.1.5.1 Es hat sich halt eröffnet 4.1.5.1 Es hat sich halt eröffnet 4.1.6 Articles created/expanded on December 3 4.1.6.1 Billy Gallagher (businessman) 4.1.6.1 Billy Gallagher (businessman) 4.1.7 Articles created/expanded on December 4 4.1.7.1 1910s in air cargo 4.1.7.1 1910s in air cargo 4.1.8 Articles created/expanded on December 6 4.1.8.1 Alexa Collins 4.1.8.2 Chama (album) 4.1.8.3 History of Iloilo City 4.1.8.4 Battle of Al-Asaba'a 4.1.8.1 Alexa Collins 4.1.8.2 Chama (album) 4.1.8.3 History of Iloilo City 4.1.8.4 Battle of Al-Asaba'a 4.1.9 Articles created/expanded on December 7 4.1.9.1 Emily Sutton 4.1.9.2 Cyril Karabus 4.1.9.1 Emily Sutton 4.1.9.2 Cyril Karabus 4.1.10 Articles created/expanded on December 8 4.1.10.1 Lozi Kingdom 4.1.10.1 Lozi Kingdom 4.1.11 Articles created/expanded on December 9 4.1.11.1 Anawrahta of Tharrawaddy 4.1.11.1 Anawrahta of Tharrawaddy 4.1.12 Articles created/expanded on December 10 4.1.12.1 Bhel puri 4.1.12.1 Bhel puri 4.1.13 Articles created/expanded on December 11 4.1.13.1 Robert J. Van de Graaff 4.1.13.1 Robert J. Van de Graaff 4.1.14 Articles created/expanded on December 12 4.1.14.1 Meiō incident 4.1.14.2 Dilution policies of the British Ministry of Munitions (1915–1918) 4.1.14.1 Meiō incident 4.1.14.2 Dilution policies of the British Ministry of Munitions (1915–1918) 4.1.15 Articles created/expanded on December 13 4.1.15.1 Lionel Messi's 2025 India Tour 4.1.15.2 How To Survive from Nine To Five, Between the Covers (book) 4.1.15.3 Manuel Antonio Ruíz de la Rosa 4.1.15.1 Lionel Messi's 2025 India Tour 4.1.15.2 How To Survive from Nine To Five, Between the Covers (book) 4.1.15.3 Manuel Antonio Ruíz de la Rosa 4.1.16 Articles created/expanded on December 14 4.1.16.1 Suit & Tie 4.1.16.1 Suit & Tie 4.1.17 Articles created/expanded on December 15 4.1.17.1 Titan Fleischmann 4.1.17.2 Mykhailo Starytsky 4.1.17.3 Dawn Hope 4.1.17.1 Titan Fleischmann 4.1.17.2 Mykhailo Starytsky 4.1.17.3 Dawn Hope 4.1.18 Articles created/expanded on December 17 4.1.18.1 Communist Party of Transcarpathian Ukraine 4.1.18.2 Hotmangaradja Pandjaitan 4.1.18.1 Communist Party of Transcarpathian Ukraine 4.1.18.2 Hotmangaradja Pandjaitan 4.1.19 Articles created/expanded on December 18 4.1.19.1 Thomas Johannes Mayer 4.1.19.2 Melkart Abou Jaoude 4.1.19.3 Oli Herbert 4.1.19.1 Thomas Johannes Mayer 4.1.19.2 Melkart Abou Jaoude 4.1.19.3 Oli Herbert 4.1.20 Articles created/expanded on December 19 4.1.20.1 Panipuri 4.1.20.2 Le Roseau d'Or 4.1.20.1 Panipuri 4.1.20.2 Le Roseau d'Or 4.1.21 Articles created/expanded on December 20 4.1.21.1 Allan Ludwig 4.1.21.2 Lynching of Dipu Chandra Das 4.1.21.3 Youth League of Transcarpathian Ukraine 4.1.21.4 KP Permanent Make-Up, Inc. v. Lasting Impression I, Inc. 4.1.21.5 Vasyl Khaynas 4.1.21.6 Riders (novel) 4.1.21.1 Allan Ludwig 4.1.21.2 Lynching of Dipu Chandra Das 4.1.21.3 Youth League of Transcarpathian Ukraine 4.1.21.4 KP Permanent Make-Up, Inc. v. Lasting Impression I, Inc. 4.1.21.5 Vasyl Khaynas 4.1.21.6 Riders (novel) 4.1.22 Articles created/expanded on December 21 4.1.22.1 Three Schoolfellows 4.1.22.2 Statewide Treaty 4.1.22.3 David Munyua 4.1.22.4 Maung Me Khaung 4.1.22.5 Thone Myo Shin 4.1.22.1 Three Schoolfellows 4.1.22.2 Statewide Treaty 4.1.22.3 David Munyua 4.1.22.4 Maung Me Khaung 4.1.22.5 Thone Myo Shin 4.1.23 Articles created/expanded on December 22 4.1.23.1 Roshni (album) 4.1.23.2 Ebenezer Harcourt 4.1.23.3 Sulphur molly 4.1.23.4 Christian to Crescent Trail Connector bridge 4.1.23.1 Roshni (album) 4.1.23.2 Ebenezer Harcourt 4.1.23.3 Sulphur molly 4.1.23.4 Christian to Crescent Trail Connector bridge 4.1.24 Articles created/expanded on December 23 4.1.24.1 Cyprus-Greece-Israel trilateral alliance 4.1.24.2 Foreign Legion (album) 4.1.24.3 Bixie jishi 4.1.24.4 Doña Clotilde 4.1.24.1 Cyprus-Greece-Israel trilateral alliance 4.1.24.2 Foreign Legion (album) 4.1.24.3 Bixie jishi 4.1.24.4 Doña Clotilde 4.1.25 Articles created/expanded on December 24 4.1.25.1 An Ordinary Youth 4.1.25.2 Trade Union Council of Transcarpathian Ukraine 4.1.25.3 Federated States of Micronesia–Russia relations 4.1.25.1 An Ordinary Youth 4.1.25.2 Trade Union Council of Transcarpathian Ukraine 4.1.25.3 Federated States of Micronesia–Russia relations 4.1.26 Articles created/expanded on December 25 4.1.26.1 Chicago State Cougars football 4.1.26.2 Genocide 4.1.26.1 Chicago State Cougars football 4.1.26.2 Genocide 4.1.27 Articles created/expanded on December 26 4.1.27.1 Sandra Caron 4.1.27.2 Scott Kupor 4.1.27.1 Sandra Caron 4.1.27.2 Scott Kupor 4.1.28 Articles created/expanded on December 27 4.1.28.1 There's a Hole in the City 4.1.28.1 There's a Hole in the City 4.1.29 Articles created/expanded on December 28 4.1.29.1 Harley Davidson (song) 4.1.29.2 Pyapon Taung Shinma 4.1.29.3 Bird of Pray 4.1.29.4 Inugami Korone 4.1.29.5 Wing Sun Fong 4.1.29.1 Harley Davidson (song) 4.1.29.2 Pyapon Taung Shinma 4.1.29.3 Bird of Pray 4.1.29.4 Inugami Korone 4.1.29.5 Wing Sun Fong 4.1.30 Articles created/expanded on December 29 4.1.30.1 Emigration of Christians from Israel and Palestine 4.1.30.2 Siege of Milan (538–539) 4.1.30.3 Populus Denver 4.1.30.4 Frozen salad 4.1.30.5 Prison Mathematics Project 4.1.30.6 Unsanctioned (Magic: The Gathering) 4.1.30.7 Al-Rashid Street (Gaza) 4.1.30.1 Emigration of Christians from Israel and Palestine 4.1.30.2 Siege of Milan (538–539) 4.1.30.3 Populus Denver 4.1.30.4 Frozen salad 4.1.30.5 Prison Mathematics Project 4.1.30.6 Unsanctioned (Magic: The Gathering) 4.1.30.7 Al-Rashid Street (Gaza) 4.1.31 Articles created/expanded on December 30 4.1.31.1 Viktor Pylypenko (military) 4.1.31.2 Waiting for the Messiah (album) 4.1.31.1 Viktor Pylypenko (military) 4.1.31.2 Waiting for the Messiah (album) 4.1.32 Articles created/expanded on December 31 4.1.32.1 Marie Engle 4.1.32.2 Alphasida zapaterii 4.1.32.1 Marie Engle 4.1.32.2 Alphasida zapaterii 4.1.33 Articles created/expanded on January 1 4.1.33.1 1699 May Day orations 4.1.33.2 Allen French 4.1.33.1 1699 May Day orations 4.1.33.2 Allen French 4.1.34 Articles created/expanded on January 2 4.1.34.1 Laufental change of canton 4.1.34.2 The Historical Geography of the Holy Land 4.1.34.3 Servaea incana 4.1.34.4 Controller Operated Battle Ready Armament 4.1.34.1 Laufental change of canton 4.1.34.2 The Historical Geography of the Holy Land 4.1.34.3 Servaea incana 4.1.34.4 Controller Operated Battle Ready Armament 4.1.35 Articles created/expanded on January 3 4.1.35.1 Boleslovas Baranauskas 4.1.35.1 Boleslovas Baranauskas 4.1.36 Articles created/expanded on January 4 4.1.36.1 Stephanie Gilmore 4.1.36.2 O'Donnell-Luria–Rodan syndrome 4.1.36.3 Am-progressive 4.1.36.4 House of the Pelplin Abbots 4.1.36.5 The Witcher: The Adventure Card Game 4.1.36.1 Stephanie Gilmore 4.1.36.2 O'Donnell-Luria–Rodan syndrome 4.1.36.3 Am-progressive 4.1.36.4 House of the Pelplin Abbots 4.1.36.5 The Witcher: The Adventure Card Game 4.1.37 Articles created/expanded on January 5 4.1.37.1 Air Serbia Flight 324 4.1.37.2 Nazi concentration camps 4.1.37.1 Air Serbia Flight 324 4.1.37.2 Nazi concentration camps 4.1.38 Articles created/expanded on January 6 4.1.38.1 Craig (elephant) 4.1.38.2 Proto-Australian language 4.1.38.3 Gizmodgery 4.1.38.4 Factor Bikes 4.1.38.5 Seven Nation Army 4.1.38.6 Moffat distillery 4.1.38.1 Craig (elephant) 4.1.38.2 Proto-Australian language 4.1.38.3 Gizmodgery 4.1.38.4 Factor Bikes 4.1.38.5 Seven Nation Army 4.1.38.6 Moffat distillery 4.1.39 Articles created/expanded on January 7 4.1.39.1 Nam Singh Thapa 4.1.39.2 Group Architects, New Zealand 4.1.39.3 The Auckland Society of Arts 4.1.39.4 Ritva Auvinen 4.1.39.5 Beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration 4.1.39.6 First flight across Cook Strait 4.1.39.7 Denver Mills 4.1.39.1 Nam Singh Thapa 4.1.39.2 Group Architects, New Zealand 4.1.39.3 The Auckland Society of Arts 4.1.39.4 Ritva Auvinen 4.1.39.5 Beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration 4.1.39.6 First flight across Cook Strait 4.1.39.7 Denver Mills 4.1.40 Articles created/expanded on January 8 4.1.40.1 Revellers Vase 4.1.40.2 Joe Sterrett 4.1.40.3 Walsh brothers (aviation) 4.1.40.1 Revellers Vase 4.1.40.2 Joe Sterrett 4.1.40.3 Walsh brothers (aviation) 4.2 Current nominations 77 comments 4.2.1 Articles created/expanded on January 9 4.2.1.1 Andrea Margutti Trophy 4.2.1.2 Dalmatius 4.2.1.3 Timeline of the 1996 Pacific hurricane season 4.2.1.4 American Furniture Warehouse 4.2.2 Articles created/expanded on January 10 4.2.2.1 Eliza Showell 4.2.2.2 First session of the United Nations General Assembly 4.2.2.3 Poecilia velifera 4.2.2.4 Good Girl (Carrie Underwood song) 4.2.2.5 Alexander F. Warley 4.2.2.6 1946 Ubangi-Shari Representative Council election 4.2.2.7 Aeao 4.2.2.8 Siege of Ariminum (538) 4.2.2.9 Wolsung 4.2.2.10 Not a Bad Thing 4.2.3 Articles created/expanded on January 11 4.2.3.1 Rock wren 4.2.3.2 Savannah Bond 4.2.3.3 Quizone 4.2.4 Articles created/expanded on January 12 4.2.4.1 Gu Yanwu 4.2.4.2 Saigon Hotpot 4.2.5 Articles created/expanded on January 13 4.2.5.1 Hex Maniac 4.2.5.2 Sakura Trick 4.2.5.3 West Palm Beach Fishing Club 4.2.5.4 Death of Yohana Rodríguez 4.2.5.5 Taiwan Love Story⁵ 4.2.6 Articles created/expanded on January 14 4.2.6.1 Blanca Quiñónez 4.2.6.2 Churchill Solitaire 4.2.6.3 Aqueduct Walk 4.2.6.4 Tom Maulson 4.2.6.5 Cimpoi 4.2.7 Articles created/expanded on January 15 4.2.7.1 Guillermo Pfening 4.2.7.2 Little Nicky (video game) 4.2.7.3 Chandler Court and Pollard Park Historic District 4.2.7.4 Camp of the Woods 4.2.8 Articles created/expanded on January 16 4.2.1 Articles created/expanded on January 9 4.2.1.1 Andrea Margutti Trophy 4.2.1.2 Dalmatius 4.2.1.3 Timeline of the 1996 Pacific hurricane season 4.2.1.4 American Furniture Warehouse 4.2.1.1 Andrea Margutti Trophy 4.2.1.2 Dalmatius 4.2.1.3 Timeline of the 1996 Pacific hurricane season 4.2.1.4 American Furniture Warehouse 4.2.2 Articles created/expanded on January 10 4.2.2.1 Eliza Showell 4.2.2.2 First session of the United Nations General Assembly 4.2.2.3 Poecilia velifera 4.2.2.4 Good Girl (Carrie Underwood song) 4.2.2.5 Alexander F. Warley 4.2.2.6 1946 Ubangi-Shari Representative Council election 4.2.2.7 Aeao 4.2.2.8 Siege of Ariminum (538) 4.2.2.9 Wolsung 4.2.2.10 Not a Bad Thing 4.2.2.1 Eliza Showell 4.2.2.2 First session of the United Nations General Assembly 4.2.2.3 Poecilia velifera 4.2.2.4 Good Girl (Carrie Underwood song) 4.2.2.5 Alexander F. Warley 4.2.2.6 1946 Ubangi-Shari Representative Council election 4.2.2.7 Aeao 4.2.2.8 Siege of Ariminum (538) 4.2.2.9 Wolsung 4.2.2.10 Not a Bad Thing 4.2.3 Articles created/expanded on January 11 4.2.3.1 Rock wren 4.2.3.2 Savannah Bond 4.2.3.3 Quizone 4.2.3.1 Rock wren 4.2.3.2 Savannah Bond 4.2.3.3 Quizone 4.2.4 Articles created/expanded on January 12 4.2.4.1 Gu Yanwu 4.2.4.2 Saigon Hotpot 4.2.4.1 Gu Yanwu 4.2.4.2 Saigon Hotpot 4.2.5 Articles created/expanded on January 13 4.2.5.1 Hex Maniac 4.2.5.2 Sakura Trick 4.2.5.3 West Palm Beach Fishing Club 4.2.5.4 Death of Yohana Rodríguez 4.2.5.5 Taiwan Love Story⁵ 4.2.5.1 Hex Maniac 4.2.5.2 Sakura Trick 4.2.5.3 West Palm Beach Fishing Club 4.2.5.4 Death of Yohana Rodríguez 4.2.5.5 Taiwan Love Story⁵ 4.2.6 Articles created/expanded on January 14 4.2.6.1 Blanca Quiñónez 4.2.6.2 Churchill Solitaire 4.2.6.3 Aqueduct Walk 4.2.6.4 Tom Maulson 4.2.6.5 Cimpoi 4.2.6.1 Blanca Quiñónez 4.2.6.2 Churchill Solitaire 4.2.6.3 Aqueduct Walk 4.2.6.4 Tom Maulson 4.2.6.5 Cimpoi 4.2.7 Articles created/expanded on January 15 4.2.7.1 Guillermo Pfening 4.2.7.2 Little Nicky (video game) 4.2.7.3 Chandler Court and Pollard Park Historic District 4.2.7.4 Camp of the Woods 4.2.7.1 Guillermo Pfening 4.2.7.2 Little Nicky (video game) 4.2.7.3 Chandler Court and Pollard Park Historic District 4.2.7.4 Camp of the Woods 4.2.8 Articles created/expanded on January 16 4.3 Special occasion holding area Template talk : Did you know Template Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version There are currently 3 filled queues . Please consider promoting a prep to queue if you have the time! DYK is running 24 -hour sets. There are currently 3 filled queues . Please consider promoting a prep to queue if you have the time! DYK is running 24 -hour sets. Did you know? Introduction and rules Introduction WP:DYK General discussion WT:DYK Guidelines WP:DYKCRIT Reviewer instructions WP:DYKRI Nominations Nominate an article WP:DYKCNN Awaiting approval WP:DYKN Approved WP:DYKNA April 1 hooks WP:DYKAPRIL Holding area WP:SOHA Preparation Preps and queues TM:DYK/Q Prepper instructions WP:DYKPBI Admin instructions WP:DYKAI Main Page errors WP:ERRORS History Statistics WP:DYKSTATS Archived sets WP:DYKA Just for fun Monthly wraps WP:DYKW Awards WP:DYKAWARDS Userboxes WP:DYKUBX Hall of Fame WP:DYK/HoF List of users ... ... by nominations WP:DYKNC ... by promotions WP:DYKPC Administrative Scripts and bots WP:DYKSB On the Main Page TM:DYK Main Page errors WP:ERRORS To ping the DYK admins {{ DYK admins }} .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e This page is to nominate fresh articles to appear in the " Did you know " section on the Main Page with a "hook" (an interesting fact). Nominations that have been approved are moved to a staging area and then promoted into the Queue . To update this page, purge it. Count of DYK nominations Section Unapproved Approved Total November 12 1 1 November 14 2 2 November 16 1 1 November 17 1 1 November 19 2 2 November 21 2 2 November 24 1 1 November 25 3 3 November 26 1 2 3 November 27 1 1 November 28 3 3 November 29 2 2 4 November 30 1 2 3 December 1 2 2 December 2 1 1 December 3 1 1 2 December 4 1 3 4 December 5 3 3 December 6 4 4 December 7 2 5 7 December 8 1 3 4 December 9 7 7 December 10 1 3 4 December 11 2 6 8 December 12 3 2 5 December 13 3 3 6 December 14 1 7 8 December 15 3 2 5 December 16 7 7 December 17 2 12 14 December 18 3 6 9 December 19 3 1 4 December 20 6 3 9 December 21 6 6 12 December 22 4 9 13 December 23 4 5 9 December 24 3 5 8 December 25 2 5 7 December 26 1 10 11 December 27 1 2 3 December 28 5 5 10 December 29 7 5 12 December 30 4 11 15 December 31 2 6 8 January 1 3 7 10 January 2 4 9 13 January 3 1 5 6 January 4 5 7 12 January 5 2 6 8 January 6 6 3 9 January 7 7 2 9 January 8 3 5 8 January 9 4 5 9 January 10 9 8 17 January 11 3 5 8 January 12 1 4 5 January 13 5 2 7 January 14 5 5 January 15 Total 139 235 374 Last updated 02:18, 15 January 2026 UTC Current time is 12:03, 16 January 2026 UTC [ refresh ] Instructions for nominators WP:DYKNOM WP:DYKNOM If this is your first nomination, please read the DYK rules before continuing. Further information can be found at the DYK guidelines . Nominate an article Frequently asked questions How do I write an interesting hook? Successful hooks tend to have several traits . Most importantly, they share a surprising or intriguing fact. They give readers enough context to understand the hook, but leave enough out to make them want to learn more. They are written for a general audience who has no prior knowledge of or interest in the topic area. Lastly, they are concise, and do not attempt to cover multiple facts or present information about the subject beyond what's needed to understand the hook. When will my nomination be reviewed? This page is often backlogged. As long as your submission is still on the page, it will stay there until an editor reviews it. Since editors are encouraged to review the oldest submissions first, it may take several weeks until your submission is reviewed. In the meantime, please consider reviewing another submission (not your own) to help reduce the backlog (see instructions below ). Because of WP:DYKTIMEOUT , a nomination should be reviewed within two months since the reviewer/promoter may agree to reject and close an unpromoted hook after that time has passed. Where is my hook? If you can't find the nomination you submitted to this nominations page, it may have been approved and is on the approved nominations page waiting to be promoted. It could also have been added to one of the prep areas , promoted from prep to a queue , or is on the main page. If the nominated hook is in none of those places, then the nomination has probably been rejected. Such a rejection usually only occurs if it was at least a couple of weeks old and had unresolved issues for which any discussion had gone stale. If you think your nomination was unfairly rejected, you can query this on the DYK discussion page or with the closer, but as a general rule such nominations will only be restored in exceptional circumstances. If your nomination was promoted, but it hasn't reached the main page after two weeks, you can also query this on the DYK discussion page. Instructions for reviewers Any editor who was not involved in writing/expanding or nominating an article may review it by checking to see that the article meets all the DYK criteria ( long enough , new enough , no serious editorial or content issues ) and the hook is cited. Editors may also alter the suggested hook to improve it, suggest new hooks, or even lend a hand and make edits to the article to which the hook applies so that the hook is supported and accurate. For more information on the DYK rules and review processes, see the DYK guidelines and the reviewer instructions . To post a comment or review on a DYK nomination, follow the steps outlined below: Look through this page, Template talk:Did you know , to find a nomination you would like to comment on. Click the "Review or comment" link at the top of the nomination. You will be taken to the nomination subpage. The top of the page includes a list of the DYK criteria. Check the article to ensure it meets all the relevant criteria. To indicate the result of the review (i.e., whether the nomination passes, fails, or needs some minor changes), leave a signed comment on the page. Please begin with one of the 5 review symbols that appear at the top of the edit screen, and then indicate all aspects of the article that you have reviewed; your comment should look something like the following: Article length and age are fine, no copyvio or plagiarism concerns, reliable sources are used. But the hook needs to be shortened. If you are the first person to comment on the nomination, there will be a line :* <!-- REPLACE THIS LINE TO WRITE FIRST COMMENT, KEEPING :* --> showing you where you should put the comment. Article length and age are fine, no copyvio or plagiarism concerns, reliable sources are used. But the hook needs to be shortened. Article length and age are fine, no copyvio or plagiarism concerns, reliable sources are used. But the hook needs to be shortened. Save the page. After the nomination is approved, a bot will automatically list the nomination page on Template talk:Did you know/Approved . If there is any problem or concern about a nomination, please consider notifying the nominator by placing {{subst:DYKproblem|Article|header=yes|sig=yes}} on the nominator's talk page. Advanced procedures How to promote an accepted hook At-a-glance instructions on how to promote an approved hook to a prep area See Wikipedia:Did you know/Preparation areas for details on verifying a hook's acceptability. Promoters should not promote their own nomination or their own review. When promoting hooks intended for a particular date, keep in mind that when the number of available approved nominations exceeds 120 we switch to two sets per day , and when that number drops below 60 we return to one set per day . Check list for nomination review completeness Select a hook from the approved nominations page that has one of these ticks at the bottom post: . Check to make sure basic review requirements were completed. Any outstanding issue following needs to be addressed before promoting. Check the article history for any substantive changes since it was nominated or reviewed. Images for the lead slot must be freely licensed. Fair-use images are not permitted. Images loaded on Commons that appear on the Main Page are automatically protected by KrinkleBot . Hook must be stated in both the article and source (which must be cited at the end of the article sentence where stated). Hook should make sense grammatically. Try to vary subject matters within each prep area. Try to select a funny, quirky or otherwise upbeat hook for the last or bottom hook in the set. Steps to add a hook to prep In one tab, open the nomination page of the hook you want to promote. In a second tab, open the prep set you intend to add the hook to. Wanna skip all this fuss? Install WP:PSHAW instead! Does most of the heavy lifting for ya :) For hooks held for specific dates, refer to "Local update times" section on DYK Queue . Completed Prep area number sets will be promoted by an administrator to corresponding Queue number. Copy and paste the hook into a chosen slot. Make sure there's a space between ... and that , and a ? at the end. Check that there's a bold link to the article. If it's the lead (first) hook, paste the image where indicated at the top of the template. Copy and paste ALL the credit information (the {{DYKmake}} and {{DYKnom}} templates) at the bottom Check your work in the prep's Preview mode. At the bottom under "Credits", to the right of each article should have the link "View nom subpage" ; if not, a subpage parameter will need to be added to the DYKmake. Save the Prep page. Closing the DYK nomination page At the upper left Change {{DYKsubpage to {{subst:DYKsubpage Change |passed= to |passed=yes At the bottom Just above the line containing .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}} @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk{color:#00B785}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk{color:#00B785}}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk{font-family:Georgia,"DejaVu Serif",serif;color:#008560;quotes:none}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk-italic{font-family:inherit;font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk-marks{quotes:"\"""\""} }}<!--Please do not write below this line or remove this line. Place comments above this line.--> insert a new, separate line containing one of the following: To [[TM:DYK/P1|Prep 1]] To [[TM:DYK/P2|Prep 2]] To [[TM:DYK/P3|Prep 3]] To [[TM:DYK/P4|Prep 4]] To [[TM:DYK/P5|Prep 5]] To [[TM:DYK/P6|Prep 6]] To [[TM:DYK/P7|Prep 7]] Also paste the same thing into the edit summary. Check in Preview mode. Make sure everything is against a pale blue background (nothing outside) and there are no stray characters, like }} , at the top or bottom. Save. For more information, please see T:TDYK#How to promote an accepted hook . See Wikipedia:Did you know/Preparation areas for details on verifying a hook's acceptability. Promoters should not promote their own nomination or their own review. When promoting hooks intended for a particular date, keep in mind that when the number of available approved nominations exceeds 120 we switch to two sets per day , and when that number drops below 60 we return to one set per day . Select a hook from the approved nominations page that has one of these ticks at the bottom post: . Check to make sure basic review requirements were completed. Any outstanding issue following needs to be addressed before promoting. Any outstanding issue following needs to be addressed before promoting. Check the article history for any substantive changes since it was nominated or reviewed. Images for the lead slot must be freely licensed. Fair-use images are not permitted. Images loaded on Commons that appear on the Main Page are automatically protected by KrinkleBot . Hook must be stated in both the article and source (which must be cited at the end of the article sentence where stated). Hook should make sense grammatically. Try to vary subject matters within each prep area. Try to select a funny, quirky or otherwise upbeat hook for the last or bottom hook in the set. In one tab, open the nomination page of the hook you want to promote. In a second tab, open the prep set you intend to add the hook to. Wanna skip all this fuss? Install WP:PSHAW instead! Does most of the heavy lifting for ya :) Wanna skip all this fuss? Install WP:PSHAW instead! Does most of the heavy lifting for ya :) For hooks held for specific dates, refer to "Local update times" section on DYK Queue . Completed Prep area number sets will be promoted by an administrator to corresponding Queue number. Completed Prep area number sets will be promoted by an administrator to corresponding Queue number. Copy and paste the hook into a chosen slot. Make sure there's a space between ... and that , and a ? at the end. Check that there's a bold link to the article. Make sure there's a space between ... and that , and a ? at the end. Check that there's a bold link to the article. If it's the lead (first) hook, paste the image where indicated at the top of the template. Copy and paste ALL the credit information (the {{DYKmake}} and {{DYKnom}} templates) at the bottom Check your work in the prep's Preview mode. At the bottom under "Credits", to the right of each article should have the link "View nom subpage" ; if not, a subpage parameter will need to be added to the DYKmake. At the bottom under "Credits", to the right of each article should have the link "View nom subpage" ; if not, a subpage parameter will need to be added to the DYKmake. Save the Prep page. At the upper left Change {{DYKsubpage to {{subst:DYKsubpage Change |passed= to |passed=yes Change {{DYKsubpage to {{subst:DYKsubpage Change |passed= to |passed=yes At the bottom Just above the line containing .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}} @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk{color:#00B785}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk{color:#00B785}}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk{font-family:Georgia,"DejaVu Serif",serif;color:#008560;quotes:none}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk-italic{font-family:inherit;font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk-marks{quotes:"\"""\""} }}<!--Please do not write below this line or remove this line. Place comments above this line.--> insert a new, separate line containing one of the following: To [[TM:DYK/P1|Prep 1]] To [[TM:DYK/P2|Prep 2]] To [[TM:DYK/P3|Prep 3]] To [[TM:DYK/P4|Prep 4]] To [[TM:DYK/P5|Prep 5]] To [[TM:DYK/P6|Prep 6]] To [[TM:DYK/P7|Prep 7]] Also paste the same thing into the edit summary. Just above the line containing .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}} @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk{color:#00B785}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk{color:#00B785}}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk{font-family:Georgia,"DejaVu Serif",serif;color:#008560;quotes:none}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk-italic{font-family:inherit;font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk-marks{quotes:"\"""\""} }}<!--Please do not write below this line or remove this line. Place comments above this line.--> insert a new, separate line containing one of the following: To [[TM:DYK/P1|Prep 1]] To [[TM:DYK/P2|Prep 2]] To [[TM:DYK/P3|Prep 3]] To [[TM:DYK/P4|Prep 4]] To [[TM:DYK/P5|Prep 5]] To [[TM:DYK/P6|Prep 6]] To [[TM:DYK/P7|Prep 7]] @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk{color:#00B785}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk{color:#00B785}}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk{font-family:Georgia,"DejaVu Serif",serif;color:#008560;quotes:none}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk-italic{font-family:inherit;font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk-marks{quotes:"\"""\""} }}<!--Please do not write below this line or remove this line. Place comments above this line.--> }}<!--Please do not write below this line or remove this line. Place comments above this line.--> Also paste the same thing into the edit summary. Check in Preview mode. Make sure everything is against a pale blue background (nothing outside) and there are no stray characters, like }} , at the top or bottom. Save. For more information, please see T:TDYK#How to promote an accepted hook . Handy copy sources: To [[TM:DYK/P1|Prep 1]] To [[TM:DYK/P2|Prep 2]] To [[TM:DYK/P3|Prep 3]] To [[TM:DYK/P4|Prep 4]] To [[TM:DYK/P5|Prep 5]] To [[TM:DYK/P6|Prep 6]] To [[TM:DYK/P7|Prep 7]] How to remove a rejected nomination Open the DYK nomination subpage of the nomination you would like to remove. In the window where the DYK nomination subpage is open, replace the line {{DYKsubpage with {{ subst: DYKsubpage , and replace |passed= with |passed=no . Then save the page. This has the effect of wrapping up the discussion on the DYK nomination subpage in a blue archive box and stating that the nomination was unsuccessful, as well as adding the nomination to a category for archival purposes. Alternatively, you can use PSHAW , which automates the process. How to remove a hook from the prep areas or queue Edit the prep area or queue where the hook is and remove the hook and the credits associated with it. Go to the hook's nomination subpage (there should have been a link to it in the credits section). View the edit history for that page Go back to the last version before the edit where the hook was promoted, and revert to that version to make the nomination active again. Add a new icon on the nomination subpage to cancel the previous tick and leave a comment after it explaining that the hook was removed from the prep area or queue, and why, so that later reviewers are aware of this issue. View the edit history for that page Go back to the last version before the edit where the hook was promoted, and revert to that version to make the nomination active again. Add a new icon on the nomination subpage to cancel the previous tick and leave a comment after it explaining that the hook was removed from the prep area or queue, and why, so that later reviewers are aware of this issue. Add a transclusion of the template back to this page so that reviewers can see it. It goes under the date that it was first created/expanded/listed as a GA. You may need to add back the day header for that date if it had been removed from this page. If you removed the hook from a queue, it is best to either replace it with another hook from one of the prep areas, or to leave a message at WT:DYK asking someone else to do so. How to move a nomination subpage to a new name Don't; it should not ever be necessary, and will break some links which will later need to be repaired. Even if you change the title of the article, you don't need to move the nomination page. Nominations Older nominations Articles created/expanded on November 14 Żagiew Comment or view Article history ... that the Jewish underground newspaper from the Warsaw Ghetto , Żagiew , has been misrepresented as a Gestapo organization? Source: Libionka & Weinbaum 2012, p. 687, as cited in the article Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Liyue (Genshin Impact) Comment : Second QPQ: Template:Did you know nominations/Trichy assault rifle 2 . Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Liyue (Genshin Impact) Comment : Second QPQ: Template:Did you know nominations/Trichy assault rifle 2 . Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus | reply here 14:32, 14 November 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Will review this. BeanieFan11 ( talk ) 23:54, 15 November 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] General: Article is new enough and long enough New enough : Long enough : New enough : Long enough : Policy: Article is sourced, neutral, and free of copyright problems Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Hook: Hook has been verified by provided inline citation Cited : Interesting: Cited : Interesting: QPQ : Done. Overall : @ Piotrus : Article looks good. Nice work. Two things: (i) could you show me a quote from the offline source to verify the hook? & (ii) would it be better to describe it as a magazine in the hook, to reflect the article? BeanieFan11 ( talk ) 04:07, 16 November 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] @ BeanieFan11 : As I am not the author, I do not have access to the book. Ping User:Dreamcatcher25 . As for calling it a magazine vs newspaper, I am fine with that, it may be more correct indeed. -- Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus | reply here 11:53, 16 November 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] @ BeanieFan11 and Piotrus : Sorry but I don't get what you guys mean by "verify the hook". Could you please specify as I am not familiar with the en.wiki jargon? :) Dreamcatcher25 ( talk ) 12:49, 16 November 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Dreamcatcher25 : What BF11 is asking is whether you can provide a direct quotation fom the book that would serve to verify the claim made in the hook. Also, your thoughts on which term is better - newspaper or magazine - would be welcome. -- Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus | reply here 11:50, 18 November 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Ok, got it. Definition according to Komorowski (2014), p. 819: Żagiew, an underground magazine published in the Warsaw Ghetto since February 1942 (...) The magazine promoted the ideas of Polish patriotism and Jewish assimilation. Its publishers were isolated within the Jewish community. [...] From December 1942 to February 1943, the Żagiew Information Bulletin was published in the Warsaw Ghetto. [...] The ŻOB sentenced the bulletin’s publisher, Adam Szajn, who was shot on February 28, 1943. In postwar literature, Żagiew’s activities were gradually mythologized. The name of the organization was later considered to be a codename for the 'Jewish Freedom Guard.' Even the publishers of Żagiew from the spring of 1942 were accused of acting on orders from the German authorities. Eventually, all Jewish Gestapo agents operating in Warsaw from 1940 to 1944 — including Abraham Gancwajch and Group 13 — were subsumed under the label of the Żagiew organization. Żagiew, an underground magazine published in the Warsaw Ghetto since February 1942 (...) The magazine promoted the ideas of Polish patriotism and Jewish assimilation. Its publishers were isolated within the Jewish community. [...] From December 1942 to February 1943, the Żagiew Information Bulletin was published in the Warsaw Ghetto. [...] The ŻOB sentenced the bulletin’s publisher, Adam Szajn, who was shot on February 28, 1943. In postwar literature, Żagiew’s activities were gradually mythologized. The name of the organization was later considered to be a codename for the 'Jewish Freedom Guard.' Even the publishers of Żagiew from the spring of 1942 were accused of acting on orders from the German authorities. Eventually, all Jewish Gestapo agents operating in Warsaw from 1940 to 1944 — including Abraham Gancwajch and Group 13 — were subsumed under the label of the Żagiew organization. Żagiew, an underground magazine published in the Warsaw Ghetto since February 1942 (...) The magazine promoted the ideas of Polish patriotism and Jewish assimilation. Its publishers were isolated within the Jewish community. [...] From December 1942 to February 1943, the Żagiew Information Bulletin was published in the Warsaw Ghetto. [...] The ŻOB sentenced the bulletin’s publisher, Adam Szajn, who was shot on February 28, 1943. In postwar literature, Żagiew’s activities were gradually mythologized. The name of the organization was later considered to be a codename for the 'Jewish Freedom Guard.' Even the publishers of Żagiew from the spring of 1942 were accused of acting on orders from the German authorities. Eventually, all Jewish Gestapo agents operating in Warsaw from 1940 to 1944 — including Abraham Gancwajch and Group 13 — were subsumed under the label of the Żagiew organization. I have pulled this from prep as the hook does not accurately reflect the article. The hook says the organization has been "misrepresented" as a Gestapo org, but the article is much more equivocal, with one scholar supporting the claim that it was a Gestapo organ, while another two "leave the question open". In these circumstances, you can't make the categorical statement that the claims are untrue. In short, the hook needs work. Pinging nominators Dreamcatcher25 and Piotrus . Gatoclass ( talk ) 11:05, 13 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] I can only partially agree with your assessment. While it is true that some scholars do not rule out the possibility that the magazine Żagiew had ties to the Gestapo, there is no doubt that Żagiew was not an extensive network of armed collaborators and informers. I would suggest rephrasing the hook to: "that the Jewish underground magazine from the Warsaw Ghetto, Żagiew , has been misrepresented as a Gestapo intelligence network." Dreamcatcher25 ( talk ) 11:26, 13 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Dreamcatcher25 and Piotrus : This nomination turns two months old tomorrow, so please address the concerns as soon as possible. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 12:12, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] The main author doesn't know what to fix, since the reviewer was too vague. How can such vague concerns be addressed? -- Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus | reply here 08:04, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Pinging Gatoclass to respond and clarify what was meant above. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 13:28, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Gatoclass : Note that the nomination turned two months old yesterday, so your urgent response is appreciated so this can move forward either way. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 09:08, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] The main author doesn't know what to fix, since the reviewer was too vague. How can such vague concerns be addressed? -- Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus | reply here 08:04, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Pinging Gatoclass to respond and clarify what was meant above. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 13:28, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Gatoclass : Note that the nomination turned two months old yesterday, so your urgent response is appreciated so this can move forward either way. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 09:08, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Pinging Gatoclass to respond and clarify what was meant above. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 13:28, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Gatoclass : Note that the nomination turned two months old yesterday, so your urgent response is appreciated so this can move forward either way. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 09:08, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] North Korean Postal Service Comment or view Article history ... that North Korea had official mail circulation with the South from 1946 to 1950? Source: USAMGIK released the results of the preparatory talks between the US and the USSR , National Institute of Korean History ; March 7, 1946 ALT1 : ... that North Korea just officially restored postal mailbag exchanges with China and Russia since the COVID-19 pandemic ? Source: Russia restores N. Korea's postal lifeline , DailyNK ; June 19, 2025 and North Korea-China Land Mail Route Reopens After Five Years , The Chosun Daily ; October 10, 2025 ALT2 : ... that North Korea signed postal agreements with China [ zh ] and USSR before its independence? Source: Provisional Agreement on Postal and Telecommunications Services Between the Northeast Liberated Area of the Republic of China and North Korea and its Implementation Rules , National Institute of Korean History ; January 17, 1948 and Provisional Agreement between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and North Korea on Postal and Telegraphic Communication , National Institute of Korean History ; August 16, 1946 Reviewed : Comment : Based on a comprehensive review of primary historical materials, including the Database of Contemporary Korean History by National Institute of Korean History in Korean, the Treaty Database of P.R.C. by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in Chinese and a revealed secret document by CIA in English, my content expansion significantly supplements the history chapter of postal exchanges of North Korea with South Korea, the Soviet Union, and China, overturning the previous conclusion that "North and South Korea had NO postal contact". It also supplements the information on the recent resumption of postal routes of North Korea with China and Russia, based on recent news reports. HCCB3947 ( talk ) 13:43, 20 November 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] In 2025, the government-controlled stamp-issuing authority (Korea Stamp Corporation) published a release notice for new stamps that — for the first time — included Russian alongside English, Chinese, and Korean, reflecting the regime’s growing alignment with Russia. Source : [1] — Preceding unsigned comment added by 4425valentina ( talk • contribs ) 12:05, 30 November 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] This should belong to another Wikipedia page named Korea Stamp Corporation . Stamp issuing and postal service are two separate systems in DPRK. For example, the corporation has their own official website, while the post do not. Source: Entities responsible for fulfilling the obligations arising from adherence to the Acts of the Union and UPU S108 standard International Mail Processing Centre (IMPC) codes, open offices by Universal Postal Union . HCCB3947 ( talk ) 15:12, 1 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] This should belong to another Wikipedia page named Korea Stamp Corporation . Stamp issuing and postal service are two separate systems in DPRK. For example, the corporation has their own official website, while the post do not. Source: Entities responsible for fulfilling the obligations arising from adherence to the Acts of the Union and UPU S108 standard International Mail Processing Centre (IMPC) codes, open offices by Universal Postal Union . HCCB3947 ( talk ) 15:12, 1 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Comment : I'm 99.99% sure interlanguage links aren't allowed for DYK hooks, though ALT2 could become a multihook, but I don't see that as necessary. Roast ( talk ) 23:18, 2 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] According to Wikipedia:Accuracy , it is not suitable to replace the interlanguage link with other articles such as Republic of China (1912–1949) . This is because in the original treaty text , it is specified that the Chinese signer of the agreement is "Northeast Administrative Committee of the Republic of China", which is led by the CPC , not the KMT who led the R.O.C. They are different historical political entities, with the former one have no corresponding English article(s). Anyways, it's the last ALT hook that only applicable when the community see the first two are both "unnecessary". HCCB3947 ( talk ) 12:00, 3 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] According to Wikipedia:Accuracy , it is not suitable to replace the interlanguage link with other articles such as Republic of China (1912–1949) . This is because in the original treaty text , it is specified that the Chinese signer of the agreement is "Northeast Administrative Committee of the Republic of China", which is led by the CPC , not the KMT who led the R.O.C. They are different historical political entities, with the former one have no corresponding English article(s). Anyways, it's the last ALT hook that only applicable when the community see the first two are both "unnecessary". HCCB3947 ( talk ) 12:00, 3 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Article is fine (date, size, etc.). I am midly concerned about the hooks, wbich are not very inspiring (I doubt the admins would want to use a red link, even ILL-style, on the main page, so the hook using it is dead - but if we replace the weird red China link with link to PRC like in other hooks, it would be fine). I'd instead suggest the following hooks as more interesting (IMHO): ALT3 : ... that during North Korea’s 1990s famine, some North Korean postal workers reportedly burned letters in their mail cars to keep warm? ref -- Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus | reply here 13:26, 11 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Reply : If you checked the history, you may find this sentence already exists before my expansion. I did not pay attention to find any related citations, at least in the cited passage, this statement relies on single anonymous source. As you mentioned, it may be only defined as "reportedly" according to existing information. @ Szmenderowiecki and Szmenderowiecki : If the issue is the hook angle is unworkable or unclear, maybe we could try again with a different angle? Alt4 is not going to be interesting. Snail mail has been around for quite some time, definitely existed at the time Korea split. If they abolished the postal service at some point (presumably the only one possible), that would be interesting. Alt5 as written is screaming "holy shit, the post is doing its job!" I suspect you missed a few words, because otherwise it doesn't make any sense. I don't think I heard of the post service collapsing countrywide in the last century. If that were the case, that would be interesting. @ Szmenderowiecki : The nominator hasn't edited since December 12: do you see this nomination still having a path forward? Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 10:31, 6 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] In any case, this seems moot anyway as the nominator hasn't edited since December 12, and no one else has adopted the article or nomination. Unless someone is willing to adopt this and address the remaining concerns, there does not appear to be a path forward at this time. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 05:17, 7 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How about this ALT6. or a variation? (typing fast due to limited time, sorry): ...that even through the Cold War ended, the international postal system of North Korea has become more restricted than in the past? -- Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus | reply here 00:17, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] ALT8 : ... that despite sharing a land border, North Korea's post will not service mail bound for South Korea? I'm sure this could be reworded further, but could a hook that goes something like: ALT9 ... that South Korea has declined engaging with North Korea's postal service , fearing an influx of subversive materials? would work? The actual article still needs to be reworded and clarified, but maybe this angle could be a starting point. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 13:39, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on November 26 Kingdom of Kubala Comment or view Article history ... that the Kingdom of Kubala claims land in Scotland that they allege was stolen from them when Elizabeth I deported black Jacobites? Source: "They assert they represent a forgotten Hebrew tribe, with their monarch tracing his lineage back to David the Messiah, claiming their forebears were exiled during Elizabeth I's expulsion of indigenous black Jacobites." Reviewed : GoldenBootWizard276 ( talk ) 21:32, 27 November 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] The article is new enough and long enough, and the hook is definitely interesting. However the page needs a look at for reliable sources. The DYK hook is directly referenced to the Daily Express. Per WP:DAILYEXPRESS this source is not recommended. The Newsflare source is "Uploaded by a Newsflare content partner", which doesn't seem very definitive. The hook is also cited to NDTV, but their description of the claimed history is a lot less. Unknown Temptation ( talk ) 15:27, 3 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] The article itself should probably mention somewhere that the Jacobite movement did not come into effect until 1688, which was 85 years after Elizabeth I died. I'm not saying that has to affect the hook, though. -- Metropolitan90 (talk) 21:40, 6 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] The article itself should probably mention somewhere that the Jacobite movement did not come into effect until 1688, which was 85 years after Elizabeth I died. I'm not saying that has to affect the hook, though. -- Metropolitan90 (talk) 21:40, 6 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] I have just sent the notification to User:GoldenBootWizard276 . I very rarely come to DYK and it was my false recollection that these reviews sent an automatic message to talk page. More time should be give to redress. Unknown Temptation ( talk ) 11:55, 11 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] @ GoldenBootWizard276 : Please return to this nomination. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 12:02, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Note: I've nominated this page for deletion . Dclemens1971 ( talk ) 19:29, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Note: I've nominated this page for deletion . Dclemens1971 ( talk ) 19:29, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on November 28 2010 Arizona Proposition 112 Comment or view Article history ... that in 2010, Arizona voters rejected a ballot measure by just 194 votes? Source: ALT1 : ... that in 2010, Arizona voters rejected a ballot measure by less than 200 votes? Source: Reviewed : Thefinals626472 ( talk ) 21:00, 28 November 2025 (UTC) . General eligibility: [ reply ] New enough : Long enough : Other problems: Policy compliance: Adequate sourcing : Neutral : - Why is there only the "Support" section? Was support for the referendum split on party lines? Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : - The Contents section is copypasted from the government website, which is less than ideal; you also need to paraphrase quotes . Other problems: - I'd prefer you to focus on what legislators and ordinary people thought about the referendum and whether they actually needed it. Maybe some polls if you can find them? Were there any high-profile lawsuits? Hook eligibility: Cited : Interesting: - The hook is OK but the article text already has a better one. Find it (if I do it for you we are going to need a separate person to approve this nomination). Other problems: - ? QPQ : Overall : I don't want to trash this nomination, but there's a lot of work to be done. Why is the whole table bolded and not just the majority outcome? You may want to colour-code outcomes if you know how to do it, but at least if you decide to bold it, bold the majority outcome. There are a few good articles about referendums you may want to read to understand what the article should more or less look like (search by "referendum" keyword); there are also reasonable articles about propositions in neighbouring California, e.g. Prop 13 or 2025 California Proposition 50 , which do not have an official good article label. Szmenderowiecki ( talk · contribs ) 11:37, 30 November 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Hello! Thank you for your review. I have attempted to fix the concerns by doing the following: Hello! Thank you for your review. I have attempted to fix the concerns by doing the following: Neutral: I have added an opposition section, and added info that it had bipartisan support. Contents: I have removed the exact wording from the government pamphlet and replaced it with just some of the full ballot measure wording with a Ballotpedia source. Lawsuit: I added to the recount section with how and when the results were certified. Hook: My guess for your proposed hook is: ... that in 2010, Arizona legislators unanimously backed an amendment to weaken the citizen initiative process? Table: Completely changed the table and added colors. Thefinals626472 ( talk ) 15:57, 30 November 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Hello, I have removed the Contents section and changed the highlighted text to make it easier to understand. I do not have another guess for your hook. Thefinals626472 ( talk ) 02:19, 7 December 2025 (UTC) Thefinals626472 [ reply ] Hello, I have removed the Contents section and changed the highlighted text to make it easier to understand. I do not have another guess for your hook. Thefinals626472 ( talk ) 02:19, 7 December 2025 (UTC) Thefinals626472 [ reply ] Hello, I have removed the Contents section and changed the highlighted text to make it easier to understand. I do not have another guess for your hook. Thefinals626472 ( talk ) 02:19, 7 December 2025 (UTC) Thefinals626472 [ reply ] Hello, I have removed the Contents section and changed the highlighted text to make it easier to understand. I do not have another guess for your hook. Thefinals626472 ( talk ) 02:19, 7 December 2025 (UTC) Thefinals626472 [ reply ] Hello, I have removed the Contents section and changed the highlighted text to make it easier to understand. I do not have another guess for your hook. Thefinals626472 ( talk ) 02:19, 7 December 2025 (UTC) Thefinals626472 [ reply ] @ Szmenderowiecki : Not sure if its too late, but since it hasn't been run yet, do you agree with changing the hook to: ALT2 : ... that in 2010, Arizona voters rejected a ballot measure by just 194 votes out of over 1.5 million cast? I feel this is more interesting. Please let me know how you feel! Delcoan ( talk ) 05:20, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Sounds good, thank you! Delcoan ( talk ) 06:37, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Delcoan , Thefinals626472 , and Szmenderowiecki : There is some excessively close paraphrasing in the article. Compare : Secretary of State Ken Bennett said the slight shift in vote totals was expected given the large number of ballots being re-tabulated, but the final count was still very close from the original tally, the Secretary of State said. ( original source ) to Following the recount, Arizona Secretary of State Ken Bennett said that the slight change in vote amounts was expected because of the large number of ballots being re-evaluated, but that the final tally was still very similar to the original count. (article) This needs to be addressed before this can be promoted. Dclemens1971 ( talk ) 18:32, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Dclemens1971 : Is that the only part that you would like fixed? If so, I have made some changes to that. Delcoan ( talk ) 20:16, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on November 29 2014 Isla Vista killings Comment or view Article history ... that 22-year-old Elliot Rodger murdered six people during the 2014 Isla Vista killings because he claimed women rejected him and he had never had sex? Source: The Independent ALT1 : ... that 22-year-old Elliot Rodger murdered six people and injured fourteen others during the 2014 Isla Vista killings because he was a lifelong virgin and believed women had rejected him? Source: BBC Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/It's Only a Game (collection) Shoot for the Stars ( talk ) 00:53, 1 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] comment : would suggest waiting to see if Rodger's article passes GAN for a double hook. Roast ( talk ) 02:03, 1 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Comment : I find the idea of linking a horrific real-life murder spree that took the lives of six innocent people as a cute little bite-sized "fun fact" to be in incredibly, incredibly poor taste. CornyDude22 ( talk ) 13:17, 1 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] ALT3 ... that the 2014 Isla Vista killings led to California enacting a red-flag law , which allows family members to petition courts to remove weapons from persons deemed a threat? Source: The Independent Comment : I doubt anyone will listen to me, but do not run this DYK. Reject it. There's some weird, incel, cult-like devotion to this topic, and in the past, I've read that perpetuating coverage of this topic can lead to an increase in stochastic violence. Like I said, I doubt many will agree with me, but that's my controversial take. Viriditas ( talk ) 00:09, 20 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Just noting that Rodger's GA began being reviewed yesterday and I intend on reviewing the articles as a pair.-- Laun chba ller 16:32, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Diego García Miravete Comment or view Article history ... that Diego García Miravete and his college football team's games were closely monitored by the Mexican government in the early 1970s? Source: .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Powell, Robert Andrew (October 27, 2016). "A New Day for (American) Football in Mexico" . Bleacher Report . Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Cute Without the 'E' (Cut from the Team) Comment : Promoted to GA on November 29. Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Cute Without the 'E' (Cut from the Team) Comment : Promoted to GA on November 29. JTtheOG ( talk ) 23:31, 3 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] General: Article is new enough and long enough New enough : Long enough : New enough : Long enough : Policy: Article is sourced, neutral, and free of copyright problems Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Hook: Hook has been verified by provided inline citation Cited : Interesting: Cited : Interesting: QPQ : Done. Overall : Looks good to go. The hook is interesting and the only real change I could suggest is linking to Cóndores UNAM football . Sounder Bruce 19:08, 4 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Pulled. I'm seeing quite a few WP:WEASELWORDS and other items that make me doubt the neutrality of this article. To start, "He is considered to be one of the greatest Mexican college football coaches of all time," is not specifically in the body of the article. He won a lot of championships, but "winningest" (as in the article) does not always mean "greatest". Likewise, "García Miravete contends, like many others," does not allow us to judge the quality of theses sources. There needs to be a clear indication as to who is asserting this point, aside from García Miravete. — Chris Woodrich ( talk ) 21:10, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Crisco 1492 : First quote has been removed. Regarding the second point, the exact quote from the source is "Castro, the doctor and Pumas fan, tells me the same thing, as do several histories I’ve read." Would something like "García Miravete contends, like many other Pumas supporters" work? JTtheOG ( talk ) 08:02, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I'm still concerned with "contend" itself; it's not specifically mentioned in MOS:SAID , but the general concerns there are similar here. Similarly, many others can still end up falling afoul of MOS:AWW . Why not something like, "García Miravete later told Bleacher Report that...". The unidentified "histories" aren't solid without titles. Also, be sure to review the remainder of the article for potential neutrality issues. — Chris Woodrich ( talk ) 12:28, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on November 30 Es hat sich halt eröffnet Comment or view Article history ... that " Es hat sich halt eröffnet ", a traditional 18th-century Christmas carol from Tyrol and Swabia , imagines many angels tumbling from the gate of Heaven that opened (pictured) ? Source: several Reviewed : Shuanglong Bridge Comment : For Christmas Eve, 24 December . The angels, boys and girls, in somersaults (or better - see below - rolling over, or what?) are mentioned in the first stanza, and the image comes close. Reviewed : Shuanglong Bridge Comment : For Christmas Eve, 24 December . The angels, boys and girls, in somersaults (or better - see below - rolling over, or what?) are mentioned in the first stanza, and the image comes close. Gerda Arendt ( talk ) 21:59, 6 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Not a review, but given that this is talking about the events of a song, wouldn't this violate WP:DYKFICTION ? Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 03:23, 7 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] It is fact about the song being that old and from where (and interesting that from two areas now in different countries, and even then disconnected). The rest is a translation of things from the first stanza, to say what someone not reading German could not know. It adds interest, - I don't know about any other song imagining the little angels doing somersaults (rolling over, see below), and it connects to the image (which isn't brilliant but has a similar idea). Sadly, it hasn't been translated into English, and is so much (cute) dialect that translation programs won't help. - Listen , it's fun ;) - Thanks to Michael Bednarek who brought that into our Lilypond. Other hook ideas welcome, of course. -- Gerda Arendt ( talk ) 08:42, 7 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] This appears to be at an impasse, so giving some hook suggestions here. One of the hooks is misleading, but it might work as an April Fools hook if you are willing to have this run on April Fools instead of Christmas. However, it might also work as a quirky. ALT1 ... that Karl Marx made an arrangement of a Christmas carol ? (The link to Marx could be removed if this runs on April Fools) ALT2 ... that " Es hat sich halt eröffnet " is the only known Christmas carol in the Swabian German dialect? (This would require modifying the article and stronger sourcing per WP:DYKHOOKCITE due to it being a superlative hook) ALT3 ... that a hallelujah was added to the Christmas carol " Es hat sich halt eröffnet " after it was criticized for being too secular? ALT4 : ... that " Es hat sich halt eröffnet ", a traditional 18th-century Christmas carol , uses dialect words from Tyrol and Swabia such as "purzigagalan" (somersaults) ? A full review is needed here for ALT1-4. ALT0 has been struck due to the aforementioned DYKFICTION concerns. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 03:20, 11 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] ALT5a ... that " Es hat sich halt eröffnet " is an 18th-century Christmas carol from both Tyrol , Austria, and Swabia , Germany? ALT5b ... that " Es hat sich halt eröffnet " is an 18th-century Christmas carol that uses dialect words from Tyrol , Austria, and Swabia , Germany? @ Gerda Arendt : The solution to that is ALT5c : ... that the 18th century Christmas carol " Es hat sich halt eröffnet " is from the now-Austrian region Tyrol and the now-German region Swabia?. I see this is sourced to one offline source and two online sources, both of which imply Tyrol and Swabia are part of Austria and Germany but don't outright say it.-- Laun chba ller 02:45, 23 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Launchballer : I've been thinking about this, and I wonder if ALT5a/ALT5b could be revisited. It seems like a good compromise between Gerda's desire to highlight the regions, and your desire to highlight the countries, while avoiding the clunkiness of ALT5c. The issue is that "Tyrol" also includes a part in Italy, so saying "Tyrol, Austria" would be at best misleading (there is no such issue for Swabia, which as far as I can tell is entirely in present-day Germany). If the song originated from present-day Austria, then perhaps we can come up with a solution, but that is not clear in the sources. The safest option could be to just go with ALT5, if you prefer that angle, but it does mean it makes less obvious the "different countries" aspect you wanted to highlight. How about using "Austrian Tyrol" and "German Swabia"? Dahn ( talk ) 17:50, 3 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I don't remember if the conversation had already that when the song was texted there was neither today's Germany nor today's Austria. Also: all the territory things say nothing about the topic. We sang it today with several people who didn't know it and we had a lot of fun that is missing in talking about locations only . -- Gerda Arendt ( talk ) 23:11, 3 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Gerda, this is your comment from almost a month ago, on this very page: "and interesting that from two areas now in different countries, and even then disconnected". Dahn ( talk ) 07:40, 5 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] At the time, I wanted Christmas Eve, and was willing to almost anything. We missed the chance. More interesting because more unique than any locations is the funny imagination (roll over backwards and forwards from heaven, offer cheese asking the baby). We seem to have guidelines that go for locations rather than fantasy, but is that a good thing? Can we have a bit of both, perhaps? Would we say about Beethoven's Fifth Symphony only where it was written? At this point, how about ALT3. -- Gerda Arendt ( talk ) 10:16, 5 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on December 3 Billy Gallagher (businessman) Comment or view Article history ... that Billy Gallagher 's Times Square cabaret was open from sundown to dawn, with a mix of "reputable people" and those "who had practical reasons for circulating after dark"? Source: "BILLY GALLAGHER, CAFE OWNER, DIES" , "For the last fifteen years he could be found in his underground cabaret at 711 Seventh Avenue, near Forty-seventh Street, which did not open until after sundown. As other entertainment places, restaurants and speakeasies closed after midnight, business picked up at Billy Gallagher's cabaret, until at dawn it was astir with reputable people still celebrating, and others who had practical reasons for circulating after dark." Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/R & S Building Alansohn ( talk ) 09:42, 7 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] New, long enough, sourced, no apparent copyvios. The hook largely checks out, and is interesting. Mike Christie and Alansohn , there are two slight issues. First, I'm a bit confused by his establishments. The hook says he had a Times Square cabaret, but the article speaks of (a) "a restaurant named Broadway Gardens at 711 Seventh Avenue", (b) "a restaurant in Times Square near 47th Street ", and a "cabaret ... that opened after the sun set and ... remain[ed] open until dawn". Are these each different things? Second, the article could benefit from a bit of attention paid to its formatting. Although the length requirement for DYK is not onerous, having a single-sentence lead followed but a single section titled "Life" is less than ideal. Could a few subsections be added? Overall, though, an interesting article. It's fun to see an article like this, pulling up old sources about someone who seems to have been largely lost to the past. -- Usernameunique ( talk ) 06:53, 9 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Usernameunique , thanks for the review and the recommendations. It's always hard to dig up further details for someone who lived and died so long ago, but I will do my best. Let me make sure that the location details cited are accurate. Thanks again! Alansohn ( talk ) 07:26, 9 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Alansohn : Please return to the nomination. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 13:50, 7 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Narutolovehinata5 , I'm working on research on the facts of the article to provide more biographical detail (on which I'm having little luck) and to better explain the locations of his establishments (for which there is more detail, but it seems contradictory at times). Thanks again for the reminder. Alansohn ( talk ) 15:16, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Usernameunique , thanks for the review and the recommendations. It's always hard to dig up further details for someone who lived and died so long ago, but I will do my best. Let me make sure that the location details cited are accurate. Thanks again! Alansohn ( talk ) 07:26, 9 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Alansohn : Please return to the nomination. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 13:50, 7 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Narutolovehinata5 , I'm working on research on the facts of the article to provide more biographical detail (on which I'm having little luck) and to better explain the locations of his establishments (for which there is more detail, but it seems contradictory at times). Thanks again for the reminder. Alansohn ( talk ) 15:16, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Alansohn : Please return to the nomination. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 13:50, 7 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Narutolovehinata5 , I'm working on research on the facts of the article to provide more biographical detail (on which I'm having little luck) and to better explain the locations of his establishments (for which there is more detail, but it seems contradictory at times). Thanks again for the reminder. Alansohn ( talk ) 15:16, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Narutolovehinata5 , I'm working on research on the facts of the article to provide more biographical detail (on which I'm having little luck) and to better explain the locations of his establishments (for which there is more detail, but it seems contradictory at times). Thanks again for the reminder. Alansohn ( talk ) 15:16, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on December 4 1910s in air cargo Comment or view Article history ... that on November 7, 1910 , the world's first commercial air cargo flight took place (pictured) , in the United States between Dayton, Ohio, and Columbus, Ohio, flown by Wright Brothers' pilot Philip Parmalee in a Wright Model B airplane, carrying a consignment of 200 pounds (about 88 kilograms) consisting of two parcels of silk for department store owner Max Moorehouse? Reviewed : Comment : Nomination suggested by reviewer "Commandant Quacks-a-lot" ; article published from draft last 4 december. Reviewed : Comment : Nomination suggested by reviewer "Commandant Quacks-a-lot" ; article published from draft last 4 december. Roland's ( talk ) 14:03, 9 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Hello, and welcome to DYK. However, the current hook cannot be used as it is above DYK's 200-character limit . I would suggest a much shorter hook, something like: ALT1 ... that the first commercial air cargo flight on November 7, 1910 carried 200 pounds (91 kg) of silk? OK good point, I suggest then: ALT2 ... that the world's first commercial air cargo flight took place on November 7, 1910 carrying 200 pounds (91 kg) of silk? @Narutolovehinata5 @Launchballer No my articles do not use AI or LLM generated content. I do use AI to search internet incl Wikipedia, but all my texts and internal/external references are manually written and checked. Also I followed the advise and redid the "Summary" section as prose / flowing text, that was good advise. Plse let me know what else is needed. By the way, I have to recheck for missing attributions were pieces of text were copied from other wikipedia source articles in the "Events" etc. sections. If that's a problem for your approval just forget this nomination for now OK or keep it open, bcse it will take a few days time for me to get that done. brgds Roland's ( talk ) 10:50, 6 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on December 6 Alexa Collins Comment or view Article history ... that Alexa Collins (pictured) dropped out of university after three years in order to pursue her social media career? Source: "In the interview, the social media influencer revealed that she was studying communications at university but dropped out after three years to pursue social media full-time" Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Splash (otter) JuniperChill ( talk ) 20:28, 13 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Comment moved to mainspace on the 6th at 20:18 UTC, so this should be within the 7day guidance. Due to the Christmas holidays, I may not be able to respond within 24 hours. JuniperChill ( talk ) 20:32, 13 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] comment I did a light copy edit @ JuniperChill : , but noticed quite a few places where clarifications are needed, and I don't necessarily think the fact she doesn't wash her hair often is really encyclopaedic Lajmmoore ( talk ) 09:10, 14 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] I may not be able to fully address the concerns today. I have decided to add a citation to the end of the sentence for the hook per WP:DYKHFC (which may have been the reason why you tagged it). I have removed info about "not showering every day" (because some sources advise against doing that), but I do think the info regarding the fact she eats healthy should remain because I think that's what kept her body fit and healthy. This was my 2nd bio article btw. JuniperChill ( talk ) 17:28, 14 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] I did some more copy editing @ JuniperChill : , but I'm still not convinced that doing meal planning, or having a cancelled honeymoon destination listed is encyclopaedic? Lajmmoore ( talk ) 21:13, 18 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Actually, that cancelled honeymoon you mentioned was actually where her wedding was originally going to be. And not every sentence needs a citation. Also keep in mind that my editing activity has significantly dropped since Saturday due to the xmas holiday season. I should be back to normal editing from 5 Jan. JuniperChill ( talk ) 22:21, 18 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Thanks for the response - we can pause this and come back to it in January. Even as a wedding venue, I still don't think its encyclopaedic content. Nor is the fact she bought a house. You mentioned earlier you're relatively knew to writing biographies, when I started writing them I also included material like this, but it was an important lesson for me that not everything needs to be included. Lajmmoore ( talk ) 09:51, 20 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Coming back after a couple of weeks, I'm very busy IRL as I not only had to deal with the holiday season, but I also now have (real life) work to do. In the meantime, I removed content you suggested wasn't encyclopedic and its currently just under 1500 words. JuniperChill ( talk ) 19:03, 3 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Hi JuniperChill thanks for making those changes - i use the DYK check the article according to that is a few characters short. I found this article which I think is about Collins? (could you check?) and i think the NYP can be used as a source here under WP:NYPOST since its about entertainment and is non-controversial (if its the same person). Adding a line on that should take you over? Lajmmoore ( talk ) 10:32, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I'll go ahead and implement those changes within a couple days. I thought that removing content you suggested would take me to like 1100 characters but its much more than I thought. JuniperChill ( talk ) 23:08, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Chama (album) Comment or view Article history ... that for Chama , Soulfly returned to its roots in tribal-influenced metal? Source: : "...the tribal aesthetic that propelled them has been revived and given several thousand volts up its jungle-dwelling backside..." ALT1 : ... that physical copies of Chama come with a short story about the premise of the album? Source: Igor Cavalera, Chama CD booklet, Nuclear Blast Records, 2025 Reviewed : Comment : I believe the first one is the stronger hook, as I can't any link online to directly cite the booklet in the album. Hurstbergn ( talk ) 20:21, 9 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Not a review, but it's actually probably the other way around here: ALT1 is the stronger hook since ALT0 is reliant on knowing Soulfly to be interesting. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 13:41, 10 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] I can see that perspective too, I was just kinda worried about backing up the DYK with a proper source. On second thought it probably is a stronger hook on terms of people who may not be familiar with that genre of music. - Hurstbergn ( talk ) 14:12, 10 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] I think we can get this approved, but we need to work on expanding the article a tad more. While more than the requisite length of 1500 characters overall (see WP:DYKLEN ), I noticed that about half of the article's length comes from a primary source . I would encourage even just a minor expansion of two more sentences of independently sourced content, relying on the already cited sources. This would more firmly establish notability (which I believe this subject narrowly possesses). Ping me if you make that expansion, have questions, or think we should proceed without it. Best, ~ Pbritti ( talk ) 16:01, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I can see that perspective too, I was just kinda worried about backing up the DYK with a proper source. On second thought it probably is a stronger hook on terms of people who may not be familiar with that genre of music. - Hurstbergn ( talk ) 14:12, 10 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] I think we can get this approved, but we need to work on expanding the article a tad more. While more than the requisite length of 1500 characters overall (see WP:DYKLEN ), I noticed that about half of the article's length comes from a primary source . I would encourage even just a minor expansion of two more sentences of independently sourced content, relying on the already cited sources. This would more firmly establish notability (which I believe this subject narrowly possesses). Ping me if you make that expansion, have questions, or think we should proceed without it. Best, ~ Pbritti ( talk ) 16:01, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I think we can get this approved, but we need to work on expanding the article a tad more. While more than the requisite length of 1500 characters overall (see WP:DYKLEN ), I noticed that about half of the article's length comes from a primary source . I would encourage even just a minor expansion of two more sentences of independently sourced content, relying on the already cited sources. This would more firmly establish notability (which I believe this subject narrowly possesses). Ping me if you make that expansion, have questions, or think we should proceed without it. Best, ~ Pbritti ( talk ) 16:01, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] History of Iloilo City Comment or view Article history ... that Iloilo City used to be the second most important city in the Philippines, next to Manila, and was widely known as the "Queen City of the South," a nickname now mostly associated with Cebu City? Source: Funtecha, Henry Florida (1992), "Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society", The Making of a "Queen City": The Case of Iloilo 1890s-1930s, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan, pp. 107–132 Reviewed : Merd123 ( talk ) 11:15, 7 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] @ Merd123 : New enough (mainspace Dec 5), long enough (34 KB), no apparent copyvio (Earwig flags mostly proper nouns). However, the hook fact is not acceptable as neither the article nor the source mention the fact about Cebu City. A new hook is needed. — Vigilant Cosmic Penguin 🐧 ( talk | contribs ) 02:20, 29 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Thank you for the review. I understand the concern so I have revised the hook to the following, which is fully supported by the article and source: ALT1 : ... that Iloilo City used to be the second most important city in the Philippines, next to Manila, and was widely known as the "Queen City of the South" during its economic peak from the 1890s to the 1930s? Merd123 ( talk ) 06:39, 31 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Merd123 : That hook is still far too long and complicated. My suggestion would be to focus on just one specific fact, rather than trying to include too many at once. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 14:23, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Thank you for the review. I understand the concern so I have revised the hook to the following, which is fully supported by the article and source: ALT1 : ... that Iloilo City used to be the second most important city in the Philippines, next to Manila, and was widely known as the "Queen City of the South" during its economic peak from the 1890s to the 1930s? Merd123 ( talk ) 06:39, 31 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Merd123 : That hook is still far too long and complicated. My suggestion would be to focus on just one specific fact, rather than trying to include too many at once. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 14:23, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Merd123 : That hook is still far too long and complicated. My suggestion would be to focus on just one specific fact, rather than trying to include too many at once. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 14:23, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Battle of Al-Asaba'a Comment or view Article history ... that just 2,000 defenders at Al‑Asaba'a faced 5,000-7,000 Italian troops, and their defeat marked the collapse of Libyan resistance against Italy’s colonial expansion? Source(s): [1] Simon, Rachel (1987). Libya Between Ottomanism and Nationalism . K. Schwarz. p. 210. ISBN 978-3-922-96858-0 . [2] Del Boca, Angelo (2010). Mohamed Fekini and the Fight to Free Libya . Springer. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-230-11633-7 . [3] Baldinetti, Anna (2009). "Italian Colonial Rule and the Muslim Elites in Libya". In Hatina, Meir (ed.). Guardians of Faith in Modern Times: ʻUlamaʼ in the Middle East . BRILL. p. 97. doi : 10.1163/9789047442936_006 . Reviewed : Not required Agent 007 ( talk ) 18:05, 6 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] First-edit review, for more info see WT:DYK#New users reviewing articles General: Article is new enough and long enough New enough : Long enough : Policy compliance: Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Hook: Hook has been verified by provided inline citation Cited : Interesting: QPQ : None required. Overall : The article meets the length, sourcing, and neutrality requirements. Hook is cited and interesting. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2416Vanessa ( talk • contribs ) 20:45, 7 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] General: Article is new enough and long enough New enough : Long enough : New enough : Long enough : Policy compliance: Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Hook: Hook has been verified by provided inline citation Cited : Interesting: Cited : Interesting: QPQ : None required. Overall : The article meets the length, sourcing, and neutrality requirements. Hook is cited and interesting. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2416Vanessa ( talk • contribs ) 20:45, 7 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] No review done, new needed. ~~ AirshipJungleman29 ( talk ) 19:07, 2 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Using standard icon to request a new reviewer. BlueMoonset ( talk ) 06:15, 4 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on December 7 Emily Sutton Comment or view Article history ... that Emily Sutton illustrated a book where a boy wishes on a shooting star to be "un-alone" causing four Christmas ornaments to come to life? Source: "Left alone by his preoccupied parents on Christmas Eve, Theo discovers four worn ornaments at the bottom of the decoration box: a tin soldier, an angel, a rocking horse, and a robin. Then a shooting star blazes by. “I wish to be un-alone,” Theo says aloud. Instantly, the decorations come to life. The rocking horse eats everything in sight (“pine needles, electrical cables, and the bottoms of curtains”), the robin yearns to sing, the angel to fly, and the tin soldier to find his love. Rundell (The Explorer) spins her tale with British civility (“Sorry,” Theo apologizes as the Christmas ornaments lay waste to his piano teacher’s sitting room, “Sorry!”), and the group’s exchanges provide smiles (“I have a feeling you’re supposed to brush your hair if you’re hoping to fall in love,” the soldier worries). With delicately brushed lines, detailed ink-and-watercolor vignettes by Sutton (A First Book of the Sea) supply just the right snow-covered, holly-sprigged atmosphere for a series of magical transformations—and some very real love." Publisher's Weekly Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Dredge (video game) Comment : For Christmas Eve/Christmas Day Thriley ( talk ) 19:50, 9 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Review by a brand new editor, see WT:DYK#New users reviewing articles for details. I have removed DYKYES tick (I'm doing this review as a part of an academic projet User:Assas CHEUNG ) This article is long enough. It is totally neutral, I do not see any point of view in it. It has many sources even though it could have been more and the examples of books are rich. The hook has a correct size, with a relevant source and is quite interesting. I declare it good to go. * --> (I'm doing this review as a part of an academic projet User:Assas CHEUNG ) This article is long enough. It is totally neutral, I do not see any point of view in it. It has many sources even though it could have been more and the examples of books are rich. The hook has a correct size, with a relevant source and is quite interesting. I declare it good to go. * --> ALT1 that Emily Sutton designed the Neverland-themed artwork for the 2023 Christmas show at Castle Howard ? Thriley ( talk ) 17:10, 16 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Striking ALT0 per WP:DYKFICTION ; ALT1 and article still needs review. theleekycauldron ( talk • she/her) 03:55, 17 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] I've given this some thought, and I don't think the hook works for Christmas. The Christmas aspect feels tacked on, as if it was written just to force the hook into being a Christmas hook, without it feeling organic. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 01:05, 22 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] ALT2 : ... that Emily Sutton "lavishly illustrated" an abridged children's edition of Shakespeare's First Folio with "red-cheeked gentlemen, sword-wielding warriors and ladies in striking attire"? Thriley ( talk ) 19:23, 24 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Full review needed now that new, non-Christmas hook has been proposed and previous hooks have both been struck. BlueMoonset ( talk ) 22:37, 29 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] I looked at the article and the hook. I don't believe we need the quote marks but could simply say "illustrate", because what is described is lavish enough. The article is long enough, on fine sources, no copyvio obvious. In the article I wonder why so many super-short paragraphs, and why her dog is mentioned but not her partner, Mark. The first source has much more detail about her growing up. This is not needed for DYK, but worth a thought. I'd also give her an infobox. -- Gerda Arendt ( talk ) 20:34, 6 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] ALT2 : ... that Emily Sutton "lavishly illustrated" an abridged children's edition of Shakespeare's First Folio with "red-cheeked gentlemen, sword-wielding warriors and ladies in striking attire"? Thriley ( talk ) 19:23, 24 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Full review needed now that new, non-Christmas hook has been proposed and previous hooks have both been struck. BlueMoonset ( talk ) 22:37, 29 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] I looked at the article and the hook. I don't believe we need the quote marks but could simply say "illustrate", because what is described is lavish enough. The article is long enough, on fine sources, no copyvio obvious. In the article I wonder why so many super-short paragraphs, and why her dog is mentioned but not her partner, Mark. The first source has much more detail about her growing up. This is not needed for DYK, but worth a thought. I'd also give her an infobox. -- Gerda Arendt ( talk ) 20:34, 6 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Full review needed now that new, non-Christmas hook has been proposed and previous hooks have both been struck. BlueMoonset ( talk ) 22:37, 29 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] I looked at the article and the hook. I don't believe we need the quote marks but could simply say "illustrate", because what is described is lavish enough. The article is long enough, on fine sources, no copyvio obvious. In the article I wonder why so many super-short paragraphs, and why her dog is mentioned but not her partner, Mark. The first source has much more detail about her growing up. This is not needed for DYK, but worth a thought. I'd also give her an infobox. -- Gerda Arendt ( talk ) 20:34, 6 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Cyril Karabus Comment or view Article history ... that Cyril Karabus was convicted of manslaughter and forgery in 2004, a verdict he only learned about around a decade later? Source: Bagraim, Michael (2013). "The Trial in Dubai: The Saga of Prof Cyril Karabus". Jewish Affairs . 68 (2): 5– 11. ISSN 0021-6313 . Ten years later, he found himself under arrest for murder and forgery ... Karabus also discovered that in his absence, the Abu Dhabi Court of First Instance had, on 23 March, 2004, found him guilty of manslaughter and forgery ALT1 : ... that several South African medical organisations withdrew from the 2013 Africa Health Exhibition in protest of Cyril Karabus ' s detention? Source: Dhai, Ames (2013). "Solidarity and South Africa's healthcare professionals" . South African Journal of Bioethics and Law . 6 (1): 2. doi : 10.10520/EJC139685 . Retrieved 7 December 2025 . Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Caterina di Meo Lippi jolielover♥ talk 07:15, 8 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] General eligibility: New enough : Long enough : Other problems: Policy compliance: Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Other problems: Hook: Hook has been verified by provided inline citation Cited : Interesting: Cited : Interesting: QPQ : Done. Overall : All good. I prefer the original hook. Could elaborate on how the original conviction came to be, but this doesn't affect the nomination for DYK. _dk ( talk ) 11:41, 8 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Jolielover : Please address the above concerns. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 12:14, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I did, it's been resolved for a while now jolielover♥ talk 13:27, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I did, it's been resolved for a while now jolielover♥ talk 13:27, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on December 8 Lozi Kingdom Comment or view Article history ... that the precolonial Lozi Kingdom continued to exist as a non-sovereign monarchy and has argued that it is legally a sovereign state ? ALT1 : ... that the precolonial Lozi Kingdom continued to exist within Zambia and has argued that it is legally a sovereign state ? Source: TWL link , source doesn't use the term "non-sovereign monarchy", lmk if that's a problem Reviewed : I'm pretty sure Lozi secessionism has technically been expanded by 5 times? Kowal2701 ( talk ) 23:00, 8 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] @ Kowal2701 : Lozi secessionism was 11976 characters on 14 November and is now 25252, according to WP:DYKCHECK . How are you arriving at 5x?-- Laun chba ller 23:15, 8 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Full review needed now that the second article has been removed as a bold link and an ALT hook proposed. BlueMoonset ( talk ) 06:18, 4 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on December 9 Anawrahta of Tharrawaddy Comment or view Article history ... that Governor Anawrahta was pardoned by two different Ava kings for his allegiance to Hanthawaddy , only to die mysteriously shortly after the second pardon? Source: The first pardon by King Thado: Chronicle sources of (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 280) and (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 73-74). Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Tipat Halav Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Tipat Halav Hybernator ( talk ) 02:55, 10 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] I have reviewed this nomination. The article is detailed, neutral, and easily meets the length requirements. I found the hook particularly effective: the irony of him surviving two royal pardons only to "die mysteriously" immediately afterwards makes for a very compelling story for the Main Page. I verified that the facts are properly supported by the citations in the text. Good to go. Epicgenius , 0917Emanuel . No worries. See below for the text from the Hmannan Yazawin chronicle. မိုးညှင်းမင်းတရားလည်း ပေါင်းတည်စားကို စီးနင်း ဆောင်ယောင်မြဲကို မရှုတ်မချ ပေးတော်မူ၍ ... Translation: The Righteous Lord of Mohnyin affirmed the existing privileges of the lord of Paungde. ပေါင်းတည်ကသည် သာယာဝတီကို စား၍ အနော်ရထာစော ခံသူသည်လက်ဆောင်လက်နက်အများနှင့် သားမယားကိုယူ၍ တရုပ်မော်ဆိပ်တွင် မိမိစွဲသော ပတ္တမြားဓားကို အအိမ်က ကိုင်ပြီးလျှင် လက်ဆောင်တော် ဆက်၏။ ဘုရင်နရပတိလည်း စားမြဲသော စည်းစိမ်ကို မရုပ်ပဲ ထပ်၍ပေးလေ၏။ အနော်ရထာစောလည်း ဘုရင်နရပတိ ပြည်တွင်ရှိခိုက်ပင် နာသည်နှင့် လွန်လေ၏။ Translation: Anawrahta Saw, the lord governing the region from Paungde to Tharrawaddy, arrived at the port of Tayokmaw, accompanied by his entire family and arms. The lord submitted to King Narapati , presenting his sword and its ruby-studded sheath. King Narapati affirmed Anawrahta Saw's fief and privileges, allowing him to retain them. Anawrahta Saw died shortly after, while King Narapati remained in Prome. Hybernator ( talk ) 23:24, 15 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] General: Article is new enough and long enough New enough : Long enough : New enough : Long enough : Policy: Article is sourced, neutral, and free of copyright problems Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Hook eligibility: Cited : - @ Hybernator : Can you please provide the quotes from the sources? This is a relatively new requirement, but for offline sources, we're now supposed to provide quotes from the text that supports the hook, per WP:DYKCITE . Interesting: QPQ : Done. Overall : Nice work. I just had the comment above. Epicgenius ( talk ) 15:07, 15 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on December 10 Bhel puri Comment or view Article history ... that one story says that the street food bhel puri (pictured) was invented by emperor Shivaji to feed his soldiers? Source: [2] Indians trace the origin of this spicy treat back to the Maratha leader Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, who demanded a snack that could be prepared and consumed on the way to battle. Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/WDF World Darts Championship — Vigilant Cosmic Penguin 🐧 ( talk | contribs ) 06:12, 13 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] General: Article is new enough and long enough New enough : Long enough : New enough : Long enough : Policy: Article is sourced, neutral, and free of copyright problems Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Hook: Hook has been verified by provided inline citation Cited : Interesting: Cited : Interesting: Image: Image is freely licensed, used in the article, and clear at 100px. Freely licensed : Used in article : Clear at 100px: Freely licensed : Used in article : Clear at 100px: QPQ : Done. Overall : Article is new and long enough (expanded), well sourced and neutral, also plagiarism free. Hook is cited and interesting. Image is free to use, in article and clear. QPQ is done. Thanks for the work on this. Lajmmoore ( talk ) 13:09, 14 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Vigilantcosmicpenguin and Lajmmoore : Lovely article! Can you comment on the use of a Lonely Planet cookbook as a reliable source for the history of Indian cuisine? I see that the credited author of the recipe, Joe Bindloss , is a professional copywriter for travel guides; what makes him a reliable source for the claims in the article? There's also a discrepancy between the source and the article -- the article says the hook fact is a "legend", but Bindloss presents it as factual ( Indians trace the origins of this spicy treat to... ) I'm not comfortable promoting this hook based on this source unless it can be shown more firmly that Bindloss and Lonely Planet are reliable for this claim. Thanks! Dclemens1971 ( talk ) 17:07, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] It looks like I made a mistake when assessing the source. I thought the book was edited by Tom Parker Bowles , a subject-matter expert, but I misread it and he only wrote the introduction. I will look to see if any better sources back up this information. — Vigilant Cosmic Penguin 🐧 ( talk | contribs ) 18:36, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] It looks like I made a mistake when assessing the source. I thought the book was edited by Tom Parker Bowles , a subject-matter expert, but I misread it and he only wrote the introduction. I will look to see if any better sources back up this information. — Vigilant Cosmic Penguin 🐧 ( talk | contribs ) 18:36, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on December 11 Robert J. Van de Graaff Comment or view Article history ... that Van de Graaff generator inventor Robert Van de Graaff never finished high school and turned to physics only after injuries kept him from following his brothers to Alabama football fame? Source: [The Van de Graaff brothers] went to UA, where all the boys would play football. Adrian and Hargrove earned a position on the Alabama Crimson Tide’s varsity football team in 1910 and William joined them in 1912. Sports articles celebrated their achievements, making the Van de Graaff name famous throughout the South... ...In the fall of 1917, during his senior year, while playing quarterback, [Robert Van de Graaff's] femur was broken and his back severely injured (see Fig. 1). The rest of his senior year he was laid up in the mansion recuperating and reading about engines to pass the time. He never graduated from high school. ...However, Robert enrolled at the University of Alabama in the fall of 1918, remaining on crutches for much of his freshman year and lamenting to his physics professor that he really wished to excel at football. Soon, Adrian and Hargrove returned from the war unharmed and highly decorated. They assisted in coaching UA’s football team, “the Scrubs,” known today as the “B” team. Robert played for the Scrubs as left end on a limited game schedule that included Georgia Tech and Mississippi A&M. After his season as a Scrub player, Robert came to the realization he was not destined to become a football star. One day a young woman asked him how football was going. He replied, “It’s not my game.” She gave him a cynical look and asked, “Well, Robert, what IS your game?” He couldn’t answer and later recalled this to be a very depressing moment. His increased interest in engineering dates from about that time. In February of 1921, Robert petitioned with 11 other students to become charter members of the UA engineering fraternity Theta Tau. During the coming year, Robert became very studious and made the honor roll for the first time. All the brothers had nicknames, and Robert’s, “Tee,” which stayed with him for all his life, derived from his habit of drinking tea to stay alert while studying all night before exam. Reviewed : Comment : My largest expansion is a few days past the 7-day rule. I've been working on further sections of the Van de Graaff article over the past week and didn't want to nominate before giving his career a full treatment Reviewed : Comment : My largest expansion is a few days past the 7-day rule. I've been working on further sections of the Van de Graaff article over the past week and didn't want to nominate before giving his career a full treatment Nickknack00 ( talk ) 16:20, 19 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Two major concerns. The first, and most pressing, is that I don't think you quite hit the 5x expansion mark according to the page size tool. The article started out at just over 4400 bytes and ended up at what my tool measures as 19000 bytes, so about 3000 bytes short. The second is that this hook is awful verbose. Let's work on the first issue before considering the second. Please ping me when you can reply. Best, ~ Pbritti ( talk ) 01:42, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Thanks for the helpful comments, Pbritti . I've expanded using my work on the Round Hill generator article, and improved the coverage of his publications, patents, and inventions. Do you have suggestions for condensing the hook? I'm trying to link the generator article because it is better known than the inventor, but perhaps there is a way to make this less redundant? Nickknack00 ( talk ) 14:54, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on December 12 Meiō incident Comment or view Article history ... that Ōuchi Yoshioki suggested that Ashikaga Yoshitane adopt his usurper Ashikaga Yoshizumi in order to resolve the Meiō incident ? Source: [3] 赤松・大內所存ハ、葉室殿事近日一向每事申沙汰以外次第也、此躰事可訴訟申旨細川申間、同心旨申了、奉背公方剩新君於可定申事、姿々不及覺悟旨申云々、就其和與事及其沙汰歟 (The intentions of Akamatsu [Masanori] and Ōuchi [Yoshioki] , which were in recent days dependent on the affairs of Hamuro residence, aimed to bring the matter to Hosokawa [Masamoto], having the same thoughts, of the possibility of resolving the betrayal [of the shōgun Ashikaga Yoshitane ] by leaving the kubō [in power] with a new lord [ Ashikaga Yoshizumi ]; but as these goals were unrealized, it is doubtful that any reconciliation of this [affair] will happen.) Reviewed : Comment : I linked the source to commons because that's the only place I can actually find the text online. The translation is rough, but I'm pretty sure it's right. Still, probably should be double-checked. Ships & Space ( Edits ) 01:54, 17 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] This isn't a review, but while I think there's a core of a good hook here, as currently written it's hard to follow or understand for readers who are unfamiliar with Japanese history. Could you try rewriting the hook to make it more accessible? For example, maybe something like: Only just realized that I didn't specify that Yoshitane was shogun, nor explain anything about the Meiō incident itself. Thanks for pointing that out. So: Dilution policies of the British Ministry of Munitions (1915–1918) Comment or view Article history ... that the British Ministry of Munitions used wartime "dilution" schemes to replace skilled male engineers with women and unskilled men in munitions factories during the First World War? Source: "Dilution & Substitution – curse or blessing?". Gathering Voices. Reviewed : 3678Agathe ( talk ) 11:02, 12 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] per WT:DYK#New users reviewing articles This review is a component of an academic assignment for a Université Paris Panthéon-Assas L3 course. Coordinator of the course: User:Assas CHEUNG . The article seems to meet the DYK requirements because it contains enough length, appropriate sources, and maintains a neutral perspective. The subject receives thorough explanation and the referenced source provides strong evidence for the introduction. The review process did not identify any problems with policies or sourcing during its evaluation. All set to go. This review is a component of an academic assignment for a Université Paris Panthéon-Assas L3 course. The article seems to meet the DYK requirements because it contains enough length, appropriate sources, and maintains a neutral perspective. The subject receives thorough explanation and the referenced source provides strong evidence for the introduction. The review process did not identify any problems with policies or sourcing during its evaluation. All set to go. Full review needed. Thanks. BlueMoonset ( talk ) 16:16, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] This article is on a subject that, as best I can tell, is a moderately notable subject. Its notability as an independent subject from the more general labor practices in the British Ministry of Munitions is not entirely clear, but I'm willing to presume notability for the sake of making the following comments. The article is poorly written, partially unsourced, and largely reliant on sources like socialistparty.org.uk (which could be reliable, but is almost certainly only good for sourcing opinions). I think a substantial rewrite would be necessary for this to run at DYK. @ 3678Agathe : if you want to undertake such a rewrite, please ping me. Best, ~ Pbritti ( talk ) 17:03, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] This article is on a subject that, as best I can tell, is a moderately notable subject. Its notability as an independent subject from the more general labor practices in the British Ministry of Munitions is not entirely clear, but I'm willing to presume notability for the sake of making the following comments. The article is poorly written, partially unsourced, and largely reliant on sources like socialistparty.org.uk (which could be reliable, but is almost certainly only good for sourcing opinions). I think a substantial rewrite would be necessary for this to run at DYK. @ 3678Agathe : if you want to undertake such a rewrite, please ping me. Best, ~ Pbritti ( talk ) 17:03, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on December 13 Lionel Messi's 2025 India Tour Comment or view Article history ... that a 70-foot (21 m) statue of Lionel Messi was unveiled in India during his G.O.A.T. India Tour ? Source: ALT1 : ... that a 70-foot (21 m) statue of Lionel Messi holding the FIFA World Cup Trophy was unveiled in India during his G.O.A.T. India Tour ? Source: Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Ben Obumselu ❯❯❯ Raydann (Talk) 12:13, 15 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Article is new enough, long enough, and QPQ is done. Earwig reports copyvio unlikely. Hook is interesting and sourced (prefer original hook here, ALT1's extra detail isn't that relevant). No images so no image problems. However, the "orphan" cleanup tag needs to be resolved to be presentable. This could well be done with just a single article linking ( Lionel Messi himself? Something else?). Also, more subjectively... both this article and the spin-off 2025 Kolkata Messi 'GOAT' event incident article (which I'm not sure should even be a separate article at all - maybe merge it?) are bizarrely vague about what exactly the incident was. The lead says "crowd unrest and organizational issues" which... could mean anything. Can we be more specific about the incident and why it was bad? Because crowds are unruly all the time, and "organization" can mean anything from funding sources being bad to the lavatories not having supplies. These two concerns should hopefully be pretty easy to fix, though. Nice work. SnowFire ( talk ) 04:58, 25 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Raydann : Please return to this nomination and address the above concerns. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 12:17, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Hello there Narutolovehinata5 , thank you so much for the ping, and my sincere apologies for the delayed response. Addressing the concerns raised by SnowFire : The article is no longer an orphan. There is consensus to merge the spin-off article with this one. Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/2025 Kolkata Messi 'GOAT' event incident . I'm busy with other projects to carry out the merge myself at this moment, hope that isn't a problem. I have also clarified the nature of the incident in the article's lede. Please let me know if anything else is required. Happy to carry out any other necessary changes. Thank you. ❯❯❯ Raydann (Talk) 14:52, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Raydann : Yes, something else is required - there's still a pending merge tag here. Let's have the article be in a stable state before it gets approved, i.e. finish the merge. Additionally, there was some concern brought up at the AFD that this article itself is somewhat run-of-the-mill reporting. DYK is not AFD, but it might be good to do another pass on the sourcing here to show clear notability. SnowFire ( talk ) 22:59, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Raydann : Yes, something else is required - there's still a pending merge tag here. Let's have the article be in a stable state before it gets approved, i.e. finish the merge. Additionally, there was some concern brought up at the AFD that this article itself is somewhat run-of-the-mill reporting. DYK is not AFD, but it might be good to do another pass on the sourcing here to show clear notability. SnowFire ( talk ) 22:59, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How To Survive from Nine To Five, Between the Covers (book) How To Survive from Nine To Five Between the Covers (book) ... that author Jilly Cooper drew on her experience of 27 office jobs to write How To Survive from Nine To Five , and her marriage with its "pathological jealousy" for Between the Covers ? Source: 1. How To Survive from Nine To Five= 2.Between the Covers= Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Broadspotted molly Comment : QPQ2: Template:Did you know nominations/Bhel puri Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Broadspotted molly Comment : QPQ2: Template:Did you know nominations/Bhel puri Lajmmoore ( talk ) 13:09, 14 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] I'm going to snap this one up as well - multinoms are always useful.-- Laun chba ller 13:16, 14 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Manuel Antonio Ruíz de la Rosa Comment or view Article history ... that Manuel Antonio Ruíz de la Rosa , bishop of the newly created Diocese of Stella Maris , once protested against U.S. ambassador Wally Brewster ? Source: "In a second incident, San Juan Bautista School in Santiago banned Brewster from its property. Officials posted at least three signs outside the school which read, “The entrance of the US Ambassador of the United States is not permitted in this institute.” They have since been defaced by LGBT activists and were then removed for Holy Week. The school’s director, Fr. Manuel Ruiz, defended the signs,reported Dominican Today. Ruiz told a radio interviewer he had the right to put up signs on private property and that “[Brewster’s] presence and of his partner in a school isn’t innocent." "Pope Leon XIV named Manuel Antonio Ruiz de la Rosa as the first bishop for the diocese." Reviewed : Reviewed : Nmarshall25 ( talk ) 20:19, 13 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] New, long enough, no QPQ required; no copyvios either. Two concerns: 1) the source does not say that he protested, but rather that he endorsed the protest; 2) New Ways Ministry is an advocacy group, so I have to wonder if they can be used for reporting facts and statements by those their agenda conflicts with. Dahn ( talk ) 19:41, 19 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on December 14 Suit & Tie Comment or view Article history ... that Justin Timberlake's 2013 comeback single was promoted by relaunching a former world's biggest social media network? Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/...So Goes the Nation Comment : Driveby nom. Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/...So Goes the Nation Comment : Driveby nom. Laun chba ller 23:20, 14 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Comment . I would recommend against the phrasing "a former world's biggest social media network" as it looks at first glance to be referring to a "former world". Instead, this hook could say "... that Justin Timberlake's 2013 comeback single was promoted by relaunching a social media network that was formerly the world's biggest?" -- Metropolitan90 (talk) 05:57, 16 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] I agree. Is there anything that speaks against just phrasing it as ALT0b : "... that Justin Timberlake's 2013 comeback single was promoted by relaunching MySpace ?" I feel like the platform is known enough. YuniToumei ( talk ) 09:49, 16 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Comment : All of the above hooks are interesting, but one I recommend is ALT0d : "... that Justin Timberlake's 2013 comeback single set a Billboard Pop Songs chart record for the highest detections total by a new entry in the chart's history with 6,045 plays?" (source: www .billboard .com /articles /news /1521640 /justin-timberlake-makes-historic-debut-on-pop-songs-chart ) Red Shell Momentum 19:38, 1 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Launchballer : What do you think? Red Shell Momentum 21:13, 3 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on December 15 Titan Fleischmann Comment or view Article history ... that when Titan Fleischmann 's grandmother first heard her future grandson's name, she cried out of fear that he would be bullied for it? Source: 1 Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/History of Chinese Americans in Idaho Comment : Open to any suggestions on the wording. Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/History of Chinese Americans in Idaho Comment : Open to any suggestions on the wording. JTtheOG ( talk ) 19:34, 20 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] @ JTtheOG : New enough and long enough. QPQ present. Hook fact is in article and checks out. I think the wording of the hook is okay, personally. I'm not 100% comfortable with "offensive line that allowed just three sacks" from the article as being a direct rip, but I also don't know if there's another good way to say it and convey to the reader that three sacks in a season is not a lot. I want to hear from you first before I approve. Sammi Brie (she/her · t · c ) 03:58, 21 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Hello! Thanks for taking this review. All that really comes to mind is switching out words like "allowed" for "gave up", "conceded" or "surrendered", or replacing "sack" with "quarterback sack". How about He led an offensive line which surrendered only three quarterback sacks all year long. ? JTtheOG ( talk ) 21:08, 23 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Pinging @ BeanieFan11 : for any other suggestions... JTtheOG ( talk ) 10:22, 28 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] I don't think there's really that many ways to word that sentence. I'm fine with "He led an offensive line which surrendered only three quarterback sacks all year long", though I'd cut "quarterback" in "quarterback sacks" – I rarely hear them called by the full name. BeanieFan11 ( talk ) 00:36, 29 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Done! Thanks to both of you all. JTtheOG ( talk ) 00:52, 29 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Friendly ping @ Sammi Brie : in the case this hasn't been seen... JTtheOG ( talk ) 21:51, 2 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I don't think there's really that many ways to word that sentence. I'm fine with "He led an offensive line which surrendered only three quarterback sacks all year long", though I'd cut "quarterback" in "quarterback sacks" – I rarely hear them called by the full name. BeanieFan11 ( talk ) 00:36, 29 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Done! Thanks to both of you all. JTtheOG ( talk ) 00:52, 29 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Friendly ping @ Sammi Brie : in the case this hasn't been seen... JTtheOG ( talk ) 21:51, 2 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Done! Thanks to both of you all. JTtheOG ( talk ) 00:52, 29 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Friendly ping @ Sammi Brie : in the case this hasn't been seen... JTtheOG ( talk ) 21:51, 2 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Mykhailo Starytsky Comment or view Article history ... that Ukrainian writer Mykhailo Starytsky financed his own theatre with proceedings from the sale of a rusk factory? Source: У 1883 році Михайло Старицький продав власний маєток на Поділлі та сухарний завод, будинок і всі кошти – 60 тисяч вклав у створення власного театру, основою якого стала трупа Ашкаренка. [In 1883 Mykhailo Starytsky sold his own manor in Podilla and the rusk factory, as well as his house, and invested all money - 60 thousand [rubles] into the creation of his own theatre on the base of Ashkarenko's troupe] Reviewed : Skoropadsky ( talk ) 12:11, 19 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Review as follows: Article is well written, with some awkward sentences that could be attributed to linguistic differences during the translation process (e.g. first sentence within the second paragraph of the "Biography" section, "cousine" in the Personal life section). Still presentable for me but needs some copywriting. Also I didn't found the substance of the hook being mentioned in the article, as the only mention that I found on the rusk factory: During the Russo-Turkish War Starytsky acquired a rusk factory and profited from supplying Russian troops, but failed to achieve much success in that business. didn't imply either explicitly or implicitly the notion that the rusk factory was being used to finance the theater. Kindly clarify these issues please, thank you! Regards, Jeromi Mikhael 02:39, 20 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Skoropadsky : Please return to the nomination and address the above concerns. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 12:20, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Narutolovehinata5 : Paragraph 7 in "Biography": ...Starytsky invested money from the sale of his country residence, house and factory into the creation of his own theatre. Skoropadsky ( talk ) 15:13, 13 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Dawn Hope Comment or view Article history ... that Dawn Hope was praised for her "stunning gospel voice" in the production of Rough Crossings ? Source: [4] ALT1 : ... that Dawn Hope has been acting since 2021? Source: [5] ALT2 : ... that Dawn Hope has been praised for her singing in Rough Crossings and Porgy and Bess ? Source: [6] [7] [8] [9] ALT3 : ... that Betty Currie has been portrayed by Dawn Hope in stage adaptation of the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal ? Source: [10] [11] ALT4 : ... that Dawn Hope believed that her scenes with Jimmy McKenna in Hollyoaks were similar to improv ? Source: [12] ALT5 : ... that Dawn Hope and her Hollyoaks co-star Jimmy McKenna have friends going back over 40 years? Source: [13] Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Enriqueta Duarte Comment : Please let me know if there are any issues DaniloDaysOfOurLives ( talk ) 04:43, 16 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] @ DaniloDaysOfOurLives : Not yet a review, but I have reservations if any of these hooks meet DYKINT. ALT5 is a cute hook, but I imagine it mainly appeals to Hollyoaks fans and not to general audiences. Do you have any other suggestions that are intended for general audiences and not just Hollyoaks fans? Ideally hooks that do not mention the series by name. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 10:48, 16 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Narutolovehinata5 : How about: ALT6 : ... that Dawn Hope ' s first episode on Hollyoaks featured an entirely Black cast ? [14] DaniloDaysOfOurLives ( talk ) 07:54, 20 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on December 17 Communist Party of Transcarpathian Ukraine Comment or view Article history ... that when the Communist Party of Transcarpathian Ukraine merged into the Soviet Communist Party in 1945, party memberships were not transferred en bloc but rather each member had to undergo review? Source: Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Le Roseau d'Or Soman ( talk ) 20:36, 20 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] The hook as currently written is rather long: I would suggest dropping "party memberships were not transferred en bloc but rather" and instead go straight to the "each member had to undergo review" point. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 12:28, 22 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Hotmangaradja Pandjaitan Comment or view Article history ... that Hotmangaradja Pandjaitan 's military career was influenced by a lot draw? Source: this hook is a summary of the second paragraph of the Early Life, with citation from Hadimadja, Ramadhan Karta; Sriwibawa, Sugiarta (1997). D.I. Pandjaitan Pahlawan Revolusi Gugur Dalam Seragam Kebesaran [D.I. Pandjaitan, Revolutionary Hero, Died in Full Uniform]. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan. pp. 188–189. Dua orang putera kami, Salomo dan Oce, setelah remaja sama-sama ingin melanjutkan perjuangan ayahandanya sebagai prajurit. Keduanya ingin memasuki AMN (Akademi Militer Nasional) di Magelang... Saya pikir kemudian, satu orang putera sajalah yang menjadi prajurit. Pendapat saya dipatuhi oleh Salomo yang baru lulus dari SMA dan Oce yang masih duduk di bangku SMA. Maka keduanya pun melakukan sut, dan ... Oce yang menang. Menjelang lulus dari SMA, kepada guru pembimbingnya Oce mengatakan hendak masuk AKABRI. Guru itu tercengang, bahkan marah, karena Oce sudah diarahkan ke ITB. Namun akhirnya cita-cita Oce itu dapat dimengerti. [Our two sons, Solomon and Oce, both wanted to continue their father's legacy as soldiers when they reached adolescence. They both wanted to enter the AMN (National Military Academy) in Magelang... I thought then, only one son should become a soldier. My opinion was followed by Solomon, who had just graduated from high school, and Oce, who was still in high school. So the two of them held a lawsuit, and... Oce won. Before graduating from high school, Oce told his guidance counselor that he wanted to enter the Indonesian Military Academy (AKABRI). The teacher was surprised, even angry, because Oce had been directed to ITB. But in the end, Oce's aspirations were understood.] Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Radio Ozodi Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Radio Ozodi Regards, Jeromi Mikhael 05:28, 20 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] @ Jeromi Mikhael : Article was nominated on December 20 and seems to have been moved to mainspace on December 17, so new enough. It is also long enough. Copyvio seems fine. I do have a few small issues: What is the argument that this is a reliable source? It seems to be an anecdotal story told by his mother, unless I'm mistaken. Are there any other independent sources that corroborate or contradict this story? If we accept the source as fact, we can say that the lot draw influenced Hotmangaradja's decision to pursue a military career, but saying that it "influenced his career" implies that it affected him while he was in the military, which does not seem to be the case. What is the argument that this is a reliable source? It seems to be an anecdotal story told by his mother, unless I'm mistaken. Are there any other independent sources that corroborate or contradict this story? If we accept the source as fact, we can say that the lot draw influenced Hotmangaradja's decision to pursue a military career, but saying that it "influenced his career" implies that it affected him while he was in the military, which does not seem to be the case. Articles created/expanded on December 18 Thomas Johannes Mayer Comment or view Article history ... that Thomas Johannes Mayer portrayed Wotan and Wozzeck , with a voice filling large opera houses but flexible enough for the finest nuances? Source: [15] Reviewed : Michael Menzinger Comment : Due to Christmas, I'm some hours late. Both roles are pinnacles, not "doing his job". Wozzeck just turned 100 (OTD). The voice is described per the source (which calls him "an ideal Wotan" for that quality, but other critics said similar things. Other ideas welcome. Reviewed : Michael Menzinger Comment : Due to Christmas, I'm some hours late. Both roles are pinnacles, not "doing his job". Wozzeck just turned 100 (OTD). The voice is described per the source (which calls him "an ideal Wotan" for that quality, but other critics said similar things. Other ideas welcome. Gerda Arendt ( talk ) 07:06, 25 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Melkart Abou Jaoude Comment or view Article history ... that Melkart Abou Jaoude received his first Division I offer at the bagel store where he worked? ALT 1 : … that Melkart Abou Jaoude received his first NCAA Division I offer at the bagel store where he worked ALT 2 : … that Melkart Abou Jaoude received his first Division I college football offer at the bagel store where he worked Source: Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/El Colotero TarheelBornBred ( talk ) 18:25, 18 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Length and date ok. QPQ done. Close paraphrase not found. Just one question, could we clarify in hook what "Division I" refers to? Either just un-piping NCAA Division I or adding some word that puts the hook into context? -- Soman ( talk ) 20:11, 20 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] I’m fine un-piping NCAA Division I if that’s what’s necessary to provide context for the hook better. TarheelBornBred ( talk ) 21:57, 21 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Oli Herbert Comment or view Article history ... that Oli Herbert would spend up to three hours locked in a room working on a single guitar lick? Source: Reviewed : Comment : Sorry if I messed up the template, I just created this article and the person that reviewed it suggested that I should nominate a fact so here it is. Reviewed : Comment : Sorry if I messed up the template, I just created this article and the person that reviewed it suggested that I should nominate a fact so here it is. Lolcow33 ( talk ) 07:57, 18 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Hey, welcome to DYK, Lolcow33 . Your nomination is timely, and the article is new enough. It does need a couple of changes and I had one additional suggestion: Sammi Brie (she/her · t · c ) 07:19, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] There are two passages with no citation: This album also featured one of the bands biggest hits "Two Weeks" which reached number 9 on the U.S. Mainstream rock chart. and As of 2025, the investigation is still ongoing. These need citations for the page to be eligible for DYK. I happened to see the second Blabbermouth cite which seems to be regurgitating a report from WTNH ( [16] ) — why not cite it directly? Hook fact checks out to the TeenView interview. It's interesting and got my attention. There are two passages with no citation: This album also featured one of the bands biggest hits "Two Weeks" which reached number 9 on the U.S. Mainstream rock chart. and As of 2025, the investigation is still ongoing. These need citations for the page to be eligible for DYK. I happened to see the second Blabbermouth cite which seems to be regurgitating a report from WTNH ( [16] ) — why not cite it directly? Hook fact checks out to the TeenView interview. It's interesting and got my attention. Articles created/expanded on December 19 Panipuri Comment or view Article history ... that gender norms have been suggested to influence the consumption of panipuri (pictured) ? Source: [17] ALT1 : ... that in China, the popularity of the Indian snack panipuri (pictured) led to a hashtag and a depiction in Genshin Impact ? Source: [18] Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/History of Iloilo City Comment : Sorry for being a bit over the 7-day limit—I'll blame it on Christmas. I may also think of more interesting hooks as I continue to expand the article. — Vigilant Cosmic Penguin 🐧 ( talk | contribs ) 02:20, 29 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Le Roseau d'Or Comment or view Article history ... that Jacques Maritain and Jean Cocteau united Thomism and the avant-garde in founding the magazine Le Roseau d'Or ? Source: Schloesser, Stephen (2016). Jazz Age Catholicism: Mystic Modernism in Postwar Paris, 1919-1933. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 181. ISBN 9780802087188. Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Nu Octantis Ab Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Nu Octantis Ab M.A.Spinn ( talk ) 16:14, 20 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Date, length ok. For the hook, I would suggest linking Thomism (and perhaps also Avant-garde ). All facts of the hook need a sentence with reference in the article, but the fact about Maritain and Cocteau being the founders doesn't have a direct reference. I'm also wondering whether the image is really public domain? -- Soman ( talk ) 20:04, 20 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] I have added the relevant quote in the above to the article and reorganized it a little bit to get everything referenced in that note attached to it. I found the image on WikiMedia Commons and I don't see why it wouldn't be public domain; in addition to being published 99 years ago the author died in 1948 which meant by the French copyright law of the time it would have expired in 1998. Furthermore in the 93 years between the magazine folding and today I have seen nothing to suggest there has been any attempt to retain the copyright of the magazine. M.A.Spinn ( talk ) 21:37, 21 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] I have added the relevant quote in the above to the article and reorganized it a little bit to get everything referenced in that note attached to it. I found the image on WikiMedia Commons and I don't see why it wouldn't be public domain; in addition to being published 99 years ago the author died in 1948 which meant by the French copyright law of the time it would have expired in 1998. Furthermore in the 93 years between the magazine folding and today I have seen nothing to suggest there has been any attempt to retain the copyright of the magazine. M.A.Spinn ( talk ) 21:37, 21 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on December 20 Allan Ludwig Comment or view Article history ... that Allan Ludwig is known as a "Founding Father" of Gravestone Studies due to his 1966 book on New England gravestones (example pictured) ? Source: "Allan Ludwig, ‘Founding Father’ of Gravestone Studies, Dies at 92 His Pulitzer-nominated book “Graven Images” inspired a reassessment of Puritan art, challenging the belief that imagery carved on headstones was meaningless. Allan Ludwig in the mid-1950s, setting up a camera to take one of the gravestone photographs he collected and analyzed in “Graven Images.”via Ludwig Family In 1955, Allan Ludwig, an art historian and photographer, made a wrong turn while driving to a pig roast in rural Connecticut. As evening approached, he told The New York Times years later, he and his wife, Janine, “saw this beautiful graveyard on the top of a hill.” The couple explored the Colonial-era burial site as the light struck at an angle that amplified the carvings on the gravestones. That wrong turn became a fortunate misstep, leading to the publication in 1966 of “Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815.” Mr. Ludwig’s book, which was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, contained scholarly analysis and 256 black-and-white plates of gravestone images he photographed, inspiring a reassessment of Puritan funerary art and contesting the widely held notion that the imagery was meaningless. “The more I discovered, the more I became convinced that here was the early religious art of New England,” he wrote." Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Barred topminnow Comment : ALT hooks and images welcome Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Barred topminnow Comment : ALT hooks and images welcome Thriley ( talk ) 19:28, 27 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Clarification needed ...it is unclear if the image of the gravestone was shot by Ludwig or by the Commons uploader User:Tpyxldl (or was Tpyxldl Ludwig's user name when he was alive if he happened to be a WP editor? It seems to imply it's one of Ludwig's photos but it does not have the same image quality that he was known for. If it isn't his photo, it might be best not to have a photo. Netherzone ( talk ) 01:55, 28 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] There are two issues here. Apart from the above confusion regarding if the subject took the picture, one could argue that the picture actually violates DYKDIVERT and thus would not work. The second is that the hook could be simplified: perhaps it could be shortened to "... that photographer Allan Ludwig wrote a book on New England gravestones ?" Maybe it's just me but I think writing a book about gravestones is already an unusual fact in itself. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 00:39, 2 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] The original hook is much more interesting than the newly proposed hook. There are numerous books on gravestones, and that is not something Ludwig originated (I'm thinking here of Mark C. Taylor (philosopher) and Dietrich Christian Lammerts (photographer) book titled Grave Matters ; and others.) However, few people know that the discipline Gravestone Studies even exists and he was key in its foundation and development. The wording of the original hook has some flair, and makes one want to click on the links for him and for Gravestone Studies. I also think that the second hook is (dare I say) bland; it's simply stating that a photographer wrote a book. It's not interesting. Netherzone ( talk ) 03:33, 2 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Lynching of Dipu Chandra Das Comment or view Article history ... that the religiously motivated lynching of Dipu Chandra Das was celebrated by many in Bangladesh, including a prospective parliamentary candidate? Source: Lynching of a Hindu in Bangladesh Fans Fears of Rising Intolerance : "But the religiously motivated murder of Mr. Das was openly celebrated by many. "You have brought joy to the hearts of the people," Jubayer Ahmad Tasrif, who is planning to run in parliamentary elections, said in a video he posted on Facebook." Reviewed : TryKid [ dubious – discuss ] 13:03, 26 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Comment : I definitely second this hook, althought the article fo-shizzle needs a second pair of eyes. Edit: @ TryKid : Re your edit summary the claim isn't that they were directly linked, but that provides the background for the febrile atmosphere in the country. See talk. this is a personal view and I don't inherently disagree with this but as we know on Wikipedia anyone is well within their rights to remove unsubstantiated/unverified assertions. And re the talk discussion, there's no consensus. Unless & until there's a consensus that the distinct incident of the Hadi assassination serves as a backdrop and 'febrile atmosphere' (no reliable media corroborated this, however), and therefore it is justified to be mentioned on the article, please do not revert it further. Good luck with the nom! X ( talk ) 19:33, 27 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] As I have before, I object to hooks which describe contemporary killings such as this as 'lynching' in our own voice. It assumes, prior to a criminal investigation or trial, that the killing was either not lawful or was criminal; that may very well be true, but it suggests the pre-adjudication guilt of living mob participants in a way that violates - at least - the spirit of WP:BLPCRIME . Urve ( talk ) 20:24, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] If other agree with this sentiment, I wouldn't object to changing the hook to "killing of Dipu Chandra Das", but it would still have to be piped to the current title, since that is the common name. regards, TryKid [ dubious – discuss ] 12:17, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Youth League of Transcarpathian Ukraine Comment or view Article history ... that during the 1944 founding congress of the Youth League of Transcarpathian Ukraine , the communist leader Ivan Turyanitsa called for the formation of a people's militia invoking " an eye for an eye "? Source: Валентина Владимировна Марьина. Закарпатская Украина (Подкарпатская Русь) в политике Бенеша и Сталина: 1939-1945 гг. : документальный очерк. Новый хронограф, 2003 Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Paleontology in Uruguay Soman ( talk ) 11:17, 24 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] KP Permanent Make-Up, Inc. v. Lasting Impression I, Inc. Comment or view Article history ... that Antonin Scalia did not agree that "Everybody has got a right to the use of the English language and has got a right to assume that nobody is going to take that English language away from him"? Source: ALT1 : ... that Antonin Scalia did not endorse "Everybody has got a right to the use of the English language and has got a right to assume that nobody is going to take that English language away from him"? Source: Reviewed : Comment : Scalia did not join Footnote 5, which really just contains this phrase. I think it's funny. It pushes towards 200 characters no matter how you say it due to the quotation, but I thought these were the most neutral phrasings. lethargilistic ( talk ) 19:55, 21 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Length, date ok. QPQ not needed. But I have some issues with the hook. Antonin Scalia was not a worldwide celebrity, and for a global audience he would need to be introduced in the hook as SCOTUS Justice. I get that the nominator finds the non-endorsement of the the sentence on English, but I don't really get how this links to the case or the controversy. And moreover, the article appears to have some potential close paraphrase issue, some quite long, non-quote passages are identical between the article and supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/543/111 -- Soman ( talk ) 00:47, 26 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Vasyl Khaynas Comment or view Article history ... that Ukrainian historian Vasyl Khaynas had been active in an underground movement against Hungarian rule of Transcarpathia during his high school years? Source: Навічно в пам'яті історії: біографічний довідник делегатів першого з'їзду народних комітетів Закарпатської України. Госпрозрахунковий редакційно-видавничий відділ управління справах преси та інформації, 2004. pp. 314-315 Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Melkart Abou Jaoude Soman ( talk ) 20:41, 20 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] General: Article is new enough and long enough New enough : Long enough : New enough : Long enough : Policy: Article is sourced, neutral, and free of copyright problems Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Hook: Hook has been verified by provided inline citation Cited : - Offline/paywalled citation accepted in good faith Interesting: Cited : - Offline/paywalled citation accepted in good faith Interesting: QPQ : Done. Overall : Good work on this. Obviously no copyvio issues since all sources are in Ukrainian or Russian. Offline, non-English source accepted AGF. QPQ completed. ThaesOfereode ( talk ) 16:37, 21 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Riders (novel) Comment or view Article history ... that the novel Riders was the first work to feature the phrase "snail trail" to describe sperm trickling down the inner thigh after sexual intercourse? Source: "Didn’t she invent the luminously sticky image of a “snail trail” on an inner thigh?” She did indeed, in an al fresco sex romp involving a buxom blonde groom"= Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Four sea delicacies Comment : I used a word counter to get to the 5X expansion, not the bytes in history: 369 to 1905. Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Four sea delicacies Comment : I used a word counter to get to the 5X expansion, not the bytes in history: 369 to 1905. Lajmmoore ( talk ) 10:25, 20 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] @ Launchballer : can you think of a better way to phrase this hook? I know DYK is not keen on 'firsts' Lajmmoore ( talk ) 11:05, 20 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Comment : I think this hook might actually outdo Belle Delphine as the most sexually explicit DYK hook, congratulations! 😆 ArtemisiaGentileschiFan ( talk ) 17:16, 20 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Comment : why sperm? I think semen or ejaculate would be better fitting (I sound like an idiot just debating this). Roast ( talk ) 17:45, 20 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] I have a suggestion that I think is worded slightly better: new reviewer please. Also, maybe this could be a Valentines Day hook, if there is a themed set planned? Lajmmoore ( talk ) 09:10, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] The hook is false. By 1971, the term snail trail is used in essentially the same sense in Moira Pearce's Upstairs at the Bull Run . I looked further in my collection; Jason Bond's Sins of the Fathers (1983; Adonis Classics) also uses this sense. Urve ( talk ) 20:31, 12 January 2026 (UTC) Edited Urve ( talk ) 20:36, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Technically, it's the source that's false! Thank you for the extra research Urve . I'm quite busy the rest of this week, but will come up with some new ALTs at the weekend Lajmmoore ( talk ) 23:16, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on December 21 Three Schoolfellows Comment or view Article history ... that the tale of Three Schoolfellows , based on which the vizier Nizam al-Mulk , the revolutionary Hasan-i Sabbah , and the poet Omar Khayyam made a pact at school, may be (or inspired by) a true story? Source: Wasserman, James (14 September 2020). Hasan-i-Sabah: Assassin Master . Nicolas-Hays, Inc. p. 168-169. ISBN 978-0-89254-687-9 . One modern Ismaili scholar and author , Ali Mohammad Rajput , accepts the story as likely true ... Harold Bowen wrote that it was possible the story of the Three Schoolfellows may have actually been derived from the relationship between Nizam and two other contemporaries Reviewed : Z 17:05, 21 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] General: Article is new enough and long enough New enough : Long enough : New enough : Long enough : Policy: Article is sourced, neutral, and free of copyright problems Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Hook: Hook has been verified by provided inline citation Cited : Interesting: Cited : Interesting: Image: Image is freely licensed, used in the article, and clear at 100px. Freely licensed : Used in article : Clear at 100px: Freely licensed : Used in article : Clear at 100px: QPQ : - Not done Overall : Hello ZxxZxxZ , happy to review this nomination. The article was created yesterday. It has a readable prose size of 2476 characters. Every paragraph in the body of the article has a reference. The text uses neutral language. WP:EARWIG shows no copyvios. The hook is cited and interesting. The picture is free, used in the article, and clear. QPQ has not yet been done. The text has various language problems: bbrought FitzGerald"s Wasaya of Nizam al-Mulk, : end sentence with period at Nishapur. : "in Nishapur" sounds more natural. consider the story as a fable, : remove "as" and they residing in different location towns : I suggest replacing it with "and because they resided in different towns" Jawad al-Muscati consider the story a fabrication : replace "consider" with "considers" two times, the text refers to Hasan-i as Hassan If we use a picture, the hook needs to include the expression (pictured) . I think the hook is longer than it needs to be, what about condensing it to ALT1 : ... the tale of Three Schoolfellows (pictured) , which is about a pact between the vizier Nizam al-Mulk , the revolutionary Hasan-i Sabbah , and the poet Omar Khayyam , may be inspired by real events? As I understand it, the picture is from the movie Omar the Tentmaker . Is this movie specifically intended as an adaptation of the story Three Schoolfellows ? Phlsph7 ( talk ) 13:53, 22 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Statewide Treaty Comment or view Article history ... that this month an Australian state signed the country's first treaty with First Nations peoples? Reviewed : Reviewed : Poketama ( talk ) 05:56, 21 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Hi Poketama , this article is new enough and long enough. You are QPQ-exempt. I have added the article link to this hook. However, it needs substantial remediation before I can properly consider it for a review. Many passages are unreferenced. Outside of the lead section, an article at DYK must have everything cited inline to a source. Using the user script User:Phlsph7/HighlightUnreferencedPassages will show you all of the areas requiring attention. Separately, given that this is likely not to run in December 2025, we need a less time-sensitive hook fact, of which I think there are a few in here, and preferably a hook that is not about a "first" claim. Sammi Brie (she/her · t · c ) 06:30, 21 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] I have added some more sources. How about ALT1 ... that the Statewide Treaty was ceremonially signed by leaders putting their handprints on a kangaroo skin? @ Sammi Brie : Poketama ( talk ) 12:05, 22 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] You have not added enough sources. There are 7 citation needed templates on here and now a merge tag, Poketama . This is a last call to ensure that all areas are referenced. Sammi Brie (she/her · t · c ) 06:21, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I have added some more sources. How about ALT1 ... that the Statewide Treaty was ceremonially signed by leaders putting their handprints on a kangaroo skin? @ Sammi Brie : Poketama ( talk ) 12:05, 22 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] You have not added enough sources. There are 7 citation needed templates on here and now a merge tag, Poketama . This is a last call to ensure that all areas are referenced. Sammi Brie (she/her · t · c ) 06:21, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] You have not added enough sources. There are 7 citation needed templates on here and now a merge tag, Poketama . This is a last call to ensure that all areas are referenced. Sammi Brie (she/her · t · c ) 06:21, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] David Munyua Comment or view Article history ... that darts player David Munyua is nicknamed "Why Not"? Source: ALT1 : ... that David Munyua was the first player from Kenya to compete at the PDC World Darts Championship ? Source: ALT2 : ... that David Munyua had never been outside of Africa prior to him competing at the PDC World Darts Championship ? Source: Reviewed : Comment : first nomination - Viva Moldova ( talk ) 08:59, 22 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Viva Moldova ( talk ) 09:19, 21 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Only needs very minor expansions. - Viva Moldova ( talk ) 09:00, 22 December 2025 (UTC) * [ reply ] Eligible now. - ~2025-42508-11 ( talk ) 17:21, 23 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Eligible now. - ~2025-42508-11 ( talk ) 17:21, 23 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Maung Me Khaung Comment or view Article history ... that the legendary Burmese hero Maung Me Khaung was said to have footprints that measured one full cubit in length? Source: Temple, Sir Richard Carnac (1981). မြန်မာ့မိရိုးဖလာဓလေ့ နတ်သမိုင်း: ၃၇ မင်း မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ၌ကျင့်သုံးသော နတ်ပူဇော်သောဓလေ့များ (in Burmese). Cā pe Mitʻ chve Cā pe. pp. 178– 180. ထိုသားသည် ဘီလူးမနှင့်လူညား၍ ပေါက်ဖွားသောကြောင့် ခွန်အား ဗလ ကြီးမားကာ အရွယ်ရောက်ချိန်၌ ခြေဖဝါးလည်း တစ်တောင်ရှိ၍ ဆင် ကိုပင် ဖမ်း၍ အစွယ်ချိုးနိုင်သော စွမ်းရည်သတ္တိနှင့် ပြည့်စုံသည်။ [That son was born of an ogress and a human, so he had great strength and power. When he grew up, his footprints were one cubit long, and he was filled with the ability and strength to even catch an elephant and break its tusks.] Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Mary Scott, Countess of Deloraine Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Mary Scott, Countess of Deloraine Hteiktinhein ( talk ) 17:58, 26 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Per this discussion I am reopening this. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 08:59, 4 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Thone Myo Shin Comment or view Article history ... that gamblers in Myanmar worship the spirit Thone Myo Shin to ensure victory in cockfights? Source: Kan Min, U (August 1949). ၃၇ မင်းနှင့် နတ်မျိုးစုံ [37 Nats and various nats] (PDF) . Khit Lu Publishing. p. 56. ကြက်သမားများ အနေဖြင့် ကြက်တိုက်ရာတွင် ယင်း ကြက်သမားနတ်ကို တင်မြှောက် ပသက နိုင်သည်ဟု ယူဆ ယုံကြည်ကြသည်။ [Cockfighting enthusiasts believe that, during cockfighting, they can ensure victory by paying homage to the cockfighting spirit.] ALT1 : ... that Thone Myo Shin was killed by his own henchman after he kicked the man in the face for making them late to a cockfight? Source: Kan Min, U (August 1949). ၃၇ မင်းနှင့် နတ်မျိုးစုံ [37 Nats and various nats] (PDF) . Khit Lu Publishing. p. 56. သုံးမြို့ ရှင် ဘုရင်က မောင်မဲခေါင်အား "နင် ဆင်ကောက် နောက်ကျနေ၍ ငါ အရှက်ရသည်" ဟု ဆိုကာ မောင်မဲခေါင်၏ မျက်နှာကို ခြေနှင့် ကန်ကျောက်လိုက်ရာ မောင်မဲခေါင်ကလည်း ရန်ငြိုးထားကာ ပြန်လည် ပုန်ကန်ခဲ့သည်။ [Thone Myo Shin said to Maung Mae Khaung, "You are late with the elephant hook, and I am ashamed," and kicked him in the face. Maung Mae Khaung then bore a grudge and rebelled.] Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Cipero Tramway ALT1 : ... that Thone Myo Shin was killed by his own henchman after he kicked the man in the face for making them late to a cockfight? Source: Kan Min, U (August 1949). ၃၇ မင်းနှင့် နတ်မျိုးစုံ [37 Nats and various nats] (PDF) . Khit Lu Publishing. p. 56. သုံးမြို့ ရှင် ဘုရင်က မောင်မဲခေါင်အား "နင် ဆင်ကောက် နောက်ကျနေ၍ ငါ အရှက်ရသည်" ဟု ဆိုကာ မောင်မဲခေါင်၏ မျက်နှာကို ခြေနှင့် ကန်ကျောက်လိုက်ရာ မောင်မဲခေါင်ကလည်း ရန်ငြိုးထားကာ ပြန်လည် ပုန်ကန်ခဲ့သည်။ [Thone Myo Shin said to Maung Mae Khaung, "You are late with the elephant hook, and I am ashamed," and kicked him in the face. Maung Mae Khaung then bore a grudge and rebelled.] Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Cipero Tramway Hteiktinhein ( talk ) 18:17, 26 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] @ Hteiktinhein : As you already have more than five nominations, I will be closing this and your other open nominations within 24 hours if you are unable to provide QPQs for each of them. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 00:41, 2 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Per this discussion I am reopening this. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 08:59, 4 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on December 22 Roshni (album) Comment or view Article history ... that an ex- Hindi film actor recreated his Pakistani song for his new album in 2025 with one of the Spotify's most streamed artists ? Source: [19] [20] [21] [22] Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Mighty Space Miners Comment : Merged the information for this hook from these multiple references. Hope it works out, because my previous nom for " Urain Ge " and 141 Schools for Peace underperformed. M. Bill oo 19:37, 28 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] M. Bill oo 19:37, 28 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Ebenezer Harcourt Comment or view Article history ... that Ebenezer Harcourt debuted for the Nigeria national football team at 15 years old, becoming the youngest Nigeria player ever? Source: 15-year-old Ebenezer Harcourt became the youngest goalkeeper to feature for the Super Eagles ALT1 : ... that 15-year-old Ebenezer Harcourt was the youngest player to represent the Nigeria national football team ? Source: 15-year-old Ebenezer Harcourt became the youngest goalkeeper to feature for the Super Eagles ALT2 : ... that 15-year-old Ebenezer Harcourt debuted for the Nigeria national football team before his club Sporting Lagos F.C. ? Source: 15-year-old Ebenezer Harcourt became the youngest goalkeeper to feature for the Super Eagles Nigeria U20 goalkeeper, Ebenezer Harcourt, made his long-awaited first-team debut in Sporting Lagos’ 1-1 draw…on Friday Reviewed : Comment : Feel free to suggest alternative wording or better sources. it's lio ! | talk | work 12:13, 23 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] An error occurred when I made this nomination using DYK-wizard, causing it to not be transcluded at Talk:Ebenezer Harcourt . Can someone help fix this and check if anything else is amiss? Thanks, it's lio ! | talk | work 12:19, 23 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] General: Article is new enough and long enough New enough : Long enough : New enough : Long enough : Policy compliance: Adequate sourcing : - three uncited direct quotes Neutral : - promotional language could be reduced Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Hook: Hook has been verified by provided inline citation Cited : Interesting: Cited : Interesting: QPQ : None required. Overall : I support moving forward once citation issues have been addressed, as well as some pruning of promotional tone. I prefer ALT1 for conciseness. Significa liberdade (she/her) ( talk ) 17:40, 25 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Sulphur molly Comment or view Article history ... that sulfur mollies create rhythmic waves to avoid ending up in birds' beaks (pictured) ? Source: "Here we present a field study that investigated the anti-predator benefits of waves produced by fish at the water surface when diving down collectively in response to attacks of avian predators. Fish engaged in surface waves that were highly conspicuous, repetitive, and rhythmic involving many thousands of individuals for up to 2 min ..." [23] Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Brandon Arrington Surtsicna ( talk ) 22:53, 22 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] New enough (expanded), long enough, sourced with no copyvio detected, QPQ ongoing, hook is cited. The photo is not exactly what one expect to see, ideally it should be an image of the waves (in fact, I thought the DYK is about a bird). In this case, maybe the hook could be adjusted accordingly: create rhythmic waves to repel predators?. -- Z 18:03, 24 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Christian to Crescent Trail Connector bridge Comment or view Article history ... that the Christian to Crescent Trail Connector bridge (pictured) does not cross the Schuylkill River , but instead connects two segments of the Schuylkill River Trail that were separated by a freight railroad? Source: "Barile said the unique design was necessary, as the trail is bound by a rail line on one side and the river on the other, so there wasn't enough space to build it entirely on land.... The segment connects the Grays Ferry Crescent, an existing 1/2 mile path, to the Schuylkill River Trail, which starts in Schuylkill County and ends in Philadelphia." [24] ALT1 : ... that the Christian to Crescent Trail Connector bridge (pictured) was designed to encourage residents of South and Southwest Philadelphia to access Center City without a car? Source: "Tyler Barile, an assistant chief construction engineer at the Streets Department, said the project was intended to provide a new route to get to Center City without a car." [25] Reviewed : ManOfTheArk ( talk ) 18:41, 22 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on December 23 Cyprus-Greece-Israel trilateral alliance Comment or view Article history ... that a trilateral agreement made Turkey designate Israel as its No. 1 threat? Source: , ALT1 : ... that the 10th Trilateral Meeting between Cyprus, Greece and Israel took place in December 2025? Source: ALT2 : ... that 3+1 framework is the name given to the US connection to the Trilateral agreement ? Source: , Reviewed : TonyFerro ( talk ) 14:17, 29 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Foreign Legion (album) Comment or view Article history ... that the difficulty of finding Fluid Ounces ' third studio album Foreign Legion has led some fans to consider it an urban legend ? Source: Reviewed : KmartEmployeeTor ( talk ) 07:35, 29 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Hook is interesting, expansion occurred within 7 days, article is long enough. However, the cited source doesn't exactly say that it was the American release that sold poorly. Could you provide a source for that claim? Ruby2010 ( talk ) 16:06, 1 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ KmartEmployeeTor : Wanted to make sure you saw this. Sammi Brie (she/her · t · c ) 07:11, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Ruby2010 : Yeah, I guess you’re right. Would it be okay to edit this into something like “... that Fluid Ounces ' third studio album Foreign Legion was so difficult to find its existence was considered an urban legend ?” 07:11, 8 January 2026 (UTC) @ KmartEmployeeTor : I reworded the hook to slightly to: @ Ruby2010 : Yeah, I think that’s good. I’ll update the page to reflect this. KmartEmployeeTor ( talk ) 07:44, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Bixie jishi Comment or view Article history ... that Christian missionaries in China translated and published an inflammatory anti-Christian treatise ? Source: One abridged version of the work, entitled Pi-hsieh shih-lu (A true record to ward off heterodoxy), was considered important enough by a group of Shantung missionaries to be translated under the title Death Blow to Corrupt Doctrines. [...] Moreover, the work was so explosive in content that it was banned by the Chinese authorities in at least three provinces. Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Cognition Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Cognition Generalissima ( talk ) (it/she) 05:56, 24 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] General: Article is new enough and long enough New enough : Long enough : New enough : Long enough : Policy: Article is sourced, neutral, and free of copyright problems Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Hook eligibility: Cited : - Offline/paywalled citation accepted in good faith Interesting: Other problems: - The reader is going to be disappointed if they click the article and find out it doesn't explain why missionaries did that. I wonder if this source has more info. QPQ : Done. Overall : ( t · c ) b u I d h e 19:18, 27 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Buidhe : Great find! I added a little bit of information from it. Generalissima ( talk ) (it/she) 07:56, 28 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Doña Clotilde Comment or view Article history ... that some netizens in Latin America asked for the cancellation of a female character of El Chavo del Ocho for harassing a male character in the show? ALT0a ... that some internet users in Latin America asked for the cancellation of a female character of El Chavo del Ocho for harassing a male character in the show? Source: 1. This states: Usuarios de las redes sociales buscan cancelar la participación de doña Cleotilde, La Bruja del 71, en El Chavo del Ocho, por acosar a Don Ramón. ( Milenio ) 2. This states: La polémica se encendió esta semana a partir de la circulación de un posteo en Instagram, Facebook y Twitter, en la que se cuestiona por qué no se hablaba de que la conducta de “La Bruja del 71” también “promovía el acoso sexual”. ( Infobae ) 1. Translated: Social media users are seeking to cancel the participation of Doña Cleotilde, La Bruja del 71, in El Chavo del Ocho, for harassing Don Ramón. Reviewed : Papyrus Bingen 45 Reviewed : Papyrus Bingen 45 CoryGlee 21:33, 23 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Comment : it's best if "netizens" is changed for "internet users" or the like. Netizen is an informal term. Will not review. Roast ( talk ) 21:54, 23 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on December 24 An Ordinary Youth Comment or view Article history ... that Walter Kempowski 's semi-autobiographical novel set in Nazi Germany only mentions Auschwitz once? Source: The Guardian - Tellingly, the word “Auschwitz” appears only once. When Walter is visiting his grandfather, a Hitler supporter, he reads in the newspaper’s Miscellaneous section about a “bloody marital drama” that played out on the street “in Auschwitz, at Kattowitz”. ALT1 : ... that An Ordinary Youth 's original German title is a pun based on a cigar brand ? Source: ProQuest 3051059628 (available through The Wikipedia Library) - copied from a piece of Kempowski family argot derived from the German word (tadellos) for impeccable and the name (Loeser & Wolff) of Karl's favorite brand of cigar. Reviewed : Comment : First nomination, please let me know if there's any issues. ScalarFactor ( talk ) 17:01, 28 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Trade Union Council of Transcarpathian Ukraine Comment or view Article history ... that among the delegates at the founding congress of the Trade Union Council of Transcarpathian Ukraine , 47 had been partisan fighters during World War II ? Source: S. D. Ivanov (ed.). Zdobutky braterstva. Karpaty, 1967. pp. 79-80 Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Nesselrode Pudding Soman ( talk ) 12:45, 25 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] General: Article is new enough and long enough New enough : Long enough : New enough : Long enough : Policy compliance: Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Other problems: - has a valid maintenance tag Hook eligibility: Cited : - Offline/paywalled citation accepted in good faith Interesting: - Not surprising as the Soviet regime used the fight against fascism as a way to bolster legitimacy QPQ : Done. Overall : ( t · c ) b u I d h e 21:30, 25 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Federated States of Micronesia–Russia relations Comment or view Article history ... that the Federated States of Micronesia cut ties with Russia following the Russian invasion of Ukraine? Source: (Barron's) ALT1 : ... that after the Federated States of Micronesia severed ties with Russia over its invasion of Ukraine, Russia included the country on an unfriendly countries and territories list ? Source: (Al Jazeera) ALT2 ... that the Federated States of Micronesia justified severing ties with Russia following the invasion of Ukraine on "Micronesian values"? Source: (Island Times) ALT3 ... that Russia's embassy in the Philippines was in charge of relations with the Federated States of Micronesia, before the latter cut ties with Russia over its war in Ukraine? Reviewed : TKO (Justin Timberlake song) ALT3 ... that Russia's embassy in the Philippines was in charge of relations with the Federated States of Micronesia, before the latter cut ties with Russia over its war in Ukraine? Reviewed : TKO (Justin Timberlake song) CoryGlee 05:20, 25 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Will review this. BeanieFan11 ( talk ) 16:02, 25 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] I'm not sure if these hooks meet DYKINTEREST. Many countries sanctioned Russia after the invasion, and Russia retaliated accordingly. ( t · c ) b u I d h e 21:27, 25 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Buidhe : hi, yes, I though of it because the FSM is a small nation, but I have added an alt given your input. Thanks. CoryGlee 22:45, 25 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] General: Article is new enough and long enough New enough : Long enough : New enough : Long enough : Policy: Article is sourced, neutral, and free of copyright problems Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Hook eligibility: Cited : Interesting: - ? QPQ : Done. Overall : Article looks good. Nice work. Regarding the hooks, the first probably is too bland per Buidhe. I think the second is kinda interesting (the "unfriendly countries list"? Hadn't heard of that before.) I don't see the quote from ALT2, "Micronesian values", in either the article or the source? I think the second, if worded right, could be made interesting enough. Perhaps something like "... that Russia considers the Federated States of Micronesia an "unfriendly country"? What do you think? @ CoryGlee : BeanieFan11 ( talk ) 22:54, 25 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Hi BeanieFan11 , thanks for the review. Yes, I have no problem in rewording. In fact, I have an ASD problem when it comes to summing up, LOL. As for ALT2, the Island Times source says “It is often described that the preference of any Pacific Island Country, to include the FSM, is that we be friends to all, and enemies to none,” Panuelo said. Articles created/expanded on December 25 Chicago State Cougars football Comment or view Article history ... that Chicago State Cougars football is the only NCAA Division I gridiron football program in Chicago? Source: Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/I'm Only F**king Myself Comment : This is the first of two QPQs for this review. P.S. I had to move my connection to my iPhone personal hotspot because this Target/Starbucks is blocked. TonyTheTiger ( T / C / WP:FOUR / WP:CHICAGO / WP:WAWARD ) 21:49, 1 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Comment . Most of this article is not actually about Chicago State Cougars football, but rather about other colleges that have played or currently play football in Chicago. That may be understandable because Chicago State has not yet begun its first football season, which is about eight months away, but the proportion of Chicago State Cougars football content to the length of the article seems rather low. -- Metropolitan90 (talk) 08:35, 3 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] As stated at WP:CFB , this is sort of like the lengthy background at Utah_Mammoth#Background_and_establishment . It is the only current DI football school in Chicago. The background basically talks about the history of Chicago football by describing past DI football schools in Chicago, current DI non-football schools in Chicago, current non-DI football schools in Chicago, and current DI football schools near Chicago.- TonyTheTiger ( T / C / WP:FOUR / WP:CHICAGO / WP:WAWARD ) 16:22, 4 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] As stated at WP:CFB , this is sort of like the lengthy background at Utah_Mammoth#Background_and_establishment . It is the only current DI football school in Chicago. The background basically talks about the history of Chicago football by describing past DI football schools in Chicago, current DI non-football schools in Chicago, current non-DI football schools in Chicago, and current DI football schools near Chicago.- TonyTheTiger ( T / C / WP:FOUR / WP:CHICAGO / WP:WAWARD ) 16:22, 4 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Genocide Comment or view Article history ... that many genocide perpetrators fear that they would otherwise suffer a similar fate as they inflict on their victims? ALT1 : ... that many perpetrators adopt ideologies justifying genocide after they begin to kill? ALT2 : ... that the United States and Soviet Union worked to ensure their own policies were excluded from the definition of genocide ? Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Trade Union Council of Transcarpathian Ukraine ALT1 : ... that many perpetrators adopt ideologies justifying genocide after they begin to kill? ALT2 : ... that the United States and Soviet Union worked to ensure their own policies were excluded from the definition of genocide ? Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Trade Union Council of Transcarpathian Ukraine ( t · c ) b u I d h e 21:32, 25 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Comment : ALT2 needs a rewrite for clarification. Does "write their own policies out of the definition" mean that their policies were by definition genocidal, or does it mean something else? Roast ( talk ) 03:26, 26 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] They wrote the definition of genocide, and ensured that they would not be considered guilty. ( t · c ) b u I d h e 03:33, 26 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] They wrote the definition of genocide, and ensured that they would not be considered guilty. ( t · c ) b u I d h e 03:33, 26 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on December 26 Sandra Caron Comment or view Article history ... that Sandra Caron once tried to halt a BBC radio series depicting her sister as a drunkard? Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Santa statue (New Zealand) Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Santa statue (New Zealand) Laun chba ller 11:29, 26 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] okay, let's do this – nice new article, Launchballer ! new enough, long enough; hook is interesting; no image provided and a QPQ has been done. A few concerns: I'm concerned that the hook unduly focuses on a negative aspect of a (recently) living person . Is ukgameshows.com a reliable source? Not sure any information should be resting on it, which makes a sizeable paragraph a little nerve-wracking. "following extreme weight loss and several falls" looks to be the same as the language in tvtropes.org ; is it a backwards copy? I'm concerned that the hook unduly focuses on a negative aspect of a (recently) living person . Is ukgameshows.com a reliable source? Not sure any information should be resting on it, which makes a sizeable paragraph a little nerve-wracking. "following extreme weight loss and several falls" looks to be the same as the language in tvtropes.org ; is it a backwards copy? Hopefully the issues can be resolved or I'm off-base on them- let me know :) theleekycauldron ( talk • she/her) 01:28, 27 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Theleekycauldron : What else do I need to do here?-- Laun chba ller 06:48, 5 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Scott Kupor Comment or view Article history ... that Scott Kupor had not heard of the United States Office of Personnel Management before he accepted the nomination to become its director? Source: Bloomberg News Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Lamarr Wilson elijahpepe@wikipedia (he/him) 21:32, 26 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] General: Article is new enough and long enough New enough : Long enough : New enough : Long enough : Policy: Article is sourced, neutral, and free of copyright problems Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Hook: Hook has been verified by provided inline citation Cited : Interesting: Cited : Interesting: QPQ : Done. Overall : Earwig's tool returns results that appear to fall under WP:LIMITED , and a (very) quick spot-check reveals no other policy issues. Hook verified, and coverage reads neutral to me. Interesting hook. I believe this is good to go. Staraction ( talk · contribs ) 08:04, 29 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] I can't get past the strict Bloomberg paywall but this hook is inaccurate as written. Kupor's selection as OPM director was announced in December 2024, but he was not confirmed (and thus did not assume the role) until July 2025. As written, the hook indicates Kupor had not heard of OPM even after he had been offered the role, accepted it, and underwent confirmation hearings for it. The hook needs to be recast (and the line in the article adjusted as well) before it can be promoted. Not going to offer a suggestion since the Bloomberg source is inaccessible to me. Dclemens1971 ( talk ) 02:45, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on December 27 There's a Hole in the City Comment or view Article history ... that " There's a Hole in the City " is a speculative fiction story by Richard Bowes that describes the September 11th attacks alongside the "summoned ghosts from past disasters" in New York City? Source: Reviewed : SouthernNights ( talk ) 14:27, 3 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on December 28 Harley Davidson (song) Comment or view Article history ... that Brigitte Bardot 's 1967 song " Harley Davidson " reflected women's emancipation and newfound freedom? Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Sarah Baxendale Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Sarah Baxendale Moscow Connection ( talk ) 23:59, 4 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] @ Moscow Connection : New enough and long enough. QPQ present. The article itself is fine, but the hook leaves me wanting. The article doesn't justify "newfound" enough to warrant its inclusion in the hook, and I do worry that making this statement without attribution isn't possible unless multiple sources, not just Delta FM, do it. Ping me when you respond. Sammi Brie (she/her · t · c ) 07:01, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] It just sounded better like this. And the word emancipation (" Emancipation ") is "the act of freeing from restraints" and is synonymous to "liberation" ( [26] ), so it implies that the freedom was "newfound". @ Sammi Brie : Not sure if the matter is solved, but pinging you anyway. I can reword the hook or find a new one, I'll think about that. -- Moscow Connection ( talk ) 08:59, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Sorry, please wait a couple more days. I have some real life things to do. I will have time to attend to this problem on Sunday. -- Moscow Connection ( talk ) 18:58, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Pyapon Taung Shinma Comment or view Article history ... that according to legend, the nat spirit Pyapon Taung Shinma was born through a virgin birth after her mother was bitten by a black ant? Source: Temple, Sir Richard Carnac (1981). မြန်မာ့မိရိုးဖလာဓလေ့ နတ်သမိုင်း: ၃၇ မင်း မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ၌ကျင့်သုံးသော နတ်ပူဇော်သောဓလေ့များ (in Burmese). Cā pe Mitʻ chve Cā pe. pp. 174– 175. သမိုင်းဖြစ်စဉ်မှာ မယ်ဖြူ၏ မိခင်သည်သင်မရှိဘဲ ခါချဉ်အနက်ကိုက်၍ ပဋိသန္ဓေရှိပြီး မယ်ဖြူကိုမွေးဖွားလေသည်။ ပြောင်းပြာရွာအနီးလက်ကောင်း ရွာနေ မောင်ဖြစ်သူက လင်မရှိဘဲ သန္ဓေတည်သည်ကိုရှက်၍ အခေါ်အပြော မရှိ ဖြတ်ထားသည်။ [Translation: In the historical event, Mae Phyu's mother became pregnant after being bitten by a black ant without having a husband, and gave birth to Mae Phyu. Her brother, who lived in the nearby Lethaung village near Pyaung Pya village, was ashamed that she was pregnant without a husband and cut off all communication with her.] Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Hagemeister Park Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Hagemeister Park Hteiktinhein ( talk ) 17:27, 3 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Bird of Pray Comment or view Article history ... that Alexandra Koster of Australia's SBS likened the camera work in Ukraine 's Eurovision 2025 performance " Bird of Pray " to having a "schmear of Vaseline"? Source: Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Abdudzhabar Abdurakhmanov 🍗TheNugg eteer🍗 ( My "blotter" ) 02:30, 2 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Not a review, but I'd suggest changing Special Broadcasting Service to "Australia's SBS " — this is an acronym that does not get expanded a lot in common use. Sammi Brie (she/her · t · c ) 07:30, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Fixed. 🍗TheNugg eteer🍗 ( My "blotter" ) 09:34, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Inugami Korone Comment or view Article history ... that the video game Doom Eternal became "Doog Eternal" in reference to Inugami Korone ? Source: Walker, Ian (October 21, 2020). "Doom Eternal Patch Adds Hidden Reference To Popular VTuber" . Kotaku . Retrieved December 26, 2025 . ALT1 : ... that Inugami Korone saying "Eekom Bokum" became an internet meme? Source: Daniel, Aditya (2020-09-18). "Dari Mana Asal Meme Eekum Bokum? Ini Versi Lengkapnya!" . Duniaku.com (in Indonesian). IDN Times . Retrieved 2025-12-30 . Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Esther_Swirk_Brown Comment : I really struggled on how to phrase this 1brianm7 ( talk ) 23:21, 29 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Probably would be better as "... that an Easter egg in the video game Doom Eternal referenced the VTuber Inugami Korone ?" The whole "Doog Eternal" thing seems a bit irrelevant in comparison. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ ( ᴛ ) 14:27, 31 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Wing Sun Fong Comment or view Article history ... that a Titanic survivor was called a "Jap" before being pulled from the water into a lifeboat ? Source: ALT1 : ... that a Titanic survivor was listed under the pseudonym "Fang Lang" in Titanic records? Source: Reviewed : A.Classical-Futurist ( talk ) 07:00, 28 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] I am not reviewing this nomination, but I have a suggestion for a far better hook. "... that Wing Sun Fong , a Chinese survivor of the sinking of the Titanic , was derided as Japanese before being rescued?" Jon698 ( talk ) 00:20, 29 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on December 29 Emigration of Christians from Israel and Palestine Comment or view Article history ... that there is a blame game over emigration of Christians from Israel and Palestine ? Source: Kårtveit 2014, p. 209: “The dispute over who is to blame for Christian emigration is part of an Israeli–Palestinian battle for international sympathy, one that also challenges Israel's traditional support among Christian communities in the West.” Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Al-Rashid Street (Gaza) Onceinawhile ( talk ) 04:01, 5 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Siege of Milan (538–539) Comment or view Article history ... that the devastation inflicted by the Ostrogoths after the Siege of Milan (538–539) is considered to have surpassed even the worst atrocities committed by Attila in his campaigns? Source: JB Bury History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian. Vol. 2 Dover Publications 1958 p 204 All the adult males, who according to Procopius numbered 300,000, were massacred; all the women were as slaves to the presented Burgundians. The city itself was razed to the ground. [...] In the long series of deliberate inhumanities recorded in the annals of mankind, the colossal massacre of Milan is one of the most flagrant. Historians have passed it over somewhat lightly. But the career of Attila offers no act of war so savage as this vengeance, carried out by the orders of the nephew of the Gothic king. ALT1 : ... that the relief efforts in the Siege of Milan (538–539) failed to reach in time because the Byzantine leadership was divided on whether it was "in the interest of state"? Source: JB Bury History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian. Vol. 2 Dover Publications 1958 pp 200-201 [Belisarius] proposed that a portion of the army should be sent to Liguria, to the rescue of Milan, which was in great peril [...] Narses replied. He contended that it was that all the forces inexpedient Imperial should be concentrated on the two objects of Auximum and Milan. [...] Belisarius was opposed to any which involved a dissipation of forces, and plan he decided to assert his authority. He produced a letter which the Emperor recently had addressed to the commanders of the troops in Italy. [...] In the last phrase there was a possible ambiguity of which Narses at once took advantage, interpreting it as a reservation, limiting the duty of obedience. The plan of Belisarius, he said, is not in the interest of the State, and therefore we are not bound to obey him. [...] Yet we cannot consider it impossible that the insertion of the words "in the interest of the state" was as a check on the designed authority of the commander-in-chief. ALT2 : ... that Milan before the Siege of Milan (538–539) may have rivaled 1958 Milan in size, if Procopius is to be believed that 300,000 men were executed by the Ostrogoths after its fall? Source: JB Bury History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian. Vol. 2 Dover Publications 1958 p 204 All the adult males, who according to Procopius numbered 300,000, were massacred; all the women were as slaves to the presented Burgundians. [...] The population of modem Milan is between 600,000 and 700,000 (that of Rome is over 500,000). Procopius describes it (B.G. ii.7.38) as the most populous Italian city next to Rome. It seems probable that he has immensely exaggerated the number of the slain. Reviewed : Comment : This is my third DYK nomination. A.Cython (talk) 04:06, 4 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Populus Denver Comment or view Article history ... that Denver's Populus hotel became a subject of online and media discussion after some observers compared its facade (pictured) to a "cheese grater"? Source: "Though some Westword readers compared the building to a cheese grater, most appreciated the unique design amid a sea of boring, square buildings in major cities. Time seems to agree." - Reviewed : Comment : First submission - appreciate the feedback! Pdubs.94 ( talk ) 18:24, 31 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Comment : @ Pdubs.94 : Hi, and welcome to DYK. Not a full review, but your article is good. Just a few suggestions; you can consider copying some info from the WP:LEAD into the article body, and move the references. It would be better if the lead reflects the cited material in the body, instead of using citations in the lead. You can also complete some of the citation furnishing, like putting dates and author's first and last name in the references. Do not worry, the article has got no major problems. Thank you and all the best! M. Bill oo 03:10, 5 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Frozen salad Comment or view Article history ... that in 1930s America, you could buy a quart of frozen salad (pictured) for a dollar? Source: Quinizo, Jeri (2009). Of Sugar and Snow: A History of Ice Cream Making, p. 185 , 235 "If a housewife did not want to make her own salad, she could buy it at a soda fountain, either as an individual serving to enjoy there or by the quart to take home to serve. According to the Ice Cream Trade Journal, "The frozen salad is sliced and served on a lettuce leaf with sandwiches or crackers. A topping of mayonnaise is desirable. This frozen dessert is very popular as a serving at bridge parties because of its extreme palatability and food value. The product usually sells for about $1.00 a quart." Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Tony Felloni Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Tony Felloni Rollinginhisgrave ( talk | edits ) 08:10, 30 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] General: Article is new enough and long enough New enough : Long enough : New enough : Long enough : Policy: Article is sourced, neutral, and free of copyright problems Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Hook eligibility: Cited : Interesting: - Hmm... I'm not sure about the blurb. Are there any other ones that could be added? Image: Image is freely licensed, used in the article, and clear at 100px. Freely licensed : Used in article : Clear at 100px: Freely licensed : Used in article : Clear at 100px: QPQ : Done. Overall : Vacant 0 ( talk • contribs ) 14:14, 6 January 2026 (UTC) Thanks V for the review, very grateful. How do either of these sound?: [ reply ] ALT 1 : That in the 1940s, the poet Julia Cooley Altrocchi included a frozen salad in her menu for a "Savory and Exotic Italian Formal Dinner"? ALT 2 : That in the early 20th century, popular frozen salads included cheese, chicken and ginger ale and pear varieties? Rollinginhisgrave ( talk | edits ) 15:18, 6 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Looks better. I personally prefer ALT 2. Vacant 0 ( talk • contribs ) 15:39, 6 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Prison Mathematics Project Comment or view Article history ... that the Prison Mathematics Project brought a professor from Italy to a prison near Seattle to celebrate Pi Day ? Source: "Havens recently shared his story during MCC's first-ever inmate-led "Pi Day" Celebration. [...] The event included a pi-digit memorization contest, a pi trivia contest, speeches by inmates, and presentations by mathematics professors from the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy, Lafayette College, and University of Washington." ALT1 : ... that the Prison Mathematics Project was co-founded by a convicted murderer and a teenager? Source: "Plano, Texas teenager Walker Blackwell says he grew up with a fondness for mathematics, so when he read a news article online about a convicted murderer named Christopher Havens who had solved an ancient math problem, he was inspired. [...] At the tender age of 15, Walker co-founded Prison Mathematics Project (PMP) with Christopher, a 42-year-old who is currently serving a 25-year sentence at the Monroe Correctional Complex in Monroe, Washington." ALT2 : ... that the Prison Mathematics Project had a system to let inmates run computer code via email? Source: "Most recently, the project has developed a system to let incarcerated mathematicians write computer programs using only the rudimentary “e-mail” system available to people in prison." Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Jan Ziff Comment : I know it's outside the usual WP:SOHA time frame, but we could hold this until Pi Day (March 14). Apocheir ( talk ) 03:18, 30 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] General: Article is new enough and long enough New enough : Long enough : New enough : Long enough : Policy: Article is sourced, neutral, and free of copyright problems Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Hook: Hook has been verified by provided inline citation Cited : Interesting: Cited : Interesting: QPQ : Done. Overall : @ Apocheir : The article has well-cited statements with no copyvios and plagiarism detected by Earwig. While the ALT1 hook is good, I am unsure about the main hook because it includes extra details (professor being from Italy, prison location near Seattle) that are not explicitly mentioned in the article—is that allowed? I am also unsure if this can be held all the way for March 14, so I'll defer that to someone else who can provide a second opinion on SOHA. Nrco0e ( talk • contribs ) 01:25, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Unsanctioned (Magic: The Gathering) Comment or view Article history ... that you can play Alexander Clamilton, a proofreader dragon, and a squirrel in the Unsanctioned set of Magic: The Gathering cards? Source: ALT1 : ... that Magic: The Gathering ' s Unsanctioned set contains sixteen original cards that are all illegal in the game's tournaments? Source: Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Jesse L. Douglas Comment : I am aware that Cracked.com is listed as generally unreliable per WP:CRACKED , but it is cited in this article for an interview with Mark Rosewater, a designer of the Unsanctioned set. The blog posts from Rosewater himself at Wizards of the Coast can also be used to verify the lead hook. Also was tempted to go with "Alexander Clamilton, a proofreader dragon, and a squirrel commander". ALT1 : ... that Magic: The Gathering ' s Unsanctioned set contains sixteen original cards that are all illegal in the game's tournaments? Source: Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Jesse L. Douglas Comment : I am aware that Cracked.com is listed as generally unreliable per WP:CRACKED , but it is cited in this article for an interview with Mark Rosewater, a designer of the Unsanctioned set. The blog posts from Rosewater himself at Wizards of the Coast can also be used to verify the lead hook. Also was tempted to go with "Alexander Clamilton, a proofreader dragon, and a squirrel commander". LivelyRatification ( talk ) 00:07, 30 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Al-Rashid Street (Gaza) Comment or view Article history ... that before the Flour Massacre during the Gaza war , Al-Rashid Street was called the street that never sleeps? Source: Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Dobrivoje Tošković Thepharoah17 ( talk ) 00:04, 30 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] @ Thepharoah17 : thanks for writing this much-needed article on a street that has been in the news, and the bearer of such tragedy, for so long. This map from Salah al-Din Road shows that Al-Rashid road has different names further south (Coastal Road, Yasser Arafat). This should be explained – the article would benefit from a map anyway. The details of the Course section are not fully supported by the BBC citation – can you add other sources? The hook (and the respective section in the article) says the it was " was known as " the street that never sleeps. As far as I can see the MEE source doesn’t say that – it calls it that, but doesn’t say that other people call it that. This map from Salah al-Din Road shows that Al-Rashid road has different names further south (Coastal Road, Yasser Arafat). This should be explained – the article would benefit from a map anyway. The details of the Course section are not fully supported by the BBC citation – can you add other sources? The hook (and the respective section in the article) says the it was " was known as " the street that never sleeps. As far as I can see the MEE source doesn’t say that – it calls it that, but doesn’t say that other people call it that. Articles created/expanded on December 30 Viktor Pylypenko (military) Comment or view Article history ... that openly gay Ukrainian soldier Viktor Pylypenko has been the subject of several attacks for being gay, including an assault by neo-Nazi militant Denis Kapustin ? Source: For the attacks pre-Kapustin: Deutsche Welle (in English) For Kapustin: this note of Die Tageszeitung (in German) or this one from Zmina (in Ukrainian) ALT0a ... that an openly Ukrainian gay soldier has been the subject of several attacks for being gay, including an assault by far-right militant Denis Kapustin ? Reviewed : Leszek Laszkiewicz CoryGlee 15:49, 30 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Waiting for the Messiah (album) Comment or view Article history ... that Waiting for the Messiah was recorded in a studio that was under construction at the time? Source: Translating the source text here, but it is from this retrospective about the album: "25th anniversary of 'Waiting for the Messiah': Something definitely happened." on Haaretz. The source says: "In this atmosphere of budget cuts, Ante turned to Yehoshua Ben Yehoshua, the owner of 'Syntron,' a studio that was then located in the stock exchange area of Ramat Gan. 'Syntron' was not yet fully built, and the recording sessions for 'Waiting for the Messiah' were done in a room nearby while renovations were still underway on the studio." ALT1 : ... that Waiting for the Messiah was one of the first Israeli albums to use samples? Source: Similar to Hook One, it is from another retrospective on the album: "40th Anniversary of 'Waiting for the Messiah': The hit that was never meant to be." Translating the source text: "One of the innovative techniques that Hanoch and Levi used when working on the songs was to introduce samples into the album's production, something that was relatively new in Israel at the time." Reviewed : Comment : This is my very first DYK nomination, I'm sorry if I got the process wrong but I'm very curious about how this works. These two facts were the first ones that came to my mind. Feel free to comment and help. Also if I messed up everything, then you can close this and tell me how I messed up. If this isn't good enough, then let me know. Thanks in advance! I'm very nervous yet excited about this. S.G. (They/Them) (Talk) (Contributions) 15:01, 30 December 2025 (UTC) . [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on December 31 Marie Engle Comment or view Article history ... that Marie Engle (pictured) was among the earliest operatic singers recorded on Bettini wax cylinders, most of which were destroyed in World War II? Source : Gelatt, Roland (1977). The Fabulous Phonograph, 1877–1977 . 2d Ed. Macmillan. pp. 78-80. ISBN 9780025429604 . OCLC 2644666 . Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Dawn McMillan Comment : Three hours over the deadline for submission. Asking for an exemption. Source : Gelatt, Roland (1977). The Fabulous Phonograph, 1877–1977 . 2d Ed. Macmillan. pp. 78-80. ISBN 9780025429604 . OCLC 2644666 . Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Dawn McMillan Comment : Three hours over the deadline for submission. Asking for an exemption. Viriditas ( talk ) 00:33, 8 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Alphasida zapaterii Comment or view Article history ... that an Iberian beetle (drawing shown) is undergoing substantial evolution that makes it hard to distinguish from its nearby relatives? Source: Pérez-Vera, Francisco; Ávila, José M. (2016). "Révision des Alphasida ( Glabrasida ) Escalera, 1910, groupe IV (section pluricostulatae Escalera, 1922) (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae, Asidini)" (PDF) . Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France (in French). 121 (3): 365– 400. doi : 10.3406/BSEF.2016.2177 . Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Uns ist ein Kind geboren (Telemann) Pbritti ( talk ) 21:07, 1 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] article is new enough and in good shape. QPQ checks out. Earwig is triggered but because only because it's scanning the references section as prose. Hook is sourced inline. However - could we get page numbers in the citations using {{ rp }} or similar for some of these larger articles Pbritti ? ~ Darth Stabro Talk • Contribs 04:30, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Darth Stabro : Page numbers added. Most of those facts (besides the measurements) are repeated a couple times in that article revising that section of the genus, so feel welcome to add additional pages if desired. Best, ~ Pbritti ( talk ) 04:45, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on January 1 1699 May Day orations Comment or view Article history ... that five speeches by William & Mary students helped move Virginia's capital and establish Williamsburg ? Source: Gruber, Katherine Egner (7 December 2020). "Williamsburg during the Colonial Period" . Encyclopedia Virginia . Virginia Humanities . Retrieved 15 December 2025 . Reviewed : Phone Home (Legends of Tomorrow) , Chama (album) , Baker's Horse Comment : See Wikipedia talk:Did you know#A William & Mary spectacular Pbritti ( talk ) 04:59, 7 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Allen French Comment or view Article history ... that Allen French was so invested in his studies that he would even use a dictionary or encyclopedia during meals? Source: It has been said that so eager was he to become efficient in grammar that he and his family often referred to the dictionary or the encyclopedia during mealtimes. ALT1 : ... that historian Allen French once volunteered as a police officer during a labor strike? Source: He trained at the Plattsburg Camp and was a sergeant of the State Guard, and during the police strike in 1921 acted as policeman. Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Coral Shaw Comment : Part of my WP:26FOR26 project for USA 250. ALT1 : ... that historian Allen French once volunteered as a police officer during a labor strike? Source: He trained at the Plattsburg Camp and was a sergeant of the State Guard, and during the police strike in 1921 acted as policeman. Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Coral Shaw Comment : Part of my WP:26FOR26 project for USA 250. ミラP @ Miraclepine 01:40, 4 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on January 2 Laufental change of canton Comment or view Article history ... that a Swiss district voted twice on changing cantons —rejecting the move in 1983, approving it in 1989—and still required a federal referendum to make the change official? Source: Nach dem Jura nun das Laufental: Der Kanton Bern schrumpft weiter Reviewed : DraconicDark ( talk ) 21:35, 4 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] The Historical Geography of the Holy Land Comment or view Article history ... that this map of Palestine under David and Solomon (pictured) from the Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land was used to negotiate the borders of Mandatory Palestine ? Source: Kirchhoff 2005, pp. 149–160 Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Miranda Oakley Onceinawhile ( talk ) 05:04, 3 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Servaea incana Comment or view Article history ... that Servaea incana is a species of jumping spider with numerous visual displays, including a "zigzag dance", in which a male moves in ever-narrowing arcs towards a female? Source: "While facing a female, a male stepped to one side in an arc ... Each arc usually brought the male closer to the female ... Arcs became narrower as males approached females." McGinley, Rowan; Mendez, Vivian; Taylor, Phillip (December 2015). "Natural history and display behaviour of Servaea incana, a common and widespread Australian jumping spider (Araneae : Salticidae)". Australian Journal of Zoology. 63 (5): 307. doi:10.1071/ZO15032. Reviewed : Sevenstxrsquid 🌊 00:30, 3 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Comment: I think a more concise hook would be: ... that the mating display of Servaea incana includes a "zigzag dance" in which a male moves in ever-narrowing arcs towards a female? Cremastra ( talk · contribs ) 19:18, 3 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Controller Operated Battle Ready Armament Comment or view Article history ... that development of the Controller Operated Battle Ready Armament (pictured) was financially backed by the Department of Science and Technology and the Philippine Army ? Source: --> Page 41. ALT1 : ... that five companies expressed willingness to manufacture the Controller Operated Battle Ready Armament (pictured) for the Philippine Army after live fire drills at Camp O'Donnell ? Source: Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Pitono Purnomo Comment : The article's got a couple of URLs that aren't archived. The RCWS is quite new(ish), so there's not a lot of info on it. Also have a suggested image, but can otherwise have another image just in case. Ominae ( talk ) 05:14, 2 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Not (yet) a review, but as much as I'd really like to see more Philippine representation on DYK, neither hook as currently written seems to meet DYKINT. The first doesn't seem all that surprising, that a country's army would fund the development of a military project? Multiple company biddings are the norm for military projects as well, so ALT1 as currently written is not interesting. I think there might be some potential for a different hook angle if the appropriate context is provided: after all, the Philippine military is notoriously underfunded and underdeveloped, so perhaps a hook that involves that theme in some way might work. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 01:25, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] ALT2 : ... that the Controller Operated Battle Ready Armament (pictured) was tested in various field conditions prior to the live drills at Camp O'Donnell ? Ominae ( talk ) 05:44, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] ALT2 : ... that the Controller Operated Battle Ready Armament (pictured) was tested in various field conditions prior to the live drills at Camp O'Donnell ? Ominae ( talk ) 05:44, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on January 3 Boleslovas Baranauskas Comment or view Article history ... that Boleslovas Baranauskas became his country's chairman of the parliament two months after he was imprisoned at a forced labour camp? Source: Kommunist (verifies being held at forced labour camp until June 1940) & Soviet Handbook (verifies he became chairman of the Supreme Soviet - equivalent to parliament - in August 1940) Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Jim Dennison Comment : I'm a little late with the nomination. Requesting an extension per WP:DYKG : The seven-day limit can be extended for a day or two upon request. QPQ to be done within 24 hours. BeanieFan11 ( talk ) 20:40, 11 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on January 4 Stephanie Gilmore Comment or view Article history ... that Stephanie Gilmore won her first four surfing world titles in her first four seasons on the professional circuit? Source: "Australia's Stephanie Gilmore has become the first surfer to ever win four world titles from as many attempts, after winning the Rip Curl Pro Search event in Puerto Rico." ALT1 : ... that Stephanie Gilmore won her first surfing world title in her debut season on the professional circuit? Source: "She won her maiden title as a rookie on the tour in 2007 before adding a further three in the following three years. A fifth arrived in 2012." ALT2 : ... that Stephanie Gilmore sat her final high school exams two days after becoming a junior world champion in surfing? Source: "Long-time friends in Kingscliff yesterday said her success had never clouded that passion, or what she stood for, like rushing home from winning her second junior world title in California to sit her HSC exams." Reviewed : Comment : I've never submitted for DYK before in my 10-ish years of Wikipedia, so this will all be new to me (I don't know how to make the hyperlink 'bold'). Rushed writing the article a bit to get it within the 5x regulations. I added ALT2 just in case you needed a different 'style' of hook. Platinum Roses ( talk ) 00:40, 8 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] O'Donnell-Luria–Rodan syndrome Comment or view Article history ... that most individuals with O'Donnell-Luria–Rodan syndrome have a larger than average head size, unless they have a more severe form of the condition in which case it might be smaller than average? Source: GeneReviews Reviewed : — Strange Orange 20:24, 4 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Am-progressive Comment or view Article history ... that the German language has developed a new progressive aspect in everyday speech? Source: Every source on the page, but 1 and 2 are the most useful sources for easy verification. Reviewed : [[]] JacobTheRox ( talk | contributions ) 20:23, 4 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] I love linguistics but I doubt the average reader even knows what a "progressive" (edit: or "aspect") is, making this an overly obscure hook. ( t · c ) b u I d h e 07:52, 5 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] There isn't really a way I can simplify it within the hook so I'm just taking my chances that it's considered fine. JacobTheRox ( talk | contributions ) 17:45, 5 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Most technical articles are not well suited to DYK. Furthermore, even from a linguistics perspective this mundane example of ongoing language evolution is not really all that noteworthy. ( t · c ) b u I d h e 18:26, 5 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] There isn't really a way I can simplify it within the hook so I'm just taking my chances that it's considered fine. JacobTheRox ( talk | contributions ) 17:45, 5 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Most technical articles are not well suited to DYK. Furthermore, even from a linguistics perspective this mundane example of ongoing language evolution is not really all that noteworthy. ( t · c ) b u I d h e 18:26, 5 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Most technical articles are not well suited to DYK. Furthermore, even from a linguistics perspective this mundane example of ongoing language evolution is not really all that noteworthy. ( t · c ) b u I d h e 18:26, 5 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] General: Article is new enough and long enough New enough : Long enough : New enough : Long enough : Policy: Article is sourced, neutral, and free of copyright problems Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Hook eligibility: Cited : - Offline/paywalled citation accepted in good faith Interesting: - see above QPQ : None required. Overall : ( t · c ) b u I d h e 18:28, 5 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Buidhe and JacobTheRox : I agree that the hook as currently written is too specialist or technical. However, there does seem to be something that could be used instead. What about: House of the Pelplin Abbots Comment or view Article history ... that the voivode of a Polish region bought a townhouse (pictured) to give to his abbot brother, who made it an inn? Source: Mallek, Anna. "Dom Opatów Pelplińskich" . gdansk.gedanopedia.pl . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . 5 IX 1686 kupiona [...] przez wojewodę pomorskiego Władysława Łosia od Petera Soreta i Martina Martensa za 15 000 florenów polskich dla opata zakonu cystersów w Pelplinie, Ludwiga Aleksandra Łosia (brata wojewody), przekształcona w zajazd [...]. Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/USS Severn (1867) Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/USS Severn (1867) Luxtaythe2nd ( Talk to me... ) 12:37, 4 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] The Witcher: The Adventure Card Game Comment or view Article history ... that the first stand-alone board and card game set in The Witcher universe was released in 2007, as part of the promotion for the first video game ? Source: Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Hu Tao Comment : Stand-alone is used to distinguish from the 2-player card game relased at the same time, bundled with the video game and never sold separately. Board game classification is used for card games (which is why they are listed in BGG). -- Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus | reply here 08:54, 4 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Hu Tao Comment : Stand-alone is used to distinguish from the 2-player card game relased at the same time, bundled with the video game and never sold separately. Board game classification is used for card games (which is why they are listed in BGG). -- Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus | reply here 08:54, 4 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus | reply here 08:54, 4 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] General: Article is new enough and long enough New enough : Long enough : New enough : Long enough : Policy: Article is sourced, neutral, and free of copyright problems Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Hook eligibility: Cited : - Offline/paywalled citation accepted in good faith Interesting: - Routine release information QPQ : Done. Overall : ( t · c ) b u I d h e 14:49, 5 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] There are also other issues with the article. For one, it is in dire need of a copyedit, both in terms of grammar, and in terms of moving the footnotes to come after punctuation. There are multiple parts that use parentheticals; those need to be revised to meet encyclopedic standards. Finally, the article is actually lacking in hooky material. Apart from Buidhe 's concerns that the hook is not interesting to a broad audience (which I agree with), the only possible hook I could think of, or at least angle, was something like: "... that a 2007 card game set in The Witcher universe uses screenshots from the video games?", but I'm not sure if that would be considered broadly interesting either. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 13:49, 7 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I figured the article issues may not be an issue with the DYK criteria, but I could be wrong. I agree the second hook doesn't seem to meet the requirements either. ( t · c ) b u I d h e 15:13, 7 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I figured the article issues may not be an issue with the DYK criteria, but I could be wrong. I agree the second hook doesn't seem to meet the requirements either. ( t · c ) b u I d h e 15:13, 7 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] per above ( t · c ) b u I d h e 03:08, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] ALT1: ... that a 2007 card game set in The Witcher universe uses screenshots from the video game released at the same time? ALT2: ... that The Witcher: The Adventure Card Game , a marketing tie-in for the first Witcher video game, was the first board game set in the Witcher universe available on the open market? ALT3: ... that the first board game set in the Witcher universe received mixed reviews, unlike its well-received video game counterpart? Coming from WT:DYK, and this stood out to me in the article as hooky: All presented hooks are interesting enough to be run on the mainpage as they all touch on multiple general topic areas that the subject is part of. 2 peoples personal preferences are again being forced over 5 million main page viewers.-- Kev min § 20:33, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on January 5 Air Serbia Flight 324 Comment or view Article history ... that a report on the crash of Air Serbia flight 324 (pictured) noted that, despite the aircraft involved leaking fuel, it was sent to park at the terminal anyway? Source: [27] ALT1 : ... that, according to Serbian authorities, the investigation into the crash of Air Serbia flight 324 (pictured) was complicated by the involvement of five other countries? Source: [28] ALT2 : ... that the aircraft involved in the crash of Air Serbia flight 324 (pictured) was neither owned by Air Serbia, nor flown by its pilots? Source: [29] Comment : can this skip the queue and run on February 18, the date the accident happened? The guidelines are a bit hazy on the exact process. JustARandomSquid ( talk ) 00:41, 7 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Nazi concentration camps Comment or view Article history ... that many Germans approved of Nazi concentration camps (Mauthausen pictured) ? Source: "the Germans generally turned out to be proud and pleased that Hitler and his henchmen were putting away certain kinds of people who did not fit in, or who were regarded as 'outsiders', 'asocials', 'useless eaters', or 'criminals'" ALT1 : ... that most of the registered prisoners who died at Nazi concentration camps (Mauthausen pictured) were not Jewish? Source: See the statistics section ALT2 : ... that there were more than a thousand Nazi concentration camps (Mauthausen pictured) ? ALT3 : ... that the liberation of Nazi concentration camps (Mauthausen pictured) retroactively justified the Allied war effort? Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/The Witcher: The Adventure Card Game ALT1 : ... that most of the registered prisoners who died at Nazi concentration camps (Mauthausen pictured) were not Jewish? Source: See the statistics section ALT2 : ... that there were more than a thousand Nazi concentration camps (Mauthausen pictured) ? ALT3 : ... that the liberation of Nazi concentration camps (Mauthausen pictured) retroactively justified the Allied war effort? Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/The Witcher: The Adventure Card Game ( t · c ) b u I d h e 14:51, 5 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] I believe the community will agree when I say that this is one of our most important articles. Thank you for investing your time and energy into bringing it to GA, Buidhe . It cannot have been a small undertaking. I am also happy to see that it has gone through a thorough review by an experienced editor. Obviously, the article is sufficiently long. I see no copyright or neutrality issues. The sources are of the highest quality. I would like us to dedicate a bit more time to working out what the best hook would be. In my opinion, ALT0 is rather duh ; people are very likely to already know this. ALT1 is likely to get us bad press–we are already being hounded in certain outlets as antisemites for our Gaza genocide and Zionism coverage. ALT2 strikes me as bland. ALT3 seems promising, but a bit unclear (and not in a way that invites the reader to find out more). Would you mind proposing some more, Buidhe? Surtsicna ( talk ) 23:16, 5 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on January 6 Craig (elephant) Comment or view Article history ... that an African elephant named Craig was one of the last "super tusker" elephants with tusks that weighed over 100 pounds (45 kg) each and were so long that they reached the ground? Source: ""Craig was one of the last remaining super tuskers in Africa - a rare class of bull elephants whose two tusks weigh over 45kg (100lb) each. Fewer than a handful remain today, making him a living monument to Africa's natural heritage."" BBC ""Early this morning, Amboseli National Park, Kenya — and indeed the world lost a true icon. Craig, the legendary super tusker famed for its immense, ground-sweeping tusks and calm, dignified presence, passed on at the age of 54," the Kenya Wildlife Service reported on Saturday." Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Penis as food Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Penis as food Thriley ( talk ) 21:28, 13 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] General: Article is new enough and long enough New enough : Long enough : New enough : Long enough : Policy compliance: Adequate sourcing : - ? Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : - ? Hook eligibility: Cited : Interesting: Other problems: - ? QPQ : Done. Overall : Article is new enough, long enough, neutral, QPQ is done. Hook is cited and interesting; I think it could be pithier, so please could some ALTS be suggested? I have flagged where there's [ citation needed ] , please address. On plagiarism, I think there is a bit of close paraphrasing (though I know Earwig says "unlikley") - however "Craig became a symbol of successful conservation efforts in East Africa, with Kenya reporting a rise in elephant numbers from about 36,000 in 2021 to over 42,000 today." glues two bits from the same source together, so I think that bit should be re-phrased. (Non-DYK, I think the image could do with a caption - I assumed it was a random elephant, not Craig.) Thanks very much for the article - I love these animal nominations! Lajmmoore ( talk ) 10:03, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Proto-Australian language Comment or view Article history ... that all the Indigenous languages of the Australian continent descend from a common ancestor, spoken about 6,000 years ago (likely home pictured) ? Source: Reviewed : Comment : The reconstruction of Proto-Australian is a major advancement in the linguistic history of Australia, one that some thought would be impossible. The first book-length reconstruction was published in 2024. The article describes the reconstruction in some detail, and is very current. Ikuzaf ( talk ) 08:22, 9 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] General: Article is new enough and long enough New enough : Long enough : New enough : Long enough : Policy compliance: Adequate sourcing : - n Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Hook: Hook has been verified by provided inline citation Cited : Interesting: Cited : Interesting: Image: Image is freely licensed, used in the article, and clear at 100px. Freely licensed : Used in article : Clear at 100px: Freely licensed : Used in article : Clear at 100px: QPQ : None required. Overall : I really appreciate the submission of this well-written article. However, several sections of the prose are unaccompanied by an inline citation, and would need to be sourced in order for the page to be DYK eligible. Additionally (and subjectively) I don't think the image works for a hook since its unclear what region it describes. If it were some sort of graph documenting the possible range with clearly defined borders, it may work, but as it stands its too non-descript. If the unsourced sections of prose are fixed, particularly the bullet points in "The status of the..." section, then this will be DYK ready. (New enough, long enough, and Earwig suggests copyvio free as it stands, though a source spotcheck may be in order). -- The Robot Parade 06:33, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Ikuzaf ( talk ) 10:22, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Gizmodgery ... that the American pop rock band Self recorded their fourth studio album Gizmodgery using only toy instruments ? Source: Reviewed : KmartEmployeeTor ( talk ) 17:46, 8 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] The article was promoted to GA status on January 6 and nominated on the 8th, so it was eligible at the time of the nomination. I did not find any close paraphrasing, and other general DYK article criteria are met. The nominator only has one prior nomination so no QPQ is needed. The hook is interesting, cited inline, and verified across multiple sources. The reason I am not yet approving this is the picture: it does not look good at the given resolution, and it may not meet WP:DYKDIVERT since it is more about the band itself and not the album. I will approve this once I receive a response from the nominator if they are okay with this running without an image. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 14:25, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Narutolovehinata5 : The goal is advancing the Self agenda, we are fine running without an image. Let's all love Self. KmartEmployeeTor ( talk · contributions ) 18:22, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Narutolovehinata5 : The goal is advancing the Self agenda, we are fine running without an image. Let's all love Self. KmartEmployeeTor ( talk · contributions ) 18:22, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Factor Bikes Comment or view Article history ... that Factor Bikes ' Hanzo track bike was priced at $97,979 so it would be too expensive to buy? Source: Reviewed : Ericoides ( talk ) 08:10, 8 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Seven Nation Army Comment or view Article history ... that " Seven Nation Army " was initially envisioned by Jack White as a potential James Bond theme ? Source: Reviewed : RTSthestardust ( talk ) 02:04, 7 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] General: Article is new enough and long enough New enough : Long enough : New enough : Long enough : Policy compliance: Adequate sourcing : - Some sources may need to be replaced, namely links to social media posts and YouTube clips. Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Other problems: - Article might need a copyedit. There's a lot of repetition (the lead's paragraphs all begin with the song title), Hook: Hook has been verified by provided inline citation Cited : Interesting: Cited : Interesting: QPQ : None required. Overall : Needs just a bit more work but otherwise looks good. I would also like to see some other hooks based on the song's sporting impact. Sounder Bruce 04:44, 7 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Moffat distillery Comment or view Article history ... that Moffat distillery have the only wood-fired stills in Scotland, used to make both moonshine and single malt whisky? Source: "The Moffat distillery produces hand-crafted small-batch whisky...on the only wood-fired stills in Scotland." Youngman, Angela (2026). The Whisky and Gin Lover's Guide to Scotland. Philadelphia: White Owl. p. 157. [30] Reviewed : Comment : This is a very unusual and unique setup - most whisky distilleries in Scotland have not been direct fired for the best part of a century and those that are, use natural gas as fuel. Moffat are using a very painstaking technique. Plus, making and selling moonshine in Scotland is also very novel. Grommmet ( talk ) 00:02, 7 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] General: Article is new enough and long enough New enough : Long enough : New enough : Long enough : Policy compliance: Adequate sourcing : Neutral : - Generally neutral, but some of the language surrounding the central unique claim could be made a bit more encyclopedic and/or qualified to reflect sourcing limitations. Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Hook eligibility: Cited : - There is a citation that supports the hook, but I'm not yet convinced it has enough weight to verify this kind of extraordinary claim. I can't find a lot about White Owl Books, seems like a somewhat niche publisher for what is appears to be a travel book. Similar to "first" claims, a healthy amount of caution around "only" claims is warranted, even if appears in a reliable source. I.e., how could/did Youngman verify the claim? Did she survey every distillery in Scotland before stating that Moffat was the only one? Interesting: QPQ : None required. Overall : @ Grommmet : Thanks for your work on the article! It is new enough (accepted via AFC on 6 Jan, 1 day before nom) and long enough (1700 B). EW 2.9% and no copyvio evident in online sources I spotchecked. I think the hook is interesting, but sourcing for the central claim (in hook and article) may need to be revisited. Otherwise, alternative hooks can be put forward for consideration. Best, Zzz plant ( talk ) 18:22, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on January 7 Nam Singh Thapa Comment or view Article history ... that future Olympian Nam Singh Thapa 's boxing career began when he was arrested and forced to compete in a match? Source: BBC ("It was a compulsory sport in the platoon, which I ran away from so that I wouldn't have to play. I was arrested that day. The platoon commander sergeant held my ear and put boxing gloves in my hand and led me straight to the ring... I heard a sound like a bell ringing somewhere. My opponent had started to punch me continuously. After receiving a few punches, I couldn't stand it. And I started to swing both my arms blindly. In the end, I won. The strength of my fists worked. Thus, I suddenly became the hero of the day. And I became interested in boxing.") Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/1908 California Amendment 14 Comment : To do QPQ within 24 hours. BeanieFan11 ( talk ) 23:18, 14 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Group Architects, New Zealand Comment or view Article history ... that the Group Architects led strikes against traditional teaching styles at the Auckland School of Architecture in 1948, which 142 of 160 students attended? Source: Gatley, Julia, ed. (2010). Group Architects: Towards a New Zealand Architecture. Auckland: Auckland University Press. ISBN 978-1-86940-466-6. Reviewed : CuriosityKat33 ( talk ) 02:09, 13 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] The Auckland Society of Arts Comment or view Article history ... that C. F. Goldie exhibited with the Auckland Society of Arts (example pictured) ? Source: Reviewed : Avawatson03 ( talk ) 00:56, 13 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] @ Avawatson03 : Not yet a review, but could you please propose a new hook? The current one may not be interesting to a broad audience, especially to those who may not know who Goldie is. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 14:27, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] ALT1 ... that the Auckland Society of Arts was the first community art society in New Zealand in 1870? Ritva Auvinen Comment or view Article history ... that Ritva Auvinen (pictured) portrayed Riitta, the wife of a revivalist preacher , in Kokkonen's new opera The Last Temptations in Helsinki and at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City? Source: [31] and others, Reviewed : Richard Lee Morton Comment : Open to ideas Reviewed : Richard Lee Morton Comment : Open to ideas Gerda Arendt ( talk ) 22:15, 12 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] As requested, here are some ideas: Beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration Comment or view Article history ... that Beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration is a only X-linked dominant form of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation? Source: ALT1 : ... that Beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration , can mostly be seen in girls, due to its inheritance nature? Source: . Reviewed : NotCarlJohnson1992 ( talk ) 14:17, 7 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] First flight across Cook Strait Comment or view Article history ... that the first air crossing of New Zealand's Cook Strait carried the country’s first inter‑island air mail? Source: Reviewed : rfqii talk 08:11, 7 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] @ Rfqii : Currently falls below the minimum 1500 characters of readable prose requirement. However, it looks it did satisfy this requirement previously, and another editor recently trimmed the article down. Given the current lack of number of sources relative to what could be there , I'll give you some time to work this out. Based5290 :3 ( talk ) 03:59, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Denver Mills Comment or view Article history ... that Denver Mills was the first underclassman selected to be the William & Mary football team captian? Source: Hayes, Tim (20 September 2024). "Forever etched in ink: Wytheville's Denver Mills more than a one-game NFL wonder" . Bristol Herald Courier . Bristol, VA . Reviewed : Video about production of Mykhailo Dobkin's campaign ad Comment : See Wikipedia talk:Did you know#A William & Mary spectacular Pbritti ( talk ) 04:59, 7 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Not a review (yet), but I do not see this hook as being interesting to a broad audience. Could you please propose alternatives? Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 13:44, 7 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Sure, let's try this on for size: ALT1 : ... that Denver Mills , the first underclassman to be William & Mary football's team captain, also played in the army and in a single NFL game? That's better, if longer. Best, ~ Pbritti ( talk ) 18:19, 7 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Sure, let's try this on for size: ALT1 : ... that Denver Mills , the first underclassman to be William & Mary football's team captain, also played in the army and in a single NFL game? ALT1 : ... that Denver Mills , the first underclassman to be William & Mary football's team captain, also played in the army and in a single NFL game? Articles created/expanded on January 8 Revellers Vase Comment or view Article history ... that the painter of the ancient Greek Revellers Vase (pictured) wrote an inscription on it taunting a fellow artist? Source: Hedreen, Guy (2016). The Image of the Artist in Archaic and Classical Greece: Art, Poetry, and Subjectivity . Cambridge University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-107-11825-6 . ALT1 : ... that the ancient Greek Revellers Vase (pictured) shows the legendary hero Hector on one side, and three drunken dancers on the other? Source: Hedreen, Guy (2016). The Image of the Artist in Archaic and Classical Greece: Art, Poetry, and Subjectivity . Cambridge University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-107-11825-6 . ; Robertson, Martin (1981). A Shorter History of Greek Art . Cambridge University Press. pp. 64f. OCLC 1151401411 – via Internet Archive. Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Tom Maulson UndercoverClassicist T · C 21:03, 14 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Joe Sterrett Comment or view Article history ... that Joe Sterrett played quarterback on the All- Delco football team? Source: Delaware County Daily Times, 1971-12-07 "Joe Sterrett: QB - Nether Providence" [...] "Quarterback — Sterrett, Nether Providence." Reviewed : Chorchapu ( talk | edits ) 14:48, 13 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] @ Chorchapu : Not a review, but the hook as currently written may not be interesting to an international or non-American football audience. For one thing, Delco is not a well-known term internationally (is it even well-known outside of Pennsylvania), and it does not seem that interesting that a person would be selected to an all-team of a non-well known region. Do you have other alternative options? Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 07:46, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Narutolovehinata5 : How would you feel about an ALT1: ... that Joe Sterrett broke Lehigh football 's season record for touchdown passes? Source here , in section "Scouting report" on the left-hand side. Chorchapu ( talk | edits ) 18:50, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Another candidate could be ALT2: ... that American college football coach Joe Sterrett graduated majoring in psychology and finance? ( source ). Chorchapu ( talk | edits ) 18:55, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Walsh brothers (aviation) Comment or view Article history ... that the first New Zealander to build an aeroplane and complete a recognised controlled power flight was only 23 years old? Source: Reviewed : Roobee11 ( talk ) 02:29, 13 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Current nominations Articles created/expanded on January 9 Andrea Margutti Trophy Comment or view Article history ... that the Andrea Margutti Trophy was founded to commemorate a 14-year-old Italian kart racer who died while racing in 1989? Source: ALT1 : ... that the Andrea Margutti Trophy has been contested by seven Formula One World Drivers' Champions ? Source: Reviewed : MB 2437 02:49, 11 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Comment The seven drivers in question for ALT1, each listed by the source, are: Jenson Button , Kimi Räikkönen , Fernando Alonso , Nico Rosberg , Lewis Hamilton , Sebastian Vettel , and Lando Norris . MB 2437 02:51, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Dalmatius Comment or view Article history ... that the caesar Dalmatius was murdered by his soldiers with the support of caesar Constantius II ? Source: Pages 14; 18 of The Summer of Blood: The "Great Massacre" of 337 and the Promotion of the Sons of Constantine by R. Burgess Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Troadec family murders Jon698 ( talk ) 23:33, 9 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] @ Jon698 : The nomination may be closed within 24 hours if a QPQ is not provided. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 12:43, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Timeline of the 1996 Pacific hurricane season Comment or view Article history ... that the 1996 Pacific hurricane season generated half of the average number of major hurricanes , which have sustained winds of at least 111 mph (179 km/h)? Source: See here for information on climatology, here for the Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database, and here for a guide on how to read said database. Reviewed : FrizzB Talk 18:21, 9 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] American Furniture Warehouse Comment or view Article history ... that a furniture company 's advertisements have featured live lions, tigers, and bears—and E.T. ? Source: McGovern, Tim (September 21, 1980). "Businessmen also TV stars" . The Rocky Mountain News . Vol. 122, no. 152. Denver . p. 40 – via Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection. ; "Spielberg jabs Jake" . The Rocky Mountain News . Vol. 92, no. 268. October 12, 1983. p. 22 – via Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection. Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Dilution policies of the British Ministry of Munitions (1915–1918) Comment : Please note that there is an ongoing AfD discussion regarding this article; my position can probably be implied, but consider !voting there (whichever way you please) instead of reviewing if the AfD is still open. Pbritti ( talk ) 01:31, 9 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Comment : if AfD ends in a keep and this nomination remains alive, I suggest saying that the advertisements featured live lions, etc. I thought the ads were gonna be akin to LiMu Emu and Doug or something. Roast ( talk ) 01:03, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on January 10 Eliza Showell Comment or view Article history ... that orphaned Eliza Showell was sent to Nova Scotia from a British children's home and placed in indentured service? Source: BBC : "In 1907, twelve years old and newly orphaned, Eliza Showell (Liz's great aunt) was placed at the Middlemore Children's Emigration Home in Birmingham. Her brothers - little older than her and unable to provide for her - were forced to sign the papers for her admission. Within months, Eliza was sent via ship to Canada, where she was placed in indentured domestic service in rural Nova Scotia. She would never return to Britain or see her brothers again." Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Little Nicky (video game) Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Little Nicky (video game) Jonathan Deamer ( talk ) 11:16, 16 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] First session of the United Nations General Assembly Comment or view Article history ... that the first session of the United Nations General Assembly was held in a church in war-damaged London only four months after the end of World War II ? Source: ALT1 : ... that the British foreign secretary persuaded a church congregation to vacate their hall for the first session of the United Nations General Assembly , saying "there could be no better place than a House of God"? Source: ALT2 : ... that delegates to the first session of the United Nations General Assembly were given ration books and tours of bomb-damaged London during the session? Source: & Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/1854 San Salvador earthquake ❯❯❯ Raydann (Talk) 20:06, 15 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Poecilia velifera Comment or view Article history ... that Yucatán molly males flare their "sails" (pictured) to both woo and shoo? Source: "Courtship display: Male orients itself in front, or alongside a P. velifera female and erects the dorsal fin..." "Harass male P. velífera: The fish approaches another male swimming frontally with the dorsal fin unfolded..." "Agonistic combat: The fish unfold their dorsal fin..." [32] ALT1 : ... that while big Yucatán molly males flex their fins (pictured) at females and fight rivals, small males hide among females and copulate? Source: "Intermediate cryptic males of P. velifera recorded the highest number of copulation attempts, body cleaning, and the lowest levels of aggression..." "...the absence of aggression as the main strategy allowing them for a greater number of reproductive attempts..." "the larger number of copulatory attempts of intermediate cryptic males of P. velifera may be due to the greater availability of females, since these males were always associated with schools of females" [33] Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/La Dame Bleue Surtsicna ( talk ) 22:37, 12 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Good Girl (Carrie Underwood song) Comment or view Article history ... that Carrie Underwood 's " Good Girl " is built around a pattern of open fifths composed of C5-F5-E♭5-B♭5 rather than using full chords? Source: Reviewed : Red Shell Momentum 22:29, 11 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] The current hook is too technical and may not be easily understood by readers unfamiliar with music theory. How does the following suggestion sound instead? ALT1 ... that Carrie Underwood described her song " Good Girl " as "kick butt"? Alexander F. Warley Comment or view Article history ... that Confederate Navy officer Alexander F. Warley attacked two ships with the ironclad ram CSS Manassas he served on previously when a sailor with the U.S. Navy? Source: "he punched a hole in the steam sloop Richmond, a ship in which he had served while in the U.S. Navy" and "he got cross-threaded with his Mississippi commanding officer" – and Reviewed : Reviewed : Engineerchange ( talk ) 19:24, 11 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] 1946 Ubangi-Shari Representative Council election Comment or view Article history ... that in the 1946 Representative Council election in Bangui Europeans and Africans voted in separate buildings (African polling station pictured) ? Source: Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Wolsung Soman ( talk ) 12:30, 11 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Aeao Comment or view Article history ... that " Aeao " was created after Dynamic Duo and DJ Premier contacted each other after performing at the 2014 Midem K-Pop Night Out? Source: Source ALT1 : ... that Dynamic Duo's " Aeao " was included in the NBA 2K soundtrack two times within a decade? Source: Source Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Cyclone Hudhud 🍗TheNugg eteer🍗 ( My "blotter" ) 09:50, 11 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] General: Article is new enough and long enough New enough : Long enough : New enough : Long enough : Policy: Article is sourced, neutral, and free of copyright problems Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Hook eligibility: Cited : Interesting: - n QPQ : Done. Overall : Hi there. I'm not familiar with this group but I'm happy to take a look. For starters, you need to update the blurb per MOS standards (i.e. "Aeao" is a song and needs quotes around it, and NBA 2K is a video game franchise that needs italics around it. I initially had no idea what the article was about because of this. Also, I think "composed" would be a better word to use than "created". After reading through the provided source, it seems like an album was created as a result of the collaboration, which included this song. The main blurb suggests (to me) that the collaboration resulted in this song only. The infobox is also missing a lot of info (release date, song length, producer, etc.). With the genre, the only place I'm seeing "hip-hop" is Newsis opined the song as "another modern classic of hip-hop" with Dynamic Duo's Korean style. So shouldn't this be Korean hip-hop ? – zmbro ( talk ) ( cont ) 17:29, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Comment I'm not the main reviewer, but wanted to note my opinion that both hooks don't seem particularly interesting. DYKs are supposed to be like "if you told this to an average person, would they find this interesting over other typical facts in the world"? The facts presented just seem like bits of data that are typical of any other bit of data. grapesurgeon ( talk ) 22:01, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Now that you mention it, I somewhat agree. Thousands of songs have originated from unlikely collaborations and are featured in video games and soundtracks all the time. Grapesurgeon I don't review DYKs often, how should we got about this? – zmbro ( talk ) ( cont ) 16:21, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Zmbro, as a heads up, some of the things you mention in your review are a bit too detailed for DYK review standards; we don't generally perform a GA-like review of the article's content, we just need to make sure the article is presentable and well-sourced. As for how to deal with the hook issue, @ TheNuggeteer : could you come up with one or more alternate hooks? grapesurgeon ( talk ) 16:46, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Now that you mention it, I somewhat agree. Thousands of songs have originated from unlikely collaborations and are featured in video games and soundtracks all the time. Grapesurgeon I don't review DYKs often, how should we got about this? – zmbro ( talk ) ( cont ) 16:21, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Zmbro, as a heads up, some of the things you mention in your review are a bit too detailed for DYK review standards; we don't generally perform a GA-like review of the article's content, we just need to make sure the article is presentable and well-sourced. As for how to deal with the hook issue, @ TheNuggeteer : could you come up with one or more alternate hooks? grapesurgeon ( talk ) 16:46, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Zmbro, as a heads up, some of the things you mention in your review are a bit too detailed for DYK review standards; we don't generally perform a GA-like review of the article's content, we just need to make sure the article is presentable and well-sourced. As for how to deal with the hook issue, @ TheNuggeteer : could you come up with one or more alternate hooks? grapesurgeon ( talk ) 16:46, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Ah that's my bad. That's my inexperience with DYK coming through, I apologize. – zmbro ( talk ) ( cont ) 17:10, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] ALT2 : ... that, nine years after its release, " Aeao " was involved in a multi-platform trend that numerous K-Pop celebrities joined? Source: Source , an extra if the former is unreliable Siege of Ariminum (538) Comment or view Article history ... that the way Belisarius broke the Siege of Ariminum (538) is considered a prime example of Sun Tzu 's principle of "Subjugating the enemy without fighting is the true pinnacle of excellence"? Source: Ilkka Syvänne, Military History of Late Rome 518–565 (2021) p. 379 (note 53) A category of its own are the victories without a battle, which were achieved through manoeuvering and stratagems. The following two examples show how Belisarius in particular was able to achieve successes through the use of his intellect. There were also other means like the use of diplomacy that were used to achieve positive results. However, the following examples show how the military could be used without a fight. Sun Tzu 3.2 (c.500 B.C): “Subjugating the enemy without fighting is the true pinnacle of excellence” Also p.166 This stands as an excellent example of the tactics adopted when one did not want to engage the enemy in combat, which used all of the branches of service (navy, infantry, cavalry) and employed a skilled use of successive psychological shocks to produce the flight of the enemy.53 Furthermore, to succeed, this manoeuvre demanded excellent cooperation between the different sections of the army and therefore shows the remarkable ability of the troops and commanders at this time. ALT1 : ... that the Byzantine commander Belisarius broke the Ostrogoths' Siege of Ariminum (538) by projecting larger force? Source: Ilkka Syvänne, Military History of Late Rome 518–565 (2021) p.166 This stands as an excellent example of the tactics adopted when one did not want to engage the enemy in combat, which used all of the branches of service (navy, infantry,cavalry) and employed a skilled use of successive psychological shocks to produce the flight of the enemy. ALT2 : ... that the Ostrogoths' Siege of Ariminum (538) was broken by the Byzantine commander Belisarius through successive psychological tactics that caused the Ostrogoths to flee? Source: Same as the above ALT3 : ... that Belisarius marched against numerically superior Ostrogoth forces at the Siege of Ariminum (538) to save one his commanders, who had disobeyed his orders and refused thank him in the end? Source: Ian Hughes, Belisarius, The Last Roman General (2009) p. 165 Upon the relief of the town, the first person to the city was Ildiger, and when Belisarius implied that John owed a debt to Belisarius’ son-in-law, John replied that his gratitude was to Narses the eunuch, suggesting that Belisarius had only come to his aid after being persuaded to act. John’s response deserves examination. Although the statement has been interpreted by Procopius as an insult to Belisarius, there may have been more to the reply. In the early Roman Empire, citizens of Rome were bound to one another by the client/patron system. No doubt by the time of Justinian the system had changed, and probably drastically, but the idea of owing a personal debt still remained. It is possible that John was not being insulting as such, but was attempting to avoid an obligation to someone with whom he was at odds politically. Reviewed : Comment : This is my forth DYK nomination. A.Cython (talk) 06:28, 10 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Wolsung Comment or view Article history ... that the prolonged development of the Polish steampunk role-playing game Wolsung led to it becoming "legendary" within the Polish role-playing community long before its debut? Source: a fact mentioned by numerous reviews, ex. ALT1 : ... that Polish steampunk tabletop franchise Wolsung includes a board game, a miniature wargame, a role-playing game and two anthologies of stand-alone fiction? Source: numerous sources in the article, all mentioned for example in Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/GameChat ALT1 : ... that Polish steampunk tabletop franchise Wolsung includes a board game, a miniature wargame, a role-playing game and two anthologies of stand-alone fiction? Source: numerous sources in the article, all mentioned for example in Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/GameChat Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus | reply here 05:14, 10 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Cool article. Date, length, qpq ok, no close paraphrase found. I prefer ALT1, but is it possible to get a hook fact ref in article backing up the 2 anthologies? -- Soman ( talk ) 15:07, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Soman : I am not sure I understand what do you want? The fact that there have bene two anthologies is verified in the article through several sources, including dedicted reviews of each. Would you like me to link them here directly? PS. I am wondering if we can mention, in hook, that one story was nominated for Poland's premier fantastika award (Zajdel), as mentioned n text, but I can't come up with neutral wording... -- Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus | reply here 03:32, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] In the beginning of the article there is a referenced sentence that says "including board games and a anthologies of fiction". Should that read "two anthologies" instead? I note the two reviews further below, but below there isn't a reference for the sentence ending " two short story anthologies published as the Wolsung: Antologia series, both published in 2015." -- Soman ( talk ) 12:44, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Soman : I am not sure I understand what do you want? The fact that there have bene two anthologies is verified in the article through several sources, including dedicted reviews of each. Would you like me to link them here directly? PS. I am wondering if we can mention, in hook, that one story was nominated for Poland's premier fantastika award (Zajdel), as mentioned n text, but I can't come up with neutral wording... -- Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus | reply here 03:32, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] In the beginning of the article there is a referenced sentence that says "including board games and a anthologies of fiction". Should that read "two anthologies" instead? I note the two reviews further below, but below there isn't a reference for the sentence ending " two short story anthologies published as the Wolsung: Antologia series, both published in 2015." -- Soman ( talk ) 12:44, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] In the beginning of the article there is a referenced sentence that says "including board games and a anthologies of fiction". Should that read "two anthologies" instead? I note the two reviews further below, but below there isn't a reference for the sentence ending " two short story anthologies published as the Wolsung: Antologia series, both published in 2015." -- Soman ( talk ) 12:44, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Not a Bad Thing Comment or view Article history ... that Justin Timberlake 's " Not a Bad Thing " was the only single from The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2 to reach the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100? Source: Reviewed : Red Shell Momentum 05:37, 10 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] @ RedShellMomentum : Not (yet) a full review, but do you have any other possible hook suggestions? The current one may not be that interesting to those who aren't fans of Timberlake. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 12:48, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Narutolovehinata5 : How about "... that the music video of Justin Timberlake 's " Not a Bad Thing " follows two documentary filmmakers searching for a couple who got engaged while the song was playing?" (source: ) Red Shell Momentum 18:31, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] The issue with that hook is that it would violate WP:DYKFICTION , as it involves in-universe or in-plot information without a real-world connection. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 00:46, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Narutolovehinata5 : Would either "... that RCA Records chose to release other singles before Justin Timberlake 's " Not a Bad Thing ", despite thinking it could be The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2 ' s largest commercial success?" (source: ) or "... that the search for a couple featured in Justin Timberlake 's " Not a Bad Thing " video was promoted on The Ellen DeGeneres Show ?" (source: ) work? Red Shell Momentum 01:20, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Narutolovehinata5 : How about "... that the music video of Justin Timberlake 's " Not a Bad Thing " follows two documentary filmmakers searching for a couple who got engaged while the song was playing?" (source: ) Red Shell Momentum 18:31, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] The issue with that hook is that it would violate WP:DYKFICTION , as it involves in-universe or in-plot information without a real-world connection. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 00:46, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Narutolovehinata5 : Would either "... that RCA Records chose to release other singles before Justin Timberlake 's " Not a Bad Thing ", despite thinking it could be The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2 ' s largest commercial success?" (source: ) or "... that the search for a couple featured in Justin Timberlake 's " Not a Bad Thing " video was promoted on The Ellen DeGeneres Show ?" (source: ) work? Red Shell Momentum 01:20, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] The issue with that hook is that it would violate WP:DYKFICTION , as it involves in-universe or in-plot information without a real-world connection. Naruto love hinata 5 ( talk · contributions ) 00:46, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Narutolovehinata5 : Would either "... that RCA Records chose to release other singles before Justin Timberlake 's " Not a Bad Thing ", despite thinking it could be The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2 ' s largest commercial success?" (source: ) or "... that the search for a couple featured in Justin Timberlake 's " Not a Bad Thing " video was promoted on The Ellen DeGeneres Show ?" (source: ) work? Red Shell Momentum 01:20, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Narutolovehinata5 : Would either "... that RCA Records chose to release other singles before Justin Timberlake 's " Not a Bad Thing ", despite thinking it could be The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2 ' s largest commercial success?" (source: ) or "... that the search for a couple featured in Justin Timberlake 's " Not a Bad Thing " video was promoted on The Ellen DeGeneres Show ?" (source: ) work? Red Shell Momentum 01:20, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on January 11 Rock wren Comment or view Article history ... that rock wrens (pictured) build pavements made of flat stones around their nest to keep nestlings dry? Source: Reviewed : monkey smashing keyboards ( talk ) 20:42, 12 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] General eligibility: New enough : Long enough : Other problems: - Possibly flawed GA review might impact eligibility. Policy: Article is sourced, neutral, and free of copyright problems Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Hook: Hook has been verified by provided inline citation Cited : Interesting: Cited : Interesting: Image: Image is freely licensed, used in the article, and clear at 100px. Freely licensed : Used in article : Clear at 100px: Freely licensed : Used in article : Clear at 100px: QPQ : None required. Overall : So let's review over the good parts here first: the article seems suitable for appearance on DYK quality-wise, and the hook is cited and interesting. Image clearly demonstrates the subject as well. An Earwig check only turned up 5.7% likeliness to some sources , based entirely on short bits and pieces, so there doesn't appear to be copyright issues. Doesn't look like a DYK is required either. So it seems good to go in that aspect, but there is one issue: the GA review for the article does not seem like it thoroughly inspected the article, and there is no spotcheck, which is required for reviews nowadays. Because of that, the GAN process was incomplete. Consequentially, I don't know if this article is eligible for DYK. I am requesting additional input on this if possible. λ Negative MP1 23:57, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] (lurking WP:TOL editor) Technically, this can be DYK'd, but I agree that the GA review is rather underwhelming. As far as I am aware, there is no formal process besides GAR to repeal an invalid GA review. I will look into what can be done, but the DYKN should be on hold until the validity of the GA status is cleared up. Cremastra ( talk · contribs ) 15:32, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Savannah Bond Comment or view Article history ... that Savannah Bond (pictured) has been credited with over 350 performances in pornographic films? Source: ALT1 : ... that Savannah Bond (pictured) won an AVN award for Best Blowbang Scene in 2022? Source: ALT2 : ... that Savannah Bond (pictured) won a Pornhub Award in 2024 for Top DP Performer? Source: Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Jack Fitzgerald (Australian politician) ALT1 : ... that Savannah Bond (pictured) won an AVN award for Best Blowbang Scene in 2022? Source: ALT2 : ... that Savannah Bond (pictured) won a Pornhub Award in 2024 for Top DP Performer? Source: Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Jack Fitzgerald (Australian politician) Tar nis hed Path talk 06:37, 12 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] @ A person of sorts and Fyyyyn : Well-written, long and new enough article. Few issues should be addressed; i.e. the need of in-line citations. All the references are present within the article, but need some sorting. The facts like the birth date and height appear potentially unsourced, so those need the AVN biography reference ahead. I somehow doubt the reliability of the SCMP reference, which is used thrice here, it potentially violates WP:V . Can it be replaced with a better source? @ TarnishedPath : As for the hooks, I suppose all are very straight-forward, the only interesting part for the reader would be the P word in ALT0 and 2, while the B word in ALT1. To me, ALT1 is preferable. Thank you! M. Bill oo 10:38, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Quizone Comment or view Article history ... that one writer claimed that every Irish child who watched RTÉ in the early 2010s remembers Quizone ? Source: [ 1 ] ALT1 : ... that one writer claimed that if you were in an Irish primary school in the 2010s you probably dreamed of being on Quizone ? Source: [ 2 ] ALT2 : ... that one writer claimed that if you were in an Irish primary school in the 2010s you definitely watched Quizone ? Source: [ 2 ] ALT3 : ... that one writer called Quizone an "iconic yet forgotten piece of Irish television history"? Source: [ 2 ] ALT4 : ... that one writer claimed that Quizone will "forever outrank The Cube , The Crystal Maze and Jungle Run " ? Source: [ 3 ] Reviewed : Finnfrog99 ( talk ) 14:32, 11 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] References ^ Bannon Ward, Shauna (2 Mar 2024). "What happened to Quizone's referee? Jamie Darling's family with TV star and new career" . RSVP Live . Retrieved 11 Jan 2026 . ^ a b c Kinsella, Rudi (6 November 2018). "A necessary tribute to Quizone – an iconic yet forgotten piece of Irish television history" . Joe.ie . Retrieved 10 Jan 2026 . ^ Jones, Fionnuala (18 April 2018). "Behold this unaired episode of Quizone where the kids competed against their parents" . The Daily Edge . Retrieved 11 Jan 2026 . General: Article is new enough and long enough New enough : Long enough : New enough : Long enough : Policy: Article is sourced, neutral, and free of copyright problems Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Hook: Hook has been verified by provided inline citation Cited : Interesting: Cited : Interesting: QPQ : Done. Overall : New enough? Yes: Moved from draft on 11 Jan. . Long enough? Yes . Sourced? Partially : I understand the PLOT policy on Wikipedia, but the Plot subhead doesn't seem like a plot itself (as in a movie or series). You should insert references to verify the claims of the games, show, etc. Plagiarism, etc.: 28.1% by Earwig, fine . Hook cited and interesting? Yes . QPQ: N/A, none required . I completely discard ALTs 1 & 2, as well as #3 and #4 (less interesting, the latter two). CoryGlee 21:52, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on January 12 Gu Yanwu Comment or view Article history ... that following the Manchu conquest , Gu Yanwu (pictured) destroyed all his poetry and took to wandering across China? Source: Johnston, Ian, ed. (2016). Record of Daily Knowledge and Collected Poems and Essays: Selections. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231542678. p. 241 Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Siege of Ariminum (538) Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Siege of Ariminum (538) Generalissima ( talk ) (it/she) 07:24, 16 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Saigon Hotpot Comment or view Article history ... that Saigon Hotpot was started by Vietnamese college students who paid US$0.31 each week to fund free tours for foreign tourists? Source: "Magnetic people show off". Saigon Times Weekly . 2007-05-05. Factiva VENEWS0020141124eabo0004h . The article notes: "Saigon Hotpot sounds like a restaurant, but it is not. That is a tour guide group who offers free guidance to tourists in HCM City. They all are students from various universities and have an interest in developing their foreign languages. With the slogan “Your Smile is Our Success,?the group has guided 14 groups of tourists since October. The group does not take a fee from tourists, rather, each member must contribute VND5,000 a week so that it can promote its service." US$ {{ To USD |5000|VNM|year=2007}} returns US$0.31 . The article notes: "Saigon Hotpot sounds like a restaurant, but it is not. That is a tour guide group who offers free guidance to tourists in HCM City. They all are students from various universities and have an interest in developing their foreign languages. With the slogan “Your Smile is Our Success,?the group has guided 14 groups of tourists since October. The group does not take a fee from tourists, rather, each member must contribute VND5,000 a week so that it can promote its service." US$ {{ To USD |5000|VNM|year=2007}} returns US$0.31 . ALT0b : ... that Saigon Hotpot was started by Vietnamese college students who paid money each week to fund free tours for foreign tourists? Source: Same as ALT0. ALT1a : ... that Saigon Hotpot tour guides once paid US$0.31 each week to fund free tours for foreign tourists? Source: Same as ALT0. ALT1b : ... that Saigon Hotpot tour guides once paid money each week to fund free tours for foreign tourists? Source: Same as ALT0. ALT2a : ... that Saigon Hotpot ' s college student members once paid US$0.31 each week to fund free tours for foreign tourists? Source: Same as ALT0. ALT2b : ... that Saigon Hotpot ' s college student members once paid money each week to fund free tours for foreign tourists? Source: Same as ALT0. Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Rafael Campo Cunard ( talk ) 10:55, 12 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on January 13 Hex Maniac Comment or view Article history ... that the video games Pokémon X and Y feature an easter egg of a ghost girl who delivers a cryptic message? Source: ALT1 : ... that despite being a minor character in Pokémon , the Hex Maniac is said to be extremely popular? Source: ALT2 : ... that a ghost girl in Pokémon X and Y was the subject of multiple fan theories as to her appearance and goals? Source: ALT3 : ... that when asked about a mysterious ghost girl in Pokémon , producer Junichi Masuda laughed and said "oOoOoOoO"? Source: Reviewed : Comment : I'm wanting to hold this DYK off until February 27, 2026, per this proposal Cukie Gherkin ( talk ) 11:18, 16 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Sakura Trick Comment or view Article history ... that Kenichi Ishikura , the director of Sakura Trick 's anime adaptation, was requested by the original manga author to include at least one kissing scene per episode? Source: [AniFav ] - 石倉：そうですね。またキスシーンを1エピソードにつき最低1回は入れるというのは、原作のタチ先生からのオーダーでもありました。Translation: "Ishikura: Yes, that’s right. Including at least one kissing scene per episode was also a request from Tachi-sensei, the original author." ALT1 : ... that Kenichi Ishikura , the director of Sakura Trick 's anime adaptation, asked voice actors to perform kissing scenes during the audition? Source: [AniFav ] - 石倉：そうですね。この部分をナシにしてはこの作品をアニメにする意味がないというくらい重要な要素だと思っています。なのでオーディションでもしっかりと、キスシーンの演技テストを行っていました。Translation: "Ishikura: Yes, that’s right. I consider this such an important element that, without it, there would be no point in adapting this work into an anime. So even at the auditions, we properly conducted acting tests for the kissing scenes." ALT2 : ... that Kenichi Ishikura , the director of Sakura Trick 's anime adaptation, insisted that none of its kissing scenes reuse animation frames , despite their frequent appearance? Source: [AniFav ] - 石倉：[...] 大切にしているシーンですから、似たアングルのものであっても毎回きちんと描きおろしているんですよ。使いまわしどころか、むしろ通常のシーンよりもかなり多い作画枚数を使って動かしているくらい。Translation: "Ishikura: [...] Because these are scenes we really value, even when the angle is similar, we make sure to redraw them properly every time. Far from reusing footage, we actually animate them using far more drawings than we do for normal scenes." Reviewed : Comment : This is my first DYK nom, any feedback is sincerely appreciated. Crest falling ( talk / contribs ) 02:10, 15 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] West Palm Beach Fishing Club Comment or view Article history ... that Ernest Hemingway sponsored a trophy called "Old Man and the Sea" for the West Palm Beach Fishing Club and gave an autographed copy of his novel of the same title to the winner? Source: Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Ridgevue High School 12george1 ( talk ) 23:01, 13 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Death of Yohana Rodríguez Comment or view Article history ... that one of the two civilian casualties in the 2026 US intervention in Venezuela had postponed returning to her native Colombia due to the tensions between the US and Venezuela ? Source: Infobae (in Spanish) ALT1 : ... that the daughter of a Colombian woman killed in the 2026 US intervention in Venezuela sent a message to a cousin in Colombia while waiting for first responders to arrive? Source: Infobae too and El Tiempo and El País (both in Spanish too) Reviewed : Menéndez's revolution CoryGlee 19:39, 13 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Taiwan Love Story⁵ Comment or view Article history ... that a visual novel set in Taiwan in 2024 is produced by a Hong Konger? Source: , quotation: "特別我是香港人，從外地人的眼光來看待台灣，可以找到很多本地人已經習慣，但外地人覺得有趣的地方。" ALT1 : ... that a visual novel released in 2024 has its own theme song? Source: , quotation: "聽說這次還特地製作主題曲，也是受到台灣文化影響嗎？" ALT2 : ... that an adult visual novel released in 2024 is set in Taiwan? Source: , quotation: "本作正如其名，是以台灣為背景，借鏡 90 年代偶像劇風格的環島尋愛故事。" Reviewed : Comment : I have thought of some other hooks, but I'm not very sure. Saimmx ( talk ) 18:19, 13 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on January 14 Blanca Quiñónez Comment or view Article history ... that Blanca Quiñónez made her professional debut at age 14? Source: 1 , 2 ALT1 : ... that Blanca Quiñónez is the first player from South America in UConn women's basketball history? Source: 1 ALT2 : ... that Ecuadorian basketball player Blanca Quiñónez speaks the Molisan dialect alongside Spanish, English, and Italian? Source: 1 Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/List of Chaplain Corps Medal of Honor recipients ALT1 : ... that Blanca Quiñónez is the first player from South America in UConn women's basketball history? Source: 1 ALT2 : ... that Ecuadorian basketball player Blanca Quiñónez speaks the Molisan dialect alongside Spanish, English, and Italian? Source: 1 Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/List of Chaplain Corps Medal of Honor recipients JTtheOG ( talk ) 01:53, 16 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Churchill Solitaire Comment or view Article history ... that Winston Churchill created a card game ? Source: ALT1 : ... that Donald Rumsfeld helped develop a moble game ? Source: Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Jacques Aupick Comment : I don't know if Rumsfeld is known enough to be contextless like this for main page. Though, I prefer ALT0 to it anyway. Perhaps a hook mentioning both? Roast ( talk ) 04:50, 15 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Aqueduct Walk Comment or view Article history ... that decades before Aqueduct Walk (pictured) became a New York City park, the poet Edgar Allan Poe frequently walked along its route? Source: Old Croton Aqueduct Walk (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. April 16, 2024. pp. 18-19 ALT1 : ... that it took eight and a half years to design a bathroom for a New York City park (pictured) ? Source: Trager, Cara S. (February 16, 2015). "Lost in green space: Long-promised park improvements still remain undone". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 31, no. 7. p. 3. "After nearly eight and a half years, for example, the design phase of the bathroom on the Aqueduct Walk on Aqueduct Avenue East at 182nd Street was finally completed in January." ALT2 : ... that a New York City park (pictured) was built atop an active aqueduct ? Source: Old Croton Aqueduct Walk (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. April 16, 2024. p. 5 ; "Riverdale". Yonkers Statesman. February 21, 1930. p. 4. ALT3 : ... that a New York City park (pictured) runs along the city's original aqueduct ? Source: Old Croton Aqueduct Walk (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. April 16, 2024. p. 5. ALT4 : ... that Aqueduct Walk (pictured) became the Bronx 's first New York City scenic landmark exactly 50 years after the city's first such landmark was designated? Source: Moloney, Síle (April 19, 2024). "LPC Designates Aqueduct Walk as Bronx's First Scenic Landmark in Unanimous Vote". Norwood News Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Ardfry House Comment : The image is optional. ALT1 : ... that it took eight and a half years to design a bathroom for a New York City park (pictured) ? Source: Trager, Cara S. (February 16, 2015). "Lost in green space: Long-promised park improvements still remain undone". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 31, no. 7. p. 3. "After nearly eight and a half years, for example, the design phase of the bathroom on the Aqueduct Walk on Aqueduct Avenue East at 182nd Street was finally completed in January." ALT2 : ... that a New York City park (pictured) was built atop an active aqueduct ? Source: Old Croton Aqueduct Walk (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. April 16, 2024. p. 5 ; "Riverdale". Yonkers Statesman. February 21, 1930. p. 4. ALT3 : ... that a New York City park (pictured) runs along the city's original aqueduct ? Source: Old Croton Aqueduct Walk (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. April 16, 2024. p. 5. ALT4 : ... that Aqueduct Walk (pictured) became the Bronx 's first New York City scenic landmark exactly 50 years after the city's first such landmark was designated? Source: Moloney, Síle (April 19, 2024). "LPC Designates Aqueduct Walk as Bronx's First Scenic Landmark in Unanimous Vote". Norwood News Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Ardfry House Comment : The image is optional. Epicgenius ( talk ) 21:50, 14 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] I'm not going to formally review this (I have a little bit of a COI, having worked on the map and a little image tweaking), but I do want to suggest that the photo chosen isn't going to be a great image at the MP size. File:NYC Parks Bronx Aqueduct Walk IMG 5076 HLG.jpg (which I've re-uploaded with a tighter crop) is a simpler composition and would work better. RoySmith (talk) 12:51, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Tom Maulson Comment or view Article history ... that Tom Maulson was once "the most hated man in Wisconsin" because of his fishing activism? Source: and ALT1 : ... that Tom Maulson had a $30,000 bounty on his head because of his fishing activism? Source: and ALT2 : ... that Tom Maulson had his home shot at and his dog poisoned because of his fishing activism? Source: Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Kamaipuʻupaʻa ArtemisiaGentileschiFan ( talk ) 17:06, 14 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Article is new enough, moved from draftspace today, and generally in good shape. Fully cited, though there are some minor issues here: titles should be in title case, the Grossman source should have its title italicised, and that title is the [New York Guardian]] rather than The Guardian . One image, appropriately licensed (I'm not an admin over on Commons so can't approve that officially, but have verified). I'm not sure I'm sold on Media Milwaukee as a reliable source -- it seems to be student journalism. It would be ideal to replace or reinforce citations to it with more obviously authoritative publications, and I don't think it should be the only source to support a BLP hook. QPQ is done. UndercoverClassicist T · C 20:13, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ UndercoverClassicist : Hi, thanks for the review. I believe Media Milwaukee should be considered reliable. While it is written by students, it's edited by professors and instructors (as stated in its about page ). I think the editorial oversight of professional instructors in journalism should be enough to make it reliable, and I don't believe most student publications have this same level of editorial oversight. ArtemisiaGentileschiFan ( talk ) 09:16, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] It's still local news, which is generally considered a "use with caution" thing: if the same facts can be found in professional publications, it would be good to add/swap those in, and to make sure that nothing controversial is resting entirely on them ( WP:BLP ). But I don't think the use of the source is a problem, certainly not at DYK. UndercoverClassicist T · C 10:57, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Cimpoi Comment or view Article history ... that Béla Bartók imitated the sound of the bagpipe on the piano, inspired by the way the Romanian cimpoi was imitated by the folk violin and the shepherd's fluier ? Source: Yeomans, David (1988), Chapter Sonatina Sz. 55 Reviewed : Reviewed : Iurii.s ( talk ) 15:49, 14 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on January 15 Guillermo Pfening Comment or view Article history ... that Argentine actor Guillermo Pfening and a female friend agreed to have a child together if they were not parents by the age of 35 and currently share custody of the girl ? Source: this one of Clarín , this one of Noticias , this one of El Destape , a reliable source in Argentina, and others in article Reviewed : Quizone Comment : I will tidy up the article these days and finish the QPQ. CoryGlee 03:51, 16 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Little Nicky (video game) Comment or view Article history ... that a comedy film starring Adam Sandler received a video game adaptation ? Source: Den of Geek , AllGame Reviewed : COOPER COOL 23 user page 21:39, 15 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] General: Article is new enough and long enough New enough : Long enough : New enough : Long enough : Policy: Article is sourced, neutral, and free of copyright problems Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Adequate sourcing : Neutral : Free of copyright violations , plagiarism , and close paraphrasing : Hook: Hook has been verified by provided inline citation Cited : Interesting: Cited : Interesting: QPQ : None required. Overall : Promoted to GA yesterday, great work! Earwig is all green. The hook is a bit straightforward - it's basically "this existed". Could you suggest an ALT, please? I wonder if there's something about the minigames (pineapple throwing?!). Jonathan Deamer ( talk ) 10:24, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Chandler Court and Pollard Park Historic District Comment or view Article history ... that Chandler Court and Pollard Park , which were designed and occupied by William & Mary faculty, have been called "two of Williamsburg's most appealing twentieth-century neighborhoods"? Source: Wilson, Richard Guy , ed. (2002). "Chandler Court and Pollard Park" . Buildings of Virginia: Tidewater and Piedmont . Buildings of the United States . New York City: Oxford University Press , Society of Architectural Historians . p. 378. ISBN 0195152069 . LCCN 2002001454 – via SAH Archipedia. Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/Beverly Hills Register of Historic Properties Comment : See Wikipedia talk:Did you know#A William & Mary spectacular regarding 8 February set. Pbritti ( talk ) 17:16, 15 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Camp of the Woods Comment or view Article history ... that Camp of the Woods owns a camp for girls on the only island in Lake Pleasant , New York (pictured) ? Source: "In 1957, the island in Lake Pleasant was purchased by Camp-of-the-Woods. It has been operated as a camp for girls of the families who attend the parent camp." (Ted Aber and Stella King, A History of Hamilton County , p. 719, offline source). "The Camp-of-the-Woods has recently acquired the only island in the lake, and this now accommodates sixty girls." (William Wessels, Adirondack Profiles , p. 165) Reviewed : Template:Did you know nominations/United States seizure of the oil tanker Skipper Dclemens1971 ( talk ) 17:11, 15 January 2026 (UTC) . [ reply ] Articles created/expanded on January 16 Special occasion holding area The holding area is near the top of the Approved page . Please only place approved templates there; do not place them below. Articles that have been nominated for Did you know Main Page discussions Wikipedia Did you know This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 11:18 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Przodniŏ zajta Ôstatnie zmiany Prawidła zapisowaniŏ Sztamtisz Losowŏ zajta Pōmoc Dej znać ô felerze 🔧 Dŏwki Twōrz nowe kōnto Wloguj sie Dŏwki Twōrz nowe kōnto Wloguj sie Przodniŏ zajta Przodniŏ strōna Dyskusyjŏ Czytej Zdrzōdłowy kod Pokŏż historyjõ Czytej Zdrzōdłowy kod Pokŏż historyjõ Co sam linkuje Zmiany we linkowanych Zaladuj zbiōr Link trwały Informacyjŏ ô zajcie Cytuj tã zajtã Ôbejrzij skrōcōny URL Pobier QR-kod Przełącz na starszy parser Stwōrz ksiōnżkã Pobier kej PDF Wersyjŏ do durku Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidane Wikifunkcje Wikimania Elymynt Wikidane .mw-parser-output .page-Przodniŏ_zajta #deleteconfirm,.mw-parser-output .page-Przodniŏ_zajta #t-cite,.mw-parser-output .page-Przodniŏ_zajta #footer-info-lastmod,.mw-parser-output .action-view.page-Przodniŏ_zajta #siteSub,.mw-parser-output .action-view.page-Przodniŏ_zajta #contentSub,.mw-parser-output .action-view.page-Przodniŏ_zajta .firstHeading{display:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mp-panel{margin-top:1em;padding:1em;overflow:hidden;box-shadow:0.25em 0.25em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.05);border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#E0E0E0 #B1B1B1 #B1B1B1 #E0E0E0;background-color:#FAFAFA;background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom left,#F2F2F2,#FAFAFA)}.mw-parser-output .mp-h2{border-bottom:none;margin:-1em -1em .6em -1em;padding:.5em 1em .2em 1em;font-family:"Linux Libertine","Nimbus Roman No9 L","Times New Roman",Times,serif;font-size:1.7em;line-height:1.3;text-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:#E0E0E0;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,#E0E0E0,#F2F2F2)}.mw-parser-output #mp-tfa-h2,.mw-parser-output #mp-tfa-h2-2,.mw-parser-output #mp-tfl-h2,.mw-parser-output #mp-tfp-h2{background-color:#CEF2E0;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,#CEF2E0,#F2F2F2)}.mw-parser-output #mp-tfp-h2{background-color:#EDDDD1;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,#EDDDD1,#F2F2F2)}.mw-parser-output #mp-itn-h2,.mw-parser-output #mp-otd-h2{background-color:#CEDFF2;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,#CEDFF2,#F2F2F2)}.mw-parser-output #mp-dyk-h2,.mw-parser-output #mp-bae-h2{background-color:#E0CEF2;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,#E0CEF2,#F2F2F2)}.mw-parser-output #mp-topbanner{padding:0}.mw-parser-output #mp-topbanner-inner{padding:1em;overflow:hidden;background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Wikipedia-logo-v2-o10.svg/250px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-o10.svg.png");background-position:1em 1em;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:250px auto}@media(min-resolution:1.5dppx),(min-resolution:144dpi){.mw-parser-output #mp-topbanner-inner{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Wikipedia-logo-v2-o10.svg/375px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-o10.svg.png")}}@media(min-resolution:2dppx),(min-resolution:192dpi){.mw-parser-output #mp-topbanner-inner{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Wikipedia-logo-v2-o10.svg/500px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-o10.svg.png")}}.mw-parser-output #mp-topbanner-left img{opacity:0.8}.mw-parser-output #mp-topbanner-right{font-family:"Linux Libertine","Nimbus Roman No9 L","Times New Roman",Times,serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.3}@media screen and (max-width:68em){.mw-parser-output .mp-flex{display:block!important}.mw-parser-output .mp-margin-left{margin-left:0!important}.mw-parser-output .mp-float-left,.mw-parser-output .mp-float-right,.mw-parser-output #mp-topbanner-left,.mw-parser-output #mp-topbanner-right{float:none!important;width:auto!important}.mw-parser-output #mp-topbanner-right br{display:none}}@media screen and (max-width:880px){.mw-parser-output .potd-container{flex-direction:column!important}.mw-parser-output .potd-image{float:none!important;margin:0 0 0.5em 0!important}}@media screen and (min-width:1280px){.mw-parser-output .potd-container{flex-direction:row!important}.mw-parser-output .potd-image{float:left!important;margin:0 1em 0 0!important}} Witej na Wikipedyji , swobodnyj yncyklopedyji, co jōm kożdy może edytować . Mōmy terŏz 59 739 artykułōw po ślōnsku . Ślōnsk Biografije Geografijŏ Historyjŏ Filozofijŏ Nauka Społeczyństwo Technika Wszyjske kategoryje Wyrōżniōny artykuł Bioły damfer ( rus. Белый пароход , Biełyj parochod , kyrg. Ак кеме , Ak keme ) to je nowela ôd kyrgyskigo pisorza Czyngyza Ajtmatowa , ôpublikowano we 1970. roku. We ksiōnżce brutalny ôpis sowieckich realiōw życio we kyrgyskich gōrach przeploto sie ze ludowymi powiarkami i mitami. Czytej dalij ... Wiedzieli Żeście... … jake znaczynie na wapynach Wrocławia, Lignicy abo Prudnika moge mieć lew ? … pojakymu Ślōnskŏ Wikipedyjŏ pod żodnym pozorym niy przizwŏlŏ na wciepowaniy blank maszinowo wygenerowanych tekstōw? … kaj powstała nojstarszŏ rzimskokatolickŏ fara we teroźnich Katowicach? Jak idzie pōmōc Wikipedyjõ kożdy może edytować! Kliknij zŏkłŏdkã Edytuj nad strōnami (abo [edytuj] nad sekcyjami), żeby poprawiać felery abo sprawiać czerwōne linki. Mōmy tyż pŏrã krōtkich poradnikōw, co w 10 minut przigotujōm Cie do pisaniŏ. Jak pisać ślabikŏrzym Jak pisać steuerym Pōmoc ôd inkszych używŏczōw dostaniesz sam: Kwestyje techniczne – tukej dyskutujymy ô problymach ze mustrami, botami itp. Prawidła – dyskusyjŏ ô prawidłach ślōnskij Wikipedyje Propozycyje – jeźli mŏsz jakõ propozycyjõ Artykuły – dyskusyjŏ ô artykułach Ôgōlne – sprawy ôgōlne Ambasada (Embassy) – pōmoc dlŏ ôsōb, co niy gŏdajōm po ślōnsku (help for users who do not speak Silesian) Wyrōżniōny ôbrŏzek Ślōnski Beskid Ślōnsk Biografije Geografijŏ Historyjŏ Filozofijŏ Nauka Społeczyństwo Technika Wszyjske kategoryje Wyrōżniōny artykuł Bioły damfer ( rus. Белый пароход , Biełyj parochod , kyrg. Ак кеме , Ak keme ) to je nowela ôd kyrgyskigo pisorza Czyngyza Ajtmatowa , ôpublikowano we 1970. roku. We ksiōnżce brutalny ôpis sowieckich realiōw życio we kyrgyskich gōrach przeploto sie ze ludowymi powiarkami i mitami. Czytej dalij ... Wyrōżniōny artykuł Bioły damfer ( rus. Белый пароход , Biełyj parochod , kyrg. Ак кеме , Ak keme ) to je nowela ôd kyrgyskigo pisorza Czyngyza Ajtmatowa , ôpublikowano we 1970. roku. We ksiōnżce brutalny ôpis sowieckich realiōw życio we kyrgyskich gōrach przeploto sie ze ludowymi powiarkami i mitami. Czytej dalij ... Wiedzieli Żeście... … jake znaczynie na wapynach Wrocławia, Lignicy abo Prudnika moge mieć lew ? … pojakymu Ślōnskŏ Wikipedyjŏ pod żodnym pozorym niy przizwŏlŏ na wciepowaniy blank maszinowo wygenerowanych tekstōw? … kaj powstała nojstarszŏ rzimskokatolickŏ fara we teroźnich Katowicach? Wiedzieli Żeście... … jake znaczynie na wapynach Wrocławia, Lignicy abo Prudnika moge mieć lew ? … pojakymu Ślōnskŏ Wikipedyjŏ pod żodnym pozorym niy przizwŏlŏ na wciepowaniy blank maszinowo wygenerowanych tekstōw? … kaj powstała nojstarszŏ rzimskokatolickŏ fara we teroźnich Katowicach? Jak idzie pōmōc Wikipedyjõ kożdy może edytować! Kliknij zŏkłŏdkã Edytuj nad strōnami (abo [edytuj] nad sekcyjami), żeby poprawiać felery abo sprawiać czerwōne linki. Mōmy tyż pŏrã krōtkich poradnikōw, co w 10 minut przigotujōm Cie do pisaniŏ. Jak pisać ślabikŏrzym Jak pisać steuerym Pōmoc ôd inkszych używŏczōw dostaniesz sam: Kwestyje techniczne – tukej dyskutujymy ô problymach ze mustrami, botami itp. Prawidła – dyskusyjŏ ô prawidłach ślōnskij Wikipedyje Propozycyje – jeźli mŏsz jakõ propozycyjõ Artykuły – dyskusyjŏ ô artykułach Ôgōlne – sprawy ôgōlne Ambasada (Embassy) – pōmoc dlŏ ôsōb, co niy gŏdajōm po ślōnsku (help for users who do not speak Silesian) Jak idzie pōmōc Wikipedyjõ kożdy może edytować! Kliknij zŏkłŏdkã Edytuj nad strōnami (abo [edytuj] nad sekcyjami), żeby poprawiać felery abo sprawiać czerwōne linki. Mōmy tyż pŏrã krōtkich poradnikōw, co w 10 minut przigotujōm Cie do pisaniŏ. Jak pisać ślabikŏrzym Jak pisać steuerym Pōmoc ôd inkszych używŏczōw dostaniesz sam: Kwestyje techniczne – tukej dyskutujymy ô problymach ze mustrami, botami itp. Prawidła – dyskusyjŏ ô prawidłach ślōnskij Wikipedyje Propozycyje – jeźli mŏsz jakõ propozycyjõ Artykuły – dyskusyjŏ ô artykułach Ôgōlne – sprawy ôgōlne Ambasada (Embassy) – pōmoc dlŏ ôsōb, co niy gŏdajōm po ślōnsku (help for users who do not speak Silesian) Wyrōżniōny ôbrŏzek Ślōnski Beskid Wyrōżniōny ôbrŏzek Ślōnskŏ Wikipedyjŏ Ślōnskŏ Wikipedyjŏ to internetowŏ yncyklopedyjŏ ze familije Wikipedyje, co je pisanŏ po ślōnsku . Piyrszy wniosek ô uruchōmiynie ôsobnego projektu dlŏ ślōnskij godki bōł słożōny na Wikimedia-Meta we marcu 2006 roku. Ôstoł wtynczŏs ôdciepniynty, głōwnie skirz braku kodu ISO 639-3 dlŏ godki. Po dostaniu ôd ślōnskij godki kodu ISO szl nazod bōł dany forszlag zrobiyniŏ Ślōnskij Wikipedyje. Tym razym przeciwnych głosōw, ani tyż przeszkōd formalnych niy było. Ślōnsko godka dostała status „eligible”, tzn. ôstała uznanŏ za ôdpedniŏ do stworzyniŏ we nij ekstra projektu. Po tym postanowiyniu zaczła sie robota nad przekładym interfejsu MediaWiki na ślōnskõ gŏdka, a 31 marca 2008 była stworzōnŏ testowŏ wersyjŏ Wikipedyje we Inkubatorze. Przekłŏd interfejsu MediaWiki skōńczōł sie 26 kwietnia 2008. Dalszym warōnkym akceptacyje projektu było stworzynie projektu we Inkubatorze i utrzimanie jego aktywności. To zadanie było na ôstatku uznane za wykōnane 3 mŏja 2008. Projekt ôstoł zaakceptowany 23 mŏja 2008. Dōmyna szl.wikipedia.org była uruchōmiōno 26 mŏja 2008. Podle sztandu na 10 stycznia 2026 ślōnskŏ Wikipedyjŏ mŏ 59 739 artykułōw , 28 635 używŏczōw i 3 administratorōw . Pytania – Sztamtisz – Embassy Jynzyki Wikipedyje Ta Wikipedyjŏ je pisanŏ po ślōnsku . Terŏz ôna mŏ 59 739 artykułōw. Je moc inkszych Wikipedyji, a niykere z nich sōm pokŏzane niżyj. Wiyncyj niż milijōn artykułōw: Angelskŏ Niymieckŏ Hiszpańskŏ Francuskŏ Italijańskŏ Niderlandzkŏ Japōńskŏ Polskŏ Portugalskŏ Rusyjskŏ Szwedzkŏ Niymieckŏ Wietnamskŏ Chińskŏ Wiyncyj niż 250 tysiyncy artykułōw: Arabskŏ Indōnezyjskŏ Malajskŏ Bułgarskŏ Katalōńskŏ Czeskŏ Duńskŏ Esperantŏ Baskijskŏ Perskŏ Hebrajskŏ Koreańskŏ Madziarskŏ Norweskŏ Rumuńskŏ Serbskŏ Serbochorwackŏ Fińskŏ Tureckŏ Ukrajińskŏ Wikipedyje ze naszego regiōnu: Polskŏ Niymieckŏ Czeskŏ Słowackŏ Gōrnosorbskŏ Dolnosorbskŏ Kaszubskŏ Rusińskŏ Połny wykŏz Wikipedyji Siostrzane projekty ôd Wikipedyje Wikipedyjŏ je kludzōnŏ ôd Fundacyje Wikimedia, ôrganizacyje non-profit, co tyż kludzi inksze projekty , co ôferujōm darmowõ wiedzã: Commons Repozytorium mediōw MediaWiki Ôprogramowanie Wiki Meta-Wiki Koordynacyjŏ projektōw Wikidata Baza wiedzy Wikispecies Katalog gatōnkōw Wikibooks Podrynczniki (pl) Wikinews Wiadōmości (pl) Wikiquote Kolekcyjŏ cytatōw (pl) Wikisource Bibliŏtyka (szl) Wikiversity Materyje do nauki Wikivoyage Przewodnik we rajzach (pl) Wiktionary Słownik (pl) Ślōnskŏ Wikipedyjŏ Ślōnskŏ Wikipedyjŏ to internetowŏ yncyklopedyjŏ ze familije Wikipedyje, co je pisanŏ po ślōnsku . Piyrszy wniosek ô uruchōmiynie ôsobnego projektu dlŏ ślōnskij godki bōł słożōny na Wikimedia-Meta we marcu 2006 roku. Ôstoł wtynczŏs ôdciepniynty, głōwnie skirz braku kodu ISO 639-3 dlŏ godki. Po dostaniu ôd ślōnskij godki kodu ISO szl nazod bōł dany forszlag zrobiyniŏ Ślōnskij Wikipedyje. Tym razym przeciwnych głosōw, ani tyż przeszkōd formalnych niy było. Ślōnsko godka dostała status „eligible”, tzn. ôstała uznanŏ za ôdpedniŏ do stworzyniŏ we nij ekstra projektu. Po tym postanowiyniu zaczła sie robota nad przekładym interfejsu MediaWiki na ślōnskõ gŏdka, a 31 marca 2008 była stworzōnŏ testowŏ wersyjŏ Wikipedyje we Inkubatorze. Przekłŏd interfejsu MediaWiki skōńczōł sie 26 kwietnia 2008. Dalszym warōnkym akceptacyje projektu było stworzynie projektu we Inkubatorze i utrzimanie jego aktywności. To zadanie było na ôstatku uznane za wykōnane 3 mŏja 2008. Projekt ôstoł zaakceptowany 23 mŏja 2008. Dōmyna szl.wikipedia.org była uruchōmiōno 26 mŏja 2008. Podle sztandu na 10 stycznia 2026 ślōnskŏ Wikipedyjŏ mŏ 59 739 artykułōw , 28 635 używŏczōw i 3 administratorōw . Pytania – Sztamtisz – Embassy Ślōnskŏ Wikipedyjŏ Ślōnskŏ Wikipedyjŏ to internetowŏ yncyklopedyjŏ ze familije Wikipedyje, co je pisanŏ po ślōnsku . Piyrszy wniosek ô uruchōmiynie ôsobnego projektu dlŏ ślōnskij godki bōł słożōny na Wikimedia-Meta we marcu 2006 roku. Ôstoł wtynczŏs ôdciepniynty, głōwnie skirz braku kodu ISO 639-3 dlŏ godki. Po dostaniu ôd ślōnskij godki kodu ISO szl nazod bōł dany forszlag zrobiyniŏ Ślōnskij Wikipedyje. Tym razym przeciwnych głosōw, ani tyż przeszkōd formalnych niy było. Ślōnsko godka dostała status „eligible”, tzn. ôstała uznanŏ za ôdpedniŏ do stworzyniŏ we nij ekstra projektu. Po tym postanowiyniu zaczła sie robota nad przekładym interfejsu MediaWiki na ślōnskõ gŏdka, a 31 marca 2008 była stworzōnŏ testowŏ wersyjŏ Wikipedyje we Inkubatorze. Przekłŏd interfejsu MediaWiki skōńczōł sie 26 kwietnia 2008. Dalszym warōnkym akceptacyje projektu było stworzynie projektu we Inkubatorze i utrzimanie jego aktywności. To zadanie było na ôstatku uznane za wykōnane 3 mŏja 2008. Projekt ôstoł zaakceptowany 23 mŏja 2008. Dōmyna szl.wikipedia.org była uruchōmiōno 26 mŏja 2008. Podle sztandu na 10 stycznia 2026 ślōnskŏ Wikipedyjŏ mŏ 59 739 artykułōw , 28 635 używŏczōw i 3 administratorōw . Pytania – Sztamtisz – Embassy Jynzyki Wikipedyje Ta Wikipedyjŏ je pisanŏ po ślōnsku . Terŏz ôna mŏ 59 739 artykułōw. Je moc inkszych Wikipedyji, a niykere z nich sōm pokŏzane niżyj. Wiyncyj niż milijōn artykułōw: Angelskŏ Niymieckŏ Hiszpańskŏ Francuskŏ Italijańskŏ Niderlandzkŏ Japōńskŏ Polskŏ Portugalskŏ Rusyjskŏ Szwedzkŏ Niymieckŏ Wietnamskŏ Chińskŏ Wiyncyj niż 250 tysiyncy artykułōw: Arabskŏ Indōnezyjskŏ Malajskŏ Bułgarskŏ Katalōńskŏ Czeskŏ Duńskŏ Esperantŏ Baskijskŏ Perskŏ Hebrajskŏ Koreańskŏ Madziarskŏ Norweskŏ Rumuńskŏ Serbskŏ Serbochorwackŏ Fińskŏ Tureckŏ Ukrajińskŏ Wikipedyje ze naszego regiōnu: Polskŏ Niymieckŏ Czeskŏ Słowackŏ Gōrnosorbskŏ Dolnosorbskŏ Kaszubskŏ Rusińskŏ Połny wykŏz Wikipedyji Jynzyki Wikipedyje Ta Wikipedyjŏ je pisanŏ po ślōnsku . Terŏz ôna mŏ 59 739 artykułōw. Je moc inkszych Wikipedyji, a niykere z nich sōm pokŏzane niżyj. Wiyncyj niż milijōn artykułōw: Angelskŏ Niymieckŏ Hiszpańskŏ Francuskŏ Italijańskŏ Niderlandzkŏ Japōńskŏ Polskŏ Portugalskŏ Rusyjskŏ Szwedzkŏ Niymieckŏ Wietnamskŏ Chińskŏ Angelskŏ Niymieckŏ Hiszpańskŏ Francuskŏ Italijańskŏ Niderlandzkŏ Japōńskŏ Polskŏ Portugalskŏ Rusyjskŏ Szwedzkŏ Niymieckŏ Wietnamskŏ Chińskŏ Wiyncyj niż 250 tysiyncy artykułōw: Arabskŏ Indōnezyjskŏ Malajskŏ Bułgarskŏ Katalōńskŏ Czeskŏ Duńskŏ Esperantŏ Baskijskŏ Perskŏ Hebrajskŏ Koreańskŏ Madziarskŏ Norweskŏ Rumuńskŏ Serbskŏ Serbochorwackŏ Fińskŏ Tureckŏ Ukrajińskŏ Arabskŏ Indōnezyjskŏ Malajskŏ Bułgarskŏ Katalōńskŏ Czeskŏ Duńskŏ Esperantŏ Baskijskŏ Perskŏ Hebrajskŏ Koreańskŏ Madziarskŏ Norweskŏ Rumuńskŏ Serbskŏ Serbochorwackŏ Fińskŏ Tureckŏ Ukrajińskŏ Wikipedyje ze naszego regiōnu: Polskŏ Niymieckŏ Czeskŏ Słowackŏ Gōrnosorbskŏ Dolnosorbskŏ Kaszubskŏ Rusińskŏ Polskŏ Niymieckŏ Czeskŏ Słowackŏ Gōrnosorbskŏ Dolnosorbskŏ Kaszubskŏ Rusińskŏ Siostrzane projekty ôd Wikipedyje Wikipedyjŏ je kludzōnŏ ôd Fundacyje Wikimedia, ôrganizacyje non-profit, co tyż kludzi inksze projekty , co ôferujōm darmowõ wiedzã: Commons Repozytorium mediōw MediaWiki Ôprogramowanie Wiki Meta-Wiki Koordynacyjŏ projektōw Wikidata Baza wiedzy Wikispecies Katalog gatōnkōw Wikibooks Podrynczniki (pl) Wikinews Wiadōmości (pl) Wikiquote Kolekcyjŏ cytatōw (pl) Wikisource Bibliŏtyka (szl) Wikiversity Materyje do nauki Wikivoyage Przewodnik we rajzach (pl) Wiktionary Słownik (pl) Siostrzane projekty ôd Wikipedyje Wikipedyjŏ je kludzōnŏ ôd Fundacyje Wikimedia, ôrganizacyje non-profit, co tyż kludzi inksze projekty , co ôferujōm darmowõ wiedzã: Commons Repozytorium mediōw MediaWiki Ôprogramowanie Wiki Meta-Wiki Koordynacyjŏ projektōw Wikidata Baza wiedzy Wikispecies Katalog gatōnkōw Wikibooks Podrynczniki (pl) Wikinews Wiadōmości (pl) Wikiquote Kolekcyjŏ cytatōw (pl) Wikisource Bibliŏtyka (szl) Wikiversity Materyje do nauki Wikivoyage Przewodnik we rajzach (pl) Wiktionary Słownik (pl) العربية Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български বাংলা Brezhoneg Bosanski Català Čeština Kaszëbsczi Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Galego עברית Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 ქართული 한국어 Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu Napulitano Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Ta zajta bōła ôstatni rŏz edytowanŏ 16:52, 30 lis 2025. Strona została wyrenderowana z wykorzystaniem Parsoida . Tekst je dostympny na licyncyji Creative Commons: uznanie autorstwa, na takich samych warōnkach , ze możliwymi ekstra ôgraniczyniami. Wejzdrzij na warōnki używaniŏ po wiyncyj informacyji. Prawidła chrōniyniŏ prywatności Ô Wikipedia Prawne informacyje Code of Conduct Dlŏ deweloperōw Sztatystyki Kōmunikat ô cookies Wersyjŏ dlŏ mobilniŏkōw
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https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przodni%C5%8F_zajta
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Mukânda ya ngudi Mbôngi Bansoba ya yimpa Mukânda na bweso Lusadisu Balutiti ya speciale Pesa makabu Sala konte Kota Pesa makabu Sala konte Kota Contents Beginning 1 Mâmbu ya mfunu Mukânda ya ngudi Main Page Disolo Tânga View source Tala bansoba Tânga View source Tala bansoba Mikânda ke sônga awa Bansoba ya mutindu mosi Upload file Lien ya ntangu yonso Lutiti ya bansangu Soba mukânda yayi Sosa URL ya nkufi Baka nimero ya QR Switch to legacy parser Create a book Kubaka yo bonso PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata kima .mw-parser-output #Mukanda_ya_ngudi_en-tete{background:linear-gradient(to bottom,#fff,#eee)}.mw-parser-output #Mukanda_ya_ngudi_menu{background:linear-gradient(to bottom,#fff,#ddd);border-bottom:solid 1px #a8d7fc;margin-bottom:1rem}.mw-parser-output #Mukanda_ya_ngudi_bandeau{background:url(" -110px -15px;background-size:300px 300px;padding:1rem 1rem 1rem;font-family:"Open Sans",Sans-serif}.mw-parser-output #Mukanda_ya_ngudi_bloc-titre{display:inline-block;margin-left:8rem;margin-bottom:1rem;text-align:left;line-height:1.6;color:#457}.mw-parser-output #Mukanda_ya_ngudi_bloc-titre>p{margin:0;padding:0;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output #Mukanda_ya_ngudi_bloc-liens{text-align:center;font-size:90%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output #Mukanda_ya_ngudi_lien-mobile{margin-bottom:0rem}.mw-parser-output #Mukanda_ya_ngudi_contenu{margin-top:1rem}.mw-parser-output #Mukanda_ya_ngudi_contenu .portail-gauche{width:60%}.mw-parser-output #Mukanda_ya_ngudi_contenu .portail-droite{width:40%}.mw-parser-output #Mukanda_ya_ngudi_contenu:after{clear:both;display:table;content:""}.mw-parser-output .Mukanda_ya_ngudi_cadre{box-shadow:0 0 0.3rem #999;border-radius:0.2rem;padding:1.2rem;margin-bottom:1.6rem}.mw-parser-output .Mukanda_ya_ngudi_cadre .mw-heading2{border-bottom:solid 0.2rem #bdd8fb;margin:-0.4rem 0 0.5rem}.mw-parser-output .Mukanda_ya_ngudi_cadre h2{font-variant:small-caps;letter-spacing:0.01em}.mw-parser-output .Mukanda_ya_ngudi_pied{padding:1.3em 0 0;font-size:85%;text-align:right}@media(min-width:982px){.mw-parser-output #Mukanda_ya_ngudi_contenu{display:flex}.mw-parser-output #Mukanda_ya_ngudi_contenu .portail-gauche,.mw-parser-output #Mukanda_ya_ngudi_contenu .portail-droite{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .Mukanda_ya_ngudi_cadre:nth-child(1){flex-grow:1}.mw-parser-output .Mukanda_ya_ngudi_cadre:nth-child(2){flex-grow:2}.mw-parser-output .Mukanda_ya_ngudi_cadre:nth-child(3){flex-grow:3}}.mw-parser-output .colonnes>ol,.mw-parser-output .colonnes>ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .colonnes{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .liste-horizontale ul,.mw-parser-output .liste-horizontale ol,.mw-parser-output .liste-horizontale li{margin-left:0;display:inline;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .liste-horizontale li:after{content:" "}.mw-parser-output .liste-horizontale li+li:before{white-space:normal;content:"· ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .liste-horizontale li li:first-child:before{white-space:normal;content:" ("}.mw-parser-output .liste-horizontale li ul:after,.mw-parser-output .liste-horizontale li ol:after{content:")";margin-left:-0.28em}.mw-parser-output .liste-horizontale ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .liste-horizontale ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .liste-horizontale ol>li:first-child:before{content:"1.\202f "}.mw-parser-output .liste-horizontale li ol>li:first-child:before{content:" (1.\202f "}.mw-parser-output .liste-horizontale ol>li+li:before{content:"· "counter(listitem)".\202f ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .liste-simple ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .liste-simple ul li{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .portail-gauche,.mw-parser-output .portail-droite{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .portail-gauche{float:left;padding-right:1.2rem}.mw-parser-output .portail-droite{float:right}@media(max-width:981px){.mw-parser-output .portail-gauche,.mw-parser-output .portail-droite{float:none;width:auto!important}.mw-parser-output .portail-gauche{padding-right:0}} Kwiza mbôtè ! Yau yina kele dibûku ya luzâbu nyonso , yina kele ya kimpwanza. Nge lênda sadisa na kusonika mikânda. Mikânda yayi kele samu na Wikipedia ya Kikôngo-kituba . Kana nge ke tubaka Munukutuba to Kituba to Kikôngo ya letá, nge lênda kusonika mikânda na dibûku yayi! Mâmbu ya mfunu Yinza Afelika - Mputu - Amelika - Azia Bitutu kipele-pele - nyosi - nzinzi - Kinyonya Bântu ya bayinsi ya Kôngo bakôngo - balumbu - bambala - bambosi - bambundu - bapunu - bateke - bayaka - bayansi - bapende - basongo Bisadilu mpe masîni tomabîlu - dikâlu - ndèke - ludinatelo - telefone - masîni ya ntalu - kilapi - soka - bizabu - fizika to mabima Lukwikilu kingunza - kinkisi - kiyesu - kisilamu - kibuda - kihindu - kisinto Madya kwanga - fufú - kafé - tí Repubilika ya Kôngo Repubilika ya Kôngo Demokratiki Ngola Balazavile - Ndindi - Dolizi - Matadi - Mboma - Kikwit - Kinsasa - Mbânza Kôngo - Soyo - Wizi - Lwanda Ntalu ya mikânda na ndînga kikôngo-kituba kele 1,578 mpe ya bisadi kele 23 . Wikimedia Foundation , Méta-Wiki : Commons Wikimbangula Wikiquote Wikinsangu Wikibûku Wikisource Wikispecies Wikiversity Etudes Linguistiques | Apprentissage du Kituba | Kikongo en deperdition | Grammaire | Introduction Kwiza mbôtè ! Yau yina kele dibûku ya luzâbu nyonso , yina kele ya kimpwanza. Nge lênda sadisa na kusonika mikânda. Kana nge ke tubaka Munukutuba to Kituba to Kikôngo ya letá, nge lênda kusonika mikânda na dibûku yayi! Mâmbu ya mfunu Yinza Afelika - Mputu - Amelika - Azia Bitutu kipele-pele - nyosi - nzinzi - Kinyonya Bântu ya bayinsi ya Kôngo bakôngo - balumbu - bambala - bambosi - bambundu - bapunu - bateke - bayaka - bayansi - bapende - basongo Bisadilu mpe masîni tomabîlu - dikâlu - ndèke - ludinatelo - telefone - masîni ya ntalu - kilapi - soka - bizabu - fizika to mabima Lukwikilu kingunza - kinkisi - kiyesu - kisilamu - kibuda - kihindu - kisinto Madya kwanga - fufú - kafé - tí Mâmbu ya mfunu Yinza Afelika - Mputu - Amelika - Azia Afelika - Mputu - Amelika - Azia Bitutu kipele-pele - nyosi - nzinzi - Kinyonya kipele-pele - nyosi - nzinzi - Kinyonya Bântu ya bayinsi ya Kôngo bakôngo - balumbu - bambala - bambosi - bambundu - bapunu - bateke - bayaka - bayansi - bapende - basongo bakôngo - balumbu - bambala - bambosi - bambundu - bapunu - bateke - bayaka - bayansi - bapende - basongo Bisadilu mpe masîni tomabîlu - dikâlu - ndèke - ludinatelo - telefone - masîni ya ntalu - kilapi - soka - bizabu - fizika to mabima tomabîlu - dikâlu - ndèke - ludinatelo - telefone - masîni ya ntalu - kilapi - soka - bizabu - fizika to mabima Lukwikilu kingunza - kinkisi - kiyesu - kisilamu - kibuda - kihindu - kisinto kingunza - kinkisi - kiyesu - kisilamu - kibuda - kihindu - kisinto Madya kwanga - fufú - kafé - tí kwanga - fufú - kafé - tí Repubilika ya Kôngo Repubilika ya Kôngo Demokratiki Ngola Balazavile - Ndindi - Dolizi - Matadi - Mboma - Kikwit - Kinsasa - Mbânza Kôngo - Soyo - Wizi - Lwanda Commons Wikimbangula Wikiquote Wikinsangu Wikibûku Wikisource Wikispecies Wikiversity Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. 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https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muk%C3%A2nda_ya_ngudi
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Pahila Panna Samaj portal Nawaa badlao Koi bhi panna Madat karo Khaas panna Daan Nawaa account banao Log in karo Daan Nawaa account banao Log in karo Pahila Panna Pahila panna Salah Parrho Source ke dekho Itihaas dekho Parrho Source ke dekho Itihaas dekho Hian konchij jurre hae Panna ke jurraa badlao File ke upload karo Pakka jorr Panna ke jaankari Ii panna ke cite karo Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Book banao PDF ke naam pe download karo Chhape ke khaatir Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wiktionary Wikidata item @media screen and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output td,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output tr,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mp-column,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .floatleft,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .floatright,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output tbody,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table{display:block!important;float:none!important;width:100%!important;height:auto!important;box-sizing:border-box}} Fiji Hindi Wikipedia Ii ek muft me jankari de waala Encyclopedia hae Isme koi bhi likhe sake hae Fiji Hindi Wikipedia me abhi 12,113 lekh hae. Suchi: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Vibhag Fiji Fiji ke Hindustani Fiji Hindi Fiji me football Girmit Parrhai likhai Dunia ke des Dunia ke log Dunia ke itihass Science aur technology Jaruri article Fiji Hindi Wiktionary Aaj ke khaas lekh Moy , 15th jahaaj rahaa jisme girmitya logan ke India se Fiji lawa gais rahaa. Ii jahaaj 1,697 ton garrhu aur loha ke banaa, paal waala jahaaj rahaa jiske 1885 me Russel & Company, Nourse Line khatir banais rahaa. 3 May 1889 ke Moy, 677 girmitya logan ke lae ke pahila dafe, 14 April 1893 ke 467 girmitya logan ke lae ke duusra daf aur 1 June 1898 ke 568 girmitya logan ke lae ke tiisra dafe Fiji pahucha. Iske baad ii jahaaj West Indies girmitya logan ke lae ke gais. Iske girmitya logan ke West Indies se India lautaare khatir bhi kaam me lawa gais rahaa. 1905 me jab ii jahaaj Guiana se lautat rahaa tab ii samundar me herae gais. ( aur... ) Aap janta hai... Ratu Cakobau 1875 ke measles epidemic , jisme 20% Kaiviti logan mar gae rahin, ke Fiji me failae waala, Ratu Cakobau aur uske dui larrka logan rahin jon ki March 1875 me Sydney se ghuum ke lauta rahin. 1879 se lae ke 1916 tak, 42 jahaaj, 87 trip me 60,553 girmitya logan ke lae ke Fiji se aais rahaa. Isme se 45,439 log Calcutta se aur 15,114 log Madras se jahaaj me charrhin rahaa. Fiji ke Legislative Council ke pahila Hindustani member Badri Maharaj rahaa, jiske Governor nominate karis rahaa aur jon 1917 - 1923 aur 1926 - 1929 tak Council ke member rahaa. Fiji me pahila football competition Nasau Park , Levuka me 1924 me, Cession ke golden jublee celebrate kare ke time, chhe Kaiviti team ke biich me Ricarnie Cup khatir, khela gais rahaa. Fiji ke Hindustani ke army me join kare ke khatir, 1934 me Indian Platoon banawa gais rahaa lekin iske 1940 me disband kar dewa gais rahaa. Royal Air Force ke khatir fighter plane kharide ke khatir, 1943 me ek Fighter Fund suruu karaa gais rahaa, aur ii paisa se nau fighter aur paanch bomber kharida gais rahaa. Ek fighter ke naam Fiji Indian Fighter rahaa. Fiji Trade Union Congress se pahile Ami Chandra , 1950s me Fiji Industrial Workers Congress suruu karis rahaa. Fiji ke 1997 ke constitution me English aur Kaiviti ke saathe Hindustani ke Fiji ke official language banawa gais rahaa. Archive Taaja khabar Biman Prasad 29 October - Fiji ke Deputy Prime Minister aur Minister of Finance, Biman Prasad rsign kar dis kaaheki uske FICAC corruption ke khaatir charge karis hae. 22 June - United States ke Air Force aur Navy, Iran ke tiin nuclear facilities ke attack karis. 21 April - Pope Francis ke maut Vatican City me bhais rahaa. 30 March - Ek 7.7 magnitude bhukamp ke kaaran Myanmar aur Thailand me 2,000 log ke maut hoe gais. 19 February - Toronto Airport me Delta Air Lines ke plane, utarte ke samay ulut gais lekin sab passengers bach gain 16 February - 78 British Academy Film Awards me, Conclave ke chaar award milaa. 29 December - Jimmy Carter , America ke 39th President, ke maut Plains, Georgia me bhais. ' Aaj se sau saal pahile, 1925 me... Ii saal, Fiji me 64,963 bigha jamiin me ganna boya gais rahaa, jisme se 33,679 bigha (52%) CSR bois rahaa, 4,446 bigha (7%) ke Goraa kisaan boy rahin, 6,905 bigha (10%), ke CSR ke asaami log boy rahin aur 19,933 bigha (31%) ke Hindustani contractors boy rahin. Ii saal, Fiji me Hindustani ke birth rate 33.14 per thousand rahaa, jab ki Kaiviti ke birth rate of 32.29 per thousand rahaa, lekin Hindustani ke death rate 7.25 per thousand rahaa, jab ki Kaiviti death rate of 22.75 per thousand rahaa Ii saal Fiji me khaali 174 Hindustani saadi ke register karaa gais rahaa, jab ki 857 Kaiviti saadi ke register karaa gais rahaa. Saal ke end me, Fiji ke abaadi 169,667 rahaa, jisme se 88,431 Kaiviti rahin aur 68,136 Hindustani rahin. Iske matlab hae ki ii saal Fiji me 3,956 aur Kaiviti aur aur 7,502 aur Hindustani rahin agar iske April 1921 ke census se compare karaa jaae. Britain ke sarkar ii nischay karis ki Fiji ke election common roll pe nai hoe sake, kaaheki ii Deed of Cession ke against rahii. 9 May – Fiji me ek typhoid ke epidemic faelaa, jisme tiin Goraa log ke maut bhais. Kuchh Hindustani log bhi aspataal me bharti rahin, lekin Kaiviti log pe koi asar nai rahaa. Indian Reform League ,volunteer nurses ke provide karis rahaa. 9 July - Guru Dutt , Hindi film actor, ke janam Bangalore, India me bhais rahaa. Pahile waala saal: 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1920 1921 1923 1924 Aaj ke khaas chhaapa Balambala (Scientific naam: Cyathea lunulata , Kaiviti: Balabala , English: Tree fern ) ek rakam ke fern hai jon ki perr ke rakam rahe hai. Iske trunk 8-10 m, aur kabhi kabhi 20 m talal, lamba rahe hai. Iske patti 6m talak lamba rahe hai. Ii garam aur dher paani barse waala des me hoe hai aur sea level se lae ke 100m uuncha jagah talak hoe sake hai. Ii dher island me jaise ki, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Samoa, New Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga, Bismarck Archipelago, Caroline aur Mariana Islands me hoe hai. Ii 0 C° talak ke thanda mausam sahe sake hai. Pahile ke featured article: Tulsi — Mircha — Kundru Duusra bhasa Bharatiya bhasa हिन्दी (Hindi) • اردو (Urdu) • தமிழ் (Tamil) • বাংলা (Bangla) • తెలుగు (Telugu) • मराठी (Marathi) • മലയാളം (Malayalam) • ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (Punjabi) • ಕನ್ನಡ (Kannada) • ગુજરાતી (Gujarati) • नेपाली (Nepali) • ଓଡ଼ିଆ (Odia) • অসমীয়া (Assamese) • سنڌي (Sindhi) • ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ (Santali) • मैथिली (Maithili) • भोजपुरी (Bhojpuri) • अवधी (Awadhi) • कॉशुर/کٲشُر (Kashmiri) • کٲشُر (Kashmiri) • پنجابی (Punjabi Shahmukhi) • कोंकणी (Konkani) • ತುಳು (Tulu) • ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ (Meitei / Manipuri) • पालि (Pāli) • संस्कृत (Sanskrit) 1,000,000+ lekh English • العربية (Arabic) • فارسی (Persian) • Cebuano • Svenska (Swedish) • Deutsch (German) • Français (French) • Nederlands (Dutch) • Русский (Russian) • Italiano (Italian) • Español (Spanish) • Polski (Polish) • 日本語 (Japanese) • Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese) • 中文 (Chinese) • Українська (Ukrainian) • Português (Portuguese) 250,000+ lekh Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian) • 한국어 (Korean) • Čeština (Czech) • Magyar (Hungarian) • Suomi (Finnish) • Српски / srpski (Serbian) • Română (Romanian) • Türkçe (Turkish) • Esperanto • Slovenčina (Slovak) • Bahasa Melayu (Malay) • עברית (Hebrew) • Български (Bulgarian) • Հայերէն (Armenian) • Dansk (Danish) • Lietuvių (Lithuanian) • Ελληνικά (Greek) • Hrvatski (Croatian) • Slovenski (Slovenian) 50,000+ lekh Eesti (Estonian) • Galego (Galician) • ไทย (Thai) • ქართული (Georgian) • Euskara (Basque) • Bosanski (Bosnian) • Latviešu (Latvian) • Íslenska (Icelandic) • Cymraeg (Welsh) • Latina (Latin) • Estonian (Estonian) Sab Wikipedia ke suchi – Bhasa khatir ek saathe kaam karo – Nawaa bhasa me Wikipedia suruu karo Fiji Hindi Wikipedia Ii ek muft me jankari de waala Encyclopedia hae Isme koi bhi likhe sake hae Fiji Hindi Wikipedia me abhi 12,113 lekh hae. Isme koi bhi likhe sake hae Fiji Hindi Wikipedia me abhi 12,113 lekh hae. Suchi: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Vibhag Fiji Fiji ke Hindustani Fiji Hindi Fiji me football Girmit Parrhai likhai Dunia ke des Dunia ke log Dunia ke itihass Science aur technology Jaruri article Fiji Hindi Wiktionary Aaj ke khaas lekh Moy , 15th jahaaj rahaa jisme girmitya logan ke India se Fiji lawa gais rahaa. Ii jahaaj 1,697 ton garrhu aur loha ke banaa, paal waala jahaaj rahaa jiske 1885 me Russel & Company, Nourse Line khatir banais rahaa. 3 May 1889 ke Moy, 677 girmitya logan ke lae ke pahila dafe, 14 April 1893 ke 467 girmitya logan ke lae ke duusra daf aur 1 June 1898 ke 568 girmitya logan ke lae ke tiisra dafe Fiji pahucha. Iske baad ii jahaaj West Indies girmitya logan ke lae ke gais. Iske girmitya logan ke West Indies se India lautaare khatir bhi kaam me lawa gais rahaa. 1905 me jab ii jahaaj Guiana se lautat rahaa tab ii samundar me herae gais. ( aur... ) Aap janta hai... Ratu Cakobau 1875 ke measles epidemic , jisme 20% Kaiviti logan mar gae rahin, ke Fiji me failae waala, Ratu Cakobau aur uske dui larrka logan rahin jon ki March 1875 me Sydney se ghuum ke lauta rahin. 1879 se lae ke 1916 tak, 42 jahaaj, 87 trip me 60,553 girmitya logan ke lae ke Fiji se aais rahaa. Isme se 45,439 log Calcutta se aur 15,114 log Madras se jahaaj me charrhin rahaa. Fiji ke Legislative Council ke pahila Hindustani member Badri Maharaj rahaa, jiske Governor nominate karis rahaa aur jon 1917 - 1923 aur 1926 - 1929 tak Council ke member rahaa. Fiji me pahila football competition Nasau Park , Levuka me 1924 me, Cession ke golden jublee celebrate kare ke time, chhe Kaiviti team ke biich me Ricarnie Cup khatir, khela gais rahaa. Fiji ke Hindustani ke army me join kare ke khatir, 1934 me Indian Platoon banawa gais rahaa lekin iske 1940 me disband kar dewa gais rahaa. Royal Air Force ke khatir fighter plane kharide ke khatir, 1943 me ek Fighter Fund suruu karaa gais rahaa, aur ii paisa se nau fighter aur paanch bomber kharida gais rahaa. Ek fighter ke naam Fiji Indian Fighter rahaa. Fiji Trade Union Congress se pahile Ami Chandra , 1950s me Fiji Industrial Workers Congress suruu karis rahaa. Fiji ke 1997 ke constitution me English aur Kaiviti ke saathe Hindustani ke Fiji ke official language banawa gais rahaa. Archive Aaj ke khaas lekh Aaj ke khaas lekh Aaj ke khaas lekh Moy , 15th jahaaj rahaa jisme girmitya logan ke India se Fiji lawa gais rahaa. Ii jahaaj 1,697 ton garrhu aur loha ke banaa, paal waala jahaaj rahaa jiske 1885 me Russel & Company, Nourse Line khatir banais rahaa. 3 May 1889 ke Moy, 677 girmitya logan ke lae ke pahila dafe, 14 April 1893 ke 467 girmitya logan ke lae ke duusra daf aur 1 June 1898 ke 568 girmitya logan ke lae ke tiisra dafe Fiji pahucha. Iske baad ii jahaaj West Indies girmitya logan ke lae ke gais. Iske girmitya logan ke West Indies se India lautaare khatir bhi kaam me lawa gais rahaa. 1905 me jab ii jahaaj Guiana se lautat rahaa tab ii samundar me herae gais. ( aur... ) Moy , 15th jahaaj rahaa jisme girmitya logan ke India se Fiji lawa gais rahaa. Ii jahaaj 1,697 ton garrhu aur loha ke banaa, paal waala jahaaj rahaa jiske 1885 me Russel & Company, Nourse Line khatir banais rahaa. 3 May 1889 ke Moy, 677 girmitya logan ke lae ke pahila dafe, 14 April 1893 ke 467 girmitya logan ke lae ke duusra daf aur 1 June 1898 ke 568 girmitya logan ke lae ke tiisra dafe Fiji pahucha. Iske baad ii jahaaj West Indies girmitya logan ke lae ke gais. Iske girmitya logan ke West Indies se India lautaare khatir bhi kaam me lawa gais rahaa. 1905 me jab ii jahaaj Guiana se lautat rahaa tab ii samundar me herae gais. ( aur... ) Aap janta hai... Aap janta hai... Aap janta hai... Ratu Cakobau 1875 ke measles epidemic , jisme 20% Kaiviti logan mar gae rahin, ke Fiji me failae waala, Ratu Cakobau aur uske dui larrka logan rahin jon ki March 1875 me Sydney se ghuum ke lauta rahin. 1879 se lae ke 1916 tak, 42 jahaaj, 87 trip me 60,553 girmitya logan ke lae ke Fiji se aais rahaa. Isme se 45,439 log Calcutta se aur 15,114 log Madras se jahaaj me charrhin rahaa. Fiji ke Legislative Council ke pahila Hindustani member Badri Maharaj rahaa, jiske Governor nominate karis rahaa aur jon 1917 - 1923 aur 1926 - 1929 tak Council ke member rahaa. Fiji me pahila football competition Nasau Park , Levuka me 1924 me, Cession ke golden jublee celebrate kare ke time, chhe Kaiviti team ke biich me Ricarnie Cup khatir, khela gais rahaa. Fiji ke Hindustani ke army me join kare ke khatir, 1934 me Indian Platoon banawa gais rahaa lekin iske 1940 me disband kar dewa gais rahaa. Royal Air Force ke khatir fighter plane kharide ke khatir, 1943 me ek Fighter Fund suruu karaa gais rahaa, aur ii paisa se nau fighter aur paanch bomber kharida gais rahaa. Ek fighter ke naam Fiji Indian Fighter rahaa. Fiji Trade Union Congress se pahile Ami Chandra , 1950s me Fiji Industrial Workers Congress suruu karis rahaa. Fiji ke 1997 ke constitution me English aur Kaiviti ke saathe Hindustani ke Fiji ke official language banawa gais rahaa. Archive 1875 ke measles epidemic , jisme 20% Kaiviti logan mar gae rahin, ke Fiji me failae waala, Ratu Cakobau aur uske dui larrka logan rahin jon ki March 1875 me Sydney se ghuum ke lauta rahin. 1879 se lae ke 1916 tak, 42 jahaaj, 87 trip me 60,553 girmitya logan ke lae ke Fiji se aais rahaa. Isme se 45,439 log Calcutta se aur 15,114 log Madras se jahaaj me charrhin rahaa. Fiji ke Legislative Council ke pahila Hindustani member Badri Maharaj rahaa, jiske Governor nominate karis rahaa aur jon 1917 - 1923 aur 1926 - 1929 tak Council ke member rahaa. Fiji me pahila football competition Nasau Park , Levuka me 1924 me, Cession ke golden jublee celebrate kare ke time, chhe Kaiviti team ke biich me Ricarnie Cup khatir, khela gais rahaa. Fiji ke Hindustani ke army me join kare ke khatir, 1934 me Indian Platoon banawa gais rahaa lekin iske 1940 me disband kar dewa gais rahaa. Royal Air Force ke khatir fighter plane kharide ke khatir, 1943 me ek Fighter Fund suruu karaa gais rahaa, aur ii paisa se nau fighter aur paanch bomber kharida gais rahaa. Ek fighter ke naam Fiji Indian Fighter rahaa. Fiji Trade Union Congress se pahile Ami Chandra , 1950s me Fiji Industrial Workers Congress suruu karis rahaa. Fiji ke 1997 ke constitution me English aur Kaiviti ke saathe Hindustani ke Fiji ke official language banawa gais rahaa. Taaja khabar Biman Prasad 29 October - Fiji ke Deputy Prime Minister aur Minister of Finance, Biman Prasad rsign kar dis kaaheki uske FICAC corruption ke khaatir charge karis hae. 22 June - United States ke Air Force aur Navy, Iran ke tiin nuclear facilities ke attack karis. 21 April - Pope Francis ke maut Vatican City me bhais rahaa. 30 March - Ek 7.7 magnitude bhukamp ke kaaran Myanmar aur Thailand me 2,000 log ke maut hoe gais. 19 February - Toronto Airport me Delta Air Lines ke plane, utarte ke samay ulut gais lekin sab passengers bach gain 16 February - 78 British Academy Film Awards me, Conclave ke chaar award milaa. 29 December - Jimmy Carter , America ke 39th President, ke maut Plains, Georgia me bhais. ' Aaj se sau saal pahile, 1925 me... Ii saal, Fiji me 64,963 bigha jamiin me ganna boya gais rahaa, jisme se 33,679 bigha (52%) CSR bois rahaa, 4,446 bigha (7%) ke Goraa kisaan boy rahin, 6,905 bigha (10%), ke CSR ke asaami log boy rahin aur 19,933 bigha (31%) ke Hindustani contractors boy rahin. Ii saal, Fiji me Hindustani ke birth rate 33.14 per thousand rahaa, jab ki Kaiviti ke birth rate of 32.29 per thousand rahaa, lekin Hindustani ke death rate 7.25 per thousand rahaa, jab ki Kaiviti death rate of 22.75 per thousand rahaa Ii saal Fiji me khaali 174 Hindustani saadi ke register karaa gais rahaa, jab ki 857 Kaiviti saadi ke register karaa gais rahaa. Saal ke end me, Fiji ke abaadi 169,667 rahaa, jisme se 88,431 Kaiviti rahin aur 68,136 Hindustani rahin. Iske matlab hae ki ii saal Fiji me 3,956 aur Kaiviti aur aur 7,502 aur Hindustani rahin agar iske April 1921 ke census se compare karaa jaae. Britain ke sarkar ii nischay karis ki Fiji ke election common roll pe nai hoe sake, kaaheki ii Deed of Cession ke against rahii. 9 May – Fiji me ek typhoid ke epidemic faelaa, jisme tiin Goraa log ke maut bhais. Kuchh Hindustani log bhi aspataal me bharti rahin, lekin Kaiviti log pe koi asar nai rahaa. Indian Reform League ,volunteer nurses ke provide karis rahaa. 9 July - Guru Dutt , Hindi film actor, ke janam Bangalore, India me bhais rahaa. Pahile waala saal: 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1920 1921 1923 1924 Taaja khabar Taaja khabar Taaja khabar Biman Prasad 29 October - Fiji ke Deputy Prime Minister aur Minister of Finance, Biman Prasad rsign kar dis kaaheki uske FICAC corruption ke khaatir charge karis hae. 22 June - United States ke Air Force aur Navy, Iran ke tiin nuclear facilities ke attack karis. 21 April - Pope Francis ke maut Vatican City me bhais rahaa. 30 March - Ek 7.7 magnitude bhukamp ke kaaran Myanmar aur Thailand me 2,000 log ke maut hoe gais. 19 February - Toronto Airport me Delta Air Lines ke plane, utarte ke samay ulut gais lekin sab passengers bach gain 16 February - 78 British Academy Film Awards me, Conclave ke chaar award milaa. 29 December - Jimmy Carter , America ke 39th President, ke maut Plains, Georgia me bhais. ' 29 October - Fiji ke Deputy Prime Minister aur Minister of Finance, Biman Prasad rsign kar dis kaaheki uske FICAC corruption ke khaatir charge karis hae. 22 June - United States ke Air Force aur Navy, Iran ke tiin nuclear facilities ke attack karis. 21 April - Pope Francis ke maut Vatican City me bhais rahaa. 30 March - Ek 7.7 magnitude bhukamp ke kaaran Myanmar aur Thailand me 2,000 log ke maut hoe gais. 19 February - Toronto Airport me Delta Air Lines ke plane, utarte ke samay ulut gais lekin sab passengers bach gain 16 February - 78 British Academy Film Awards me, Conclave ke chaar award milaa. 29 December - Jimmy Carter , America ke 39th President, ke maut Plains, Georgia me bhais. Aaj se sau saal pahile, 1925 me... Aaj se sau saal pahile, 1925 me... Aaj se sau saal pahile, 1925 me... Ii saal, Fiji me 64,963 bigha jamiin me ganna boya gais rahaa, jisme se 33,679 bigha (52%) CSR bois rahaa, 4,446 bigha (7%) ke Goraa kisaan boy rahin, 6,905 bigha (10%), ke CSR ke asaami log boy rahin aur 19,933 bigha (31%) ke Hindustani contractors boy rahin. Ii saal, Fiji me Hindustani ke birth rate 33.14 per thousand rahaa, jab ki Kaiviti ke birth rate of 32.29 per thousand rahaa, lekin Hindustani ke death rate 7.25 per thousand rahaa, jab ki Kaiviti death rate of 22.75 per thousand rahaa Ii saal Fiji me khaali 174 Hindustani saadi ke register karaa gais rahaa, jab ki 857 Kaiviti saadi ke register karaa gais rahaa. Saal ke end me, Fiji ke abaadi 169,667 rahaa, jisme se 88,431 Kaiviti rahin aur 68,136 Hindustani rahin. Iske matlab hae ki ii saal Fiji me 3,956 aur Kaiviti aur aur 7,502 aur Hindustani rahin agar iske April 1921 ke census se compare karaa jaae. Britain ke sarkar ii nischay karis ki Fiji ke election common roll pe nai hoe sake, kaaheki ii Deed of Cession ke against rahii. 9 May – Fiji me ek typhoid ke epidemic faelaa, jisme tiin Goraa log ke maut bhais. Kuchh Hindustani log bhi aspataal me bharti rahin, lekin Kaiviti log pe koi asar nai rahaa. Indian Reform League ,volunteer nurses ke provide karis rahaa. 9 July - Guru Dutt , Hindi film actor, ke janam Bangalore, India me bhais rahaa. Pahile waala saal: 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1920 1921 1923 1924 Ii saal, Fiji me 64,963 bigha jamiin me ganna boya gais rahaa, jisme se 33,679 bigha (52%) CSR bois rahaa, 4,446 bigha (7%) ke Goraa kisaan boy rahin, 6,905 bigha (10%), ke CSR ke asaami log boy rahin aur 19,933 bigha (31%) ke Hindustani contractors boy rahin. Ii saal, Fiji me Hindustani ke birth rate 33.14 per thousand rahaa, jab ki Kaiviti ke birth rate of 32.29 per thousand rahaa, lekin Hindustani ke death rate 7.25 per thousand rahaa, jab ki Kaiviti death rate of 22.75 per thousand rahaa Ii saal Fiji me khaali 174 Hindustani saadi ke register karaa gais rahaa, jab ki 857 Kaiviti saadi ke register karaa gais rahaa. Saal ke end me, Fiji ke abaadi 169,667 rahaa, jisme se 88,431 Kaiviti rahin aur 68,136 Hindustani rahin. Iske matlab hae ki ii saal Fiji me 3,956 aur Kaiviti aur aur 7,502 aur Hindustani rahin agar iske April 1921 ke census se compare karaa jaae. Britain ke sarkar ii nischay karis ki Fiji ke election common roll pe nai hoe sake, kaaheki ii Deed of Cession ke against rahii. 9 May – Fiji me ek typhoid ke epidemic faelaa, jisme tiin Goraa log ke maut bhais. Kuchh Hindustani log bhi aspataal me bharti rahin, lekin Kaiviti log pe koi asar nai rahaa. Indian Reform League ,volunteer nurses ke provide karis rahaa. 9 July - Guru Dutt , Hindi film actor, ke janam Bangalore, India me bhais rahaa. Aaj ke khaas chhaapa Balambala (Scientific naam: Cyathea lunulata , Kaiviti: Balabala , English: Tree fern ) ek rakam ke fern hai jon ki perr ke rakam rahe hai. Iske trunk 8-10 m, aur kabhi kabhi 20 m talal, lamba rahe hai. Iske patti 6m talak lamba rahe hai. Ii garam aur dher paani barse waala des me hoe hai aur sea level se lae ke 100m uuncha jagah talak hoe sake hai. Ii dher island me jaise ki, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Samoa, New Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga, Bismarck Archipelago, Caroline aur Mariana Islands me hoe hai. Ii 0 C° talak ke thanda mausam sahe sake hai. Pahile ke featured article: Tulsi — Mircha — Kundru Aaj ke khaas chhaapa Aaj ke khaas chhaapa Aaj ke khaas chhaapa Balambala (Scientific naam: Cyathea lunulata , Kaiviti: Balabala , English: Tree fern ) ek rakam ke fern hai jon ki perr ke rakam rahe hai. Iske trunk 8-10 m, aur kabhi kabhi 20 m talal, lamba rahe hai. Iske patti 6m talak lamba rahe hai. Ii garam aur dher paani barse waala des me hoe hai aur sea level se lae ke 100m uuncha jagah talak hoe sake hai. Ii dher island me jaise ki, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Samoa, New Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga, Bismarck Archipelago, Caroline aur Mariana Islands me hoe hai. Ii 0 C° talak ke thanda mausam sahe sake hai. Pahile ke featured article: Tulsi — Mircha — Kundru Balambala (Scientific naam: Cyathea lunulata , Kaiviti: Balabala , English: Tree fern ) ek rakam ke fern hai jon ki perr ke rakam rahe hai. Iske trunk 8-10 m, aur kabhi kabhi 20 m talal, lamba rahe hai. Iske patti 6m talak lamba rahe hai. Ii garam aur dher paani barse waala des me hoe hai aur sea level se lae ke 100m uuncha jagah talak hoe sake hai. Ii dher island me jaise ki, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Samoa, New Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga, Bismarck Archipelago, Caroline aur Mariana Islands me hoe hai. Ii 0 C° talak ke thanda mausam sahe sake hai. Pahile ke featured article: Tulsi — Mircha — Kundru Pahile ke featured article: Tulsi — Mircha — Kundru Duusra bhasa Bharatiya bhasa हिन्दी (Hindi) • اردو (Urdu) • தமிழ் (Tamil) • বাংলা (Bangla) • తెలుగు (Telugu) • मराठी (Marathi) • മലയാളം (Malayalam) • ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (Punjabi) • ಕನ್ನಡ (Kannada) • ગુજરાતી (Gujarati) • नेपाली (Nepali) • ଓଡ଼ିଆ (Odia) • অসমীয়া (Assamese) • سنڌي (Sindhi) • ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ (Santali) • मैथिली (Maithili) • भोजपुरी (Bhojpuri) • अवधी (Awadhi) • कॉशुर/کٲشُر (Kashmiri) • کٲشُر (Kashmiri) • پنجابی (Punjabi Shahmukhi) • कोंकणी (Konkani) • ತುಳು (Tulu) • ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ (Meitei / Manipuri) • पालि (Pāli) • संस्कृत (Sanskrit) 1,000,000+ lekh English • العربية (Arabic) • فارسی (Persian) • Cebuano • Svenska (Swedish) • Deutsch (German) • Français (French) • Nederlands (Dutch) • Русский (Russian) • Italiano (Italian) • Español (Spanish) • Polski (Polish) • 日本語 (Japanese) • Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese) • 中文 (Chinese) • Українська (Ukrainian) • Português (Portuguese) 250,000+ lekh Bahasa Indonesia 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50,000+ lekh Eesti (Estonian) • Galego (Galician) • ไทย (Thai) • ქართული (Georgian) • Euskara (Basque) • Bosanski (Bosnian) • Latviešu (Latvian) • Íslenska (Icelandic) • Cymraeg (Welsh) • Latina (Latin) • Estonian (Estonian) Sab Wikipedia ke suchi – Bhasa khatir ek saathe kaam karo – Nawaa bhasa me Wikipedia suruu karo हिन्दी (Hindi) • اردو (Urdu) • தமிழ் (Tamil) • বাংলা (Bangla) • తెలుగు (Telugu) • मराठी (Marathi) • മലയാളം (Malayalam) • ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (Punjabi) • ಕನ್ನಡ (Kannada) • ગુજરાતી (Gujarati) • नेपाली (Nepali) • ଓଡ଼ିଆ (Odia) • অসমীয়া (Assamese) • سنڌي (Sindhi) • ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ (Santali) • मैथिली (Maithili) • भोजपुरी (Bhojpuri) • अवधी (Awadhi) • कॉशुर/کٲشُر (Kashmiri) • کٲشُر (Kashmiri) • پنجابی (Punjabi Shahmukhi) • कोंकणी (Konkani) • ತುಳು (Tulu) • ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ (Meitei / Manipuri) • पालि (Pāli) • संस्कृत (Sanskrit) English • العربية (Arabic) • فارسی (Persian) • Cebuano • Svenska (Swedish) • Deutsch (German) • Français (French) • Nederlands (Dutch) • Русский (Russian) • Italiano (Italian) • Español (Spanish) • Polski (Polish) • 日本語 (Japanese) • Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese) • 中文 (Chinese) • Українська (Ukrainian) • Português (Portuguese) Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian) • 한국어 (Korean) • Čeština (Czech) • Magyar (Hungarian) • Suomi (Finnish) • Српски / srpski (Serbian) • Română (Romanian) • Türkçe (Turkish) • Esperanto • Slovenčina (Slovak) • Bahasa Melayu (Malay) • עברית (Hebrew) • Български (Bulgarian) • Հայերէն (Armenian) • Dansk (Danish) • Lietuvių (Lithuanian) • Ελληνικά (Greek) • Hrvatski (Croatian) • Slovenski (Slovenian) Eesti (Estonian) • Galego (Galician) • ไทย (Thai) • ქართული (Georgian) • Euskara (Basque) • Bosanski (Bosnian) • Latviešu (Latvian) • Íslenska (Icelandic) • Cymraeg (Welsh) • Latina (Latin) • Estonian (Estonian) Sab Wikipedia ke suchi – Bhasa khatir ek saathe kaam karo – Nawaa bhasa me Wikipedia suruu karo Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw 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Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Gĩkũyũ Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kʋsaal Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi ရခိုင် Rumantsch Romani čhib Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Руски Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ ትግሬ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Ii panna ke 20 Farwari 2025, ke 10:25 baje, pichhla time badla gais rahaa. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Wikipedia : Five pillars Afrikaans Alemannisch अंगिका Ænglisc العربية অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Banjar Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Furlan Galego ГӀалгӀай 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino ລາວ Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Livvinkarjala Lombard Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى ဘာသာမန် مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Twi Удмурт Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Betawi ရခိုင် Tolışi ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikidata item WP:5 WP:5 WP:5P WP:5P WP:PILLARS WP:PILLARS The fundamental principles of Wikipedia may be summarized in five " pillars ": Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia combines many features of general and specialized encyclopedias , almanacs , and gazetteers . Wikipedia is not a soapbox , an advertising platform , a social network , a vanity press , an experiment in anarchy or democracy , an indiscriminate collection of information , nor a web directory . It is not a dictionary , a newspaper , an instruction manual , nor a collection of source documents or media files , although some of its fellow Wikimedia projects are. WP:5P1 WP:5P1 Wikipedia is written from a neutral point of view We strive for articles with an impartial tone that document and explain major points of view , giving due weight for their prominence. We avoid advocacy , and we characterize information and issues rather than debate them. In some areas, there may be just one well-recognized point of view; in others, we describe multiple points of view, presenting each accurately and in context rather than as "the truth" or "the best view". All articles must strive for verifiable accuracy with citations based on reliable sources , especially when the topic is controversial or is about a living person . Editors' personal experiences, interpretations, or opinions do not belong on Wikipedia. WP:5P2 WP:5P2 Wikipedia is free content that anyone can use, edit, and distribute All editors freely license their work to the public , and no editor owns an article – any contributions can and may be mercilessly edited and redistributed . Respect copyright laws and never plagiarize from any sources. Borrowing non-free media is sometimes allowed as fair use , but editors should strive to find free alternatives first. WP:5P3 WP:5P3 Wikipedia's editors should treat each other with respect and civility Respect your fellow Wikipedians , even when you disagree. Apply Wikipedia etiquette , and do not engage in personal attacks or edit wars . Seek consensus , and never disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point . Act in good faith, and assume good faith on the part of others. Be open and welcoming to newcomers . Should conflicts arise, discuss them calmly on the appropriate talk pages , follow dispute resolution procedures , and consider that there are 7,122,625 other articles on the English Wikipedia to improve and discuss. WP:5P4 WP:5P4 Wikipedia has no firm rules Wikipedia has policies and guidelines , but they are not carved in stone; their content and interpretation can evolve over time . The principles and spirit matter more than literal wording, and sometimes improving Wikipedia requires making exceptions . Be bold , but not reckless , in updating articles. And do not agonize over making mistakes : they can be corrected easily because every past version of each article is saved . WP:5P5 WP:5P5 .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Wikipedia principles v t e Five pillars Statement of our principles Jimbo's statement Historic principles Simplified ruleset Synopsis of our conventions Wikimedia principles Common to all projects (in Meta-Wiki) Principles Other essays on Wikipedia's principles Five pillars Statement of our principles Five pillars Statement of our principles Jimbo's statement Historic principles Jimbo's statement Historic principles Simplified ruleset Synopsis of our conventions Simplified ruleset Synopsis of our conventions Wikimedia principles Common to all projects (in Meta-Wiki) Wikimedia principles Common to all projects (in Meta-Wiki) Principles Other essays on Wikipedia's principles Principles Other essays on Wikipedia's principles v t e Wikipedia key policies and guidelines (?) v t e Five pillars Ignore all rules Five pillars Ignore all rules Ignore all rules Content (?) P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs LLMs Conduct (?) P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Signatures Deletion (?) P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Enforcement (?) P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Editing (?) P Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace P Editing policy Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Article size Summary style Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Manual of Style Contents Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Project content (?) G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages Project namespace WikiProjects WikiProjects User pages User boxes User boxes Shortcuts Subpages WMF (?) P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ v t e Wikipedia community v t e For a listing of current collaborations, tasks, and news, see the Community portal . For a listing of ongoing discussions and current requests, see the Dashboard . 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Ojúewé Àkọ́kọ́ Ìpele Àyọkà Àyọkà pàtàkì Ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ Ojúewé àrìnàkò Àwọn àtúnṣe tuntun Èbúté àwùjọ Abẹ́ igi Ìrànlọ́wọ́ Ìfọ̀rọ̀ránsẹ́ Se ẹ̀bùn owó Ìdá ìforúkọpamọ́ Forúkọ wọlé Se ẹ̀bùn owó Ìdá ìforúkọpamọ́ Forúkọ wọlé Ojúewé Àkọ́kọ́ Ojúewé Àkọ́kọ́ Ọ̀rọ̀ Àwòkà Wo orísun Wo ìtàn Àwòkà Wo orísun Wo ìtàn Ìjápọ̀ mọ́ ojúewé yí Àtúnṣe tó báramu Ìrùsókè fáìlì Ìjápọ̀ tíkòníyípadà Ọ̀rọ̀ẹ̀kúnrẹ́rẹ́ ojúewé Ẹ ṣe ìtọ́ka ojúewé yìí Gba URL kúkúrú Ṣe ìgàbasílẹ̀ àmì QR Switch to legacy parser Dá ìwé Ìmújade bíi PDF Àtẹ̀jáde tóṣeétẹ̀síìwé Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Ẹyọ inú Wikidata @media screen and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output td,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output tr,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mp-column,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .floatleft,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .floatright,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output tbody,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table{display:block!important;float:none!important;width:100%!important;height:auto!important;box-sizing:border-box}} Ẹ kú àbọ̀ sí Wikipedia , ìwé-ìmọ̀ ọ̀fẹ́ tí ẹnikẹ́ni le túnṣe . 09:33 ( UTC ); Ọjọ́ Àbámẹ́ta , Ọjọ́ 10 Oṣù Ṣẹ̀rẹ́ ọdún 2026 Àyọka 36,436 wà l'èdè Yorùbá . Àwọn èbúté · Àwọn ẹ̀ka · Ìrànlọ́wọ́ Ìlànà · Àwọn Ìbéèrè Wíwọ́pọ̀ · Àgbàjọ · Àwọn ìpinu ọ̀nà ìṣiṣẹ́ Wikipedia · Ọrẹ · WAP · Ibi Ìṣojú (Embassy) · Ìbápàdé Àyọkà pàtàkì ọ̀sọ̀ọ̀sẹ̀ Adeniran Ogunsanya, amòfin àti olóṣèlú ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà Adeniran Ogunsanya QC , SAN (31 January 1918 – 22 November 1996) jẹ́ amòfin àti olóṣèlú ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà , tí ó sì tún jẹ́ ọ̀kan pàtàkì lára àwọn olùdásílẹ̀ ẹgbẹ́ òṣèlú Ibadan Peoples Party (IPP) . Ó ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí Kọmíṣọ́nà fún ètò ìdájọ́ ati ètò ẹ̀kọ́ fún Ìpínlẹ̀ Èkó ní àsìkò ìṣèjọba alágbádá ẹlẹ́kejì. Òun náà tún ni alága pátá pátá fún ẹgbẹ́ òṣèlú Nigerian People's Party nígbà ayé rẹ̀. Wọ́n bí Adéníran ní ọjọ́ Kọkànlélógún oṣù Kíní ọdún 1918 ní agbègbè Ìkòròdú ní Ìpínlẹ̀ Èkó sí agboolé ọmọ Ọba Sùbérù Ògúnsànyà Ògúntádé tí ó jẹ́ Ọdọ̀fin ti ìlú Ìkòròdú nígbà náà. Adéníran lọ sí ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ alákọ̀ọ́bẹ̀rẹ̀ ti Hope Waddell Training Institute ní ìlú Calabar nígbà tí ó ń gbé pẹ̀lú àbúrò bàbá rẹ̀ tí ó jẹ́ òṣìṣẹ́ ìjọba ní ìlú Calaba. Ìjọba fi ẹ̀bùn ẹ̀kọ́-ọ̀fẹ́ dá Adéníra lọ̀lá láti kàwé síwájú si ní ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ King's College tí ó wà ní Ìpínlẹ̀ Èkó látàrí bí ó ṣe peregedé jùlọ pẹ̀lú máàkì tí ó ga jùlọ nínú ìdánwò àṣekágbá ti Standard VI (6) ní ọdún 1937. Ó tẹ̀ siwájú nínú ẹ̀kọ́ rẹ̀, tí ó sì kẹ́kọ̀ọ́ nípa ìmọ̀ òfin ní ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ fásitì ti University of Manchester àti Gray's Inn tí ó jẹ́ ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ ìmọ̀ òfin. ( ìtẹ̀síwájú... ) Ní ọjọ́ òní... Wikipedia:Àwọn Ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ Bíi Ọjọ́ Òní/Ọjọ́ 10 Oṣù Ṣẹ̀rẹ́ Ṣé ẹ mọ̀ pé...? ... Ada Lovelace (àwòrán) jẹ́ gbígbà bi atòlànà kọ̀mpútà àkọ́kọ́ nínú ìtàn ìṣiṣẹ́ kọ̀mpútà ? ... pẹ̀lú goal 37 Rashidi Yekini ni agbábọ́ọ̀lù tó ní goal jùlọ fún Nàìjíríà ? ... Anwar el Sadat ni olórí àwọn Arab àkọ́kọ́ tó ṣèdámọ̀ Israel bi orílẹ̀-èdè? ... Bill Gates àti Paul Allen ni wọn dá ilé-iṣẹ́ kọ̀mpútà Microsoft sílẹ̀ ní 1975? Ìròyìn ìwòyí Àjàkáyé-àrùn COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Àrún COVID-19 COVID-19 ní Nàìjíríà Ìjàmbá ìtúká olóró ṣẹlẹ̀ ní Bèírùtù , Lẹ́bánọ́nù . Ó fikú pa àwọn ènìyàn tó tó 171. 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Àwọn Iṣẹ́-ọwọ́ Míràn Wikimedia Foundation ni ó gba àlejò Wikipedia, egbe-alasepo ti ki se fun ere ti o tun se alejo opo awon ise-owo miran: Wikiàyásọ Àkójọ àwọn àmúsọ Wikiatúmọ̀èdè Atúmọ̀èdè orísirísi èdè Wikispecies Àkójọ àwọn irú ẹ̀dá Wikinews Ìròyìn ọ́fẹ̀ Wikisource Àwọn àkọsíìwé ọ̀fẹ́ Wikimedia Commons Àwòrán, ìró àti fídéò Wikifásítì Èlò ìkọ́ẹ̀kọ́ ọ̀fẹ́ Wikiìwé Ìwéẹ̀kọ́ àti ìwéàwòṣe ọ̀fẹ́ Meta-Wiki Ibi àkóso ìṣẹ́-ọwọ́ Wikimedia Wikidata Ìbùdó ìmò ọ̀fẹ́ Àkíyèsí! — Àìṣojúṣájú · Ìlànà àyọkà kíkọ · Ẹ̀tọ́àwòkọ · Ìwà títọ́ · Ìṣeéyẹ̀wò · Ìlànà fún kíkọ lẹ́tà Yorùbá Kíkọ àyọkà — Kíni Wikipedia jẹ́? · Àtúnṣe ojúewé · Àfikún àwòrán · Ìkópa · Tutorial · Àpótí ìdánwò Ìrànwọ́ Wikipedia — Àwọn ojúewé tuntun · Àwọn àyọkà ọ̀wọ́n · Àwọn ojúewé fún ìyílédèdà · Àwọn àyọkà fún àtúnṣe · Ìṣọrẹ Nípa Wikipédia — Abẹ́ igi · FAQ · Àwọn oníṣe Wikipedia · Àwọn alámùójútó · Wikimedia · Software · Àwọn statístíkì Orúkọàyè — Wikipedia Àwọn èbúté àti ẹ̀ka àyọkà Àṣà Lítíréṣọ̀ • Eré-ìdárayá • Fílmù • Orin • Tíátà • Ìṣeròyìn • Tẹlifísàn • Rédíò Tẹknọ́lọ́jì Iṣẹ́ẹ̀rọ • Internet • Àfigbébánisọ̀rọ̀ • Kọ̀mpútà Àwùjọ Ẹbí • Fàájì • Òfin • Ọ̀rọ̀-òkòwò • Ìnáwó • Ìṣèlú • Ọ̀rọ̀-àwùjọ • Ènìyàn • Ẹ̀kọ́ • Ìmòye Sáyẹ́nsì Ìtòràwọ̀ • Òfurufú • Ọ̀gbìn • Sáyẹ́nsì kọ̀mpútà • Físíksì • Ìwòsàn • Àdánidá • Kẹ́místrì • Bàíọ́lọ́jì Mathimátíkì Áljẹ́brà • Ìtúwò • Ìṣírò • Ìṣedọ́gba • Jẹ́ọ́mẹ́trì • Nọ́mbà • Tẹ̀ọ́rẹ́mù • Ọgbọ́n Jẹ́ọ́gráfì Ayé • Adágún • Orílẹ̀-èdè • Òkun • Orílẹ̀ • Ìlú • Áfríkà • Ásíà • Europe • Gúúsù Amẹ́ríkà • Àríwá Amẹ́ríkà Ìtàn Ogun • Orílẹ̀-èdè tẹ́lẹ̀ • Ilẹ̀ọbalúayé • Ọ̀rọ̀-ayéijọ́un Ìgbésíayé Olórí orílẹ̀-èdè • Oníṣọ̀nà • Òṣeré • Onímọ̀sáyẹ́nsì • Amòye • Olóṣèlú • Olùkọ̀wé • Oníṣòwò Ẹ̀sìn àti ìgbàgbọ́ Ẹ̀sìn Yorùbá • Ìmàle • Ẹ̀sìn Krístì • Ìṣebúddhà • Ìṣehíndù Ìlera Ìmáralókun • Ìdárayá • Amáralókun • ìtọ́jú ìlera • Àrùn • Ọ̀rọ̀-àjàkálẹ̀àrùn Wikipedia ní àwọn èdè míràn Àwọn Wikipedia tí wọ́n ní ju àyọkà 1 000 000 lọ: Deutsch (jẹ́mánì) · English (gẹ̀ẹ́sì) · Français (faransé) Àwọn Wikipedia tí wọ́n ní ju àyọkà 500 000 lọ: Español (spánì) · Italiano · 日本語 (japonês) · Nederlands (neerlandês) · Polski (polaco/polonês) · Português (potogí) · Русский (rọ́síà) Àwọn Wikipedia tí wọ́n ní ju àyọkà 100 000 lọ: العربية (árabe) · Б ъ л г а р с к и (búlgaro) · Català (catalão) · 한국어 (coreano) · 中文 (chinês) · Dansk (dinamarquês) · Slovencina (eslovaco) · Sloven š č ina (esloveno) · Esperanto · Suomi (finlandês) · ע ב ר י ת (hebraico) · Magyar (húngaro) · Bahasa Indonesia (indonésio) · Lietuviu (lituano) · Norsk (norueguês) · فارسی (persa) · Română (romeno) · Српски / Srpski (sérvio) · Svenska (sueco) · Česká (tcheco/checo) · Türkçe (turco) · Українська (ucraniano) · Tiếng Việt (vietnamita) · Volapük (volapuque) · Winaray Àkọ́jọ kíkúnrẹ́rẹ́ · Ibiàkóso àwọn èdè Wikipedia · Ìdásílẹ̀ èdè Wikipedia tuntun Ẹ kú àbọ̀ sí Wikipedia , ìwé-ìmọ̀ ọ̀fẹ́ tí ẹnikẹ́ni le túnṣe . 09:33 ( UTC ); Ọjọ́ Àbámẹ́ta , Ọjọ́ 10 Oṣù Ṣẹ̀rẹ́ ọdún 2026 Àyọka 36,436 wà l'èdè Yorùbá . Àwọn èbúté · Àwọn ẹ̀ka · Ìrànlọ́wọ́ Ìlànà · Àwọn Ìbéèrè Wíwọ́pọ̀ · Àgbàjọ · Àwọn ìpinu ọ̀nà ìṣiṣẹ́ Wikipedia · Ọrẹ · WAP · Ibi Ìṣojú (Embassy) · Ìbápàdé Ẹ kú àbọ̀ sí Wikipedia , ìwé-ìmọ̀ ọ̀fẹ́ tí ẹnikẹ́ni le túnṣe . 09:33 ( UTC ); Ọjọ́ Àbámẹ́ta , Ọjọ́ 10 Oṣù Ṣẹ̀rẹ́ ọdún 2026 Àyọka 36,436 wà l'èdè Yorùbá . Àwọn èbúté · Àwọn ẹ̀ka · Ìrànlọ́wọ́ Ìlànà · Àwọn Ìbéèrè Wíwọ́pọ̀ · Àgbàjọ · Àwọn ìpinu ọ̀nà ìṣiṣẹ́ Wikipedia · Ọrẹ · WAP · Ibi Ìṣojú (Embassy) · Ìbápàdé Ìlànà · Àwọn Ìbéèrè Wíwọ́pọ̀ · Àgbàjọ · Àwọn ìpinu ọ̀nà ìṣiṣẹ́ Wikipedia · Ọrẹ · WAP · Ibi Ìṣojú (Embassy) · Ìbápàdé Àyọkà pàtàkì ọ̀sọ̀ọ̀sẹ̀ Adeniran Ogunsanya, amòfin àti olóṣèlú ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà Adeniran Ogunsanya QC , SAN (31 January 1918 – 22 November 1996) jẹ́ amòfin àti olóṣèlú ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà , tí ó sì tún jẹ́ ọ̀kan pàtàkì lára àwọn olùdásílẹ̀ ẹgbẹ́ òṣèlú Ibadan Peoples Party (IPP) . Ó ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí Kọmíṣọ́nà fún ètò ìdájọ́ ati ètò ẹ̀kọ́ fún Ìpínlẹ̀ Èkó ní àsìkò ìṣèjọba alágbádá ẹlẹ́kejì. Òun náà tún ni alága pátá pátá fún ẹgbẹ́ òṣèlú Nigerian People's Party nígbà ayé rẹ̀. Wọ́n bí Adéníran ní ọjọ́ Kọkànlélógún oṣù Kíní ọdún 1918 ní agbègbè Ìkòròdú ní Ìpínlẹ̀ Èkó sí agboolé ọmọ Ọba Sùbérù Ògúnsànyà Ògúntádé tí ó jẹ́ Ọdọ̀fin ti ìlú Ìkòròdú nígbà náà. Adéníran lọ sí ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ alákọ̀ọ́bẹ̀rẹ̀ ti Hope Waddell Training Institute ní ìlú Calabar nígbà tí ó ń gbé pẹ̀lú àbúrò bàbá rẹ̀ tí ó jẹ́ òṣìṣẹ́ ìjọba ní ìlú Calaba. Ìjọba fi ẹ̀bùn ẹ̀kọ́-ọ̀fẹ́ dá Adéníra lọ̀lá láti kàwé síwájú si ní ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ King's College tí ó wà ní Ìpínlẹ̀ Èkó látàrí bí ó ṣe peregedé jùlọ pẹ̀lú máàkì tí ó ga jùlọ nínú ìdánwò àṣekágbá ti Standard VI (6) ní ọdún 1937. Ó tẹ̀ siwájú nínú ẹ̀kọ́ rẹ̀, tí ó sì kẹ́kọ̀ọ́ nípa ìmọ̀ òfin ní ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ fásitì ti University of Manchester àti Gray's Inn tí ó jẹ́ ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ ìmọ̀ òfin. ( ìtẹ̀síwájú... ) Ní ọjọ́ òní... Wikipedia:Àwọn Ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ Bíi Ọjọ́ Òní/Ọjọ́ 10 Oṣù Ṣẹ̀rẹ́ Ṣé ẹ mọ̀ pé...? ... Ada Lovelace (àwòrán) jẹ́ gbígbà bi atòlànà kọ̀mpútà àkọ́kọ́ nínú ìtàn ìṣiṣẹ́ kọ̀mpútà ? ... pẹ̀lú goal 37 Rashidi Yekini ni agbábọ́ọ̀lù tó ní goal jùlọ fún Nàìjíríà ? ... Anwar el Sadat ni olórí àwọn Arab àkọ́kọ́ tó ṣèdámọ̀ Israel bi orílẹ̀-èdè? ... Bill Gates àti Paul Allen ni wọn dá ilé-iṣẹ́ kọ̀mpútà Microsoft sílẹ̀ ní 1975? Àyọkà pàtàkì ọ̀sọ̀ọ̀sẹ̀ Adeniran Ogunsanya, amòfin àti olóṣèlú ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà Adeniran Ogunsanya QC , SAN (31 January 1918 – 22 November 1996) jẹ́ amòfin àti olóṣèlú ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà , tí ó sì tún jẹ́ ọ̀kan pàtàkì lára àwọn olùdásílẹ̀ ẹgbẹ́ òṣèlú Ibadan Peoples Party (IPP) . Ó ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí Kọmíṣọ́nà fún ètò ìdájọ́ ati ètò ẹ̀kọ́ fún Ìpínlẹ̀ Èkó ní àsìkò ìṣèjọba alágbádá ẹlẹ́kejì. Òun náà tún ni alága pátá pátá fún ẹgbẹ́ òṣèlú Nigerian People's Party nígbà ayé rẹ̀. Wọ́n bí Adéníran ní ọjọ́ Kọkànlélógún oṣù Kíní ọdún 1918 ní agbègbè Ìkòròdú ní Ìpínlẹ̀ Èkó sí agboolé ọmọ Ọba Sùbérù Ògúnsànyà Ògúntádé tí ó jẹ́ Ọdọ̀fin ti ìlú Ìkòròdú nígbà náà. Adéníran lọ sí ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ alákọ̀ọ́bẹ̀rẹ̀ ti Hope Waddell Training Institute ní ìlú Calabar nígbà tí ó ń gbé pẹ̀lú àbúrò bàbá rẹ̀ tí ó jẹ́ òṣìṣẹ́ ìjọba ní ìlú Calaba. Ìjọba fi ẹ̀bùn ẹ̀kọ́-ọ̀fẹ́ dá Adéníra lọ̀lá láti kàwé síwájú si ní ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ King's College tí ó wà ní Ìpínlẹ̀ Èkó látàrí bí ó ṣe peregedé jùlọ pẹ̀lú máàkì tí ó ga jùlọ nínú ìdánwò àṣekágbá ti Standard VI (6) ní ọdún 1937. Ó tẹ̀ siwájú nínú ẹ̀kọ́ rẹ̀, tí ó sì kẹ́kọ̀ọ́ nípa ìmọ̀ òfin ní ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ fásitì ti University of Manchester àti Gray's Inn tí ó jẹ́ ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ ìmọ̀ òfin. ( ìtẹ̀síwájú... ) Adeniran Ogunsanya QC , SAN (31 January 1918 – 22 November 1996) jẹ́ amòfin àti olóṣèlú ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà , tí ó sì tún jẹ́ ọ̀kan pàtàkì lára àwọn olùdásílẹ̀ ẹgbẹ́ òṣèlú Ibadan Peoples Party (IPP) . Ó ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí Kọmíṣọ́nà fún ètò ìdájọ́ ati ètò ẹ̀kọ́ fún Ìpínlẹ̀ Èkó ní àsìkò ìṣèjọba alágbádá ẹlẹ́kejì. Òun náà tún ni alága pátá pátá fún ẹgbẹ́ òṣèlú Nigerian People's Party nígbà ayé rẹ̀. Wọ́n bí Adéníran ní ọjọ́ Kọkànlélógún oṣù Kíní ọdún 1918 ní agbègbè Ìkòròdú ní Ìpínlẹ̀ Èkó sí agboolé ọmọ Ọba Sùbérù Ògúnsànyà Ògúntádé tí ó jẹ́ Ọdọ̀fin ti ìlú Ìkòròdú nígbà náà. Adéníran lọ sí ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ alákọ̀ọ́bẹ̀rẹ̀ ti Hope Waddell Training Institute ní ìlú Calabar nígbà tí ó ń gbé pẹ̀lú àbúrò bàbá rẹ̀ tí ó jẹ́ òṣìṣẹ́ ìjọba ní ìlú Calaba. Ìjọba fi ẹ̀bùn ẹ̀kọ́-ọ̀fẹ́ dá Adéníra lọ̀lá láti kàwé síwájú si ní ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ King's College tí ó wà ní Ìpínlẹ̀ Èkó látàrí bí ó ṣe peregedé jùlọ pẹ̀lú máàkì tí ó ga jùlọ nínú ìdánwò àṣekágbá ti Standard VI (6) ní ọdún 1937. Ó tẹ̀ siwájú nínú ẹ̀kọ́ rẹ̀, tí ó sì kẹ́kọ̀ọ́ nípa ìmọ̀ òfin ní ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ fásitì ti University of Manchester àti Gray's Inn tí ó jẹ́ ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ ìmọ̀ òfin. ( ìtẹ̀síwájú... ) Ní ọjọ́ òní... Wikipedia:Àwọn Ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ Bíi Ọjọ́ Òní/Ọjọ́ 10 Oṣù Ṣẹ̀rẹ́ Ṣé ẹ mọ̀ pé...? ... Ada Lovelace (àwòrán) jẹ́ gbígbà bi atòlànà kọ̀mpútà àkọ́kọ́ nínú ìtàn ìṣiṣẹ́ kọ̀mpútà ? ... pẹ̀lú goal 37 Rashidi Yekini ni agbábọ́ọ̀lù tó ní goal jùlọ fún Nàìjíríà ? ... Anwar el Sadat ni olórí àwọn Arab àkọ́kọ́ tó ṣèdámọ̀ Israel bi orílẹ̀-èdè? ... Bill Gates àti Paul Allen ni wọn dá ilé-iṣẹ́ kọ̀mpútà Microsoft sílẹ̀ ní 1975? ... Ada Lovelace (àwòrán) jẹ́ gbígbà bi atòlànà kọ̀mpútà àkọ́kọ́ nínú ìtàn ìṣiṣẹ́ kọ̀mpútà ? ... pẹ̀lú goal 37 Rashidi Yekini ni agbábọ́ọ̀lù tó ní goal jùlọ fún Nàìjíríà ? ... Anwar el Sadat ni olórí àwọn Arab àkọ́kọ́ tó ṣèdámọ̀ Israel bi orílẹ̀-èdè? ... Bill Gates àti Paul Allen ni wọn dá ilé-iṣẹ́ kọ̀mpútà Microsoft sílẹ̀ ní 1975? Ìròyìn ìwòyí Àjàkáyé-àrùn COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Àrún COVID-19 COVID-19 ní Nàìjíríà Ìjàmbá ìtúká olóró ṣẹlẹ̀ ní Bèírùtù , Lẹ́bánọ́nù . Ó fikú pa àwọn ènìyàn tó tó 171. John Lewis ọmọ ọdún 80, alákitiyan àti olóṣèlú ará Amẹ́ríkà ṣe aláìsí ní ìlú Atlanta , USA . Ààrẹ ilẹ̀ Bùrúndì , Pierre Nkurunziza (fọ́tò) ṣe aláìsí ní Bùrúndì. Bàálù agbérò ti Pakistan International Airlines jálulẹ̀ nítòsí Karachi , ó ṣe ikú pa àwọn ènìyàn àádôrun lé méje. Ẹ tún wo ÌròyìnWiki ní èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì Àwòrán ọjọ́ òní Tẹ́mpìlì Dharmaraya Swamy, Bangalore , India . Àwọn Iṣẹ́-ọwọ́ Míràn Wikimedia Foundation ni ó gba àlejò Wikipedia, egbe-alasepo ti ki se fun ere ti o tun se alejo opo awon ise-owo miran: Wikiàyásọ Àkójọ àwọn àmúsọ Wikiatúmọ̀èdè Atúmọ̀èdè orísirísi èdè Wikispecies Àkójọ àwọn irú ẹ̀dá Wikinews Ìròyìn ọ́fẹ̀ Wikisource Àwọn àkọsíìwé ọ̀fẹ́ Wikimedia Commons Àwòrán, ìró àti fídéò Wikifásítì Èlò ìkọ́ẹ̀kọ́ ọ̀fẹ́ Wikiìwé Ìwéẹ̀kọ́ àti ìwéàwòṣe ọ̀fẹ́ Meta-Wiki Ibi àkóso ìṣẹ́-ọwọ́ Wikimedia Wikidata Ìbùdó ìmò ọ̀fẹ́ Àkíyèsí! — Àìṣojúṣájú · Ìlànà àyọkà kíkọ · Ẹ̀tọ́àwòkọ · Ìwà títọ́ · Ìṣeéyẹ̀wò · Ìlànà fún kíkọ lẹ́tà Yorùbá Kíkọ àyọkà — Kíni Wikipedia jẹ́? · Àtúnṣe ojúewé · Àfikún àwòrán · Ìkópa · Tutorial · Àpótí ìdánwò Ìrànwọ́ Wikipedia — Àwọn ojúewé tuntun · Àwọn àyọkà ọ̀wọ́n · Àwọn ojúewé fún ìyílédèdà · Àwọn àyọkà fún àtúnṣe · Ìṣọrẹ Nípa Wikipédia — Abẹ́ igi · FAQ · Àwọn oníṣe Wikipedia · Àwọn alámùójútó · Wikimedia · Software · Àwọn statístíkì Orúkọàyè — Wikipedia Ìròyìn ìwòyí Àjàkáyé-àrùn COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Àrún COVID-19 COVID-19 ní Nàìjíríà Ìjàmbá ìtúká olóró ṣẹlẹ̀ ní Bèírùtù , Lẹ́bánọ́nù . Ó fikú pa àwọn ènìyàn tó tó 171. John Lewis ọmọ ọdún 80, alákitiyan àti olóṣèlú ará Amẹ́ríkà ṣe aláìsí ní ìlú Atlanta , USA . Ààrẹ ilẹ̀ Bùrúndì , Pierre Nkurunziza (fọ́tò) ṣe aláìsí ní Bùrúndì. Bàálù agbérò ti Pakistan International Airlines jálulẹ̀ nítòsí Karachi , ó ṣe ikú pa àwọn ènìyàn àádôrun lé méje. Ẹ tún wo ÌròyìnWiki ní èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì SARS-CoV-2 Àrún COVID-19 COVID-19 ní Nàìjíríà Ìjàmbá ìtúká olóró ṣẹlẹ̀ ní Bèírùtù , Lẹ́bánọ́nù . Ó fikú pa àwọn ènìyàn tó tó 171. John Lewis ọmọ ọdún 80, alákitiyan àti olóṣèlú ará Amẹ́ríkà ṣe aláìsí ní ìlú Atlanta , USA . Ààrẹ ilẹ̀ Bùrúndì , Pierre Nkurunziza (fọ́tò) ṣe aláìsí ní Bùrúndì. Bàálù agbérò ti Pakistan International Airlines jálulẹ̀ nítòsí Karachi , ó ṣe ikú pa àwọn ènìyàn àádôrun lé méje. Àwòrán ọjọ́ òní Tẹ́mpìlì Dharmaraya Swamy, Bangalore , India . Tẹ́mpìlì Dharmaraya Swamy, Bangalore , India . Àwọn Iṣẹ́-ọwọ́ Míràn Wikimedia Foundation ni ó gba àlejò Wikipedia, egbe-alasepo ti ki se fun ere ti o tun se alejo opo awon ise-owo miran: Wikiàyásọ Àkójọ àwọn àmúsọ Wikiatúmọ̀èdè Atúmọ̀èdè orísirísi èdè Wikispecies Àkójọ àwọn irú ẹ̀dá Wikinews Ìròyìn ọ́fẹ̀ Wikisource Àwọn àkọsíìwé ọ̀fẹ́ Wikimedia Commons Àwòrán, ìró àti fídéò Wikifásítì Èlò ìkọ́ẹ̀kọ́ ọ̀fẹ́ Wikiìwé Ìwéẹ̀kọ́ àti ìwéàwòṣe ọ̀fẹ́ Meta-Wiki Ibi àkóso ìṣẹ́-ọwọ́ Wikimedia Wikidata Ìbùdó ìmò ọ̀fẹ́ Àkíyèsí! — Àìṣojúṣájú · Ìlànà àyọkà kíkọ · Ẹ̀tọ́àwòkọ · Ìwà títọ́ · Ìṣeéyẹ̀wò · Ìlànà fún kíkọ lẹ́tà Yorùbá Kíkọ àyọkà — Kíni Wikipedia jẹ́? · Àtúnṣe ojúewé · Àfikún àwòrán · Ìkópa · Tutorial · Àpótí ìdánwò Ìrànwọ́ Wikipedia — Àwọn ojúewé tuntun · Àwọn àyọkà ọ̀wọ́n · Àwọn ojúewé fún ìyílédèdà · Àwọn àyọkà fún àtúnṣe · Ìṣọrẹ Nípa Wikipédia — Abẹ́ igi · FAQ · Àwọn oníṣe Wikipedia · Àwọn alámùójútó · Wikimedia · Software · Àwọn statístíkì Orúkọàyè — Wikipedia Wikiàyásọ Àkójọ àwọn àmúsọ Wikiatúmọ̀èdè Atúmọ̀èdè orísirísi èdè Wikispecies 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مک صفحو اوطاق هاڻوڪا واقعا تازيون تبديليون بلاترتيب صفحو مدد مشق پٽي امداد ڏيو کاتو کوليو داخل ٿيو امداد ڏيو کاتو کوليو داخل ٿيو مُک صفحو مک صفحو بحث پڙھو ذريعو ڏسو سوانح ڏسو پڙھو ذريعو ڏسو سوانح ڏسو هتان ڳنڍيل صفحا لاڳاپيل تبديليون فائيل چاڙھيو مستقل ڳنڍڻو صفحي جي معلومات ھن صفحي جو حوالو ڏيو مختصر یوآرایل وٺو ڪيوآر ڪوڊ ڊائونلوڊ ڪريو Switch to legacy parser ڪو ڪتاب سرجيو PDF طور اتاريو ڇپائتو مسودو وڪيميڊيا العام وڪيميڊيا فائونڊيشن ميڊياوڪي ميٽا-وڪي وڪيميڊيا آئوٽريچ گهڻ-لساني وڪيذريعو وڪيجنسون وڪيڊيٽا وڪي-فنڪشنَ وڪيمينيا وڪيخبرون وڪيلغت وڪيڊيٽا اسم .mw-parser-output *{font-family:"SSRead",Arial,sans-serif}.mw-parser-output .mp-main{display:flex;flex-wrap:nowrap;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mp-right{flex:65%;display:flex;flex-direction:column;float:right;max-width:65%;width:64%}.mw-parser-output .mp-tfa{flex-grow:1}.mw-parser-output .mp-tga{flex-grow:2}.mw-parser-output .mp-tfl{flex-grow:3}.mw-parser-output .mp-tfi{flex-grow:4}.mw-parser-output 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.عنوان_1{font-size:95%}@media screen and (max-width:845px){.mw-parser-output .عنوان_1{font-size:75%}} وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀليڪار ھڪ کليل انسائيڪلوپيڊيا ، جنهن کي ڪير بہ سنواري سگھي ٿو. سنڌي ۾ 19,840 مضمون آهن. تعارف ● ترميم ڪيئن ڪجي ● هدايت ۽ حڪمت عملي ● پڙهڻ ۾ ڏکيائي ● مدد چونڊ مضمون ويدڪ جڳ جي سنڌ راجا سامبس (يوناني ٻوليءَ ۾ اچاريل).راجا سامبس قديم سنڌ جي انهن مقامي حڪمرانن مان هو، جن جو ذڪر سڪندر مقدونيءَ جي هندستاني مهمن جي حوالي سان يوناني تاريخي ذريعن ۾ ملي ٿو. يوناني مؤرخن هن کي Sambus يا Samboos جهڙن نالن سان ياد ڪيو آهي. جديد تحقيق موجب، سامبس سنڌونديءَ جي هيٺئين علائقي (Lower Indus region) يا اولھ سنڌ جي ٽڪرين سان لاڳاپيل ڪنهن سياسي وحدت جو حڪمران هو، جڏهن ته سندس صحيح دارالحڪومت بابت مؤرخن ۾ اختلاف موجود آهي. سَمورو مضمون هِتي پڙهو... وڌيڪ چونڊ مضمون خبرن ۾ يحيٰ سنور حماس جو سياسي سربراھہ يحيٰ سنور (تصوير) کي اسرائيل جي فوج غزا پٽي ۾ قتل ڪري ڇڏيو. احتجاج تحريڪ جي نتيجي ۾ بنگلاديش جي وزيراعظم حسينا واجد استعفي ڏئي ڇڏي. حماس جي سياسي اڳواڻ اسماعيل هانيه کي ايران جي شهر تهران ۾ قتل ڪيو ويو . 2024ع جي آمريڪي صدارتي چونڊن جي اميدوار ۽ اڳوڻو آمريڪي صدر ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ ھڪ قاتلاڻي حملي ۾ محفوظ رھيو. گڏيل بادشاھت جي عام چونڊن ۾ ليبر پارٽي سوڀاري ٿي، ۽ ڪيئر اسٽارمر وزيراعظم چونڊجي ويو. تازيون فوتگيون : يحيٰ سنور ، شاھنواز ڪنڀر ٻيا تازا واقعا نامزدگي ڇا توھان ڄاڻو ٿا؟ لينسڊائون پل سکر ... تہ پوتر رومي سلطنت ذريعي ڪوشش ڪئي وئي، تہ سڀني مسيحي ملڪن کي مذهبي جذبي تحت ملائي هڪ ئي رياست قائم ڪئي وڃي. ... تہ لوھاڻڪو اسڪرپٽ سنڌي ٻوليءَ جو قديم رسم الخط هو، جنھن کي ٺٽي ۽ برھمڻ آباد ۾ لوھاڻا استعمال ڪندا ھئا. ... تہ سکر لئنسڊائون پل (تصوير) جو خاڪو جان جيڪب ٺاھيو ھو جيئن سکر ۽ روهڙيءَ کي گڏائي سگهجي. ... تہ سنڌ ۾ ٽپال پهچائيندڙ گهوڙي يا اُٺ کي اولاڪ سڏيو ويندو ھو، ۽ اھي ھر چئن ڪوهن تي بدلبا هئا. ... تہ ٺيڙھي ڪوس کي سنڌ ۾ شيعن مٿان ٿيندڙ پھرين حملي طور ڏٺو وڃي ٿو، جنھن ۾ 118 ماڻھن کي قتل ڪيو ويو ھو. نامزدگي · فهرست اڄ جو قول ”ماڻهوءَ جي پِٽَ گوليءَ وانگر آهي جا بندوق ۾ واپس اچي نه سگهندي.“ [ 1 ] _ مهمان ڪوي شيخ اياز اڄ جو لفظ 0 اڪثر چيو ويندو آهي: آءٌ / آئون ڪنڊيارو مان پيو اَچان. سنڌي ٻوليءَ جي ويڪارڻي سٽاءَ موجب، هينئن هئڻ گهرجن: آءٌ / آئون ڪنڊياري مان پيو اَچان. يا: هُو ڪالهہ ممبئي ويو، درست جملو، هو ڪالهہ ممبئيءَ ويو. وِڪِي لغت · فھرست ڇا توهان به لکڻ چاهيو ٿا؟ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي هن وقت 19,840 مضمون موجود آهن، جيڪڏهن اوهان ڪنهن به موضوع تي لکڻ چاهيو ٿا ته پهرين هن ڳولا صفحي تي وڃي عنوان لکو، ممڪن آهي جيڪو مضمون اوهان لکڻ چاهيو ٿا اهو اڳ موجود هجي، جيڪڏهن مضمون ڳولا ۾ نه اچي ته پوءِ نئون مضمون تحرير ڪيو. يا نئون مضمون لکڻ جي لاءِ آرٽيڪل وزرڊ آزمايو بھترين مضمون ھڪ ساموا گھراڻو جا ڀاتي لي مافا پاس لڳ اوڀر اوپولو ۾ واقع فاليفا وادي جو ڏيک ساموا (انگريزي: Samoa) اوشيانيا جي پولينيشيا خطي ۾ ڏکڻ پيسفڪ سمنڊ ۾ واقع هڪ آزاد ٻيٽ ملڪ آهي. هي ملڪ بنيادي طور ٻن وڏن ٻيٽن، سَوائيئي ۽ اوپولو، ۽ ڪجھ ننڍن آباد ۽ غيرآباد ٻيٽن تي مشتمل آهي. گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر اپيا آهي، جيڪو اوپولو ٻيٽ تي واقع آهي. ساموا جي جاگرافيائي حيثيت ان کي پيسفڪ ٻيٽن جي وچ ۾ هڪ اهم مقام ڏئي ٿي. ساموائي ٻيٽن تي لڳ ڀڳ 3,500 سال اڳ لاپيٽا قوم اچي آباد ٿي، جنهن ساموائي ٻولي، سماجي نظام ۽ ثقافتي سڃاڻپ جي بنياد وڌي. ساموائي ماڻهو سامونڊي سفر ۾ ماهر هئا، جنهن سبب يورپي ڳولا ڪندڙن هن ٻيٽ گروهه کي “نييويگيٽر آئلينڊز” جو نالو ڏنو. اوڻويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۾ ساموا جرمن سلطنت جي نوآبادي بڻيو، پر پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران نيوزيلينڊ جي فوجن ان تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. بعد ۾ هي علائقو قومن جي ليگ ۽ پوءِ گڏيل قومن جي ٽرسٽ ٽيريٽري جي حيثيت سان نيوزيلينڊ جي انتظام هيٺ رهيو. 1 جنوري 1962ع تي ويسٽرن ساموا آزادي حاصل ڪري جديد ساموا جي صورت ۾ قائم ٿيو، جيڪو پيسفڪ علائقي جو پهريون آزاد ملڪ هو. 1997ع ۾ ملڪ پنهنجو سرڪاري نالو تبديل ڪري ساموا رکيو. اڄ ساموا هڪ واحد رياستي پارلياماني جمهوريت آهي، جنهن ۾ روايتي ساموائي سماجي نظام ۽ جديد جمهوري ادارا گڏيل طور ڪم ڪن ٿا. ساموا گڏيل قومن سميت ڪيترين عالمي ۽ علائقائي تنظيمَن جو ميمبر آهي، جڏهن ته ملڪ جي دفاع جي ذميواري نيوزيلينڊ ڊفينس فورس سنڀالي ٿي. سمورو مضمون پڙهو... وڌيڪ مضمون اڄ جو ڏينھن ڇنڇر 10 جنوري 2026 ع مطابق 21 رجب 1447ھ وڪيپيڊيا:چونڊ ڏينهن/جنوري 10 وڪيپيڊيا جو حصو ٿيو! وڪيپيڊيا هڪ کليل ۽ گھڻ لساني انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آهي، جنهن تي اسان سڀ گڏجي لکندا ۽ سنواريندا آهيون. وڪيپيڊيا جي شروعات جنوري 2001ع ۾ ٿي، جڏهن ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جو اجراع 2006ع تي عمل ۾ آيو. هن وقت سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي 19,840 مضمون موجود آهن. اسان سان گڏجو جڏهن اوهان جو کاتو موجود آهي ته داخل ٿيو ڇا اوهان کاتو نٿا رکو؟ ته هينئر ئي کاتو کوليو کاتي جي لاءِ درخواست ڏيو وڪيپيڊيا معلومات جي درستگي ۽ معتبريت بابت ڪا بہ ضمانت نٿي ڏئي . وڪيميڊيا فائونڊيشن وڪيپيڊيا معلومات جي درستگي ۽ معتبريت بابت ڪا بہ ضمانت نٿي ڏئي ترميم ڪندڙ پنهنجي ترميمن جا ذميوار پاڻ آهن. مدد کپي؟ اسان سان رابطو ڪريو. اسان سان سماجي رابطن واري ويب سائيٽ: ، ، ، ۽ ۾ گڏجو. (ياد رهي تہ هي سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا سٿ جو اَڻ دفتري (اَن اوفيشل) سٿ ۽ واپرائيندڙ جي پنهنجي ڪوشش آهي) ↑ "عظيم هستين جا عظيم قول (فقير محمد سنڌي) | سنڌ سلامت ڪتاب گهر" , books.sindhsalamat.com (ٻولي ۾ انگريزي ) , حاصل ڪيل 03 ڊسمبر 2020 ۔ .mw-parser-output .عنوان_1{font-size:95%}@media screen and (max-width:845px){.mw-parser-output .عنوان_1{font-size:75%}} وڪيپيڊيا تي ڀليڪار ھڪ کليل انسائيڪلوپيڊيا ، جنهن کي ڪير بہ سنواري سگھي ٿو. سنڌي ۾ 19,840 مضمون آهن. تعارف ● ترميم ڪيئن ڪجي ● هدايت ۽ حڪمت عملي ● پڙهڻ ۾ ڏکيائي ● مدد تعارف ● ترميم ڪيئن ڪجي ● هدايت ۽ حڪمت عملي ● پڙهڻ ۾ ڏکيائي ● مدد چونڊ مضمون ويدڪ جڳ جي سنڌ راجا سامبس (يوناني ٻوليءَ ۾ اچاريل).راجا سامبس قديم سنڌ جي انهن مقامي حڪمرانن مان هو، جن جو ذڪر سڪندر مقدونيءَ جي هندستاني مهمن جي حوالي سان يوناني تاريخي ذريعن ۾ ملي ٿو. يوناني مؤرخن هن کي Sambus يا Samboos جهڙن نالن سان ياد ڪيو آهي. جديد تحقيق موجب، سامبس سنڌونديءَ جي هيٺئين علائقي (Lower Indus region) يا اولھ سنڌ جي ٽڪرين سان لاڳاپيل ڪنهن سياسي وحدت جو حڪمران هو، جڏهن ته سندس صحيح دارالحڪومت بابت مؤرخن ۾ اختلاف موجود آهي. سَمورو مضمون هِتي پڙهو... وڌيڪ چونڊ مضمون چونڊ مضمون چونڊ مضمون راجا سامبس (يوناني ٻوليءَ ۾ اچاريل).راجا سامبس قديم سنڌ جي انهن مقامي حڪمرانن مان هو، جن جو ذڪر سڪندر مقدونيءَ جي هندستاني مهمن جي حوالي سان يوناني تاريخي ذريعن ۾ ملي ٿو. يوناني مؤرخن هن کي Sambus يا Samboos جهڙن نالن سان ياد ڪيو آهي. جديد تحقيق موجب، سامبس سنڌونديءَ جي هيٺئين علائقي (Lower Indus region) يا اولھ سنڌ جي ٽڪرين سان لاڳاپيل ڪنهن سياسي وحدت جو حڪمران هو، جڏهن ته سندس صحيح دارالحڪومت بابت مؤرخن ۾ اختلاف موجود آهي. خبرن ۾ يحيٰ سنور حماس جو سياسي سربراھہ يحيٰ سنور (تصوير) کي اسرائيل جي فوج غزا پٽي ۾ قتل ڪري ڇڏيو. احتجاج تحريڪ جي نتيجي ۾ بنگلاديش جي وزيراعظم حسينا واجد استعفي ڏئي ڇڏي. حماس جي سياسي اڳواڻ اسماعيل هانيه کي ايران جي شهر تهران ۾ قتل ڪيو ويو . 2024ع جي آمريڪي صدارتي چونڊن جي اميدوار ۽ اڳوڻو آمريڪي صدر ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ ھڪ قاتلاڻي حملي ۾ محفوظ رھيو. گڏيل بادشاھت جي عام چونڊن ۾ ليبر پارٽي سوڀاري ٿي، ۽ ڪيئر اسٽارمر وزيراعظم چونڊجي ويو. تازيون فوتگيون : يحيٰ سنور ، شاھنواز ڪنڀر ٻيا تازا واقعا نامزدگي ڇا توھان ڄاڻو ٿا؟ لينسڊائون پل سکر ... تہ پوتر رومي سلطنت ذريعي ڪوشش ڪئي وئي، تہ سڀني مسيحي ملڪن کي مذهبي جذبي تحت ملائي هڪ ئي رياست قائم ڪئي وڃي. ... تہ لوھاڻڪو اسڪرپٽ سنڌي ٻوليءَ جو قديم رسم الخط هو، جنھن کي ٺٽي ۽ برھمڻ آباد ۾ لوھاڻا استعمال ڪندا ھئا. ... تہ سکر لئنسڊائون پل (تصوير) جو خاڪو جان جيڪب ٺاھيو ھو جيئن سکر ۽ روهڙيءَ کي گڏائي سگهجي. ... تہ سنڌ ۾ ٽپال پهچائيندڙ گهوڙي يا اُٺ کي اولاڪ سڏيو ويندو ھو، ۽ اھي ھر چئن ڪوهن تي بدلبا هئا. ... تہ ٺيڙھي ڪوس کي سنڌ ۾ شيعن مٿان ٿيندڙ پھرين حملي طور ڏٺو وڃي ٿو، جنھن ۾ 118 ماڻھن کي قتل ڪيو ويو ھو. نامزدگي · فهرست اڄ جو قول ”ماڻهوءَ جي پِٽَ گوليءَ وانگر آهي جا بندوق ۾ واپس اچي نه سگهندي.“ [ 1 ] _ مهمان ڪوي شيخ اياز اڄ جو لفظ 0 اڪثر چيو ويندو آهي: آءٌ / آئون ڪنڊيارو مان پيو اَچان. سنڌي ٻوليءَ جي ويڪارڻي سٽاءَ موجب، هينئن هئڻ گهرجن: آءٌ / آئون ڪنڊياري مان پيو اَچان. يا: هُو ڪالهہ ممبئي ويو، درست جملو، هو ڪالهہ ممبئيءَ ويو. وِڪِي لغت · فھرست ڇا توهان به لکڻ چاهيو ٿا؟ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي هن وقت 19,840 مضمون موجود آهن، جيڪڏهن اوهان ڪنهن به موضوع تي لکڻ چاهيو ٿا ته پهرين هن ڳولا صفحي تي وڃي عنوان لکو، ممڪن آهي جيڪو مضمون اوهان لکڻ چاهيو ٿا اهو اڳ موجود هجي، جيڪڏهن مضمون ڳولا ۾ نه اچي ته پوءِ نئون مضمون تحرير ڪيو. يا نئون مضمون لکڻ جي لاءِ آرٽيڪل وزرڊ آزمايو خبرن ۾ خبرن ۾ حماس جو سياسي سربراھہ يحيٰ سنور (تصوير) کي اسرائيل جي فوج غزا پٽي ۾ قتل ڪري ڇڏيو. احتجاج تحريڪ جي نتيجي ۾ بنگلاديش جي وزيراعظم حسينا واجد استعفي ڏئي ڇڏي. حماس جي سياسي اڳواڻ اسماعيل هانيه کي ايران جي شهر تهران ۾ قتل ڪيو ويو . 2024ع جي آمريڪي صدارتي چونڊن جي اميدوار ۽ اڳوڻو آمريڪي صدر ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ ھڪ قاتلاڻي حملي ۾ محفوظ رھيو. گڏيل بادشاھت جي عام چونڊن ۾ ليبر پارٽي سوڀاري ٿي، ۽ ڪيئر اسٽارمر وزيراعظم چونڊجي ويو. ٻيا تازا واقعا نامزدگي ڇا توھان ڄاڻو ٿا؟ ڇا توھان ڄاڻو ٿا؟ ... تہ پوتر رومي سلطنت ذريعي ڪوشش ڪئي وئي، تہ سڀني مسيحي ملڪن کي مذهبي جذبي تحت ملائي هڪ ئي رياست قائم ڪئي وڃي. ... تہ لوھاڻڪو اسڪرپٽ سنڌي ٻوليءَ جو قديم رسم الخط هو، جنھن کي ٺٽي ۽ برھمڻ آباد ۾ لوھاڻا استعمال ڪندا ھئا. ... تہ سکر لئنسڊائون پل (تصوير) جو خاڪو جان جيڪب ٺاھيو ھو جيئن سکر ۽ روهڙيءَ کي گڏائي سگهجي. ... تہ سنڌ ۾ ٽپال پهچائيندڙ گهوڙي يا اُٺ کي اولاڪ سڏيو ويندو ھو، ۽ اھي ھر چئن ڪوهن تي بدلبا هئا. ... تہ ٺيڙھي ڪوس کي سنڌ ۾ شيعن مٿان ٿيندڙ پھرين حملي طور ڏٺو وڃي ٿو، جنھن ۾ 118 ماڻھن کي قتل ڪيو ويو ھو. اڄ جو قول اڄ جو قول ”ماڻهوءَ جي پِٽَ گوليءَ وانگر آهي جا بندوق ۾ واپس اچي نه سگهندي.“ [ 1 ] _ مهمان ڪوي شيخ اياز اڄ جو لفظ اڄ جو لفظ اڪثر چيو ويندو آهي: آءٌ / آئون ڪنڊيارو مان پيو اَچان. سنڌي ٻوليءَ جي ويڪارڻي سٽاءَ موجب، هينئن هئڻ گهرجن: آءٌ / آئون ڪنڊياري مان پيو اَچان. يا: هُو ڪالهہ ممبئي ويو، درست جملو، هو ڪالهہ ممبئيءَ ويو. اڪثر چيو ويندو آهي: آءٌ / آئون ڪنڊيارو مان پيو اَچان. سنڌي ٻوليءَ جي ويڪارڻي سٽاءَ موجب، هينئن هئڻ گهرجن: آءٌ / آئون ڪنڊياري مان پيو اَچان. يا: هُو ڪالهہ ممبئي ويو، درست جملو، هو ڪالهہ ممبئيءَ ويو. ڇا توهان به لکڻ چاهيو ٿا؟ ڇا توهان به لکڻ چاهيو ٿا؟ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي هن وقت 19,840 مضمون موجود آهن، جيڪڏهن اوهان ڪنهن به موضوع تي لکڻ چاهيو ٿا ته پهرين هن ڳولا صفحي تي وڃي عنوان لکو، ممڪن آهي جيڪو مضمون اوهان لکڻ چاهيو ٿا اهو اڳ موجود هجي، جيڪڏهن مضمون ڳولا ۾ نه اچي ته پوءِ نئون مضمون تحرير ڪيو. بھترين مضمون ھڪ ساموا گھراڻو جا ڀاتي لي مافا پاس لڳ اوڀر اوپولو ۾ واقع فاليفا وادي جو ڏيک ساموا (انگريزي: Samoa) اوشيانيا جي پولينيشيا خطي ۾ ڏکڻ پيسفڪ سمنڊ ۾ واقع هڪ آزاد ٻيٽ ملڪ آهي. هي ملڪ بنيادي طور ٻن وڏن ٻيٽن، سَوائيئي ۽ اوپولو، ۽ ڪجھ ننڍن آباد ۽ غيرآباد ٻيٽن تي مشتمل آهي. گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر اپيا آهي، جيڪو اوپولو ٻيٽ تي واقع آهي. ساموا جي جاگرافيائي حيثيت ان کي پيسفڪ ٻيٽن جي وچ ۾ هڪ اهم مقام ڏئي ٿي. ساموائي ٻيٽن تي لڳ ڀڳ 3,500 سال اڳ لاپيٽا قوم اچي آباد ٿي، جنهن ساموائي ٻولي، سماجي نظام ۽ ثقافتي سڃاڻپ جي بنياد وڌي. ساموائي ماڻهو سامونڊي سفر ۾ ماهر هئا، جنهن سبب يورپي ڳولا ڪندڙن هن ٻيٽ گروهه کي “نييويگيٽر آئلينڊز” جو نالو ڏنو. اوڻويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۾ ساموا جرمن سلطنت جي نوآبادي بڻيو، پر پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران نيوزيلينڊ جي فوجن ان تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. بعد ۾ هي علائقو قومن جي ليگ ۽ پوءِ گڏيل قومن جي ٽرسٽ ٽيريٽري جي حيثيت سان نيوزيلينڊ جي انتظام هيٺ رهيو. 1 جنوري 1962ع تي ويسٽرن ساموا آزادي حاصل ڪري جديد ساموا جي صورت ۾ قائم ٿيو، جيڪو پيسفڪ علائقي جو پهريون آزاد ملڪ هو. 1997ع ۾ ملڪ پنهنجو سرڪاري نالو تبديل ڪري ساموا رکيو. اڄ ساموا هڪ واحد رياستي پارلياماني جمهوريت آهي، جنهن ۾ روايتي ساموائي سماجي نظام ۽ جديد جمهوري ادارا گڏيل طور ڪم ڪن ٿا. ساموا گڏيل قومن سميت ڪيترين عالمي ۽ علائقائي تنظيمَن جو ميمبر آهي، جڏهن ته ملڪ جي دفاع جي ذميواري نيوزيلينڊ ڊفينس فورس سنڀالي ٿي. سمورو مضمون پڙهو... وڌيڪ مضمون بھترين مضمون بھترين مضمون ساموا (انگريزي: Samoa) اوشيانيا جي پولينيشيا خطي ۾ ڏکڻ پيسفڪ سمنڊ ۾ واقع هڪ آزاد ٻيٽ ملڪ آهي. هي ملڪ بنيادي طور ٻن وڏن ٻيٽن، سَوائيئي ۽ اوپولو، ۽ ڪجھ ننڍن آباد ۽ غيرآباد ٻيٽن تي مشتمل آهي. گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر اپيا آهي، جيڪو اوپولو ٻيٽ تي واقع آهي. ساموا جي جاگرافيائي حيثيت ان کي پيسفڪ ٻيٽن جي وچ ۾ هڪ اهم مقام ڏئي ٿي. ساموائي ٻيٽن تي لڳ ڀڳ 3,500 سال اڳ لاپيٽا قوم اچي آباد ٿي، جنهن ساموائي ٻولي، سماجي نظام ۽ ثقافتي سڃاڻپ جي بنياد وڌي. ساموائي ماڻهو سامونڊي سفر ۾ ماهر هئا، جنهن سبب يورپي ڳولا ڪندڙن هن ٻيٽ گروهه کي “نييويگيٽر آئلينڊز” جو نالو ڏنو. اوڻويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۾ ساموا جرمن سلطنت جي نوآبادي بڻيو، پر پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران نيوزيلينڊ جي فوجن ان تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. بعد ۾ هي علائقو قومن جي ليگ ۽ پوءِ گڏيل قومن جي ٽرسٽ ٽيريٽري جي حيثيت سان نيوزيلينڊ جي انتظام هيٺ رهيو. 1 جنوري 1962ع تي ويسٽرن ساموا آزادي حاصل ڪري جديد ساموا جي صورت ۾ قائم ٿيو، جيڪو پيسفڪ علائقي جو پهريون آزاد ملڪ هو. 1997ع ۾ ملڪ پنهنجو سرڪاري نالو تبديل ڪري ساموا رکيو. اڄ ساموا هڪ واحد رياستي پارلياماني جمهوريت آهي، جنهن ۾ روايتي ساموائي سماجي نظام ۽ جديد جمهوري ادارا گڏيل طور ڪم ڪن ٿا. ساموا گڏيل قومن سميت ڪيترين عالمي ۽ علائقائي تنظيمَن جو ميمبر آهي، جڏهن ته ملڪ جي دفاع جي ذميواري نيوزيلينڊ ڊفينس فورس سنڀالي ٿي. اڄ جو ڏينھن ڇنڇر 10 جنوري 2026 ع مطابق 21 رجب 1447ھ وڪيپيڊيا:چونڊ ڏينهن/جنوري 10 اڄ جو ڏينھن اڄ جو ڏينھن ڇنڇر 10 جنوري 2026 ع مطابق 21 رجب 1447ھ وڪيپيڊيا:چونڊ ڏينهن/جنوري 10 وڪيپيڊيا جو حصو ٿيو! وڪيپيڊيا هڪ کليل ۽ گھڻ لساني انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آهي، جنهن تي اسان سڀ گڏجي لکندا ۽ سنواريندا آهيون. وڪيپيڊيا جي شروعات جنوري 2001ع ۾ ٿي، جڏهن ته سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جو اجراع 2006ع تي عمل ۾ آيو. هن وقت سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا تي 19,840 مضمون موجود آهن. اسان سان گڏجو جڏهن اوهان جو کاتو موجود آهي ته داخل ٿيو ڇا اوهان کاتو نٿا رکو؟ ته هينئر ئي کاتو کوليو کاتي جي لاءِ درخواست ڏيو وڪيپيڊيا جو حصو ٿيو! وڪيپيڊيا جو حصو ٿيو! اسان سان گڏجو جڏهن اوهان جو کاتو موجود آهي ته داخل ٿيو ڇا اوهان کاتو نٿا رکو؟ ته هينئر ئي کاتو کوليو کاتي جي لاءِ درخواست ڏيو وڪيپيڊيا معلومات جي درستگي ۽ معتبريت بابت ڪا بہ ضمانت نٿي ڏئي . وڪيميڊيا فائونڊيشن وڪيپيڊيا معلومات جي درستگي ۽ معتبريت بابت ڪا بہ ضمانت نٿي ڏئي ترميم ڪندڙ پنهنجي ترميمن جا ذميوار پاڻ آهن. وڪيپيڊيا معلومات جي درستگي ۽ معتبريت بابت ڪا بہ ضمانت نٿي ڏئي . وڪيميڊيا فائونڊيشن وڪيپيڊيا معلومات جي درستگي ۽ معتبريت بابت ڪا بہ ضمانت نٿي ڏئي ترميم ڪندڙ پنهنجي ترميمن جا ذميوار پاڻ آهن. مدد کپي؟ اسان سان رابطو ڪريو. اسان سان سماجي رابطن واري ويب سائيٽ: ، ، ، ۽ ۾ گڏجو. (ياد رهي تہ هي سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا سٿ جو اَڻ دفتري (اَن اوفيشل) سٿ ۽ واپرائيندڙ جي پنهنجي ڪوشش آهي) ↑ "عظيم هستين جا عظيم قول (فقير محمد سنڌي) | سنڌ سلامت ڪتاب گهر" , books.sindhsalamat.com (ٻولي ۾ انگريزي ) , حاصل ڪيل 03 ڊسمبر 2020 ۔ ڇا توھان کي خبر آھي مُک صفحو انگريزي ٻولي جي خارجي ربط مک صفحو سانچا العربية Català Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް English Español فارسی Français עברית हिन्दी Italiano 日本語 한국어 پنجابی پښتو Português Русский Simple English Татарча / tatarça اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 هيءُ صفحو آخري ڀيرو 14:37، 27 جُولاءِ 2024ع تي ترميميو ويو هو. صفحو پارسوئڊ سان پيش ڪيو ويو. ھي متن ڪريئيٽو ڪامنز انتساب-ھڪجھڙي ونڊ اجازتنامي تحت موجود آھي؛ واڌو شرط لاڳو ٿي سگهن ٿا. تفصيل لاءِ استعمال جا شرط ڏسو. نويڪلائي نِيَمَ وڪيپيڊيا بابت غيرجوابدارينامو ضابطہ اخلاق ڊويلپر انگ-اکر ڪوڪي بيان موبائل ڏيک
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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 86 results for author: Vardi, M Y Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 arXiv:2601.10651 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.LO Multi-Property Synthesis Authors: Christoph Weinhuber , Yannik Schnitzer , Alessandro Abate , David Parker , Giuseppe De Giacomo , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : We study LTLf synthesis with multiple properties, where satisfying all properties may be impossible. Instead of enumerating subsets of properties, we compute in one fixed-point computation the relation between product-game states and the goal sets that are realizable from them, and we synthesize strategies achieving maximal realizable sets. We develop a fully symbolic algorithm that introduces Boo… ▽ More We study LTLf synthesis with multiple properties, where satisfying all properties may be impossible. Instead of enumerating subsets of properties, we compute in one fixed-point computation the relation between product-game states and the goal sets that are realizable from them, and we synthesize strategies achieving maximal realizable sets. We develop a fully symbolic algorithm that introduces Boolean goal variables and exploits monotonicity to represent exponentially many goal combinations compactly. Our approach substantially outperforms enumeration-based baselines, with speedups of up to two orders of magnitude. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10651 [ pdf , ps , other ] Multi-Property Synthesis Authors: Christoph Weinhuber , Yannik Schnitzer , Alessandro Abate , David Parker , Giuseppe De Giacomo , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : We study LTLf synthesis with multiple properties, where satisfying all properties may be impossible. Instead of enumerating subsets of properties, we compute in one fixed-point computation the relation between product-game states and the goal sets that are realizable from them, and we synthesize strategies achieving maximal realizable sets. We develop a fully symbolic algorithm that introduces Boo… ▽ More We study LTLf synthesis with multiple properties, where satisfying all properties may be impossible. Instead of enumerating subsets of properties, we compute in one fixed-point computation the relation between product-game states and the goal sets that are realizable from them, and we synthesize strategies achieving maximal realizable sets. We develop a fully symbolic algorithm that introduces Boolean goal variables and exploits monotonicity to represent exponentially many goal combinations compactly. Our approach substantially outperforms enumeration-based baselines, with speedups of up to two orders of magnitude. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2512.07018 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SC cs.LO Dynamic Boolean Synthesis with Zero-suppressed Decision Diagrams Authors: Yi Lin , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : Motivated by functional synthesis in sequential circuit construction and quantified boolean formulas (QBF), boolean synthesis serves as one of the core problems in Formal Methods. Recent advances show that decision diagrams (DD) are particularly competitive in symbolic approaches for boolean synthesis, among which zero-suppressed decision diagram (ZDD) is a relatively new algorithmic approach, but… ▽ More Motivated by functional synthesis in sequential circuit construction and quantified boolean formulas (QBF), boolean synthesis serves as one of the core problems in Formal Methods. Recent advances show that decision diagrams (DD) are particularly competitive in symbolic approaches for boolean synthesis, among which zero-suppressed decision diagram (ZDD) is a relatively new algorithmic approach, but is complementary to the industrial portfolio, where binary decision diagrams (BDDs) are more often applied. We propose a new dynamic-programming ZDD-based framework in the context of boolean synthesis, show solutions to theoretical challenges, develop a tool, and investigate the experimental performance. We also propose an idea of magic number that functions as the upper bound of planning-phase time and treewidth, showing how to interpret the exploration-exploitation dilemma in planning-execution synthesis framework. The algorithm we propose shows its strengths in general, gives inspiration for future needs to determine industrial magic numbers, and justifies that the framework we propose is an appropriate addition to the industrial synthesis solvers portfolio. △ Less Submitted 7 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. ACM Class: I.1.2; F.2.1; F.2.2 arXiv:2512.07018 [ pdf , ps , other ] Dynamic Boolean Synthesis with Zero-suppressed Decision Diagrams Authors: Yi Lin , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : Motivated by functional synthesis in sequential circuit construction and quantified boolean formulas (QBF), boolean synthesis serves as one of the core problems in Formal Methods. Recent advances show that decision diagrams (DD) are particularly competitive in symbolic approaches for boolean synthesis, among which zero-suppressed decision diagram (ZDD) is a relatively new algorithmic approach, but… ▽ More Motivated by functional synthesis in sequential circuit construction and quantified boolean formulas (QBF), boolean synthesis serves as one of the core problems in Formal Methods. Recent advances show that decision diagrams (DD) are particularly competitive in symbolic approaches for boolean synthesis, among which zero-suppressed decision diagram (ZDD) is a relatively new algorithmic approach, but is complementary to the industrial portfolio, where binary decision diagrams (BDDs) are more often applied. We propose a new dynamic-programming ZDD-based framework in the context of boolean synthesis, show solutions to theoretical challenges, develop a tool, and investigate the experimental performance. We also propose an idea of magic number that functions as the upper bound of planning-phase time and treewidth, showing how to interpret the exploration-exploitation dilemma in planning-execution synthesis framework. The algorithm we propose shows its strengths in general, gives inspiration for future needs to determine industrial magic numbers, and justifies that the framework we propose is an appropriate addition to the industrial synthesis solvers portfolio. △ Less Submitted 7 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. ACM Class: I.1.2; F.2.1; F.2.2 arXiv:2511.15740 [ pdf ] cs.CY It's Not the AI - It's Each of Us! Ten Commandments for the Wise & Responsible Use of AI Authors: Barbara Steffen , Edward A. Lee , Moshe Y. Vardi , Bernhard Steffen Abstract : Artificial intelligence (AI) is no longer futuristic; it is a daily companion shaping our private and work lives. While AI simplifies our lives, its rise also invites us to rethink who we are - and who we wish to remain - as humans. Even if AI does not think, feel, or desire, it learns from our behavior, mirroring our collective values, biases, and aspirations. The question, then, is not what AI i… ▽ More Artificial intelligence (AI) is no longer futuristic; it is a daily companion shaping our private and work lives. While AI simplifies our lives, its rise also invites us to rethink who we are - and who we wish to remain - as humans. Even if AI does not think, feel, or desire, it learns from our behavior, mirroring our collective values, biases, and aspirations. The question, then, is not what AI is, but what we are allowing it to become through data, computing power, and other parameters "teaching" it - and, even more importantly, who we are becoming through our relationship with AI. As the EU AI Act and the Vienna Manifesto on Digital Humanism emphasize, technology must serve human dignity,social well-being, and democratic accountability. In our opinion, responsible use of AI is not only a matter of code nor law, but also of conscientious practice: how each of us engages and teaches others to use AI at home and at work. We propose Ten Commandments for the Wise and Responsible Use of AI are meant as guideline for this very engagement. They closely align with Floridi and Cowls' five guiding principles for AI in society - beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, justice, and explicability. △ Less Submitted 18 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.15740 [ pdf ] It's Not the AI - It's Each of Us! Ten Commandments for the Wise & Responsible Use of AI Authors: Barbara Steffen , Edward A. Lee , Moshe Y. Vardi , Bernhard Steffen Abstract : Artificial intelligence (AI) is no longer futuristic; it is a daily companion shaping our private and work lives. While AI simplifies our lives, its rise also invites us to rethink who we are - and who we wish to remain - as humans. Even if AI does not think, feel, or desire, it learns from our behavior, mirroring our collective values, biases, and aspirations. The question, then, is not what AI i… ▽ More Artificial intelligence (AI) is no longer futuristic; it is a daily companion shaping our private and work lives. While AI simplifies our lives, its rise also invites us to rethink who we are - and who we wish to remain - as humans. Even if AI does not think, feel, or desire, it learns from our behavior, mirroring our collective values, biases, and aspirations. The question, then, is not what AI is, but what we are allowing it to become through data, computing power, and other parameters "teaching" it - and, even more importantly, who we are becoming through our relationship with AI. As the EU AI Act and the Vienna Manifesto on Digital Humanism emphasize, technology must serve human dignity,social well-being, and democratic accountability. In our opinion, responsible use of AI is not only a matter of code nor law, but also of conscientious practice: how each of us engages and teaches others to use AI at home and at work. We propose Ten Commandments for the Wise and Responsible Use of AI are meant as guideline for this very engagement. They closely align with Floridi and Cowls' five guiding principles for AI in society - beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, justice, and explicability. △ Less Submitted 18 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2507.02491 [ pdf , other ] cs.FL Engineering an LTLf Synthesis Tool Authors: Alexandre Duret-Lutz , Shufang Zhu , Nir Piterman , Giuseppe de Giacomo , Moshe Y Vardi Abstract : The problem of LTLf reactive synthesis is to build a transducer, whose output is based on a history of inputs, such that, for every infinite sequence of inputs, the conjoint evolution of the inputs and outputs has a prefix that satisfies a given LTLf specification. We describe the implementation of an LTLf synthesizer that outperforms existing tools on our benchmark suite. This is based on a new,… ▽ More The problem of LTLf reactive synthesis is to build a transducer, whose output is based on a history of inputs, such that, for every infinite sequence of inputs, the conjoint evolution of the inputs and outputs has a prefix that satisfies a given LTLf specification. We describe the implementation of an LTLf synthesizer that outperforms existing tools on our benchmark suite. This is based on a new, direct translation from LTLf to a DFA represented as an array of Binary Decision Diagrams (MTBDDs) sharing their nodes. This MTBDD-based representation can be interpreted directly as a reachability game that is solved on-the-fly during its construction. △ Less Submitted 3 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. Journal ref: 29th International Conference on Implementation and Applications of Automata (CIAA'25), Sep 2025, Palermo, Italy arXiv:2507.02491 [ pdf , other ] Engineering an LTLf Synthesis Tool Authors: Alexandre Duret-Lutz , Shufang Zhu , Nir Piterman , Giuseppe de Giacomo , Moshe Y Vardi Abstract : The problem of LTLf reactive synthesis is to build a transducer, whose output is based on a history of inputs, such that, for every infinite sequence of inputs, the conjoint evolution of the inputs and outputs has a prefix that satisfies a given LTLf specification. We describe the implementation of an LTLf synthesizer that outperforms existing tools on our benchmark suite. This is based on a new,… ▽ More The problem of LTLf reactive synthesis is to build a transducer, whose output is based on a history of inputs, such that, for every infinite sequence of inputs, the conjoint evolution of the inputs and outputs has a prefix that satisfies a given LTLf specification. We describe the implementation of an LTLf synthesizer that outperforms existing tools on our benchmark suite. This is based on a new, direct translation from LTLf to a DFA represented as an array of Binary Decision Diagrams (MTBDDs) sharing their nodes. This MTBDD-based representation can be interpreted directly as a reachability game that is solved on-the-fly during its construction. △ Less Submitted 3 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. Journal ref: 29th International Conference on Implementation and Applications of Automata (CIAA'25), Sep 2025, Palermo, Italy arXiv:2506.00674 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LO cs.AI cs.LG math.OC Thinking Out of the Box: Hybrid SAT Solving by Unconstrained Continuous Optimization Authors: Zhiwei Zhang , Samy Wu Fung , Anastasios Kyrillidis , Stanley Osher , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : The Boolean satisfiability (SAT) problem lies at the core of many applications in combinatorial optimization, software verification, cryptography, and machine learning. While state-of-the-art solvers have demonstrated high efficiency in handling conjunctive normal form (CNF) formulas, numerous applications require non-CNF (hybrid) constraints, such as XOR, cardinality, and Not-All-Equal constraint… ▽ More The Boolean satisfiability (SAT) problem lies at the core of many applications in combinatorial optimization, software verification, cryptography, and machine learning. While state-of-the-art solvers have demonstrated high efficiency in handling conjunctive normal form (CNF) formulas, numerous applications require non-CNF (hybrid) constraints, such as XOR, cardinality, and Not-All-Equal constraints. Recent work leverages polynomial representations to represent such hybrid constraints, but it relies on box constraints that can limit the use of powerful unconstrained optimizers. In this paper, we propose unconstrained continuous optimization formulations for hybrid SAT solving by penalty terms. We provide theoretical insights into when these penalty terms are necessary and demonstrate empirically that unconstrained optimizers (e.g., Adam) can enhance SAT solving on hybrid benchmarks. Our results highlight the potential of combining continuous optimization and machine-learning-based methods for effective hybrid SAT solving. △ Less Submitted 31 May, 2025; originally announced June 2025. arXiv:2506.00674 [ pdf , ps , other ] Thinking Out of the Box: Hybrid SAT Solving by Unconstrained Continuous Optimization Authors: Zhiwei Zhang , Samy Wu Fung , Anastasios Kyrillidis , Stanley Osher , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : The Boolean satisfiability (SAT) problem lies at the core of many applications in combinatorial optimization, software verification, cryptography, and machine learning. While state-of-the-art solvers have demonstrated high efficiency in handling conjunctive normal form (CNF) formulas, numerous applications require non-CNF (hybrid) constraints, such as XOR, cardinality, and Not-All-Equal constraint… ▽ More The Boolean satisfiability (SAT) problem lies at the core of many applications in combinatorial optimization, software verification, cryptography, and machine learning. While state-of-the-art solvers have demonstrated high efficiency in handling conjunctive normal form (CNF) formulas, numerous applications require non-CNF (hybrid) constraints, such as XOR, cardinality, and Not-All-Equal constraints. Recent work leverages polynomial representations to represent such hybrid constraints, but it relies on box constraints that can limit the use of powerful unconstrained optimizers. In this paper, we propose unconstrained continuous optimization formulations for hybrid SAT solving by penalty terms. We provide theoretical insights into when these penalty terms are necessary and demonstrate empirically that unconstrained optimizers (e.g., Adam) can enhance SAT solving on hybrid benchmarks. Our results highlight the potential of combining continuous optimization and machine-learning-based methods for effective hybrid SAT solving. △ Less Submitted 31 May, 2025; originally announced June 2025. arXiv:2503.14690 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.GT cs.LO Verifying Equilibria in Finite-Horizon Probabilistic Concurrent Game Systems Authors: Senthil Rajasekaran , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : Finite-horizon probabilistic multiagent concurrent game systems, also known as finite multiplayer stochastic games, are a well-studied model in computer science due to their ability to represent a wide range of real-world scenarios involving strategic interactions among agents over a finite amount of iterations (given by the finite-horizon). The analysis of these games typically focuses on evaluat… ▽ More Finite-horizon probabilistic multiagent concurrent game systems, also known as finite multiplayer stochastic games, are a well-studied model in computer science due to their ability to represent a wide range of real-world scenarios involving strategic interactions among agents over a finite amount of iterations (given by the finite-horizon). The analysis of these games typically focuses on evaluating (verifying) and computing (synthesizing/realizing) which strategy profiles (functions that represent the behavior of each agent) qualify as equilibria. The two most prominent equilibrium concepts are the Nash equilibrium and the subgame perfect equilibrium, with the latter considered a conceptual refinement of the former. However, computing these equilibria from scratch is often computationally infeasible. Therefore, recent attention has shifted to the verification problem, where a given strategy profile must be evaluated to determine whether it satisfies equilibrium conditions. In this paper, we demonstrate that the verification problem for subgame perfect equilibria lies in PSPACE, while for Nash equilibria, it is EXPTIME-complete. This is a highly counterintuitive result since subgame perfect equilibria are often seen as a strict strengthening of Nash equilibria and are intuitively seen as more complicated. △ Less Submitted 18 October, 2025; v1 submitted 18 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. Comments: LMCS format for submission This version is revised in order to address a request for minor revisions from LMCS arXiv:2503.14690 [ pdf , ps , other ] Verifying Equilibria in Finite-Horizon Probabilistic Concurrent Game Systems Authors: Senthil Rajasekaran , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : Finite-horizon probabilistic multiagent concurrent game systems, also known as finite multiplayer stochastic games, are a well-studied model in computer science due to their ability to represent a wide range of real-world scenarios involving strategic interactions among agents over a finite amount of iterations (given by the finite-horizon). The analysis of these games typically focuses on evaluat… ▽ More Finite-horizon probabilistic multiagent concurrent game systems, also known as finite multiplayer stochastic games, are a well-studied model in computer science due to their ability to represent a wide range of real-world scenarios involving strategic interactions among agents over a finite amount of iterations (given by the finite-horizon). The analysis of these games typically focuses on evaluating (verifying) and computing (synthesizing/realizing) which strategy profiles (functions that represent the behavior of each agent) qualify as equilibria. The two most prominent equilibrium concepts are the Nash equilibrium and the subgame perfect equilibrium, with the latter considered a conceptual refinement of the former. However, computing these equilibria from scratch is often computationally infeasible. Therefore, recent attention has shifted to the verification problem, where a given strategy profile must be evaluated to determine whether it satisfies equilibrium conditions. In this paper, we demonstrate that the verification problem for subgame perfect equilibria lies in PSPACE, while for Nash equilibria, it is EXPTIME-complete. This is a highly counterintuitive result since subgame perfect equilibria are often seen as a strict strengthening of Nash equilibria and are intuitively seen as more complicated. △ Less Submitted 18 October, 2025; v1 submitted 18 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. Comments: LMCS format for submission This version is revised in order to address a request for minor revisions from LMCS arXiv:2412.17992 [ pdf , other ] cs.RO eess.SY Falsification of Autonomous Systems in Rich Environments Authors: Khen Elimelech , Morteza Lahijanian , Lydia E. Kavraki , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : Validating the behavior of autonomous Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) agents, which rely on automated controllers, is an objective of great importance. In recent years, Neural-Network (NN) controllers have been demonstrating great promise. Unfortunately, such learned controllers are often not certified and can cause the system to suffer from unpredictable or unsafe be… ▽ More Validating the behavior of autonomous Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) agents, which rely on automated controllers, is an objective of great importance. In recent years, Neural-Network (NN) controllers have been demonstrating great promise. Unfortunately, such learned controllers are often not certified and can cause the system to suffer from unpredictable or unsafe behavior. To mitigate this issue, a great effort has been dedicated to automated verification of systems. Specifically, works in the category of ``black-box testing'' rely on repeated system simulations to find a falsifying counterexample of a system run that violates a specification. As running high-fidelity simulations is computationally demanding, the goal of falsification approaches is to minimize the simulation effort (NN inference queries) needed to return a falsifying example. This often proves to be a great challenge, especially when the tested controller is well-trained. This work contributes a novel falsification approach for autonomous systems under formal specification operating in uncertain environments. We are especially interested in CPS operating in rich, semantically-defined, open environments, which yield high-dimensional, simulation-dependent sensor observations. Our approach introduces a novel reformulation of the falsification problem as the problem of planning a trajectory for a ``meta-system,'' which wraps and encapsulates the examined system; we call this approach: meta-planning. This formulation can be solved with standard sampling-based motion-planning techniques (like RRT) and can gradually integrate domain knowledge to improve the search. We support the suggested approach with an experimental study on falsification of an obstacle-avoiding autonomous car with a NN controller, where meta-planning demonstrates superior performance over alternative approaches. △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024. arXiv:2412.17992 [ pdf , other ] Falsification of Autonomous Systems in Rich Environments Authors: Khen Elimelech , Morteza Lahijanian , Lydia E. Kavraki , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : Validating the behavior of autonomous Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) agents, which rely on automated controllers, is an objective of great importance. In recent years, Neural-Network (NN) controllers have been demonstrating great promise. Unfortunately, such learned controllers are often not certified and can cause the system to suffer from unpredictable or unsafe be… ▽ More Validating the behavior of autonomous Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) agents, which rely on automated controllers, is an objective of great importance. In recent years, Neural-Network (NN) controllers have been demonstrating great promise. Unfortunately, such learned controllers are often not certified and can cause the system to suffer from unpredictable or unsafe behavior. To mitigate this issue, a great effort has been dedicated to automated verification of systems. Specifically, works in the category of ``black-box testing'' rely on repeated system simulations to find a falsifying counterexample of a system run that violates a specification. As running high-fidelity simulations is computationally demanding, the goal of falsification approaches is to minimize the simulation effort (NN inference queries) needed to return a falsifying example. This often proves to be a great challenge, especially when the tested controller is well-trained. This work contributes a novel falsification approach for autonomous systems under formal specification operating in uncertain environments. We are especially interested in CPS operating in rich, semantically-defined, open environments, which yield high-dimensional, simulation-dependent sensor observations. Our approach introduces a novel reformulation of the falsification problem as the problem of planning a trajectory for a ``meta-system,'' which wraps and encapsulates the examined system; we call this approach: meta-planning. This formulation can be solved with standard sampling-based motion-planning techniques (like RRT) and can gradually integrate domain knowledge to improve the search. We support the suggested approach with an experimental study on falsification of an obstacle-avoiding autonomous car with a NN controller, where meta-planning demonstrates superior performance over alternative approaches. △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024. arXiv:2412.14728 [ pdf , other ] cs.AI cs.LO LTLf Synthesis Under Unreliable Input Authors: Christian Hagemeier , Giuseppe de Giacomo , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : We study the problem of realizing strategies for an LTLf goal specification while ensuring that at least an LTLf backup specification is satisfied in case of unreliability of certain input variables. We formally define the problem and characterize its worst-case complexity as 2EXPTIME-complete, like standard LTLf synthesis. Then we devise three different solution techniques: one based on direct au… ▽ More We study the problem of realizing strategies for an LTLf goal specification while ensuring that at least an LTLf backup specification is satisfied in case of unreliability of certain input variables. We formally define the problem and characterize its worst-case complexity as 2EXPTIME-complete, like standard LTLf synthesis. Then we devise three different solution techniques: one based on direct automata manipulation, which is 2EXPTIME, one disregarding unreliable input variables by adopting a belief construction, which is 3EXPTIME, and one leveraging second-order quantified LTLf (QLTLf), which is 2EXPTIME and allows for a direct encoding into monadic second-order logic, which in turn is worst-case nonelementary. We prove their correctness and evaluate them against each other empirically. Interestingly, theoretical worst-case bounds do not translate into observed performance; the MSO technique performs best, followed by belief construction and direct automata manipulation. As a byproduct of our study, we provide a general synthesis procedure for arbitrary QLTLf specifications. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024. Comments: 8 pages, to appear at AAAI2025 arXiv:2412.14728 [ pdf , other ] LTLf Synthesis Under Unreliable Input Authors: Christian Hagemeier , Giuseppe de Giacomo , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : We study the problem of realizing strategies for an LTLf goal specification while ensuring that at least an LTLf backup specification is satisfied in case of unreliability of certain input variables. We formally define the problem and characterize its worst-case complexity as 2EXPTIME-complete, like standard LTLf synthesis. Then we devise three different solution techniques: one based on direct au… ▽ More We study the problem of realizing strategies for an LTLf goal specification while ensuring that at least an LTLf backup specification is satisfied in case of unreliability of certain input variables. We formally define the problem and characterize its worst-case complexity as 2EXPTIME-complete, like standard LTLf synthesis. Then we devise three different solution techniques: one based on direct automata manipulation, which is 2EXPTIME, one disregarding unreliable input variables by adopting a belief construction, which is 3EXPTIME, and one leveraging second-order quantified LTLf (QLTLf), which is 2EXPTIME and allows for a direct encoding into monadic second-order logic, which in turn is worst-case nonelementary. We prove their correctness and evaluate them against each other empirically. Interestingly, theoretical worst-case bounds do not translate into observed performance; the MSO technique performs best, followed by belief construction and direct automata manipulation. As a byproduct of our study, we provide a general synthesis procedure for arbitrary QLTLf specifications. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024. Comments: 8 pages, to appear at AAAI2025 arXiv:2411.09366 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LO cs.AI cs.FL LTLf+ and PPLTL+: Extending LTLf and PPLTL to Infinite Traces Authors: Benjamin Aminof , Giuseppe De Giacomo , Sasha Rubin , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : We introduce LTLf+ and PPLTL+, two logics to express properties of infinite traces, that are based on the linear-time temporal logics LTLf and PPLTL on finite traces. LTLf+/PPLTL+ use levels of Manna and Pnueli's LTL safety-progress hierarchy, and thus have the same expressive power as LTL. However, they also retain a crucial characteristic of the reactive synthesis problem for the base logics: th… ▽ More We introduce LTLf+ and PPLTL+, two logics to express properties of infinite traces, that are based on the linear-time temporal logics LTLf and PPLTL on finite traces. LTLf+/PPLTL+ use levels of Manna and Pnueli's LTL safety-progress hierarchy, and thus have the same expressive power as LTL. However, they also retain a crucial characteristic of the reactive synthesis problem for the base logics: the game arena for strategy extraction can be derived from deterministic finite automata (DFA). Consequently, these logics circumvent the notorious difficulties associated with determinizing infinite trace automata, typical of LTL reactive synthesis. We present DFA-based synthesis techniques for LTLf+/PPLTL+, and show that synthesis is 2EXPTIME-complete for LTLf+ (matching LTLf) and EXPTIME-complete for PPLTL+ (matching PPLTL). Notably, while PPLTL+ retains the full expressive power of LTL, reactive synthesis is EXPTIME-complete instead of 2EXPTIME-complete. The techniques are also adapted to optimally solve satisfiability, validity, and model-checking, to get EXPSPACE-complete for LTLf+ (extending a recent result for the guarantee level using LTLf), and PSPACE-complete for PPLTL+. △ Less Submitted 14 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024. arXiv:2411.09366 [ pdf , ps , other ] LTLf+ and PPLTL+: Extending LTLf and PPLTL to Infinite Traces Authors: Benjamin Aminof , Giuseppe De Giacomo , Sasha Rubin , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : We introduce LTLf+ and PPLTL+, two logics to express properties of infinite traces, that are based on the linear-time temporal logics LTLf and PPLTL on finite traces. LTLf+/PPLTL+ use levels of Manna and Pnueli's LTL safety-progress hierarchy, and thus have the same expressive power as LTL. However, they also retain a crucial characteristic of the reactive synthesis problem for the base logics: th… ▽ More We introduce LTLf+ and PPLTL+, two logics to express properties of infinite traces, that are based on the linear-time temporal logics LTLf and PPLTL on finite traces. LTLf+/PPLTL+ use levels of Manna and Pnueli's LTL safety-progress hierarchy, and thus have the same expressive power as LTL. However, they also retain a crucial characteristic of the reactive synthesis problem for the base logics: the game arena for strategy extraction can be derived from deterministic finite automata (DFA). Consequently, these logics circumvent the notorious difficulties associated with determinizing infinite trace automata, typical of LTL reactive synthesis. We present DFA-based synthesis techniques for LTLf+/PPLTL+, and show that synthesis is 2EXPTIME-complete for LTLf+ (matching LTLf) and EXPTIME-complete for PPLTL+ (matching PPLTL). Notably, while PPLTL+ retains the full expressive power of LTL, reactive synthesis is EXPTIME-complete instead of 2EXPTIME-complete. The techniques are also adapted to optimally solve satisfiability, validity, and model-checking, to get EXPSPACE-complete for LTLf+ (extending a recent result for the guarantee level using LTLf), and PSPACE-complete for PPLTL+. △ Less Submitted 14 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024. arXiv:2409.10692 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO cs.AI cs.MA Encoding Reusable Multi-Robot Planning Strategies as Abstract Hypergraphs Authors: Khen Elimelech , James Motes , Marco Morales , Nancy M. Amato , Moshe Y. Vardi , Lydia E. Kavraki Abstract : Multi-Robot Task Planning (MR-TP) is the search for a discrete-action plan a team of robots should take to complete a task. The complexity of such problems scales exponentially with the number of robots and task complexity, making them challenging for online solution. To accelerate MR-TP over a system's lifetime, this work looks at combining two recent advances: (i) Decomposable State Space Hyperg… ▽ More Multi-Robot Task Planning (MR-TP) is the search for a discrete-action plan a team of robots should take to complete a task. The complexity of such problems scales exponentially with the number of robots and task complexity, making them challenging for online solution. To accelerate MR-TP over a system's lifetime, this work looks at combining two recent advances: (i) Decomposable State Space Hypergraph (DaSH), a novel hypergraph-based framework to efficiently model and solve MR-TP problems; and \mbox{(ii) learning-by-abstraction,} a technique that enables automatic extraction of generalizable planning strategies from individual planning experiences for later reuse. Specifically, we wish to extend this strategy-learning technique, originally designed for single-robot planning, to benefit multi-robot planning using hypergraph-based MR-TP. △ Less Submitted 16 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024. arXiv:2409.10692 [ pdf , ps , other ] Encoding Reusable Multi-Robot Planning Strategies as Abstract Hypergraphs Authors: Khen Elimelech , James Motes , Marco Morales , Nancy M. Amato , Moshe Y. Vardi , Lydia E. Kavraki Abstract : Multi-Robot Task Planning (MR-TP) is the search for a discrete-action plan a team of robots should take to complete a task. The complexity of such problems scales exponentially with the number of robots and task complexity, making them challenging for online solution. To accelerate MR-TP over a system's lifetime, this work looks at combining two recent advances: (i) Decomposable State Space Hyperg… ▽ More Multi-Robot Task Planning (MR-TP) is the search for a discrete-action plan a team of robots should take to complete a task. The complexity of such problems scales exponentially with the number of robots and task complexity, making them challenging for online solution. To accelerate MR-TP over a system's lifetime, this work looks at combining two recent advances: (i) Decomposable State Space Hypergraph (DaSH), a novel hypergraph-based framework to efficiently model and solve MR-TP problems; and \mbox{(ii) learning-by-abstraction,} a technique that enables automatic extraction of generalizable planning strategies from individual planning experiences for later reuse. Specifically, we wish to extend this strategy-learning technique, originally designed for single-robot planning, to benefit multi-robot planning using hypergraph-based MR-TP. △ Less Submitted 16 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024. arXiv:2408.07324 [ pdf , other ] cs.AI cs.LO On-the-fly Synthesis for LTL over Finite Traces: An Efficient Approach that Counts Authors: Shengping Xiao , Yongkang Li , Shufang Zhu , Jun Sun , Jianwen Li , Geguang Pu , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : We present an on-the-fly synthesis framework for Linear Temporal Logic over finite traces (LTLf) based on top-down deterministic automata construction. Existing approaches rely on constructing a complete Deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA) corresponding to the LTLf specification, a process with doubly exponential complexity relative to the formula size in the worst case. In this case, the synthes… ▽ More We present an on-the-fly synthesis framework for Linear Temporal Logic over finite traces (LTLf) based on top-down deterministic automata construction. Existing approaches rely on constructing a complete Deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA) corresponding to the LTLf specification, a process with doubly exponential complexity relative to the formula size in the worst case. In this case, the synthesis procedure cannot be conducted until the entire DFA is constructed. This inefficiency is the main bottleneck of existing approaches. To address this challenge, we first present a method for converting LTLf into Transition-based DFA (TDFA) by directly leveraging LTLf semantics, incorporating intermediate results as direct components of the final automaton to enable parallelized synthesis and automata construction. We then explore the relationship between LTLf synthesis and TDFA games and subsequently develop an algorithm for performing LTLf synthesis using on-the-fly TDFA game solving. This algorithm traverses the state space in a global forward manner combined with a local backward method, along with the detection of strongly connected components. Moreover, we introduce two optimization techniques -- model-guided synthesis and state entailment -- to enhance the practical efficiency of our approach. Experimental results demonstrate that our on-the-fly approach achieves the best performance on the tested benchmarks and effectively complements existing tools and approaches. △ Less Submitted 14 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024. Comments: 32 pages, 3 figures, 3 tables arXiv:2408.07324 [ pdf , other ] On-the-fly Synthesis for LTL over Finite Traces: An Efficient Approach that Counts Authors: Shengping Xiao , Yongkang Li , Shufang Zhu , Jun Sun , Jianwen Li , Geguang Pu , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : We present an on-the-fly synthesis framework for Linear Temporal Logic over finite traces (LTLf) based on top-down deterministic automata construction. Existing approaches rely on constructing a complete Deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA) corresponding to the LTLf specification, a process with doubly exponential complexity relative to the formula size in the worst case. In this case, the synthes… ▽ More We present an on-the-fly synthesis framework for Linear Temporal Logic over finite traces (LTLf) based on top-down deterministic automata construction. Existing approaches rely on constructing a complete Deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA) corresponding to the LTLf specification, a process with doubly exponential complexity relative to the formula size in the worst case. In this case, the synthesis procedure cannot be conducted until the entire DFA is constructed. This inefficiency is the main bottleneck of existing approaches. To address this challenge, we first present a method for converting LTLf into Transition-based DFA (TDFA) by directly leveraging LTLf semantics, incorporating intermediate results as direct components of the final automaton to enable parallelized synthesis and automata construction. We then explore the relationship between LTLf synthesis and TDFA games and subsequently develop an algorithm for performing LTLf synthesis using on-the-fly TDFA game solving. This algorithm traverses the state space in a global forward manner combined with a local backward method, along with the detection of strongly connected components. Moreover, we introduce two optimization techniques -- model-guided synthesis and state entailment -- to enhance the practical efficiency of our approach. Experimental results demonstrate that our on-the-fly approach achieves the best performance on the tested benchmarks and effectively complements existing tools and approaches. △ Less Submitted 14 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024. Comments: 32 pages, 3 figures, 3 tables arXiv:2405.07975 [ pdf , other ] cs.FL cs.LO Dynamic Programming for Symbolic Boolean Realizability and Synthesis Authors: Yi Lin , Lucas M. Tabajara , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : Inspired by recent progress in dynamic programming approaches for weighted model counting, we investigate a dynamic-programming approach in the context of boolean realizability and synthesis, which takes a conjunctive-normal-form boolean formula over input and output variables, and aims at synthesizing witness functions for the output variables in terms of the inputs. We show how graded project-jo… ▽ More Inspired by recent progress in dynamic programming approaches for weighted model counting, we investigate a dynamic-programming approach in the context of boolean realizability and synthesis, which takes a conjunctive-normal-form boolean formula over input and output variables, and aims at synthesizing witness functions for the output variables in terms of the inputs. We show how graded project-join trees, obtained via tree decomposition, can be used to compute a BDD representing the realizability set for the input formulas in a bottom-up order. We then show how the intermediate BDDs generated during realizability checking phase can be applied to synthesizing the witness functions in a top-down manner. An experimental evaluation of a solver -- DPSynth -- based on these ideas demonstrates that our approach for Boolean realizabilty and synthesis has superior time and space performance over a heuristics-based approach using same symbolic representations. We discuss the advantage on scalability of the new approach, and also investigate our findings on the performance of the DP framework. △ Less Submitted 20 June, 2024; v1 submitted 13 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. Comments: 32 pages including appendices and bibliography, 5 figures, paper is to be published in CAV 2024, but this version is inclusive of the Appendix arXiv:2405.07975 [ pdf , other ] Dynamic Programming for Symbolic Boolean Realizability and Synthesis Authors: Yi Lin , Lucas M. Tabajara , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : Inspired by recent progress in dynamic programming approaches for weighted model counting, we investigate a dynamic-programming approach in the context of boolean realizability and synthesis, which takes a conjunctive-normal-form boolean formula over input and output variables, and aims at synthesizing witness functions for the output variables in terms of the inputs. We show how graded project-jo… ▽ More Inspired by recent progress in dynamic programming approaches for weighted model counting, we investigate a dynamic-programming approach in the context of boolean realizability and synthesis, which takes a conjunctive-normal-form boolean formula over input and output variables, and aims at synthesizing witness functions for the output variables in terms of the inputs. We show how graded project-join trees, obtained via tree decomposition, can be used to compute a BDD representing the realizability set for the input formulas in a bottom-up order. We then show how the intermediate BDDs generated during realizability checking phase can be applied to synthesizing the witness functions in a top-down manner. An experimental evaluation of a solver -- DPSynth -- based on these ideas demonstrates that our approach for Boolean realizabilty and synthesis has superior time and space performance over a heuristics-based approach using same symbolic representations. We discuss the advantage on scalability of the new approach, and also investigate our findings on the performance of the DP framework. △ Less Submitted 20 June, 2024; v1 submitted 13 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. Comments: 32 pages including appendices and bibliography, 5 figures, paper is to be published in CAV 2024, but this version is inclusive of the Appendix arXiv:2403.04910 [ pdf , other ] cs.RO cs.GT cs.MA Stochastic Games for Interactive Manipulation Domains Authors: Karan Muvvala , Andrew M. Wells , Morteza Lahijanian , Lydia E. Kavraki , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : As robots become more prevalent, the complexity of robot-robot, robot-human, and robot-environment interactions increases. In these interactions, a robot needs to consider not only the effects of its own actions, but also the effects of other agents' actions and the possible interactions between agents. Previous works have considered reactive synthesis, where the human/environment is modeled as a… ▽ More As robots become more prevalent, the complexity of robot-robot, robot-human, and robot-environment interactions increases. In these interactions, a robot needs to consider not only the effects of its own actions, but also the effects of other agents' actions and the possible interactions between agents. Previous works have considered reactive synthesis, where the human/environment is modeled as a deterministic, adversarial agent; as well as probabilistic synthesis, where the human/environment is modeled via a Markov chain. While they provide strong theoretical frameworks, there are still many aspects of human-robot interaction that cannot be fully expressed and many assumptions that must be made in each model. In this work, we propose stochastic games as a general model for human-robot interaction, which subsumes the expressivity of all previous representations. In addition, it allows us to make fewer modeling assumptions and leads to more natural and powerful models of interaction. We introduce the semantics of this abstraction and show how existing tools can be utilized to synthesize strategies to achieve complex tasks with guarantees. Further, we discuss the current computational limitations and improve the scalability by two orders of magnitude by a new way of constructing models for PRISM-games. △ Less Submitted 7 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024. Comments: Accepted: ICRA 2024 arXiv:2403.04910 [ pdf , other ] Stochastic Games for Interactive Manipulation Domains Authors: Karan Muvvala , Andrew M. Wells , Morteza Lahijanian , Lydia E. Kavraki , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : As robots become more prevalent, the complexity of robot-robot, robot-human, and robot-environment interactions increases. In these interactions, a robot needs to consider not only the effects of its own actions, but also the effects of other agents' actions and the possible interactions between agents. Previous works have considered reactive synthesis, where the human/environment is modeled as a… ▽ More As robots become more prevalent, the complexity of robot-robot, robot-human, and robot-environment interactions increases. In these interactions, a robot needs to consider not only the effects of its own actions, but also the effects of other agents' actions and the possible interactions between agents. Previous works have considered reactive synthesis, where the human/environment is modeled as a deterministic, adversarial agent; as well as probabilistic synthesis, where the human/environment is modeled via a Markov chain. While they provide strong theoretical frameworks, there are still many aspects of human-robot interaction that cannot be fully expressed and many assumptions that must be made in each model. In this work, we propose stochastic games as a general model for human-robot interaction, which subsumes the expressivity of all previous representations. In addition, it allows us to make fewer modeling assumptions and leads to more natural and powerful models of interaction. We introduce the semantics of this abstraction and show how existing tools can be utilized to synthesize strategies to achieve complex tasks with guarantees. Further, we discuss the current computational limitations and improve the scalability by two orders of magnitude by a new way of constructing models for PRISM-games. △ Less Submitted 7 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024. Comments: Accepted: ICRA 2024 arXiv:2305.09966 [ pdf , other ] cs.FL Singly Exponential Translation of Alternating Weak Büchi Automata to Unambiguous Büchi Automata Authors: Yong Li , Sven Schewe , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : We introduce a method for translating an alternating weak Büchi automaton (AWA), which corresponds to a Linear Dynamic Logic (LDL) formula, to an unambiguous Büchi automaton (UBA). Our translations generalise constructions for Linear Temporal Logic (LTL), a less expressive specification language than LDL. In classical constructions, LTL formulas are first translated to alternating \emph{very weak}… ▽ More We introduce a method for translating an alternating weak Büchi automaton (AWA), which corresponds to a Linear Dynamic Logic (LDL) formula, to an unambiguous Büchi automaton (UBA). Our translations generalise constructions for Linear Temporal Logic (LTL), a less expressive specification language than LDL. In classical constructions, LTL formulas are first translated to alternating \emph{very weak} automata (AVAs) -- automata that have only singleton strongly connected components (SCCs); the AVAs are then handled by efficient disambiguation procedures. However, general AWAs can have larger SCCs, which complicates disambiguation. Currently, the only available disambiguation procedure has to go through an intermediate construction of nondeterministic Büchi automata (NBAs), which would incur an exponential blow-up of its own. We introduce a translation from \emph{general} AWAs to UBAs with a \emph{singly} exponential blow-up, which also immediately provides a singly exponential translation from LDL to UBAs. Interestingly, the complexity of our translation is \emph{smaller} than the best known disambiguation algorithm for NBAs (broadly $(0.53n)^n$ vs. $(0.76n)^n$), while the input of our construction can be exponentially more succinct. △ Less Submitted 17 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023. Comments: 23 pages ACM Class: F.4.3 arXiv:2305.09966 [ pdf , other ] Singly Exponential Translation of Alternating Weak Büchi Automata to Unambiguous Büchi Automata Authors: Yong Li , Sven Schewe , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : We introduce a method for translating an alternating weak Büchi automaton (AWA), which corresponds to a Linear Dynamic Logic (LDL) formula, to an unambiguous Büchi automaton (UBA). Our translations generalise constructions for Linear Temporal Logic (LTL), a less expressive specification language than LDL. In classical constructions, LTL formulas are first translated to alternating \emph{very weak}… ▽ More We introduce a method for translating an alternating weak Büchi automaton (AWA), which corresponds to a Linear Dynamic Logic (LDL) formula, to an unambiguous Büchi automaton (UBA). Our translations generalise constructions for Linear Temporal Logic (LTL), a less expressive specification language than LDL. In classical constructions, LTL formulas are first translated to alternating \emph{very weak} automata (AVAs) -- automata that have only singleton strongly connected components (SCCs); the AVAs are then handled by efficient disambiguation procedures. However, general AWAs can have larger SCCs, which complicates disambiguation. Currently, the only available disambiguation procedure has to go through an intermediate construction of nondeterministic Büchi automata (NBAs), which would incur an exponential blow-up of its own. We introduce a translation from \emph{general} AWAs to UBAs with a \emph{singly} exponential blow-up, which also immediately provides a singly exponential translation from LDL to UBAs. Interestingly, the complexity of our translation is \emph{smaller} than the best known disambiguation algorithm for NBAs (broadly $(0.53n)^n$ vs. $(0.76n)^n$), while the input of our construction can be exponentially more succinct. △ Less Submitted 17 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023. Comments: 23 pages ACM Class: F.4.3 arXiv:2305.08319 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.FL cs.AI cs.LO Model Checking Strategies from Synthesis Over Finite Traces Authors: Suguman Bansal , Yong Li , Lucas Martinelli Tabajara , Moshe Y. Vardi , Andrew Wells Abstract : The innovations in reactive synthesis from {\em Linear Temporal Logics over finite traces} (LTLf) will be amplified by the ability to verify the correctness of the strategies generated by LTLf synthesis tools. This motivates our work on {\em LTLf model checking}. LTLf model checking, however, is not straightforward. The strategies generated by LTLf synthesis may be represented using {\em terminati… ▽ More The innovations in reactive synthesis from {\em Linear Temporal Logics over finite traces} (LTLf) will be amplified by the ability to verify the correctness of the strategies generated by LTLf synthesis tools. This motivates our work on {\em LTLf model checking}. LTLf model checking, however, is not straightforward. The strategies generated by LTLf synthesis may be represented using {\em terminating} transducers or {\em non-terminating} transducers where executions are of finite-but-unbounded length or infinite length, respectively. For synthesis, there is no evidence that one type of transducer is better than the other since they both demonstrate the same complexity and similar algorithms. In this work, we show that for model checking, the two types of transducers are fundamentally different. Our central result is that LTLf model checking of non-terminating transducers is \emph{exponentially harder} than that of terminating transducers. We show that the problems are EXPSPACE-complete and PSPACE-complete, respectively. Hence, considering the feasibility of verification, LTLf synthesis tools should synthesize terminating transducers. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the \emph{first} evidence to use one transducer over the other in LTLf synthesis. △ Less Submitted 30 July, 2023; v1 submitted 14 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023. Comments: Accepted by ATVA 23 arXiv:2305.08319 [ pdf , ps , other ] Model Checking Strategies from Synthesis Over Finite Traces Authors: Suguman Bansal , Yong Li , Lucas Martinelli Tabajara , Moshe Y. Vardi , Andrew Wells Abstract : The innovations in reactive synthesis from {\em Linear Temporal Logics over finite traces} (LTLf) will be amplified by the ability to verify the correctness of the strategies generated by LTLf synthesis tools. This motivates our work on {\em LTLf model checking}. LTLf model checking, however, is not straightforward. The strategies generated by LTLf synthesis may be represented using {\em terminati… ▽ More The innovations in reactive synthesis from {\em Linear Temporal Logics over finite traces} (LTLf) will be amplified by the ability to verify the correctness of the strategies generated by LTLf synthesis tools. This motivates our work on {\em LTLf model checking}. LTLf model checking, however, is not straightforward. The strategies generated by LTLf synthesis may be represented using {\em terminating} transducers or {\em non-terminating} transducers where executions are of finite-but-unbounded length or infinite length, respectively. For synthesis, there is no evidence that one type of transducer is better than the other since they both demonstrate the same complexity and similar algorithms. In this work, we show that for model checking, the two types of transducers are fundamentally different. Our central result is that LTLf model checking of non-terminating transducers is \emph{exponentially harder} than that of terminating transducers. We show that the problems are EXPSPACE-complete and PSPACE-complete, respectively. Hence, considering the feasibility of verification, LTLf synthesis tools should synthesize terminating transducers. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the \emph{first} evidence to use one transducer over the other in LTLf synthesis. △ Less Submitted 30 July, 2023; v1 submitted 14 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023. Comments: Accepted by ATVA 23 arXiv:2305.00953 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.GT cs.FL Multi-Agent Systems with Quantitative Satisficing Goals Authors: Senthil Rajasekaran , Suguman Bansal , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : In the study of reactive systems, qualitative properties are usually easier to model and analyze than quantitative properties. This is especially true in systems where mutually beneficial cooperation between agents is possible, such as multi-agent systems. The large number of possible payoffs available to agents in reactive systems with quantitative properties means that there are many scenarios i… ▽ More In the study of reactive systems, qualitative properties are usually easier to model and analyze than quantitative properties. This is especially true in systems where mutually beneficial cooperation between agents is possible, such as multi-agent systems. The large number of possible payoffs available to agents in reactive systems with quantitative properties means that there are many scenarios in which agents deviate from mutually beneficial outcomes in order to gain negligible payoff improvements. This behavior often leads to less desirable outcomes for all agents involved. For this reason we study satisficing goals, derived from a decision-making approach aimed at meeting a good-enough outcome instead of pure optimization. By considering satisficing goals, we are able to employ efficient automata-based algorithms to find pure-strategy Nash equilibria. We then show that these algorithms extend to scenarios in which agents have multiple thresholds, providing an approximation of optimization while still retaining the possibility of mutually beneficial cooperation and efficient automata-based algorithms. Finally, we demonstrate a one-way correspondence between the existence of $ε$-equilibria and the existence of equilibria in games where agents have multiple thresholds. △ Less Submitted 17 May, 2023; v1 submitted 1 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023. Comments: Preliminary version of the technical report for a paper to appear in IJCAI'23 arXiv:2305.00953 [ pdf , ps , other ] Multi-Agent Systems with Quantitative Satisficing Goals Authors: Senthil Rajasekaran , Suguman Bansal , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : In the study of reactive systems, qualitative properties are usually easier to model and analyze than quantitative properties. This is especially true in systems where mutually beneficial cooperation between agents is possible, such as multi-agent systems. The large number of possible payoffs available to agents in reactive systems with quantitative properties means that there are many scenarios i… ▽ More In the study of reactive systems, qualitative properties are usually easier to model and analyze than quantitative properties. This is especially true in systems where mutually beneficial cooperation between agents is possible, such as multi-agent systems. The large number of possible payoffs available to agents in reactive systems with quantitative properties means that there are many scenarios in which agents deviate from mutually beneficial outcomes in order to gain negligible payoff improvements. This behavior often leads to less desirable outcomes for all agents involved. For this reason we study satisficing goals, derived from a decision-making approach aimed at meeting a good-enough outcome instead of pure optimization. By considering satisficing goals, we are able to employ efficient automata-based algorithms to find pure-strategy Nash equilibria. We then show that these algorithms extend to scenarios in which agents have multiple thresholds, providing an approximation of optimization while still retaining the possibility of mutually beneficial cooperation and efficient automata-based algorithms. Finally, we demonstrate a one-way correspondence between the existence of $ε$-equilibria and the existence of equilibria in games where agents have multiple thresholds. △ Less Submitted 17 May, 2023; v1 submitted 1 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023. Comments: Preliminary version of the technical report for a paper to appear in IJCAI'23 arXiv:2301.09833 [ pdf , other ] cs.AI cs.LO math.CO quant-ph Solving Quantum-Inspired Perfect Matching Problems via Tutte's Theorem-Based Hybrid Boolean Constraints Authors: Moshe Y. Vardi , Zhiwei Zhang Abstract : Determining the satisfiability of Boolean constraint-satisfaction problems with different types of constraints, that is hybrid constraints, is a well-studied problem with important applications. We study here a new application of hybrid Boolean constraints, which arises in quantum computing. The problem relates to constrained perfect matching in edge-colored graphs. While general-purpose hybrid co… ▽ More Determining the satisfiability of Boolean constraint-satisfaction problems with different types of constraints, that is hybrid constraints, is a well-studied problem with important applications. We study here a new application of hybrid Boolean constraints, which arises in quantum computing. The problem relates to constrained perfect matching in edge-colored graphs. While general-purpose hybrid constraint solvers can be powerful, we show that direct encodings of the constrained-matching problem as hybrid constraints scale poorly and special techniques are still needed. We propose a novel encoding based on Tutte's Theorem in graph theory as well as optimization techniques. Empirical results demonstrate that our encoding, in suitable languages with advanced SAT solvers, scales significantly better than a number of competing approaches on constrained-matching benchmarks. Our study identifies the necessity of designing problem-specific encodings when applying powerful general-purpose constraint solvers. △ Less Submitted 17 May, 2023; v1 submitted 24 January, 2023; originally announced January 2023. Comments: Accepted by IJCAI'23 arXiv:2301.09833 [ pdf , other ] Solving Quantum-Inspired Perfect Matching Problems via Tutte's Theorem-Based Hybrid Boolean Constraints Authors: Moshe Y. Vardi , Zhiwei Zhang Abstract : Determining the satisfiability of Boolean constraint-satisfaction problems with different types of constraints, that is hybrid constraints, is a well-studied problem with important applications. We study here a new application of hybrid Boolean constraints, which arises in quantum computing. The problem relates to constrained perfect matching in edge-colored graphs. While general-purpose hybrid co… ▽ More Determining the satisfiability of Boolean constraint-satisfaction problems with different types of constraints, that is hybrid constraints, is a well-studied problem with important applications. We study here a new application of hybrid Boolean constraints, which arises in quantum computing. The problem relates to constrained perfect matching in edge-colored graphs. While general-purpose hybrid constraint solvers can be powerful, we show that direct encodings of the constrained-matching problem as hybrid constraints scale poorly and special techniques are still needed. We propose a novel encoding based on Tutte's Theorem in graph theory as well as optimization techniques. Empirical results demonstrate that our encoding, in suitable languages with advanced SAT solvers, scales significantly better than a number of competing approaches on constrained-matching benchmarks. Our study identifies the necessity of designing problem-specific encodings when applying powerful general-purpose constraint solvers. △ Less Submitted 17 May, 2023; v1 submitted 24 January, 2023; originally announced January 2023. Comments: Accepted by IJCAI'23 arXiv:2209.13063 [ pdf , other ] cs.CC cs.DS math-ph math.CO quant-ph Quantum-Inspired Perfect Matching under Vertex-Color Constraints Authors: Moshe Y. Vardi , Zhiwei Zhang Abstract : We propose and study the graph-theoretical problem EXISTS-PMVC: the existence of perfect matching under vertex-color constraints on graphs with bi-colored edges. EXISTS-PMVC is of special interest because of its motivation from quantum-state identification and quantum-experiment design, as well as its rich expressiveness, i.e., EXISTS-PMVC naturally subsumes important constrained matching problems… ▽ More We propose and study the graph-theoretical problem EXISTS-PMVC: the existence of perfect matching under vertex-color constraints on graphs with bi-colored edges. EXISTS-PMVC is of special interest because of its motivation from quantum-state identification and quantum-experiment design, as well as its rich expressiveness, i.e., EXISTS-PMVC naturally subsumes important constrained matching problems, such as exact perfect matching. We give complexity and algorithmic results for EXISTS-PMVC under two types of vertex color constraints: (1) decision-diagram constraints (EXISTS-PMVC-DD) and (2) symmetric constraints (EXISTS-PMVC-Sym). For EXISTS-PMVC-DD, we reveal its NP-hardness by a graph-gadget technique. We prove that EXISTS-PMVC-Sym with a bounded number of colors (EXISTS-PMVC-Sym-Bounded) is polynomially equivalent with Exact Perfect Matching (XPM), which implies that EXISTS-PMVC-Sym-Bounded is in RNC on general graphs and PTIME on planar graphs. Directly applying algorithms for XPM to solve EXISTS-PMVC-Sym-Bounded is, however, impractical. We propose algorithms that natively handle EXISTS-PMVC-Sym-Bounded with considerably better complexity. Our novel results for EXISTS-PMVC provide insights into both constrained matching and scalable quantum experiment design. △ Less Submitted 29 April, 2023; v1 submitted 26 September, 2022; originally announced September 2022. Comments: 13 pages excluding appendix and reference. 4 figures arXiv:2209.13063 [ pdf , other ] Quantum-Inspired Perfect Matching under Vertex-Color Constraints Authors: Moshe Y. Vardi , Zhiwei Zhang Abstract : We propose and study the graph-theoretical problem EXISTS-PMVC: the existence of perfect matching under vertex-color constraints on graphs with bi-colored edges. EXISTS-PMVC is of special interest because of its motivation from quantum-state identification and quantum-experiment design, as well as its rich expressiveness, i.e., EXISTS-PMVC naturally subsumes important constrained matching problems… ▽ More We propose and study the graph-theoretical problem EXISTS-PMVC: the existence of perfect matching under vertex-color constraints on graphs with bi-colored edges. EXISTS-PMVC is of special interest because of its motivation from quantum-state identification and quantum-experiment design, as well as its rich expressiveness, i.e., EXISTS-PMVC naturally subsumes important constrained matching problems, such as exact perfect matching. We give complexity and algorithmic results for EXISTS-PMVC under two types of vertex color constraints: (1) decision-diagram constraints (EXISTS-PMVC-DD) and (2) symmetric constraints (EXISTS-PMVC-Sym). For EXISTS-PMVC-DD, we reveal its NP-hardness by a graph-gadget technique. We prove that EXISTS-PMVC-Sym with a bounded number of colors (EXISTS-PMVC-Sym-Bounded) is polynomially equivalent with Exact Perfect Matching (XPM), which implies that EXISTS-PMVC-Sym-Bounded is in RNC on general graphs and PTIME on planar graphs. Directly applying algorithms for XPM to solve EXISTS-PMVC-Sym-Bounded is, however, impractical. We propose algorithms that natively handle EXISTS-PMVC-Sym-Bounded with considerably better complexity. Our novel results for EXISTS-PMVC provide insights into both constrained matching and scalable quantum experiment design. △ Less Submitted 29 April, 2023; v1 submitted 26 September, 2022; originally announced September 2022. Comments: 13 pages excluding appendix and reference. 4 figures arXiv:2206.13739 [ pdf , other ] cs.FL Divide-and-Conquer Determinization of Büchi Automata based on SCC Decomposition Authors: Yong Li , Andrea Turrini , Weizhi Feng , Moshe Y. Vardi , Lijun Zhang Abstract : The determinization of a nondeterministic Büchi automaton (NBA) is a fundamental construction of automata theory, with applications to probabilistic verification and reactive synthesis. The standard determinization constructions, such as the ones based on the Safra-Piterman's approach, work on the whole NBA. In this work we propose a divide-and-conquer determinization approach. To this end, we fir… ▽ More The determinization of a nondeterministic Büchi automaton (NBA) is a fundamental construction of automata theory, with applications to probabilistic verification and reactive synthesis. The standard determinization constructions, such as the ones based on the Safra-Piterman's approach, work on the whole NBA. In this work we propose a divide-and-conquer determinization approach. To this end, we first classify the strongly connected components (SCCs) of the given NBA as inherently weak, deterministic accepting, and nondeterministic accepting. We then present how to determinize each type of SCC independently from the others; this results in an easier handling of the determinization algorithm that takes advantage of the structure of that SCC. Once all SCCs have been determinized, we show how to compose them so to obtain the final equivalent deterministic Emerson-Lei automaton, which can be converted into a deterministic Rabin automaton without blow-up of states and transitions. We implement our algorithm in a our tool COLA and empirically evaluate COLA with the state-of-the-art tools Spot and OWL on a large set of benchmarks from the literature. The experimental results show that our prototype COLA outperforms Spot and OWL regarding the number of states and transitions. △ Less Submitted 27 June, 2022; originally announced June 2022. Comments: This is an extended version of our CAV'22 paper ACM Class: F.4.3 arXiv:2206.13739 [ pdf , other ] Divide-and-Conquer Determinization of Büchi Automata based on SCC Decomposition Authors: Yong Li , Andrea Turrini , Weizhi Feng , Moshe Y. Vardi , Lijun Zhang Abstract : The determinization of a nondeterministic Büchi automaton (NBA) is a fundamental construction of automata theory, with applications to probabilistic verification and reactive synthesis. The standard determinization constructions, such as the ones based on the Safra-Piterman's approach, work on the whole NBA. In this work we propose a divide-and-conquer determinization approach. To this end, we fir… ▽ More The determinization of a nondeterministic Büchi automaton (NBA) is a fundamental construction of automata theory, with applications to probabilistic verification and reactive synthesis. The standard determinization constructions, such as the ones based on the Safra-Piterman's approach, work on the whole NBA. In this work we propose a divide-and-conquer determinization approach. To this end, we first classify the strongly connected components (SCCs) of the given NBA as inherently weak, deterministic accepting, and nondeterministic accepting. We then present how to determinize each type of SCC independently from the others; this results in an easier handling of the determinization algorithm that takes advantage of the structure of that SCC. Once all SCCs have been determinized, we show how to compose them so to obtain the final equivalent deterministic Emerson-Lei automaton, which can be converted into a deterministic Rabin automaton without blow-up of states and transitions. We implement our algorithm in a our tool COLA and empirically evaluate COLA with the state-of-the-art tools Spot and OWL on a large set of benchmarks from the literature. The experimental results show that our prototype COLA outperforms Spot and OWL regarding the number of states and transitions. △ Less Submitted 27 June, 2022; originally announced June 2022. Comments: This is an extended version of our CAV'22 paper ACM Class: F.4.3 arXiv:2205.10464 [ pdf , other ] cs.AI cs.LO cs.RO Synthesis from Satisficing and Temporal Goals Authors: Suguman Bansal , Lydia Kavraki , Moshe Y. Vardi , Andrew Wells Abstract : Reactive synthesis from high-level specifications that combine hard constraints expressed in Linear Temporal Logic LTL with soft constraints expressed by discounted-sum (DS) rewards has applications in planning and reinforcement learning. An existing approach combines techniques from LTL synthesis with optimization for the DS rewards but has failed to yield a sound algorithm. An alternative approa… ▽ More Reactive synthesis from high-level specifications that combine hard constraints expressed in Linear Temporal Logic LTL with soft constraints expressed by discounted-sum (DS) rewards has applications in planning and reinforcement learning. An existing approach combines techniques from LTL synthesis with optimization for the DS rewards but has failed to yield a sound algorithm. An alternative approach combining LTL synthesis with satisficing DS rewards (rewards that achieve a threshold) is sound and complete for integer discount factors, but, in practice, a fractional discount factor is desired. This work extends the existing satisficing approach, presenting the first sound algorithm for synthesis from LTL and DS rewards with fractional discount factors. The utility of our algorithm is demonstrated on robotic planning domains. △ Less Submitted 20 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022. arXiv:2205.10464 [ pdf , other ] Synthesis from Satisficing and Temporal Goals Authors: Suguman Bansal , Lydia Kavraki , Moshe Y. Vardi , Andrew Wells Abstract : Reactive synthesis from high-level specifications that combine hard constraints expressed in Linear Temporal Logic LTL with soft constraints expressed by discounted-sum (DS) rewards has applications in planning and reinforcement learning. An existing approach combines techniques from LTL synthesis with optimization for the DS rewards but has failed to yield a sound algorithm. An alternative approa… ▽ More Reactive synthesis from high-level specifications that combine hard constraints expressed in Linear Temporal Logic LTL with soft constraints expressed by discounted-sum (DS) rewards has applications in planning and reinforcement learning. An existing approach combines techniques from LTL synthesis with optimization for the DS rewards but has failed to yield a sound algorithm. An alternative approach combining LTL synthesis with satisficing DS rewards (rewards that achieve a threshold) is sound and complete for integer discount factors, but, in practice, a fractional discount factor is desired. This work extends the existing satisficing approach, presenting the first sound algorithm for synthesis from LTL and DS rewards with fractional discount factors. The utility of our algorithm is demonstrated on robotic planning domains. △ Less Submitted 20 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022. arXiv:2205.09826 [ pdf , other ] cs.LO cs.AI cs.DS DPER: Dynamic Programming for Exist-Random Stochastic SAT Authors: Vu H. N. Phan , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : In Bayesian inference, the maximum a posteriori (MAP) problem combines the most probable explanation (MPE) and marginalization (MAR) problems. The counterpart in propositional logic is the exist-random stochastic satisfiability (ER-SSAT) problem, which combines the satisfiability (SAT) and weighted model counting (WMC) problems. Both MAP and ER-SSAT have the form… ▽ More In Bayesian inference, the maximum a posteriori (MAP) problem combines the most probable explanation (MPE) and marginalization (MAR) problems. The counterpart in propositional logic is the exist-random stochastic satisfiability (ER-SSAT) problem, which combines the satisfiability (SAT) and weighted model counting (WMC) problems. Both MAP and ER-SSAT have the form $\operatorname{argmax}_X \sum_Y f(X, Y)$, where $f$ is a real-valued function over disjoint sets $X$ and $Y$ of variables. These two optimization problems request a value assignment for the $X$ variables that maximizes the weighted sum of $f(X, Y)$ over all value assignments for the $Y$ variables. ER-SSAT has been shown to be a promising approach to formally verify fairness in supervised learning. Recently, dynamic programming on graded project-join trees has been proposed to solve weighted projected model counting (WPMC), a related problem that has the form $\sum_X \max_Y f(X, Y)$. We extend this WPMC framework to exactly solve ER-SSAT and implement a dynamic-programming solver named DPER. Our empirical evaluation indicates that DPER contributes to the portfolio of state-of-the-art ER-SSAT solvers (DC-SSAT and erSSAT) through competitive performance on low-width problem instances. △ Less Submitted 19 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022. Comments: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2205.08632 arXiv:2205.09826 [ pdf , other ] DPER: Dynamic Programming for Exist-Random Stochastic SAT Authors: Vu H. N. Phan , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : In Bayesian inference, the maximum a posteriori (MAP) problem combines the most probable explanation (MPE) and marginalization (MAR) problems. The counterpart in propositional logic is the exist-random stochastic satisfiability (ER-SSAT) problem, which combines the satisfiability (SAT) and weighted model counting (WMC) problems. Both MAP and ER-SSAT have the form… ▽ More In Bayesian inference, the maximum a posteriori (MAP) problem combines the most probable explanation (MPE) and marginalization (MAR) problems. The counterpart in propositional logic is the exist-random stochastic satisfiability (ER-SSAT) problem, which combines the satisfiability (SAT) and weighted model counting (WMC) problems. Both MAP and ER-SSAT have the form $\operatorname{argmax}_X \sum_Y f(X, Y)$, where $f$ is a real-valued function over disjoint sets $X$ and $Y$ of variables. These two optimization problems request a value assignment for the $X$ variables that maximizes the weighted sum of $f(X, Y)$ over all value assignments for the $Y$ variables. ER-SSAT has been shown to be a promising approach to formally verify fairness in supervised learning. Recently, dynamic programming on graded project-join trees has been proposed to solve weighted projected model counting (WPMC), a related problem that has the form $\sum_X \max_Y f(X, Y)$. We extend this WPMC framework to exactly solve ER-SSAT and implement a dynamic-programming solver named DPER. Our empirical evaluation indicates that DPER contributes to the portfolio of state-of-the-art ER-SSAT solvers (DC-SSAT and erSSAT) through competitive performance on low-width problem instances. △ Less Submitted 19 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022. Comments: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2205.08632 arXiv:2205.08632 [ pdf , other ] cs.LO cs.AI cs.DS DPO: Dynamic-Programming Optimization on Hybrid Constraints Authors: Vu H. N. Phan , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : In Bayesian inference, the most probable explanation (MPE) problem requests a variable instantiation with the highest probability given some evidence. Since a Bayesian network can be encoded as a literal-weighted CNF formula $\varphi$, we study Boolean MPE, a more general problem that requests a model $τ$ of $\varphi$ with the highest weight, where the weight of $τ$ is the product of weights of li… ▽ More In Bayesian inference, the most probable explanation (MPE) problem requests a variable instantiation with the highest probability given some evidence. Since a Bayesian network can be encoded as a literal-weighted CNF formula $\varphi$, we study Boolean MPE, a more general problem that requests a model $τ$ of $\varphi$ with the highest weight, where the weight of $τ$ is the product of weights of literals satisfied by $τ$. It is known that Boolean MPE can be solved via reduction to (weighted partial) MaxSAT. Recent work proposed DPMC, a dynamic-programming model counter that leverages graph-decomposition techniques to construct project-join trees. A project-join tree is an execution plan that specifies how to conjoin clauses and project out variables. We build on DPMC and introduce DPO, a dynamic-programming optimizer that exactly solves Boolean MPE. By using algebraic decision diagrams (ADDs) to represent pseudo-Boolean (PB) functions, DPO is able to handle disjunctive clauses as well as XOR clauses. (Cardinality constraints and PB constraints may also be compactly represented by ADDs, so one can further extend DPO's support for hybrid inputs.) To test the competitiveness of DPO, we generate random XOR-CNF formulas. On these hybrid benchmarks, DPO significantly outperforms MaxHS, UWrMaxSat, and GaussMaxHS, which are state-of-the-art exact solvers for MaxSAT. △ Less Submitted 17 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022. arXiv:2205.08632 [ pdf , other ] DPO: Dynamic-Programming Optimization on Hybrid Constraints Authors: Vu H. N. Phan , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : In Bayesian inference, the most probable explanation (MPE) problem requests a variable instantiation with the highest probability given some evidence. Since a Bayesian network can be encoded as a literal-weighted CNF formula $\varphi$, we study Boolean MPE, a more general problem that requests a model $τ$ of $\varphi$ with the highest weight, where the weight of $τ$ is the product of weights of li… ▽ More In Bayesian inference, the most probable explanation (MPE) problem requests a variable instantiation with the highest probability given some evidence. Since a Bayesian network can be encoded as a literal-weighted CNF formula $\varphi$, we study Boolean MPE, a more general problem that requests a model $τ$ of $\varphi$ with the highest weight, where the weight of $τ$ is the product of weights of literals satisfied by $τ$. It is known that Boolean MPE can be solved via reduction to (weighted partial) MaxSAT. Recent work proposed DPMC, a dynamic-programming model counter that leverages graph-decomposition techniques to construct project-join trees. A project-join tree is an execution plan that specifies how to conjoin clauses and project out variables. We build on DPMC and introduce DPO, a dynamic-programming optimizer that exactly solves Boolean MPE. By using algebraic decision diagrams (ADDs) to represent pseudo-Boolean (PB) functions, DPO is able to handle disjunctive clauses as well as XOR clauses. (Cardinality constraints and PB constraints may also be compactly represented by ADDs, so one can further extend DPO's support for hybrid inputs.) To test the competitiveness of DPO, we generate random XOR-CNF formulas. On these hybrid benchmarks, DPO significantly outperforms MaxHS, UWrMaxSat, and GaussMaxHS, which are state-of-the-art exact solvers for MaxSAT. △ Less Submitted 17 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022. arXiv:2205.03747 [ pdf , other ] cs.AI cs.LO math.OC DPMS: An ADD-Based Symbolic Approach for Generalized MaxSAT Solving Authors: Anastasios Kyrillidis , Moshe Y. Vardi , Zhiwei Zhang Abstract : Boolean MaxSAT, as well as generalized formulations such as Min-MaxSAT and Max-hybrid-SAT, are fundamental optimization problems in Boolean reasoning. Existing methods for MaxSAT have been successful in solving benchmarks in CNF format. They lack, however, the ability to handle 1) (non-CNF) hybrid constraints, such as XORs and 2) generalized MaxSAT problems natively. To address this issue, we prop… ▽ More Boolean MaxSAT, as well as generalized formulations such as Min-MaxSAT and Max-hybrid-SAT, are fundamental optimization problems in Boolean reasoning. Existing methods for MaxSAT have been successful in solving benchmarks in CNF format. They lack, however, the ability to handle 1) (non-CNF) hybrid constraints, such as XORs and 2) generalized MaxSAT problems natively. To address this issue, we propose a novel dynamic-programming approach for solving generalized MaxSAT problems with hybrid constraints -- called \emph{Dynamic-Programming-MaxSAT} or DPMS for short -- based on Algebraic Decision Diagrams (ADDs). With the power of ADDs and the (graded) project-join-tree builder, our versatile framework admits many generalizations of CNF-MaxSAT, such as MaxSAT, Min-MaxSAT, and MinSAT with hybrid constraints. Moreover, DPMS scales provably well on instances with low width. Empirical results indicate that DPMS is able to solve certain problems quickly, where other algorithms based on various techniques all fail. Hence, DPMS is a promising framework and opens a new line of research that invites more investigation in the future. △ Less Submitted 6 May, 2023; v1 submitted 7 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022. arXiv:2205.03747 [ pdf , other ] DPMS: An ADD-Based Symbolic Approach for Generalized MaxSAT Solving Authors: Anastasios Kyrillidis , Moshe Y. Vardi , Zhiwei Zhang Abstract : Boolean MaxSAT, as well as generalized formulations such as Min-MaxSAT and Max-hybrid-SAT, are fundamental optimization problems in Boolean reasoning. Existing methods for MaxSAT have been successful in solving benchmarks in CNF format. They lack, however, the ability to handle 1) (non-CNF) hybrid constraints, such as XORs and 2) generalized MaxSAT problems natively. To address this issue, we prop… ▽ More Boolean MaxSAT, as well as generalized formulations such as Min-MaxSAT and Max-hybrid-SAT, are fundamental optimization problems in Boolean reasoning. Existing methods for MaxSAT have been successful in solving benchmarks in CNF format. They lack, however, the ability to handle 1) (non-CNF) hybrid constraints, such as XORs and 2) generalized MaxSAT problems natively. To address this issue, we propose a novel dynamic-programming approach for solving generalized MaxSAT problems with hybrid constraints -- called \emph{Dynamic-Programming-MaxSAT} or DPMS for short -- based on Algebraic Decision Diagrams (ADDs). With the power of ADDs and the (graded) project-join-tree builder, our versatile framework admits many generalizations of CNF-MaxSAT, such as MaxSAT, Min-MaxSAT, and MinSAT with hybrid constraints. Moreover, DPMS scales provably well on instances with low width. Empirical results indicate that DPMS is able to solve certain problems quickly, where other algorithms based on various techniques all fail. Hence, DPMS is a promising framework and opens a new line of research that invites more investigation in the future. △ Less Submitted 6 May, 2023; v1 submitted 7 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022. arXiv:2205.01029 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.GT cs.LO Verification and Realizability in Finite-Horizon Multiagent Systems Authors: Senthil Rajasekaran , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : The problems of \emph{verification} and \emph{realizability} are two central themes in the analysis of reactive systems. When multiagent systems are considered, these problems have natural analogues of existence (nonemptiness) of pure-strategy Nash equilibria and verification of pure-strategy Nash equilibria. Recently, this body of work has begun to include finite-horizon temporal goals. With fini… ▽ More The problems of \emph{verification} and \emph{realizability} are two central themes in the analysis of reactive systems. When multiagent systems are considered, these problems have natural analogues of existence (nonemptiness) of pure-strategy Nash equilibria and verification of pure-strategy Nash equilibria. Recently, this body of work has begun to include finite-horizon temporal goals. With finite-horizon temporal goals, there is a natural hierarchy of goal representation, ranging from deterministic finite automata (DFA), to nondeterministic finite automata (NFA), and to alternating finite automata (AFA), with a worst-case exponential gap between each successive representation. Previous works showed that the realizability problem with DFA goals was PSPACE-complete, while the realizability problem with temporal logic goals is in 2EXPTIME. In this work, we study both the realizability and the verification problems with respect to various goal representations. We first show that the realizability problem with NFA goals is EXPTIME-complete and with AFA goals is 2EXPTIME-complete, thus establishing strict complexity gaps between realizability with respect to DFA, NFA, and AFA goals. We then contrast these complexity gaps with the complexity of the verification problem, where we show that verification with respect to DFAs, NFA, and AFA goals is PSPACE-complete. △ Less Submitted 2 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022. Comments: Technical report for a KR 2022 paper arXiv:2205.01029 [ pdf , ps , other ] Verification and Realizability in Finite-Horizon Multiagent Systems Authors: Senthil Rajasekaran , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : The problems of \emph{verification} and \emph{realizability} are two central themes in the analysis of reactive systems. When multiagent systems are considered, these problems have natural analogues of existence (nonemptiness) of pure-strategy Nash equilibria and verification of pure-strategy Nash equilibria. Recently, this body of work has begun to include finite-horizon temporal goals. With fini… ▽ More The problems of \emph{verification} and \emph{realizability} are two central themes in the analysis of reactive systems. When multiagent systems are considered, these problems have natural analogues of existence (nonemptiness) of pure-strategy Nash equilibria and verification of pure-strategy Nash equilibria. Recently, this body of work has begun to include finite-horizon temporal goals. With finite-horizon temporal goals, there is a natural hierarchy of goal representation, ranging from deterministic finite automata (DFA), to nondeterministic finite automata (NFA), and to alternating finite automata (AFA), with a worst-case exponential gap between each successive representation. Previous works showed that the realizability problem with DFA goals was PSPACE-complete, while the realizability problem with temporal logic goals is in 2EXPTIME. In this work, we study both the realizability and the verification problems with respect to various goal representations. We first show that the realizability problem with NFA goals is EXPTIME-complete and with AFA goals is 2EXPTIME-complete, thus establishing strict complexity gaps between realizability with respect to DFA, NFA, and AFA goals. We then contrast these complexity gaps with the complexity of the verification problem, where we show that verification with respect to DFAs, NFA, and AFA goals is PSPACE-complete. △ Less Submitted 2 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022. Comments: Technical report for a KR 2022 paper arXiv:2109.12828 [ pdf , other ] cs.FL On the Power of Finite Ambiguity in Büchi Complementation Authors: Weizhi Feng , Yong Li , Andrea Turrini , Moshe Y. Vardi , Lijun Zhang Abstract : In this work, we exploit the power of \emph{finite ambiguity} for the complementation problem of Büchi automata by using reduced run directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) over infinite words, in which each vertex has at most one predecessor; these reduced run DAGs have only a finite number of infinite runs, thus obtaining the finite ambiguity in Büchi complementation. We show how to use this type of redu… ▽ More In this work, we exploit the power of \emph{finite ambiguity} for the complementation problem of Büchi automata by using reduced run directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) over infinite words, in which each vertex has at most one predecessor; these reduced run DAGs have only a finite number of infinite runs, thus obtaining the finite ambiguity in Büchi complementation. We show how to use this type of reduced run DAGs as a unified tool to optimize both rank-based and slice-based complementation constructions for Büchi automata with a finite degree of ambiguity. As a result, given a Büchi automaton with $n$ states and a finite degree of ambiguity, the number of states in the complementary Büchi automaton constructed by the classical rank-based and slice-based complementation constructions can be improved from $2^{\mathsf{O}(n \log n)}$ and $\mathsf{O}((3n)^{n})$ to $\mathsf{O}(6^{n}) \subseteq 2^{\mathsf{O}(n)}$ and $\mathsf{O}(4^{n})$, respectively. We further show how to construct such reduced run DAGs for limit deterministic Büchi automata and obtain a specialized complementation algorithm, thus demonstrating the generality of the power of finite ambiguity. △ Less Submitted 2 March, 2023; v1 submitted 27 September, 2021; originally announced September 2021. arXiv:2109.12828 [ pdf , other ] On the Power of Finite Ambiguity in Büchi Complementation Authors: Weizhi Feng , Yong Li , Andrea Turrini , Moshe Y. Vardi , Lijun Zhang Abstract : In this work, we exploit the power of \emph{finite ambiguity} for the complementation problem of Büchi automata by using reduced run directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) over infinite words, in which each vertex has at most one predecessor; these reduced run DAGs have only a finite number of infinite runs, thus obtaining the finite ambiguity in Büchi complementation. We show how to use this type of redu… ▽ More In this work, we exploit the power of \emph{finite ambiguity} for the complementation problem of Büchi automata by using reduced run directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) over infinite words, in which each vertex has at most one predecessor; these reduced run DAGs have only a finite number of infinite runs, thus obtaining the finite ambiguity in Büchi complementation. We show how to use this type of reduced run DAGs as a unified tool to optimize both rank-based and slice-based complementation constructions for Büchi automata with a finite degree of ambiguity. As a result, given a Büchi automaton with $n$ states and a finite degree of ambiguity, the number of states in the complementary Büchi automaton constructed by the classical rank-based and slice-based complementation constructions can be improved from $2^{\mathsf{O}(n \log n)}$ and $\mathsf{O}((3n)^{n})$ to $\mathsf{O}(6^{n}) \subseteq 2^{\mathsf{O}(n)}$ and $\mathsf{O}(4^{n})$, respectively. We further show how to construct such reduced run DAGs for limit deterministic Büchi automata and obtain a specialized complementation algorithm, thus demonstrating the generality of the power of finite ambiguity. △ Less Submitted 2 March, 2023; v1 submitted 27 September, 2021; originally announced September 2021. arXiv:2108.12003 [ pdf , other ] cs.LO doi 10.46298/lmcs-21(3:2)2025 Automata Linear Dynamic Logic on Finite Traces Authors: Kevin W. Smith , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : Temporal logics are widely used by the Formal Methods and AI communities. Linear Temporal Logic is a popular temporal logic and is valued for its ease of use as well as its balance between expressiveness and complexity. LTL is equivalent in expressiveness to Monadic First-Order Logic and satisfiability for LTL is PSPACE-complete. Linear Dynamic Logic (LDL), another temporal logic, is equivalent to… ▽ More Temporal logics are widely used by the Formal Methods and AI communities. Linear Temporal Logic is a popular temporal logic and is valued for its ease of use as well as its balance between expressiveness and complexity. LTL is equivalent in expressiveness to Monadic First-Order Logic and satisfiability for LTL is PSPACE-complete. Linear Dynamic Logic (LDL), another temporal logic, is equivalent to Monadic Second-Order Logic, but its method of satisfiability checking cannot be applied to a nontrivial subset of LDL formulas. Here we introduce Automata Linear Dynamic Logic on Finite Traces (ALDL_f) and show that satisfiability for ALDL_f formulas is in PSPACE. A variant of Linear Dynamic Logic on Finite Traces (LDL_f), ALDL_f combines propositional logic with nondeterministic finite automata (NFA) to express temporal constraints. ALDL$_f$ is equivalent in expressiveness to Monadic Second-Order Logic. This is a gain in expressiveness over LTL at no cost. △ Less Submitted 10 July, 2025; v1 submitted 26 August, 2021; originally announced August 2021. Journal ref: Logical Methods in Computer Science, Volume 21, Issue 3 (July 9, 2025) lmcs:11729 arXiv:2108.12003 [ pdf , other ] Automata Linear Dynamic Logic on Finite Traces Authors: Kevin W. Smith , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : Temporal logics are widely used by the Formal Methods and AI communities. Linear Temporal Logic is a popular temporal logic and is valued for its ease of use as well as its balance between expressiveness and complexity. LTL is equivalent in expressiveness to Monadic First-Order Logic and satisfiability for LTL is PSPACE-complete. Linear Dynamic Logic (LDL), another temporal logic, is equivalent to… ▽ More Temporal logics are widely used by the Formal Methods and AI communities. Linear Temporal Logic is a popular temporal logic and is valued for its ease of use as well as its balance between expressiveness and complexity. LTL is equivalent in expressiveness to Monadic First-Order Logic and satisfiability for LTL is PSPACE-complete. Linear Dynamic Logic (LDL), another temporal logic, is equivalent to Monadic Second-Order Logic, but its method of satisfiability checking cannot be applied to a nontrivial subset of LDL formulas. Here we introduce Automata Linear Dynamic Logic on Finite Traces (ALDL_f) and show that satisfiability for ALDL_f formulas is in PSPACE. A variant of Linear Dynamic Logic on Finite Traces (LDL_f), ALDL_f combines propositional logic with nondeterministic finite automata (NFA) to express temporal constraints. ALDL$_f$ is equivalent in expressiveness to Monadic Second-Order Logic. This is a gain in expressiveness over LTL at no cost. △ Less Submitted 10 July, 2025; v1 submitted 26 August, 2021; originally announced August 2021. Journal ref: Logical Methods in Computer Science, Volume 21, Issue 3 (July 9, 2025) lmcs:11729 arXiv:2105.13837 [ pdf , other ] cs.FL Adapting Behaviors via Reactive Synthesis Authors: Gal Amram , Suguman Bansal , Dror Fried , Lucas M. Tabajara , Moshe Y. Vardi , Gera Weiss Abstract : In the \emph{Adapter Design Pattern}, a programmer implements a \emph{Target} interface by constructing an \emph{Adapter} that accesses an existing \emph{Adaptee} code. In this work, we present a reactive synthesis interpretation to the adapter design pattern, wherein an algorithm takes an \emph{Adaptee} and a \emph{Target} transducers, and the aim is to synthesize an \emph{Adapter} transducer tha… ▽ More In the \emph{Adapter Design Pattern}, a programmer implements a \emph{Target} interface by constructing an \emph{Adapter} that accesses an existing \emph{Adaptee} code. In this work, we present a reactive synthesis interpretation to the adapter design pattern, wherein an algorithm takes an \emph{Adaptee} and a \emph{Target} transducers, and the aim is to synthesize an \emph{Adapter} transducer that, when composed with the {\em Adaptee}, generates a behavior that is equivalent to the behavior of the {\em Target}. One use of such an algorithm is to synthesize controllers that achieve similar goals on different hardware platforms. While this problem can be solved with existing synthesis algorithms, current state-of-the-art tools fail to scale. To cope with the computational complexity of the problem, we introduce a special form of specification format, called {\em Separated GR($k$)}, which can be solved with a scalable synthesis algorithm but still allows for a large set of realistic specifications. We solve the realizability and the synthesis problems for Separated GR($k$), and show how to exploit the separated nature of our specification to construct better algorithms, in terms of time complexity, than known algorithms for GR($k$) synthesis. We then describe a tool, called SGR($k$), that we have implemented based on the above approach and show, by experimental evaluation, how our tool outperforms current state-of-the-art tools on various benchmarks and test-cases. △ Less Submitted 28 May, 2021; originally announced May 2021. arXiv:2105.13837 [ pdf , other ] Adapting Behaviors via Reactive Synthesis Authors: Gal Amram , Suguman Bansal , Dror Fried , Lucas M. Tabajara , Moshe Y. Vardi , Gera Weiss Abstract : In the \emph{Adapter Design Pattern}, a programmer implements a \emph{Target} interface by constructing an \emph{Adapter} that accesses an existing \emph{Adaptee} code. In this work, we present a reactive synthesis interpretation to the adapter design pattern, wherein an algorithm takes an \emph{Adaptee} and a \emph{Target} transducers, and the aim is to synthesize an \emph{Adapter} transducer tha… ▽ More In the \emph{Adapter Design Pattern}, a programmer implements a \emph{Target} interface by constructing an \emph{Adapter} that accesses an existing \emph{Adaptee} code. In this work, we present a reactive synthesis interpretation to the adapter design pattern, wherein an algorithm takes an \emph{Adaptee} and a \emph{Target} transducers, and the aim is to synthesize an \emph{Adapter} transducer that, when composed with the {\em Adaptee}, generates a behavior that is equivalent to the behavior of the {\em Target}. One use of such an algorithm is to synthesize controllers that achieve similar goals on different hardware platforms. While this problem can be solved with existing synthesis algorithms, current state-of-the-art tools fail to scale. To cope with the computational complexity of the problem, we introduce a special form of specification format, called {\em Separated GR($k$)}, which can be solved with a scalable synthesis algorithm but still allows for a large set of realistic specifications. We solve the realizability and the synthesis problems for Separated GR($k$), and show how to exploit the separated nature of our specification to construct better algorithms, in terms of time complexity, than known algorithms for GR($k$) synthesis. We then describe a tool, called SGR($k$), that we have implemented based on the above approach and show, by experimental evaluation, how our tool outperforms current state-of-the-art tools on various benchmarks and test-cases. △ Less Submitted 28 May, 2021; originally announced May 2021. arXiv:2104.03555 [ pdf , other ] cs.FL Congruence Relations for Büchi Automata Authors: Yong Li , Yih-Kuen Tsay , Andrea Turrini , Moshe Y. Vardi , Lijun Zhang Abstract : We revisit here congruence relations for Büchi automata, which play a central role in the automata-based verification. The size of the classical congruence relation is in $3^{\mathcal{O}(n^2)}$, where $n$ is the number of states of a given Büchi automaton $\mathcal{A}$. Here we present improved congruence relations that can be exponentially coarser than the classical one. We further give asymptoti… ▽ More We revisit here congruence relations for Büchi automata, which play a central role in the automata-based verification. The size of the classical congruence relation is in $3^{\mathcal{O}(n^2)}$, where $n$ is the number of states of a given Büchi automaton $\mathcal{A}$. Here we present improved congruence relations that can be exponentially coarser than the classical one. We further give asymptotically optimal congruence relations of size $2^{\mathcal{O}(n \log n)}$. Based on these optimal congruence relations, we obtain an optimal translation from Büchi automata to a family of deterministic finite automata (FDFW) that accepts the complementary language. To the best of our knowledge, our construction is the first direct and optimal translation from Büchi automata to FDFWs. △ Less Submitted 10 May, 2021; v1 submitted 8 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021. ACM Class: F.4.3 arXiv:2104.03555 [ pdf , other ] Congruence Relations for Büchi Automata Authors: Yong Li , Yih-Kuen Tsay , Andrea Turrini , Moshe Y. Vardi , Lijun Zhang Abstract : We revisit here congruence relations for Büchi automata, which play a central role in the automata-based verification. The size of the classical congruence relation is in $3^{\mathcal{O}(n^2)}$, where $n$ is the number of states of a given Büchi automaton $\mathcal{A}$. Here we present improved congruence relations that can be exponentially coarser than the classical one. We further give asymptoti… ▽ More We revisit here congruence relations for Büchi automata, which play a central role in the automata-based verification. The size of the classical congruence relation is in $3^{\mathcal{O}(n^2)}$, where $n$ is the number of states of a given Büchi automaton $\mathcal{A}$. Here we present improved congruence relations that can be exponentially coarser than the classical one. We further give asymptotically optimal congruence relations of size $2^{\mathcal{O}(n \log n)}$. Based on these optimal congruence relations, we obtain an optimal translation from Büchi automata to a family of deterministic finite automata (FDFW) that accepts the complementary language. To the best of our knowledge, our construction is the first direct and optimal translation from Büchi automata to FDFWs. △ Less Submitted 10 May, 2021; v1 submitted 8 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021. ACM Class: F.4.3 arXiv:2101.02594 [ pdf , other ] cs.FL cs.AI On Satisficing in Quantitative Games Authors: Suguman Bansal , Krishnendu Chatterjee , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : Several problems in planning and reactive synthesis can be reduced to the analysis of two-player quantitative graph games. {\em Optimization} is one form of analysis. We argue that in many cases it may be better to replace the optimization problem with the {\em satisficing problem}, where instead of searching for optimal solutions, the goal is to search for solutions that adhere to a given thresho… ▽ More Several problems in planning and reactive synthesis can be reduced to the analysis of two-player quantitative graph games. {\em Optimization} is one form of analysis. We argue that in many cases it may be better to replace the optimization problem with the {\em satisficing problem}, where instead of searching for optimal solutions, the goal is to search for solutions that adhere to a given threshold bound. This work defines and investigates the satisficing problem on a two-player graph game with the discounted-sum cost model. We show that while the satisficing problem can be solved using numerical methods just like the optimization problem, this approach does not render compelling benefits over optimization. When the discount factor is, however, an integer, we present another approach to satisficing, which is purely based on automata methods. We show that this approach is algorithmically more performant -- both theoretically and empirically -- and demonstrates the broader applicability of satisficing overoptimization. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2021; originally announced January 2021. Comments: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2010.02055 arXiv:2101.02594 [ pdf , other ] On Satisficing in Quantitative Games Authors: Suguman Bansal , Krishnendu Chatterjee , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : Several problems in planning and reactive synthesis can be reduced to the analysis of two-player quantitative graph games. {\em Optimization} is one form of analysis. We argue that in many cases it may be better to replace the optimization problem with the {\em satisficing problem}, where instead of searching for optimal solutions, the goal is to search for solutions that adhere to a given thresho… ▽ More Several problems in planning and reactive synthesis can be reduced to the analysis of two-player quantitative graph games. {\em Optimization} is one form of analysis. We argue that in many cases it may be better to replace the optimization problem with the {\em satisficing problem}, where instead of searching for optimal solutions, the goal is to search for solutions that adhere to a given threshold bound. This work defines and investigates the satisficing problem on a two-player graph game with the discounted-sum cost model. We show that while the satisficing problem can be solved using numerical methods just like the optimization problem, this approach does not render compelling benefits over optimization. When the discount factor is, however, an integer, we present another approach to satisficing, which is purely based on automata methods. We show that this approach is algorithmically more performant -- both theoretically and empirically -- and demonstrates the broader applicability of satisficing overoptimization. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2021; originally announced January 2021. Comments: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2010.02055 arXiv:2101.00716 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.GT Nash Equilibria in Finite-Horizon Multiagent Concurrent Games Authors: Senthil Rajasekaran , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : The problem of finding pure strategy Nash equilibria in multiagent concurrent games with finite-horizon temporal goals has received some recent attention. Earlier work solved this problem through the use of Rabin automata. In this work, we take advantage of the finite-horizon nature of the agents' goals and show that checking for and finding pure strategy Nash equilibria can be done using a combin… ▽ More The problem of finding pure strategy Nash equilibria in multiagent concurrent games with finite-horizon temporal goals has received some recent attention. Earlier work solved this problem through the use of Rabin automata. In this work, we take advantage of the finite-horizon nature of the agents' goals and show that checking for and finding pure strategy Nash equilibria can be done using a combination of safety games and lasso testing in Büchi automata. To separate strategic reasoning from temporal reasoning, we model agents' goals by deterministic finite-word automata (DFAs), since finite-horizon logics such as LTL\textsubscript{f} and LDL\textsubscript{f} are reasoned about through conversion to equivalent DFAs. This allow us characterize the complexity of the problem as PSPACE complete. △ Less Submitted 2 May, 2022; v1 submitted 3 January, 2021; originally announced January 2021. Comments: Technical report for an AAMAS 2021 paper v2 - cleaned up typos, fixed some bugs arXiv:2101.00716 [ pdf , ps , other ] Nash Equilibria in Finite-Horizon Multiagent Concurrent Games Authors: Senthil Rajasekaran , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : The problem of finding pure strategy Nash equilibria in multiagent concurrent games with finite-horizon temporal goals has received some recent attention. Earlier work solved this problem through the use of Rabin automata. In this work, we take advantage of the finite-horizon nature of the agents' goals and show that checking for and finding pure strategy Nash equilibria can be done using a combin… ▽ More The problem of finding pure strategy Nash equilibria in multiagent concurrent games with finite-horizon temporal goals has received some recent attention. Earlier work solved this problem through the use of Rabin automata. In this work, we take advantage of the finite-horizon nature of the agents' goals and show that checking for and finding pure strategy Nash equilibria can be done using a combination of safety games and lasso testing in Büchi automata. To separate strategic reasoning from temporal reasoning, we model agents' goals by deterministic finite-word automata (DFAs), since finite-horizon logics such as LTL\textsubscript{f} and LDL\textsubscript{f} are reasoned about through conversion to equivalent DFAs. This allow us characterize the complexity of the problem as PSPACE complete. △ Less Submitted 2 May, 2022; v1 submitted 3 January, 2021; originally announced January 2021. Comments: Technical report for an AAMAS 2021 paper v2 - cleaned up typos, fixed some bugs arXiv:2012.07983 [ pdf , other ] cs.AI cs.IT cs.LG cs.LO math.OC On Continuous Local BDD-Based Search for Hybrid SAT Solving Authors: Anastasios Kyrillidis , Moshe Y. Vardi , Zhiwei Zhang Abstract : We explore the potential of continuous local search (CLS) in SAT solving by proposing a novel approach for finding a solution of a hybrid system of Boolean constraints. The algorithm is based on CLS combined with belief propagation on binary decision diagrams (BDDs). Our framework accepts all Boolean constraints that admit compact BDDs, including symmetric Boolean constraints and small-coefficient… ▽ More We explore the potential of continuous local search (CLS) in SAT solving by proposing a novel approach for finding a solution of a hybrid system of Boolean constraints. The algorithm is based on CLS combined with belief propagation on binary decision diagrams (BDDs). Our framework accepts all Boolean constraints that admit compact BDDs, including symmetric Boolean constraints and small-coefficient pseudo-Boolean constraints as interesting families. We propose a novel algorithm for efficiently computing the gradient needed by CLS. We study the capabilities and limitations of our versatile CLS solver, GradSAT, by applying it on many benchmark instances. The experimental results indicate that GradSAT can be a useful addition to the portfolio of existing SAT and MaxSAT solvers for solving Boolean satisfiability and optimization problems. △ Less Submitted 12 June, 2021; v1 submitted 14 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020. Comments: AAAI 21 arXiv:2012.07983 [ pdf , other ] On Continuous Local BDD-Based Search for Hybrid SAT Solving Authors: Anastasios Kyrillidis , Moshe Y. Vardi , Zhiwei Zhang Abstract : We explore the potential of continuous local search (CLS) in SAT solving by proposing a novel approach for finding a solution of a hybrid system of Boolean constraints. The algorithm is based on CLS combined with belief propagation on binary decision diagrams (BDDs). Our framework accepts all Boolean constraints that admit compact BDDs, including symmetric Boolean constraints and small-coefficient… ▽ More We explore the potential of continuous local search (CLS) in SAT solving by proposing a novel approach for finding a solution of a hybrid system of Boolean constraints. The algorithm is based on CLS combined with belief propagation on binary decision diagrams (BDDs). Our framework accepts all Boolean constraints that admit compact BDDs, including symmetric Boolean constraints and small-coefficient pseudo-Boolean constraints as interesting families. We propose a novel algorithm for efficiently computing the gradient needed by CLS. We study the capabilities and limitations of our versatile CLS solver, GradSAT, by applying it on many benchmark instances. The experimental results indicate that GradSAT can be a useful addition to the portfolio of existing SAT and MaxSAT solvers for solving Boolean satisfiability and optimization problems. △ Less Submitted 12 June, 2021; v1 submitted 14 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020. Comments: AAAI 21 arXiv:2012.03367 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DS cs.CC FPRAS Approximation of the Matrix Permanent in Practice Authors: James E. Newman , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : The matrix permanent belongs to the complexity class #P-Complete. It is generally believed to be computationally infeasible for large problem sizes, and significant research has been done on approximation algorithms for the matrix permanent. We present an implementation and detailed runtime analysis of one such Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) based Fully Polynomial Randomized Approximation Scheme… ▽ More The matrix permanent belongs to the complexity class #P-Complete. It is generally believed to be computationally infeasible for large problem sizes, and significant research has been done on approximation algorithms for the matrix permanent. We present an implementation and detailed runtime analysis of one such Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) based Fully Polynomial Randomized Approximation Scheme (FPRAS) for the matrix permanent, which has previously only been described theoretically and with big-Oh runtime analysis. We demonstrate by analysis and experiment that the constant factors hidden by previous big-Oh analyses result in computational infeasibility. △ Less Submitted 6 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020. Comments: This article is based on an MS thesis by the first author, submitted to Rice University on June 12, 2020. Research partially supported by NSF Grant no. IIS-1527668 arXiv:2012.03367 [ pdf , ps , other ] FPRAS Approximation of the Matrix Permanent in Practice Authors: James E. Newman , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : The matrix permanent belongs to the complexity class #P-Complete. It is generally believed to be computationally infeasible for large problem sizes, and significant research has been done on approximation algorithms for the matrix permanent. We present an implementation and detailed runtime analysis of one such Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) based Fully Polynomial Randomized Approximation Scheme… ▽ More The matrix permanent belongs to the complexity class #P-Complete. It is generally believed to be computationally infeasible for large problem sizes, and significant research has been done on approximation algorithms for the matrix permanent. We present an implementation and detailed runtime analysis of one such Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) based Fully Polynomial Randomized Approximation Scheme (FPRAS) for the matrix permanent, which has previously only been described theoretically and with big-Oh runtime analysis. We demonstrate by analysis and experiment that the constant factors hidden by previous big-Oh analyses result in computational infeasibility. △ Less Submitted 6 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020. Comments: This article is based on an MS thesis by the first author, submitted to Rice University on June 12, 2020. Research partially supported by NSF Grant no. IIS-1527668 arXiv:2009.10883 [ pdf , other ] cs.LO cs.AI doi 10.4204/EPTCS.326.11 LTLf Synthesis on Probabilistic Systems Authors: Andrew M. Wells , Morteza Lahijanian , Lydia E. Kavraki , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : Many systems are naturally modeled as Markov Decision Processes (MDPs), combining probabilities and strategic actions. Given a model of a system as an MDP and some logical specification of system behavior, the goal of synthesis is to find a policy that maximizes the probability of achieving this behavior. A popular choice for defining behaviors is Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). Policy synthesis on… ▽ More Many systems are naturally modeled as Markov Decision Processes (MDPs), combining probabilities and strategic actions. Given a model of a system as an MDP and some logical specification of system behavior, the goal of synthesis is to find a policy that maximizes the probability of achieving this behavior. A popular choice for defining behaviors is Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). Policy synthesis on MDPs for properties specified in LTL has been well studied. LTL, however, is defined over infinite traces, while many properties of interest are inherently finite. Linear Temporal Logic over finite traces (LTLf) has been used to express such properties, but no tools exist to solve policy synthesis for MDP behaviors given finite-trace properties. We present two algorithms for solving this synthesis problem: the first via reduction of LTLf to LTL and the second using native tools for LTLf. We compare the scalability of these two approaches for synthesis and show that the native approach offers better scalability compared to existing automaton generation tools for LTL. △ Less Submitted 22 September, 2020; originally announced September 2020. Comments: In Proceedings GandALF 2020, arXiv:2009.09360 Journal ref: EPTCS 326, 2020, pp. 166-181 arXiv:2009.10883 [ pdf , other ] LTLf Synthesis on Probabilistic Systems Authors: Andrew M. Wells , Morteza Lahijanian , Lydia E. Kavraki , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : Many systems are naturally modeled as Markov Decision Processes (MDPs), combining probabilities and strategic actions. Given a model of a system as an MDP and some logical specification of system behavior, the goal of synthesis is to find a policy that maximizes the probability of achieving this behavior. A popular choice for defining behaviors is Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). Policy synthesis on… ▽ More Many systems are naturally modeled as Markov Decision Processes (MDPs), combining probabilities and strategic actions. Given a model of a system as an MDP and some logical specification of system behavior, the goal of synthesis is to find a policy that maximizes the probability of achieving this behavior. A popular choice for defining behaviors is Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). Policy synthesis on MDPs for properties specified in LTL has been well studied. LTL, however, is defined over infinite traces, while many properties of interest are inherently finite. Linear Temporal Logic over finite traces (LTLf) has been used to express such properties, but no tools exist to solve policy synthesis for MDP behaviors given finite-trace properties. We present two algorithms for solving this synthesis problem: the first via reduction of LTLf to LTL and the second using native tools for LTLf. We compare the scalability of these two approaches for synthesis and show that the native approach offers better scalability compared to existing automaton generation tools for LTL. △ Less Submitted 22 September, 2020; originally announced September 2020. Comments: In Proceedings GandALF 2020, arXiv:2009.09360 Journal ref: EPTCS 326, 2020, pp. 166-181 arXiv:2009.10875 [ pdf , other ] cs.LO doi 10.4204/EPTCS.326.1 LTLf Synthesis under Partial Observability: From Theory to Practice Authors: Lucas M. Tabajara , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : LTL synthesis is the problem of synthesizing a reactive system from a formal specification in Linear Temporal Logic. The extension of allowing for partial observability, where the system does not have direct access to all relevant information about the environment, allows generalizing this problem to a wider set of real-world applications, but the difficulty of implementing such an extension in pr… ▽ More LTL synthesis is the problem of synthesizing a reactive system from a formal specification in Linear Temporal Logic. The extension of allowing for partial observability, where the system does not have direct access to all relevant information about the environment, allows generalizing this problem to a wider set of real-world applications, but the difficulty of implementing such an extension in practice means that it has remained in the realm of theory. Recently, it has been demonstrated that restricting LTL synthesis to systems with finite executions by using LTL with finite-horizon semantics (LTLf) allows for significantly simpler implementations in practice. With the conceptual simplicity of LTLf, it becomes possible to explore extensions such as partial observability in practice for the first time. Previous work has analyzed the problem of LTLf synthesis under partial observability theoretically and suggested two possible algorithms, one with 3EXPTIME and another with 2EXPTIME complexity. In this work, we first prove a complexity lower bound conjectured in earlier work. Then, we complement the theoretical analysis by showing how the two algorithms can be integrated in practice into an established framework for LTLf synthesis. We furthermore identify a third, MSO-based, approach enabled by this framework. Our experimental evaluation reveals very different results from what the theory seems to suggest, with the 3EXPTIME algorithm often outperforming the 2EXPTIME approach. Furthermore, as long as it is able to overcome an initial memory bottleneck, the MSO-based approach can often outperforms the others. △ Less Submitted 22 September, 2020; originally announced September 2020. Comments: In Proceedings GandALF 2020, arXiv:2009.09360 Journal ref: EPTCS 326, 2020, pp. 1-17 arXiv:2009.10875 [ pdf , other ] LTLf Synthesis under Partial Observability: From Theory to Practice Authors: Lucas M. Tabajara , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : LTL synthesis is the problem of synthesizing a reactive system from a formal specification in Linear Temporal Logic. The extension of allowing for partial observability, where the system does not have direct access to all relevant information about the environment, allows generalizing this problem to a wider set of real-world applications, but the difficulty of implementing such an extension in pr… ▽ More LTL synthesis is the problem of synthesizing a reactive system from a formal specification in Linear Temporal Logic. The extension of allowing for partial observability, where the system does not have direct access to all relevant information about the environment, allows generalizing this problem to a wider set of real-world applications, but the difficulty of implementing such an extension in practice means that it has remained in the realm of theory. Recently, it has been demonstrated that restricting LTL synthesis to systems with finite executions by using LTL with finite-horizon semantics (LTLf) allows for significantly simpler implementations in practice. With the conceptual simplicity of LTLf, it becomes possible to explore extensions such as partial observability in practice for the first time. Previous work has analyzed the problem of LTLf synthesis under partial observability theoretically and suggested two possible algorithms, one with 3EXPTIME and another with 2EXPTIME complexity. In this work, we first prove a complexity lower bound conjectured in earlier work. Then, we complement the theoretical analysis by showing how the two algorithms can be integrated in practice into an established framework for LTLf synthesis. We furthermore identify a third, MSO-based, approach enabled by this framework. Our experimental evaluation reveals very different results from what the theory seems to suggest, with the 3EXPTIME algorithm often outperforming the 2EXPTIME approach. Furthermore, as long as it is able to overcome an initial memory bottleneck, the MSO-based approach can often outperforms the others. △ Less Submitted 22 September, 2020; originally announced September 2020. Comments: In Proceedings GandALF 2020, arXiv:2009.09360 Journal ref: EPTCS 326, 2020, pp. 1-17 arXiv:2009.05908 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG stat.ML Understanding Boolean Function Learnability on Deep Neural Networks: PAC Learning Meets Neurosymbolic Models Authors: Marcio Nicolau , Anderson R. Tavares , Zhiwei Zhang , Pedro Avelar , João M. Flach , Luis C. Lamb , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : Computational learning theory states that many classes of boolean formulas are learnable in polynomial time. This paper addresses the understudied subject of how, in practice, such formulas can be learned by deep neural networks. Specifically, we analyze boolean formulas associated with model-sampling benchmarks, combinatorial optimization problems, and random 3-CNFs with varying degrees of constr… ▽ More Computational learning theory states that many classes of boolean formulas are learnable in polynomial time. This paper addresses the understudied subject of how, in practice, such formulas can be learned by deep neural networks. Specifically, we analyze boolean formulas associated with model-sampling benchmarks, combinatorial optimization problems, and random 3-CNFs with varying degrees of constrainedness. Our experiments indicate that: (i) neural learning generalizes better than pure rule-based systems and pure symbolic approach; (ii) relatively small and shallow neural networks are very good approximators of formulas associated with combinatorial optimization problems; (iii) smaller formulas seem harder to learn, possibly due to the fewer positive (satisfying) examples available; and (iv) interestingly, underconstrained 3-CNF formulas are more challenging to learn than overconstrained ones. Such findings pave the way for a better understanding, construction, and use of interpretable neurosymbolic AI methods. △ Less Submitted 15 September, 2025; v1 submitted 12 September, 2020; originally announced September 2020. Comments: Version accepted for NeSy 2025 ACM Class: I.2; I.2.4; I.2.6 arXiv:2009.05908 [ pdf , ps , other ] Understanding Boolean Function Learnability on Deep Neural Networks: PAC Learning Meets Neurosymbolic Models Authors: Marcio Nicolau , Anderson R. Tavares , Zhiwei Zhang , Pedro Avelar , João M. Flach , Luis C. Lamb , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : Computational learning theory states that many classes of boolean formulas are learnable in polynomial time. This paper addresses the understudied subject of how, in practice, such formulas can be learned by deep neural networks. Specifically, we analyze boolean formulas associated with model-sampling benchmarks, combinatorial optimization problems, and random 3-CNFs with varying degrees of constr… ▽ More Computational learning theory states that many classes of boolean formulas are learnable in polynomial time. This paper addresses the understudied subject of how, in practice, such formulas can be learned by deep neural networks. Specifically, we analyze boolean formulas associated with model-sampling benchmarks, combinatorial optimization problems, and random 3-CNFs with varying degrees of constrainedness. Our experiments indicate that: (i) neural learning generalizes better than pure rule-based systems and pure symbolic approach; (ii) relatively small and shallow neural networks are very good approximators of formulas associated with combinatorial optimization problems; (iii) smaller formulas seem harder to learn, possibly due to the fewer positive (satisfying) examples available; and (iv) interestingly, underconstrained 3-CNF formulas are more challenging to learn than overconstrained ones. Such findings pave the way for a better understanding, construction, and use of interpretable neurosymbolic AI methods. △ Less Submitted 15 September, 2025; v1 submitted 12 September, 2020; originally announced September 2020. Comments: Version accepted for NeSy 2025 ACM Class: I.2; I.2.4; I.2.6 arXiv:2008.08748 [ pdf , other ] cs.LO cs.AI cs.DS DPMC: Weighted Model Counting by Dynamic Programming on Project-Join Trees Authors: Jeffrey M. Dudek , Vu H. N. Phan , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : We propose a unifying dynamic-programming framework to compute exact literal-weighted model counts of formulas in conjunctive normal form. At the center of our framework are project-join trees, which specify efficient project-join orders to apply additive projections (variable eliminations) and joins (clause multiplications). In this framework, model counting is performed in two phases. First, the… ▽ More We propose a unifying dynamic-programming framework to compute exact literal-weighted model counts of formulas in conjunctive normal form. At the center of our framework are project-join trees, which specify efficient project-join orders to apply additive projections (variable eliminations) and joins (clause multiplications). In this framework, model counting is performed in two phases. First, the planning phase constructs a project-join tree from a formula. Second, the execution phase computes the model count of the formula, employing dynamic programming as guided by the project-join tree. We empirically evaluate various methods for the planning phase and compare constraint-satisfaction heuristics with tree-decomposition tools. We also investigate the performance of different data structures for the execution phase and compare algebraic decision diagrams with tensors. We show that our dynamic-programming model-counting framework DPMC is competitive with the state-of-the-art exact weighted model counters cachet, c2d, d4, and miniC2D. △ Less Submitted 19 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020. Comments: Full version of paper at CP 2020 (26th International Conference on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming) arXiv:2008.08748 [ pdf , other ] DPMC: Weighted Model Counting by Dynamic Programming on Project-Join Trees Authors: Jeffrey M. Dudek , Vu H. N. Phan , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : We propose a unifying dynamic-programming framework to compute exact literal-weighted model counts of formulas in conjunctive normal form. At the center of our framework are project-join trees, which specify efficient project-join orders to apply additive projections (variable eliminations) and joins (clause multiplications). In this framework, model counting is performed in two phases. First, the… ▽ More We propose a unifying dynamic-programming framework to compute exact literal-weighted model counts of formulas in conjunctive normal form. At the center of our framework are project-join trees, which specify efficient project-join orders to apply additive projections (variable eliminations) and joins (clause multiplications). In this framework, model counting is performed in two phases. First, the planning phase constructs a project-join tree from a formula. Second, the execution phase computes the model count of the formula, employing dynamic programming as guided by the project-join tree. We empirically evaluate various methods for the planning phase and compare constraint-satisfaction heuristics with tree-decomposition tools. We also investigate the performance of different data structures for the execution phase and compare algebraic decision diagrams with tensors. We show that our dynamic-programming model-counting framework DPMC is competitive with the state-of-the-art exact weighted model counters cachet, c2d, d4, and miniC2D. △ Less Submitted 19 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020. Comments: Full version of paper at CP 2020 (26th International Conference on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming) arXiv:2008.06790 [ pdf , other ] cs.FL doi 10.4204/EPTCS.346.8 On the Power of Automata Minimization in Reactive Synthesis Authors: Shufang Zhu , Lucas M. Tabajara , Geguang Pu , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : Temporal logic is often used to describe temporal properties in AI applications. The most popular language for doing so is Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). Recently, LTL on finite traces, LTLf, has been investigated in several contexts. In order to reason about LTLf, formulas are typically compiled into deterministic finite automata (DFA), as the intermediate semantic representation. Moreover, due to… ▽ More Temporal logic is often used to describe temporal properties in AI applications. The most popular language for doing so is Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). Recently, LTL on finite traces, LTLf, has been investigated in several contexts. In order to reason about LTLf, formulas are typically compiled into deterministic finite automata (DFA), as the intermediate semantic representation. Moreover, due to the fact that DFAs have canonical representation, efficient minimization algorithms can be applied to maximally reduce DFA size, helping to speed up subsequent computations. Here, we present a thorough investigation on two classical minimization algorithms, namely, the Hopcroft and Brzozowski algorithms. More specifically, we show how to apply these algorithms to semi-symbolic (explicit states, symbolic transition functions) automata representation. We then compare the two algorithms in the context of an LTLf-synthesis framework, starting from LTLf formulas. While earlier studies on comparing the two algorithms starting from randomly-generated automata concluded that neither algorithm dominates, our results suggest that starting from LTLf formulas, Hopcroft's algorithm is the best choice in the context of reactive synthesis. Deeper analysis explains why the supposed advantage of Brzozowski's algorithm does not materialize in practice. △ Less Submitted 16 September, 2021; v1 submitted 15 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020. Comments: In Proceedings GandALF 2021, arXiv:2109.07798 Journal ref: EPTCS 346, 2021, pp. 117-134 arXiv:2008.06790 [ pdf , other ] On the Power of Automata Minimization in Reactive Synthesis Authors: Shufang Zhu , Lucas M. Tabajara , Geguang Pu , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : Temporal logic is often used to describe temporal properties in AI applications. The most popular language for doing so is Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). Recently, LTL on finite traces, LTLf, has been investigated in several contexts. In order to reason about LTLf, formulas are typically compiled into deterministic finite automata (DFA), as the intermediate semantic representation. Moreover, due to… ▽ More Temporal logic is often used to describe temporal properties in AI applications. The most popular language for doing so is Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). Recently, LTL on finite traces, LTLf, has been investigated in several contexts. In order to reason about LTLf, formulas are typically compiled into deterministic finite automata (DFA), as the intermediate semantic representation. Moreover, due to the fact that DFAs have canonical representation, efficient minimization algorithms can be applied to maximally reduce DFA size, helping to speed up subsequent computations. Here, we present a thorough investigation on two classical minimization algorithms, namely, the Hopcroft and Brzozowski algorithms. More specifically, we show how to apply these algorithms to semi-symbolic (explicit states, symbolic transition functions) automata representation. We then compare the two algorithms in the context of an LTLf-synthesis framework, starting from LTLf formulas. While earlier studies on comparing the two algorithms starting from randomly-generated automata concluded that neither algorithm dominates, our results suggest that starting from LTLf formulas, Hopcroft's algorithm is the best choice in the context of reactive synthesis. Deeper analysis explains why the supposed advantage of Brzozowski's algorithm does not materialize in practice. △ Less Submitted 16 September, 2021; v1 submitted 15 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020. Comments: In Proceedings GandALF 2021, arXiv:2109.07798 Journal ref: EPTCS 346, 2021, pp. 117-134 arXiv:2008.05102 [ pdf , other ] cs.LO doi 10.1145/3400302.3415707 On Uniformly Sampling Traces of a Transition System (Extended Version) Authors: Supratik Chakraborty , Aditya A. Shrotri , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : A key problem in constrained random verification (CRV) concerns generation of input stimuli that result in good coverage of the system's runs in targeted corners of its behavior space. Existing CRV solutions however provide no formal guarantees on the distribution of the system's runs. In this paper, we take a first step towards solving this problem. We present an algorithm based on Algebraic Deci… ▽ More A key problem in constrained random verification (CRV) concerns generation of input stimuli that result in good coverage of the system's runs in targeted corners of its behavior space. Existing CRV solutions however provide no formal guarantees on the distribution of the system's runs. In this paper, we take a first step towards solving this problem. We present an algorithm based on Algebraic Decision Diagrams for sampling bounded traces (i.e. sequences of states) of a sequential circuit with provable uniformity (or bias) guarantees, while satisfying given constraints. We have implemented our algorithm in a tool called TraceSampler. Extensive experiments show that TraceSampler outperforms alternative approaches that provide similar uniformity guarantees. △ Less Submitted 16 August, 2020; v1 submitted 12 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020. Comments: Extended version of paper that will appear in proceedings of International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD '20); changed wrong text color in sec 7; added 'extended version' ACM Class: B.8.1; I.2 arXiv:2008.05102 [ pdf , other ] On Uniformly Sampling Traces of a Transition System (Extended Version) Authors: Supratik Chakraborty , Aditya A. Shrotri , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : A key problem in constrained random verification (CRV) concerns generation of input stimuli that result in good coverage of the system's runs in targeted corners of its behavior space. Existing CRV solutions however provide no formal guarantees on the distribution of the system's runs. In this paper, we take a first step towards solving this problem. We present an algorithm based on Algebraic Deci… ▽ More A key problem in constrained random verification (CRV) concerns generation of input stimuli that result in good coverage of the system's runs in targeted corners of its behavior space. Existing CRV solutions however provide no formal guarantees on the distribution of the system's runs. In this paper, we take a first step towards solving this problem. We present an algorithm based on Algebraic Decision Diagrams for sampling bounded traces (i.e. sequences of states) of a sequential circuit with provable uniformity (or bias) guarantees, while satisfying given constraints. We have implemented our algorithm in a tool called TraceSampler. Extensive experiments show that TraceSampler outperforms alternative approaches that provide similar uniformity guarantees. △ Less Submitted 16 August, 2020; v1 submitted 12 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020. Comments: Extended version of paper that will appear in proceedings of International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD '20); changed wrong text color in sec 7; added 'extended version' ACM Class: B.8.1; I.2 arXiv:2006.15512 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DS Parallel Weighted Model Counting with Tensor Networks Authors: Jeffrey M. Dudek , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : A promising new algebraic approach to weighted model counting makes use of tensor networks, following a reduction from weighted model counting to tensor-network contraction. Prior work has focused on analyzing the single-core performance of this approach, and demonstrated that it is an effective addition to the current portfolio of weighted-model-counting algorithms. In this work, we explore the… ▽ More A promising new algebraic approach to weighted model counting makes use of tensor networks, following a reduction from weighted model counting to tensor-network contraction. Prior work has focused on analyzing the single-core performance of this approach, and demonstrated that it is an effective addition to the current portfolio of weighted-model-counting algorithms. In this work, we explore the impact of multi-core and GPU use on tensor-network contraction for weighted model counting. To leverage multiple cores, we implement a parallel portfolio of tree-decomposition solvers to find an order to contract tensors. To leverage a GPU, we use TensorFlow to perform the contractions. We compare the resulting weighted model counter on 1914 standard weighted model counting benchmarks and show that it significantly improves the virtual best solver. △ Less Submitted 14 June, 2021; v1 submitted 28 June, 2020; originally announced June 2020. Comments: Published at MCW-2020 arXiv:2006.15512 [ pdf , ps , other ] Parallel Weighted Model Counting with Tensor Networks Authors: Jeffrey M. Dudek , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : A promising new algebraic approach to weighted model counting makes use of tensor networks, following a reduction from weighted model counting to tensor-network contraction. Prior work has focused on analyzing the single-core performance of this approach, and demonstrated that it is an effective addition to the current portfolio of weighted-model-counting algorithms. In this work, we explore the… ▽ More A promising new algebraic approach to weighted model counting makes use of tensor networks, following a reduction from weighted model counting to tensor-network contraction. Prior work has focused on analyzing the single-core performance of this approach, and demonstrated that it is an effective addition to the current portfolio of weighted-model-counting algorithms. In this work, we explore the impact of multi-core and GPU use on tensor-network contraction for weighted model counting. To leverage multiple cores, we implement a parallel portfolio of tree-decomposition solvers to find an order to contract tensors. To leverage a GPU, we use TensorFlow to perform the contractions. We compare the resulting weighted model counter on 1914 standard weighted model counting benchmarks and show that it significantly improves the virtual best solver. △ Less Submitted 14 June, 2021; v1 submitted 28 June, 2020; originally announced June 2020. Comments: Published at MCW-2020 arXiv:2005.09125 [ pdf , other ] cs.FL cs.CL doi 10.4204/EPTCS.326.12 On the Power of Unambiguity in Büchi Complementation Authors: Yong Li , Moshe Y. Vardi , Lijun Zhang Abstract : In this work, we exploit the power of \emph{unambiguity} for the complementation problem of Büchi automata by utilizing reduced run directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) over infinite words, in which each vertex has at most one predecessor. We then show how to use this type of reduced run DAGs as a \emph{unified tool} to optimize \emph{both} rank-based and slice-based complementation constructions for Bü… ▽ More In this work, we exploit the power of \emph{unambiguity} for the complementation problem of Büchi automata by utilizing reduced run directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) over infinite words, in which each vertex has at most one predecessor. We then show how to use this type of reduced run DAGs as a \emph{unified tool} to optimize \emph{both} rank-based and slice-based complementation constructions for Büchi automata with a finite degree of ambiguity. As a result, given a Büchi automaton with $n$ states and a finite degree of ambiguity, the number of states in the complementary Büchi automaton constructed by the classical rank-based and slice-based complementation constructions can be improved, respectively, to $2^{O(n)}$ from $2^{O(n\log n)}$ and to $O(4^n)$ from $O((3n)^n)$. △ Less Submitted 22 September, 2020; v1 submitted 18 May, 2020; originally announced May 2020. Comments: In Proceedings GandALF 2020, arXiv:2009.09360 Journal ref: EPTCS 326, 2020, pp. 182-198 arXiv:2005.09125 [ pdf , other ] On the Power of Unambiguity in Büchi Complementation Authors: Yong Li , Moshe Y. Vardi , Lijun Zhang Abstract : In this work, we exploit the power of \emph{unambiguity} for the complementation problem of Büchi automata by utilizing reduced run directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) over infinite words, in which each vertex has at most one predecessor. We then show how to use this type of reduced run DAGs as a \emph{unified tool} to optimize \emph{both} rank-based and slice-based complementation constructions for Bü… ▽ More In this work, we exploit the power of \emph{unambiguity} for the complementation problem of Büchi automata by utilizing reduced run directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) over infinite words, in which each vertex has at most one predecessor. We then show how to use this type of reduced run DAGs as a \emph{unified tool} to optimize \emph{both} rank-based and slice-based complementation constructions for Büchi automata with a finite degree of ambiguity. As a result, given a Büchi automaton with $n$ states and a finite degree of ambiguity, the number of states in the complementary Büchi automaton constructed by the classical rank-based and slice-based complementation constructions can be improved, respectively, to $2^{O(n)}$ from $2^{O(n\log n)}$ and to $O(4^n)$ from $O((3n)^n)$. △ Less Submitted 22 September, 2020; v1 submitted 18 May, 2020; originally announced May 2020. Comments: In Proceedings GandALF 2020, arXiv:2009.09360 Journal ref: EPTCS 326, 2020, pp. 182-198 arXiv:1912.01032 [ pdf , other ] cs.LO cs.IT cs.LG math.OC FourierSAT: A Fourier Expansion-Based Algebraic Framework for Solving Hybrid Boolean Constraints Authors: Anastasios Kyrillidis , Anshumali Shrivastava , Moshe Y. Vardi , Zhiwei Zhang Abstract : The Boolean SATisfiability problem (SAT) is of central importance in computer science. Although SAT is known to be NP-complete, progress on the engineering side, especially that of Conflict-Driven Clause Learning (CDCL) and Local Search SAT solvers, has been remarkable. Yet, while SAT solvers aimed at solving industrial-scale benchmarks in Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF) have become quite mature, SA… ▽ More The Boolean SATisfiability problem (SAT) is of central importance in computer science. Although SAT is known to be NP-complete, progress on the engineering side, especially that of Conflict-Driven Clause Learning (CDCL) and Local Search SAT solvers, has been remarkable. Yet, while SAT solvers aimed at solving industrial-scale benchmarks in Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF) have become quite mature, SAT solvers that are effective on other types of constraints, e.g., cardinality constraints and XORs, are less well studied; a general approach to handling non-CNF constraints is still lacking. In addition, previous work indicated that for specific classes of benchmarks, the running time of extant SAT solvers depends heavily on properties of the formula and details of encoding, instead of the scale of the benchmarks, which adds uncertainty to expectations of running time. To address the issues above, we design FourierSAT, an incomplete SAT solver based on Fourier analysis of Boolean functions, a technique to represent Boolean functions by multilinear polynomials. By such a reduction to continuous optimization, we propose an algebraic framework for solving systems consisting of different types of constraints. The idea is to leverage gradient information to guide the search process in the direction of local improvements. Empirical results demonstrate that FourierSAT is more robust than other solvers on certain classes of benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 24 February, 2020; v1 submitted 2 December, 2019; originally announced December 2019. Comments: The paper was accepted by Thirty-Fourth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI 2020). V2 (Feb 24): Typos corrected arXiv:1912.01032 [ pdf , other ] FourierSAT: A Fourier Expansion-Based Algebraic Framework for Solving Hybrid Boolean Constraints Authors: Anastasios Kyrillidis , Anshumali Shrivastava , Moshe Y. Vardi , Zhiwei Zhang Abstract : The Boolean SATisfiability problem (SAT) is of central importance in computer science. Although SAT is known to be NP-complete, progress on the engineering side, especially that of Conflict-Driven Clause Learning (CDCL) and Local Search SAT solvers, has been remarkable. Yet, while SAT solvers aimed at solving industrial-scale benchmarks in Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF) have become quite mature, SA… ▽ More The Boolean SATisfiability problem (SAT) is of central importance in computer science. Although SAT is known to be NP-complete, progress on the engineering side, especially that of Conflict-Driven Clause Learning (CDCL) and Local Search SAT solvers, has been remarkable. Yet, while SAT solvers aimed at solving industrial-scale benchmarks in Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF) have become quite mature, SAT solvers that are effective on other types of constraints, e.g., cardinality constraints and XORs, are less well studied; a general approach to handling non-CNF constraints is still lacking. In addition, previous work indicated that for specific classes of benchmarks, the running time of extant SAT solvers depends heavily on properties of the formula and details of encoding, instead of the scale of the benchmarks, which adds uncertainty to expectations of running time. To address the issues above, we design FourierSAT, an incomplete SAT solver based on Fourier analysis of Boolean functions, a technique to represent Boolean functions by multilinear polynomials. By such a reduction to continuous optimization, we propose an algebraic framework for solving systems consisting of different types of constraints. The idea is to leverage gradient information to guide the search process in the direction of local improvements. Empirical results demonstrate that FourierSAT is more robust than other solvers on certain classes of benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 24 February, 2020; v1 submitted 2 December, 2019; originally announced December 2019. Comments: The paper was accepted by Thirty-Fourth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI 2020). V2 (Feb 24): Typos corrected arXiv:1911.08145 [ pdf , other ] cs.LO cs.AI cs.FL Hybrid Compositional Reasoning for Reactive Synthesis from Finite-Horizon Specifications Authors: Suguman Bansal , Yong Li , Lucas M. Tabajara , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : LTLf synthesis is the automated construction of a reactive system from a high-level description, expressed in LTLf, of its finite-horizon behavior. So far, the conversion of LTLf formulas to deterministic finite-state automata (DFAs) has been identified as the primary bottleneck to the scalabity of synthesis. Recent investigations have also shown that the size of the DFA state space plays a critic… ▽ More LTLf synthesis is the automated construction of a reactive system from a high-level description, expressed in LTLf, of its finite-horizon behavior. So far, the conversion of LTLf formulas to deterministic finite-state automata (DFAs) has been identified as the primary bottleneck to the scalabity of synthesis. Recent investigations have also shown that the size of the DFA state space plays a critical role in synthesis as well. Therefore, effective resolution of the bottleneck for synthesis requires the conversion to be time and memory performant, and prevent state-space explosion. Current conversion approaches, however, which are based either on explicit-state representation or symbolic-state representation, fail to address these necessities adequately at scale: Explicit-state approaches generate minimal DFA but are slow due to expensive DFA minimization. Symbolic-state representations can be succinct, but due to the lack of DFA minimization they generate such large state spaces that even their symbolic representations cannot compensate for the blow-up. This work proposes a hybrid representation approach for the conversion. Our approach utilizes both explicit and symbolic representations of the state-space, and effectively leverages their complementary strengths. In doing so, we offer an LTLf to DFA conversion technique that addresses all three necessities, hence resolving the bottleneck. A comprehensive empirical evaluation on conversion and synthesis benchmarks supports the merits of our hybrid approach. △ Less Submitted 17 February, 2020; v1 submitted 19 November, 2019; originally announced November 2019. Comments: Accepted by AAAI 2020. Tool Lisa for (a). LTLf to DFA conversion, and (b). LTLf synthesis can be found here: arXiv:1911.08145 [ pdf , other ] Hybrid Compositional Reasoning for Reactive Synthesis from Finite-Horizon Specifications Authors: Suguman Bansal , Yong Li , Lucas M. Tabajara , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : LTLf synthesis is the automated construction of a reactive system from a high-level description, expressed in LTLf, of its finite-horizon behavior. So far, the conversion of LTLf formulas to deterministic finite-state automata (DFAs) has been identified as the primary bottleneck to the scalabity of synthesis. Recent investigations have also shown that the size of the DFA state space plays a critic… ▽ More LTLf synthesis is the automated construction of a reactive system from a high-level description, expressed in LTLf, of its finite-horizon behavior. So far, the conversion of LTLf formulas to deterministic finite-state automata (DFAs) has been identified as the primary bottleneck to the scalabity of synthesis. Recent investigations have also shown that the size of the DFA state space plays a critical role in synthesis as well. Therefore, effective resolution of the bottleneck for synthesis requires the conversion to be time and memory performant, and prevent state-space explosion. Current conversion approaches, however, which are based either on explicit-state representation or symbolic-state representation, fail to address these necessities adequately at scale: Explicit-state approaches generate minimal DFA but are slow due to expensive DFA minimization. Symbolic-state representations can be succinct, but due to the lack of DFA minimization they generate such large state spaces that even their symbolic representations cannot compensate for the blow-up. This work proposes a hybrid representation approach for the conversion. Our approach utilizes both explicit and symbolic representations of the state-space, and effectively leverages their complementary strengths. In doing so, we offer an LTLf to DFA conversion technique that addresses all three necessities, hence resolving the bottleneck. A comprehensive empirical evaluation on conversion and synthesis benchmarks supports the merits of our hybrid approach. △ Less Submitted 17 February, 2020; v1 submitted 19 November, 2019; originally announced November 2019. Comments: Accepted by AAAI 2020. Tool Lisa for (a). LTLf to DFA conversion, and (b). LTLf synthesis can be found here: arXiv:1910.13765 [ pdf , other ] cs.GT cs.DS Solving Parity Games Using An Automata-Based Algorithm Authors: Antonio Di Stasio , Aniello Murano , Giuseppe Perelli , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : Parity games are abstract infinite-round games that take an important role in formal verification. In the basic setting, these games are two-player, turn-based, and played under perfect information on directed graphs, whose nodes are labeled with priorities. The winner of a play is determined according to the parities (even or odd) of the minimal priority occurring infinitely often in that play. T… ▽ More Parity games are abstract infinite-round games that take an important role in formal verification. In the basic setting, these games are two-player, turn-based, and played under perfect information on directed graphs, whose nodes are labeled with priorities. The winner of a play is determined according to the parities (even or odd) of the minimal priority occurring infinitely often in that play. The problem of finding a winning strategy in parity games is known to be in UPTime $\cap$ CoUPTime and deciding whether a polynomial time solution exists is a long-standing open question. In the last two decades, a variety of algorithms have been proposed. Many of them have been also implemented in a platform named PGSolver. This has enabled an empirical evaluation of these algorithms and a better understanding of their relative merits. In this paper, we further contribute to this subject by implementing, for the first time, an algorithm based on alternating automata. More precisely, we consider an algorithm introduced by Kupferman and Vardi that solves a parity game by solving the emptiness problem of a corresponding alternating parity automaton. Our empirical evaluation demonstrates that this algorithm outperforms other algorithms when the game has a a small number of priorities relative to the size of the game. In many concrete applications, we do indeed end up with parity games where the number of priorities is relatively small. This makes the new algorithm quite useful in practice. △ Less Submitted 30 October, 2019; originally announced October 2019. Journal ref: LNCS 9705, 2016, pp. 64-76 arXiv:1910.13765 [ pdf , other ] Solving Parity Games Using An Automata-Based Algorithm Authors: Antonio Di Stasio , Aniello Murano , Giuseppe Perelli , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : Parity games are abstract infinite-round games that take an important role in formal verification. In the basic setting, these games are two-player, turn-based, and played under perfect information on directed graphs, whose nodes are labeled with priorities. The winner of a play is determined according to the parities (even or odd) of the minimal priority occurring infinitely often in that play. T… ▽ More Parity games are abstract infinite-round games that take an important role in formal verification. In the basic setting, these games are two-player, turn-based, and played under perfect information on directed graphs, whose nodes are labeled with priorities. The winner of a play is determined according to the parities (even or odd) of the minimal priority occurring infinitely often in that play. The problem of finding a winning strategy in parity games is known to be in UPTime $\cap$ CoUPTime and deciding whether a polynomial time solution exists is a long-standing open question. In the last two decades, a variety of algorithms have been proposed. Many of them have been also implemented in a platform named PGSolver. This has enabled an empirical evaluation of these algorithms and a better understanding of their relative merits. In this paper, we further contribute to this subject by implementing, for the first time, an algorithm based on alternating automata. More precisely, we consider an algorithm introduced by Kupferman and Vardi that solves a parity game by solving the emptiness problem of a corresponding alternating parity automaton. Our empirical evaluation demonstrates that this algorithm outperforms other algorithms when the game has a a small number of priorities relative to the size of the game. In many concrete applications, we do indeed end up with parity games where the number of priorities is relatively small. This makes the new algorithm quite useful in practice. △ Less Submitted 30 October, 2019; originally announced October 2019. Journal ref: LNCS 9705, 2016, pp. 64-76 arXiv:1908.04381 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DS cs.AI cs.LO Efficient Contraction of Large Tensor Networks for Weighted Model Counting through Graph Decompositions Authors: Jeffrey M. Dudek , Leonardo Dueñas-Osorio , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : Constrained counting is a fundamental problem in artificial intelligence. A promising new algebraic approach to constrained counting makes use of tensor networks, following a reduction from constrained counting to the problem of tensor-network contraction. Contracting a tensor network efficiently requires determining an efficient order to contract the tensors inside the network, which is itself a… ▽ More Constrained counting is a fundamental problem in artificial intelligence. A promising new algebraic approach to constrained counting makes use of tensor networks, following a reduction from constrained counting to the problem of tensor-network contraction. Contracting a tensor network efficiently requires determining an efficient order to contract the tensors inside the network, which is itself a difficult problem. In this work, we apply graph decompositions to find contraction orders for tensor networks. We prove that finding an efficient contraction order for a tensor network is equivalent to the well-known problem of finding an optimal carving decomposition. Thus memory-optimal contraction orders for planar tensor networks can be found in cubic time. We show that tree decompositions can be used both to find carving decompositions and to factor tensor networks with high-rank, structured tensors. We implement these algorithms on top of state-of-the-art solvers for tree decompositions and show empirically that the resulting weighted model counter is quite effective and useful as part of a portfolio of counters. △ Less Submitted 27 April, 2020; v1 submitted 12 August, 2019; originally announced August 2019. Comments: Submitted to AIJ arXiv:1908.04381 [ pdf , ps , other ] Efficient Contraction of Large Tensor Networks for Weighted Model Counting through Graph Decompositions Authors: Jeffrey M. Dudek , Leonardo Dueñas-Osorio , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : Constrained counting is a fundamental problem in artificial intelligence. A promising new algebraic approach to constrained counting makes use of tensor networks, following a reduction from constrained counting to the problem of tensor-network contraction. Contracting a tensor network efficiently requires determining an efficient order to contract the tensors inside the network, which is itself a… ▽ More Constrained counting is a fundamental problem in artificial intelligence. A promising new algebraic approach to constrained counting makes use of tensor networks, following a reduction from constrained counting to the problem of tensor-network contraction. Contracting a tensor network efficiently requires determining an efficient order to contract the tensors inside the network, which is itself a difficult problem. In this work, we apply graph decompositions to find contraction orders for tensor networks. We prove that finding an efficient contraction order for a tensor network is equivalent to the well-known problem of finding an optimal carving decomposition. Thus memory-optimal contraction orders for planar tensor networks can be found in cubic time. We show that tree decompositions can be used both to find carving decompositions and to factor tensor networks with high-rank, structured tensors. We implement these algorithms on top of state-of-the-art solvers for tree decompositions and show empirically that the resulting weighted model counter is quite effective and useful as part of a portfolio of counters. △ Less Submitted 27 April, 2020; v1 submitted 12 August, 2019; originally announced August 2019. Comments: Submitted to AIJ arXiv:1908.03252 [ pdf , other ] cs.DS cs.SC On Symbolic Approaches for Computing the Matrix Permanent Authors: Supratik Chakraborty , Aditya A. Shrotri , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : Counting the number of perfect matchings in bipartite graphs, or equivalently computing the permanent of 0-1 matrices, is an important combinatorial problem that has been extensively studied by theoreticians and practitioners alike. The permanent is #P-Complete; hence it is unlikely that a polynomial-time algorithm exists for the problem. Researchers have therefore focused on finding tractable sub… ▽ More Counting the number of perfect matchings in bipartite graphs, or equivalently computing the permanent of 0-1 matrices, is an important combinatorial problem that has been extensively studied by theoreticians and practitioners alike. The permanent is #P-Complete; hence it is unlikely that a polynomial-time algorithm exists for the problem. Researchers have therefore focused on finding tractable subclasses of matrices for permanent computation. One such subclass that has received much attention is that of sparse matrices i.e. matrices with few entries set to 1, the rest being 0. For this subclass, improved theoretical upper bounds and practically efficient algorithms have been developed. In this paper, we ask whether it is possible to go beyond sparse matrices in our quest for developing scalable techniques for the permanent, and answer this question affirmatively. Our key insight is to represent permanent computation symbolically using Algebraic Decision Diagrams (ADDs). ADD-based techniques naturally use dynamic programming, and hence avoid redundant computation through memoization. This permits exploiting the hidden structure in a large class of matrices that have so far remained beyond the reach of permanent computation techniques. The availability of sophisticated libraries implementing ADDs also makes the task of engineering practical solutions relatively straightforward. While a complete characterization of matrices admitting a compact ADD representation remains open, we provide strong experimental evidence of the effectiveness of our approach for computing the permanent, not just for sparse matrices, but also for dense matrices and for matrices with "similar" rows. △ Less Submitted 8 August, 2019; originally announced August 2019. Comments: To appear in proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming (2019) arXiv:1908.03252 [ pdf , other ] On Symbolic Approaches for Computing the Matrix Permanent Authors: Supratik Chakraborty , Aditya A. Shrotri , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : Counting the number of perfect matchings in bipartite graphs, or equivalently computing the permanent of 0-1 matrices, is an important combinatorial problem that has been extensively studied by theoreticians and practitioners alike. The permanent is #P-Complete; hence it is unlikely that a polynomial-time algorithm exists for the problem. Researchers have therefore focused on finding tractable sub… ▽ More Counting the number of perfect matchings in bipartite graphs, or equivalently computing the permanent of 0-1 matrices, is an important combinatorial problem that has been extensively studied by theoreticians and practitioners alike. The permanent is #P-Complete; hence it is unlikely that a polynomial-time algorithm exists for the problem. Researchers have therefore focused on finding tractable subclasses of matrices for permanent computation. One such subclass that has received much attention is that of sparse matrices i.e. matrices with few entries set to 1, the rest being 0. For this subclass, improved theoretical upper bounds and practically efficient algorithms have been developed. In this paper, we ask whether it is possible to go beyond sparse matrices in our quest for developing scalable techniques for the permanent, and answer this question affirmatively. Our key insight is to represent permanent computation symbolically using Algebraic Decision Diagrams (ADDs). ADD-based techniques naturally use dynamic programming, and hence avoid redundant computation through memoization. This permits exploiting the hidden structure in a large class of matrices that have so far remained beyond the reach of permanent computation techniques. The availability of sophisticated libraries implementing ADDs also makes the task of engineering practical solutions relatively straightforward. While a complete characterization of matrices admitting a compact ADD representation remains open, we provide strong experimental evidence of the effectiveness of our approach for computing the permanent, not just for sparse matrices, but also for dense matrices and for matrices with "similar" rows. △ Less Submitted 8 August, 2019; originally announced August 2019. Comments: To appear in proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming (2019) arXiv:1907.05000 [ pdf , other ] cs.LO cs.AI cs.DS ADDMC: Weighted Model Counting with Algebraic Decision Diagrams Authors: Jeffrey M. Dudek , Vu H. N. Phan , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : We present an algorithm to compute exact literal-weighted model counts of Boolean formulas in Conjunctive Normal Form. Our algorithm employs dynamic programming and uses Algebraic Decision Diagrams as the primary data structure. We implement this technique in ADDMC, a new model counter. We empirically evaluate various heuristics that can be used with ADDMC. We then compare ADDMC to state-of-the-ar… ▽ More We present an algorithm to compute exact literal-weighted model counts of Boolean formulas in Conjunctive Normal Form. Our algorithm employs dynamic programming and uses Algebraic Decision Diagrams as the primary data structure. We implement this technique in ADDMC, a new model counter. We empirically evaluate various heuristics that can be used with ADDMC. We then compare ADDMC to state-of-the-art exact weighted model counters (Cachet, c2d, d4, and miniC2D) on 1914 standard model counting benchmarks and show that ADDMC significantly improves the virtual best solver. △ Less Submitted 2 June, 2020; v1 submitted 11 July, 2019; originally announced July 2019. Comments: Presented at AAAI 2020 arXiv:1907.05000 [ pdf , other ] ADDMC: Weighted Model Counting with Algebraic Decision Diagrams Authors: Jeffrey M. Dudek , Vu H. N. Phan , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : We present an algorithm to compute exact literal-weighted model counts of Boolean formulas in Conjunctive Normal Form. Our algorithm employs dynamic programming and uses Algebraic Decision Diagrams as the primary data structure. We implement this technique in ADDMC, a new model counter. We empirically evaluate various heuristics that can be used with ADDMC. We then compare ADDMC to state-of-the-ar… ▽ More We present an algorithm to compute exact literal-weighted model counts of Boolean formulas in Conjunctive Normal Form. Our algorithm employs dynamic programming and uses Algebraic Decision Diagrams as the primary data structure. We implement this technique in ADDMC, a new model counter. We empirically evaluate various heuristics that can be used with ADDMC. We then compare ADDMC to state-of-the-art exact weighted model counters (Cachet, c2d, d4, and miniC2D) on 1914 standard model counting benchmarks and show that ADDMC significantly improves the virtual best solver. △ Less Submitted 2 June, 2020; v1 submitted 11 July, 2019; originally announced July 2019. Comments: Presented at AAAI 2020 arXiv:1903.01368 [ pdf , other ] cs.LO doi 10.46298/lmcs-18(1:37)2022 Sequential Relational Decomposition Authors: Dror Fried , Axel Legay , Joël Ouaknine , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : The concept of decomposition in computer science and engineering is considered a fundamental component of computational thinking and is prevalent in design of algorithms, software construction, hardware design, and more. We propose a simple and natural formalization of sequential decomposition, in which a task is decomposed into two sequential sub-tasks, with the first sub-task to be executed befo… ▽ More The concept of decomposition in computer science and engineering is considered a fundamental component of computational thinking and is prevalent in design of algorithms, software construction, hardware design, and more. We propose a simple and natural formalization of sequential decomposition, in which a task is decomposed into two sequential sub-tasks, with the first sub-task to be executed before the second sub-task is executed. These tasks are specified by means of input/output relations. We define and study decomposition problems, which is to decide whether a given specification can be sequentially decomposed. Our main result is that decomposition itself is a difficult computational problem. More specifically, we study decomposition problems in three settings: where the input task is specified explicitly, by means of Boolean circuits, and by means of automatic relations. We show that in the first setting decomposition is NP-complete, in the second setting it is NEXPTIME-complete, and in the third setting there is evidence to suggest that it is undecidable. Our results indicate that the intuitive idea of decomposition as a system-design approach requires further investigation. In particular, we show that adding a human to the loop by asking for a decomposition hint lowers the complexity of decomposition problems considerably. △ Less Submitted 2 March, 2022; v1 submitted 4 March, 2019; originally announced March 2019. Journal ref: Logical Methods in Computer Science, Volume 18, Issue 1 (March 3, 2022) lmcs:5250 arXiv:1903.01368 [ pdf , other ] Sequential Relational Decomposition Authors: Dror Fried , Axel Legay , Joël Ouaknine , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : The concept of decomposition in computer science and engineering is considered a fundamental component of computational thinking and is prevalent in design of algorithms, software construction, hardware design, and more. We propose a simple and natural formalization of sequential decomposition, in which a task is decomposed into two sequential sub-tasks, with the first sub-task to be executed befo… ▽ More The concept of decomposition in computer science and engineering is considered a fundamental component of computational thinking and is prevalent in design of algorithms, software construction, hardware design, and more. We propose a simple and natural formalization of sequential decomposition, in which a task is decomposed into two sequential sub-tasks, with the first sub-task to be executed before the second sub-task is executed. These tasks are specified by means of input/output relations. We define and study decomposition problems, which is to decide whether a given specification can be sequentially decomposed. Our main result is that decomposition itself is a difficult computational problem. More specifically, we study decomposition problems in three settings: where the input task is specified explicitly, by means of Boolean circuits, and by means of automatic relations. We show that in the first setting decomposition is NP-complete, in the second setting it is NEXPTIME-complete, and in the third setting there is evidence to suggest that it is undecidable. Our results indicate that the intuitive idea of decomposition as a system-design approach requires further investigation. In particular, we show that adding a human to the loop by asking for a decomposition hint lowers the complexity of decomposition problems considerably. △ Less Submitted 2 March, 2022; v1 submitted 4 March, 2019; originally announced March 2019. Journal ref: Logical Methods in Computer Science, Volume 18, Issue 1 (March 3, 2022) lmcs:5250 arXiv:1901.06108 [ pdf , other ] cs.LO cs.FL First-Order vs. Second-Order Encodings for LTLf-to-Automata Translation Authors: Shufang Zhu , Geguang Pu , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : Translating formulas of Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) over finite traces, or LTLf, to symbolic Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA) plays an important role not only in LTLf synthesis, but also in synthesis for Safety LTL formulas. The translation is enabled by using MONA, a powerful tool for symbolic, BDD-based, DFA construction from logic specifications. Recent works used a first-order encoding of L… ▽ More Translating formulas of Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) over finite traces, or LTLf, to symbolic Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA) plays an important role not only in LTLf synthesis, but also in synthesis for Safety LTL formulas. The translation is enabled by using MONA, a powerful tool for symbolic, BDD-based, DFA construction from logic specifications. Recent works used a first-order encoding of LTLf formulas to translate LTLf to First Order Logic (FOL), which is then fed to MONA to get the symbolic DFA. This encoding was shown to perform well, but other encodings have not been studied. Specifically, the natural question of whether second-order encoding, which has significantly simpler quantificational structure, can outperform first-order encoding remained open. In this paper we address this challenge and study second-order encodings for LTLf formulas. We first introduce a specific MSO encoding that captures the semantics of LTLf in a natural way and prove its correctness. We then explore is a Compact MSO encoding, which benefits from automata-theoretic minimization, thus suggesting a possible practical advantage. To that end, we propose a formalization of symbolic DFA in second-order logic, thus developing a novel connection between BDDs and MSO. We then show by empirical evaluations that the first-order encoding does perform better than both second-order encodings. The conclusion is that first-order encoding is a better choice than second-order encoding in LTLf-to-Automata translation. △ Less Submitted 18 January, 2019; originally announced January 2019. arXiv:1901.06108 [ pdf , other ] First-Order vs. Second-Order Encodings for LTLf-to-Automata Translation Authors: Shufang Zhu , Geguang Pu , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : Translating formulas of Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) over finite traces, or LTLf, to symbolic Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA) plays an important role not only in LTLf synthesis, but also in synthesis for Safety LTL formulas. The translation is enabled by using MONA, a powerful tool for symbolic, BDD-based, DFA construction from logic specifications. Recent works used a first-order encoding of L… ▽ More Translating formulas of Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) over finite traces, or LTLf, to symbolic Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA) plays an important role not only in LTLf synthesis, but also in synthesis for Safety LTL formulas. The translation is enabled by using MONA, a powerful tool for symbolic, BDD-based, DFA construction from logic specifications. Recent works used a first-order encoding of LTLf formulas to translate LTLf to First Order Logic (FOL), which is then fed to MONA to get the symbolic DFA. This encoding was shown to perform well, but other encodings have not been studied. Specifically, the natural question of whether second-order encoding, which has significantly simpler quantificational structure, can outperform first-order encoding remained open. In this paper we address this challenge and study second-order encodings for LTLf formulas. We first introduce a specific MSO encoding that captures the semantics of LTLf in a natural way and prove its correctness. We then explore is a Compact MSO encoding, which benefits from automata-theoretic minimization, thus suggesting a possible practical advantage. To that end, we propose a formalization of symbolic DFA in second-order logic, thus developing a novel connection between BDDs and MSO. We then show by empirical evaluations that the first-order encoding does perform better than both second-order encodings. The conclusion is that first-order encoding is a better choice than second-order encoding in LTLf-to-Automata translation. △ Less Submitted 18 January, 2019; originally announced January 2019. arXiv:1812.06569 [ pdf , other ] cs.FL cs.LO doi 10.46298/lmcs-18(3:13)2022 Comparator automata in quantitative verification Authors: Suguman Bansal , Swarat Chaudhuri , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : The notion of comparison between system runs is fundamental in formal verification. This concept is implicitly present in the verification of qualitative systems, and is more pronounced in the verification of quantitative systems. In this work, we identify a novel mode of comparison in quantitative systems: the online comparison of the aggregate values of two sequences of quantitative weights. Thi… ▽ More The notion of comparison between system runs is fundamental in formal verification. This concept is implicitly present in the verification of qualitative systems, and is more pronounced in the verification of quantitative systems. In this work, we identify a novel mode of comparison in quantitative systems: the online comparison of the aggregate values of two sequences of quantitative weights. This notion is embodied by comparator automata (comparators, in short), a new class of automata that read two infinite sequences of weights synchronously and relate their aggregate values. We show that aggregate functions that can be represented with Büchi automaton result in comparators that are finite-state and accept by the Büchi condition as well. Such $ω$-regular comparators further lead to generic algorithms for a number of well-studied problems, including the quantitative inclusion and winning strategies in quantitative graph games with incomplete information, as well as related non-decision problems, such as obtaining a finite representation of all counterexamples in the quantitative inclusion problem. We study comparators for two aggregate functions: discounted-sum and limit-average. We prove that the discounted-sum comparator is $ω$-regular iff the discount-factor is an integer. Not every aggregate function, however, has an $ω$-regular comparator. Specifically, we show that the language of sequence-pairs for which limit-average aggregates exist is neither $ω$-regular nor $ω$-context-free. Given this result, we introduce the notion of prefix-average as a relaxation of limit-average aggregation, and show that it admits $ω$-context-free comparators i.e. comparator automata expressed by Büchi pushdown automata. △ Less Submitted 28 July, 2022; v1 submitted 16 December, 2018; originally announced December 2018. Journal ref: Logical Methods in Computer Science, Volume 18, Issue 3 (July 29, 2022) lmcs:5050 arXiv:1812.06569 [ pdf , other ] Comparator automata in quantitative verification Authors: Suguman Bansal , Swarat Chaudhuri , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : The notion of comparison between system runs is fundamental in formal verification. This concept is implicitly present in the verification of qualitative systems, and is more pronounced in the verification of quantitative systems. In this work, we identify a novel mode of comparison in quantitative systems: the online comparison of the aggregate values of two sequences of quantitative weights. Thi… ▽ More The notion of comparison between system runs is fundamental in formal verification. This concept is implicitly present in the verification of qualitative systems, and is more pronounced in the verification of quantitative systems. In this work, we identify a novel mode of comparison in quantitative systems: the online comparison of the aggregate values of two sequences of quantitative weights. This notion is embodied by comparator automata (comparators, in short), a new class of automata that read two infinite sequences of weights synchronously and relate their aggregate values. We show that aggregate functions that can be represented with Büchi automaton result in comparators that are finite-state and accept by the Büchi condition as well. Such $ω$-regular comparators further lead to generic algorithms for a number of well-studied problems, including the quantitative inclusion and winning strategies in quantitative graph games with incomplete information, as well as related non-decision problems, such as obtaining a finite representation of all counterexamples in the quantitative inclusion problem. We study comparators for two aggregate functions: discounted-sum and limit-average. We prove that the discounted-sum comparator is $ω$-regular iff the discount-factor is an integer. Not every aggregate function, however, has an $ω$-regular comparator. Specifically, we show that the language of sequence-pairs for which limit-average aggregates exist is neither $ω$-regular nor $ω$-context-free. Given this result, we introduce the notion of prefix-average as a relaxation of limit-average aggregation, and show that it admits $ω$-context-free comparators i.e. comparator automata expressed by Büchi pushdown automata. △ Less Submitted 28 July, 2022; v1 submitted 16 December, 2018; originally announced December 2018. Journal ref: Logical Methods in Computer Science, Volume 18, Issue 3 (July 29, 2022) lmcs:5050 arXiv:1811.03176 [ pdf , other ] cs.LO SAT-based Explicit LTLf Satisfiability Checking Authors: Jianwen Li , Kristin Y. Rozier , Geguang Pu , Yueling Zhang , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : We present here a SAT-based framework for LTLf (Linear Temporal Logic on Finite Traces) satisfiability checking. We use propositional SAT-solving techniques to construct a transition system for the input LTLf formula; satisfiability checking is then reduced to a path-search problem over this transition system. Furthermore, we introduce CDLSC (Conflict-Driven LTLf Satisfiability Checking), a novel… ▽ More We present here a SAT-based framework for LTLf (Linear Temporal Logic on Finite Traces) satisfiability checking. We use propositional SAT-solving techniques to construct a transition system for the input LTLf formula; satisfiability checking is then reduced to a path-search problem over this transition system. Furthermore, we introduce CDLSC (Conflict-Driven LTLf Satisfiability Checking), a novel algorithm that leverages information produced by propositional SAT solvers from both satisfiability and unsatisfiability results. Experimental evaluations show that CDLSC outperforms all other existing approaches for LTLf satisfiability checking, by demonstrating an approximate four-fold speedup compared to the second-best solver. △ Less Submitted 7 November, 2018; originally announced November 2018. arXiv:1811.03176 [ pdf , other ] SAT-based Explicit LTLf Satisfiability Checking Authors: Jianwen Li , Kristin Y. Rozier , Geguang Pu , Yueling Zhang , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : We present here a SAT-based framework for LTLf (Linear Temporal Logic on Finite Traces) satisfiability checking. We use propositional SAT-solving techniques to construct a transition system for the input LTLf formula; satisfiability checking is then reduced to a path-search problem over this transition system. Furthermore, we introduce CDLSC (Conflict-Driven LTLf Satisfiability Checking), a novel… ▽ More We present here a SAT-based framework for LTLf (Linear Temporal Logic on Finite Traces) satisfiability checking. We use propositional SAT-solving techniques to construct a transition system for the input LTLf formula; satisfiability checking is then reduced to a path-search problem over this transition system. Furthermore, we introduce CDLSC (Conflict-Driven LTLf Satisfiability Checking), a novel algorithm that leverages information produced by propositional SAT solvers from both satisfiability and unsatisfiability results. Experimental evaluations show that CDLSC outperforms all other existing approaches for LTLf satisfiability checking, by demonstrating an approximate four-fold speedup compared to the second-best solver. △ Less Submitted 7 November, 2018; originally announced November 2018. 1 2 About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=Vardi,+M+Y
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Usage Toggle Usage subsection 1.1 Choosing between Template:cite web and Template:cite news 1.1 Choosing between Template:cite web and Template:cite news 2 Examples Toggle Examples subsection 2.1 Using "format=" 2.2 Foreign language and translated title 2.3 Using author-link 2.4 Multiple authors 2.5 No author 2.6 No author, no publisher 2.7 Using "archive-url" and "archive-date" (and optionally "url-status") for webpages that have been archived 2.8 Using quote 2.1 Using "format=" 2.2 Foreign language and translated title 2.3 Using author-link 2.4 Multiple authors 2.5 No author 2.6 No author, no publisher 2.7 Using "archive-url" and "archive-date" (and optionally "url-status") for webpages that have been archived 2.8 Using quote 3 Parameters Toggle Parameters subsection 3.1 Syntax 3.2 COinS 3.2.1 COinS metadata is created for these parameters 3.3 What's new 3.4 Deprecated 3.5 Description 3.5.1 Authors 3.5.2 Date 3.5.3 Editors 3.5.4 Title 3.5.5 URL 3.5.6 Website 3.5.7 Edition, series 3.5.8 Publisher 3.5.9 In-source locations 3.5.10 Identifiers 3.5.11 Subscription or registration required 3.5.11.1 Access indicators for url-holding parameters 3.5.11.2 Access indicator for named identifiers 3.5.11.3 Tracking of free DOIs 3.5.12 Quote 3.5.13 Anchor 3.5.14 Display options 3.1 Syntax 3.2 COinS 3.2.1 COinS metadata is created for these parameters 3.2.1 COinS metadata is created for these parameters 3.3 What's new 3.4 Deprecated 3.5 Description 3.5.1 Authors 3.5.2 Date 3.5.3 Editors 3.5.4 Title 3.5.5 URL 3.5.6 Website 3.5.7 Edition, series 3.5.8 Publisher 3.5.9 In-source locations 3.5.10 Identifiers 3.5.11 Subscription or registration required 3.5.11.1 Access indicators for url-holding parameters 3.5.11.2 Access indicator for named identifiers 3.5.11.3 Tracking of free DOIs 3.5.12 Quote 3.5.13 Anchor 3.5.14 Display options 3.5.1 Authors 3.5.2 Date 3.5.3 Editors 3.5.4 Title 3.5.5 URL 3.5.6 Website 3.5.7 Edition, series 3.5.8 Publisher 3.5.9 In-source locations 3.5.10 Identifiers 3.5.11 Subscription or registration required 3.5.11.1 Access indicators for url-holding parameters 3.5.11.2 Access indicator for named identifiers 3.5.11.3 Tracking of free DOIs 3.5.11.1 Access indicators for url-holding parameters 3.5.11.2 Access indicator for named identifiers 3.5.11.3 Tracking of free DOIs 3.5.12 Quote 3.5.13 Anchor 3.5.14 Display options 4 TemplateData 5 See also Template : Cite web Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Anarâškielâ अंगिका Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu अवधी Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali Bamanankan বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dagbanli Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski डोटेली ཇོང་ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe Farefare فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Gungbe 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Ирон IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kernowek Ikinyarwanda Ikirundi Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladin Ladino Лакку ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Li Niha Ligure Limburgs Lingála Lingua Franca Nova La .lojban. 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The relevant bots are: KiranBOT This template uses Lua : Module:Citation/CS1 ( sandbox ) Module:Citation/CS1 ( sandbox ) {{ Cite arXiv }} arXiv preprints {{ Cite AV media }} audio and visual media {{ Cite AV media notes }} AV media liner notes {{ Cite bioRxiv }} bioRxiv preprints {{ Cite book }} books and chapters {{ Cite CiteSeerX }} CiteSeerX papers {{ Cite conference }} conference papers {{ Cite document }} short, stand-alone, offline documents {{ Cite encyclopedia }} edited collections {{ Cite episode }} radio or TV episodes {{ Cite interview }} interviews {{ Cite journal }} academic journals {{ Cite magazine }} magazines, periodicals {{ Cite mailing list }} public mailing lists {{ Cite map }} maps {{ Cite medRxiv }} medRxiv preprints {{ Cite news }} news articles {{ Cite newsgroup }} online newsgroups {{ Cite podcast }} podcasts {{ Cite press release }} press releases {{ Cite report }} reports {{ Cite serial }} audio or video serials {{ Cite sign }} signs, plaques {{ Cite speech }} speeches {{ Cite SSRN }} SSRN papers {{ Cite tech report }} technical reports {{ Cite thesis }} theses {{ Cite web }} web sources not covered by the above See also Specific-source templates Citation Style 1 wrapper templates .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e This Citation Style 1 template is used to create citations for web sources that are not characterized by another CS1 template. Do not use this template in the " External links " section of articles. Usage Copy a blank version to use. Almost all parameter names are supported only in lower case (some initialisms, such as |isbn= have upper-case aliases like |ISBN= , which are acceptable for use). Use the "|" (pipe) character between each parameter. Unused parameters may be deleted to avoid clutter in the edit window. Some samples on this documentation page may include the current date. If the date is not current, then purge the page. To cite a web page with a credited author {{ cite web | last = | first = | date = | title = | url = | website = | location = | publisher = | access-date = }} To cite a web page with no credited author {{ cite web | author = <!-- not stated --> | date = | title = | url = | website = | location = | publisher = | access-date = }} To cite an online web page that has been archived {{ cite web | last = | first = | date = | title = | url = | website = | location = | publisher = | url-status = | archive-url = | archive-date = | access-date = }} To cite a web page written in a foreign language {{ cite web | last = | first = | date = | title = | url = | trans-title = | website = | language = | location = | publisher = | access-date = }} To cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign language web page re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription {{ cite web | last1 = | first1 = | last2 = | first2 = | date = | title = | url = | url-access = | trans-title = | format = | website = | language = | location = | publisher = | url-status = | archive-url = | archive-date = | access-date = | via = | quote = }} {{ cite web | last1 = | first1 = | author-link1 = | last2 = | first2 = | author-link2 = | display-authors = | author-mask1 = | author-mask2 = | collaboration = | df = | date = | year = | orig-date = | orig-year = | location = | editor-last1 = | editor-first1 = | editor-link1 = | editor-last2 = | editor-first2 = | editor-link2 = | display-editors = | editor-mask1 = | editor-mask2 = | title = | script-title = | title-link = | url = | url-access = | trans-title = | format = | department = | website = | script-website = | trans-website = | type = | series = | language = | interviewer-last1 = | interviewer-first1 = | interviewer-link1 = | interviewer-last2 = | interviewer-first2 = | interviewer-link2 = | display-interviewers = | interviewer-mask1 = | interviewer-mask2 = | translator-last1 = | translator-first1 = | translator-link1 = | translator-last2 = | translator-first2 = | translator-link2 = | display-translators = | translator-mask1 = | translator-mask2 = | others = | name-list-style = | edition = | publication-place = | publisher = | publication-date = | agency = | minutes = | time-caption = | time = | page = | pages = | at = | no-pp = | arxiv = | asin = | asin-tld = | bibcode = | bibcode-access = | biorxiv = | citeseerx = | doi = | doi-access = | doi-broken-date = | eissn = | hdl = | hdl-access = | isbn = | ismn = | issn = | jfm = | jstor = | jstor-access = | lccn = | medrxiv = | mr = | oclc = | ol = | ol-access = | osti = | osti-access = | pmc = | pmc-embargo-date = | pmid = | rfc = | sbn = | ssrn = | s2cid = | s2cid-access = | zbl = | id = | url-status = | archive-url = | archive-format = | archive-date = | access-date = | via = | quote-page = | quote-pages = | quote = | script-quote = | trans-quote = | mode = | ref = | postscript = }} To cite a web page with a credited author {{ cite web | last = | first = | date = | title = | url = | website = | location = | publisher = | access-date = }} To cite a web page with no credited author {{ cite web | author = <!-- not stated --> | date = | title = | url = | website = | location = | publisher = | access-date = }} To cite a web page article that has been archived {{ cite web | last = | first = | date = | title = | url = | website = | location = | publisher = | url-status = | archive-url = | archive-date = | access-date = }} To cite a web page written in a foreign language {{ cite web | last = | first = | date = | title = | url = | trans-title = | website = | language = | location = | publisher = | access-date = }} To cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign language web page re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription {{ cite web | last1 = | first1 = | last2 = | first2 = | date = | title = | url = | url-access = | trans-title = | format = | website = | language = | location = | publisher = | url-status = | archive-url = | archive-date = | access-date = | via = | quote = }} Parameters Prerequisites Brief instructions / notes Vertical list .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} last1 Author's last name or single name author. Don't link. {{ cite web | last1 = | first1 = | author-link1 = | last2 = | first2 = | author-link2 = | display-authors = | author-mask1 = | author-mask2 = | collaboration = | df = | date = | year = | orig-date = | orig-year = | location = | editor-last1 = | editor-first1 = | editor-link1 = | editor-last2 = | editor-first2 = | editor-link2 = | display-editors = | editor-mask1 = | editor-mask2 = | title = | script-title = | title-link = | url = | url-access = | trans-title = | format = | department = | website = | script-website = | trans-website = | type = | series = | language = | interviewer-last1 = | interviewer-first1 = | interviewer-link1 = | interviewer-last2 = | interviewer-first2 = | interviewer-link2 = | display-interviewers = | interviewer-mask1 = | interviewer-mask2 = | translator-last1 = | translator-first1 = | translator-link1 = | translator-last2 = | translator-first2 = | translator-link2 = | display-translators = | translator-mask1 = | translator-mask2 = | others = | name-list-style = | edition = | publication-place = | publisher = | publication-date = | agency = | minutes = | time-caption = | time = | page = | pages = | at = | no-pp = | arxiv = | asin = | asin-tld = | bibcode = | bibcode-access = | biorxiv = | citeseerx = | doi = | doi-access = | doi-broken-date = | eissn = | hdl = | hdl-access = | isbn = | ismn = | issn = | jfm = | jstor = | jstor-access = | lccn = | medrxiv = | mr = | oclc = | ol = | ol-access = | osti = | osti-access = | pmc = | pmc-embargo-date = | pmid = | rfc = | sbn = | ssrn = | s2cid = | s2cid-access = | zbl = | id = | url-status = | archive-url = | archive-format = | archive-date = | access-date = | via = | quote-page = | quote-pages = | quote = | script-quote = | trans-quote = | mode = | ref = | postscript = }} first1 last1 Author's first name. Don't link. author-link1 last1 Title of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link. last2 last1 Like last1 , but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: last3 , etc. first2 last2 Like first1 , but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: first3 , etc. author-link2 last2 Like author-link1 , but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar: author-link3 , etc. display-authors last1 Number (number of authors displayed) or etal (more authors) author-mask1 last1 See Display options below; not for lists of cited works author-mask2 last2 collaboration last1 df date year orig-date date or year orig-year date or year location publisher can be used for written-at location when publication-place is used for publication place editor-last1 Like last1 , but for editor. Don't link. editor-first1 editor-last1 Like first1 , but for editor. Don't link. editor-link1 editor-last1 Like author-link1 , but for editor. Don't link. editor-last2 editor-last1 Like last1 , but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: editor-last3 , etc. editor-first2 editor-last2 Like first1 , but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: editor-first3 , etc. editor-link2 editor-last2 Like author-link1 , but for 2nd editor. Don't link. Similar: editor-link3 , etc. display-editors editor-last1 Like display-authors , but for editors editor-mask1 editor-last1 See Display options below; not for lists of cited works editor-mask2 editor-last2 title This parameter is required. script-title title-link title or script-title Name of a Wikipedia article about the work. Do not use if url is provided url title or script-title This parameter is required. Do not use if title-link is provided url-access url trans-title title or script-title format url department website script-website trans-website website or script-website type series language interviewer-last1 Like last1 , but for interviewer. Don't link. interviewer-first1 interviewer-last1 Like first1 , but for interviewer. Don't link. interviewer-link1 interviewer-last1 Like author-link1 , but for interviewer. Don't link. interviewer-last2 interviewer-last1 Like last1 , but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: interviewer-last3 , etc. interviewer-first2 interviewer-last2 Like first1 , but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: interviewer-first3 , etc. interviewer-link2 interviewer-last2 Like author-link1 , but for 2nd interviewer. Don't link. Similar: interviewer-link3 , etc. display-interviewers interviewer-last1 Like display-authors , but for interviewers interviewer-mask1 interviewer-last1 See Display options below; not for lists of cited works interviewer-mask2 interviewer-last2 translator-last1 Like last1 , but for translator. Don't link. translator-first1 translator-last1 Like first1 , but for translator. Don't link. translator-link1 translator-last1 Like author-link1 , but for translator. Don't link. translator-last2 translator-last1 Like last1 , but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: translator-last3 , etc. translator-first2 translator-last2 Like first1 , but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: translator-first3 , etc. translator-link2 translator-last2 Like author-link1 , but for 2nd translator. Don't link. Similar: translator-link3 , etc. display-translators translator-last1 Like display-authors , but for translators translator-mask1 translator-last1 See Display options below; not for lists of cited works translator-mask2 translator-last2 others name-list-style last2 Set to amp or ampersand to separate the last author with " & " ; set to and to separate with " and " edition publication-place publisher publisher publication-date agency minutes time-caption time time page choose one: page , pages , or at pages choose one: page , pages , or at . Use when content on multiple pages supports the article text. at choose one: page , pages , or at no-pp page or pages set to "yes" to suppress the "p." or "pp." before page numbers arxiv asin asin-tld asin bibcode biorxiv biorxiv-access biorxiv citeseerx doi doi-access doi doi-broken-date doi eissn hdl hdl-access hdl isbn ismn issn jfm jstor jstor-access jstor lccn medrxiv mr oclc ol ol-access ol osti osti-access osti pmc pmc-embargo-date pmc pmid rfc sbn ssrn s2cid s2cid-access s2cid zbl id url-status archive-url archive-url archive-date , url archive-format archive-url archive-date archive-url access-date url via quote-page choose one: quote-page , quote-pages quote-pages choose one: quote-page , quote-pages . Use when quote contains contents from multiple pages. quote script-quote trans-quote mode cs1 or cs2 ref postscript If a field name is listed in the Prerequisites column, it is a prerequisite for the field to the left. Choosing between Template:cite web and Template:cite news Previously, editors had to decide whether to use {{ cite web }} or {{cite news}} based on these templates' features. In 2014, however, most of the differences between the two templates were eliminated. As of 29 July 2016 , {{cite web}} and {{cite news}} have the following differences: {{Cite news}} can be used for offline (paper) sources whereas {{cite web}} generates a missing URL error when no URL is provided {{Cite news}} accepts |issue= and |volume= parameters while {{cite web}} does not (see Help:Citation Style 1 § Pages , Help talk:Citation Style 1/Archive 10 § |volume=, |issue=, |page(s)= and cite magazine and {{ cite magazine }} .) But given the same set of valid parameters, their output is exactly the same: Cite web : .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Silverman, Dwight (July 15, 2011). "Microsoft envisions a universal OS, but it might not be called Windows" . Houston Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved May 26, 2015 . Cite news : Silverman, Dwight (July 15, 2011). "Microsoft envisions a universal OS, but it might not be called Windows" . Houston Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved May 26, 2015 . Examples {{cite web |url= |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=Doe |first=John |publisher=Open Publishing |date=April 30, 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=January 16, 2026}} Doe, John (April 30, 2005). "My Favorite Things, Part II" . Encyclopedia of Things . Open Publishing . Retrieved January 16, 2026 . {{cite web |url= |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=Doe |first=John |date=30 April 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=16 January 2026}} Doe, John (30 April 2005). "My Favorite Things, Part II" . Encyclopedia of Things . Retrieved 16 January 2026 . {{cite web |url= |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=Doe |first=John |date=2005-04-30 |access-date=2026-01-16}} Doe, John (2005-04-30). "My Favorite Things, Part II" . Retrieved 2026-01-16 . {{cite web |url= |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=Doe |first=John |access-date=16 January 2026}} Doe, John. "My Favorite Things, Part II" . Retrieved 16 January 2026 . {{cite web |url= |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |access-date=2026-01-16}} "My Favorite Things, Part II" . Retrieved 2026-01-16 . {{cite web |url= |title=NFL Rules Digest |website=NFL Football Operations |publisher=[[National Football League]] |access-date=January 16, 2026}} "NFL Rules Digest" . NFL Football Operations . National Football League . Retrieved January 16, 2026 . Using "format=" When this template detects a link whose URL includes an extension of ".pdf" or ".PDF", typical of PDF files, it automatically displays a PDF icon after the link (regardless of whether the link goes to a PDF file or to an HTML landing page, typical of paysites). It also internally acts as if |format=PDF had been specified, which displays " (PDF)" after the icon. (In this case, an explicit |format=PDF parameter would be redundant, so it is not recommended to add it. Users may remove it. Citation bot, when invoked, will remove it. ( ref )) {{cite web |url= |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |publisher=International Narcotics Control Board |access-date=16 January 2026}} "List of psychotropic substances under international control" (PDF) . International Narcotics Control Board . Retrieved 16 January 2026 . If the link is to a PDF file that is not automatically recognizable by its extension, this template does not display the PDF icon. You may add the parameter |format=PDF , which displays " (PDF)" after the link (but no PDF icon). {{cite web |url= |title=Some PDF Document |publisher=Sample Int'l |format=PDF |access-date=16 January 2026}} "Some PDF Document" (PDF) . Sample Int'l . Retrieved 16 January 2026 . For links to files in other formats, no icon is displayed. For example, for an .odt file, you may add the parameter |format=ODT , which displays " (ODT)" after the link. {{cite web |url= |title=Some ODT Document |publisher=Sample Int'l |format=ODT |access-date=16 January 2026}} "Some ODT Document" (ODT) . Sample Int'l . Retrieved 16 January 2026 . Foreign language and translated title {{cite web |url= |title=Honi soit qui mal y pense |last=Joliet |first=François |date=30 April 2005 |access-date=16 January 2026 |language=fr |trans-title=Shame on those who think evil of it}} Joliet, François (30 April 2005). "Honi soit qui mal y pense" [Shame on those who think evil of it] (in French) . Retrieved 16 January 2026 . Using author-link {{cite web |url= |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=Doe |first=John |author-link=John Doe |publisher=Open Publishing |date=April 30, 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=January 16, 2026}} Doe, John (April 30, 2005). "My Favorite Things, Part II" . Encyclopedia of Things . Open Publishing . Retrieved January 16, 2026 . Multiple authors {{cite web |url= |title=Our Favourite Things |last1=Doe |first1=John |last2=Smith |first2=Peter |last3=Smythe |first3=Jim |publisher=Open Publishing |date=30 April 2005 |website=Encyclopaedia of Things |access-date=16 January 2026}} Doe, John; Smith, Peter; Smythe, Jim (30 April 2005). "Our Favourite Things" . Encyclopaedia of Things . Open Publishing . Retrieved 16 January 2026 . No author {{cite web |url= |title=Index of Sharp Things |publisher=Open Publishing |date=2005-04-30 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=2026-01-16}} "Index of Sharp Things" . Encyclopedia of Things . Open Publishing. 2005-04-30 . Retrieved 2026-01-16 . No author, no publisher {{cite web |url= |title=Index of Sharp Things |date=30 April 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=16 January 2026}} "Index of Sharp Things" . Encyclopedia of Things . 30 April 2005 . Retrieved 16 January 2026 . {{cite web |url= |title=Index of Sharp Things |date=April 30, 2005 |access-date=January 16, 2026}} "Index of Sharp Things" . April 30, 2005 . Retrieved January 16, 2026 . {{cite web |url= |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |date=December 2023 |access-date=2026-01-16 |language=ru}} "List of psychotropic substances under international control" (PDF) (in Russian). December 2023 . Retrieved 2026-01-16 . Using "archive-url" and "archive-date" (and optionally "url-status") for webpages that have been archived {{cite web |url= |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |date=2005-04-30 |publisher=International Narcotics Control Board |access-date=2026-01-16 |archive-url= |archive-date=2005-09-07}} "List of psychotropic substances under international control" (PDF) . International Narcotics Control Board. 2005-04-30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-09-07 . Retrieved 2026-01-16 . {{cite web |url= |title=DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive) |website=The Hollywood Reporter |date=September 18, 2015 |access-date=September 21, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date=October 22, 2015}} "DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive)" . The Hollywood Reporter . September 18, 2015. Archived from the original on October 22, 2015 . Retrieved September 21, 2015 . {{cite web |url= |title=London, United Kingdom Forecast: Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport) |publisher=The Weather Underground |access-date=16 January 2026 |url-status=unfit |archive-url= |archive-date=22 May 2011}} "London, United Kingdom Forecast: Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport)" . The Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011 . Retrieved 16 January 2026 . Using quote {{cite web |url= |title=Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea |website=WebExhibits |date=2008 |access-date=16 January 2026 |quote=... Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins ...'}} "Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea" . WebExhibits . 2008 . Retrieved 16 January 2026 . ... Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins ...' Parameters Syntax Nested parameters rely on their parent parameters: parent OR: parent2 —may be used instead of parent child —may be used with parent (and is ignored if parent is not used) OR: child2 —may be used instead of child (and is ignored if parent2 is not used) child —may be used with parent (and is ignored if parent is not used) OR: child2 —may be used instead of child (and is ignored if parent2 is not used) By default, sets of fields are terminated with a period (.). COinS This template embeds COinS metadata in the HTML output, allowing reference management software to retrieve bibliographic metadata. .mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0} .mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}} See Wikipedia:COinS . As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text: use |date=27 September 2007 not |date=27 September 2007 (print version 25 September) Use of templates within the citation template is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be included raw in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example , , or , should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata. COinS metadata is created for these parameters Note: This table of metadata is displayed in the documentation of all Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive, some are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. A full list of this template's supported parameters, their aliases, and their dependencies is shown in the Usage section near the top of this documentation page. |periodical= , |journal= , |newspaper= , |magazine= , |work= , |website= , |encyclopedia= , |encyclopaedia= , |dictionary= |chapter= , |script-chapter= , |contribution= , |script-contribution= , |entry= , |script-entry= , |article= , |script-article= , |section= , |script-section= |title= , |script-title= , |book-title= |publication-place= , |place= , |location= |date= , |year= , |publication-date= |series= , |version= |volume= , |issue= , |number= |page= , |pages= , |at= , |quote-page= , |quote-pages= |edition= |publisher= , |institution= |url= , |chapter-url= , |contribution-url= , |section-url= |author-last= , |author-last#= , |author#-last= , |author-surname= , |author-surname#= , |author#-surname= , |last= , |last#= , |surname= , |surname#= , |author= , |author#= , |subject= , |subject#= , |host= , |host#= |author-first= , |author-first#= , |author#-first= , |author-given= , |author-given#= , |author#-given= , |first= , |first#= , |given= , |given#= |degree= |arxiv= , |bibcode= , |biorxiv= , |citeseerx= , |doi= , |eissn= , |eprint= , |hdl= , |isbn= , |issn= , |jfm= , |jstor= , |lccn= , |message-id= , |mr= , |oclc= , |osti= , |pmc= , |pmid= , |rfc= , |ssrn= , |s2cid= , |zbl= What's new Parameter Description Date N/A Deprecated Deprecated parameter Replace with Date none deprecated at present Removed parameter Replace with Date Note |authors= |last n = / |first n = , |author n = , |vauthors= August 2024 Description Authors last : Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use last or one of its aliases (e.g. |author=Bono ). Aliases: surname , author , last1 , surname1 , author1 . author : this parameter is used to hold the name of an organizational author (e.g. a committee) or the complete name (first and last) of a single person; for the latter, prefer the use of |first= and |last= . This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author. Supports accept-this-as-written markup . Do not use italics in this field, as doing so produces corrupt metadata. first : Given or first names of author; for example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Firstname M. Sr. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. Aliases: given , first1 , given1 . Requires last ; first name will not display if last is empty. Use generational and regnal suffixes only in accordance with MOS:JRSR and use honorifics (including Dr. , Sir , and similar) only in accordance with MOS:HON . OR: for multiple authors, use last1 , first1 through last n , first n , where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each first n requires a corresponding last n , but not the other way around). See the display parameters to change how many authors are displayed. Aliases: surname1 , given1 through surname n , given n , or author1 through author n . For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use |first1=... |last1=... |author2=... . author-link : Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: author-link1 , author1-link , authorlink . OR: for multiple authors, use author-link1 through author-link n . Aliases: author1-link through author n -link . name-list-style : accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to amp , ampersand , or & , inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to and , inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to vanc displays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use the last / first forms of name parameters. author : this parameter is used to hold the name of an organizational author (e.g. a committee) or the complete name (first and last) of a single person; for the latter, prefer the use of |first= and |last= . This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author. Supports accept-this-as-written markup . Do not use italics in this field, as doing so produces corrupt metadata. first : Given or first names of author; for example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Firstname M. Sr. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. Aliases: given , first1 , given1 . Requires last ; first name will not display if last is empty. Use generational and regnal suffixes only in accordance with MOS:JRSR and use honorifics (including Dr. , Sir , and similar) only in accordance with MOS:HON . OR: for multiple authors, use last1 , first1 through last n , first n , where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each first n requires a corresponding last n , but not the other way around). See the display parameters to change how many authors are displayed. Aliases: surname1 , given1 through surname n , given n , or author1 through author n . For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use |first1=... |last1=... |author2=... . author-link : Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: author-link1 , author1-link , authorlink . OR: for multiple authors, use author-link1 through author-link n . Aliases: author1-link through author n -link . name-list-style : accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to amp , ampersand , or & , inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to and , inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to vanc displays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use the last / first forms of name parameters. vauthors : comma-separated list of author names in Vancouver style ; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses . End with etal if appropriate: |vauthors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal author-link and author-mask may be used for the individual names in |vauthors= as described above author-link and author-mask may be used for the individual names in |vauthors= as described above authors : deprecated Free-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias of last . translator-last : Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-surname , translator1 , translator1-last , translator-last1 . Supports accept-this-as-written markup . translator-first : Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-given , translator1-first , translator-first1 . OR: for multiple translators, use translator-last1 , translator-first1 through translator-last n , translator-first n , where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each translator-first n requires a corresponding translator-last n , but not the other way around). Aliases: translator1-last , translator1-first through translator n -last , translator n -first , or translator1 through translator n . translator-link : Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: translator-link1 , translator1-link . OR: for multiple translators, use translator-link1 through translator-link n . Aliases: translator1-link through translator n -link . translator-first : Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-given , translator1-first , translator-first1 . OR: for multiple translators, use translator-last1 , translator-first1 through translator-last n , translator-first n , where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each translator-first n requires a corresponding translator-last n , but not the other way around). Aliases: translator1-last , translator1-first through translator n -last , translator n -first , or translator1 through translator n . translator-link : Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: translator-link1 , translator1-link . OR: for multiple translators, use translator-link1 through translator-link n . Aliases: translator1-link through translator n -link . collaboration : Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author , last , or vauthors listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends "et al." to author name-list. others : To record other contributors to the work, including illustrators. For the parameter value, write Illustrated by John Smith . Note: When using shortened footnotes or parenthetical referencing styles with templates, do not use multiple names in one field, or else the anchor will not match the inline link. Date date : Date of referenced source. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations. [ date 1 ] Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after the website and publisher. For acceptable date formats, see Help:Citation Style 1 § Dates . year : Year of publication. The more flexible |date= parameter also handles a year by itself. Do not use in combination with the |date= parameter, unless both of the following conditions are met: Shortened footnotes target multiple citations with same last name and year of publication. (This situation necessitates a CITEREF disambiguator , usually a lowercase letter suffixed to the year.) The |date= format is YYYY-MM-DD. (This format prevents the addition of a disambiguating letter to the year.) Shortened footnotes target multiple citations with same last name and year of publication. (This situation necessitates a CITEREF disambiguator , usually a lowercase letter suffixed to the year.) The |date= format is YYYY-MM-DD. (This format prevents the addition of a disambiguating letter to the year.) orig-date : Original publication date or year; displays in square brackets after the date (or year ). For clarity, please supply specifics. For example: |orig-date=First published 1859 or |orig-date=Composed 1904 . As |orig-date= does not support automatic date formatting, use the same date format as defined by |df= (or, if it exists in the article, by |cs1-dates= of a {{ use dmy dates }} or {{ use mdy dates }} template), or as used in the |date= parameter. Alias: orig-year df : date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates; overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one value which may be one of these: dmy – set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified; mdy – as above for month day, year format ymd – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD dmy-all – set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format; mdy-all – as above for month day, year format ymd-all – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD ^ Publication dates in references within an article should all have the same format. This may be a different format from that used for archive and access dates. See MOS:DATEUNIFY . Editors editor-last : surname of editor. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use editor-last to include the same format as the source. Aliases: editor-last1 , editor1-last , editor-surname , editor-surname1 , editor1-surname , editor , editor1 . editor : This parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single editor (first and last), or the name of an editorial committee. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one editor. Supports accept-this-as-written markup . editor-first : given or first names of editor, including title(s); example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Aliases: editor-first1 , editor1-first , editor-given , editor-given1 , editor1-given . OR: for multiple editors, use editor-last1 , editor-first1 through editor-last n , editor-first n (Aliases: editor n -last , editor-surname n or editor n -surname ; editor n -first , editor-given n or editor n -given ; editor n ). For an individual editor plus an institutional editor, you can use |editor-first1=... |editor-last1=... |editor2=... . editor-link : title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: editor-link1 . OR: for multiple editors, use editor-link1 through editor-link n (alias editor n -link ). name-list-style : accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to amp , ampersand , or & , inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to and , inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to vanc displays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use the last / first forms of name parameters. editor : This parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single editor (first and last), or the name of an editorial committee. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one editor. Supports accept-this-as-written markup . editor-first : given or first names of editor, including title(s); example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Aliases: editor-first1 , editor1-first , editor-given , editor-given1 , editor1-given . OR: for multiple editors, use editor-last1 , editor-first1 through editor-last n , editor-first n (Aliases: editor n -last , editor-surname n or editor n -surname ; editor n -first , editor-given n or editor n -given ; editor n ). For an individual editor plus an institutional editor, you can use |editor-first1=... |editor-last1=... |editor2=... . editor-link : title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: editor-link1 . OR: for multiple editors, use editor-link1 through editor-link n (alias editor n -link ). name-list-style : accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to amp , ampersand , or & , inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to and , inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to vanc displays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use the last / first forms of name parameters. veditors : comma separated list of editor names in Vancouver style ; enclose corporate or institutional names in doubled parentheses . End with etal if appropriate: |veditors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal editor-link n and editor-mask n may be used for the individual names in |veditors= , as described above editor-link n and editor-mask n may be used for the individual names in |veditors= , as described above Display: Use display-editors to control the length of the displayed editor name list and to specify when "et al." is included. If authors: Authors are first, followed by the included work, then "In" and the editors, then the main work. If no authors: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by "ed."; multiple editors are followed by "eds." Title (See also Help:Citation Style 1 § Titles and chapters .) title : Title of source page on website. Displays in quotation marks. For titles containing quotation marks, convert regular quotation marks ( " ) to single quotation marks ( ' ). See MOS:QINQ for guidance in more complex situations. If script-title is defined, use title to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-title . script-title : Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script: ... |title=Tōkyō tawā |script-title=ja:東京タワー |trans-title=Tokyo Tower ... trans-title : English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title . Use of the language parameter is recommended. script-title : Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script: ... |title=Tōkyō tawā |script-title=ja:東京タワー |trans-title=Tokyo Tower ... trans-title : English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title . Use of the language parameter is recommended. newline [ ] | space {{bracket|text}} {{pipe}} – see also Help:Table § Rendering pipe itself website : Title of website (when the website has a clear name, use that rather than the domain name); may be wikilinked. Displays in italics. Aliases: work type : Provides additional information about the media type of the source. May alternatively be used to identify the type of manuscript linked to in the title, if this is not the final version of a manuscript (e.g. if a preprint of a manuscript is freely available, but the version of record is behind a paywall). Format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. The reserved keyword none can be used to disable the display of a type. Examples: Thesis , Booklet , Accepted manuscript , CD liner , Press release . Alias: medium . language : The language (or a comma-separated list of the languages) in which the source is written, as either the ISO 639 language code (preferred) or the full language name. Examples: |language=ru ; |lang=fr, pt-br ; |lang=Russian ; |language=French, Portuguese . See the list of supported codes and names . Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of Category:CS1 foreign language sources . Because cs1|2 templates are often copied from en.wiki to other wikis, the use of language codes is preferred so that language names render in the correct language and form, e.g. espagnol at a French-language wiki instead of the English word "Spanish". Aliases: lang URL url : URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by title can be found. Cannot be used if title is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Remove tracking parameters from URLs, e.g. #ixzz2rBr3aO94 or ?utm_source=google&utm_medium=...&utm_term=...&utm_campaign=... . For linking to pages in PDF files or in Google Books, see WP:PAGELINKS . Do not link to any commercial booksellers, such as Amazon ; use |isbn= or |oclc= to provide neutral search links for books. Invalid URLs, including those containing spaces, will result in an error message. access-date : Full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires url ; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. [ date 1 ] Not required for linked documents that do not change. For example, access-date is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see WP:CITEWEB . Access dates are not required for links to published research papers or published books. Note that access-date is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with {{ use dmy dates }} and {{ use mdy dates }} . Can be hidden or styled by registered editors. Alias: accessdate . archive-url : The URL of an archived snapshot of a web page. Typically used to refer to services such as Internet Archive (see Help:Using the Wayback Machine ) and archive.today (see Help:Using archive.today ) ; requires archive-date and url . By default (overridden by |url-status=live ) the archived link is displayed first, with the original link at the end. Alias: archiveurl . archive-date : Archive service snapshot date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates. [ date 1 ] Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with {{ use dmy dates }} and {{ use mdy dates }} . Alias: archivedate . url-status : A control parameter to select one of |url= or |archive-url= to link |title= ; requires url and archive-url . Use {{ dead link }} to mark dead |url= when there is no |archive-url= . Accepts multiple keywords: dead – (default condition when |url-status= omitted or empty) selects |archive-url= live – selects |url= ; used when |url= is preemptively archived with |archive-url= deviated – selects |archive-url= ; used when |url= is still live but no longer supports the text in a Wikipedia article unfit – selects |archive-url= ; used when |url= links to vice (gambling, pornography), advertising, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, or other unsuitable page ; links to |url= are suppressed in the rendering. If an entire domain is unsuitable, consider instead usurpation or blacklist . Bot help is available at WP:URLREQ usurped – selects |archive-url= ; used when the domain in |url= no longer serves its original intent, particularly when the domain has been (mis)appropriated by other entities such as vice, reseller, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, and advertising sites; links to |url= are suppressed in the rendering. Bot help is available at WP:URLREQ bot: unknown – Editors may encounter this value which is left behind by a bot that has visited the reference and wasn't able to determine the status of the url. The page will be automatically placed in Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown when this value is present, and per the instructions in that category, editors manually evaluate the state of the URL and change the parameter value appropriately. archive-format : File format of the work referred to by archive-url ; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include alt text ; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.) See Using |format= url-access : See Access indicators discussion access-date : Full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires url ; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. [ date 1 ] Not required for linked documents that do not change. For example, access-date is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see WP:CITEWEB . Access dates are not required for links to published research papers or published books. Note that access-date is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with {{ use dmy dates }} and {{ use mdy dates }} . Can be hidden or styled by registered editors. Alias: accessdate . archive-url : The URL of an archived snapshot of a web page. Typically used to refer to services such as Internet Archive (see Help:Using the Wayback Machine ) and archive.today (see Help:Using archive.today ) ; requires archive-date and url . By default (overridden by |url-status=live ) the archived link is displayed first, with the original link at the end. Alias: archiveurl . archive-date : Archive service snapshot date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates. [ date 1 ] Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with {{ use dmy dates }} and {{ use mdy dates }} . Alias: archivedate . url-status : A control parameter to select one of |url= or |archive-url= to link |title= ; requires url and archive-url . Use {{ dead link }} to mark dead |url= when there is no |archive-url= . Accepts multiple keywords: dead – (default condition when |url-status= omitted or empty) selects |archive-url= live – selects |url= ; used when |url= is preemptively archived with |archive-url= deviated – selects |archive-url= ; used when |url= is still live but no longer supports the text in a Wikipedia article unfit – selects |archive-url= ; used when |url= links to vice (gambling, pornography), advertising, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, or other unsuitable page ; links to |url= are suppressed in the rendering. If an entire domain is unsuitable, consider instead usurpation or blacklist . Bot help is available at WP:URLREQ usurped – selects |archive-url= ; used when the domain in |url= no longer serves its original intent, particularly when the domain has been (mis)appropriated by other entities such as vice, reseller, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, and advertising sites; links to |url= are suppressed in the rendering. Bot help is available at WP:URLREQ bot: unknown – Editors may encounter this value which is left behind by a bot that has visited the reference and wasn't able to determine the status of the url. The page will be automatically placed in Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown when this value is present, and per the instructions in that category, editors manually evaluate the state of the URL and change the parameter value appropriately. archive-format : File format of the work referred to by archive-url ; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include alt text ; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.) See Using |format= archive-date : Archive service snapshot date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates. [ date 1 ] Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with {{ use dmy dates }} and {{ use mdy dates }} . Alias: archivedate . url-status : A control parameter to select one of |url= or |archive-url= to link |title= ; requires url and archive-url . Use {{ dead link }} to mark dead |url= when there is no |archive-url= . Accepts multiple keywords: dead – (default condition when |url-status= omitted or empty) selects |archive-url= live – selects |url= ; used when |url= is preemptively archived with |archive-url= deviated – selects |archive-url= ; used when |url= is still live but no longer supports the text in a Wikipedia article unfit – selects |archive-url= ; used when |url= links to vice (gambling, pornography), advertising, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, or other unsuitable page ; links to |url= are suppressed in the rendering. If an entire domain is unsuitable, consider instead usurpation or blacklist . Bot help is available at WP:URLREQ usurped – selects |archive-url= ; used when the domain in |url= no longer serves its original intent, particularly when the domain has been (mis)appropriated by other entities such as vice, reseller, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, and advertising sites; links to |url= are suppressed in the rendering. Bot help is available at WP:URLREQ bot: unknown – Editors may encounter this value which is left behind by a bot that has visited the reference and wasn't able to determine the status of the url. The page will be automatically placed in Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown when this value is present, and per the instructions in that category, editors manually evaluate the state of the URL and change the parameter value appropriately. dead – (default condition when |url-status= omitted or empty) selects |archive-url= live – selects |url= ; used when |url= is preemptively archived with |archive-url= deviated – selects |archive-url= ; used when |url= is still live but no longer supports the text in a Wikipedia article unfit – selects |archive-url= ; used when |url= links to vice (gambling, pornography), advertising, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, or other unsuitable page ; links to |url= are suppressed in the rendering. If an entire domain is unsuitable, consider instead usurpation or blacklist . Bot help is available at WP:URLREQ usurped – selects |archive-url= ; used when the domain in |url= no longer serves its original intent, particularly when the domain has been (mis)appropriated by other entities such as vice, reseller, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, and advertising sites; links to |url= are suppressed in the rendering. Bot help is available at WP:URLREQ bot: unknown – Editors may encounter this value which is left behind by a bot that has visited the reference and wasn't able to determine the status of the url. The page will be automatically placed in Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown when this value is present, and per the instructions in that category, editors manually evaluate the state of the URL and change the parameter value appropriately. archive-format : File format of the work referred to by archive-url ; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include alt text ; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.) See Using |format= url-access : See Access indicators discussion format : File format of the work referred to by url ; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after title . (For media format, use type .) HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include alt text ; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.) See Using |format= URLs must begin with a supported URI scheme . http:// and https:// will be supported by all browsers; however, ftp:// , gopher:// , irc:// , ircs:// , mailto: and news: may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided. IPv6 host-names are currently not supported. If URLs in citation template parameters contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be percent-encoded . For example, a space must be replaced by %20 . To encode the URL, replace the following characters with: Character space " ' < > [ ] { | } Encoding %20 %22 %27 %3C %3E %5B %5D %7B %7C %7D Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion. ^ a b Access-date and archive-date in references should all have the same format – either the format used for publication dates, or YYYY-MM-DD. See MOS:DATEUNIFY . Website work (required by {{ cite journal }} and {{ cite magazine }} ): Name of the work containing the source; may be wikilinked if relevant. Displays in italics . If the name of the periodical changed over time use the name at the time of the source's publication. If script-work is defined, use work to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-work . Aliases: journal , newspaper , magazine , periodical , website . Use Latin script . For languages written in non-Latin based scripts (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Indic, Japanese, Korean, etc.) use a standard Romanization in this field. script-work : Work title in its original, non-Latin script; not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in work (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script. Leave empty for Latin-based scripts (Czech, French, Turkish, Vietnamese, etc.). Aliases: script-journal , script-newspaper , script-magazine , script-periodical , script-website . trans-work : English translation of the work title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after work or script-work . Aliases: trans-journal , trans-newspaper , trans-magazine , trans-periodical , trans-website . ... |work=Zhōngguó piàofáng |script-work=zh:中国票房 |trans-work=China Box Office ... department : Title of a regular department, column , or section within the periodical or journal. Examples include "Communication", "Editorial", "Letter to the Editor", and "Review". Displays after title and is in plain text. script-work : Work title in its original, non-Latin script; not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in work (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script. Leave empty for Latin-based scripts (Czech, French, Turkish, Vietnamese, etc.). Aliases: script-journal , script-newspaper , script-magazine , script-periodical , script-website . trans-work : English translation of the work title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after work or script-work . Aliases: trans-journal , trans-newspaper , trans-magazine , trans-periodical , trans-website . ... |work=Zhōngguó piàofáng |script-work=zh:中国票房 |trans-work=China Box Office ... department : Title of a regular department, column , or section within the periodical or journal. Examples include "Communication", "Editorial", "Letter to the Editor", and "Review". Displays after title and is in plain text. Edition, series edition : When the publication has more than one edition; for example: "2nd", "Revised", and so forth. Appends the string " ed." after the field, so |edition=2nd produces "2nd ed." Does not display if a periodical field is defined. series or version : When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal, where the issue numbering has restarted. Publisher publisher : Name of publisher; may be wikilinked [ 1 ] if relevant. The publisher is the company , organization or other legal entity that publishes the work being cited. For self-published works (i.e., where the publisher is the same as the author or creator) state |publisher=self-published . [ 2 ] Do not use the publisher parameter for the name of a work (e.g. a website, book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, etc.). If the name of the publisher changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. Corporate designations such as "Ltd", "Inc.", or "GmbH" are not usually included. This parameter is most commonly used for books, and rarely for websites or periodicals (although it may be used instead of work in some cases). Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes The New York Times newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays after title . place : For news stories with a dateline , the location where the story was written. If the name of the location changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. In earlier versions of the template this was the publication place, and for compatibility, will be treated as the publication place if the publication-place parameter is absent; see that parameter for further information. Alias: location publication-place : Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the publication place, for example, The Boston Globe , The Times of India . Displays after the title. If the name of the publication place changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. If only one of publication-place , place , or location is defined, it will be treated as the publication place and will show after the title; if publication-place and place or location are defined, then place or location is shown before the title prefixed with "written at" and publication-place is shown after the title. publication-date : Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. If date (or year ) is also defined and is different, then publication-date displays preceded by "published" and enclosed in parentheses, following publisher . If date (or year ) is not defined, publication-date is displayed as date . Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink. via : Name of the content deliverer (if different from publisher ). via is not a replacement for publisher , but provides additional detail. It may be used when the article is attributed to a different publication (e.g. in Yahoo News ) but cannot be traced, when the content deliverer (e.g. NewsBank ) presents the source in a format different from the original, when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (e.g. EBSCO host ), or if the deliverer requests attribution. See the access level parameters to display access restrictions, and the agency parameters if the original source is a news agency or wire service. agency : The news agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press , Reuters , Agence France-Presse . Do not use for sources published on the agency's own website; e.g. apnews.com or reuters.com; instead, use work or publisher . May be wikilinked if relevant. In-source locations minutes : Time the event occurs in the source; followed by "minutes in". OR: time : Time the event occurs in the source; preceded by default text "Event occurs at". time-caption : Changes the default text displayed before time . time-caption : Changes the default text displayed before time . page : The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either |page= or |pages= , but not both. Displays preceded by p. unless |no-pp=yes . If hyphenated, use {{ hyphen }} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. |page=3{{hyphen}}12 ), otherwise several editors and semi-automated tools will assume this was a misuse of the parameter to indicate a page range and will convert |page=3-12 to |pages=3{{ndash}}12 . Alias: p . OR: pages : A range of pages in the source that supports the content. Use either |page= or |pages= , but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded by pp. unless |no-pp=yes . Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of |pages= without processing it, and use {{ hyphen }} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: |pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)) . Alternatively, use |at= , like this: |at=pp. 3-1 3-15 . Alias: pp . no-pp : Set to yes , y , or true to suppress the p. or pp. notations where this is inappropriate; for example, where |page=Front cover or |pages= passim . no-pp : Set to yes , y , or true to suppress the p. or pp. notations where this is inappropriate; for example, where |page=Front cover or |pages= passim . OR: at : For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by |page= or |pages= . Use only one of |page= , |pages= , or |at= . Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse. For |quote-page= and |quote-pages= used in conjunction with |quote= , see here . Identifiers id : A unique identifier , used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use an external link template as applicable. For example, |id=NCJ 122967 will append "NCJ 122967" at the end of the citation. You can use templates such as |id={{NCJ|122967}} to append NCJ 122967 instead. The following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g. |rfc=822 or |pmc=345678 . arxiv : arXiv identifier ; for example: |arxiv=hep-th/9205027 (before April 2007) or |arxiv=0706.0001 (April 2007 – December 2014) or |arxiv=1501.00001 (since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". Aliases: eprint . asin : Amazon Standard Identification Number ; if first character of asin value is a digit, use isbn . Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example |asin=B00005N5PF . Aliases: ASIN . asin-tld : ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values: ae , au , br , ca , cn , de , es , fr , in , it , jp , mx , nl , pl , sa , se , sg , tr , uk . Aliases: none. asin-tld : ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values: ae , au , br , ca , cn , de , es , fr , in , it , jp , mx , nl , pl , sa , se , sg , tr , uk . Aliases: none. bibcode : bibcode ; used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example: 1974AJ.....79..819H . Aliases: none. biorxiv : bioRxiv id, as in the entire DOI (e.g. 10.1101/078733 for or ; 10.1101/2020.07.24.220400 for ). Aliases: none. citeseerx : CiteSeerX id, a string of digits and dots found in a CiteSeerX URL (e.g. 10.1.1.176.341 for ). Aliases: none. doi : Digital object identifier ; for example: 10.1038/news070508-7 . It is checked to ensure it begins with ( 10. ). Aliases: DOI . Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid DOIs using a non-standard format, see below . doi-broken-date : Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working/inactive at . Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none. Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid DOIs using a non-standard format, see below . doi-broken-date : Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working/inactive at . Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none. eissn : International Standard Serial Number for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen , but not an en dash or a space; example |eissn=1557-2986 . Aliases: EISSN . Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid eISSNs using a non-standard format, see below . Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid eISSNs using a non-standard format, see below . hdl : Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet; example |hdl=20.1000/100 . Aliases: HDL . isbn : International Standard Book Number ; for example: 978-0-8126-9593-9 . (See Wikipedia:ISBN and ISBN § Overview .) Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, use sbn . Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISBN . Use the {{ Format ISBN }} template within the parameter – in the form |isbn={{Format ISBN|9780812695939}} – if you are unsure of how any particular ISBN should be hyphenated, as the pattern varies by country and publisher. Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISBNs using a non-standard format, see below . Use the {{ Format ISBN }} template within the parameter – in the form |isbn={{Format ISBN|9780812695939}} – if you are unsure of how any particular ISBN should be hyphenated, as the pattern varies by country and publisher. Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISBNs using a non-standard format, see below . ismn : International Standard Music Number ; for example: 979-0-9016791-7-7 . Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISMN . issn : International Standard Serial Number ; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen , but not an en dash or a space; example |issn=2049-3630 . Aliases: ISSN . Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISSNs using a non-standard format, see below . Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISSNs using a non-standard format, see below . jfm : Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik ; do not include "JFM" in the value; example |jfm=53.0144.01 . Aliases: JFM . jstor : JSTOR reference number; for example: |jstor=3793107 . Aliases: JSTOR . lccn : Library of Congress Control Number . When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space; example |lccn=79-57364 or |lccn=2004042477 or |lccn=e09001178 . Aliases: LCCN . mr : Mathematical Reviews ; example |mr=630583 . Aliases: MR . oclc : OCLC Number for looking up publications in the WorldCat union catalog ; example |oclc=9355469 . Aliases: OCLC . ol : Open Library identifier; do not include "OL" in the value; example |ol=7030731M . Aliases: OL . osti : Office of Scientific and Technical Information ; example |osti=4367507 . Aliases: OSTI . pmc : PubMed Central ; use article number for open repository full-text of a journal article, e.g. |pmc=345678 . Do not include "PMC" in the value. See also the pmid parameter, below; these are two different identifiers . Aliases: PMC . pmc-embargo-date : Date that pmc goes live; if this date is in the future, then pmc is not linked until that date. Aliases: none. pmc-embargo-date : Date that pmc goes live; if this date is in the future, then pmc is not linked until that date. Aliases: none. pmid : PubMed ; use unique identifier; example |pmid=17322060 See also the pmc parameter, above; these are two different identifiers. Aliases: PMID . rfc : Request for Comments ; example |rfc=3143 . Aliases: RFC . sbn : Standard Book Number ; example |sbn=356-02201-3 . Aliases: SBN . Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid SBNs using a non-standard format, see below . Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid SBNs using a non-standard format, see below . ssrn : Social Science Research Network ; example |ssrn=1900856 . Aliases: SSRN . s2cid : Semantic Scholar corpus ID; example |s2cid=37220927 . Aliases: S2CID . zbl : Zentralblatt MATH ; example |zbl=0472.53010 For zbMATH search results like JFM 35.0387.02 use |jfm=35.0387.02 . Aliases: ZBL . In very rare cases, identifiers are published which do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums. These would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers ( |doi= , |eissn= , |isbn= , |issn= , and |sbn= ) support a special accept-this-as-written markup which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as |< param >=((< value >)) ). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message. For some identifiers, it is possible to specify the access status using the corresponding |< param >-access= parameter. For {{ cite journal }} , some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when |url= and |title-link= are not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for |title-link= to manually select a specific source ( |title-link=pmc or |title-link=doi ) for auto-linking or to disable the feature ( |title-link=none ). It is not necessary to specify a URL to a link identical to a link also produced by an identifier. The |url= parameter (or |title-link= ) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or a convenience link to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible. Subscription or registration required WP:URLACCESS WP:URLACCESS Citations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Wikipedia as documented in Verifiability § Access to sources . As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal restrictions on access to material provided via the external links included in a citation. These levels describe requirements or constraints related to accessing and viewing the cited material; they are not intended to indicate the ability to reuse, or the copyright status, of the material, since that status is not relevant to verifying claims in articles . Four access levels can be used: access indicator for named identifiers : free : the source is free to read for anyone free : the source is free to read for anyone access indicators for url-holding parameters : registration : a free registration with the provider is required to access the source, even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without registration limited : free access is subject to limited trial and a subscription is normally required subscription : the source is only accessible via a paid subscription with the provider of the source (" paywall ") registration : a free registration with the provider is required to access the source, even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without registration limited : free access is subject to limited trial and a subscription is normally required subscription : the source is only accessible via a paid subscription with the provider of the source (" paywall ") As there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link. Access indicators for url-holding parameters Online sources linked by |url= , |article-url= , |chapter-url= , |contribution-url= , |entry-url= , |map-url= , and |section-url= are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these URL-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read, they are not marked as free . If the registration/limited/subscription access to the source goes dead and is no longer available, then remove the access-indicator parameter and add |archive-url= and |archive-date= values if possible. URL Access Allowed keywords |url= |url-access= registration limited subscription |article-url= |article-url-access= |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access= |contribution-url= |contribution-url-access= |entry-url= |entry-url-access= |map-url= |map-url-access= |section-url= |section-url-access= For example, this cites a web page that requires registration but not subscription: which renders as: Access indicator for named identifiers WP:DOIACCESS WP:DOIACCESS Links inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry a free-to-read full text (for instance because they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked as limited , registration , or subscription . Identifier Access Allowed keywords |bibcode= |bibcode-access= free |doi= |doi-access= |hdl= |hdl-access= |jstor= |jstor-access= |ol= |ol-access= |osti= |osti-access= |ssrn= |ssrn-access= |s2cid= |s2cid-access= Some named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters; the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are: |arxiv= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |medrxiv= |pmc= |rfc= For an embargoed pmc that will become available in the future, see pmc-embargo-date . Tracking of free DOIs The template is able to recognize known free-to-read DOI registrants , based on a list in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration . Once a free registrant is identified, the 10.xxxx/... part of the DOI associated with the registrant can be added to the list under local function build_free_doi_registrants_table() . If |doi-access=free is not set, it will place the page in Category:CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI , which is routinely cleared by User:Citation bot . The template is also able to recognize known free-to-read journals, assuming they have a clear 10.xxxx/yyyy.... DOI pattern. Once that pattern is identified, it can be added to Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration under local extended_registrants_t = { with the format ['XXXX'] = {'YYYY'}, . If there are multiple journals with the same DOI prefix, they can be grouped together with the format ['XXXX'] = {'YYYY', 'ZZZZ', '...'}, . If you add a free registrant/free journal to the lists in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration , leave a note at User talk:Citation bot so the bot knows about it. Quote quote : Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation. If script-quote is defined, use quote to hold a Romanization (if available) of the text in script-quote . When quoting a copyrighted text, only brief quotations to attribute a point of view or idea are permitted; extensive quotations are prohibited. script-quote : Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in quote (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script: ... |quote=Tōkyō tawā |script-quote=ja:東京タワー |trans-quote=Tokyo Tower ... trans-quote : English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none. script-quote : Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in quote (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script: ... |quote=Tōkyō tawā |script-quote=ja:東京タワー |trans-quote=Tokyo Tower ... trans-quote : English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none. quote-page : The number of a single page quoted in |quote= . Use either |quote-page= or |quote-pages= , but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in |page= , |pages= or |at= . Displays preceded by p. unless |no-pp=yes . If hyphenated, use {{ hyphen }} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. |quote-page=3{{hyphen}}12 ). Alias: none. OR: quote-pages : A list or range of pages quoted in |quote= . Use either |quote-page= or |quote-pages= , but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in |pages= or |at= . Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded by pp. unless |no-pp=yes is defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of |quote-pages= without processing it, and use {{ hyphen }} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: |quote-pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)) . Alias: none. Anchor ref : the citation's HTML anchor identifier, when different from its default. When set, |ref= ID generates an anchor with the given ID (the id= attribute in the citation's <cite id=" ID "> HTML tag). Setting |ref= ID identifies the template as a target and allows wikilinking to full references , especially useful with short-form citations like shortened notes and parenthetical referencing . The default anchor ID is suitable for use with {{ sfn }} and {{ harv }} templates. Since April 2020, the parameter / keyword pair |ref=harv has no special meaning; this deprecated setting should not be used and may be removed from existing cs1|2 templates. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set |ref=none . Aliases: none. See Template:Citation/doc § Anchors for Harvard referencing templates . Display options mode : Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For |mode=cs1 , element separator and terminal punctuation is a period ( . ); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For |mode=cs2 , element separator is a comma ( , ); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). These styles correspond to Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2 respectively. To override default terminal punctuation use postscript . author-mask : contributor-mask : editor-mask : interviewer-mask : subject-mask : translator-mask : Replaces the name of the (first) author with em dashes or text. Set < name >-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set < name >-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with < name >-link —in this case, the value of < name >-link will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as shortened footnotes . Do not use in a list generated by {{ reflist }} , <references /> or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g. |author n -mask= ) to apply the mask to a specific name . display-authors : display-contributors : display-editors : display-interviewers : display-subjects : display-translators : Controls the number of author (or other kind of contributor) names that are displayed. By default, all authors are displayed. To change the displayed number of names, set the parameter to the desired number. For example, |display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of the other kinds of contributors). |display-authors=0 is a special case suppressing the display of all authors including the et al. |display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none. postscript : Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period ( . ); for no terminating punctuation, specify |postscript=none – leaving |postscript= empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text, or templates that render more than a single terminating punctuation character, will generate a maintenance message. |postscript= is ignored if quote is defined. TemplateData This section contains configuration data used by editing tools and automated bots. Changes to this data can result in widespread and unintended effects. For more information see Help:Citation Style 1#TemplateData TemplateData for Cite web Formats a citation to a website using the provided information such as URL and title. Used only for sources that are not correctly described by the specific citation templates for books, journals, news sources, etc. Template parameters [ Edit template data ] This template has custom formatting. Parameter Description Type Status Last name last last1 author author1 author1-last author-last surname1 author-last1 subject1 surname subject The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors Line suggested First name first given author-first first1 given1 author-first1 author1-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors Line suggested Author link author-link author-link1 author1-link subject-link subject-link1 subject1-link authorlink Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors Page name optional Last name 2 last2 author2 The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2'. Line optional First name 2 first2 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 2 author-link2 author2-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author. Page name optional Last name 3 last3 author3 The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3'. Line optional First name 3 first3 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 3 author-link3 author3-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author. Page name optional Last name 4 last4 author4 The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4'. Line optional First name 4 first4 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 4 author-link4 author4-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author. Page name optional Last name 5 last5 author5 The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5'. Line optional First name 5 first5 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 5 author-link5 author5-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author. Page name optional Last name 6 last6 author6 The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6'. Line optional First name 6 first6 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 6 author-link6 author6-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author. Page name optional Last name 7 last7 author7 The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7'. Line optional First name 7 first7 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 7 author-link7 author7-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author. Page name optional Last name 8 last8 author8 The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8'. Line optional First name 8 first8 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 8 author-link8 author8-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author. Page name optional Last name 9 last9 author9 The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9'. Line optional First name 9 first9 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 9 author-link9 author9-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author. Page name optional Last name 10 last10 author10 The surname of the tenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link10'. Line optional First name 10 first10 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the tenth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 10 author-link10 author10-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the tenth author. Page name optional Last name 11 last11 author11 The surname of the eleventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link11'. Line optional First name 11 first11 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eleventh author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 11 author-link11 author11-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eleventh author. Page name optional Last name 12 last12 author12 The surname of the twelfth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link12'. Line optional First name 12 first12 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the twelfth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 12 author-link12 author12-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the twelfth author. Page name optional Last name 13 last13 author13 The surname of the thirteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link13'. Line optional First name 13 first13 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the thirteenth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 13 author-link13 author13-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the thirteenth author. Page name optional Last name 14 last14 author14 The surname of the fourteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link14'. Line optional First name 14 first14 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourteenth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 14 author-link14 author14-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourteenth author. Page name optional Last name 15 last15 author15 The surname of the fifteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link15'. Line optional First name 15 first15 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifteenth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 15 author-link15 author15-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifteenth author. Page name optional Author mask author-mask Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead String optional Display authors display-authors Number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used. By default, all authors are displayed. Examples: |display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation followed by et al. |display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al. String optional Name list style name-list-style Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the name list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style. Suggested values amp and vanc String optional Source date date Full date when the source was published; if unknown, use access-date instead; do not wikilink Date suggested Year of publication year Year of the source being referenced; deprecated in favor of 'date', except for the special case of ISO dates with disambiguating letter String optional Original date orig-date Original date of publication; provide specifics Date optional Editor last name editor-last editor1-last editor The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors. Line optional Editor first name editor-first editor1-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-first' Line optional Editor link editor-link editor1-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors Page name optional Editor last name 2 editor2-last editor2 The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'. Line optional Editor first name 2 editor2-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 2 editor2-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor. Page name optional Editor last name 3 editor3-last editor3 The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'. Line optional Editor first name 3 editor3-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 3 editor3-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor. Page name optional Editor last name 4 editor4-last editor4 The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'. Line optional Editor first name 4 editor4-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 4 editor4-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor. Page name optional Editor last name 5 editor5-last editor5 The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'. Line optional Editor first name 5 editor5-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 5 editor5-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor. Page name optional Editor last name 6 editor6-last editor6 The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'. Line optional Editor first name 6 editor6-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 6 editor6-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor. Page name optional Editor last name 7 editor7-last editor7 The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'. Line optional Editor first name 7 editor7-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 7 editor7-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor. Page name optional Editor last name 8 editor8-last editor8 The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'. Line optional Editor first name 8 editor8-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 8 editor8-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor. Page name optional Editor last name 9 editor9-last editor9 The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'. Line optional Editor first name 9 editor9-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 9 editor9-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor. Page name optional Others others Used to record other (non-author) contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'. Only one ''others'' parameter is allowed: e.g., 'Illustrated by Jane Doe; Translated by John Smith' String optional Title title The title of the source page on the website; will display with quotation marks added. Usually found at the top of your web browser. Not the name of the website. String required Script title script-title For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon. Example For Japanese use: |script-title=ja:... String optional Translated title trans-title An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended String optional URL url URL The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found. Requires schemes of the type " or maybe even the protocol relative scheme "//..." Example URL required URL access level url-access Classification of the access restrictions on the URL Suggested values registration subscription limited Example 'registration', 'subscription' or 'limited' String optional URL status url-status If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to "dead" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all. Suggested values dead live usurped unfit deviated Default 'dead' if an Archive URL is entered Example 'dead' or 'live' String suggested Archive URL archive-url archiveurl The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date' Auto value URL suggested Archive date archive-date archivedate Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink Date suggested Archive format archive-format Format of the archived copy; do not specify HTML Example PDF, DOC, XLS String optional URL access date access-date accessdate The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink Date suggested Name of the website website work Title (name) of the website (or its short URL if no plain-language title is discernible); may be wikilinked; will display in italics. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' is redundant in many cases. Example [[Rotten Tomatoes]] String suggested Series identifier series Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal String optional Publisher publisher Name of the publisher; may be wikilinked. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' (a.k.a. 'work') is redundant in many cases. Example [[Fandom, Inc.]] (which owns "Metacritic.com") String optional Place place For news stories with a dateline, the location where the story was written; will be treated as the publication place if publication place is absent; alias of 'location' String optional Page page Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.' String optional Pages pages Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.' String optional At at May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient String optional Language language lang The language in which the source is written, if not English; use a two-letter language code or the full language name. Do not use icons or templates. Separate multiple languages with commas Example de, fr, es String optional Type type Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case String optional Format format Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML String optional Place of publication publication-place Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at' String optional Publication date publication-date Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink Date optional Date format df Sets rendered dates to the specified format String optional Published via via Name of the entity hosting the original copy of the work, if different from the publisher. This entity is committed not to alter the work. Example [[GitHub]], [[SourceForge]], [[CodePlex]], [[YouTube]], [[Vimeo]], [[Dailymotion]], [[Netflix]], [[Archive.org]], [[Wikimedia Commons]], [[grc.com]] String optional No pp no-pp Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover') Auto value y Boolean optional arXiv identifier arxiv An identifier for arXive electronic preprints of scientific papers String optional ASIN asin Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters String optional ASIN TLD asin-tld ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US String optional Bibcode bibcode Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters String optional biorXiv biorxiv biorXiv identifier; 6 digits Line optional CiteSeerX citeseerx CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter Line optional DOI doi Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.' String optional DOI broken date doi-broken-date The date that the DOI was determined to be broken Auto value Date optional ISBN isbn International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible String optional ISSN issn International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen String optional jfm code jfm Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code String optional JSTOR jstor JSTOR identifier String optional LCCN lccn Library of Congress Control Number String optional MR mr Mathematical Reviews identifier String optional OCLC oclc Online Computer Library Center number String optional OL ol Open Library identifier String optional OSTI osti Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier String optional PMC pmc PubMed Center article number String optional PMID pmid PubMed Unique Identifier String optional RFC rfc Request for Comments number String optional SSRN ssrn Social Science Research Network String optional Zbl zbl Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier String optional id id A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable String optional Quote quote Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; must include terminating punctuation String optional Translated quote trans-quote English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. String optional Ref ref An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references String optional Postscript postscript The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined Default . String optional Edition edition Specify the edition or revision of the source, when applicable. For example: '2nd' or '5.1'. What you supply here is suffixed by ' ed.' Example 2nd Line optional Bibcode access level bibcode-access If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'. Auto value free String optional DOI access level doi-access If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'. Auto value free String optional HDL access level hdl-access If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'. Auto value free String optional Jstor access level jstor-access If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'. Auto value free String optional OpenLibrary access level ol-access If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'. Auto value free String optional OSTI access level osti-access If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'. Auto value free String optional Agency agency The news agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse String optional Formats a citation to a website using the provided information such as URL and title. Used only for sources that are not correctly described by the specific citation templates for books, journals, news sources, etc. Template parameters [ Edit template data ] This template has custom formatting. Parameter Description Type Status Last name last last1 author author1 author1-last author-last surname1 author-last1 subject1 surname subject The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors Line suggested First name first given author-first first1 given1 author-first1 author1-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors Line suggested Author link author-link author-link1 author1-link subject-link subject-link1 subject1-link authorlink Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors Page name optional Last name 2 last2 author2 The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2'. The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2'. Line optional First name 2 first2 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink. Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 2 author-link2 author2-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author. Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author. Page name optional Last name 3 last3 author3 The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3'. The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3'. Line optional First name 3 first3 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink. Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 3 author-link3 author3-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author. Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author. Page name optional Last name 4 last4 author4 The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4'. The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4'. Line optional First name 4 first4 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink. Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 4 author-link4 author4-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author. Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author. Page name optional Last name 5 last5 author5 The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5'. The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5'. Line optional First name 5 first5 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink. Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 5 author-link5 author5-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author. Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author. Page name optional Last name 6 last6 author6 The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6'. The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6'. Line optional First name 6 first6 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink. Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 6 author-link6 author6-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author. Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author. Page name optional Last name 7 last7 author7 The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7'. The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7'. Line optional First name 7 first7 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink. Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 7 author-link7 author7-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author. Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author. Page name optional Last name 8 last8 author8 The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8'. The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8'. Line optional First name 8 first8 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink. Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 8 author-link8 author8-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author. Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author. Page name optional Last name 9 last9 author9 The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9'. The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9'. Line optional First name 9 first9 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink. Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 9 author-link9 author9-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author. Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author. Page name optional Last name 10 last10 author10 The surname of the tenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link10'. The surname of the tenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link10'. Line optional First name 10 first10 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the tenth author; don't wikilink. Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the tenth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 10 author-link10 author10-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the tenth author. Title of existing Wikipedia article about the tenth author. Page name optional Last name 11 last11 author11 The surname of the eleventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link11'. The surname of the eleventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link11'. Line optional First name 11 first11 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eleventh author; don't wikilink. Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eleventh author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 11 author-link11 author11-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eleventh author. Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eleventh author. Page name optional Last name 12 last12 author12 The surname of the twelfth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link12'. The surname of the twelfth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link12'. Line optional First name 12 first12 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the twelfth author; don't wikilink. Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the twelfth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 12 author-link12 author12-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the twelfth author. Title of existing Wikipedia article about the twelfth author. Page name optional Last name 13 last13 author13 The surname of the thirteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link13'. The surname of the thirteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link13'. Line optional First name 13 first13 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the thirteenth author; don't wikilink. Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the thirteenth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 13 author-link13 author13-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the thirteenth author. Title of existing Wikipedia article about the thirteenth author. Page name optional Last name 14 last14 author14 The surname of the fourteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link14'. The surname of the fourteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link14'. Line optional First name 14 first14 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourteenth author; don't wikilink. Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourteenth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 14 author-link14 author14-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourteenth author. Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourteenth author. Page name optional Last name 15 last15 author15 The surname of the fifteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link15'. The surname of the fifteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link15'. Line optional First name 15 first15 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifteenth author; don't wikilink. Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifteenth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 15 author-link15 author15-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifteenth author. Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifteenth author. Page name optional Author mask author-mask Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead String optional Display authors display-authors Number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used. By default, all authors are displayed. Examples: |display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation followed by et al. |display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al. Number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used. By default, all authors are displayed. Examples: |display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation followed by et al. |display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al. String optional Name list style name-list-style Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the name list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style. Suggested values amp and vanc Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the name list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style. String optional Source date date Full date when the source was published; if unknown, use access-date instead; do not wikilink Full date when the source was published; if unknown, use access-date instead; do not wikilink Date suggested Year of publication year Year of the source being referenced; deprecated in favor of 'date', except for the special case of ISO dates with disambiguating letter Year of the source being referenced; deprecated in favor of 'date', except for the special case of ISO dates with disambiguating letter String optional Original date orig-date Original date of publication; provide specifics Original date of publication; provide specifics Date optional Editor last name editor-last editor1-last editor The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors. The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors. Line optional Editor first name editor-first editor1-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-first' Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-first' Line optional Editor link editor-link editor1-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors Page name optional Editor last name 2 editor2-last editor2 The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'. The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'. Line optional Editor first name 2 editor2-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink. Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 2 editor2-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor. Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor. Page name optional Editor last name 3 editor3-last editor3 The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'. The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'. Line optional Editor first name 3 editor3-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink. Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 3 editor3-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor. Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor. Page name optional Editor last name 4 editor4-last editor4 The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'. The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'. Line optional Editor first name 4 editor4-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink. Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 4 editor4-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor. Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor. Page name optional Editor last name 5 editor5-last editor5 The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'. The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'. Line optional Editor first name 5 editor5-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink. Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 5 editor5-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor. Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor. Page name optional Editor last name 6 editor6-last editor6 The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'. The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'. Line optional Editor first name 6 editor6-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink. Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 6 editor6-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor. Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor. Page name optional Editor last name 7 editor7-last editor7 The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'. The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'. Line optional Editor first name 7 editor7-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink. Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 7 editor7-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor. Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor. Page name optional Editor last name 8 editor8-last editor8 The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'. The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'. Line optional Editor first name 8 editor8-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink. Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 8 editor8-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor. Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor. Page name optional Editor last name 9 editor9-last editor9 The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'. The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'. Line optional Editor first name 9 editor9-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink. Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 9 editor9-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor. Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor. Page name optional Others others Used to record other (non-author) contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'. Only one ''others'' parameter is allowed: e.g., 'Illustrated by Jane Doe; Translated by John Smith' Used to record other (non-author) contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'. Only one ''others'' parameter is allowed: e.g., 'Illustrated by Jane Doe; Translated by John Smith' String optional Title title The title of the source page on the website; will display with quotation marks added. Usually found at the top of your web browser. Not the name of the website. The title of the source page on the website; will display with quotation marks added. Usually found at the top of your web browser. Not the name of the website. String required Script title script-title For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon. Example For Japanese use: |script-title=ja:... For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon. String optional Translated title trans-title An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended String optional URL url URL The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found. Requires schemes of the type " or maybe even the protocol relative scheme "//..." Example The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found. Requires schemes of the type " or maybe even the protocol relative scheme "//..." URL required URL access level url-access Classification of the access restrictions on the URL Suggested values registration subscription limited Example 'registration', 'subscription' or 'limited' Classification of the access restrictions on the URL String optional URL status url-status If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to "dead" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all. Suggested values dead live usurped unfit deviated Default 'dead' if an Archive URL is entered Example 'dead' or 'live' If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to "dead" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all. String suggested Archive URL archive-url archiveurl The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date' Auto value The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date' URL suggested Archive date archive-date archivedate Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink Date suggested Archive format archive-format Format of the archived copy; do not specify HTML Example PDF, DOC, XLS Format of the archived copy; do not specify HTML String optional URL access date access-date accessdate The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink Date suggested Name of the website website work Title (name) of the website (or its short URL if no plain-language title is discernible); may be wikilinked; will display in italics. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' is redundant in many cases. Example [[Rotten Tomatoes]] Title (name) of the website (or its short URL if no plain-language title is discernible); may be wikilinked; will display in italics. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' is redundant in many cases. String suggested Series identifier series Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal String optional Publisher publisher Name of the publisher; may be wikilinked. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' (a.k.a. 'work') is redundant in many cases. Example [[Fandom, Inc.]] (which owns "Metacritic.com") Name of the publisher; may be wikilinked. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' (a.k.a. 'work') is redundant in many cases. String optional Place place For news stories with a dateline, the location where the story was written; will be treated as the publication place if publication place is absent; alias of 'location' For news stories with a dateline, the location where the story was written; will be treated as the publication place if publication place is absent; alias of 'location' String optional Page page Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.' Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.' String optional Pages pages Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.' Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.' String optional At at May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient String optional Language language lang The language in which the source is written, if not English; use a two-letter language code or the full language name. Do not use icons or templates. Separate multiple languages with commas Example de, fr, es The language in which the source is written, if not English; use a two-letter language code or the full language name. Do not use icons or templates. Separate multiple languages with commas String optional Type type Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case String optional Format format Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML String optional Place of publication publication-place Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at' Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at' String optional Publication date publication-date Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink Date optional Date format df Sets rendered dates to the specified format Sets rendered dates to the specified format String optional Published via via Name of the entity hosting the original copy of the work, if different from the publisher. This entity is committed not to alter the work. Example [[GitHub]], [[SourceForge]], [[CodePlex]], [[YouTube]], [[Vimeo]], [[Dailymotion]], [[Netflix]], [[Archive.org]], [[Wikimedia Commons]], [[grc.com]] Name of the entity hosting the original copy of the work, if different from the publisher. This entity is committed not to alter the work. String optional No pp no-pp Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover') Auto value y Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover') Boolean optional arXiv identifier arxiv An identifier for arXive electronic preprints of scientific papers An identifier for arXive electronic preprints of scientific papers String optional ASIN asin Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters String optional ASIN TLD asin-tld ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US String optional Bibcode bibcode Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters String optional biorXiv biorxiv biorXiv identifier; 6 digits biorXiv identifier; 6 digits Line optional CiteSeerX citeseerx CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter Line optional DOI doi Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.' Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.' String optional DOI broken date doi-broken-date The date that the DOI was determined to be broken Auto value The date that the DOI was determined to be broken Date optional ISBN isbn International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible String optional ISSN issn International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen String optional jfm code jfm Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code String optional JSTOR jstor JSTOR identifier JSTOR identifier String optional LCCN lccn Library of Congress Control Number Library of Congress Control Number String optional MR mr Mathematical Reviews identifier Mathematical Reviews identifier String optional OCLC oclc Online Computer Library Center number Online Computer Library Center number String optional OL ol Open Library identifier Open Library identifier String optional OSTI osti Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier String optional PMC pmc PubMed Center article number PubMed Center article number String optional PMID pmid PubMed Unique Identifier PubMed Unique Identifier String optional RFC rfc Request for Comments number Request for Comments number String optional SSRN ssrn Social Science Research Network Social Science Research Network String optional Zbl zbl Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier String optional id id A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable String optional Quote quote Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; must include terminating punctuation Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; must include terminating punctuation String optional Translated quote trans-quote English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. String optional Ref ref An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references String optional Postscript postscript The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined Default . The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined String optional Edition edition Specify the edition or revision of the source, when applicable. For example: '2nd' or '5.1'. What you supply here is suffixed by ' ed.' Example 2nd Specify the edition or revision of the source, when applicable. For example: '2nd' or '5.1'. What you supply here is suffixed by ' ed.' Line optional Bibcode access level bibcode-access If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'. Auto value free If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'. String optional DOI access level doi-access If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'. Auto value free If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'. String optional HDL access level hdl-access If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'. Auto value free If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'. String optional Jstor access level jstor-access If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'. Auto value free If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'. String optional OpenLibrary access level ol-access If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'. Auto value free If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'. String optional OSTI access level osti-access If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'. Auto value free If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'. String optional Agency agency The news agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse The news agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse String optional See also v t e Citation Style 1 v t e General templates {{ Cite book }} books {{ Cite conference }} conference papers {{ Cite document }} short, stand-alone, offline documents {{ Cite encyclopedia }} edited collections {{ Cite interview }} interviews {{ Cite journal }} academic journals {{ Cite magazine }} magazines {{ Cite mailing list }} public mailing lists {{ Cite map }} maps {{ Cite news }} news articles {{ Cite newsgroup }} online newsgroups {{ Cite press release }} press releases {{ Cite report }} unpublished reports {{ Cite sign }} signs, plaques {{ Cite speech }} speeches {{ Cite tech report }} technical reports {{ Cite thesis }} theses {{ Cite web }} web sources Preprint templates {{ Cite arXiv }} {{ Cite bioRxiv }} {{ Cite CiteSeerX }} {{ Cite medRxiv }} {{ Cite SSRN }} {{ Cite arXiv }} {{ Cite bioRxiv }} {{ Cite CiteSeerX }} {{ Cite medRxiv }} {{ Cite SSRN }} Audiovisual-related {{ Cite AV media }} {{ Cite AV media notes }} {{ Cite episode }} {{ Cite podcast }} {{ Cite serial }} {{ Cite AV media }} {{ Cite AV media notes }} {{ Cite episode }} {{ Cite podcast }} {{ Cite serial }} Categories Citation Style 1 templates Citation Style 1 specific-source templates Citation Style 1 templates Citation Style 1 specific-source templates Documentation {{ Citation Style documentation }} {{ Citation Style documentation }} Citation Style 1 noticeboard v t e Wikipedia referencing v t e Policies and guidelines Verifiability No original research Biographies of living persons Reliable sources Medicine Citing sources Scientific citations Verifiability No original research Biographies of living persons Reliable sources Medicine Medicine Citing sources Scientific citations General advice Citation needed Combining sources Offline sources Referencing styles Citation needed Combining sources Offline sources Referencing styles Citing sources Citation Style 1 Citation Style 2 Bluebook Comics Citation templates Citation Style 1 Citation Style 2 Bluebook Comics Citation templates Inline citations Footnotes Punctuation and footnotes Shortened footnotes Nesting footnotes Footnotes Punctuation and footnotes Shortened footnotes Nesting footnotes Help for beginners Reference-tags Citations quick reference Introduction to referencing Referencing with citation templates Referencing without using templates Referencing dos and don'ts Citing Wikipedia Reference-tags Citations quick reference Introduction to referencing Referencing with citation templates Referencing without using templates Referencing dos and don'ts Citing Wikipedia Advanced help Cite link labels Cite errors Citation merging (bundling) Cite messages Converting between references formats Reference display customization References and page numbers Guidance on source reviewing at FAC Cite extension documentation Cite link labels Cite errors Citation merging (bundling) Cite messages Converting between references formats Reference display customization References and page numbers Guidance on source reviewing at FAC Cite extension documentation Footnote templates Citation Style documentation Multiple references {{ Reflist }} {{ Refbegin }} Citation Style documentation Multiple references {{ Reflist }} {{ Refbegin }} Find references How to find sources Bibliographies Wikipedia Library Resource Exchange Reference Desk Book Sources Free newspaper sources How to find sources Bibliographies Wikipedia Library Resource Exchange Reference Desk Book Sources Free newspaper sources Citation tools (External links) Citer Biomedical cite Citation bot MakeRef Refill WayBack OABot Citer Biomedical cite Citation bot MakeRef Refill WayBack OABot This template produces COinS metadata; see COinS in Wikipedia for background information. ^ The pipe trick does not work inside references , so be sure to insert a full wikilink. ^ Compare archived talk page . Templates used by AutoWikiBrowser Pages monitored by Wikipedia bots Templates based on the Citation/CS1 Lua module Templates generating COinS Citation Style 1 templates Wikipedia fully protected templates CS1 French-language sources (fr) CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) CS1: unfit URL Templates using TemplateData This page was last edited on 5 December 2016, at 05:36 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web
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Current Issue Previous Issues About Stay Current Table of Contents: 2025 MARCH - APRIL No. 463 Previous Phrase Searching in PubMed Tutorial Now Available Phrase Searching in PubMed Tutorial Now Available. NLM Tech Bull. 2025 Mar-Apr;(463):b1. When you search PubMed for a phrase, or multi-word concept, its powerful search features jump into action to retrieve relevant results. Sometimes, however, you may want to use advanced search techniques to look for exact phrases or variations on a phrase. This tutorial will address the questions: What happens when I search PubMed with a phrase? I get no results or irrelevant results when I search PubMed with a phrase. What should I do next? How do I search for variations on a phrase, like alternate spellings or the words within a specific proximity of each other? With hands-on exercises and quizzes, this tutorial will walk you through how to construct PubMed searches with phrases to locate the most relevant results possible. You can access the tutorial on the National Library of Medicine website. To receive 1 Medical Library Association credit, register to take the tutorial on the Network of the National Library of Medicine website. ISSN 2161-2986 (Online) National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 Connect with NLM , Web Policies , Careers , Accessibility , USA.gov , HHS Vulnerability Disclosure NIH , HHS , FOIA , NLM Support Center Last updated: 03 March 2025
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https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/ma25/brief/ma25_pubmed_phrase_tutorial.html
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Portada Portal da comunidade A Taberna Actualidade Cambios recentes Artigos de calidade Páxina ao chou Axuda Doazóns Crear unha conta Acceder ao sistema Doazóns Crear unha conta Acceder ao sistema Portada Portada Conversa Ler Ver o código fonte Ver o historial Ler Ver o código fonte Ver o historial Páxinas que ligan con esta Cambios relacionados Ligazón permanente Información da páxina Citar esta páxina Xerar o enderezo URL acurtado Descargar o código QR Crear un libro Descargar como PDF Versión para imprimir Wikimedia Commons Fundación Wikimedia MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Divulgación da Wikimedia Wikisource multilingüe Wikispecies Wikilibros Wikidata Wikifuncións Wikimanía Wikicitas Wikifontes Wikcionario Elemento de Wikidata Dámosche a benvida á Galipedia A enciclopedia libre que calquera pode editar sábado , 10 de xaneiro de 2026 Versión para móbiles Nesta versión en galego , que comezou o 8 de marzo de 2003 , xa temos 229 102 artigos . Benvida COMOs Preguntas frecuentes Comunidade Políticas Artigos de calidade Axuda Dámosche a benvida á Galipedia A enciclopedia libre que calquera pode editar sábado , 10 de xaneiro de 2026 Versión para móbiles Benvida COMOs Preguntas frecuentes Comunidade Políticas Artigos de calidade Axuda Artigo destacado .mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .excerpt-indicator{border-left:3px solid #c8ccd1;margin:1em 0;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .excerpt-more{text-align:right} Children of Men é un filme de ficción científica coescrito, coproducido e dirixido por Alfonso Cuarón que se estreou no 2006 . Baséase na novela The Children of Men de P. D. James (1992). O filme está ambientado no 2027, cando dúas décadas de infertilidade humana deixaron a sociedade a piques de colapsar. Os inmigrantes ilegais buscan asilo no Reino Unido , onde o goberno impón leis de inmigración opresivas contra os refuxiados . Clive Owen interpreta o civil Theo Faron, que debe axudar a unha refuxiada africana que está embarazada, Clare-Hope Ashitey , a escapar do caos. Outros actores do elenco de Children of Men son Julianne Moore , Michael Caine , Pam Ferris e Chiwetel Ejiofor . O filme foi estreado o 22 de setembro de 2006 no Reino Unido e o 25 de decembro nos Estados Unidos. Malia a distribución limitada e a recadación limitada en comparación co seu orzamento, Children of Men recibiu louvanzas da crítica e foi recoñecida polos seu guión, fotografía, dirección de arte e os innovadores planos secuencias de acción. Foi nomeado a tres Premios Oscar : mellor guión adaptado , mellor fotografía e mellor montaxe . Tamén foi nomeado a tres premios BAFTA , gañando mellor fotografía e mellor deseño de produción, e a tres Premios Saturn , gañando na categoría de mellor filme de ciencia ficción. Outros artigos destacados • Artigos de calidade Sobre Galicia O lobo na cultura popular galega : O lobo recibe numerosos nomes ó longo da xeografía galega. Trátase dun animal considerado maléfico, encarnación do perigo para a xente e para o gando , inimigo por antonomasia, e moitas veces apónselle poderes máxicos e sobrenaturais. Para non amentalo polo seu nome propio, lobo, recórrese a denominacións alternativas, eufemísticas, co propósito de evitar a súa presenza e os seus ataques. Así, na lingua galega , temos apelativos como “o aquel”, “o outro”, “o becho”, “o da boca rachada”, “o fillo do demo”, “o compadre” ou “o tío Pedro” entre moitos outros. Este mesmo fenómeno de nomes tabú fronte a nomes noa dáse tamén respecto ó raposo ou ó demo así como noutras realidades. Outros artigos destacados sobre Galicia • O mes de xaneiro na cultura popular galega Tal día coma hoxe no ano... 1778 , morre Carl von Linné científico , médico , botánico e zoólogo sueco que estableceu os fundamentos para o esquema moderno da nomenclatura binomial . 1869 , nace Grigori Rasputin , místico e cortesano ruso. 1880 , nace Manuel Azaña , político, escritor e presidente da Segunda República Española . 1924 , nace Eduardo Chillida , escultor español 1946 , celébrase en Londres a primeira Asemblea Xeral das Nacións Unidas ( ONU , na imaxe). 1957 , morre Gabriela Mistral , poetisa chilena Premio Nobel de Literatura en 1945 Máis efemérides do día de hoxe • Outras Efemérides destacadas Artigo destacado Artigo destacado .mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .excerpt-indicator{border-left:3px solid #c8ccd1;margin:1em 0;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .excerpt-more{text-align:right} Children of Men é un filme de ficción científica coescrito, coproducido e dirixido por Alfonso Cuarón que se estreou no 2006 . Baséase na novela The Children of Men de P. D. James (1992). O filme está ambientado no 2027, cando dúas décadas de infertilidade humana deixaron a sociedade a piques de colapsar. Os inmigrantes ilegais buscan asilo no Reino Unido , onde o goberno impón leis de inmigración opresivas contra os refuxiados . Clive Owen interpreta o civil Theo Faron, que debe axudar a unha refuxiada africana que está embarazada, Clare-Hope Ashitey , a escapar do caos. Outros actores do elenco de Children of Men son Julianne Moore , Michael Caine , Pam Ferris e Chiwetel Ejiofor . O filme foi estreado o 22 de setembro de 2006 no Reino Unido e o 25 de decembro nos Estados Unidos. Malia a distribución limitada e a recadación limitada en comparación co seu orzamento, Children of Men recibiu louvanzas da crítica e foi recoñecida polos seu guión, fotografía, dirección de arte e os innovadores planos secuencias de acción. Foi nomeado a tres Premios Oscar : mellor guión adaptado , mellor fotografía e mellor montaxe . Tamén foi nomeado a tres premios BAFTA , gañando mellor fotografía e mellor deseño de produción, e a tres Premios Saturn , gañando na categoría de mellor filme de ciencia ficción. Outros artigos destacados • Artigos de calidade Children of Men é un filme de ficción científica coescrito, coproducido e dirixido por Alfonso Cuarón que se estreou no 2006 . Baséase na novela The Children of Men de P. D. James (1992). O filme está ambientado no 2027, cando dúas décadas de infertilidade humana deixaron a sociedade a piques de colapsar. Os inmigrantes ilegais buscan asilo no Reino Unido , onde o goberno impón leis de inmigración opresivas contra os refuxiados . Clive Owen interpreta o civil Theo Faron, que debe axudar a unha refuxiada africana que está embarazada, Clare-Hope Ashitey , a escapar do caos. Outros actores do elenco de Children of Men son Julianne Moore , Michael Caine , Pam Ferris e Chiwetel Ejiofor . Sobre Galicia Sobre Galicia O lobo na cultura popular galega : O lobo recibe numerosos nomes ó longo da xeografía galega. Trátase dun animal considerado maléfico, encarnación do perigo para a xente e para o gando , inimigo por antonomasia, e moitas veces apónselle poderes máxicos e sobrenaturais. Para non amentalo polo seu nome propio, lobo, recórrese a denominacións alternativas, eufemísticas, co propósito de evitar a súa presenza e os seus ataques. Así, na lingua galega , temos apelativos como “o aquel”, “o outro”, “o becho”, “o da boca rachada”, “o fillo do demo”, “o compadre” ou “o tío Pedro” entre moitos outros. Este mesmo fenómeno de nomes tabú fronte a nomes noa dáse tamén respecto ó raposo ou ó demo así como noutras realidades. Outros artigos destacados sobre Galicia • O mes de xaneiro na cultura popular galega O lobo na cultura popular galega : O lobo recibe numerosos nomes ó longo da xeografía galega. Trátase dun animal considerado maléfico, encarnación do perigo para a xente e para o gando , inimigo por antonomasia, e moitas veces apónselle poderes máxicos e sobrenaturais. Para non amentalo polo seu nome propio, lobo, recórrese a denominacións alternativas, eufemísticas, co propósito de evitar a súa presenza e os seus ataques. Así, na lingua galega , temos apelativos como “o aquel”, “o outro”, “o becho”, “o da boca rachada”, “o fillo do demo”, “o compadre” ou “o tío Pedro” entre moitos outros. Este mesmo fenómeno de nomes tabú fronte a nomes noa dáse tamén respecto ó raposo ou ó demo así como noutras realidades. Tal día coma hoxe no ano... Tal día coma hoxe no ano... 1778 , morre Carl von Linné científico , médico , botánico e zoólogo sueco que estableceu os fundamentos para o esquema moderno da nomenclatura binomial . 1869 , nace Grigori Rasputin , místico e cortesano ruso. 1880 , nace Manuel Azaña , político, escritor e presidente da Segunda República Española . 1924 , nace Eduardo Chillida , escultor español 1946 , celébrase en Londres a primeira Asemblea Xeral das Nacións Unidas ( ONU , na imaxe). 1957 , morre Gabriela Mistral , poetisa chilena Premio Nobel de Literatura en 1945 Máis efemérides do día de hoxe • Outras Efemérides destacadas 1778 , morre Carl von Linné científico , médico , botánico e zoólogo sueco que estableceu os fundamentos para o esquema moderno da nomenclatura binomial . 1869 , nace Grigori Rasputin , místico e cortesano ruso. 1880 , nace Manuel Azaña , político, escritor e presidente da Segunda República Española . 1924 , nace Eduardo Chillida , escultor español 1946 , celébrase en Londres a primeira Asemblea Xeral das Nacións Unidas ( ONU , na imaxe). 1957 , morre Gabriela Mistral , poetisa chilena Premio Nobel de Literatura en 1945 Imaxe do día Coello ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) Vexa o artigo mamíferos Outras imaxes destacadas • Imaxes destacadas en Commons Presentación A Wikipedia é unha enciclopedia universal en liña multilingüe , colaborativa e gratuíta. O propósito da Wikipedia é fornecer un contido libre , obxectivo e verificable que todas as persoas poidan editar e mellorar. O proxecto está baseado en cinco principios básicos, todo o contido está dispoñible baixo a licenza Creative Commons BY-SA e pode ser copiado e reutilizado baixo esta mesma licenza. Benvida • Índice da Axuda Participación Podes consultar a Axuda e a Guía para obter máis información de como participar, nas que atoparás información de como comezar a colaborar , editar artigos e usar imaxes libres . En caso de dúbidas síntete libre de preguntar . COMOs • Preguntas máis frecuentes Comunidade De acordo coas nosas estatísticas , temos un total de 162 996 contas de usuario rexistradas na Galipedia, e entre elas 433 estiveron activas durante o último mes. Todas as persoas que editan a Galipedia son voluntarias, integrando unha comunidade colaborativa e coordinando os esforzos por medio de proxectos temáticos e diversos espazos de conversa . Portal da comunidade • Políticas e normas Imaxe do día Imaxe do día Coello ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) Vexa o artigo mamíferos Outras imaxes destacadas • Imaxes destacadas en Commons Coello ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) Vexa o artigo mamíferos Presentación Presentación A Wikipedia é unha enciclopedia universal en liña multilingüe , colaborativa e gratuíta. O propósito da Wikipedia é fornecer un contido libre , obxectivo e verificable que todas as persoas poidan editar e mellorar. O proxecto está baseado en cinco principios básicos, todo o contido está dispoñible baixo a licenza Creative Commons BY-SA e pode ser copiado e reutilizado baixo esta mesma licenza. Benvida • Índice da Axuda A Wikipedia é unha enciclopedia universal en liña multilingüe , colaborativa e gratuíta. O propósito da Wikipedia é fornecer un contido libre , obxectivo e verificable que todas as persoas poidan editar e mellorar. Participación Participación Podes consultar a Axuda e a Guía para obter máis información de como participar, nas que atoparás información de como comezar a colaborar , editar artigos e usar imaxes libres . En caso de dúbidas síntete libre de preguntar . COMOs • Preguntas máis frecuentes Comunidade Comunidade De acordo coas nosas estatísticas , temos un total de 162 996 contas de usuario rexistradas na Galipedia, e entre elas 433 estiveron activas durante o último mes. Todas as persoas que editan a Galipedia son voluntarias, integrando unha comunidade colaborativa e coordinando os esforzos por medio de proxectos temáticos e diversos espazos de conversa . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Life Toggle Life subsection 1.1 First Senate term 1.2 Party president and federal deputy 1.3 Return to the Senate 1.1 First Senate term 1.2 Party president and federal deputy 1.3 Return to the Senate 2 References 3 External links Gustavo Madero Muñoz Español Nederlands Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Gustavo Madero President of the Senate of Mexico In office 1 September 2008 – 31 August 2009 Preceded by Santiago Creel Miranda Succeeded by Carlos Navarrete Ruiz Senator of the Congress of the Union for Chihuahua Incumbent Assumed office 1 September 2018 Serving with Bertha Caraveo Camarena and Rafael Espino de la Peña Preceded by Sylvia Martínez Elizondo In office 1 September 2006 – 5 December 2010 Preceded by Javier Corral Jurado Succeeded by Lilia Merodio Reza President of the National Action Party In office 20 January 2015 – 21 August 2015 Preceded by Ricardo Anaya Succeeded by Ricardo Anaya In office 19 May 2014 – 30 September 2014 Preceded by Cecilia Romero Castillo Succeeded by Ricardo Anaya In office 5 December 2010 – 2 March 2014 Preceded by César Nava Vázquez Succeeded by Cecilia Romero Castillo Personal details Born ( 1955-12-16 ) 16 December 1955 (age 70) Chihuahua City , Chihuahua , Mexico Party PAN Alma mater Western Institute of Technology and Higher Education Profession Businessman Gustavo Enrique Madero Muñoz (born 16 December 1955) is a Mexican politician, policy entrepreneur, businessman, and great-nephew of the president Francisco I. Madero . He is currently serving as a senator since 2018, having previously been a senator between 2006 and 2010. He was recognized by Forbes as a top leader in Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Mexico for transforming AI policy. [ 1 ] Madero also was the President of the National Action Party (PAN) from 2010 to 2013 and again from 2014 to 2015, [ 2 ] and from 2015 to 2018, he was a federal deputy from the first electoral region representing the state of Chihuahua. [ 2 ] Life Gustavo Madero has a bachelor's degree in communication sciences from the Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Occidente (ITESO) in 1978 and taught at the Women's University of Guadalajara between 1976 and 1977. [ 2 ] He has pursued business interests for most of his life; from 1993 to 1994, he was the Vice President of the COPARMEX in Chihuahua, and he has consulted for hotels and worked for companies including Banamex and ING. [ 2 ] He also served in aseveral public service positions, as a department head in the Directorate General of Adult Education of the SEP (1979–82) and as a coordinator of farmer training at the National Agricultural Training Institute between 1982 and 1986. [ 2 ] In 1996, Madero joined the PAN, [ 2 ] and the next year he served as the Director General of Planning and Evaluation in Chihuahua under Governor Francisco Barrio . In 2001, he became more actively involved in politics when he stood (unsuccessfully) as the PAN's candidate for municipal president of Chihuahua . [ 2 ] In 2003, voters in the Sixth Federal Electoral District of Chihuahua sent Madero to the Chamber of Deputies for the first time, in the LIX Legislature , after narrowly beating his opponent, Pedro Domínguez Alarcón of the PRI , by 48,683 votes to 48,229. [ 3 ] He presided over the Finances and Public Credit Commission, where he worked hard to have value-added tax applied to medicines and foodstuffs, an (unsuccessful) policy initiative of the Fox administration. [ 2 ] [ 4 ] First Senate term In the 2006 federal election , Gustavo Madero was elected to the Senate , representing Chihuahua for the PAN in conjunction with Ramón Galindo Noriega for the period 2006–12. He chaired the Finances and Public Credit Commission, and also served on the Trade and Industrial Development, Energy, Energy, and Foreign Relations (Asia-Pacific) Commissions. [ 2 ] Until 10 June 2008, he was the leader of the PAN delegation in the Senate. [ 5 ] On 9 June 2008, it was announced that Gustavo Madero would be replacing Santiago Creel (his cousin) as the coordinator of the PAN bloc in the Senate, [ 6 ] and this was confirmed on 10 June by PAN President Germán Martínez at a meeting of the party's National Executive Committee. [ 7 ] On 28 August 2008, he was elected President of the Senate for the third year (2008–09) of the LX Legislature . [ 8 ] Party president and federal deputy In 2010, the PAN elected Madero as its new president, prompting him to permanently leave the Senate. [ 2 ] He remained in the position until 2013, when he became the president of the Guiding Council of the Pacto por México ; the next year, when the Pacto fell apart, he became the president again between 2014 and 2015 and was replaced by Ricardo Anaya . In 2015, the PAN placed Madero on their list from the first electoral region, returning him to the Chamber of Deputies. In the LXIII Legislature, he is the president of the Commission for Attention to Vulnerable Groups [ 2 ] and also serves on those dealing with Social Development, Public Education and Educational Services, and the Committee for the Center for the Study of Public Finances. Return to the Senate In 2018, Madero and Rocío Reza ran as the Por México al Frente Senate ticket for the state of Chihuahua. The ticket finished in second place, sending Madero back to the Senate as the first minority senator. [ 9 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Arteaga, José Roberto (2023-09-14). "La promesa de la inteligencia artificial en México: 20 líderes de esta tecnología" . Forbes México (in Mexican Spanish) . Retrieved 2024-01-23 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k SIL: Profile of Gustavo Madero Muñoz ^ Instituto Federal Electoral . "Elección de Diputados Federales por el principio de mayoría relativa. Estado de Chihuahua" . Archived from the original on 2008-06-07 . Retrieved 2008-05-31 . ^ "Propondrá PAN 4% de IVA en alimentos" . Esmas.com. 25 October 2004. ^ "Confirman a Madero como coordinador de senadores" . Excélsior . 10 June 2008 . Retrieved 10 June 2008 . [ dead link ] ^ "Prevén destitución de Creel en el Senado" . Excélsior . 9 June 2008 . Retrieved 2008-06-09 . [ dead link ] ^ Ricardo Gómez (10 June 2008). "Confirma PAN a Madero como sucesor de Creel" . El Universal . Archived from the original on 2008-06-12 . Retrieved 2008-06-10 . ^ Notimex (28 August 2008). "Eligen a Gustavo Madero como presidente del Senado" . El Universal . Archived from the original on 2008-09-01 . Retrieved 2008-08-28 . ^ Hernández, Israel (8 July 2018). "Gustavo Madero va al Senado por vía plurinominal" . Net Noticias (in Spanish) . Retrieved 14 August 2018 . External links Gustavo Madero on the Senate web site Gustavo Madero in Monitor Legislativo Biography of Gustavo Madero by CIDOB 1955 births Living people Politicians from Chihuahua City National Action Party (Mexico) politicians Universidad Iberoamericana alumni Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico) for Chihuahua (state) Members of the Senate of the Republic (Mexico) for Chihuahua (state) Presidents of the Senate of the Republic (Mexico) Senators of the LXIV and LXV Legislatures of Mexico Senators of the LX and LXI Legislatures of Mexico Deputies of the LIX Legislature of Mexico Deputies of the LXIII Legislature of Mexico CS1 Mexican Spanish-language sources (es-mx) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata This page was last edited on 3 January 2025, at 23:57 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Madero_Mu%C3%B1oz
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Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Computer Science > Artificial Intelligence Title: Defending Large Language Models Against Jailbreak Attacks via In-Decoding Safety-Awareness Probing Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance across natural language tasks and are increasingly deployed in real-world applications. Despite extensive safety alignment efforts, recent studies show that such alignment is often shallow and remains vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. Existing defense mechanisms, including decoding-based constraints and post-hoc content detectors, struggle against sophisticated jailbreaks, often intervening robust detection or excessively degrading model utility. In this work, we examine the decoding process of LLMs and make a key observation: even when successfully jailbroken, models internally exhibit latent safety-related signals during generation. However, these signals are overridden by the model's drive for fluent continuation, preventing timely self-correction or refusal. Building on this observation, we propose a simple yet effective approach that explicitly surfaces and leverages these latent safety signals for early detection of unsafe content during decoding. Experiments across diverse jailbreak attacks demonstrate that our approach significantly enhances safety, while maintaining low over-refusal rates on benign inputs and preserving response quality. Our results suggest that activating intrinsic safety-awareness during decoding offers a promising and complementary direction for defending against jailbreak attacks. Code is available at: this https URL . Subjects: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) ; Computation and Language (cs.CL) Cite as: arXiv:2601.10543 [cs.AI] (or arXiv:2601.10543v1 [cs.AI] for this version) Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history Access Paper: View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar BibTeX formatted citation Bookmark Bibliographic and Citation Tools Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article Demos Recommenders and Search Tools Author Venue Institution Topic arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs . About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status arXiv Operational Status
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.10543
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black snake – Smooth newt – Thalassodromeus – Triturus – Turtle (36 articles) Fish American paddlefish – Clownfish – Cretoxyrhina – Cutthroat trout – Electric eel – Goblin shark – Manta ray – Megalodon – Oceanic whitetip shark – Pacific blue-eye – Pallid sturgeon – Pigeye shark – Porbeagle – Queen angelfish – Rainbow trout – Silky shark – Smooth toadfish – Teleost – Trichogenes claviger (19 articles) Invertebrates Aleeta – Alicella – Ant – Apororhynchus – Australiformis – Banded sugar ant – Bivalvia – Chrysiridia rhipheus – Coccinellidae – Gigantorhynchus – Grasshopper – Heptamegacanthus – Isopoda – Jaekelopterus – Laevistrombus canarium – Leech – Mantis – Macrobdella decora – Mayfly – Megalograptus – Megarachne – Millipede – Nothomyrmecia – Octopus – Onychopterella – Opifex fuscus – Ovalipes catharus – Parasitic ant – Pseudastacus – Redback spider – Scorpion – Starfish – Tabanidae – Thopha saccata (34 articles) Biology biographies Mary Anning – Anna Blackburne – Margaret Sibella Brown 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" – Whitechapel murders – Wife selling (English custom) – The World Without Us – Zong massacre (65 articles) Clothing and fashion Armadillo shoe – Bäckadräkten – The Birds (collection) – Black Christian Siriano gown of Billy Porter – The Dance of the Twisted Bull – Eye (collection) – The Girl Who Lived in the Tree – The Hunger (collection) – Illusion of Kate Moss – Inuit clothing – Irere (collection) – Jack the Ripper Stalks His Victims – Joan (collection) – Neptune (collection) – Nihilism (collection) – The Overlook (collection) – Oyster dress – Pantheon ad Lucem – Scanners (collection) – Taxi Driver (collection) – Voss (collection) – What a Merry-Go-Round – The Widows of Culloden (23 articles) Culture and society biographies Leelah Alcorn – Hadji Ali – Anna Anderson – Marshall Applewhite – Biddenden Maids – William D. 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Hindman – Robert Howard Hodgkin – Lou Henry Hoover – James Humphreys (pornographer) – Irataba – Frank Jenner – Jianwen Emperor – Joan of Arc – Ernest Joyce – David Kelly (weapons expert) – Pari Khan Khanum – Shen Kuo – Elizabeth Lyon (criminal) – Aeneas Mackintosh – Elizabeth Maitland, Duchess of Lauderdale – Malcolm X – Clements Markham – Ezra Meeker – Menkauhor Kaiu – Margaret Macpherson Grant – Lope Martín – Harry McNish – Merenre Nemtyemsaf I – Meurig ab Arthfael – Khalid al-Mihdhar – Thomas de la More – Benjamin Morrell – Mukhtar al-Thaqafi – R. A. B. Mynors – Fridtjof Nansen – Francis Nash – Andrea Navagero – Elizabeth Needham – Hugh de Neville – Nguyễn Chánh Thi – Roger Norreis – Nynetjer – Mary Margaret O'Reilly – Edward Oxford – Rosa Parks – Thomas Percy (Gunpowder Plot) – Phan Đình Phùng – Phan Xích Long – Fall of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence – Jean Baptiste Point du Sable – Qalaherriaq – William F. Raynolds – L. D. Reynolds – Robert de Umfraville – Woodes Rogers – Ambrose Rookwood – Edith Roosevelt – Louis Rwagasore – John/Eleanor Rykener – Omayra Sánchez – Robert Falcon Scott – Laura Secord – Ernest Shackleton – Wail al-Shehri – John Sherman – Shigi Qutuqu – Sabrina Sidney – Samantha Smith – Tarrare – Thomas the Slav – Mother Solomon – Jean-François de Surville – Tecumseh – Corry Tendeloo – Thurisind – James Tod – Tolui – Ignace Tonené – John Treloar (museum administrator) – Francis Tresham – Stephen Trigg – Harry R. Truman – Harriet Tubman – Dick Turpin – Urse d'Abetot – Userkare – Giovanni Villani – Jovan Vladimir – Khalid ibn al-Walid – Francis Walsingham – Zeng Laishun – Zhou Tong (archer) – Nikita Zotov – Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi (153 articles) Language and linguistics Bæddel and bædling – Bengali language movement – Black American Sign Language – Chinese characters – Chinese classifier – Communication – Decipherment of ancient Egyptian scripts – Gwoyeu Romatzyh – Levantine Arabic – Mayan languages – Nizaa language – Pronunciation of GIF – Sentence spacing – Weise's law (14 articles) Language biographies Lilias Armstrong – Caroline Brady (philologist) – Ove Jørgensen (3 articles) Law 2017–2018 Bergen County eruv controversy – Abdication of Edward VIII – Afroyim v. Rusk – Ashford v Thornton – Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Baxter Healthcare Pty Ltd – Beauchamp–Sharp Tragedy – British National (Overseas) – Chandler's Ford shooting – City of Champaign v. Madigan – Coinage Act of 1873 – Coinage Act of 1965 – Court of Chancery – Death of Ian Tomlinson – Eastbourne manslaughter – Ex parte Crow Dog – Gray's Inn – Greek case – Heffernan v. City of Paterson – Horse Protection Act of 1970 – Illinois Public Access Opinion 16-006 – Irish nationality law – Israeli citizenship law – Jena Six – Killing of James Ashley – LaRouche criminal trials – Law school of Berytus – Maltese nationality law – Marshalsea – Menominee Tribe of Indians v. United States – Michael Brown Okinawa assault incident – Micronations and the Search for Sovereignty – Murder of Leigh Leigh – Murder of Joanna Yeates – New Zealand nationality law – Nuremberg trials – Ordinances of 1311 – Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co. – Pendle witches – Pepper (Inspector of Taxes) v Hart – Regents of the University of California v. Bakke – Samlesbury witches – Saxbe fix – Schmerber v. California – Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia – Sega v. Accolade – Shooting of Stephen Waldorf – Shostakovich v. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp. – Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders – Tichborne case – United States v. Kagama – United States v. Lara – United States v. Progressive, Inc. – United States v. Washington – United States v. Wong Kim Ark – Voting Rights Act of 1965 – Washington v. Texas (56 articles) Law biographies Raymond Pace Alexander – Richard Barre – Cora Agnes Benneson – Will P. Brady – Elizabeth Canning – Melville Fuller – Ronnie Lee Gardner – Robert Garran – William Garrow – Robert Goff, Baron Goff of Chieveley – Learned Hand – Disappearance of Natalee Holloway – Mathew Charles Lamb – Kenesaw Mountain Landis – Albert Pierrepoint – Wiley Rutledge – Henry W. Sawyer – Antonin Scalia – Elliott Fitch Shepard – Melford Stevenson (20 articles) Literature and theatre Ace Books – Algemeyne Entsiklopedye – American Writers – Anactoria – Ancient Egyptian literature – Anglo-Saxon Chronicle – Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication – Beowulf and Middle-earth – Black Hours, Morgan MS 493 – Dark Archives – The Diamond Smugglers – Drapier's Letters – Dreamsnake – Hemming's Cartulary – Hermeneutic style – A History of British Fishes – A History of the Birds of Europe – Homeric Hymns – Hoysala literature – Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots – Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men – Liber Eliensis – Mars in fiction – Mesklin – Nature fakers controversy – Ormulum – Pilgrim at Tinker Creek – Reception history of Jane Austen – La Salute è in voi – Shakespeare authorship question – The Story of Miss Moppet – The Structure of Literature – Sun in fiction – Thrilling Cities – Venus in fiction – Vijayanagara literature in Kannada – The Voices of Morebath – Walt Whitman's lectures on Abraham Lincoln – Western Chalukya literature in Kannada – When Megan Went Away (40 articles) Autobiographies and memoirs All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes – The Autobiography of Malcolm X – Fun Home – Gather Together in My Name – The Heart of a Woman – History of a Six Weeks' Tour – I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings – A Journey (memoir) – Mom & Me & Mom – Night (memoir) – Rambles in Germany and Italy – Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry like Christmas – A Song Flung Up to Heaven – David Suzuki: The Autobiography – Themes in Maya Angelou's autobiographies – True at First Light – A Voyage Round the World (17 articles) Magazines and comics The All-Story Magazine – Amazing Stories – Amazing Stories Quarterly – Analog Science Fiction and Fact – Analytical Review – Archie vs. Predator – Argosy (magazine) – Ashcan comic – Asimov's Science Fiction – Astonishing Stories – Authentic Science Fiction – Battle Birds – Beyond Fantasy Fiction – The Black Cat (US magazine) – Cosmic Stories and Stirring Science Stories – The Covent-Garden Journal – "A Death in the Family" (comics) – Dime Mystery Magazine – Doc Savage (magazine) – Dream of the Rarebit Fiend – Eagle (British comics) – Famous Fantastic Mysteries – Fantastic (magazine) – Fantastic Adventures – Fantastic Novels – Fantastic Universe – Fantasy Book – Future Science Fiction and Science Fiction Stories – G-8 and His Battle Aces – Galaxy Science Fiction – The Heart of Thomas – Ghost Stories (magazine) – History of U.S. science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950 – If (magazine) – Imagination (magazine) – Imaginative Tales – Infinity Science Fiction – John Raymond science fiction magazines – Kaze to Ki no Uta – The Ladies' Journal – Lazarus (comics) – Louis Riel (comics) – The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction – Marvel Science Stories – Marvel Tales and Unusual Stories – Munsey's Magazine – Nebula Science Fiction – New Worlds (magazine) – Oriental Stories – Other Worlds, Universe Science Fiction, and Science Stories – Planet Stories – Revival (comics) – Roy of the Rovers – Satellite Science Fiction – Saturn (magazine) – School Rumble – Science Fantasy (magazine) – Science Fiction Adventures (1956 magazine) – Science Fiction Monthly – Science-Fiction Plus – Science Fiction Quarterly – Scientific Detective Monthly – Scoops (magazine) – The Shadow (magazine) – Shojo Beat – " Sinestro Corps War " – The Spider (magazine) – Startling Stories – Stucky (fandom) – Super-Science Fiction – Super Science Stories – Tales of Wonder (magazine) – The Thrill Book – Tintin in the Congo – Tintin in the Land of the Soviets – Tintin in Tibet – Tokyo Mew Mew – Tomorrow Speculative Fiction – The True Record – Uncanny Tales (Canadian pulp magazine) – Unknown (magazine) – Venture Science Fiction – Watchmen – Weird Tales – Wonder Stories (85 articles) Newspapers and print journalism Illustrated Daily News – Street newspaper – Sunderland Echo – " Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus " (4 articles) Novels, including graphic novels A Beautiful Crime – Bone Sharps, Cowboys, and Thunder Lizards – Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang (novel) – The Bread-Winners – Brother Jonathan (novel) – Burger's Daughter – Candide – Casino Royale (novel) – Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang – A Christmas Carol – Colonel Sun – A Contract with God – The Coral Island – Cousin Bette – Diamonds Are Forever (novel) – The Diary of a Nobody – Dr. No (novel) – Dracula – Drama dari Krakatau – El Señor Presidente – The Fade Out – Farseer trilogy – The Fountainhead – From Russia, with Love (novel) – The Fox and the Hound (novel) – The General in His Labyrinth – Gods' Man – Goldfinger (novel) – The Good Terrorist – The Great Gatsby – The Green Child – A Handful of Dust – Halo: Contact Harvest – The Halo Graphic Novel – Harvey Kurtzman's Jungle Book – The Historian – The Hunger Games – I Never Liked You – Irish Thoroughbred – Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell – La Peau de chagrin – Lad, A Dog – The Left Hand of Darkness – Live and Let Die (novel) – Logan (novel) – Louis Lambert (novel) – Madman's Drum – The Man in the Moone – The Man with the Golden Gun (novel) – Maus – The Monster (novella) – Moonraker (novel) – On Her Majesty's Secret Service (novel) – The Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold – Paradises Lost – Pattern Recognition (novel) – The Penelopiad – Père Goriot – The Phantom Tollbooth – The Playboy – The Portage to San Cristobal of A.H. – Rachel Dyer – Raptor Red – The Red Badge of Courage – Seventy-Six (novel) – The Snow Queen (Kernaghan novel) – Southern Cross (wordless novel) – The Spy Who Loved Me (novel) – Starship Troopers – The Sun Also Rises – The Temple at Thatch – Thunderball (novel) – The Time Traveler's Wife – Through the Looking-Glass – To Kill a Mockingbird – Uncle Tom's Cabin – Vision in White – A Wizard of Earthsea – Wordless novel – You Only Live Twice (novel) – Z. Marcas (81 articles) Poetry Astronomica (Manilius) – Brothers Poem – Cento Vergilianus de laudibus Christi – Imagism – The Lucy poems – " O Captain! My Captain! " – " Ode on a Grecian Urn " – " Ode on Indolence " – Poetry of Maya Angelou – " The Raven " – Sair Tjerita Siti Akbari – Sir Gawain and the Green Knight – " This Dust Was Once the Man " – " To Autumn " – "Ulysses" (poem) – Walt Whitman and Abraham Lincoln (16 articles) Short stories " Big Two-Hearted River " – " The Day Before the Revolution " – For Your Eyes Only (short story collection) – In Our Time (short story collection) – " Indian Camp " – Octopussy and The Living Daylights – " The Open Boat " (7 articles) Theatre Allah jang Palsoe – Allegro (musical) – The Author's Farce – The Bat (play) – Black Slave's Cry to Heaven – The Blue Flame (play) – Carousel (musical) – Creatures of Impulse – Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1887 play) – The Demi-Virgin – Flower Drum Song – Hamlet – Harris Theater (Chicago) – His Majesty's Theatre, London – The Importance of Being Earnest – The King and I – New Amsterdam Theatre – Night of January 16th – Peking opera – Pipe Dream (musical) – Proserpine (play) – The Relapse – Romeo and Juliet – South Pacific (musical) – The Unconquered (1940 play) – A Very Merry Unauthorized Children's Scientology Pageant (26 articles) Fictional characters (literature and theatre) Allen Walker – Baron Munchausen – Black Widow (Natasha Romanova) – Goodman Beaver – Iron Man – Kenneth Widmerpool – Melaka Fray – Mr. Dooley – Naruto Uzumaki – Satsu ( Buffy the Vampire Slayer ) (10 articles) Biographies (literature and theatre) Lazarus Aaronson – Chinua Achebe – Maya Angelou – Daisy Bacon – Ann Bannon – Natalie Clifford Barney – Arnold Bennett – Enid Blyton – R. V. C. Bodley – Neville Cardus – Ian Carmichael – Rachel Carson – Colin Robert Chase – Colley Cibber – Brunette Coleman – Corinna – Noël Coward – John Day (printer) – Len Deighton – Du Fu – Early life of Samuel Johnson – Isabelle Eberhardt – Edmund Evans – Georges Feydeau – Ian Fleming – Mary Fortune – Fuzuli (poet) – Stella Gibbons – William Gibson – W. S. Gilbert – Lady Gregory – George Griffith – Joseph Grimaldi – Rufus Wilmot Griswold – John Richard Clark Hall – Amir Hamzah – Kent Haruf – H.D. – Ernest Hemingway – George Herriman – Georgette Heyer – Stanley Holloway – Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. – E. W. Hornung – Ludwig Ferdinand Huber – Israel the Grammarian – Joehana – Joseph Johnson (publisher) – Samuel Johnson – James Joyce – Franz Kafka – Lat – Ursula K. Le Guin – John Silva Meehan – John Le Mesurier – Dan Leno – Lie Kim Hok – Little Tich – Marie Lloyd – James Russell Lowell – Nigel Kneale – H. C. McNeile – Olivia Manning – Francis Marrash – Master Juba – Frank Matcham – W. Somerset Maugham – Nancy Mitford – John Neal – Laurence Olivier – George Robey – Murasaki Shikibu – Philitas of Cos – Harold Pinter – Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe – Ezra Pound – Adelaide Anne Procter – Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo – Ion Heliade Rădulescu – Talbot Baines Reed – Ralph Richardson – Robert Roberts (writer) – Dorothy L. Sayers – Olivia Shakespear – William Shakespeare – George Bernard Shaw – Mary Shelley – Mary Martha Sherwood – Asylum confinement of Christopher Smart – John Gould Stephenson – John Millington Synge – William Beach Thomas – J. R. R. Tolkien – Kurt Vonnegut – Hugh Walpole – Evelyn Waugh – Nathaniel Parker Willis – P. G. Wodehouse – Mary Wollstonecraft – W. B. Yeats (100 articles) Mathematics 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯ – Affine symmetric group – Algebra – Euclidean algorithm – Group (mathematics) – Logarithm – Parity of zero – Pi – Problem of Apollonius – Quine–Putnam indispensability argument (10 articles) Biographies of mathematicians Archimedes – Georg Cantor – Leonhard Euler – Robert Hues – Émile Lemoine – Emery Molyneux – Emmy Noether – Marian Rejewski – Edward Wright (9 articles) Media 1937 Fox vault fire – Flywheel, Shyster, and Flywheel – Format of Sesame Street – " From the Doctor to My Son Thomas " – Grey's Anatomy season 17 – History of Sesame Street – Homicide: Life on the Street season 1 – Homicide: Life on the Street season 2 – It's That Man Again – KARE (TV) – KCPQ – KEXP – Kinetoscope – KNXV-TV – Lost: Missing Pieces – Much-Binding-in-the-Marsh – Mutual Broadcasting System – Naruto – noitulovE – Oriental Film – Paramount Television Network – Parks and Recreation season 1 – Planet of the Apes – The Political Cesspool – RKO Pictures – Round the Horne – Sesame Street international co-productions – Sesame Street research – Sesame Workshop – Smallville season 1 – South Park season 13 – Stephen Colbert at the 2006 White House Correspondents' Dinner – Supernatural season 1 – Supernatural season 2 – Treehouse of Horror – True Detective season 1 – Union Films – WBPX-TV – WINC (AM) – WSNS-TV – WWJ-TV – The Yankee (42 articles) Films ? (2011 film) – Air Mata Iboe – Aitraaz – Aliens (film) – American Beauty (1999 film) – Anbe Sivam – Andha Naal – Asmara Moerni – Atlantis: The Lost Empire – Baby Driver – Back to the Future – Bad Times at the El Royale – Barton Fink – Batman Returns – The Beautician and the Beast – Bezhin Meadow – Blackrock (film) – Blade Runner – Boys Don't Cry (1999 film) – The Boys from Baghdad High – Branded to Kill – Bride of Frankenstein – The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari – Cannibal Holocaust – The Carpet from Bagdad – Casablanca (film) – Casino Royale (2006 film) – The Cat and the Canary (1927 film) – Chandralekha (1948 film) – Changeling (film) – Conan the Barbarian (1982 film) – A Cure for Pokeritis – The Dark Knight – Departures (2008 film) – Diary of a Camper – Die Hard – Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge – Djaoeh Dimata – Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story – Dredd – Dustbin Baby (film) – Eega – El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie – The Empire Strikes Back – Enthiran – Eraserhead – Evita (1996 film) – The Fifth Element – Fight Club – Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within – The FP – Frank's Cock – Frozen 2 – Fuck (2005 film) – Gagak Item – Gertie the Dinosaur – The Getaway (1972 film) – Gemini (2002 film) – Ghostbusters – Ghostbusters II – The Grand Budapest Hotel – Greed (1924 film) – Groundhog Day (film) – Happier Than Ever: A Love Letter to Los Angeles – Harta Berdarah – Hellraiser: Judgment – High and Low (1963 film) – Hoodwinked! – Hotel Chevalier – How a Mosquito Operates – How Brown Saw the Baseball Game – The Human Centipede (First Sequence) – Into Temptation (film) – It Is the Law – It's Elementary: Talking About Gay Issues in School – Jaws (film) – John Wick (film) – Kahaani – Kalidas (film) – Kal Ho Naa Ho – Katsudō Shashin – Kedok Ketawa – Keechaka Vadham – KPop Demon Hunters – Lage Raho Munna Bhai – Latter Days – The Legend of Bhagat Singh – Life's Shop Window – Little Miss Sunshine – Little Nemo (1911 film) – Loev – The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) – Lord of the Universe – Lost in Translation (film) – Manhunter (film) – Margarita with a Straw – Mayabazar – Meerkat Manor: The Story Begins – Mereka Bilang, Saya Monyet! – Mind Meld – Mission: Impossible – Fallout – Mom and Dad (1945 film) – Mother India – Mughal-e-Azam – Mulholland Drive (film) – The Mummy (1999 film) – Nil Battey Sannata – Not My Responsibility – Not One Less – October 1 (film) – On the Job – Overdrawn at the Memory Bank – Pah Wongso Pendekar Boediman – Paint Drying – Panggilan Darah – Parinda – Pather Panchali – Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI – Persuasion (1995 film) – Pride & Prejudice (2005 film) – Prometheus (2012 film) – Pulgasari – Raiders of the Lost Ark – Resident Evil: Apocalypse – The Revolution Will Not Be Televised (film) – Rob-B-Hood – RoboCop – Ruma Maida – Saving Private Ryan – Sense and Sensibility (1995 film) – The Shawshank Redemption – She Shoulda Said No! – Sherlock Holmes Baffled – Sholay – Si Ronda – Si Tjonat – The Simpsons Movie – The Sinking of the Lusitania – Soeara Berbisa – Sorga Ka Toedjoe – Soultaker (film) – Squirm – Starship Troopers (film) – Star Trek: First Contact – Star Trek Generations – Star Trek: The Motion Picture – Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan – Star Trek III: The Search for Spock – Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home – Star Trek V: The Final Frontier – Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country – St. Elmo (1914 film) – Subway Sadie – Taare Zameen Par – Tank Girl (film) – Tender Mercies – Tenebrae (film) – Terang Boelan – Terminator 2: Judgment Day – The Thing (1982 film) – Tjioeng Wanara – Total Recall (1990 film) – Trading Places – Troika (1969 film) – Tropic Thunder – The Turn of the Screw – U2 3D – Uncle David – Waiting (2015 film) – Whisky Galore! (1949 film) – The Whistleblower – Witchfinder General (film) – Yan Ruisheng – Zodiac (film) – Zombie Nightmare (175 articles) Television shows Abby (TV series) – Adventure Time – The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. – All Souls (TV series) – The American Bible Challenge – Blue's Clues – Bluey (TV series) – Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons – Chains of Love (TV series) – The Chase (American game show) – Cold Feet – Dark Angel (American TV series) – Ed, Edd n Eddy – The Emperor's New School – Eve (American TV series) – Family Trade – Greed (game show) – Hannah Montana – Head over Heels (American TV series) – High School Musical: The Musical: The Series – Horrible Histories (2009 TV series) – House (TV series) – Joking Apart – Kampung Boy (TV series) – Katie Joplin – Lady Blue (TV series) – Last of the Summer Wine – Love, Inc. (TV series) – The Masked Singer (American TV series) – Meerkat Manor – Mercy Point – The Million Second Quiz – One of the Boys (1989 TV series) – Our Friends in the North – The Power of Nightmares – Press Gang – Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV series) – Quatermass II – Quatermass and the Pit – The Random Years – The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest – Revolutionary Girl Utena – Sesame Street – Shannen Says – The Simpsons – Sonic X – Swift Justice – Temperatures Rising – Thunderbirds (TV series) – Veronica Clare – Wizards of Waverly Place (51 articles) Episodes of television "200" ( Stargate SG-1 ) – " Abyssinia, Henry " – "All Hell Breaks Loose" ( Supernatural ) – " all things " – " Barge of the Dead " – "The Beginning of the End" ( Lost ) – "The Bill" (Inside No. 9) – "The Body" ( Buffy the Vampire Slayer ) – " A Canterlot Wedding " – " Cape Feare " – " Cartman Gets an Anal Probe " – " The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson " – " Confirmed Dead " – "Damien" ( South Park ) – " Deadalive " – " Deer Lady " – " Death on the Rock " – " Did You Hear What Happened to Charlotte King? " – "Donald Trump" ( Last Week Tonight with John Oliver ) – "Doomsday" ( Doctor Who ) – "Deep Throat" ( The X-Files ) – "Episode 2" ( Twin Peaks ) – "Episode 14" ( Twin Peaks ) – "Faces" ( Star Trek: Voyager ) – "Favorite Son" ( Star Trek: Voyager ) – "Fresh Blood" ( Supernatural ) – "Gender Bender" ( The X-Files ) – "Give Peace a Chance" ( Grey's Anatomy ) – " Goodbyeee " – "Greatest Hits" ( Lost ) – " Hell Is Other Robots " – "Home" ( The X-Files ) – " Homer's Enemy " – " Homer's Phobia " – "Ice" ( The X-Files ) – " Janet(s) " – "Last Gasp" ( Inside No. 9 ) – " The Last Temptation of Krust " – " Lisa the Skeptic " – " Lisa the Vegetarian " – " The Man Trap " – " Meet Kevin Johnson " – "Mother and Child Reunion" ( Degrassi: The Next Generation ) – "Mother's Day" ( Rugrats ) – " Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo " – " A Nice Day for a Posh Wedding " – "Nightswimming" ( Awake ) – " No Such Thing as Vampires " – " North by North Quahog " – "Once More, with Feeling" ( Buffy the Vampire Slayer ) – " The One Where Michael Leaves " – " The Other Woman ( Lost ) " – "Over There" ( Fringe ) – "Partners in Crime" ( Doctor Who ) – "Pilot" ( House ) – "Pilot" ( Parks and Recreation ) – "Pilot" ( Smallville ) – "Pilot" ( Supernatural ) – "No Rest for the Wicked" ( Supernatural ) – " The Post-Modern Prometheus " – "Premiere" ( The O.C. ) – " A Quiet Night In " – " Rejoined " – "The Riddle of the Sphinx" ( Inside No. 9 ) – " Road to the Multiverse " – " A Rugrats Chanukah " – " A Rugrats Kwanzaa " – " San Junipero " – "Sardines" ( Inside No. 9 ) – "Say Hello to My Little Friend" ( Awake ) – "The Shape of Things to Come" ( Lost ) – " Sisters at Heart " – " The Sixth Extinction II: Amor Fati " – " SLAPP Suits " – " Space Seed " – "Squeeze" ( The X-Files ) – " Stark Raving Dad " – " Starvin' Marvin " – " The Stolen Earth " – " A Streetcar Named Marge " – "Subway" ( Homicide: Life on the Street ) – "Terms of Endearment" ( The X-Files ) – " These Are the Voyages... " – "Through the Looking Glass" ( Lost ) – "Triangle" ( The X-Files ) – "The Truth" ( The X-Files ) – "The Unnatural" ( The X-Files ) – "Volcano" ( South Park ) – " Weight Gain 4000 " – "What Is and What Should Never Be" ( Supernatural ) – " X-Cops " – " Yesterday's Enterprise " – " You Only Move Twice " (93 articles) Media fictional characters Melanie Barnett – C. J. Cregg – Sadie Harris – Chad Harris-Crane – Kes ( Star Trek ) – Todd Manning – Russell family ( Passions ) – Eve Russell – Simone Russell – Bart Simpson – Homer Simpson – Khan Noonien Singh – Michael Tritter – Tasha Yar – Yeti ( Doctor Who ) (15 articles) Media biographies Amy Adams – Ben Affleck – Ike Altgens – Angel Aquino – Andjar Asmara – James T. Aubrey – Kroger Babb – Vidya Balan – Christian Bale – Eric Bana – Joseph Barbera – John Barrymore – Alia Bhatt – Harriet Bosse – Ed Bradley – Rudolph Cartier – Nancy Cartwright – Charlie Chaplin – Jessica Chastain – Priyanka Chopra – Bradley Cooper – Gary Cooper – Russell T Davies – Leonardo DiCaprio – Walt Disney – D. Djajakusuma – Steve Dodd – Kirsten Dunst – Etika – George Formby – George Formby Sr – John Gielgud – Mckenna Grace – Jake Gyllenhaal – Maggie Gyllenhaal – William Hanna – Phil Hartman – Anne Hathaway – Ethan Hawke – Katharine Hepburn – Philip Seymour Hoffman – Tom Holland – Michael Hordern – Kenneth Horne – Nicholas Hoult – Josh Hutcherson – Oscar Isaac – Hattie Jacques – Peter Jennings – Scarlett Johansson – Angelina Jolie – Katrina Kaif – Dimple Kapadia – Kareena Kapoor Khan – Sonam Kapoor – Shah Rukh Khan – Kalki Koechlin – Angela Lansbury – Brie Larson – Jennifer Lawrence – Vivien Leigh – Dolly de Leon – Angel Locsin – Jacobus Anthonie Meessen – Marilyn Monroe – Julianne Moore – Rani Mukerji – Cillian Murphy – Sydney Newman – Christopher Nolan – John Oliver – Deepika Padukone – Robert Pattinson – Freida Pinto – Brad Pitt – Chris Pratt – Kangana Ranaut – Roekiah – Hrithik Roshan – Judy Ann Santos – Peter Sellers – Shefali Shah – Sebastian Shaw (actor) – Josette Simon – Red Skelton – Liza Soberano – Aaron Sorkin – Rod Steiger – Emma Stone – Terry-Thomas – Jack L. Warner – Emma Watson – Michelle Williams (actress) – Kate Winslet – Reese Witherspoon – Catherine Zeta-Jones – Preity Zinta (97 articles) Meteorology and climate Cirrus cloud – Eye (cyclone) – Climate change (3 articles) Seasons 1850 Atlantic hurricane season – 1911 Atlantic hurricane season – 1933 Atlantic hurricane season – 1941 Atlantic hurricane season – 1950 Atlantic hurricane season – 1983 Atlantic hurricane season – 1988 Atlantic hurricane season – 1991 Atlantic hurricane season – 1994 Atlantic hurricane season – 1995 Pacific hurricane season – 1998 Pacific hurricane season – 2001–02 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season – 2002 Atlantic hurricane season – 2002 Pacific typhoon season – 2003 Atlantic hurricane season – 2003 Pacific hurricane season – 2005 Atlantic hurricane season – 2006 Atlantic hurricane season – 2006 Pacific hurricane season – 2007 Atlantic hurricane season – 2013 Atlantic hurricane season (21 articles) Storms 1896 Cedar Keys hurricane – 1910 Cuba hurricane – 1916 Texas hurricane – 1928 Okeechobee hurricane – 1941 Florida hurricane – 1944 Cuba–Florida hurricane – 1991 Perfect Storm – 1999 Sydney hailstorm – 2000 Sri Lanka cyclone – 2003 Sri Lanka cyclone – 2005 Azores subtropical storm – Christmas 1994 nor'easter – Cyclone Ada – Cyclone Althea – Cyclone Berguitta – Cyclone Chapala – Cyclone Dumazile – Cyclone Elita – Cyclone Gonu – Cyclone Joy – Cyclone Orson – Cyclone Raja – Cyclone Rewa – Cyclone Waka – December 1969 nor'easter – Effects of Hurricane Georges in Louisiana – Effects of Hurricane Isabel in North Carolina – Great Lakes Storm of 1913 – Greensburg tornado – Hurricane Alex (2016) – Hurricane Andrew – Hurricane Bob (1985) – Hurricane Bret – Hurricane Carmen – Hurricane Carol – Hurricane Charley (1986) – Hurricane Cindy (2005) – Hurricane Claudette (2003) – Hurricane Connie – Hurricane Daniel (2006) – Hurricane Debbie (1961) – Hurricane Dennis – Hurricane Diane – Hurricane Dog (1950) – Hurricane Edith (1971) – Hurricane Elena – Hurricane Eloise – Hurricane Emily (1993) – Hurricane Erika (1997) – Hurricane Erika (2003) – Hurricane Fabian – Hurricane Fay – Hurricane Fred (2015) – Hurricane Gert – Hurricane Ginger – Hurricane Gonzalo – Hurricane Gordon (2006) – Hurricane Grace (1991) – Hurricane Guillermo (1997) – Hurricane Hattie – Hurricane Hazel – Hurricane Hilary – Hurricane Humberto (2019) – Hurricane Iniki – Hurricane Ioke – Hurricane Irene (2005) – Hurricane Iris – Hurricane Isis (1998) – Hurricane Ismael – Hurricane John (1994) – Hurricane John (2006) – Hurricane Juan (1985) – Hurricane Kate (1985) – Hurricane Kenna – Hurricane Kiko (1989) – Hurricane Kyle (2002) – Hurricane Lane (2006) – Hurricane Lane (2018) – Hurricane Linda (1997) – Hurricane Lenny – Hurricane Leslie (2018) – Hurricane Marie (2014) – Hurricane Nadine – Hurricane Nate (2005) – Hurricane Olivia (2018) – Hurricane Ophelia (2005) – Hurricane Rick (2009) – Hurricane Rosa (2018) – Hurricane Sergio (2018) – Hurricane Vince – Hurricane Walaka – Hurricane Willa – Meteorological history of Hurricane Dorian – Meteorological history of Hurricane Gordon – Meteorological history of Hurricane Patricia – Meteorological history of Hurricane Wilma – Racer's hurricane – Subtropical Storm Andrea (2007) – Tropical Depression Nineteen-E (2018) – Tropical Depression Ten (2007) – Tropical Storm Alberto (2006) – Tropical Storm Barry (2001) – Tropical Storm Barry (2007) – Tropical Storm Bill (2003) – Tropical Storm Bonnie (2004) – Tropical Storm Brenda (1960) – Tropical Storm Carlotta (2018) – Tropical Storm Carrie (1972) – Tropical Storm Chantal (2001) – Tropical Storm Cindy (1993) – Tropical Storm Edouard (2002) – Tropical Storm Faxai (2007) – Tropical Storm Gabrielle (2007) – Tropical Storm Hanna (2002) – Tropical Storm Henri (2003) – Tropical Storm Hermine (1998) – Tropical Storm Hernan (2020) – Tropical Storm Ileana (2018) – Tropical Storm Keith (1988) – Tropical Storm Kiko (2007) – Tropical Storm Marco (1990) – Tropical Storm Marco (2008) – Tropical Storm Nicole (2010) – Tropical Storm Vamei – Tropical Storm Vicente (2018) – Tropical Storm Zelda (1991) – Typhoon Chataan – Typhoon Gay – Typhoon Gay (1992) – Typhoon Maemi – Typhoon Nabi – Typhoon Omar – Typhoon Paka – Typhoon Pongsona – Typhoon Rusa – Typhoon Sudal – Typhoon Tip (137 articles) Music Album covers of Blue Note Records – The Breeders Tour 2014 – Carillon – Choral symphony – Concerto delle donne – Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies – Elderly Instruments – English National Opera – Freedom (concert) – Handel's lost Hamburg operas – Killing of Meredith Hunter – The Kinks' 1965 US tour – Leningrad première of Shostakovich's Symphony No. 7 – Lost operas by Claudio Monteverdi – Mozart family grand tour – Music for a Time of War – New wave of British heavy metal – Nine Inch Nails live performances – R2K: The Concert – Rhinemaidens – Roland TR-808 – The Royal Opera – Shoom – Taiko – Viking metal – Zoo TV Tour (26 articles) Classical music works Agrippina (opera) – Appalachian Spring – The Bartered Bride – Blood on the Floor (Turnage) – Carmen – A Child of Our Time – Christ lag in Todes Banden , BWV 4 – Der 100. Psalm – Die Zeit, die Tag und Jahre macht , BWV 134a – Easter Oratorio – Erschallet, ihr Lieder, erklinget, ihr Saiten! , BWV 172 – Falstaff (opera) – The Firebird – Gianni Schicchi – Gott der Herr ist Sonn und Schild, BWV 79 – H.M.S. Pinafore – Ich will den Kreuzstab gerne tragen , BWV 56 – Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria – Jesu, meine Freude , BWV 227 – Jesus nahm zu sich die Zwölfe , BWV 22 – Komm, du süße Todesstunde , BWV 161 – L'Ange de Nisida – L'Arianna – L'incoronazione di Poppea – L'Orfeo – Les pêcheurs de perles – Lieutenant Kijé (Prokofiev) – Me and Juliet – Messiah (Handel) – Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin , BWV 125 – Nixon in China – Noye's Fludde – O heilges Geist- und Wasserbad , BWV 165 – The Oceanides – Orpheus in the Underworld – Piano Concerto No. 24 (Mozart) – Piano music of Gabriel Fauré – Piano Sonata No. 31 (Beethoven) – Requiem (Reger) – The Rite of Spring – Rinaldo (opera) – Saxophone Sonata (Creston) – Sei pezzi per pianoforte – Short Symphony – Sonatas and Interludes – Symphonic poems (Liszt) – Symphony No. 3 (Górecki) – Symphony No. 4 (Mahler) – Symphony No. 8 (Mahler) – Symphony No. 8 (Sibelius) – Thespis (opera) – Tosca – Trial by Jury – Unser Mund sei voll Lachens , BWV 110 – Vespro della Beata Vergine – Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern , BWV 1 (56 articles) Albums 3 of Hearts (album) – 4 (Beyoncé album) – 1987 (What the Fuck Is Going On?) – 1989 (album) – Aaliyah (album) – Achtung Baby – Aftermath (Rolling Stones album) – Agharta (album) – Alicia (album) – All Money Is Legal – Almost There (album) – Amarte Es un Placer (album) – ...And Justice for All (album) – Anodyne (album) – Are You Experienced – Aries (album) – Arular – The Basement Tapes – Be Here Now (album) – Blackstar (album) – Bleed American – Blonde on Blonde – Blood Sugar Sex Magik – Body Count (album) – Born in the U.S.A. – Born to Run – By the Way – Christ Illusion – The Concert in Central Park – Confusion (album) – Control (Janet Jackson album) – A Crow Looked at Me – Cut the Crap – The Dark Side of the Moon – Darkness on the Edge of Town – Diorama (Silverchair album) – Disintegration (The Cure album) – Dookie – Doolittle (album) – Dream Days at the Hotel Existence – E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (album) – The Ecstatic – Electra Heart – Eternal Blue (album) – Evermore – Everywhere at the End of Time – Fantasy Black Channel – Faryl – Fearless (Taylor Swift album) – Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 – The Final Cut (album) – The First Vision – Fôrça Bruta – Formula, Vol. 1 – Freak Out! – The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan – Ghosts I–IV – God Hates Us All – Good Girl Gone Bad – Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded – Guitar Songs – Halo 3 Original Soundtrack – Heaven Upside Down – Here Is Mariah Carey – Hex Enduction Hour – Hey Y'all – Highway 61 Revisited – Ho Ho Ho (album) – Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death) – Homework (Daft Punk album) – House of Music – Hunky Dory – The Idiot (album) – Illinois (Sufjan Stevens album) – In Rainbows – Intimacy (Bloc Party album) – In Utero – Is This It – It Was Hot, We Stayed in the Water – Kala (album) – Kids See Ghosts (album) – Kill 'Em All – Laborintus II (album) – Late Registration – Lions (album) – Love. Angel. Music. Baby. – Love It to Death – Loveless (album) – Low (David Bowie album) – Made in the Dark – Manos Arriba – Marquee Moon – Master of Puppets – Matangi (album) – Maxinquaye – Maya (M.I.A. album) – Misterioso (Thelonious Monk album) – A Momentary Lapse of Reason – Mother's Milk (album) – Nebraska (album) – New York Dolls (album) – The Next Day – Niandra LaDes and Usually Just a T-Shirt – No Depression (album) – No Line on the Horizon – Odyssey Number Five – Of Human Feelings – OK Computer – One Hot Minute – Over the Rainbow (Connie Talbot album) – The Pale Emperor – Pinkerton (album) – Pod (The Breeders album) – Pru (album) – Red (Taylor Swift album) – Reign in Blood – Remain in Light – Rhythm Killers – Ride the Lightning – The River (Bruce Springsteen album) – Rock Steady (album) – Romance (Luis Miguel album) – Romances (Luis Miguel album) – Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall – Rumours (album) – The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman – Segundo Romance – Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band – Silent Alarm – Sky Blue Sky – Slay Tracks: 1933–1969 – Smiley Smile – Song of Innocence – Sons of Soul – South of Heaven – Speak Now – Spiderland – Still Reigning – Supernature (Goldfrapp album) – Surfer Rosa – Takin' It Back – Taylor Swift (album) – Tell All Your Friends – Thank You (Meghan Trainor album) – This Side of the Moon – This Year's Model – Thriller (album) – Timeless (Meghan Trainor album) – Title (album) – Title (EP) – Title TK – Too Much Too Soon (album) – Tragic Kingdom – Treat Myself – A Very Trainor Christmas – Virtual Self (EP) – Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses) – The Way I See It – A Weekend in the City – Weird Faith – When You Get a Little Lonely – Windswept Adan – Wish You Were Here (Pink Floyd album) – Worlds (Porter Robinson album) – Xx (The xx album) (165 articles) Songs " 4 Minutes " – "The 1975" (song) – "Alejandro" (song) – " All About That Bass " – " All-American Bitch " – " Amazing Grace " – "Angel of Death" (Slayer song) – "Baby Boy" (Beyoncé song) – "Bad Blood" (Taylor Swift song) – " Bad Romance " – " Ballad of a Homeschooled Girl " – " Bale Out " – "Big Boys" (song) – " Blank Space " – " Blindfold Me " – "Breakdown" (Mariah Carey song) – "Butterfly" (Mariah Carey song) – " Can I Get It " – "Candy" (Foxy Brown song) – " Can't Get You Out of My Head " – "Can't Let Go" (Mariah Carey song) – " Can't Catch Me Now " – " Christmas Tree Farm " – "City of Angels" (Thirty Seconds to Mars song) – " City of Blinding Lights " – "Clown" (Mariah Carey song) – " Cross Road Blues " – "Cry Me a River" (Justin Timberlake song) – " Dance in the Dark " – " Dance the Night " – " Dear Future Husband " – "Déjà Vu" (Beyoncé song) – "Deja Vu" (Olivia Rodrigo song) – "Delicate" (Taylor Swift song) – " Despre tine " – "Diamonds" (Rihanna song) – "Don't Say You Love Me" (M2M song) – "Don't Stop the Music" (Rihanna song) – " Dragostea din tei " – " Drake Would Love Me " – " Easy on Me " – "Forever" (Mariah Carey song) – " Eyes of the Insane " – "Feather" (song) – "Fearless" (Taylor Swift song) – " Forever & Always " – " Fuck the Millennium " – "Gento" (song) – "Ghost in the Machine" (song) – " Get Him Back! " – " Habits (Stay High) " – "Halo" (Beyoncé song) – "Here We Go Again" (Ray Charles song) – "Hey Baby" (No Doubt song) – " Hey Jude " – " Hey Stephen " – "Holidays" (Meghan Trainor song) – "Hot Sugar" (song) – " How You Get the Girl " – " I Don't Remember " – " I Don't Wanna Cry " – " I Drink Wine " – " I'm God " – " I Got That " – "I'm Goin' Down" – "Imagine" (song) – "I Need You" (Paris Hilton song) – " Irreplaceable " – " Life on Mars? " – " It's a Wrap " – " I've Just Seen a Face " – "Jihad" (song) – "Just like Heaven" (The Cure song) – "Labyrinth" (Taylor Swift song) – " La Isla Bonita " – " Laundromat " – " Lavender Haze " – " Lights Up " – " Like a Rolling Stone " – " Like I'm Gonna Lose You " – " Lips Are Movin " – " The Long and Winding Road " – " Love Is Embarrassing " – "Love Story" (Taylor Swift song) – " Love the Way You Lie " – "Made You Look" (Meghan Trainor song) – "Mean" (song) – "Me Too" (Meghan Trainor song) – "Mindful" (song) – " Missing My Baby " – "Mother" (Meghan Trainor song) – " Mothers of the Disappeared " – "My Happiness" (Powderfinger song) – " My Little Love " – "My Man" (Tamar Braxton song) – National anthem of Russia – "Never Forget You" (Mariah Carey song) – "New Romantics" (song) – "No" (Meghan Trainor song) – " No Me Queda Más " – " No Panties " – "Not in Love" (Crystal Castles song) – " Nothing to My Name " – "Obsessed" (Olivia Rodrigo song) – "The One" (Tamar Braxton song) – "One Tree Hill" (song) – " On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away " – "Open Arms" (SZA song) – " Our Song " – "Outside" (Mariah Carey song) – " Out of the Woods " – " Paint It Black " – " Paranoid Android " – " Photograph of Mary " – "Push the Button" (Sugababes song) – " R U Professional " – "Rehab" (Rihanna song) – "Running Out of Time" (song) – "S&M" (song) – " Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands " – " Say Say Say " – " Shake It Off " – "Shine" (Gwen Stefani song) – " Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) " – "Slug" (song) – " Smells Like Teen Spirit " – " Smoking on My Ex Pack " – "Something" (Beatles song) – " Sound and Vision " – "Speechless" (Lady Gaga song) – "Speechless" (Michael Jackson song) – " Spinning Around " – "State of Grace" (song) – "Streets" (song) – "Style" (Taylor Swift song) – "Sweetheart" (Rainy Davis song) – "Talk That Talk" (Rihanna song) – " Talking to Yourself " – " Teardrops on My Guitar " – "Telephone" (song) – " This Charming Man " – "Tim McGraw" (song) – "Title" (song) – "To Be Loved" (Adele song) – "Today" (The Smashing Pumpkins song) – " Touch Me I'm Sick " – " Under the Bridge " – "Vanishing" (song) – "Village Green" (song) – " Watching the River Flow " – " Water Under the Bridge " – " We Are the World " – "Welcome to New York" (song) – " What'd I Say " – " What You Waiting For? " – "White Horse" (Taylor Swift song) – " Wildest Dreams " – "The World Is Not Enough" (song) – " You Belong with Me " – " Your Girl " – " Your Power " – " You're Not Sorry " (162 articles) Music biographies Individuals Aaliyah – Charles-Valentin Alkan – Walter Bache – John Barbirolli – Arnold Bax – Thomas Beecham – Bix Beiderbecke – William Sterndale Bennett – Hector Berlioz – David Berman (musician) – Beyoncé – Georges Bizet – Pierre Boulez – Adrian Boult – David Bowie – Benjamin Britten – Alan Bush – Mariah Carey – Cher – Frédéric Chopin – Chrisye – Rebecca Clarke (composer) – Claude Debussy – Frederick Delius – DJ AM – Nick Drake – Bob Dylan – Edward Elgar – Gabriel Fauré – Kathleen Ferrier – Rakoto Frah – Lady Gaga – Vince Gill – Rachelle Ann Go – Percy Grainger – Ayumi Hamasaki – George Harrison – Jimi Hendrix – Canadian drug charges and trial of Jimi Hendrix – Death of Jimi Hendrix – Susanna Hoffs – Gustav Holst – Imogen Holst – Janet Jackson – Michael Jackson – Mick Jagger – Eusèbe Jaojoby – Ken "Snakehips" Johnson – Andrew Johnston (singer) – Jane Joseph – Josquin des Prez – Maynard James Keenan – Albert Ketèlbey – Otto Klemperer – Kyla (Filipino singer) – Leah LaBelle – John Lennon – Kellie Loder – Lorde – Courtney Love – Steve Lukather – Witold Lutosławski – Gustav Mahler – Miriam Makeba – Margaret (singer) – Jules Massenet – Paul McCartney – Felix Mendelssohn – André Messager – Olivier Messiaen – Pierre Monteux – Claudio Monteverdi – Mozart in Italy – Ram Narayan – Carl Nielsen – The Notorious B.I.G. – Jacques Offenbach – Leo Ornstein – Osbert Parsley – Katy Perry – Francis Poulenc – Elvis Presley – Angeline Quinto – Maurice Ravel – Rihanna – Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov – Gioachino Rossini – Camille Saint-Saëns – Robert Schumann – Bedřich Smetana – Faryl Smith – Georg Solti – Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji – Adele Spitzeder – Jo Stafford – Charles Villiers Stanford – Ringo Starr – Gwen Stefani – Igor Stravinsky – Arthur Sullivan – Taylor Swift – Tōru Takemitsu – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Michael Tippett – Meghan Trainor – Randy Travis – Ralph Vaughan Williams – Artemy Vedel – Regine Velasquez – Cosima Wagner – Richard Wagner – William Walton – Peter Warlock – Henry Wood – Frank Zappa (115 articles) Groups Alice in Chains – Audioslave – The Beatles – Ben&Ben – BTS – Damageplan – Fightin' Texas Aggie Band – Five Go Down to the Sea? – Godsmack – Hi-5 (Australian group) – Jamiroquai – Joy Division – The Kinks – Megadeth – Meshuggah – Metallica – Neutral Milk Hotel – Nine Inch Nails – Nirvana (band) – Opeth – Pearl Jam – Pink Floyd – Pixies (band) – Powderfinger – Radiohead – R.E.M. – Sex Pistols – Silverchair – The Smashing Pumpkins – Stereolab – Strapping Young Lad – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The Five – Tool (band) – U2 – Uncle Tupelo – The Wiggles – Wilco (38 articles) Philosophy and psychology Aesthetics – Birthday-number effect – Confirmation bias – Epistemology – Ethics – Existence – "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence" – Getting It: The Psychology of est – Hedonism – An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory – Logic – Metaphysics – Mind – Name-letter effect – Nihilism – Philosophy – Political Animals and Animal Politics – Throffer – Value theory – A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (20 articles) Philosophy and psychology biographies Eric A. Havelock – Leucippus – Zhang Jingsheng – William S. Sadler (4 articles) Physics and astronomy AdS/CFT correspondence – Definition of planet – Electron – Formation and evolution of the Solar System – General relativity – History of Mars observation – Hubble Space Telescope – Introduction to general relativity – Island of stability – Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector – M-theory – Main sequence – Mirror symmetry (string theory) – Nebular hypothesis – Quark – Redshift – Speed of light – Toronto Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory – Virgo interferometer (19 articles) Astronomical objects and other space entities 243 Ida – Andromeda (constellation) – Antlia – Apus – Ariel (moon) – Aries (constellation) – Asteroid belt – Atmosphere of Jupiter – Auriga – Barnard's Star – Betelgeuse – Caelum – Callisto (moon) – Canis Major – Canis Minor – Capella – Cat's Eye Nebula – Ceres (dwarf planet) – Circinus – Comet Hale–Bopp – Comet Hyakutake – Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 – Corona Australis – Corona Borealis – Corvus (constellation) – Crater (constellation) – Cygnus X-1 – Earth – Earth-grazing meteoroid of 13 October 1990 – Enceladus – Epsilon Eridani – Eris (dwarf planet) – Eta Carinae – Europa (moon) – Galaxy – Gamma-ray burst – Ganymede (moon) – Globular cluster – GRB 970228 – GRB 970508 – Grus (constellation) – H II region – Halley's Comet – Haumea – Herbig–Haro object – Horologium (constellation) – Hubble Deep Field – Hydrus – IK Pegasi – Io (moon) – Jupiter trojan – Kreutz sungrazer – Kuiper belt – Leo Minor – Lynx (constellation) – Magnetosphere of Jupiter – Makemake – Mars – Mensa (constellation) – Mercury (planet) – Messier 87 – Microscopium – Moon – Musca – Neptune – Norma (constellation) – Oberon (moon) – Oort cloud – Pavo (constellation) – Perseus (constellation) – Phoenix (constellation) – Pictor – Planet – Planet Nine – Planets beyond Neptune – Pluto – Proxima Centauri – Pyxis – Rigel – Rings of Jupiter – Rings of Neptune – Rings of Uranus – Sagitta – Saturn – Scattered disc – Sedna (dwarf planet) – Serpens – Sirius – Solar eclipse – Solar System – SOLRAD 1 – SOLRAD 2 – Star – Sun – Supernova – Tau Ceti – Telescopium – Titan (moon) – Titania (moon) – TRAPPIST-1 – Triangulum – Triangulum Australe – Triton (moon) – Tucana – Umbriel – Uranus – Ursa Minor – Vega – Venus – Volcanism on Io – White dwarf (111 articles) Physics and astronomy biographies Buzz Aldrin – Neil Armstrong – Niels Bohr – Frank Borman – James Chadwick – Michael Collins (astronaut) – Gordon Cooper – Jürgen Ehlers – Enrico Fermi – Richard Feynman – Anna Lee Fisher – Eunice Newton Foote – Ben Gascoigne – Josiah Willard Gibbs – Otto Hahn – Johannes Kepler – George Koval – Jim Lovell – Shannon Lucid – Ulf Merbold – Mark Oliphant – Lise Meitner – Mercury Seven – NASA Astronaut Group 2 – Gerard K. O'Neill – J. Robert Oppenheimer – Oppenheimer security clearance hearing – Isidor Rabi – Judith Resnik – Sally Ride – David Scott – Rhea Seddon – Louis Slotin – Kathryn D. Sullivan – Alfred Worden – John Young (astronaut) – Zhang Heng (37 articles) Politics and government 1867 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania – 1880 Democratic National Convention – 1880 Greenback National Convention – 1880 Republican National Convention – 1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio – 1899 Kentucky gubernatorial election – 1899 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania – January 1908 Irish representative peer election – 1927 Chicago mayoral election – 1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt – 1946 California's 12th congressional district election – 1950 United States Senate election in California – 1951 Philadelphia municipal election – 1955 State of Vietnam referendum – 1957 Canadian federal election – 1975 Australian constitutional crisis – 2009 New York's 20th congressional district special election – 1964 Illinois House of Representatives election – 2010 United States Senate Democratic primary election in Pennsylvania – 2016 Sleaford and North Hykeham by-election – 2020 Missouri Amendment 2 – Act of Accord – Atlanta Compromise – Ba Congress – Balfour Declaration – Boroughitis – Bring Us Together – John Edward Brownlee sex scandal – William Jennings Bryan 1896 presidential campaign – Checkers speech – Cross of Gold speech – "Daisy" (advertisement) – Draft Eisenhower movement – Gateway Protection Programme – Government of the Han dynasty – Governor of Kentucky – First inauguration of Barack Obama – William Henry Harrison 1840 presidential campaign – League of Nations – The May Pamphlet – William McKinley 1896 presidential campaign – Ministerial by-election – Ngo Dinh Diem presidential visit to Australia – New Jersey's 1927 biannual elections proposal – " On the Mindless Menace of Violence " – Operation Sandwedge – Ostend Manifesto – Overman Committee – Parliament of 1327 – Political philosophy – Profumo affair – Privy Council (United Kingdom) – Referendum Party – Ross Perot 1992 presidential campaign – Rudd Concession – Strom Thurmond filibuster of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 – Thaddeus McCotter 2012 presidential campaign – Thorpe affair – Harry S. Truman 1948 presidential campaign – Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng – A Vindication of the Rights of Men – Why Marx Was Right (62 articles) Politics and government biographies John Adair – John Adams – Samuel Adams – Spiro Agnew – Nadezhda Alliluyeva – Yasser Arafat – Carlos Castillo Armas – Chester A. Arthur – Alexandre Banza – Alben W. Barkley – Thomas F. Bayard – Hugh Beadle – Louis H. Bean – J. C. W. Beckham – John J. Beckley – Judah P. Benjamin – Steve Biko – Luke P. Blackburn – Barthélemy Boganda – Jean Bolikango – Margaret Bondfield – William Borah – Horatio Bottomley – William O'Connell Bradley – Bessie Braddock – John C. Breckinridge – Political career of John C. Breckinridge – John Y. Brown (politician, born 1835) – John Edward Brownlee as Attorney General of Alberta – Stanley Bruce – Simon Bolivar Buckner – Morgan Bulkeley – Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy – John C. Calhoun – Simon Cameron – Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná – Neville Chamberlain – Happy Chandler – Murray Chotiner – Grover Cleveland – Jane Cobden – Martha Layne Collins – Bert Combs – Calvin Coolidge – Grace Coolidge – John Sherman Cooper – Richard Cordray – Jack Critchley – John J. Crittenden – S. O. Davies – Jefferson Davis – Bill Denny – Phoolan Devi – John Diefenbaker – Benjamin Disraeli – Alec Douglas-Home – Neal Dow – Tom Driberg – Don Dunstan – Early life and military career of John McCain – William Hayden English – Millard Fillmore – Ernie Fletcher – Joseph B. Foraker – Wendell Ford – James A. Garfield – Emma Goldman – Horace Greeley – Herbert Greenfield – Frank Hague – Mark Hanna – Warren G. Harding – Benjamin Harrison – John Hay – Rutherford B. Hayes – John L. Helm – Patrick Henry – Garret Hobart – Margaret Lea Houston – C. D. Howe – Andrew Jackson – Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Andrew Johnson – Keen Johnson – Jomo Kenyatta – Nikita Khrushchev – Ruby Laffoon – Nestor Lakoba – Franklin Knight Lane – George Lansbury – Vladimir Lenin – Leopold Report – Albert Levitt – David Lewis (Canadian politician) – Li Rui – Marcel Lihau – Abraham Lincoln – Huey Long – Luo Yixiu – Angus Lewis Macdonald – John A. Macdonald – Gregor MacGregor – William Lyon Mackenzie – James Madison – Nelson Mandela – Thomas R. Marshall – Evelyn Mase – George Mason – John McCain – James B. McCreary – William McKinley – Simonie Michael – Harvey Milk – Edwin P. Morrow – Socrates Nelson – Ngô Đình Cẩn – Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ – Pat Nixon – Richard Nixon – Louie Nunn – Sergo Ordzhonikidze – José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco – Paul E. Patton – Franklin Peale – Franklin Pierce – Józef Piłsudski – Gabriel Pleydell – Thomas Playford IV – James K. Polk – Premiership of John Edward Brownlee – Matthew Quay – Vidkun Quisling – Rainilaiarivony – Norodom Ranariddh – Samuel J. Randall – Ronald Reagan – Richard Gavin Reid – Louis Riel – Ernest Roberts (Australian politician) – John Rolph – George W. Romney – Mitt Romney – Rise of Neville Chamberlain – Juan Manuel de Rosas – Frank Russell, 2nd Earl Russell – Alexander Cameron Rutherford – Charles Scott (governor) – Jason Sendwe – William H. Seward – Solomon P. Sharp – Isaac Shelby – Arthur Sifton – Sjafruddin Prawiranegara – Addie Viola Smith – Albert Speer – Augustus Owsley Stanley – Thaddeus Stevens – Charles Stewart (premier) – Sumitro Djojohadikusumo – William Howard Taft – James Thompson (surveyor) – Jeremy Thorpe – Benjamin Tillman – John Tonkin – Harry S. Truman – Liz Truss – Irakli Tsereteli – George Tucker (author) – John Tyler – John Tyndall (far-right activist) – Fakih Usman – Jerry Voorhis – George Washington – George Washington and slavery – James B. Weaver – Lawrence Wetherby – Beverly White – Thomas White (Australian politician) – Gough Whitlam – William Wilberforce – Ellen Wilkinson – Wendell Willkie (182 articles) Religion, mysticism and mythology 2012 phenomenon – The Age of Reason – Ahalya – Ancient Egyptian deities – Anekantavada – Apocalypse of Peter – Augustinian theodicy – Badnjak (Serbian) – Beth Hamedrash Hagodol – Blue men of the Minch – Bonshō – Cardinal-nephew – Congregation Baith Israel Anshei Emes – Congregation Beth Elohim – Dali (goddess) – English Benedictine Reform – First Roumanian-American Congregation – Free and Candid Disquisitions – Ganesha – Gospel of the Ebionites – Gregorian mission – Hathor – Heathenry (new religious movement) – Intelligent design – Iravan – Isis – JC's Girls – Kelpie – Kharijites – Mysteries of Isis – Netley Abbey – Ninety-five Theses – Nuckelavee – Oran fatwa – Orion (mythology) – Orphic Hymns – Osiris myth – Our Lady of Perpetual Exemption – Palo (religion) – Priestley Riots – Problem of religious language – Prosperity theology – Qibla – Rastafari – St. Michael's Cathedral, Qingdao – Santería – Sursock bronze – Ten Commandments in Catholic theology – Temple Israel (Memphis, Tennessee) – Temple Sinai (Oakland, California) – Westminster Assembly – Vampire – Vithoba – Xenu (54 articles) Religion, mysticism and mythology biographies Ælfheah of Canterbury – Alexander of Lincoln – Asser – Augustine of Canterbury – Baldwin of Forde – John W. 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– Odaenathus – Óengus I – Offa of Mercia – Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia – Andreas Palaiologos – Pedro I of Brazil – Pedro II of Brazil – Penda of Mercia – Pepi I Meryre – Philip I Philadelphus – Ramesses VI – Ranavalona I – Ranavalona III – Rani of Jhansi – Raymond III, Count of Tripoli – Raynald of Châtillon – Rhys ap Gruffydd – Richard II of England – William de Ros, 6th Baron Ros – Sadruddin Aga Khan – Sahure – Lady Saigō – Salih ibn Mirdas – Teresa Sampsonia – Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha – Sayf al-Dawla – Seleucus VI Epiphanes – Domenico Selvo – Sennacherib – Shepseskaf – Shepseskare – Sheshi – Shunzhi Emperor – Simeon I of Bulgaria – Siward, Earl of Northumbria – Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham – Stephen I of Hungary – Stephen, King of England – Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany – Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik – Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies – Thekla (daughter of Theophilos) – Theodore II Laskaris – Theodosius III – Tiberius III – Unas – Userkaf – Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine – Queen Victoria – Wallis Simpson – Wiglaf of Mercia – Wihtred of Kent – William III of England – William IV – William the Conqueror – Prince William, Duke of Gloucester – Wulfhere of Mercia – Władysław II Jagiełło – Yazid I – Yusuf I of Granada – Alexander II Zabinas – Zenobia (212 articles) Sport and recreation Association football 1873 FA Cup final – 1876 FA Cup final – 1876 Scotland v Wales football match – 1878 FA Cup final – 1883 FA Cup final – 1894–95 New Brompton F.C. season – 1905–06 New Brompton F.C. season – 1906–07 New Brompton F.C. season – 1907–08 New Brompton F.C. season – 1911–12 New Brompton F.C. season – 1912–13 Gillingham F.C. season – 1913–14 Gillingham F.C. season – 1914 FA Cup final – 1914–15 Gillingham F.C. season – 1919–20 Gillingham F.C. season – 1920–21 Burnley F.C. season – 1920–21 Cardiff City F.C. season – 1920–21 Gillingham F.C. season – 1921–22 Cardiff City F.C. season – 1923 FA Cup final – 1924–25 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(182 articles) Baseball 1912 suspension of Ty Cobb – 1926 World Series – 2004 World Series – 2009 World Series – Baseball – Brooklyn Dodgers 1, Boston Braves 1 (26 innings) – First Horizon Park – Herschel Greer Stadium – History of the Nashville Sounds – History of the New York Yankees – Nashville Sounds – Orel Hershiser's scoreless innings streak – Philadelphia Athletics 18, Cleveland Indians 17 (1932) – Posting system – Riders Field – Youngstown Ohio Works (16 articles) Boat race Jesus College Boat Club (Oxford) – The Boat Race 1993 – The Boat Race 2003 – The Boat Race 2012 – The Boat Races 2015 – The Boat Races 2016 – The Boat Races 2017 – The Boat Race 2018 – The Boat Race 2019 – The Boat Race 2020 – The Boat Race 2021 – The Boat Race 2022 (12 articles) Cricket First Test, 1948 Ashes series – Second Test, 1948 Ashes series – Third Test, 1948 Ashes series – Fourth Test, 1948 Ashes series – Fifth Test, 1948 Ashes series – 2003 Cricket World Cup final – 2009 Women's Cricket World Cup final – 2010 Twenty20 Cup final – Adelaide leak – Bodyline – D'Oliveira affair – John the bookmaker controversy – Leg before wicket – Somerset County Cricket Club in 1891 – Somerset County Cricket Club in 2009 – Van Diemen's Land v Port Phillip, 1851 – West Indian cricket team in England in 1988 – Worcestershire v Somerset, 1979 – Yorkshire captaincy affair of 1927 (19 articles) Cue sports 1927 World Snooker Championship – 1980 World Snooker Championship – 1981 World Snooker Championship – 1982 World Snooker Championship – 1983 World Snooker Championship – 1984 World Snooker Championship – 1985 World Snooker Championship – 1985 World Snooker Championship final – 1986 World Snooker Championship – 1987 World Snooker Championship – 1988 World Snooker Championship – 1989 World Snooker Championship – 2002 World Snooker Championship – 2007 World Cup of Pool – 2014 World Snooker Championship – 2015 World Snooker Championship – 2016 World Snooker Championship – 2017 World Snooker Championship – 2018 World Snooker Championship – 2019 World Snooker Championship – 2019 Champion of Champions – 2019 Tour Championship – 2019 WPA World Ten-ball Championship – 2020 World Snooker Championship – 2020 Masters (snooker) – 2020 Tour Championship – 2021 British Open – 2021 Masters (snooker) – 2021 Tour Championship – 2021 World Snooker Championship – 2022 Hong Kong Masters – 2022 Masters (snooker) – 2022 Tour Championship – 2022 Welsh Open (snooker) – 2022 World Snooker Championship – 2023 World Snooker Championship – Snooker (37 articles) Cycling 1962 Tour de France – 1985 Tour de France – 1987 Giro d'Italia – 1988 Giro d'Italia – 1989 Tour de France – 2009 Giro d'Italia – 2012 Tour de France – 2015 Vuelta a España – Cycling at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's individual road race – Cycling at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's individual road race (10 articles) Equestrianism American Pharoah – Barbara L – Calgary Stampede – California Chrome – Chariot racing – Chicado V – Easy Jet (horse) – Fleetwood Park Racetrack – Go Man Go – Jersey Act – Lightning Bar – Miss Meyers – Mucho Macho Man – Oxbow (horse) – Secretariat (horse) – Shergar – Thunder (mascot) (17 articles) Gridiron football 1921 Centre vs. Harvard football game – 1924 Rose Bowl – 1998 NFC Championship Game – 2000 Sugar Bowl – 2003 Insight Bowl – 2005 ACC Championship Game – 2005 Sugar Bowl – 2005 Texas Longhorns football team – 2006 Chick-fil-A Bowl – 2006 Gator Bowl – 2007 ACC Championship Game – 2007 Appalachian State vs. Michigan football game – 2007 USC Trojans football team – 2008 ACC Championship Game – 2008 Humanitarian Bowl – 2008 Orange Bowl – 2009 International Bowl – 2009 Orange Bowl – 2010 PapaJohns.com Bowl – Carolina Panthers – Heidi Game – History of American football – History of the New York Jets – Packers sweep (24 articles) Hockey Calgary Flames – Fighting in ice hockey – History of the Montreal Canadiens – History of the National Hockey League (1917–1942) – History of the National 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Elizabeth Way – Richmond Bridge, London – Ridge Route – Sonestown Covered Bridge – State Route 74 (New York–Vermont) – State Route 343 (New York−Connecticut) – Sweet Track – U.S. Route 2 in Michigan – U.S. Route 8 – U.S. Route 16 in Michigan – U.S. Route 23 in Michigan – U.S. Route 25 in Michigan – U.S. Route 30 in Iowa – U.S. Route 31 in Michigan – U.S. Route 34 in Iowa – U.S. Route 40 Alternate (Keysers Ridge–Cumberland, Maryland) – U.S. Route 41 Business (Marquette, Michigan) – U.S. Route 41 in Michigan – U.S. Route 45 in Michigan – U.S. Route 50 in Nevada – U.S. Route 101 – U.S. Route 113 – U.S. Route 131 – U.S. Route 141 – U.S. Route 491 – Utah State Route 128 – Vauxhall Bridge – Wandsworth Bridge – Washington State Route 520 – Washington State Route 522 (120 articles) Cars, trucks and vans Aston Martin DB9 – Aston Martin DB11 – Aston Martin Rapide – Aston Martin Vanquish (2012) – Ferrari FF – General Motors companion make program – Holden Commodore (VE) – Lagonda Taraf – Sunbeam Tiger – Tesla Model S – Winter service vehicle (11 articles) Transport biographies Sophie Blanchard – Lester Brain – Fairfax Harrison – Frank Pick – Albert Stanley, 1st Baron Ashfield – Vesna Vulović (6 articles) Video gaming 4X – Capcom Five – Development of The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion – Development of Grand Theft Auto V (4 articles) Video game companies Accolade, Inc. – Namco – Rockstar North – Rockstar San Diego – Sega – Thatgamecompany – Toys for Bob (7 articles) Video game series Crazy Taxi – Donkey Kong – Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy – Final Fantasy – God of War (franchise) – Mana (series) – Paper Mario – Persona (series) – Sonic the Hedgehog (9 articles) Individual games 1960s–1970s Colossal Cave Adventure – Computer Space – Space Invaders – Spacewar! – Zork (5 articles) 1980s Alleyway (video game) – Knight Lore – Lost Luggage (video game) – Maniac Mansion – Marble Madness – Ninja Gaiden (NES video game) – Sabre Wulf – Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels (8 articles) 1990s 1080° Snowboarding – Blast Corps – Broken Sword: The Shadow of the Templars – Burning Rangers – Commander Keen in Invasion of the Vorticons – Daytona USA – Donkey Kong 64 – Donkey Kong Country – Donkey Kong Land – Doom (1993 video game) – Drowned God – Fallout (video game) – Final Fantasy Tactics – Final Fantasy VI – Final Fantasy VII – Final Fantasy VIII – Flight Unlimited – Flight Unlimited II – Flight Unlimited III – Grim Fandango – Homeworld – Jumping Flash! – Killer Instinct Gold – Knuckles' Chaotix – Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver – The Legend of Dragoon – The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening – The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time – Midtown Madness – Mischief Makers – Myst – Nights into Dreams – Panzer Dragoon Saga – Pathways into Darkness – Phantasmagoria (video game) – Planescape: Torment – Populous: The Beginning – Radical Dreamers – Resident Evil 2 – Riven – Secret of Mana – Sinistar: Unleashed – Sonic Adventure – Sonic the Hedgehog 2 – Sonic Spinball – Star Control 3 – Star Wars: Rogue Squadron – Super Mario 64 – Super Mario All-Stars – Super Mario World – System Shock – System Shock 2 – Terra Nova: Strike Force Centauri – Trials of Mana – Turok: Dinosaur Hunter – Ultima Underworld: The Stygian Abyss – Wipeout 3 – Wolfenstein 3D (58 articles) 2000–2004 Anachronox – Bejeweled (video game) – Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Wrath of the Darkhul King – Castlevania: Aria of Sorrow – Cave Story – Deathrow (video game) – Devil May Cry (video game) – Defense of the Ancients – Drakengard (video game) – Dungeon Siege – The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind – Empires: Dawn of the Modern World – F-Zero GX – Final Fantasy IX – Final Fantasy X – Final Fantasy X-2 – Final Fantasy XI – Giants: Citizen Kabuto – Golden Sun (video game) – Halo 2 – Ico – Iridion 3D – Katamari Damacy – Kingdom Hearts (video game) – Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories – The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask – The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Seasons and Oracle of Ages – Mario Power Tennis – Metroid Prime – Metroid Prime 2: Echoes – Myst III: Exile – Myst IV: Revelation – Perfect Dark – Pokémon Channel – Sacrifice (video game) – Silent Hill 4: The Room – The Simpsons: Hit & Run – Spyro: Year of the Dragon – Star Wars Episode I: Battle for Naboo – Super Smash Bros. Melee – Thief II – Tony Hawk's Underground – Uru: Ages Beyond Myst – Vagrant Story – Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines – Vampire: The Masquerade – Redemption (46 articles) 2005–2009 Aquaria (video game) – Banjo-Kazooie: Nuts & Bolts – Batman: Arkham Asylum – The Beatles: Rock Band – Castlevania: Dawn of Sorrow – Children of Mana – Cloud (video game) – Conan (2007 video game) – Crackdown (video game) – Crush (video game) – The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion – Final Fantasy XII – Final Fantasy XIII – Flow (video game) – Flower (video game) – God of War (2005 video game) – God of War II – God of War: Betrayal – God of War: Chains of Olympus – Gravity Bone – Guitar Hero (video game) – Half-Life 2: Episode One – Half-Life 2: Lost Coast – Halo 3 – Halo 3: ODST – Halo Wars – Killer7 – Kingdom Hearts II – League of Legends – Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures – Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy – The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II – Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games – Mario Party DS – Metroid Prime 3: Corruption – Myst V: End of Ages – New Super Mario Bros. – Nights: Journey of Dreams – Ōkami – Plants vs. Zombies (video game) – Portal (video game) – Resident Evil 5 – Shadow of the Colossus – Shadow the Hedgehog (video game) – The Simpsons Game – Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game) – Super Columbine Massacre RPG! – Super Mario Galaxy – Super Smash Bros. Brawl – Tales of Monkey Island – Tatsunoko vs. Capcom – Wii Sports – The World Ends with You (53 articles) 2010s Bastion (video game) – Batman: Arkham City – BioShock 2 – BioShock 2: Minerva's Den – Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered – Dishonored – Doom (2016 video game) – Fallout 4: Far Harbor – Fez (video game) – Final Fantasy Type-0 – Final Fantasy XIII-2 – Five Nights at Freddy's (video game) – Five Nights at Freddy's: Help Wanted – Flotilla (video game) – Freedom Planet – God of War III – God of War: Ascension – God of War: Ghost of Sparta – Grand Theft Auto V – Halo: Combat Evolved Anniversary – Halo: Reach – Hotline Miami 2: Wrong Number – Infinity Blade – Islanders (video game) – Islands: Non-Places – Journey (2012 video game) – Katana Zero – Kingdom Two Crowns – The Last of Us (video game) – Limbo (video game) – Mario Party: The Top 100 – Marvel's Spider-Man (video game) – Mass Effect 2 – Monaco: What's Yours Is Mine – OneShot – Outer Wilds – Oxenfree – Paper Mario: Color Splash – Proteus (video game) – Rare Replay – Shovel Knight Showdown – Smash Hit – Sonic After the Sequel – South Park: The Stick of Truth – Super Meat Boy – Terraria – Thirty Flights of Loving – Untitled Goose Game – Wipeout 2048 – Yoshi's New Island – Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward (51 articles) 2020s The Dark Pictures Anthology: House of Ashes – The Longing – Paper Mario: The Origami King – The Suicide of Rachel Foster – Teardown (video game) – Tunic (video game) (6 articles) Cancelled Pirates of the Caribbean: Armada of the Damned – Sam & Max: Freelance Police – Sonic X-treme – StarCraft: Ghost (4 articles) Video game systems 32X – Magnavox Odyssey – Master System – Menacer – Nintendo DSi – PlayStation (console) – Sega CD – Sega Genesis – Sega Saturn – Wii (10 articles) Video game fictional characters Arbiter ( Halo ) – Characters of Final Fantasy VIII – Donkey Kong (character) – Flood ( Halo ) – Lightning ( Final Fantasy ) – Master Chief ( Halo ) – Kim Kitsuragi – MissingNo. – Raichu – Chris Redfield – Claire Redfield – Tidus – Ur-Quan – Jill Valentine – Ethan Winters – Ada Wong (16 articles) Video gaming biographies Satoru Iwata – Roberta Williams (2 articles) Warfare Air Board (Australia) – Allied logistics in the Southern France campaign – American logistics in the Normandy campaign – American logistics in the Northern France campaign – American logistics in the Western Allied invasion of Germany – American services and supply in the Siegfried Line campaign – American transportation in the Siegfried Line campaign – Arch of Remembrance – Blockhaus d'Éperlecques – British logistics in the Normandy campaign – British logistics in the Siegfried Line campaign – British logistics in the Western Allied invasion of Germany – British nuclear weapons and the Falklands War – Canadian National Vimy Memorial – The Cenotaph – Civil Service Rifles War Memorial – Coalhouse Fort – Commissioner Government – Devon County War Memorial – Duckport Canal – English invasion of Scotland (1400) – Foreign volunteers in the Rhodesian Security Forces – Fort Concho – Fort Dobbs (North Carolina) – Fort Southerland – Fort Ticonderoga – Fort Yellowstone – Fortress of Mimoyecques – Grant's Canal – Great Western Railway War Memorial – Hanford Engineer Works – Hove War Memorial – If Day – INTERFET logistics – La Coupole – Lancashire Fusiliers War Memorial – London and North Western Railway War Memorial – Manchester Cenotaph – MAUD Committee – Mells War Memorial – Midland Railway War Memorial – Midshipman – The Motherland Calls – Northampton War Memorial – North Eastern Railway War Memorial – Norwich War Memorial – Portsmouth War Memorial – Operation Matterhorn logistics – Rochdale Cenotaph – Royal Artillery Memorial – Royal Naval Division War Memorial – South American dreadnought race – Southampton Cenotaph – Southend-on-Sea War Memorial – Spalding War Memorial – Temporary gentlemen – Tower Hill Memorial – United States war plans (1945–1950) – " We Can Do It! " – York City War Memorial (60 articles) Military equipment AI Mark IV radar – Akutan Zero – AMX-30 – AMX-30E – Boeing C-17 Globemaster III in Australian service – Boeing CH-47 Chinook in Australian service – Cannon – Hawker Hurricane in Yugoslav service – Helicopter 66 – Hemmema – Horses in World War I – IFF Mark II – Leopard 2E – Lince (tank) – Lockheed C-130 Hercules in Australian service – M113 armoured personnel carriers in Australian service – M249 Squad Automatic Weapon – Mark XIV bomb sight – McDonnell Douglas A-4G Skyhawk – McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II – McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet in Australian service – McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II – McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II in Australian service – McDonnell Douglas Phantom in UK service – McDonnell XF-85 Goblin – Mk VII Tetrarch light tank – Montreal Laboratory – Nike-X – Northrop YF-23 – Panzer I – Project Waler – Project Y – Radar, Gun Laying, Mk. I and Mk. II – Rheinmetall Rh-120 – Rogožarski IK-3 – Seri Rambai – Silverplate – SM U-66 – Tanks in the Spanish Army – Tanque Argentino Mediano – Verdeja – Vultee Vengeance in Australian service (42 articles) Military ships 250t-class torpedo boat – AHS Centaur – Alaska -class cruiser – Almirante Latorre -class battleship – Albona -class minelayer – Amagi -class battlecruiser – Andrea Doria -class battleship – ARA Moreno – ARA Rivadavia – Battleship – Bayern -class battleship – Beograd -class destroyer – Borodino -class battlecruiser – Brandenburg -class battleship – Braunschweig -class battleship – Brazilian battleship Minas Geraes – Brazilian battleship São Paulo – Brazilian cruiser Bahia – Chilean battleship Almirante Latorre – Chilean cruiser Esmeralda (1883) – Conte di Cavour -class battleship – Courageous -class aircraft carrier – Courageous -class battlecruiser – CSS Baltic – CSS General Earl Van Dorn – Derfflinger -class battlecruiser – Design 1047 battlecruiser – Design A-150 battleship – Deutschland -class battleship – Dreadnought – Dutch 1913 battleship proposal – Ersatz Yorck -class battlecruiser – Francesco Caracciolo -class battleship – French battleship Bouvet – French battleship Brennus – French battleship Bretagne – French battleship Courbet – French battleship France – French battleship Gaulois – French battleship Iéna – French battleship Jauréguiberry – French battleship Jean Bart (1911) – French battleship Suffren – Fuji -class battleship – Fusō -class battleship – Galeb -class minelayer – German battleship Bismarck – German battleship Tirpitz – German destroyer Z39 – German torpedo boat Albatros – Greek battleship Salamis – Helgoland -class battleship – HMAS Australia (1911) – HMS Agincourt (1913) – HMS Aigle (1801) – HMS Alceste (1806) – HMS Argus (I49) – HMS Ark Royal (91) – HMS Beaulieu – HMS Bellerophon (1786) – HMS Bulwark (1899) – HMS Calliope (1884) – HMS Cardiff (D108) – HMS Collingwood (1908) – HMS Courageous (50) – HMS Eagle (1918) – HMS Emerald (1795) – HMS Endeavour – HMS Erin – HMS Formidable (67) – HMS Furious (47) – HMS Hermes (95) – HMS Hood – HMS Illustrious (87) – HMS Indefatigable (1909) – HMS Indefatigable (R10) – HMS Levant (1758) – HMS Lion (1910) – HMAS Melbourne (R21) – HMS Nairana (1917) – HMS Neptune (1909) – HMS New Zealand (1911) – HMS Pearl (1762) – HMS Princess Royal (1911) – HMS Queen Mary – HMS Ramillies (07) – HMS Roebuck (1774) – HMS Royal Oak (08) – HMS Speedy (1782) – HMS St Vincent (1908) – HMS Temeraire (1798) – HMS Tiger (1913) – HMS Vanguard (1909) – HMS Vanguard (23) – HMS Warrior (1860) – Indiana -class battleship – INS Vikrant (1961) – Jadran (training ship) – Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi – Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū – Japanese aircraft carrier Hiyō – Japanese aircraft carrier Hōshō – Japanese aircraft carrier Jun'yō – Japanese aircraft carrier Kaga – Japanese aircraft carrier Ryūjō – Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano – Japanese battleship Asahi – Japanese battleship Fusō – Japanese battleship Haruna – Japanese battleship Hyūga – Japanese battleship Ise – Japanese battleship Musashi – Japanese battleship Mutsu – Japanese battleship Nagato – Japanese aircraft carrier Sōryū – Japanese battleship Tosa – Japanese battleship Yamato – Japanese battleship Yamashiro – Japanese battleship Yashima – Kaiman -class torpedo boat – Kaiser -class battleship – Kaiser Friedrich III -class battleship – König -class battleship – L 20e α-class battleship – Liberté -class battleship – Lion -class battlecruiser – Lion -class battleship – Lyon -class battleship – Mackensen -class battlecruiser – Mahan -class destroyer – Minas Geraes -class battleship – Moltke -class battlecruiser – Montana -class battleship – Nagato -class battleship – Nassau -class battleship – Normandie -class battleship – North Carolina -class battleship – Pennsylvania -class battleship – Peresvet -class battleship – Petropavlovsk -class battleship – Prinz Adalbert -class cruiser – République -class battleship – Rivadavia -class battleship – Roon-class cruiser – Russian battleship Dvenadsat Apostolov – Russian battleship Oslyabya – Russian battleship Poltava (1894) – Russian battleship Peresvet – Russian battleship Petropavlovsk (1894) – Russian battleship Pobeda – Russian battleship Potemkin – Russian battleship Retvizan – Russian battleship Rostislav – Russian battleship Sevastopol (1895) – Russian battleship Slava – Schichau -class torpedo boat – Shōkaku -class aircraft carrier – SMS Baden – SMS Bayern (1915) – SMS Blücher – SMS Brandenburg – SMS Braunschweig – SMS Derfflinger – SMS Deutschland (1904) – SMS Dresden (1907) – SMS Elsass – SMS Emden – SMS Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand – SMS Friedrich Carl – SMS Friedrich der Grosse (1911) – SMS Fürst Bismarck – SMS Gneisenau – SMS Goeben – SMS Grosser Kurfürst (1913) – SMS Hannover – SMS Helgoland (1909) – SMS Hessen – SMS Hindenburg – Hrabri -class submarine – SMS Kaiser – SMS Kaiser Barbarossa – SMS Kaiser Friedrich III – SMS Kaiser Karl der Grosse – SMS Kaiser Wilhelm II – SMS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse – SMS Kaiserin – USS Kearsarge (BB-5) – SMS König – SMS König Albert – SMS Königsberg (1905) – SMS Körös – SMS Kronprinz (1914) – SMS Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm – SMS Lothringen – SMS Lützow – SMS Markgraf – SMS Mecklenburg – SMS Moltke – SMS Nassau – SMS Niobe – SMS Nymphe – USS Oberrender – SMS Oldenburg – SMS Ostfriesland – SMS Pommern – SMS Posen – SMS Preussen (1903) – SMS Preussischer Adler – SMS Prinz Adalbert (1901) – SMS Prinzregent Luitpold – SMS Rheinland – SMS Roon – SMS Scharnhorst – SMS Schlesien – SMS Schleswig-Holstein – SMS Schwaben – SMS Seydlitz – SMS Thüringen – SMS Von der Tann – SMS Weissenburg – SMS Westfalen – SMS Wettin – SMS Wittelsbach – SMS Wörth – SMS Yorck – SMS Zähringen – South Carolina -class battleship – Sovetsky Soyuz -class battleship – Soviet destroyer Nezamozhnik – Spanish battleship Alfonso XIII – St Vincent -class battleship – Tosa -class battleship – U-1 -class submarine (Austria-Hungary) – Uskok-class torpedo boat – USS Arizona – USS Chesapeake (1799) – USS Connecticut (BB-18) – USS Congress (1799) – USS Constitution – USS Illinois (BB-65) – USS Indiana (BB-1) – USS Iowa (BB-61) – USS Lexington (CV2) – USS Marmora (1862) – USS Massachusetts (BB-2) – USS Missouri (BB-63) – USS New Ironsides – USS New Jersey (BB-62) – USS Nevada (BB-36) – USS Orizaba – USS President – USS Princess Matoika – USS Romeo – USS Saratoga (CV-3) – USS Siboney (ID-2999) – USS Varuna (1861) – USS West Bridge – Wittelsbach -class battleship – Yamato -class battleship – Yugoslav destroyer Beograd – Yugoslav destroyer Dubrovnik – Yugoslav destroyer Ljubljana – Yugoslav destroyer Zagreb – Yugoslav gunboat Beli Orao – Yugoslav minelayer Zmaj – Yugoslav monitor Drava – Yugoslav monitor Sava – Yugoslav monitor Vardar – Yugoslav submarine Hrabri – Yugoslav submarine Mališan – Yugoslav submarine Nebojša – Yugoslav torpedo boat T1 – Yugoslav torpedo boat T2 – Yugoslav torpedo boat T3 – Yugoslav torpedo boat T4 – Yugoslav torpedo boat T5 – Yugoslav torpedo boat T6 – Yugoslav torpedo boat T7 (278 articles) Military units 1st Cavalry Division (Kingdom of Yugoslavia) – 1st Missouri Field Battery – 1st Provisional Marine Brigade – 2nd Infantry Division (United Kingdom) – 2nd Red Banner Army – 4th Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia) – 4th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate) – 4th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment – 6th Massachusetts Militia Regiment – 7th Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia) – 8th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate) – 13th Airborne Division (United States) – 13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate) – 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian) – 15th Tank Corps – 18th Infantry Division (United Kingdom) – 21st Massachusetts Infantry Regiment – 22nd Massachusetts Infantry Regiment – 21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg – 23rd (Northumbrian) Division – 23rd Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Kama (2nd Croatian) – 24th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Karstjäger – 27th Infantry Division Savska – 38th (Welsh) Infantry Division – 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division – 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division – 68th New York Infantry Regiment – 70th Infantry Division (United Kingdom) – 509th Composite Group – 766th Independent Infantry Regiment (North Korea) – Armed Forces Special Weapons Project – Army of Sambre and Meuse – Australian Air Corps – Australian Defence Force – Byzantine navy – Central Africa Regiment – Divisional Cavalry Regiment (New Zealand) – Eastern Area Command (RAAF) – Gloucestershire Regiment – History of the Office of the Inspector General of the United States Army – Landis's Missouri Battery – Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment – Nichols's Missouri Cavalry Regiment – No. 1 Aircraft Depot RAAF – No. 1 Flying Training School RAAF – No. 1 Wing RAAF – No. 2 Operational Conversion Unit RAAF – No. 1 Squadron RAAF – No. 33 Squadron RAAF – No. 34 Squadron RAAF – No. 36 Squadron RAAF – No. 37 Squadron RAAF – No. 38 Squadron RAAF – No. 77 Squadron RAAF – No. 79 Squadron RAAF – No. 90 Wing RAAF – No. 91 Wing RAAF – No. 450 Squadron RAAF – North-Eastern Area Command – North-Western Area Command – RAAF area commands – RAF Northolt – RAF Uxbridge – Royal Gloucestershire Hussars – Second Australian Imperial Force in the United Kingdom – Slayback's Missouri Cavalry Regiment – Territorial Force – Timor-Leste Defence Force – WAVES – Western Area Command (RAAF) – Yeomanry Cavalry (71 articles) Wars, battles and events 1678 Kediri campaign – 1940 Brocklesby mid-air collision – 1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash – 1982 British Army Gazelle friendly fire incident – 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack – 1994 Black Hawk shootdown incident – 2007 United States Air Force nuclear weapons incident – Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (806) – Action at Sihayo's kraal – Action of 1 August 1801 – Action of 1 January 1800 – Action of 13 January 1797 – Actions along the Matanikau – Admiralty Islands campaign – Air Rhodesia Flight 825 – Alsos Mission – Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652) – Anglo-Zanzibar War – Air raids on Japan – Allied logistics in the Kokoda Track campaign – Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II – Anbar campaign (2003–2011) – Attack on Sydney Harbour – Australia in World War II – Australian contribution to the Battle of Normandy – Axis naval activity in Australian waters – Battle for Henderson Field – Battle of Adys – Battle of Agua Dulce – Battle of Albuera – Battle of Arawe – Battle of Arkansas Post – Battle of Arras (1917) – Battle of Auberoche – Battle of Azaz (1030) – Battle of Babylon Hill – Battle of the Bagradas River (240 BC) – Battle of the Bagradas River (255 BC) – Battle of Bardia – Battle of Barnet – Battle of Barrosa – Battle of Bergerac – Battle of Bicocca – Battle of Big Black River Bridge – Battle of the Bismarck Sea – Battle of Blanchetaque – Battle of Blenheim – Battle of Bosworth Field – Battle of Bronkhorstspruit – Battle of Byram's Ford – Battle of Caen (1346) – Battle of Caishi – Battle of Calais – Battle of Cane Hill – Battle of Cape Ecnomus – Battle of Cape Esperance – Battle of Concepción – Battle of Crécy – Battle of the Defile – Battle of Drepana – Battle of Dunbar (1650) – Battle of Dupplin Moor – Battle of Dürenstein – Battle of Dyrrhachium (1081) – Battle of Edson's Ridge – Battle of Glasgow, Missouri – Battle of Goliad – Battle of Gonzales – Battle of Goodenough Island – Battle of Grand Gulf – Battle of Grand Port – Battle of the Great Plains – Battle of Groix – Battle of Halidon Hill – Battle of Halmyros – Battle of Hastings – Battle of Helena – Battle of Heraklion – Battle of Hochkirch – Battle of Inverkeithing – Battle of Jackson – Battle of Kaiapit – Battle of Kalavrye – Battle of Khafji – Battle of Köse Dağ – Battle of Kunersdorf – Battle of Labuan – Battle of Lagos – Battle of Lake Providence – Battle of Lake Trasimene – Battle of Lalakaon – Battle of Leuthen – Battle of Lipantitlán – Battle of Lissa (1811) – Battle of Little Blue River – Battle of Malvern Hill – Battle of Marais des Cygnes – Battle of Marshall's Elm – Battle of Midway – Battle of Milne Bay – Battle of Morlaix – Battle of Morotai – Battle of Musa Qala – Battle of Mount Austen, the Galloping Horse, and the Sea Horse – Battle of Neville's Cross – Battle of New Carthage – Battle of Öland – Battle of Oroscopa – Battle of Osan – Battle of Panormus – Battle of Plum Point Bend – Battle of Poison Spring – Battle of Poitiers – Battle of Pontvallain – Battle of Powick Bridge – Battle of Preston (1648) – Battle of Prokhorovka – Battle of Pulo Aura – Battle of Quebec (1775) – Battle of Radzymin (1920) – Battle of Ramillies – Battle of Raymond – Battle of Red Cliffs – Battle of Rennell Island – Battle of Rethymno – Battle of Rossbach – Battle of Saint-Malo – Battle of Saipan – Battle of San Patricio – Battle of Saseno – Battle of Savo Island – Battle of Schliengen – Battle of Settepozzi – Battle of Sio – Battle of Sluys – Battle of St. Charles – Battle of Taejon – Battle of Tassafaronga – Battle of Tinian – Battle of the Aegates – Battle of the Alamo – Battle of the Cedars – Battle of the Coral Sea – Battle of the Eastern Solomons – Battle of the Gebora – Battle of the Nile – Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands – Battle of the Saw – Battle of the Tenaru – Battle of the Trebia – Battle of Ticinus – Battle of Ticonderoga (1759) – Battle of Tippecanoe – Battle of Tory Island – Battle of Towton – Battle of Trapani – Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu–Tanambogo – Battle of Utica (203 BC) – Battle of Valcour Island – Battle of Verrières Ridge – Battle of Villers-Bocage – Battle of Vimy Ridge – Battle of Vrbanja Bridge – Battle of Vukovar – Battle of Warsaw (1705) – Battle of Winterthur – Battle of Winwick – Battle of Zama – Black Friday (1945) – Black Prince's chevauchée of 1355 – Black Prince's chevauchée of 1356 – Bombing of Obersalzberg – Bombing of Singapore (1944–1945) – Bombing of Tokyo (10 March 1945) – Bombing of Yawata (June 1944) – Boshin War – Bougainville counterattack – British logistics in the Falklands War – British military intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil War – British nuclear tests at Maralinga – Burnt Candlemas – Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 – Capture of Fort Ticonderoga – Capture of Sedalia – Capture of Wakefield – Carlson's patrol – Caspian expeditions of the Rus' – Chaplain–Medic massacre – Cologne War – Convoy GP55 – Crawford expedition – Crécy campaign – D-Day naval deceptions – Edward III's Breton campaign – English invasion of Scotland (1385) – Falaise pocket – Fall of Kampala – Fatimid conquest of Egypt – First Battle of Dernancourt – First Battle of Newtonia – First Jewish–Roman War – First Punic War – First Silesian War – Gascon campaign of 1345 – German bombing of Belgrade – German invasion of Greece – German–Yugoslav Partisan negotiations – Glorious First of June – Grass Fight – Guadalcanal campaign – Gudovac massacre – Hamilcar's defeat of Spendius and Autaritus – Hill 303 massacre – The Holocaust in Slovakia – Huế chemical attacks – Hundred Years' War, 1345–1347 – Hungarian occupation of Yugoslav territories – Initial campaign of the Breton Civil War – Invasion of Tulagi (May 1942) – Italian War of 1521–1526 – Italian War of 1542–1546 – Jin–Song wars – Koli Point action – Kragujevac massacre – Krulak–Mendenhall mission – Lancaster's chevauchée of 1346 – Lancaster's Normandy chevauchée of 1356 – Landing at Nadzab – Siegfried Lederer's escape from Auschwitz – Lochry's Defeat – Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines – Matanikau Offensive – May Revolution – Mercenary War – Morotai Mutiny – Naval Battle of Guadalcanal – Operation Berlin (Atlantic) – Operation Brevity – Operation Camargue – Operation Catechism – Operation Charnwood – Operation Cobra – Operation Copperhead – Operation Crossroads – Operation Epsom – Operation Flavius – Operation Goodwood (naval) – Operation Grandslam – Operation Hardboiled – Operation Hurricane – Operation Infinite Reach – Operation Inmate – Operation Ironside – Operation Ke – Operation Kikusui I – Operation Kita – Operation Mascot – Operation Mincemeat – Operation Obviate – Operation Pamphlet – Operation Paravane – Operation Perch – Operation Sportpalast – Operation Teardrop – Operation Title – Operation Tractable – Operation Uranus – Operation Varsity – Pontiac's War – Port Chicago disaster – Punic Wars – Raid at Cabanatuan – Razing of Friesoythe – Relief of Douglas MacArthur – Rhine campaign of 1796 – Roman withdrawal from Africa (255 BC) – Russian occupations of Beirut – Rwandan Civil War – Sack of Amorium – Second Battle of Cape Finisterre – Second Battle of Independence – Second Battle of Newtonia – Second Fitna – Second Ostend Raid – Second Punic War – Second Silesian War – Second War of Scottish Independence – Siege of Aiguillon – Siege of Baghdad – Siege of Berwick (1333) – Siege of Brest (1342) – Siege of Breteuil – Siege of Bukhara – Siege of Calais (1346–1347) – Siege of Constantinople (674–678) – Siege of Constantinople (717–718) – Siege of Godesberg – Siege of Guînes (1352) – Siege of Lilybaeum (250–241 BC) – Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430) – Siege of Tunis (Mercenary War) – Sieges of Berwick (1355 and 1356) – Sieges of Taunton – Silesian Wars – South China Sea raid – Southern Rhodesia in World War I – Steele's Greenville expedition – Take Ichi convoy – Third Punic War – Third Silesian War – Treaty of Lutatius – Truce of Calais – Truce of Malestroit – Uruguayan War – USS Constellation vs La Vengeance – USS Constellation vs L'Insurgente – USS Iowa turret explosion – Van Buren raid – War of the Bavarian Succession – War of the Fifth Coalition – War of the League of Cambrai – Weardale campaign – Western Australian emergency of March 1944 – Winter War – Zaian War – Zungeni Mountain skirmish (326 articles) Warfare biographies Wilfred Arthur – Ibn al-Ash'ath – William Anderson (RAAF officer) – Ba Cụt – Peter Badcoe – Ivan Bagramyan – Thomas Baker (aviator) – Albert Ball – John Balmer – Nicky Barr – Cyril Bassett – Prince Louis of Battenberg – Otto Becher – Mary Bell (aviator) – Gottlob Berger – Frank Berryman – Arthur Blackburn – Frank Bladin – Thomas Blamey – John F. Bolt – William Bostock – Juan Davis Bradburn – William Brill – Donald Forrester Brown – Jesse L. Brown – Raymond Brownell – Frederick Browning – Henry Burrell (admiral) – James Wood Bush – Vannevar Bush – Scott Carpenter – Roger B. Chaffee – Harry Chauvel – John Bullock Clark – Dudley Clarke – Harry Cobby – Adrian Cole (RAAF officer) – Harry Crerar – Dick Cresswell – Thomas Crisp – George B. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Main Page: Revision history Main Page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Atom Upload file Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Wikidata item Find addition/removal ( Alternate ) Find edits by user ( Alternate ) Page statistics Pageviews Fix dead links Copyvio detector For any version listed below, click on its date to view it. For more help, see Help:Page history and Help:Edit summary . (cur) = difference from current version, (prev) = difference from preceding version, m = minor edit , → = section edit , ← = automatic edit summary 13 January 2026 cur prev 22:22 22:22, 13 January 2026 Stephen talk contribs 3,247 bytes −17 Rm old Pictures date 11 January 2026 cur prev 00:17 00:17, 11 January 2026 Schwede66 talk contribs 3,264 bytes +17 another featured video coming up cur prev 00:12 00:12, 11 January 2026 Schwede66 talk contribs 3,247 bytes −36 we have a video today 1 January 2026 cur prev 22:36 22:36, 1 January 2026 Schwede66 talk contribs 3,283 bytes +21 amend for Wednesday TFLs 5 December 2025 cur prev 10:53 10:53, 5 December 2025 PrimeHunter talk contribs 3,262 bytes +74 add option for featured video to switch on date, make it easier to add dates for a featured video or multiple pictures cur prev 06:07 06:07, 5 December 2025 Rjjiii talk contribs 3,188 bytes −2 changed "picture" to "video", per WP:ERRORS ; please revert as soon as the next POTD drops Tag : Manual revert 31 October 2025 cur prev 23:59 23:59, 31 October 2025 Firefangledfeathers talk contribs 3,190 bytes +2 adjust POTD back to normal Tags : Manual revert Reverted cur prev 00:07 00:07, 31 October 2025 Schwede66 talk contribs 3,188 bytes −2 adjust POTD as we are featuring a video Tag : Reverted 16 October 2025 cur prev 01:21 01:21, 16 October 2025 The Blade of the Northern Lights talk contribs 3,190 bytes +1 Period for consistency 9 October 2025 cur prev 14:12 14:12, 9 October 2025 PrimeHunter talk contribs 3,189 bytes +59 use switch instead of ifeq to enable mulitple dates with plural "s" in "Featured pictures" 7 October 2025 cur prev 19:24 19:24, 7 October 2025 PrimeHunter talk contribs 3,130 bytes +101 add code to say plural "Featured pictures" on a given date 31 August 2025 cur prev 01:20 01:20, 31 August 2025 Sohom Datta talk contribs 3,029 bytes −1 Undid revision 1308532994 by Sohom Datta ( talk ) reverting my past self, cause today is a new day! Tag : Undo 30 August 2025 cur prev 01:18 01:18, 30 August 2025 Sohom Datta talk contribs 3,030 bytes +1 make "Today's featured picture" plural cause we have multiple pictures in the today's featured picture section today (please revert tmrw) Tags : Reverted Visual edit: Switched 23 July 2025 cur prev 19:39 19:39, 23 July 2025 Schwede66 talk contribs 3,029 bytes +5 It would appear that someone miscoded a non-breaking space; Undid revision 1302142485 by Beland ( talk ) cur prev 16:45 16:45, 23 July 2025 Beland talk contribs m 3,024 bytes −5 convert special characters found by Wikipedia:Typo Team/moss (via WP:JWB ) Tag : JWB 5 July 2025 cur prev 04:58 04:58, 5 July 2025 HouseBlaster talk contribs 3,029 bytes −47 implementing RfC result which resulted in consensus to remove the limit on Main Page interwiki links 10 June 2025 cur prev 00:19 00:19, 10 June 2025 Floquenbeam talk contribs 3,076 bytes −1 Undid revision 1294660424 by Sohom Datta ( talk ) not sure that was a great edit, but it certainly doesn't apply now Tag : Undo 9 June 2025 cur prev 02:10 02:10, 9 June 2025 Sohom Datta talk contribs 3,077 bytes +1 There are a set of two images today so boldy changing picture to pictures for today (as per precedent like Tag : Reverted 19 February 2025 cur prev 03:32 03:32, 19 February 2025 Sohom Datta talk contribs m 3,076 bytes +1 Fix firefox selection bug, see Talk:Main_Page/Archive_208#Main_page_active_editor_count_accessibility , feel free to revert if inappropriate 6 January 2025 cur prev 22:59 22:59, 6 January 2025 MSGJ talk contribs m 3,075 bytes +23 items stack on small screens cur prev 22:46 22:46, 6 January 2025 MSGJ talk contribs 3,052 bytes +65 add number of active editors, per discussion 23 May 2024 cur prev 17:32 17:32, 23 May 2024 Xaosflux talk contribs 2,987 bytes 0 restore prior version, Tag : Manual revert cur prev 09:42 09:42, 23 May 2024 Xaosflux talk contribs 2,987 bytes 0 move comma inside the h1 label, causing line breaks on some skins, see talk Tag : Reverted 11 May 2024 cur prev 05:26 05:26, 11 May 2024 JPxG talk contribs 2,987 bytes 0 Needlessly putting my fingerprints in the revision history for this page 7 March 2024 cur prev 23:59 23:59, 7 March 2024 Firefangledfeathers talk contribs 2,987 bytes −1 back to singular FP Tag : Manual revert cur prev 16:17 16:17, 7 March 2024 Firefangledfeathers talk contribs 2,988 bytes +1 pictures plural just for today; suggested at WP:ERRORS by User:Novo Tape Tag : Reverted 12 December 2023 cur prev 23:59 23:59, 12 December 2023 Firefangledfeathers talk contribs 2,987 bytes −1 back to singular FA Tag : Manual revert cur prev 01:36 01:36, 12 December 2023 Schwede66 talk contribs 2,988 bytes +1 today, we are featuring two FAs (use plural) Tag : Reverted 5 October 2022 cur prev 19:27 19:27, 5 October 2022 The Blade of the Northern Lights talk contribs 2,987 bytes 0 Same issue, commented out text accidentally got split into two lines of markup 4 October 2022 cur prev 22:07 22:07, 4 October 2022 The Blade of the Northern Lights talk contribs 2,987 bytes 0 Fix commented out text that for some reason was on a different line from the opening markup 2 September 2022 cur prev 13:05 13:05, 2 September 2022 Xaosflux talk contribs 2,987 bytes +23 +noinclude 26 August 2022 cur prev 15:39 15:39, 26 August 2022 Xaosflux talk contribs 2,964 bytes +48 reset the SHORTDESC Tag : Manual revert cur prev 15:38 15:38, 26 August 2022 Xaosflux talk contribs 2,916 bytes −48 attempt to reset broken short dedesc Tag : Reverted 17 June 2022 cur prev 15:25 15:25, 17 June 2022 Cyberpower678 talk contribs 2,964 bytes +3 Undid revision 1093586636 by Cyberpower678 ( talk ) Whoops. Tested on the wrong page Tag : Undo cur prev 15:25 15:25, 17 June 2022 Cyberpower678 talk contribs m 2,961 bytes −3 Reverted edits by Izno ( talk ) to last version by Xaosflux Tags : Rollback Reverted 14 June 2022 cur prev 01:18 01:18, 14 June 2022 Izno talk contribs 2,964 bytes +130 clear fix Tag : Reverted 12 June 2022 cur prev 18:07 18:07, 12 June 2022 Izno talk contribs 2,834 bytes −127 per Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#Make Main Page responsive by replacing tables Tag : Reverted 28 April 2022 cur prev 21:25 21:25, 28 April 2022 Xaosflux talk contribs 2,961 bytes −8 use direct call, don't need have to have that constantly evaluated here; and we don't really need to drag those categories in either cur prev 20:55 20:55, 28 April 2022 Stephen talk contribs 2,969 bytes +12 Tweak SD, per Talk cur prev 19:22 19:22, 28 April 2022 Jayron32 talk contribs 2,957 bytes +45 per T:MP discussion. 14 April 2022 cur prev 23:51 23:51, 14 April 2022 Izno talk contribs 2,912 bytes −8 of course i did cur prev 20:33 20:33, 14 April 2022 Izno talk contribs 2,920 bytes −597 remove portals per Wikipedia:Village_pump_(proposals)#Proposal_to_change_portal_links_on_the_Main_Page 1 February 2022 cur prev 19:01 19:01, 1 February 2022 Izno talk contribs 3,517 bytes +9 add an h1 per User:stjn 3 February 2021 cur prev 11:11 11:11, 3 February 2021 Izno talk contribs 3,508 bytes +28 Undid revision 1004592788 by Izno ( talk ) rv that for now Tag : Undo cur prev 11:03 11:03, 3 February 2021 Izno talk contribs 3,480 bytes −28 smh why was that there Tag : Reverted 10 November 2020 cur prev 08:18 08:18, 10 November 2020 Izno talk contribs 3,508 bytes −1,382 per MSGJ and a distinct lack of consensus. The main page even for admins is not the place for BOLD... Tag : Manual revert cur prev 02:32 02:32, 10 November 2020 John M Wolfson talk contribs 4,890 bytes +10 POTD Tag : Reverted cur prev 00:46 00:46, 10 November 2020 John M Wolfson talk contribs 4,880 bytes +6 Actual POTD link per talk Tag : Reverted 9 November 2020 cur prev 22:39 22:39, 9 November 2020 John M Wolfson talk contribs m 4,874 bytes 0 NBSPs in span per talk Tag : Reverted cur prev 22:11 22:11, 9 November 2020 John M Wolfson talk contribs 4,874 bytes +1,366 Added "edit" links for sysops for each section; my skills are not sufficient to make them display on the right edge of the headers like I intended, and this is NOT tested on a mobile device Tags : Reverted nowiki added 13 January 2026 cur prev 22:22 22:22, 13 January 2026 Stephen talk contribs 3,247 bytes −17 Rm old Pictures date 11 January 2026 cur prev 00:17 00:17, 11 January 2026 Schwede66 talk contribs 3,264 bytes +17 another featured video coming up cur prev 00:12 00:12, 11 January 2026 Schwede66 talk contribs 3,247 bytes −36 we have a video today 1 January 2026 cur prev 22:36 22:36, 1 January 2026 Schwede66 talk contribs 3,283 bytes +21 amend for Wednesday TFLs 5 December 2025 cur prev 10:53 10:53, 5 December 2025 PrimeHunter talk contribs 3,262 bytes +74 add option for featured video to switch on date, make it easier to add dates for a featured video or multiple pictures cur prev 06:07 06:07, 5 December 2025 Rjjiii talk contribs 3,188 bytes −2 changed "picture" to "video", per WP:ERRORS ; please revert as soon as the next POTD drops Tag : Manual revert 31 October 2025 cur prev 23:59 23:59, 31 October 2025 Firefangledfeathers talk contribs 3,190 bytes +2 adjust POTD back to normal Tags : Manual revert Reverted cur prev 00:07 00:07, 31 October 2025 Schwede66 talk contribs 3,188 bytes −2 adjust POTD as we are featuring a video Tag : Reverted 16 October 2025 cur prev 01:21 01:21, 16 October 2025 The Blade of the Northern Lights talk contribs 3,190 bytes +1 Period for consistency 9 October 2025 cur prev 14:12 14:12, 9 October 2025 PrimeHunter talk contribs 3,189 bytes +59 use switch instead of ifeq to enable mulitple dates with plural "s" in "Featured pictures" 7 October 2025 cur prev 19:24 19:24, 7 October 2025 PrimeHunter talk contribs 3,130 bytes +101 add code to say plural "Featured pictures" on a given date 31 August 2025 cur prev 01:20 01:20, 31 August 2025 Sohom Datta talk contribs 3,029 bytes −1 Undid revision 1308532994 by Sohom Datta ( talk ) reverting my past self, cause today is a new day! Tag : Undo 30 August 2025 cur prev 01:18 01:18, 30 August 2025 Sohom Datta talk contribs 3,030 bytes +1 make "Today's featured picture" plural cause we have multiple pictures in the today's featured picture section today (please revert tmrw) Tags : Reverted Visual edit: Switched 23 July 2025 cur prev 19:39 19:39, 23 July 2025 Schwede66 talk contribs 3,029 bytes +5 It would appear that someone miscoded a non-breaking space; Undid revision 1302142485 by Beland ( talk ) cur prev 16:45 16:45, 23 July 2025 Beland talk contribs m 3,024 bytes −5 convert special characters found by Wikipedia:Typo Team/moss (via WP:JWB ) Tag : JWB 5 July 2025 cur prev 04:58 04:58, 5 July 2025 HouseBlaster talk contribs 3,029 bytes −47 implementing RfC result which resulted in consensus to remove the limit on Main Page interwiki links 10 June 2025 cur prev 00:19 00:19, 10 June 2025 Floquenbeam talk contribs 3,076 bytes −1 Undid revision 1294660424 by Sohom Datta ( talk ) not sure that was a great edit, but it certainly doesn't apply now Tag : Undo 9 June 2025 cur prev 02:10 02:10, 9 June 2025 Sohom Datta talk contribs 3,077 bytes +1 There are a set of two images today so boldy changing picture to pictures for today (as per precedent like Tag : Reverted 19 February 2025 cur prev 03:32 03:32, 19 February 2025 Sohom Datta talk contribs m 3,076 bytes +1 Fix firefox selection bug, see Talk:Main_Page/Archive_208#Main_page_active_editor_count_accessibility , feel free to revert if inappropriate 6 January 2025 cur prev 22:59 22:59, 6 January 2025 MSGJ talk contribs m 3,075 bytes +23 items stack on small screens cur prev 22:46 22:46, 6 January 2025 MSGJ talk contribs 3,052 bytes +65 add number of active editors, per discussion 23 May 2024 cur prev 17:32 17:32, 23 May 2024 Xaosflux talk contribs 2,987 bytes 0 restore prior version, Tag : Manual revert cur prev 09:42 09:42, 23 May 2024 Xaosflux talk contribs 2,987 bytes 0 move comma inside the h1 label, causing line breaks on some skins, see talk Tag : Reverted 11 May 2024 cur prev 05:26 05:26, 11 May 2024 JPxG talk contribs 2,987 bytes 0 Needlessly putting my fingerprints in the revision history for this page 7 March 2024 cur prev 23:59 23:59, 7 March 2024 Firefangledfeathers talk contribs 2,987 bytes −1 back to singular FP Tag : Manual revert cur prev 16:17 16:17, 7 March 2024 Firefangledfeathers talk contribs 2,988 bytes +1 pictures plural just for today; suggested at WP:ERRORS by User:Novo Tape Tag : Reverted 12 December 2023 cur prev 23:59 23:59, 12 December 2023 Firefangledfeathers talk contribs 2,987 bytes −1 back to singular FA Tag : Manual revert cur prev 01:36 01:36, 12 December 2023 Schwede66 talk contribs 2,988 bytes +1 today, we are featuring two FAs (use plural) Tag : Reverted 5 October 2022 cur prev 19:27 19:27, 5 October 2022 The Blade of the Northern Lights talk contribs 2,987 bytes 0 Same issue, commented out text accidentally got split into two lines of markup 4 October 2022 cur prev 22:07 22:07, 4 October 2022 The Blade of the Northern Lights talk contribs 2,987 bytes 0 Fix commented out text that for some reason was on a different line from the opening markup 2 September 2022 cur prev 13:05 13:05, 2 September 2022 Xaosflux talk contribs 2,987 bytes +23 +noinclude 26 August 2022 cur prev 15:39 15:39, 26 August 2022 Xaosflux talk contribs 2,964 bytes +48 reset the SHORTDESC Tag : Manual revert cur prev 15:38 15:38, 26 August 2022 Xaosflux talk contribs 2,916 bytes −48 attempt to reset broken short dedesc Tag : Reverted 17 June 2022 cur prev 15:25 15:25, 17 June 2022 Cyberpower678 talk contribs 2,964 bytes +3 Undid revision 1093586636 by Cyberpower678 ( talk ) Whoops. Tested on the wrong page Tag : Undo cur prev 15:25 15:25, 17 June 2022 Cyberpower678 talk contribs m 2,961 bytes −3 Reverted edits by Izno ( talk ) to last version by Xaosflux Tags : Rollback Reverted 14 June 2022 cur prev 01:18 01:18, 14 June 2022 Izno talk contribs 2,964 bytes +130 clear fix Tag : Reverted 12 June 2022 cur prev 18:07 18:07, 12 June 2022 Izno talk contribs 2,834 bytes −127 per Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#Make Main Page responsive by replacing tables Tag : Reverted 28 April 2022 cur prev 21:25 21:25, 28 April 2022 Xaosflux talk contribs 2,961 bytes −8 use direct call, don't need have to have that constantly evaluated here; and we don't really need to drag those categories in either cur prev 20:55 20:55, 28 April 2022 Stephen talk contribs 2,969 bytes +12 Tweak SD, per Talk cur prev 19:22 19:22, 28 April 2022 Jayron32 talk contribs 2,957 bytes +45 per T:MP discussion. 14 April 2022 cur prev 23:51 23:51, 14 April 2022 Izno talk contribs 2,912 bytes −8 of course i did cur prev 20:33 20:33, 14 April 2022 Izno talk contribs 2,920 bytes −597 remove portals per Wikipedia:Village_pump_(proposals)#Proposal_to_change_portal_links_on_the_Main_Page 1 February 2022 cur prev 19:01 19:01, 1 February 2022 Izno talk contribs 3,517 bytes +9 add an h1 per User:stjn 3 February 2021 cur prev 11:11 11:11, 3 February 2021 Izno talk contribs 3,508 bytes +28 Undid revision 1004592788 by Izno ( talk ) rv that for now Tag : Undo cur prev 11:03 11:03, 3 February 2021 Izno talk contribs 3,480 bytes −28 smh why was that there Tag : Reverted 10 November 2020 cur prev 08:18 08:18, 10 November 2020 Izno talk contribs 3,508 bytes −1,382 per MSGJ and a distinct lack of consensus. The main page even for admins is not the place for BOLD... Tag : Manual revert cur prev 02:32 02:32, 10 November 2020 John M Wolfson talk contribs 4,890 bytes +10 POTD Tag : Reverted cur prev 00:46 00:46, 10 November 2020 John M Wolfson talk contribs 4,880 bytes +6 Actual POTD link per talk Tag : Reverted 9 November 2020 cur prev 22:39 22:39, 9 November 2020 John M Wolfson talk contribs m 4,874 bytes 0 NBSPs in span per talk Tag : Reverted cur prev 22:11 22:11, 9 November 2020 John M Wolfson talk contribs 4,874 bytes +1,366 Added "edit" links for sysops for each section; my skills are not sufficient to make them display on the right edge of the headers like I intended, and this is NOT tested on a mobile device Tags : Reverted nowiki added Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History 2 Types 3 Missions 4 Benefits 5 In fiction 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Reconnaissance satellite العربية Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia IsiZulu Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Minangkabau Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Русский Shqip کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate. ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) A reconnaissance satellite or intelligence satellite (commonly, although unofficially, referred to as a spy satellite ) is an Earth observation satellite or communications satellite deployed for military or intelligence applications. The first generation type (i.e., Corona [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and Zenit ) took photographs, then ejected canisters of photographic film which would descend back down into Earth's atmosphere. Corona capsules were retrieved in mid-air as they floated down on parachutes . Later, spacecraft had digital imaging systems and downloaded the images via encrypted radio links. In the United States, most information available about reconnaissance satellites is on programs that existed up to 1972, as this information has been declassified due to its age. Some information about programs before that time is still classified information , and a small amount of information is available on subsequent missions. A few up-to-date reconnaissance satellite images have been declassified on occasion, or leaked, as in the case of KH-11 photographs which were sent to Jane's Defence Weekly in 1984, [ 3 ] or US President Donald Trump tweeting a classified image of the aftermath of a failed test of Iran's Safir rocket in 2019. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] History On 16 March 1955, the United States Air Force officially ordered the development of an advanced reconnaissance satellite to provide continuous surveillance of "preselected areas of the Earth" in order "to determine the status of a potential enemy's war-making capability". [ 6 ] During the mid-late 1950s, both the United States and the Soviet Union took interest into reconnaissance satellites. The United States began the CORONA project, which encompassed several series of launches starting in 1959 and ending in 72. This program was made a priority to photograph denied areas, replace the U-2 , and due to public concern about a technological gap between the West and the Soviet Union. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] It was expedited significantly after the shooting of a U-2 in 1960. [ 9 ] Meanwhile, in the Soviet Union, a decree that authorized the development of Sputnik apparently authorized a program for a satellite to be used for photo reconnaissance. This design evolved into Vostok, while another version became Zenit, which was an unmanned reconnaissance satellite. Zenit was launched from 1961 to 1994, however the last flight in 1994 was as a test payload. Both the CORONA and Zenit satellites had to be recovered in order to access the used film, making them distinct from future reconnaissance satellites that could transmit photos without returning film to earth. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Types There are several major types of reconnaissance satellite. [ 12 ] Missions Examples of reconnaissance satellite missions: High resolution photography ( IMINT ) Measurement and Signature Intelligence ( MASINT ) Communications eavesdropping ( SIGINT ) Covert communications Monitoring of nuclear test ban compliance (see National Technical Means ) Detection of missile launches On 28 August 2013, it was thought that "a $1-billion high-powered spy satellite capable of snapping pictures detailed enough to distinguish the make and model of an automobile hundreds of miles below" [ 14 ] was launched from California's Vandenberg Air Force Base using a Delta IV Heavy launcher, America's highest-payload space launch vehicle at the time. On 17 February 2014, a Russian Kosmos-1220 originally launched in 1980 and used for naval missile targeting until 1982, made an uncontrolled atmospheric entry . [ 15 ] Benefits During the 1950s, a Soviet hoax had led to American fears of a bomber gap . In 1968, after gaining satellite photography, the United States' intelligence agencies were able to state with certainty that "No new ICBM complexes have been established in the USSR during the past year". President Lyndon B. Johnson told a gathering in 1967: [ 16 ] I wouldn't want to be quoted on this ... We've spent $35 or $40 billion on the space program. And if nothing else had come out of it except the knowledge that we gained from space photography, it would be worth ten times what the whole program has cost. Because tonight we know how many missiles the enemy has and, it turned out, our guesses were way off . We were doing things we didn't need to do. We were building things we didn't need to build. We were harboring fears we didn't need to harbor. I wouldn't want to be quoted on this ... We've spent $35 or $40 billion on the space program. And if nothing else had come out of it except the knowledge that we gained from space photography, it would be worth ten times what the whole program has cost. Because tonight we know how many missiles the enemy has and, it turned out, our guesses were way off . We were doing things we didn't need to do. We were building things we didn't need to build. We were harboring fears we didn't need to harbor. During his 1980 State of the Union Address , President Jimmy Carter argued that all of humanity benefited from the presence of American spy satellites: [ 17 ] ...photo-reconnaissance satellites, for example, are enormously important in stabilizing world affairs and thereby make a significant contribution to the security of all nations. ...photo-reconnaissance satellites, for example, are enormously important in stabilizing world affairs and thereby make a significant contribution to the security of all nations. Reconnaissance satellites have been used to enforce human rights, through the Satellite Sentinel Project , which monitors atrocities in Sudan and South Sudan . Additionally, companies such as GeoEye and DigitalGlobe have provided commercial satellite imagery in support of natural disaster response and humanitarian missions. [ 18 ] In fiction Spy satellites are commonly seen in spy fiction and military fiction . Some works of fiction that focus specifically on spy satellites include: Body of Lies (2008) Enemy of the State (1998) Ice Station Zebra (1968) The OMAC Project (2005) Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran (2018) Patriot Games (1987) See also Spaceflight portal Aerial reconnaissance Defense Support Program (U.S.) European Union Satellite Centre Information Gathering Satellite (Japan) List of intelligence gathering disciplines List of Kosmos satellites National Reconnaissance Office (U.S.) Satcom on the Move References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Corona History" . National Reconnaissance Office] . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . ^ "Corona Program" . Mission and Spacecraft Library . Archived from the original on 7 August 2011 . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . ^ Wright, Michael; Herron, Caroline Rand (8 December 1985). "Two Years for Morison" . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . ^ Brumfiel, Geoff (30 August 2019). "Trump Tweets Sensitive Surveillance Image of Iran" . NPR . Retrieved 1 September 2019 . ^ Oberhaus, Daniel (3 September 2019). "Trump Tweeted a Sensitive Photo. Internet Sleuths Decoded It" . Wired (San Francisco, Calif.) . Wired. ISSN 1059-1028 . ^ Erickson, Mark (2005). Into the Unknown Together – The DOD, NASA, and Early Spaceflight (PDF) . Air University Press. ISBN 1-58566-140-6 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2009. ^ "Sputnik launched — History.com This Day in History — 10/4/1957" . 7 March 2010. Archived from the original on 7 March 2010 . Retrieved 15 May 2024 . ^ Angelo, Joseph A. (14 May 2014). Encyclopedia of Space and Astronomy . Infobase. p. 489. ISBN 9781438110189 ^ This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain : United States; Central Intelligence Agency; Ruffner, Kevin Conley (1995). CORONA America's first satellite program . Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency. p. xiii. OCLC 42006243 . ^ Gorin, Peter (1997). "Zenit: Corona's Soviet Counterpart". In Robert A. McDonald (ed.). Corona: Between the Sun and the Earth: the first NRO reconnaissance eye in space . Bethesda, MD: The American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing . pp. 84–107. ^ This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain : "Discoverer 1" . NASA. 14 May 2020 . Retrieved 5 January 2021 . ^ reconnaissance satellite , Infoplease , retrieved 17 February 2014 ^ "The Navy's Spy Missions in Space" . U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. April 2008. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019 . Retrieved 21 April 2019 . This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . ^ Hennigan, W.J. (27 August 2013). "Monster rocket to blast off from Pacific coast, rattle Southland" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . ^ Melissa Goldin (17 February 2014). "Fragments of Soviet-Era Satellite Burn Up in Earth's Atmosphere" . Mashable . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . ^ Heppenheimer, T. A. (1998). The Space Shuttle Decision . NASA. pp. 191, 198. ^ "The State of the Union Annual Message to the Congress" . 1980 State of the Union Address . The American Presidency Project . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . ^ "Commercial Satellite Imagery Companies Partner with the U.S. Geological Survey in Support of the International Charter "Space and Major Disasters" " . USGS Newsroom . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Further reading Kupperberg, Paul (2003). Spy satellites . Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 9780823938544 . ISBN 0-8239-3854-9 Richelson, Jeffrey (1990). America's Secret Eyes in Space: the U.S. Keyhole Spy Satellite Program . Harper & Row. ISBN 9780887302855 . ISBN 0-88730-285-8 Norris, Pat (2008). Spies in the Sky: Surveillance Satellites in War and Peace . Berlin; New York: Springer; Chichester, UK: In association with Praxis Publishing. Bibcode : 2008spsk.book.....N . OCLC 154711855 . External links FAS Intelligence Resource Program – Imagery Intelligence (IMINT) Iran to Launch first spy satellite Archived 12 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine Egyptsat1 (MisrSat 1) Spaceports Around the World: Iraq's Al-Anbar Space Research Center Military Intelligence Satellites (NASA, remote sensing tutorial) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Earth reconnaissance satellites (excluding China, Russia and the United States) v t e France IMINT Hélios IA & IB Hélios 2A & 2B Pléiades IA & IB Pléiades Neo 3 & 4 CSO-1 CSO-2 CSO-3 SIGINT Cerise Clémentine Essaim Elisa (× 4) CERES (× 3) IMINT Hélios IA & IB Hélios 2A & 2B Pléiades IA & IB Pléiades Neo 3 & 4 CSO-1 CSO-2 CSO-3 Hélios IA & IB Hélios 2A & 2B Pléiades IA & IB Pléiades Neo 3 & 4 CSO-1 CSO-2 CSO-3 SIGINT Cerise Clémentine Essaim Elisa (× 4) CERES (× 3) Cerise Clémentine Essaim Elisa (× 4) CERES (× 3) Germany Radar IMINT SAR-Lupe TerraSAR-X TanDEM-X Radar IMINT SAR-Lupe TerraSAR-X TanDEM-X SAR-Lupe TerraSAR-X TanDEM-X India IMINT Cartosat-1 Cartosat-2 Cartosat-2A Cartosat-2B Cartosat-2C Cartosat-2D Cartosat-2E Cartosat-2F Cartosat-3 Microsat-R Radar IMINT RISAT-1 RISAT-2 RISAT-2B RISAT-2BR1 RISAT-1A SIGINT EMISAT IMINT Cartosat-1 Cartosat-2 Cartosat-2A Cartosat-2B Cartosat-2C Cartosat-2D Cartosat-2E Cartosat-2F Cartosat-3 Microsat-R Cartosat-1 Cartosat-2 Cartosat-2A Cartosat-2B Cartosat-2C Cartosat-2D Cartosat-2E Cartosat-2F Cartosat-3 Microsat-R Radar IMINT RISAT-1 RISAT-2 RISAT-2B RISAT-2BR1 RISAT-1A RISAT-1 RISAT-2 RISAT-2B RISAT-2BR1 RISAT-1A SIGINT EMISAT EMISAT Israel IMINT Ofeq-5 Ofeq-7 Ofeq-9 Radar IMINT Ofeq-8 (TecSAR) Ofeq-10 (TecSAR 2) Ofeq-11 IMINT Ofeq-5 Ofeq-7 Ofeq-9 Ofeq-5 Ofeq-7 Ofeq-9 Radar IMINT Ofeq-8 (TecSAR) Ofeq-10 (TecSAR 2) Ofeq-11 Ofeq-8 (TecSAR) Ofeq-10 (TecSAR 2) Ofeq-11 Italy Radar IMINT COSMO-SkyMed Radar IMINT COSMO-SkyMed COSMO-SkyMed Japan IMINT IGS 1A/B IGS 2A/B IGS 3A IGS 4A/B IGS 5A IGS 6A IGS 7A IGS 8A/B IMINT IGS 1A/B IGS 2A/B IGS 3A IGS 4A/B IGS 5A IGS 6A IGS 7A IGS 8A/B IGS 1A/B IGS 2A/B IGS 3A IGS 4A/B IGS 5A IGS 6A IGS 7A IGS 8A/B Pakistan IMINT PRSS-I IMINT PRSS-I PRSS-I South Korea IMINT ANASIS-II IMINT ANASIS-II ANASIS-II Spain Radar IMINT Paz Radar IMINT Paz Turkey IMINT Göktürk-1 Göktürk-2 Göktürk-3 IMINT Göktürk-1 Göktürk-2 Göktürk-3 Göktürk-1 Göktürk-2 Göktürk-3 United Kingdom IMINT Carbonite-2 IMINT Carbonite-2 Carbonite-2 v t e United States reconnaissance satellites v t e IMINT Photographic KH-1 Corona KH-2 Corona KH-3 Corona KH-4A Corona KH-4B Corona KH-5 Argon KH-6 Lanyard KH-7 Gambit KH-8 Gambit 3 KH-9 Hexagon KH-10 Dorian Electro-optical Samos KH-11 Kennen Misty Enhanced Imaging System Synthetic-aperture radar Quill Lacrosse FIA Photographic KH-1 Corona KH-2 Corona KH-3 Corona KH-4A Corona KH-4B Corona KH-5 Argon KH-6 Lanyard KH-7 Gambit KH-8 Gambit 3 KH-9 Hexagon KH-10 Dorian KH-1 Corona KH-2 Corona KH-3 Corona KH-4A Corona KH-4B Corona KH-5 Argon KH-6 Lanyard KH-7 Gambit KH-8 Gambit 3 KH-9 Hexagon KH-10 Dorian Electro-optical Samos KH-11 Kennen Misty Enhanced Imaging System Samos KH-11 Kennen Misty Enhanced Imaging System Synthetic-aperture radar Quill Lacrosse FIA Quill Lacrosse FIA SIGINT Low Earth orbit GRAB Poppy White Cloud Samos-F Highly elliptical orbit Jumpseat Trumpet Geosynchronous Earth orbit Canyon Magnum Mentor (Orion) Mercury Rhyolite/Aquacade Vortex GSSAP Low Earth orbit GRAB Poppy White Cloud Samos-F GRAB Poppy White Cloud Samos-F Highly elliptical orbit Jumpseat Trumpet Jumpseat Trumpet Geosynchronous Earth orbit Canyon Magnum Mentor (Orion) Mercury Rhyolite/Aquacade Vortex GSSAP Canyon Magnum Mentor (Orion) Mercury Rhyolite/Aquacade Vortex GSSAP MASINT Primary mission FORTE GPS DMSP Vela Secondary mission MIDAS DSP SBIRS STSS Primary mission FORTE GPS DMSP Vela FORTE GPS DMSP Vela Secondary mission MIDAS DSP SBIRS STSS MIDAS DSP SBIRS STSS R&D Primary mission MiTEx Primary mission MiTEx MiTEx Unknown USA number USA-193 USA number USA-193 USA-193 v t e Chinese reconnaissance satellites v t e IMINT Electro-optical FSW-0 FSW-1 FSW-2 FSW-3 FSW-4 Gaofen 11 LKW Tianhui 1 Tianhui 2 Tianhui 3 Tianhui 4 Jianbing 6 Jianbing 9 Jianbing 10 Jianbing 11 Jianbing 12 Yaogan 34 Ziyuan-2 Ziyuan-3 Jilin-1 Qilu-2 Qilu-3 Qilu-4 Tianyan-1 Tianyan-2 Tianyan-5 Synthetic-aperture radar Jianbing 5 Jianbing 7 Yaogan 29 YG-33R Qilu-1 Interferometric SAR Hongtu-1 Electro-optical FSW-0 FSW-1 FSW-2 FSW-3 FSW-4 Gaofen 11 LKW Tianhui 1 Tianhui 2 Tianhui 3 Tianhui 4 Jianbing 6 Jianbing 9 Jianbing 10 Jianbing 11 Jianbing 12 Yaogan 34 Ziyuan-2 Ziyuan-3 Jilin-1 Qilu-2 Qilu-3 Qilu-4 Tianyan-1 Tianyan-2 Tianyan-5 FSW-0 FSW-1 FSW-2 FSW-3 FSW-4 Gaofen 11 LKW Tianhui 1 Tianhui 2 Tianhui 3 Tianhui 4 Jianbing 6 Jianbing 9 Jianbing 10 Jianbing 11 Jianbing 12 Yaogan 34 Ziyuan-2 Ziyuan-3 Jilin-1 Qilu-2 Qilu-3 Qilu-4 Tianyan-1 Tianyan-2 Tianyan-5 Synthetic-aperture radar Jianbing 5 Jianbing 7 Yaogan 29 YG-33R Qilu-1 Jianbing 5 Jianbing 7 Yaogan 29 YG-33R Qilu-1 Interferometric SAR Hongtu-1 Hongtu-1 SIGINT SIGINT Qianshao-3 ELINT JSSW CX-5 SJ-2 Jianbing 8 SIGINT Qianshao-3 Qianshao-3 ELINT JSSW CX-5 SJ-2 Jianbing 8 JSSW CX-5 SJ-2 Jianbing 8 Early Warning Early Warning Huoyan-1 Early Warning Huoyan-1 Huoyan-1 v t e Russian reconnaissance satellites v t e IMINT Photographic Almaz Zenit Orlets Yantar Kobalt Electro-optical Persona Resurs-P Razbeg Razdan Radar IMINT Kondor Neitron Photographic Almaz Zenit Orlets Yantar Kobalt Almaz Zenit Orlets Yantar Kobalt Kobalt Electro-optical Persona Resurs-P Razbeg Razdan Persona Resurs-P Razbeg Razdan Radar IMINT Kondor Neitron Kondor Neitron SIGINT ELINT Tselina-2 Liana Lotos-S Pion-NKS ELINT Tselina-2 Liana Lotos-S Pion-NKS Tselina-2 Liana Lotos-S Pion-NKS Lotos-S Pion-NKS MASINT Secondary Mission Oko US-K US-KMO EKS Secondary Mission Oko US-K US-KMO EKS Oko US-K US-KMO US-K US-KMO EKS Kosmos v t e Spaceflight v t e General Astrodynamics History Timeline Space Race Records Accidents and incidents Space launch Space policy Australia China European Space Agency European Union India Japan North Korea South Korea Russia Soviet Union United States Space law Outer Space Treaty Rescue Agreement Space Liability Convention Registration Convention Moon Treaty Space warfare Space command Space force Militarisation of space Private spaceflight Billionaire space race Astrodynamics History Timeline Space Race Records Accidents and incidents Timeline Space Race Records Accidents and incidents Space launch Space policy Australia China European Space Agency European Union India Japan North Korea South Korea Russia Soviet Union United States Australia China European Space Agency European Union India Japan North Korea South Korea Russia Soviet Union United States Space law Outer Space Treaty Rescue Agreement Space Liability Convention Registration Convention Moon Treaty Outer Space 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space Bioastronautics Space suit Extravehicular activity Overview effect Weightlessness Space toilet Space tourism Space colonization Space diving Programs Vostok Mercury Voskhod Gemini Soyuz Apollo Skylab Apollo–Soyuz Space Shuttle Mir Shuttle–Mir International Space Station Shenzhou Tiangong New Shepard Artemis Vostok Mercury Voskhod Gemini Soyuz Apollo Skylab Apollo–Soyuz Skylab Apollo–Soyuz Space Shuttle Mir Shuttle–Mir Shuttle–Mir International Space Station Shenzhou Tiangong New Shepard Artemis Health issues Effect of spaceflight on the human body Space adaptation syndrome Health threat from cosmic rays Space psychology Psychological and sociological effects Space and survival Space medicine Space nursing Space sexology Effect of spaceflight on the human body Space adaptation syndrome Space adaptation syndrome Health threat from cosmic rays Space psychology Psychological and sociological effects Psychological and sociological effects Space and survival Space medicine Space 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They each act as a category, and are termed a "category". The category page has one section titled Subcategories listing other "categories", and one section titled Pages , listing pages as categorized (in other namespaces). New categories are created by creating a page in the Category namespace. A category page can be edited like any other page. However, when it is displayed, the editable part of the page is followed by automatically generated lists of pages belonging to the category, as follows: First a count and list of subcategories (other categories belonging to the category) is shown, if any exist. The name of each subcategory is followed by counts like "(6 C, 38 P, 2 F)", meaning this subcategory contains 6 subcategories, 38 pages, and 2 files. Counts of 0 are omitted. The further subcategories are expanded in the display if the ► sign alongside the subcategory is clicked (the ► is only visible if your browser has JavaScript enabled). Note: ► is shown if there are no further subcategories. The subcategory is collapsed again if ▼ is clicked. Next a count and list of pages in the category (excluding subcategories and images) is shown. If the category has no members, a message to that effect is displayed. Next a count and list of image and other media files in the category appears, if any exist. These are shown with thumbnails. The first 20 characters of the file name are shown, with an ellipsis if that is not the full name; also the file size is shown. The items in the lists all link to the pages concerned; in the case of the images this applies both to the image itself and to the text below it (the name of the image). For the way in which the lists are ordered, see Sorting category pages below. The first and second lists are divided into sections, according to the first character of the sort key. These initial characters are displayed above the sections. To suppress these, make all sort keys start with a space. A category page can only display a limited number of members (currently 200). If there are more members, there will be a link to the next page. The categories box for the category page appears at the bottom, in the same place as for other pages. This contains the categories to which the current category page has been added, i.e., its parent categories (the categories of which it is a subcategory). Add a category page to other categories in the normal way, using the "[[Category: Category name ]]" or "[[Category: Category name | Sortkey ]]" syntax. Putting pages into categories WP:PAGECAT WP:PAGECAT A page becomes part of a category if the page's wiki markup contains a declaration for that category. A category declaration takes the form [[Category: Category name ]] or [[Category: Category name | Sortkey ]] . The declaration must be processed, i.e. it will not work if it appears between <nowiki>...</nowiki> or <includeonly>...</includeonly> tags, or in a comment. The declaration may however come from a transcluded page; see Categories and templates below. A category name can be any string that would be a legitimate page title . If the category name begins with a lower-case letter, it will be capitalized. For initial lower-case letters, as in Category:macOS , see the technical restrictions page. On Wikipedia, it is customary to place category declarations at the end of the wiki markup, but before any stub templates (which themselves transclude categories). When a page has been added to one or more categories, a categories box appears at the bottom of the page (or possibly elsewhere, if a non-default skin is being used). This box contains a list of the categories the page belongs to, in the order in which the category declarations appear in the processed wiki markup. The category names are linked to the corresponding category pages. They appear as red links if the corresponding category page does not exist. If a user has enabled the HotCat gadget, the categories box will also provide links to quickly add, remove, or modify category declarations on the page, without having to edit the whole page. Hidden categories are not displayed, except as described below under Hiding categories . Working with category pages The following subsections are ordered from simple actions to more elaborate or rarer actions. Linking to category pages To link to a category page without putting the current page in that category, precede the link with a colon: [[:Category: Category name ]]. Such a link can be piped like a normal wikilink. (The {{ cl }} template, and others listed on its documentation page, may sometimes be helpful.) Retrieving raw category information Raw information about the members of a category, their sort keys and timestamps (time when last added to the category) can be obtained from the API , using a query of the form: Listings of up to 500 members are possible. If there are more members then the results will include text near the end like this: <categorymembers cmcontinue= "page|NNNN|TITLE" /> . This can be added to the previous one, without quotation marks, for the next page of members: ...&cmcontinue=page|NNNN|TITLE Sorting category pages WP:SORTCAT WP:SORTCAT By default, a page is sorted under the first character of its name, without the namespace. English Wikipedia groups accented characters together with their unaccented version, so pages starting with À, Á, Ä, will be listed under heading A. Sorting is case-insensitive, so "ABC" comes after "Abacus". Unlike at Special:Allpages and Special:Prefixindex , a space is treated as a space (coming before all other characters), not as an underscore. The English Wikipedia has numerical sorting in categories . This means that digit sequences in page names are treated according to their numerical value, not as strings. Thus "9 dogs", "25 dogs", and "112 dogs" will all appear under the "0–9" heading in numerical order, and V838 Monocerotis will appear before V1309 Scorpii . Each of the three lists (subcategories, pages, media files) is arranged in the order explained above (except that, in the subcategories list, the namespace indicator "Category:" is not considered). If an item ought to be positioned within a list on the basis of an alternative name (sort key) for that item, then this can be specified in the category tag that places the item in the list: For example, to add an article called Albert Einstein to Category:1879 births and have the article sorted by "Einstein, Albert", you would type: Unlike a piped link (which uses the same syntax), the sort key itself is not displayed to readers. It affects only the order in which pages are listed on the category page. It is useful to document the system being used for sort keys on the category page. For guidelines about the use of sort keys on Wikipedia, see WP:SORTKEY . Default sort key WP:DEFAULTSORT WP:DEFAULTSORT It is possible to set a default sort key which is different from {{PAGENAME}} by using the magic word {{DEFAULTSORT:}} : This is often used in biography articles, to make sure the subject is sorted by their last name: For example, on the Albert Einstein page, {{DEFAULTSORT:Einstein, Albert}} adds the sort key "Einstein, Albert" to all his categories, such as Category:1879 births . In the case of multiple default sort key tags, the last DEFAULTSORT on the final rendering of a page applies for all categories, regardless of the position of the category tags. This also means that a DEFAULTSORT tag included from a template is not effective if another DEFAULTSORT tag occurs later on the page, even if the later DEFAULTSORT tag is also "hidden" (included by another template). Any conflicts are tracked via Category:Pages with DEFAULTSORT conflicts . Searching for pages in categories In addition to browsing through hierarchies of categories, it is possible to use the search tool to find specific articles in specific categories. To search for articles in a specific category, type incategory:" CategoryName " in the search box. A pipe "|" can be added to join the contents of one category with the contents of another. For example, enter to return all pages that belong to either (or both) of the categories, as here . Note that using search to find categories will not find articles which have been categorized using templates. This feature also doesn't return pages in subcategories. Listing all categories Special:Categories provides an alphabetic list of all categories, with the number of members of each; this number does not include the content of the subcategories, but it includes the subcategories themselves, i.e., each counting as one. The above list contains all categories that have members, regardless of whether they have corresponding category pages. To list all existing category pages (regardless of whether they have members), use Special:AllPages/Category: . Displaying category trees and page counts As described at mw:Help:Magic words , {{PAGESINCATEGORY: Example }} or {{PAGESINCAT: Example }} returns the number of pages in "Category:Example". Each subcategory counts as one page; pages in subcategories are not counted. The page Special:CategoryTree enables you to see the tree structure of a category (its subcategories, their subcategories and so on; the display of files and other member pages is optional). The CategoryTree extension can be used to display such a tree on any page. (This is sometimes done on the category page itself, if the category is split over multiple screens, to make all subcategories available on every screen.) The basic syntax is <categorytree> Category name </categorytree> to display just the subcategory tree, and <categorytree mode=pages> Category name </categorytree> to display member pages as well. They will be indicated by italics. Dapete's category-visualizer vCat will render charts of the tree structure. You may also use Template:Category tree or Template:Category tree all , instead. Warning: Moving and redirecting category pages Categories can be moved in the same way as an ordinary page; but a certain amount of cleanup may be necessary. A redirect is left at the old category name, and this is not a normal #REDIRECT [[...]] but a {{ category redirect }} . Once all the pages have been moved out of the old category, it may be left as a category redirect or deleted. For categories entirely populated through templates (see above), modifying the templates enables all affected articles to be moved to another category, but with the refresh problem mentioned. Almost all category name changes are made pursuant to a consensus decision at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion . Do not create intercategory redirects other than with a {{ category redirect }} template. See Wikipedia:Categories for discussion § Redirecting categories for more on category redirects. Hiding categories When the magic word __HIDDENCAT__ is placed on a category page, that category becomes hidden , meaning that it will not be displayed on the pages belonging to that category. On Wikipedia, the magic word is not normally used explicitly, but is applied through the {{ hidden category }} template. The feature is mostly used to prevent project maintenance categories from showing up to ordinary readers on article pages. For users who are not logged in , hidden categories are displayed on category pages (whether as parent categories or subcategories). Hidden categories are displayed at the bottom of each page, after "Hidden categories:", for registered users: at preview during editing; if the user has selected "Show hidden categories" in their user preferences. Hidden categories are automatically added to Category:Hidden categories . For guidelines on the hiding of categories on Wikipedia, see WP:HIDDENCAT . Tracking categories Tracking categories are used to track technical featues or problems. They are outside of the category structure for articles. Pages may be inserted into those by the MediaWiki software, or by templates or modules. Usually they are hidden, or even red ie not created. Special:TrackingCategories lists all tracking categories populated by the MediaWiki software. Category:Tracking categories is the top for tracking categories on this wiki. Finding articles for a category The most effective way of finding entries of a category is using the " What links here " tool on the category's main article. An easy way to find relevant articles for a new category or missing entries in an existing one is by finding the most relevant list and checking its entries. Sometimes categories are about things that are intersections of other categories for which the PetScan tool can be used. More relevant articles may also be found linked in a category's main article and the articles already featured in the category − especially in their "See also" sections (if existent) and the automatically suggested "RELATED ARTICLES" below them. Furthermore, a category's superordinate categories often feature articles that should be subcategorized to the category. Other ways to find relevant articles include searching Wikipedia for the category's topic and searching the Web for the topic in quotes " (with synonyms also in quotes and appended after an OR ) and appending the word wiki or Wikipedia or site:Wikipedia.org to them. Categorizing Categorizing templates Templates are categorized the same way as articles, except that [[Category: Some-topic templates]] should be placed on the template's documentation page (or inside <noinclude>...</noinclude> tags, if there is no documentation page), this is necessary to avoid categorizing pages by template inclusion (see below). Categories and templates A template can be used to add pages to a category, usually by placing the category link inside <includeonly></includeonly> tags on the template (e.g. <includeonly>[[Category:category name]]</includeonly> ). When the template is transcluded into the page, the category link becomes active, and the page is added to the category page. This is useful for categories that have high turnover or many pages included, like cleanup categories. Changes to the template, however, may not be reflected immediately on the category page. When you edit an article to add a category tag directly, the list of category members is updated immediately when the page is saved. When a category link is contained in a template, however, this does not happen immediately: instead, whenever a template is edited, all the pages that transclude it are put into the job queue to be recached during periods of low server load. This means that, in busy periods, it may take hours or even days before individual pages are recached and they start to appear in the category list. Performing a null edit to a page will allow it to jump the queue and be immediately recached. To add the template itself to the category page as well, omit the "includeonly" tags. To add the template to a category without categorizing pages on which the template is transcluded, place the category declaration between <noinclude>...</noinclude> tags, or add it to the template documentation page between <includeonly></includeonly> (the latter allows recategorizing the template without editing it, which is helpful if it is protected, or so complicated that mere mortals hesitate to touch it). Parser functions can be used to make the transcluded categories, or the sort key used in them, dependent on other variables, notably PAGENAME. On Wikipedia it is not recommended that templates be used to populate ordinary content categories of articles. See Categorization using templates in the categorization guideline. Categorizing redirect pages Redirect pages can be categorized and there are conventions on how to do it. The redirect link must be first on the page. On a category page, redirects are listed in italics. "Related Changes" with categories For a category, the " Related Changes " feature, when applied to the corresponding category page, lists recent changes to the pages which are currently listed as belonging to a category. Where those pages are subcategories or image pages, only changes to their editable parts are listed. Notice that "Related Changes" does not show edits to pages that have been removed from the category. Also, "Related Changes" does not list recent changes to pages linked from the editable part of the category page (as it would normally, with a non-category page). If a workaround would be required, the links in question could be placed in a template and transcluded onto the category page. As usual – unlike with watchlists – recent changes to corresponding talk pages are not shown under "Related Changes". Pages that one is watching are bolded on the list. This can help to find which pages in a given category one has on one's watchlist. The DynamicPageList (third-party) extension provides a list of last edits to the pages in a category, or optionally, just the list of pages; the simpler DynamicPageList (Wikimedia) is installed on Meta, Wikinews, Wikibooks and Wikiversity ; the extension mw:Extension:DPLforum is installed on Wikia. Watching category additions and removals Since 2016 , additions and removals from categories are available via the "Category changes" filter on recent changes pages, including watchlists and Special:RecentChangesLinked . For example, category changes to articles in Category:Cannabis stubs can be found here . You can monitor additions and removals from specific categories by adding the categories to your watchlist and making sure the "Category changes" filter is active. You can view changes to categories in your watchlist by clicking here . Additional scripts with similar functionality are User:CategoryWatchlistBot and User:Ais523/catwatch . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History 2 Seating 3 Image gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Choir (architecture) Afrikaans Alemannisch العربية Aragonés Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська West-Vlams 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item A choir , also sometimes called quire , [ 1 ] is the area of a church or cathedral that provides seating for the clergy and church choir . It is in the western part of the chancel , between the nave and the sanctuary , which houses the altar and Church tabernacle . In larger medieval churches it contained choir-stalls , seating aligned with the side of the church, so at right-angles to the seating for the congregation in the nave. Smaller medieval churches may not have a choir in the architectural sense at all, and they are often lacking in churches built by all denominations after the Protestant Reformation , though the Gothic Revival revived them as a distinct feature. As an architectural term "choir" remains distinct from the actual location of any singing choir – these may be located in various places, and often sing from a choir-loft, often over the door at the liturgical western end. [ 2 ] In modern churches, the choir may be located centrally behind the altar, or the pulpit. [ 3 ] The place where the singers are based is sometimes called the ritual choir , as opposed to the architectural choir or constructional choir . [ 4 ] The back-choir or retroquire is a space behind the high altar in the choir of a church, in which there may be a small altar standing back to back with the other. [ 5 ] History In the Early Church , the sanctuary was connected directly to the nave. The choir was simply the east part of the nave, and was fenced off by a screen or low railing, called cancelli , which is where the English word chancel comes from. The development of the architectural feature known as the choir is the result of the liturgical development brought about by the end of persecutions under Constantine the Great and the rise of monasticism . The word "choir" is first used by members of the Latin Church . Isidore of Seville and Honorius of Autun write that the term is derived from the "corona", the circle of clergy or singers who surrounded the altar. When first introduced, the choir was attached to the bema , the elevated platform in the centre of the nave on which were placed seats for the clergy and a lectern for scripture readings. This arrangement can still be observed at the San Clemente al Laterano in Rome. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Over time, the bema (or presbytery ) and choir moved eastward to their current position. In some churches, such as Westminster Cathedral , the choir is arranged in the apse behind the altar . The architectural details of the choir developed in response to its function as the place where the Divine Office was chanted by the monastic brotherhood or the chapter of canons . The chancel was regarded as the clergy's part of the church, and any choirboys from a choir school counted as part of the clergy for this purpose. After the Reformation, when the number of clergy present even in large churches and cathedrals tended to reduce, and lay singing choirs became more frequent, there were often objections to placing them in the traditional choir stalls in the chancel. The pulpit and lectern are also usually found at the front of the choir, though both Catholic and Protestant churches have sometimes moved the pulpit to the nave for better audibility. The organ may be located here, or in a loft elsewhere in the church. Some cathedrals have a retro-choir behind the high altar, opening eastward towards the chapels ( chantries ) in the eastern extremity. After the Reformation Protestant churches generally moved the altar (now often called the communion table ) forward, typically to the front of the chancel, and often used lay choirs who were placed in a gallery at the west end. The choir and rear of deep chancels became little used in churches surviving from the Middle Ages, and new churches very often omitted one. With the emphasis on sermons, and their audibility, some churches simply converted their chancels to seat part of the congregation. In 19th-century England one of the battles of the Cambridge Camden Society , the architectural wing of the Anglo-Catholics in the Church of England , was to restore the chancel, including the choir, as a necessary part of a church. By pushing the altar back to its medieval position and having the choir used by a lay choir, they were largely successful in this, although the harder end of the High Church objected to allowing a large group of laity into the chancel. [ 8 ] Different approaches to worship in the 20th century again tended to push altars in larger churches forward, to be closer to the congregation, and the chancel again risks being a less used area of the church. Seating The choir area is occupied by sometimes finely carved and decorated wooden seats known as choir stalls , where clergy or other churchgoers sit, stand and kneel during services. The choir may be furnished either with long benches ( pews ) or individual choir stalls. There may be several rows of seating, typically running parallel to the longest walls of the church. The use of choir stalls (as opposed to benches) is more traditional in monasteries and collegiate churches . Monastic choir stalls are often fitted with seats that fold up when the monastics stand and fold down when they sit. Often the hinged seat will have a misericord (small wooden seat) on the underside on which a person can lean while standing during the long services. The upper part of the monk's stall is so shaped as to provide a headrest while sitting, and arm rests when standing. Monasteries, like most churches, will often have strict rules as to when monks should sit and when they must stand during services. Choir benches are more common in parish churches . Each bench may have padded kneelers attached to the back of it so that the person behind may kneel at the appropriate times during services. The front row will often have a long prie-dieu running in front of it for those seated there to place their books on; these may also be fitted with kneelers. In a cathedral, the bishop's throne or cathedra is usually located in this space. [ 9 ] Image gallery Choir stalls at Boston Stump , Lincolnshire . A seat has been lifted to reveal the misericord . Elaborately carved choir stalls at Buxheim Charterhouse in Bavaria , by Ignaz Waibl Eastern Orthodox choir stalls ( kathisma ) on the kliros (area for the choir) with analogia (lecterns) for liturgical books Statuette of a wet nurse forming part of a parclose screen in the Basilica of Saint Maternus , Walcourt , Belgium Choir bench made of limestone with still-visible traces of medieval paint, Burs Church , Gotland , Sweden Choir bench of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari , Venice Choir stalls at the Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania) 17th-century choir stalls of the Pontigny Abbey , France Choir stalls in Auch Cathedral - Seen from the high altar towards the choir organ See also Architecture portal Christianity portal Cathedral architecture Cathedral floorplan Kathisma Kliros Matroneum References ^ OED , "Choir" ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Schloeder, Steven J. (1998). Architecture in Communion: Implementing the Second Vatican Council Through Liturgy and Architecture . Ignatius Press. p. 137. ISBN 9780898706314 . In monasteries, when the choir of schola cantorum was composed of religious, it was usually within the cancelli in front of the sanctuary. The liturgical movement of the Baroque age removed it to a choir loft at the back of the church, thus enabling the sanctuary to be more integrated with the nave. ^ White, James F. (1 December 2007). Christian Worship in North America: A Retrospective, 1955–1995 . Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 243. ISBN 9781556356513 . One of the two dominant types is the concert-stage arrangement with tiers of choir stalls behind a pulpit platform at the foot of which appears the altar-table. The other type is the so-called divided chancel with the choir stalls and altar-table within the chancel and the pulpit at one side of its entrance. In both cases the liturgical space allotted to the congregation tends to be similar: a long, rectangular nave. ^ "Ritual Choir from the McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia" . McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online . ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). " Back-Choir ". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ^ Poole, Thomas Henry (1908). " Choir (1) ". Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 3. ^ " Choir ". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 260– 261. ^ White, James F., The Cambridge Movement: The Ecclesiologists and the Gothic Revival , 93–97, 1962 (2004 reprint), Wipf and Stock Publishers, ISBN 1592449379 , 9781592449378, google books ^ Gietmann, Gerhard (1912). "Stallsr" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company. External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Texts on Wikisource: " Choir ". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 260– 261. Poole, Thomas Henry (1908). " Choir (1) ". Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 3. " Choir ". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 260– 261. Poole, Thomas Henry (1908). " Choir (1) ". Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 3. 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گت صفحه تازه دگاردنیئون تازه خـَوِرون کارورون ِلوش شانسی صفحه راهنما پول هدائن عضو بیّن دله بموئن پول هدائن عضو بیّن دله بموئن گت صفحه گت صفحه گپ بخوندستن منبع ره هارشائن تاریخچه بخوندستن منبع ره هارشائن تاریخچه این صفحه ره لینکهدائهئون ونه واری دچییهئون فایل باربییشتن بموندستنی لینک صفحهی ِاطلاعات این مقالهی ِمنبع کچیک URL بیتن اینجه QR کُد ره بیتن کتاب بساتن دانلود PDF فرمت جه پرینت صفحه ویکیتلمبار بنیاد ویکیمدیا مدیاویکی فراویکی ویکیمدیا اوتریچ همبازِ ویکیقالزم ویکیزیست ویکیدیتا ویکیفانکشن ویکیمانیا ویکیدیتا ِآیتم اَمه خَوری راهنِما سیاستون الفبایی فهرست لاتینی پورتال (Lätini Portäl) سفارتخنه (Embassy) هفتگی بنویشته یار مستی اتا گیاه هسته که سمشکه (آفتابگردون) جه همتبار هسته و ونه اصل شمالی امریکای قاره جه بمو. این گیاهِ بیخ (ریشه) بخردنی هسته و خله توم وه ره ترشی دریارنه و همینسه وه ره دنیایِ معتدل نواحی خار-خار عمل یارنه. بعضی کشورون دله یارمستی ره زراعت کنه ولی خله مناطق هم شه خِدرو درإنه. یارمستی تنک بیّن سریع هسته و ونه ریشه مقاومت باعث هسته که راحت تونده زمین ره بیره. یار مستی اتا چن-ساله واش هسته که ۱.۵ تا ۳ متر بلند وونه. ونه ولگون اینتی درإنه که انبارهیِ بِن، دیم-به-دیم بالا-طرفی رشد کنّه. ونه ولگ خشن هسته و پُرز دارنه. ونه بِنته ولگ گتته وونه و تا ۳۰ سانت گت وونه ولی هرچی بالاته إنه، ونه ولگ کچیکته هسته. یار مستی گُل (گال) زرد-رنگ دارنه و سر-چله جمع وونّه و وشون قطر ۵ تا ۱۰ سانت جه رسنه. اتا انباره تن جه ۱۰–۲۰ تا و اتا گیاه جه تا ۶۰ تا گُل دریارنه. ونه گل، بو هم کنده و سَوِک بو دارنه و بصتینکلا وانیلی-شوکولاتی بو دِنه. ونه ریشه (بِخ) معمولاً ۷.۵ تا ۱۰ سانتیمتر طول و ۳ تا ۵ سانتیمتر کلفتی دارنه؛ غده-غده رُشد کنده بنسه ره موندنه. وه ره خام دست بزنی، راحت إشکنه و تُرد هسته. ونه رنگ هم کمرنگ قهوهای تا اسپه، قرمز یا ونفش تونده تغییر هاکنه. یارمسّی ره اولبار آمریکایِ سرخپوستون دِکاشتنه. ساموئل دو شامپلن (فرانسوی سیاح) اونگدر که بورد بییه آمریکا، کشف هکرده که اونجهیِ بومی مردمون ماساچوست دله ریشهای کشت کنّه که کنگل مزه ره دِنه. سال دیگهسه، شامپلن دگرسته همون شهر و بدییه که ونه ترنه ریشه خله چغندر ِولگ مزه ره دارنه. شامپلن این یارمستی ریشه ره بیته-بَورده فرانسه . چن توم بگذشته په، پتروس هوندیوس (هلندی گیاهشناس) ونه اتا ریشه ره شه باغ دله، هلند دله، دکاشته و فکرش هم نکرده که ونه دست بَیره ولی یارمستی نوج بزو و گل هدا. کاشف بعمل بمو که یارمستی خله اروپایِ هوا جه سازگار هسته و اتدقستی تموم جا بیه یارمستی. تا دهه ۱۶۰۰ اواسط، یارمستی ره گردِ اروپا و آمریکایِ قاره دله إستٮفاده کردنه و وه ره خِراک بپتن دله تا مال و حیوونِ خِراک وسه کار زونه. فرانسویها همهتا جه ویشته یارمستی خِردنه و قرن نوزدهم اونجه یارمستی اتا دِلِوست غذا بییه. دمباله تلمبار هوجیبئی هفتگی عکس خلیل طهماسبی عمران معروف به عمو خلیل اتا مازرونی نوازنده هسه که لَلـهوا ساز زنده. خلیل طهماسبی سال ۱۳۳۴ سنگچال ، آمل دنیا بمو. عمو خلیل وچگی جه گالش بییه و لـله هم زو. وه شه تلار و چفت سر دیّه و همونجه ونجه فیلم بیتنه و این فیلم ره تنک هاکردنه و نوازندگون وه ره بوردنه پیدا هاکردنه و ونه ساز صدا ره ضبط هاکردنه. امروز واری روز امروز شمبه، ۱۰ ژانویه ۲۰۲۶ میلادی هسته که ۲۱ شروینه ما ۱۵۳۷ تبری جه برابری کنده. امروز: ۸۸۴ - حسن بن زید که علویون تبرستون ِسلسله ره آمل دله بساتبییه و بیست سال تبرستون دله حکومت هاکردبییه، بمرده. (نقشه دله) ۱۸۵۲ - امیرکبیر کاشان دله و ناصرالدین شاه دستور جه، بمرده. ۱۸۸۳ - تولستوی ، روسیهی ِ گت ِشاعر، دنیا بموئه. ۱۹۰۴ - ژان لئون ژروم ، فرانسوی نقاش، بمرده. روز بعد: ۱۱ ژانویه – روز قبل: ۹ ژانویه تلمبار – تقویمِ باقیِ روزها ره هارشین خـَوِرون آمریکا نیرو برسنییه که ونزوئلا دله نیکولاس مادورو حکومت ره دگاردنه. ایران دله دلار و طلای گرونی په، مردم چنتا شهرون دله هرستانه و اعتراض هاکردنه. رضا یحیایی ، بابلی نقاش، بمرده. (عکس ونه شٮنه) اسرائیل و حماس جنگ درست بیه و اسیر-اسرا رها وونه. ایرانِ تیم ملی کشتی ۲۰۲۵ جهونی مسابقات دله قهرمون بیه. امیرحسین زارع ، رحمان عموزاد و محمدهادی ساروی اینجه طلا بییتنه. نپال دله وچهوچه دکلستنه میدون و انقلاب هاکردنه. ژائیر بولسونارو که برزیل سابق رییسجمهور هسته، کودتای نقشه بکشیین وسه حبس دکته. معرفی ویکیپدیا اتا دایرةالمعارف هسته که جمعی، آنلاین، جهونی، چنزوونه و بر اساس ویکیِ سَبک هسته. این پروژهیِ اَرمون این هسته که محتوایی تولید هاکنه که آزاد بوئه، وه ره بوو اَی استفاده هاکردن، عینی و قابل تأیید بوئه و همه تونن وه ره دچینن یا اصلاح هاکنن تا بتتر بوو. ویکیپدیایِ صفحهئون ره داوطلب آدمون نویسنّه. وشون شه تلاش ره کننه که جامعهای درینگنن که کایری جه پیش بوره و بیاونکه ات نفر وه ره هماهنگ و رهبری هاکنه، شه هدار ره پیدا هاکنه. ویکیپدیا شه وسّه اتسری پایهای اصول دارنه. ونه درون، گردِ محتوا Creative Commons BY-SA مجوز په درنه؛ همینسه هرکس تونده وه ره اتسری شروطِ جا کپی هاکنه و اَی همین مجوز جه تنکته هاکنه. ویکیپدیا دله هرچی کته مفتی، بدون تبلیغات و بدون این که ونه نویسندهئونِ هویت دیار بوو، هسته. هر کسی تونده شه بنویشت ره اینجه بییله و فوراً ونه دچی، صفحه دله دیار وونه. همینجور کارورونی هم داوطلب وونّه که باقیِ دچییهئون ره بررسی هاکنن که ویکیپدیایِ قوانین جه جور هسته یا نا. کایری صفحه دله یاد گیرنی که چتی اکانت وا هکنین و مقاله بساجین. راهنمایی صفحات هم درنه که تازهکارون ره یاد دنّه که چتی ویکیپدیا دله فعالیت هاکنن. اگه سؤالی پیش بمو هم تونّی هاپرسین و جواب بیرین. مازرونی ویکیپدیا خله موضوعات وسّه هنتا مقاله ندارنه؛ شما تونّی کومِک هاکنین و نو مدخل بساجین یا اون مقالاتی که دارنه ره «دچیین» جه بتتر هاکنین. اگر عضو بوئین، سیستم شمه کایری ره شمه نوم جه ثبت کنده و تاریخچه دله بنشنه پیدا هاکردن که شما چتی هاکردنی. عضو بیّن و کاروری حساب بساتن وسّه، اینتا پولِک ره جِغ هادین: نو حساب بساتن اگر خانّی که اتا نو مقاله بساجین، اول ونه چرخهتو هاکنین و بگردین که این موضوع مازرونی ویکی دله دره یا نا. اگه دنیبییه، این کادر دله مقاله عنوان ره بنویسین و «بساتن» پولِک ره بزنین تا مقالهبساتنِ کادر دیار بوو و ونه درون شه دلوس متن ره بنویسین و آخر وه ره ثبت هاکنین: گت رَجون بیولوژی • جوغرافی • اِسارهشناسی • زمینشناسی • فیزیک • شیمی • ریاضی اقتصاد • کامپیوتر • تکنولوژی • کارون • صنعت • سازمان اجتماعی • تاریخ • ادبیات • دین • زوونشناسی • سیاسِت • فلسفه • جنسی مسائل • روانشناسی معروف ِآدِمون • هنر • فرهنگ • فیلم • موسیقی • رسانهئون • ورزش ویکیمدیایِ دیگه سایتون ویکیمدیا اتخله پروژه دارنه که همه آزاد محتوا دارنه. اتاشون ویکیپدیا هسته که آزادِ دانشنومه یا دایرةالمعارف هسته. باقیِ سایتهایی که ویکیمدیا شنه، ره این بِن تونّی هارشین: کاسپینی زوونون کاسپینی زوونون مازرونی • گیلکی • تالشی • زازاکی دیگه زوونون دیگه زوونون ات مٮلیون مقاله جه یور بورده: English (إنگٮلیسی) • Deutsch (آلمانی) • Français (فرانسوی) • Svenska (سوئدی) • Nederlands (هۏلندی) • Русский (روسی) • Español (إسپانیولی) • Italiano (ایتالیایی) • Polski (لهستونی) • 日本語 (جاپونی) • 中文 (چینی) • українська (اۏکراینی) • العربية (عربی) • Português (پرتغالی) • فارسی ۱۰۰٬۰۰۰ مقاله جه یور بورده: Català (کاتالونی) • Bahasa Indonesia (اندونٮزیایی) • 한국어 (کۏرهیی) • norsk bokmål (نۏروژی) • нохчийн (چچنی) • suomi (فلاندی) • Türkçe (تۏرکی) • čeština (چکی) • magyar (مجاری) • татарча (تاتاری) • Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски (صربی-کۏرواتی) • română (رومانیایی) • Euskara (باسکی) • Esperanto (إسپرانتو) • עברית (عبری) • Հայերեն (أرمِنی) • dansk (دانمارکی) • български (بۏلغاری) • oʻzbekcha (اۏزبکی) • Simple English (ساده إنگٮلیسی) • تۆرکجه (آذربایجانی) • Ελληνικά (یونانی) • اردو • मुखपृष्ठ|हिन्दी (هٮندی) • Latina (لاتین) دشتِ ویکیپدیایِ زوونونِ رج ات مٮلیون مقاله جه یور بورده: English (إنگٮلیسی) • Deutsch (آلمانی) • Français (فرانسوی) • Svenska (سوئدی) • Nederlands (هۏلندی) • Русский (روسی) • Español (إسپانیولی) • Italiano (ایتالیایی) • Polski (لهستونی) • 日本語 (جاپونی) • 中文 (چینی) • українська (اۏکراینی) • العربية (عربی) • Português (پرتغالی) • فارسی ۱۰۰٬۰۰۰ مقاله جه یور بورده: Català (کاتالونی) • Bahasa Indonesia (اندونٮزیایی) • 한국어 (کۏرهیی) • norsk bokmål (نۏروژی) • нохчийн (چچنی) • suomi (فلاندی) • Türkçe (تۏرکی) • čeština (چکی) • magyar (مجاری) • татарча (تاتاری) • Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски (صربی-کۏرواتی) • română (رومانیایی) • Euskara (باسکی) • Esperanto (إسپرانتو) • עברית (عبری) • Հայերեն (أرمِنی) • dansk (دانمارکی) • български (بۏلغاری) • oʻzbekcha (اۏزبکی) • Simple English (ساده إنگٮلیسی) • تۆرکجه (آذربایجانی) • Ελληνικά (یونانی) • اردو • मुखपृष्ठ|हिन्दी (هٮندی) • Latina (لاتین) دشتِ ویکیپدیایِ زوونونِ رج العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Català کوردی Zazaki فارسی گیلکی Kurdî Occitan Ирон پښتو संस्कृतम् Svenska Тоҷикӣ Tolışi این صفحه ره آخرینکَش این گدر دچینه: ۱۰:۱۱، ۱۶ فوریه ۲۰۱۶ کل نوشتارون موجوز Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike اساس شمه دسترس درنه؛ مومکنه ای بعدن اته سری نو شرط و شروط ایضافه بوه. اگه اطلاعات ویشتری خواننی قوانین و موقررات ایستفاده ره هارشین. حریم سیاست ویکیپدیا خَوِری تکذیبنومه آداب قانون گتکَرون آمار کوکی خَوِری موبایل هارشیین
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S' ONU dd'at decraradu: annu internatzionale de paghe e cunfiàntzia; annu internatzionale de is cooperativas; annu internatzionale de sa sièntzia e sa tecnologia cuànticas; annu internatzionale de sa cunservatzione de is nieras. Acuntessimentos Ghennàrghiu 1 ghennàrgiu: Romania e Bulgaria intrant in s'ispàtziu Schengen. In Lichtenstein sa coja omosessuale essit legale. 15 persones morint e àteras 57 sunt fertas in un'atentadu in New Orleans . In Paradise, Nevada , iscòpiat una vetura in s'intrada de su Trump International Hotel Las Vegas ferende a 7 persones. In Cetinje, Montenegro , un'òmine isparat ochiende a dòighi persones, ferende·nde a àteras bator e a pustis si morit a issu etotu. 4 ghennàrgiu: Su cantzellieri de s' Àustria Karl Nehammer annùntziat de lassare s'incàrrigu. In Mèssicu sete persones morint e chimbe sunt fertas in un'atacu in unu tzilleri de Villahermosa, Tabasco. Terremotu de livellu 5,2 in Etiòpia. Morint duas persones e àteras sunt fertas. 6 ghennàrgiu: s' Indonèsia s'unit a su BRICS . Est su de deghe membros. Sighit... Cabudianos: Ford Model T , Lege (deretu) , S'omini becciu e su mari , Istòria antropomètrica de Sardigna Figura de sa chida Intrinada subra de s'astra de su Brofjorden in Sandvik, comunu de Lysekil, Isvètzia Intrinada subra de s'astra de su Brofjorden in Sandvik, comunu de Lysekil, Isvètzia . Noas 5 nadale 2023 : sc.wiki arribat a 7500 boghes 29 maju 2021 : sc.wiki arribat a 7000 boghes 27 martzu 2020 : sc.wiki arribat a 6500 boghes 30 maju 2019 : sc.wiki arribat a 6000 boghes 12 freàrgiu 2019 : L2212 e Dk1919 Franking sunt istados elègidos pro su ruolu de amministradores ; como sos amministradores sunt 3. 13 trìulas 2016 : sc.wiki arribat a 5500 boghes Narat su dìciu « Arregorda che su reposu est una dì de sa cida » Àteros... Sardigna e Europa Sardigna Limba sarda Regione Autònoma Provìntzias Itàlia Europa Iscièntzias naturales e formales Ambiente Biologia Botànica Chìmica Fìsica Geografia Matemàtica Iscièntzias sotziales Antropologia Archeologia Economia Educatzione Famìlia Filosofia Istòria Deretu Limbas e Linguìstica Polìtica Psicologia Religione Sotziologia Iscièntzias aplicadas e indùstria Aerospàtziu Agricultura Architetura Comunicatzione Eletrònica Indùstria Informàtica Ìnternet Ingenieria Management Meighina Tecnologia Telecomunicatzione Trasportu Artes Arte Artes aplicadas Artes visivas Fumetos Bellas artes Tzìnema Cultura populare Ballu Mèdia Mùsica Fotografia Bida e bibu Coghina Giardinàgiu Giogos Isport Nutritzione Sanidade Sessualidade Televisione Turismu Àteros Categoria printzipale Totu sas categorias A pitzu de Wikipedia Su Tzilleri (tzentru de sa comunidade) Agiudu Progetos frades Meta-Wiki Commons Wikitzionàriu Wikispecies Wikisource Àteras limbas Editziones de Wikipedia cun prus de 300.000 artìculos: Deutsch (tedescu) • English (ingresu) • Español (ispagnolu) • Français (frantzesu) • Italiano (italianu) • 日本語 (giaponesu) • Nederlands (olandesu) • Polski (polacu) • Português (portughesu) • Русский (russu) • Svenska (svedesu) Editziones de Wikipedia cun prus de 100.000 artìculos: Català (cadelanu) • Česky (tzecu) • Esperanto • Dansk (danesu) • Magyar (hùngaru) • Bokmål (noruego) • Suomi (finlandesu) • Română (romunu) • Slovenčina (slovacu) • Türkçe (turcu) • Українська (ucranianu) • 中文 (tzinesu) Editziones de Wikipedia cun prus de 50.000 artìculos: العربية (àrabu) • Български (bùlgaru) • Eesti (estòniu) • עברית (ebreo) • Hrvatski (croatu) • Bahasa Indonesia (indonesio) • 한국어 (coreanu) • Lietuvių (lituanu) • Slovenščina (islovenu) • Српски (serbu) • Tiếng Việt (vietnamita) Totu sa lista Benènnidos a sa Wikipedia in limba sarda , s'entziclopedia a cuntènnidu lìberu chi totus podent acontzare. 01:44 CET – Domìniga , 11 de Ghennàrgiu de su 2026 . 7,745 artìculos in sardu . Benènnidos a sa Wikipedia in limba sarda , s'entziclopedia a cuntènnidu lìberu chi totus podent acontzare. Benènnidos a sa Wikipedia in limba sarda , s'entziclopedia a cuntènnidu lìberu chi totus podent acontzare. 01:44 CET – Domìniga , 11 de Ghennàrgiu de su 2026 . 7,745 artìculos in sardu . 01:44 CET – Domìniga , 11 de Ghennàrgiu de su 2026 . 7,745 artìculos in sardu . Agiuda·nos Intra Benènnidu Su Tzilleri Tutorial Is chimbe pilastros Preguntas fitianas Agiudu Cheres pònnere Wikipedia in su situ tuo? Agiuda·nos Intra Benènnidu Su Tzilleri Tutorial Is chimbe pilastros Preguntas fitianas Agiudu Cheres pònnere Wikipedia in su situ tuo? Intra Benènnidu Su Tzilleri Tutorial Is chimbe pilastros Preguntas fitianas Agiudu Cheres pònnere Wikipedia in su situ tuo? Chirca Ìndighe de is categorias Totus is categorias Ìndighe alfabèticu Totus is artìculos Portales temàticos Pàginas noas Chirca Ìndighe de is categorias Totus is categorias Ìndighe alfabèticu Totus is artìculos Portales temàticos Pàginas noas Ìndighe de is categorias Totus is categorias Ìndighe alfabèticu Totus is artìculos Portales temàticos Pàginas noas Iscrie in sardu Si cheres, inserta puru sas èntulas pro inditare sa moda ortogràfica chi impreas pro iscrìere. Su curretore ortogràficu in lìnia ti podet agiudare: pro iscrìere cun is règulas LSC (custu si podet fintzas installare in Firefox ) pro iscrìere in totus is àteras variedades Podes fintzas impreare sos ditzionàrios de sa limba sarda e su materiale didàticu pro sa limba sarda chi si podent agatare in ìnternet. Artìculu de custu mese càmbia 2025 Prima aparitzione de Paba Lione XIV a pustis de s'eletzione Su 2025 (MMXXV in nùmeros romanos) est un'annu de su de XXI sèculos incumintzadu in die de mèrcuris. S' ONU dd'at decraradu: annu internatzionale de paghe e cunfiàntzia; annu internatzionale de is cooperativas; annu internatzionale de sa sièntzia e sa tecnologia cuànticas; annu internatzionale de sa cunservatzione de is nieras. Acuntessimentos Ghennàrghiu 1 ghennàrgiu: Romania e Bulgaria intrant in s'ispàtziu Schengen. In Lichtenstein sa coja omosessuale essit legale. 15 persones morint e àteras 57 sunt fertas in un'atentadu in New Orleans . In Paradise, Nevada , iscòpiat una vetura in s'intrada de su Trump International Hotel Las Vegas ferende a 7 persones. In Cetinje, Montenegro , un'òmine isparat ochiende a dòighi persones, ferende·nde a àteras bator e a pustis si morit a issu etotu. 4 ghennàrgiu: Su cantzellieri de s' Àustria Karl Nehammer annùntziat de lassare s'incàrrigu. In Mèssicu sete persones morint e chimbe sunt fertas in un'atacu in unu tzilleri de Villahermosa, Tabasco. Terremotu de livellu 5,2 in Etiòpia. Morint duas persones e àteras sunt fertas. 6 ghennàrgiu: s' Indonèsia s'unit a su BRICS . Est su de deghe membros. Sighit... Cabudianos: Ford Model T , Lege (deretu) , S'omini becciu e su mari , Istòria antropomètrica de Sardigna Figura de sa chida Intrinada subra de s'astra de su Brofjorden in Sandvik, comunu de Lysekil, Isvètzia Intrinada subra de s'astra de su Brofjorden in Sandvik, comunu de Lysekil, Isvètzia . Noas 5 nadale 2023 : sc.wiki arribat a 7500 boghes 29 maju 2021 : sc.wiki arribat a 7000 boghes 27 martzu 2020 : sc.wiki arribat a 6500 boghes 30 maju 2019 : sc.wiki arribat a 6000 boghes 12 freàrgiu 2019 : L2212 e Dk1919 Franking sunt istados elègidos pro su ruolu de amministradores ; como sos amministradores sunt 3. 13 trìulas 2016 : sc.wiki arribat a 5500 boghes Narat su dìciu « Arregorda che su reposu est una dì de sa cida » Àteros... Iscrie in sardu Iscrie in sardu Iscrie in sardu Si cheres, inserta puru sas èntulas pro inditare sa moda ortogràfica chi impreas pro iscrìere. Su curretore ortogràficu in lìnia ti podet agiudare: pro iscrìere cun is règulas LSC (custu si podet fintzas installare in Firefox ) pro iscrìere in totus is àteras variedades Podes fintzas impreare sos ditzionàrios de sa limba sarda e su materiale didàticu pro sa limba sarda chi si podent agatare in ìnternet. Su curretore ortogràficu in lìnia ti podet agiudare: pro iscrìere cun is règulas LSC (custu si podet fintzas installare in Firefox ) pro iscrìere in totus is àteras variedades Podes fintzas impreare sos ditzionàrios de sa limba sarda e su materiale didàticu pro sa limba sarda chi si podent agatare in ìnternet. Artìculu de custu mese Artìculu de custu mese Artìculu de custu mese càmbia 2025 Prima aparitzione de Paba Lione XIV a pustis de s'eletzione Su 2025 (MMXXV in nùmeros romanos) est un'annu de su de XXI sèculos incumintzadu in die de mèrcuris. S' ONU dd'at decraradu: annu internatzionale de paghe e cunfiàntzia; annu internatzionale de is cooperativas; annu internatzionale de sa sièntzia e sa tecnologia cuànticas; annu internatzionale de sa cunservatzione de is nieras. Acuntessimentos Ghennàrghiu 1 ghennàrgiu: Romania e Bulgaria intrant in s'ispàtziu Schengen. In Lichtenstein sa coja omosessuale essit legale. 15 persones morint e àteras 57 sunt fertas in un'atentadu in New Orleans . In Paradise, Nevada , iscòpiat una vetura in s'intrada de su Trump International Hotel Las Vegas ferende a 7 persones. In Cetinje, Montenegro , un'òmine isparat ochiende a dòighi persones, ferende·nde a àteras bator e a pustis si morit a issu etotu. 4 ghennàrgiu: Su cantzellieri de s' Àustria Karl Nehammer annùntziat de lassare s'incàrrigu. In Mèssicu sete persones morint e chimbe sunt fertas in un'atacu in unu tzilleri de Villahermosa, Tabasco. Terremotu de livellu 5,2 in Etiòpia. Morint duas persones e àteras sunt fertas. 6 ghennàrgiu: s' Indonèsia s'unit a su BRICS . Est su de deghe membros. Sighit... Cabudianos: Ford Model T , Lege (deretu) , S'omini becciu e su mari , Istòria antropomètrica de Sardigna Su 2025 (MMXXV in nùmeros romanos) est un'annu de su de XXI sèculos incumintzadu in die de mèrcuris. S' ONU dd'at decraradu: annu internatzionale de paghe e cunfiàntzia; annu internatzionale de is cooperativas; annu internatzionale de sa sièntzia e sa tecnologia cuànticas; annu internatzionale de sa cunservatzione de is nieras. Acuntessimentos Ghennàrghiu 1 ghennàrgiu: Romania e Bulgaria intrant in s'ispàtziu Schengen. In Lichtenstein sa coja omosessuale essit legale. 15 persones morint e àteras 57 sunt fertas in un'atentadu in New Orleans . In Paradise, Nevada , iscòpiat una vetura in s'intrada de su Trump International Hotel Las Vegas ferende a 7 persones. In Cetinje, Montenegro , un'òmine isparat ochiende a dòighi persones, ferende·nde a àteras bator e a pustis si morit a issu etotu. 4 ghennàrgiu: Su cantzellieri de s' Àustria Karl Nehammer annùntziat de lassare s'incàrrigu. In Mèssicu sete persones morint e chimbe sunt fertas in un'atacu in unu tzilleri de Villahermosa, Tabasco. Terremotu de livellu 5,2 in Etiòpia. Morint duas persones e àteras sunt fertas. 6 ghennàrgiu: s' Indonèsia s'unit a su BRICS . Est su de deghe membros. Sighit... Cabudianos: Ford Model T , Lege (deretu) , S'omini becciu e su mari , Istòria antropomètrica de Sardigna Acuntessimentos Ghennàrghiu 1 ghennàrgiu: Romania e Bulgaria intrant in s'ispàtziu Schengen. In Lichtenstein sa coja omosessuale essit legale. 15 persones morint e àteras 57 sunt fertas in un'atentadu in New Orleans . In Paradise, Nevada , iscòpiat una vetura in s'intrada de su Trump International Hotel Las Vegas ferende a 7 persones. In Cetinje, Montenegro , un'òmine isparat ochiende a dòighi persones, ferende·nde a àteras bator e a pustis si morit a issu etotu. 4 ghennàrgiu: Su cantzellieri de s' Àustria Karl Nehammer annùntziat de lassare s'incàrrigu. In Mèssicu sete persones morint e chimbe sunt fertas in un'atacu in unu tzilleri de Villahermosa, Tabasco. Terremotu de livellu 5,2 in Etiòpia. Morint duas persones e àteras sunt fertas. 6 ghennàrgiu: s' Indonèsia s'unit a su BRICS . Est su de deghe membros. Sighit... Cabudianos: Ford Model T , Lege (deretu) , S'omini becciu e su mari , Istòria antropomètrica de Sardigna Ghennàrghiu 1 ghennàrgiu: Romania e Bulgaria intrant in s'ispàtziu Schengen. In Lichtenstein sa coja omosessuale essit legale. 15 persones morint e àteras 57 sunt fertas in un'atentadu in New Orleans . In Paradise, Nevada , iscòpiat una vetura in s'intrada de su Trump International Hotel Las Vegas ferende a 7 persones. In Cetinje, Montenegro , un'òmine isparat ochiende a dòighi persones, ferende·nde a àteras bator e a pustis si morit a issu etotu. Romania e Bulgaria intrant in s'ispàtziu Schengen. In Lichtenstein sa coja omosessuale essit legale. 15 persones morint e àteras 57 sunt fertas in un'atentadu in New Orleans . In Paradise, Nevada , iscòpiat una vetura in s'intrada de su Trump International Hotel Las Vegas ferende a 7 persones. In Cetinje, Montenegro , un'òmine isparat ochiende a dòighi persones, ferende·nde a àteras bator e a pustis si morit a issu etotu. 4 ghennàrgiu: Su cantzellieri de s' Àustria Karl Nehammer annùntziat de lassare s'incàrrigu. In Mèssicu sete persones morint e chimbe sunt fertas in un'atacu in unu tzilleri de Villahermosa, Tabasco. Terremotu de livellu 5,2 in Etiòpia. Morint duas persones e àteras sunt fertas. Su cantzellieri de s' Àustria Karl Nehammer annùntziat de lassare s'incàrrigu. In Mèssicu sete persones morint e chimbe sunt fertas in un'atacu in unu tzilleri de Villahermosa, Tabasco. Terremotu de livellu 5,2 in Etiòpia. Morint duas persones e àteras sunt fertas. 6 ghennàrgiu: s' Indonèsia s'unit a su BRICS . Est su de deghe membros. Figura de sa chida Figura de sa chida Figura de sa chida Intrinada subra de s'astra de su Brofjorden in Sandvik, comunu de Lysekil, Isvètzia Intrinada subra de s'astra de su Brofjorden in Sandvik, comunu de Lysekil, Isvètzia . Noas Noas Noas 5 nadale 2023 : sc.wiki arribat a 7500 boghes 29 maju 2021 : sc.wiki arribat a 7000 boghes 27 martzu 2020 : sc.wiki arribat a 6500 boghes 30 maju 2019 : sc.wiki arribat a 6000 boghes 12 freàrgiu 2019 : L2212 e Dk1919 Franking sunt istados elègidos pro su ruolu de amministradores ; como sos amministradores sunt 3. 13 trìulas 2016 : sc.wiki arribat a 5500 boghes 5 nadale 2023 : sc.wiki arribat a 7500 boghes 29 maju 2021 : sc.wiki arribat a 7000 boghes 27 martzu 2020 : sc.wiki arribat a 6500 boghes 30 maju 2019 : sc.wiki arribat a 6000 boghes 12 freàrgiu 2019 : L2212 e Dk1919 Franking sunt istados elègidos pro su ruolu de amministradores ; como sos amministradores sunt 3. 13 trìulas 2016 : sc.wiki arribat a 5500 boghes Narat su dìciu Narat su dìciu Narat su dìciu « Arregorda che su reposu est una dì de sa cida » Àteros... « Arregorda che su reposu est una dì de sa cida » Sardigna e Europa Sardigna Limba sarda Regione Autònoma Provìntzias Itàlia Europa Iscièntzias naturales e formales Ambiente Biologia Botànica Chìmica Fìsica Geografia Matemàtica Iscièntzias sotziales Antropologia Archeologia Economia Educatzione Famìlia Filosofia Istòria Deretu Limbas e Linguìstica Polìtica Psicologia Religione Sotziologia Iscièntzias aplicadas e indùstria Aerospàtziu Agricultura Architetura Comunicatzione Eletrònica Indùstria Informàtica Ìnternet Ingenieria Management Meighina Tecnologia Telecomunicatzione Trasportu Artes Arte Artes aplicadas Artes visivas Fumetos Bellas artes Tzìnema Cultura populare Ballu Mèdia Mùsica Fotografia Bida e bibu Coghina Giardinàgiu Giogos Isport Nutritzione Sanidade Sessualidade Televisione Turismu Àteros Categoria printzipale Totu sas categorias A pitzu de Wikipedia Su Tzilleri (tzentru de sa comunidade) Agiudu Progetos frades Meta-Wiki Commons Wikitzionàriu Wikispecies Wikisource Àteras limbas Editziones de Wikipedia cun prus de 300.000 artìculos: Deutsch (tedescu) • English (ingresu) • Español (ispagnolu) • Français (frantzesu) • Italiano (italianu) • 日本語 (giaponesu) • Nederlands (olandesu) • Polski (polacu) • Português (portughesu) • Русский (russu) • Svenska (svedesu) Editziones de Wikipedia cun prus de 100.000 artìculos: Català (cadelanu) • Česky (tzecu) • Esperanto • Dansk (danesu) • Magyar (hùngaru) • Bokmål (noruego) • Suomi (finlandesu) • Română (romunu) • Slovenčina (slovacu) • Türkçe (turcu) • Українська (ucranianu) • 中文 (tzinesu) Editziones de Wikipedia cun prus de 50.000 artìculos: العربية (àrabu) • Български (bùlgaru) • Eesti (estòniu) • עברית (ebreo) • Hrvatski (croatu) • Bahasa Indonesia (indonesio) • 한국어 (coreanu) • Lietuvių (lituanu) • Slovenščina (islovenu) • Српски (serbu) • Tiếng Việt (vietnamita) Totu sa lista Sardigna e Europa Sardigna e Europa Sardigna e Europa Sardigna Limba sarda Regione Autònoma Provìntzias Itàlia Europa Iscièntzias naturales e formales Iscièntzias naturales e formales Iscièntzias naturales e formales Ambiente Biologia Botànica Chìmica Fìsica Geografia Matemàtica Iscièntzias sotziales Iscièntzias sotziales Iscièntzias sotziales Antropologia Archeologia Economia Educatzione Famìlia Filosofia Istòria Deretu Limbas e Linguìstica Polìtica Psicologia Religione Sotziologia Iscièntzias aplicadas e indùstria Iscièntzias aplicadas e indùstria Iscièntzias aplicadas e indùstria Aerospàtziu Agricultura Architetura Comunicatzione Eletrònica Indùstria Informàtica Ìnternet Ingenieria Management Meighina Tecnologia Telecomunicatzione Trasportu Artes Artes Artes Arte Artes aplicadas Artes visivas Fumetos Bellas artes Tzìnema Cultura populare Ballu Mèdia Mùsica Fotografia Bida e bibu Bida e bibu Bida e bibu Coghina Giardinàgiu Giogos Isport Nutritzione Sanidade Sessualidade Televisione Turismu Àteros Àteros Àteros Categoria printzipale Totu sas categorias A pitzu de Wikipedia Su Tzilleri (tzentru de sa comunidade) Agiudu Progetos frades Progetos frades Progetos frades Meta-Wiki Commons Wikitzionàriu Wikispecies Wikisource Meta-Wiki Commons Wikitzionàriu Wikispecies Wikisource Àteras limbas Àteras limbas Àteras limbas Editziones de Wikipedia cun prus de 300.000 artìculos: Deutsch (tedescu) • English (ingresu) • Español (ispagnolu) • Français (frantzesu) • Italiano (italianu) • 日本語 (giaponesu) • Nederlands (olandesu) • Polski (polacu) • Português (portughesu) • Русский (russu) • Svenska (svedesu) Editziones de Wikipedia cun prus de 100.000 artìculos: Català (cadelanu) • Česky (tzecu) • Esperanto • Dansk (danesu) • Magyar (hùngaru) • Bokmål (noruego) • Suomi (finlandesu) • Română (romunu) • Slovenčina (slovacu) • Türkçe (turcu) • Українська (ucranianu) • 中文 (tzinesu) Editziones de Wikipedia cun prus de 50.000 artìculos: العربية (àrabu) • Български (bùlgaru) • Eesti (estòniu) • עברית (ebreo) • Hrvatski (croatu) • Bahasa Indonesia (indonesio) • 한국어 (coreanu) • Lietuvių (lituanu) • Slovenščina (islovenu) • Српски (serbu) • Tiếng Việt (vietnamita) Totu sa lista Deutsch (tedescu) • English (ingresu) • Español (ispagnolu) • Français 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Humanities Toggle Humanities subsection 1.1 Performing arts 1.2 Visual arts 1.3 History 1.4 Languages and literature 1.5 Law 1.6 Philosophy 1.7 Religious studies 1.8 Divinity 1.9 Theology 1.10 Religion 1.1 Performing arts 1.2 Visual arts 1.3 History 1.4 Languages and literature 1.5 Law 1.6 Philosophy 1.7 Religious studies 1.8 Divinity 1.9 Theology 1.10 Religion 2 Social science Toggle Social science subsection 2.1 Anthropology 2.1.1 Archaeology 2.2 Business 2.3 Economics 2.4 Futurology 2.5 Geography 2.6 Linguistics 2.7 Political science 2.8 Psychology 2.9 Sociology 2.10 Interdisciplinary studies 2.10.1 Area studies 2.10.2 Ethnic and cultural studies 2.10.3 Organizational studies 2.1 Anthropology 2.1.1 Archaeology 2.1.1 Archaeology 2.2 Business 2.3 Economics 2.4 Futurology 2.5 Geography 2.6 Linguistics 2.7 Political science 2.8 Psychology 2.9 Sociology 2.10 Interdisciplinary studies 2.10.1 Area studies 2.10.2 Ethnic and cultural studies 2.10.3 Organizational studies 2.10.1 Area studies 2.10.2 Ethnic and cultural studies 2.10.3 Organizational studies 3 Natural science Toggle Natural science subsection 3.1 Physical Science 3.1.1 Space sciences 3.1.1.1 Astronomy 3.1.2 Physics 3.1.3 Chemistry 3.1.4 Earth science 3.2 Life science 3.2.1 Biology 3.1 Physical Science 3.1.1 Space sciences 3.1.1.1 Astronomy 3.1.2 Physics 3.1.3 Chemistry 3.1.4 Earth science 3.1.1 Space sciences 3.1.1.1 Astronomy 3.1.1.1 Astronomy 3.1.2 Physics 3.1.3 Chemistry 3.1.4 Earth science 3.2 Life science 3.2.1 Biology 3.2.1 Biology 4 Formal science Toggle Formal science subsection 4.1 Computer science 4.2 Logic 4.3 Mathematics 4.3.1 Pure mathematics 4.3.2 Applied mathematics 4.3.2.1 Statistics 4.1 Computer science 4.2 Logic 4.3 Mathematics 4.3.1 Pure mathematics 4.3.2 Applied mathematics 4.3.2.1 Statistics 4.3.1 Pure mathematics 4.3.2 Applied mathematics 4.3.2.1 Statistics 4.3.2.1 Statistics 5 Applied science Toggle Applied science subsection 5.1 Agriculture 5.2 Architecture and design 5.3 Education 5.4 Engineering and technology 5.4.1 Chemical engineering 5.4.2 Civil engineering 5.4.3 Educational technology 5.4.4 Electrical engineering 5.4.5 Materials science 5.4.6 Mechanical engineering 5.4.7 Systems science 5.5 Environmental studies and forestry 5.6 Family and consumer science 5.7 Human physical performance and recreation 5.8 Journalism, media studies and communication 5.9 Library and museum studies 5.10 Medicine and health 5.11 Military sciences 5.12 Public administration 5.13 Public policy 5.14 Social work 5.15 Transportation 5.1 Agriculture 5.2 Architecture and design 5.3 Education 5.4 Engineering and technology 5.4.1 Chemical engineering 5.4.2 Civil engineering 5.4.3 Educational technology 5.4.4 Electrical engineering 5.4.5 Materials science 5.4.6 Mechanical engineering 5.4.7 Systems science 5.4.1 Chemical engineering 5.4.2 Civil engineering 5.4.3 Educational technology 5.4.4 Electrical engineering 5.4.5 Materials science 5.4.6 Mechanical engineering 5.4.7 Systems science 5.5 Environmental studies and forestry 5.6 Family and consumer science 5.7 Human physical performance and recreation 5.8 Journalism, media studies and communication 5.9 Library and museum studies 5.10 Medicine and health 5.11 Military sciences 5.12 Public administration 5.13 Public policy 5.14 Social work 5.15 Transportation 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Further reading 9 External links Outline of academic disciplines العربية বাংলা Català Čeština Cymraeg Español فارسی 한국어 Hausa हिन्दी Igbo Bahasa Indonesia IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano Jawa ລາວ Latina Монгол 日本語 Norsk bokmål Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe اردو 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Part of a series on Research Research design Ethics Proposal Question Writing Argument Referencing Ethics Proposal Question Writing Argument Referencing Argument Referencing Research strategy Interdisciplinary Multimethodology Qualitative Art-based Quantitative Interdisciplinary Multimethodology Qualitative Art-based Art-based Quantitative Philosophical schools Antipositivism Constructivism Critical rationalism Empiricism Fallibilism Positivism Postpositivism Pragmatism Realism Critical realism Subtle realism Antipositivism Constructivism Critical rationalism Empiricism Fallibilism Positivism Postpositivism Pragmatism Realism Critical realism Subtle realism Critical realism Subtle realism Methodology Action research Art methodology Critical theory Grounded theory Hermeneutics Historiography Human subject research Narrative inquiry Phenomenology Pragmatism Scientific method Action research Art methodology Critical theory Grounded theory Hermeneutics Historiography Human subject research Narrative inquiry Phenomenology Pragmatism Scientific method Methods Analysis Case study Content analysis Descriptive statistics Discourse analysis Ethnography Autoethnography Experiment Field experiment Social experiment Quasi-experiment Field research Historical method Inferential statistics Interviews Mapping Cultural mapping Phenomenography Secondary research Bibliometrics Literature review Meta-analysis Scoping review Systematic review Scientific modelling Simulation Survey Analysis Case study Content analysis Descriptive statistics Discourse analysis Ethnography Autoethnography Autoethnography Experiment Field experiment Social experiment Quasi-experiment Field experiment Social experiment Quasi-experiment Field research Historical method Inferential statistics Interviews Mapping Cultural mapping Cultural mapping Phenomenography Secondary research Bibliometrics Literature review Meta-analysis Scoping review Systematic review Bibliometrics Literature review Meta-analysis Scoping review Systematic review Scientific modelling Simulation Simulation Survey Tools and software Argument technology GIS software LIS software Bibliometrics Reference management Science software Qualitative data analysis Simulation Statistics Argument technology GIS software LIS software Bibliometrics Reference management Bibliometrics Reference management Science software Qualitative data analysis Simulation Statistics Qualitative data analysis Simulation Statistics Philosophy portal .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of study, taught and researched as part of higher education . A scholar's discipline is commonly defined by the university faculties and learned societies to which they belong and the academic journals in which they publish research . Disciplines vary between well-established ones in almost all universities with well-defined rosters of journals and conferences and nascent ones supported by only a few universities and publications. A discipline may have branches, which are often called sub-disciplines. The following outline provides an overview of and topical guide to academic disciplines. In each case, an entry at the highest level of the hierarchy (e.g., Humanities) is a group of broadly similar disciplines; an entry at the next highest level (e.g., Music) is a discipline having some degree of autonomy and being the fundamental identity felt by its scholars. Lower levels of the hierarchy are sub-disciplines that do generally not have any role in the title of the university's governance. The proper criteria for organizing knowledge into disciplines is open to debate. Humanities Performing arts Music ( outline ) Accompanying Chamber music Church music Conducting Choral conducting Orchestral conducting Wind ensemble conducting Early music Jazz studies ( outline ) Musical composition Music education Music genre Music history Musicology Historical musicology Systematic musicology Ethnomusicology Music theory Orchestral studies Organology Organ and historical keyboards Piano Strings , harp , oud , and guitar ( outline ) Singing Woodwinds , brass , and percussion Recording Accompanying Chamber music Church music Conducting Choral conducting Orchestral conducting Wind ensemble conducting Choral conducting Orchestral conducting Wind ensemble conducting Early music Jazz studies ( outline ) Musical composition Music education Music genre Music history Musicology Historical musicology Systematic musicology Ethnomusicology Historical musicology Systematic musicology Ethnomusicology Music theory Orchestral studies Organology Organ and historical keyboards Piano Strings , harp , oud , and guitar ( outline ) Singing Woodwinds , brass , and percussion Organ and historical keyboards Piano Strings , harp , oud , and guitar ( outline ) Singing Woodwinds , brass , and percussion Recording Dance ( outline ) Choreography Dance notation Ethnochoreology History of dance Choreography Dance notation Ethnochoreology History of dance Television ( outline ) Television studies Television studies Theatre ( outline ) Acting Directing Dramaturgy History of theatre Musical theatre Playwrighting Puppetry Scenography Stage design Ventriloquism Acting Directing Dramaturgy History of theatre Musical theatre Playwrighting Puppetry Scenography Stage design Ventriloquism Film ( outline ) Animation Film criticism Filmmaking Film theory Film studies Live action Animation Film criticism Filmmaking Film theory Film studies Live action Oral literature Public speaking Performance poetry Spoken word Storytelling Public speaking Performance poetry Spoken word Storytelling Electronic game Arcade game Audio game Outline of video games Arcade game Audio game Outline of video games Visual arts Animation Applied arts Architecture ( Outline of architecture ) Interior architecture Landscape architecture Landscape design Landscape planning Architectural analytics Historic preservation Interior design ( interior architecture ) Technical drawing Interior architecture Landscape architecture Landscape design Landscape planning Landscape design Landscape planning Architectural analytics Historic preservation Interior design ( interior architecture ) Technical drawing Art director Calligraphy Craft Fashion Fine arts Graphic arts Drawing ( outline ) Painting ( outline ) Photography ( outline ) Sculpture ( outline ) Graphic arts Drawing ( outline ) Painting ( outline ) Photography ( outline ) Drawing ( outline ) Painting ( outline ) Photography ( outline ) Sculpture ( outline ) Textile arts Mixed media Printmaking Studio art Graphic design [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Culinary Arts Acquired taste Aftertaste Appetite Artisanal food Cooking Cuisine Culinary arts Culinary tourism Delicacy Diet Flavor Food choice Food pairing Food photography Food preparation Food presentation Food safety Food security Food studies Gastronomy Gourmet Palatability Specialty foods Traditional food Outline of cuisines Acquired taste Aftertaste Appetite Artisanal food Cooking Cuisine Culinary arts Culinary tourism Delicacy Diet Flavor Food choice Food pairing Food photography Food preparation Food presentation Food safety Food security Food studies Gastronomy Gourmet Palatability Specialty foods Traditional food Outline of cuisines Decorative arts Digital art History Also regarded as a Social science Prehistory Ancient history Ancient Egypt Carthage Ancient Greek history ( outline ) Ancient Roman history ( outline ) History of the Roman Republic History of the Roman Empire Ancient Chinese history ( outline ) Ancient Middle Eastern history Assyrian Civilization Bronze Age Civilizations Biblical history History of the Indus Valley Civilization Preclassic Maya History of Mesopotamia The Stone Age History of the Yangtze civilization History of the Yellow River civilization Ancient Egypt Carthage Ancient Greek history ( outline ) Ancient Roman history ( outline ) History of the Roman Republic History of the Roman Empire History of the Roman Republic History of the Roman Empire Ancient Chinese history ( outline ) Ancient Middle Eastern history Assyrian Civilization Bronze Age Civilizations Biblical history History of the Indus Valley Civilization Preclassic Maya History of Mesopotamia The Stone Age History of the Yangtze civilization History of the Yellow River civilization Modern history Asian history Chinese history Japanese history Korean history Mongolian history Indian history ( outline ) Indonesian history Turkish history Iranian history Vietnamese history Philippine history Chinese history Japanese history Korean history Mongolian history Indian history ( outline ) Indonesian history Turkish history Iranian history Vietnamese history Philippine history Australian history European history British history French history German history Dutch history Italian history Spanish history Portuguese history Polish history Balkan history Scandinavian history Swedish history Norwegian history Danish history Finnish history Icelandic history Russian history British history French history German history Dutch history Italian history Spanish history Portuguese history Polish history Balkan history Scandinavian history Swedish history Norwegian history Danish history Finnish history Icelandic history Swedish history Norwegian history Danish history Finnish history Icelandic history Russian history African history South African history Egyptian history East and Central African history Nigerian history South African history Egyptian history East and Central African history Nigerian history Pre-Columbian era history Pan-American history North American history American history Canadian history Mexican history Cuban history South American history Latin American history Brazilian history Colombian history Venezuelan history Peruvian history Argentine history Pre-Columbian era Mayan history Aztec history Inca history Mississippian culture * Art History North American history American history Canadian history Mexican history Cuban history American history Canadian history Mexican history Cuban history South American history Latin American history Brazilian history Colombian history Venezuelan history Peruvian history Argentine history Latin American history Brazilian history Colombian history Venezuelan history Peruvian history Argentine history Pre-Columbian era Mayan history Aztec history Inca history Mississippian culture * Art History Mayan history Aztec history Inca history Mississippian culture * Art History Latin American history Jewish history Cultural history Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church Economic history Environmental history Intellectual history Philosophical history Ancient philosophy Contemporary philosophy Medieval philosophy Humanism ( outline ) Scholasticism Modern philosophy Ancient philosophy Contemporary philosophy Medieval philosophy Humanism ( outline ) Scholasticism Humanism ( outline ) Scholasticism Modern philosophy Political history History of political thought History of political thought Public history Scientific history Technological history World history Languages and literature Linguistics listed in Social science Comics studies Classics ( outline ) Comparative literature Creative writing Poetry Prose Non-fiction Fiction ( outline ) Creative nonfiction Literary journalism Screenwriting Playwrighting Poetry Prose Non-fiction Fiction ( outline ) Creative nonfiction Literary journalism Screenwriting Playwrighting English studies English literature History of literature Ancient literature Medieval literature Post-colonial literature Post-modern literature Ancient literature Medieval literature Post-colonial literature Post-modern literature Literary genre Literary theory Critical theory ( outline ) Literary criticism Poetics Rhetoric Critical theory ( outline ) Literary criticism Poetics Rhetoric Languages Business English Classical language Modern language Standard English World Englishes Business English Classical language Modern language Standard English World Englishes World literature American literature African-American literature Southern literature British literature Canadian literature Indian English literature Irish literature New Zealand literature Scottish literature South African literature Welsh literature American literature African-American literature Southern literature African-American literature Southern literature British literature Canadian literature Indian English literature Irish literature New Zealand literature Scottish literature South African literature Welsh literature Law Also regarded as a Social science Legal management (academic discipline) Corporate law Mercantile law Business law Corporate law Mercantile law Business law Administrative law Canon law Comparative law Constitutional law Competition law Criminal law Criminal procedure Criminal justice ( outline ) Police science Forensic science ( outline ) Criminal procedure Criminal justice ( outline ) Police science Forensic science ( outline ) Police science Forensic science ( outline ) Islamic law Jewish law ( outline ) Jurisprudence ( Philosophy of Law ) Civil law Admiralty law Animal law / Animal rights Common law Corporations Civil procedure Contract law Environmental law Family law Federal law International law Public international law Supranational law Labor law Paralegal studies Property law Tax law Tort law ( outline ) Admiralty law Animal law / Animal rights Common law Corporations Civil procedure Contract law Environmental law Family law Federal law International law Public international law Supranational law Public international law Supranational law Labor law Paralegal studies Property law Tax law Tort law ( outline ) Law enforcement ( outline ) Procedural law Substantive law Philosophy Also regarded as the separate, an entry at the highest level of the hierarchy Aesthetics ( outline ) / Philosophy of art Applied philosophy Philosophy of economics Philosophy of education Philosophy of engineering Philosophy of history Philosophy of language Philosophy of law Philosophy of mathematics Philosophy of music Philosophy of psychology Philosophy of religion Philosophy of physical sciences Philosophy of biology Philosophy of chemistry Philosophy of physics Philosophy of social science Philosophy of technology Systems philosophy Political philosophy and Social philosophy Anarchism ( outline ) Feminist philosophy Manosphere Schools of Gender Dynamics Libertarianism ( outline ) Marxism Philosophy of economics Philosophy of education Philosophy of engineering Philosophy of history Philosophy of language Philosophy of law Philosophy of mathematics Philosophy of music Philosophy of psychology Philosophy of religion Philosophy of physical sciences Philosophy of biology Philosophy of chemistry Philosophy of physics Philosophy of biology Philosophy of chemistry Philosophy of physics Philosophy of social science Philosophy of technology Systems philosophy Political philosophy and Social philosophy Anarchism ( outline ) Feminist philosophy Manosphere Schools of Gender Dynamics Libertarianism ( outline ) Marxism Anarchism ( outline ) Feminist philosophy Manosphere Schools of Gender Dynamics Libertarianism ( outline ) Marxism Epistemology ( outline ) Justification Reasoning errors Justification Reasoning errors Ethics ( outline ) Applied ethics Animal rights Bioethics Environmental ethics Meta-ethics Moral psychology , Descriptive ethics , Value theory Normative ethics Virtue ethics Applied ethics Animal rights Bioethics Environmental ethics Animal rights Bioethics Environmental ethics Meta-ethics Moral psychology , Descriptive ethics , Value theory Normative ethics Virtue ethics Virtue ethics Logic ( outline ) Mathematical logic Philosophical logic Mathematical logic Philosophical logic Meta-philosophy Metaphysics ( outline ) Philosophy of Action Determinism and Free will Ontology Philosophy of mind Philosophy of pain Philosophy of artificial intelligence Philosophy of perception Philosophy of space and time Teleology Theism and Atheism Philosophy of Action Determinism and Free will Ontology Philosophy of mind Philosophy of pain Philosophy of artificial intelligence Philosophy of perception Philosophy of pain Philosophy of artificial intelligence Philosophy of perception Philosophy of space and time Teleology Theism and Atheism Philosophical traditions and schools African philosophy Analytic philosophy Aristotelianism Continental philosophy Eastern philosophy Feminist philosophy Islamic philosophy Platonism African philosophy Analytic philosophy Aristotelianism Continental philosophy Eastern philosophy Feminist philosophy Islamic philosophy Platonism History of philosophy Ancient philosophy Medieval philosophy Scholasticism Humanism ( outline ) Modern philosophy Contemporary philosophy Ancient philosophy Medieval philosophy Scholasticism Humanism ( outline ) Scholasticism Humanism ( outline ) Modern philosophy Contemporary philosophy Religious studies Also regarded as a social science History of Religion Anthropology of Religion Sociology of Religion Psychology of Religion Phenomenology of Religion Philosophy of Religion Comparative religion Mythology and Folklore Theism Irreligion Divinity Canon law Church history Field ministry Pastoral counseling Pastoral theology Religious education techniques Homiletics Liturgy Sacred music Missiology Pastoral counseling Pastoral theology Religious education techniques Homiletics Liturgy Sacred music Missiology Hermeneutics Scriptural study and languages Avestan Biblical Hebrew Biblical studies / Sacred Scripture Classical Arabic Classical Armenian Coptic Ge'ez Koine Greek Latin Old Church Slavonic Old Georgian Pali Syriac Vedic Sanskrit ( Vedas ) Avestan Biblical Hebrew Biblical studies / Sacred Scripture Classical Arabic Classical Armenian Coptic Ge'ez Koine Greek Latin Old Church Slavonic Old Georgian Pali Syriac Vedic Sanskrit ( Vedas ) Theology ( outline ) Dogmatic theology Ecclesiology Sacramental theology Systematic theology Christian ethics Hindu ethics Moral theology Historical theology Dogmatic theology Ecclesiology Sacramental theology Systematic theology Christian ethics Hindu ethics Moral theology Historical theology Theology Biblical studies Biblical Hebrew , Koine Greek , Aramaic Biblical Hebrew , Koine Greek , Aramaic Buddhist theology Pali Studies Pali Studies Christian theology ( outline ) Anglican theology Baptist theology Catholic theology Eastern Orthodox theology Protestant theology Anglican theology Baptist theology Catholic theology Eastern Orthodox theology Protestant theology Hindu theology Sanskrit Studies Dravidian Studies Sanskrit Studies Dravidian Studies Jewish theology Muslim theology Arabic Studies Arabic Studies Buddhist studies Religion Abrahamic religions Christianity ( outline ) Christian theology ( outline ) Islam ( outline )/ Islamic studies Judaism ( outline )/ Jewish studies Christianity ( outline ) Christian theology ( outline ) Christian theology ( outline ) Islam ( outline )/ Islamic studies Judaism ( outline )/ Jewish studies Apologetics Indian religions Buddhism ( outline )/ Buddhist studies Hinduism ( outline ) Jainism Sikhism ( outline ) Buddhism ( outline )/ Buddhist studies Hinduism ( outline ) Jainism Sikhism ( outline ) East Asian religions Chinese folk religion Confucianism Shinto Daoism ( outline ) I-Kuan Tao Caodaism Chondogyo Tenrikyo Oomoto Chinese folk religion Confucianism Shinto Daoism ( outline ) I-Kuan Tao Caodaism Chondogyo Tenrikyo Oomoto Other religions African religions Ancient Egyptian religion 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technology Knowledge management Multimedia , hypermedia Sound and music computing Community informatics Computational economics Computational finance Computational sociology Digital humanities (Humanities computing) History of computer hardware History of computer science ( outline ) Humanistic informatics Databases ( outline ) Distributed databases Object databases Relational databases Distributed databases Object databases Relational databases Data management Data mining Information science ( outline ) Information architecture Information management Information retrieval Information system Information technology Knowledge management Multimedia , hypermedia Sound and music computing Sound and music computing Distributed computing Grid computing Grid computing Human-computer interaction Operating systems Parallel computing High-performance computing High-performance computing Computer program Computer programming Programming languages Compilers Programming paradigms Concurrent programming Functional programming Imperative programming Logic programming Object-oriented programming Program semantics Type theory Compilers Programming paradigms Concurrent programming Functional programming Imperative programming Logic programming Object-oriented programming Concurrent programming Functional programming Imperative programming Logic programming Object-oriented programming Program semantics Type theory Quantum computing Quantum information Quantum information Software engineering Formal methods ( Formal verification ) Formal methods ( Formal verification ) Theoretical computer science Theory of computation Automata theory ( Formal languages ) Computability theory Computational complexity theory Concurrency theory Automata theory ( Formal languages ) Computability theory Computational complexity theory Concurrency theory VLSI design Logic Mathematical logic Set theory Proof theory Model theory Recursion theory Modal logic Intuitionistic logic Set theory Proof theory Model theory Recursion theory Modal logic Intuitionistic logic Philosophical logic Logical reasoning Modal logic Deontic logic Doxastic logic Logical reasoning Modal logic Deontic logic Doxastic logic Deontic logic Doxastic logic Logic in computer science Programming language semantics Formal methods ( Formal verification ) Type theory Logic programming Multi-valued logic Fuzzy logic Programming language semantics Formal methods ( Formal verification ) Type theory Logic programming Multi-valued logic Fuzzy logic Fuzzy logic Mathematics Pure mathematics Mathematical logic and Foundations of mathematics Intuitionistic logic Modal logic Model theory Proof theory Recursion theory Set theory Intuitionistic logic Modal logic Model theory Proof theory Recursion theory Set theory Arithmetic Algebra ( outline ) Associative algebra Category theory Topos theory Differential algebra Field theory Group theory Group representation Homological algebra K-theory Lattice theory ( Order theory ) Lie algebra Linear algebra ( Vector space ) Multilinear algebra Non-associative algebra Representation theory Ring theory Commutative algebra Noncommutative algebra Universal algebra Associative algebra Category theory Topos theory Topos theory Differential algebra Field theory Group theory Group representation Group representation Homological algebra K-theory Lattice theory ( Order theory ) Lie algebra Linear algebra ( Vector space ) Multilinear algebra Non-associative algebra Representation theory Ring theory Commutative algebra Noncommutative algebra Commutative algebra Noncommutative algebra Universal algebra Analysis Complex analysis Functional analysis Operator theory Harmonic analysis Fourier analysis Non-standard analysis Ordinary differential equations p-adic analysis Partial differential equations Real analysis Calculus ( outline ) Complex analysis Functional analysis Operator theory Operator theory Harmonic analysis Fourier analysis Fourier analysis Non-standard analysis 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Analytic number theory Arithmetic combinatorics Arithmetic Geometric number theory Algebraic number theory Analytic number theory Arithmetic combinatorics Arithmetic Geometric number theory Applied mathematics Approximation theory Combinatorics ( outline ) Coding theory Coding theory Cryptography Dynamical systems Chaos theory Fractal geometry Chaos theory Fractal geometry Game theory Graph theory Information theory Mathematical physics Quantum field theory Quantum gravity String theory Quantum mechanics Statistical mechanics Quantum field theory Quantum gravity String theory String theory Quantum mechanics Statistical mechanics Numerical analysis Operations research Assignment problem Decision analysis Dynamic programming Inventory theory Linear programming Mathematical optimization Optimal maintenance Real options analysis Scheduling Stochastic processes Systems analysis Assignment problem Decision analysis Dynamic programming Inventory theory Linear programming Mathematical 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transportation Port management Seafaring Port management Seafaring Operations research Mass transit Travel Vehicles See also Academia ( outline ) Branches of science ( outline ) Classification of Instructional Programs Joint Academic Coding System List of fields of doctoral studies in the United States Art school Academic genealogy Curriculum Interdisciplinarity Knowledge organization Transdisciplinarity Classification of Instructional Programs Notes ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Khaled Nabil, Al-Momani (25 August 2020). "Characteristics of Design as an Academic and Creative Discipline" . Kne Social Sciences . Ural Federal University: 294– 298. doi : 10.18502/kss.v4i11.7560 . S2CID 221710217 . ^ Bravo, Rafael Ángel (4 March 2016). "Vigencia de la Bauhaus en la formación académica de los diseñadores gráficos" [Currency of the Bauhaus in the academic training of graphic designers] (in Spanish). Francisco José de Caldas District University. Archived from the original on 12 March 2022. ^ "Graphic Design" . College of the Sequoias. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021 . Retrieved 26 August 2022 . Further reading Abbott, Andrew (2001). Chaos of Disciplines . University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-00101-2 . Oleson, Alexandra; Voss, John (1979). The Organization of knowledge in modern America, 1860–1920 . Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-2108-8 . US Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences. Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) . National Center for Education Statistics. External links Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP 2000) : Developed by the U.S. Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics to provide a taxonomic scheme that will support the accurate tracking, assessment, and reporting of fields of study and program completions activity. Complete JACS ( Joint Academic Classification of Subjects ) from Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) in the United Kingdom Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification (ANZSRC 2008) ( web-page Archived 2010-12-12 at the Wayback Machine ) Chapter 3 and Appendix 1: Fields of research classification. Fields of Knowledge , a zoomable map allowing the academic disciplines and sub-disciplines in this article be visualised. Sandoz, R. (ed.), Interactive Historical Atlas of the Disciplines , University of Geneva v t e Wikipedia outlines v t e General reference Culture and the arts Geography and places Health and fitness History and events Mathematics and logic Natural and physical sciences People and self Philosophy and thinking Religion and belief systems Society and social sciences Technology and applied sciences General reference Culture and the arts Geography and places Health and fitness History and events Mathematics and logic Natural and physical sciences People and self Philosophy and thinking Religion and belief systems Society and social sciences Technology and applied sciences Outlines of general reference Academic disciplines Educational classification systems Education-related lists Science-related lists Higher education-related lists Outlines Academia CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Webarchive template wayback links This page was last edited on 18 December 2025, at 21:11 (UTC) . 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–17 of 17 results for author: Silvello, G Show abstracts Hide abstracts arXiv:2601.10581 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.IR From Single to Multi-Agent Reasoning: Advancing GeneGPT for Genomics QA Authors: Kimia Abedini , Farzad Shami , Gianmaria Silvello Abstract : Comprehending genomic information is essential for biomedical research, yet extracting data from complex distributed databases remains challenging. Large language models (LLMs) offer potential for genomic Question Answering (QA) but face limitations due to restricted access to domain-specific databases. GeneGPT is the current state-of-the-art system that enhances LLMs by utilizing specialized API… ▽ More Comprehending genomic information is essential for biomedical research, yet extracting data from complex distributed databases remains challenging. Large language models (LLMs) offer potential for genomic Question Answering (QA) but face limitations due to restricted access to domain-specific databases. GeneGPT is the current state-of-the-art system that enhances LLMs by utilizing specialized API calls, though it is constrained by rigid API dependencies and limited adaptability. We replicate GeneGPT and propose GenomAgent, a multi-agent framework that efficiently coordinates specialized agents for complex genomics queries. Evaluated on nine tasks from the GeneTuring benchmark, GenomAgent outperforms GeneGPT by 12% on average, and its flexible architecture extends beyond genomics to various scientific domains needing expert knowledge extraction. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted paper by the 48th European Conference on Information Retrieval (ECIR'26) arXiv:2601.10581 [ pdf , ps , other ] From Single to Multi-Agent Reasoning: Advancing GeneGPT for Genomics QA Authors: Kimia Abedini , Farzad Shami , Gianmaria Silvello Abstract : Comprehending genomic information is essential for biomedical research, yet extracting data from complex distributed databases remains challenging. Large language models (LLMs) offer potential for genomic Question Answering (QA) but face limitations due to restricted access to domain-specific databases. GeneGPT is the current state-of-the-art system that enhances LLMs by utilizing specialized API… ▽ More Comprehending genomic information is essential for biomedical research, yet extracting data from complex distributed databases remains challenging. Large language models (LLMs) offer potential for genomic Question Answering (QA) but face limitations due to restricted access to domain-specific databases. GeneGPT is the current state-of-the-art system that enhances LLMs by utilizing specialized API calls, though it is constrained by rigid API dependencies and limited adaptability. We replicate GeneGPT and propose GenomAgent, a multi-agent framework that efficiently coordinates specialized agents for complex genomics queries. Evaluated on nine tasks from the GeneTuring benchmark, GenomAgent outperforms GeneGPT by 12% on average, and its flexible architecture extends beyond genomics to various scientific domains needing expert knowledge extraction. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted paper by the 48th European Conference on Information Retrieval (ECIR'26) arXiv:2601.06624 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Efficient and Reliable Estimation of Named Entity Linking Quality: A Case Study on GutBrainIE Authors: Marco Martinelli , Stefano Marchesin , Gianmaria Silvello Abstract : Named Entity Linking (NEL) is a core component of biomedical Information Extraction (IE) pipelines, yet assessing its quality at scale is challenging due to the high cost of expert annotations and the large size of corpora. In this paper, we present a sampling-based framework to estimate the NEL accuracy of large-scale IE corpora under statistical guarantees and constrained annotation budgets. We… ▽ More Named Entity Linking (NEL) is a core component of biomedical Information Extraction (IE) pipelines, yet assessing its quality at scale is challenging due to the high cost of expert annotations and the large size of corpora. In this paper, we present a sampling-based framework to estimate the NEL accuracy of large-scale IE corpora under statistical guarantees and constrained annotation budgets. We frame NEL accuracy estimation as a constrained optimization problem, where the objective is to minimize expected annotation cost subject to a target Margin of Error (MoE) for the corpus-level accuracy estimate. Building on recent works on knowledge graph accuracy estimation, we adapt Stratified Two-Stage Cluster Sampling (STWCS) to the NEL setting, defining label-based strata and global surface-form clusters in a way that is independent of NEL annotations. Applied to 11,184 NEL annotations in GutBrainIE -- a new biomedical corpus openly released in fall 2025 -- our framework reaches a MoE $\leq 0.05$ by manually annotating only 2,749 triples (24.6%), leading to an overall accuracy estimate of $0.915 \pm 0.0473$. A time-based cost model and simulations against a Simple Random Sampling (SRS) baseline show that our design reduces expert annotation time by about 29% at fixed sample size. The framework is generic and can be applied to other NEL benchmarks and IE pipelines that require scalable and statistically robust accuracy assessment. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Submitted to IRCDL 2026: 22nd Conference on Information and Research Science Connecting to Digital and Library Science, February 19-20 2026, Modena, Italy ACM Class: H.3; G.3; J.3 arXiv:2601.06624 [ pdf , ps , other ] Efficient and Reliable Estimation of Named Entity Linking Quality: A Case Study on GutBrainIE Authors: Marco Martinelli , Stefano Marchesin , Gianmaria Silvello Abstract : Named Entity Linking (NEL) is a core component of biomedical Information Extraction (IE) pipelines, yet assessing its quality at scale is challenging due to the high cost of expert annotations and the large size of corpora. In this paper, we present a sampling-based framework to estimate the NEL accuracy of large-scale IE corpora under statistical guarantees and constrained annotation budgets. We… ▽ More Named Entity Linking (NEL) is a core component of biomedical Information Extraction (IE) pipelines, yet assessing its quality at scale is challenging due to the high cost of expert annotations and the large size of corpora. In this paper, we present a sampling-based framework to estimate the NEL accuracy of large-scale IE corpora under statistical guarantees and constrained annotation budgets. We frame NEL accuracy estimation as a constrained optimization problem, where the objective is to minimize expected annotation cost subject to a target Margin of Error (MoE) for the corpus-level accuracy estimate. Building on recent works on knowledge graph accuracy estimation, we adapt Stratified Two-Stage Cluster Sampling (STWCS) to the NEL setting, defining label-based strata and global surface-form clusters in a way that is independent of NEL annotations. Applied to 11,184 NEL annotations in GutBrainIE -- a new biomedical corpus openly released in fall 2025 -- our framework reaches a MoE $\leq 0.05$ by manually annotating only 2,749 triples (24.6%), leading to an overall accuracy estimate of $0.915 \pm 0.0473$. A time-based cost model and simulations against a Simple Random Sampling (SRS) baseline show that our design reduces expert annotation time by about 29% at fixed sample size. The framework is generic and can be applied to other NEL benchmarks and IE pipelines that require scalable and statistically robust accuracy assessment. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Submitted to IRCDL 2026: 22nd Conference on Information and Research Science Connecting to Digital and Library Science, February 19-20 2026, Modena, Italy ACM Class: H.3; G.3; J.3 arXiv:2508.20554 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.IR Overview of BioASQ 2025: The Thirteenth BioASQ Challenge on Large-Scale Biomedical Semantic Indexing and Question Answering Authors: Anastasios Nentidis , Georgios Katsimpras , Anastasia Krithara , Martin Krallinger , Miguel Rodríguez-Ortega , Eduard Rodriguez-López , Natalia Loukachevitch , Andrey Sakhovskiy , Elena Tutubalina , Dimitris Dimitriadis , Grigorios Tsoumakas , George Giannakoulas , Alexandra Bekiaridou , Athanasios Samaras , Giorgio Maria Di Nunzio , Nicola Ferro , Stefano Marchesin , Marco Martinelli , Gianmaria Silvello , Georgios Paliouras Abstract : This is an overview of the thirteenth edition of the BioASQ challenge in the context of the Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum (CLEF) 2025. BioASQ is a series of international challenges promoting advances in large-scale biomedical semantic indexing and question answering. This year, BioASQ consisted of new editions of the two established tasks, b and Synergy, and four new tasks: a) Task… ▽ More This is an overview of the thirteenth edition of the BioASQ challenge in the context of the Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum (CLEF) 2025. BioASQ is a series of international challenges promoting advances in large-scale biomedical semantic indexing and question answering. This year, BioASQ consisted of new editions of the two established tasks, b and Synergy, and four new tasks: a) Task MultiClinSum on multilingual clinical summarization. b) Task BioNNE-L on nested named entity linking in Russian and English. c) Task ELCardioCC on clinical coding in cardiology. d) Task GutBrainIE on gut-brain interplay information extraction. In this edition of BioASQ, 83 competing teams participated with more than 1000 distinct submissions in total for the six different shared tasks of the challenge. Similar to previous editions, several participating systems achieved competitive performance, indicating the continuous advancement of the state-of-the-art in the field. △ Less Submitted 28 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. Comments: 26 pages, 17 tables, 1 figure arXiv:2508.20554 [ pdf , ps , other ] Overview of BioASQ 2025: The Thirteenth BioASQ Challenge on Large-Scale Biomedical Semantic Indexing and Question Answering Authors: Anastasios Nentidis , Georgios Katsimpras , Anastasia Krithara , Martin Krallinger , Miguel Rodríguez-Ortega , Eduard Rodriguez-López , Natalia Loukachevitch , Andrey Sakhovskiy , Elena Tutubalina , Dimitris Dimitriadis , Grigorios Tsoumakas , George Giannakoulas , Alexandra Bekiaridou , Athanasios Samaras , Giorgio Maria Di Nunzio , Nicola Ferro , Stefano Marchesin , Marco Martinelli , Gianmaria Silvello , Georgios Paliouras Abstract : This is an overview of the thirteenth edition of the BioASQ challenge in the context of the Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum (CLEF) 2025. BioASQ is a series of international challenges promoting advances in large-scale biomedical semantic indexing and question answering. This year, BioASQ consisted of new editions of the two established tasks, b and Synergy, and four new tasks: a) Task… ▽ More This is an overview of the thirteenth edition of the BioASQ challenge in the context of the Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum (CLEF) 2025. BioASQ is a series of international challenges promoting advances in large-scale biomedical semantic indexing and question answering. This year, BioASQ consisted of new editions of the two established tasks, b and Synergy, and four new tasks: a) Task MultiClinSum on multilingual clinical summarization. b) Task BioNNE-L on nested named entity linking in Russian and English. c) Task ELCardioCC on clinical coding in cardiology. d) Task GutBrainIE on gut-brain interplay information extraction. In this edition of BioASQ, 83 competing teams participated with more than 1000 distinct submissions in total for the six different shared tasks of the challenge. Similar to previous editions, several participating systems achieved competitive performance, indicating the continuous advancement of the state-of-the-art in the field. △ Less Submitted 28 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. Comments: 26 pages, 17 tables, 1 figure arXiv:2502.18961 [ pdf , other ] cs.DB doi 10.1145/3725279 Credible Intervals for Knowledge Graph Accuracy Estimation Authors: Stefano Marchesin , Gianmaria Silvello Abstract : Knowledge Graphs (KGs) are widely used in data-driven applications and downstream tasks, such as virtual assistants, recommendation systems, and semantic search. The accuracy of KGs directly impacts the reliability of the inferred knowledge and outcomes. Therefore, assessing the accuracy of a KG is essential for ensuring the quality of facts used in these tasks. However, the large size of real-wor… ▽ More Knowledge Graphs (KGs) are widely used in data-driven applications and downstream tasks, such as virtual assistants, recommendation systems, and semantic search. The accuracy of KGs directly impacts the reliability of the inferred knowledge and outcomes. Therefore, assessing the accuracy of a KG is essential for ensuring the quality of facts used in these tasks. However, the large size of real-world KGs makes manual triple-by-triple annotation impractical, thereby requiring sampling strategies to provide accuracy estimates with statistical guarantees. The current state-of-the-art approaches rely on Confidence Intervals (CIs), derived from frequentist statistics. While efficient, CIs have notable limitations and can lead to interpretation fallacies. In this paper, we propose to overcome the limitations of CIs by using \emph{Credible Intervals} (CrIs), which are grounded in Bayesian statistics. These intervals are more suitable for reliable post-data inference, particularly in KG accuracy evaluation. We prove that CrIs offer greater reliability and stronger guarantees than frequentist approaches in this context. Additionally, we introduce \emph{a}HPD, an adaptive algorithm that is more efficient for real-world KGs and statistically robust, addressing the interpretive challenges of CIs. △ Less Submitted 26 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. Comments: 26 pages Journal ref: Proc. ACM Manag. Data 3, 3 (SIGMOD), Article 142 (June 2025), 26 pages arXiv:2502.18961 [ pdf , other ] Credible Intervals for Knowledge Graph Accuracy Estimation Authors: Stefano Marchesin , Gianmaria Silvello Abstract : Knowledge Graphs (KGs) are widely used in data-driven applications and downstream tasks, such as virtual assistants, recommendation systems, and semantic search. The accuracy of KGs directly impacts the reliability of the inferred knowledge and outcomes. Therefore, assessing the accuracy of a KG is essential for ensuring the quality of facts used in these tasks. However, the large size of real-wor… ▽ More Knowledge Graphs (KGs) are widely used in data-driven applications and downstream tasks, such as virtual assistants, recommendation systems, and semantic search. The accuracy of KGs directly impacts the reliability of the inferred knowledge and outcomes. Therefore, assessing the accuracy of a KG is essential for ensuring the quality of facts used in these tasks. However, the large size of real-world KGs makes manual triple-by-triple annotation impractical, thereby requiring sampling strategies to provide accuracy estimates with statistical guarantees. The current state-of-the-art approaches rely on Confidence Intervals (CIs), derived from frequentist statistics. While efficient, CIs have notable limitations and can lead to interpretation fallacies. In this paper, we propose to overcome the limitations of CIs by using \emph{Credible Intervals} (CrIs), which are grounded in Bayesian statistics. These intervals are more suitable for reliable post-data inference, particularly in KG accuracy evaluation. We prove that CrIs offer greater reliability and stronger guarantees than frequentist approaches in this context. Additionally, we introduce \emph{a}HPD, an adaptive algorithm that is more efficient for real-world KGs and statistically robust, addressing the interpretive challenges of CIs. △ Less Submitted 26 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. Comments: 26 pages Journal ref: Proc. ACM Manag. Data 3, 3 (SIGMOD), Article 142 (June 2025), 26 pages arXiv:2502.06439 [ pdf , other ] cs.SE cs.AI cs.HC cs.LG Testing software for non-discrimination: an updated and extended audit in the Italian car insurance domain Authors: Marco Rondina , Antonio Vetrò , Riccardo Coppola , Oumaima Regragrui , Alessandro Fabris , Gianmaria Silvello , Gian Antonio Susto , Juan Carlos De Martin Abstract : Context. As software systems become more integrated into society's infrastructure, the responsibility of software professionals to ensure compliance with various non-functional requirements increases. These requirements include security, safety, privacy, and, increasingly, non-discrimination. Motivation. Fairness in pricing algorithms grants equitable access to basic services without discriminat… ▽ More Context. As software systems become more integrated into society's infrastructure, the responsibility of software professionals to ensure compliance with various non-functional requirements increases. These requirements include security, safety, privacy, and, increasingly, non-discrimination. Motivation. Fairness in pricing algorithms grants equitable access to basic services without discriminating on the basis of protected attributes. Method. We replicate a previous empirical study that used black box testing to audit pricing algorithms used by Italian car insurance companies, accessible through a popular online system. With respect to the previous study, we enlarged the number of tests and the number of demographic variables under analysis. Results. Our work confirms and extends previous findings, highlighting the problematic permanence of discrimination across time: demographic variables significantly impact pricing to this day, with birthplace remaining the main discriminatory factor against individuals not born in Italian cities. We also found that driver profiles can determine the number of quotes available to the user, denying equal opportunities to all. Conclusion. The study underscores the importance of testing for non-discrimination in software systems that affect people's everyday lives. Performing algorithmic audits over time makes it possible to evaluate the evolution of such algorithms. It also demonstrates the role that empirical software engineering can play in making software systems more accountable. △ Less Submitted 10 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. Comments: 14 pages, 1 figure arXiv:2502.06439 [ pdf , other ] Testing software for non-discrimination: an updated and extended audit in the Italian car insurance domain Authors: Marco Rondina , Antonio Vetrò , Riccardo Coppola , Oumaima Regragrui , Alessandro Fabris , Gianmaria Silvello , Gian Antonio Susto , Juan Carlos De Martin Abstract : Context. As software systems become more integrated into society's infrastructure, the responsibility of software professionals to ensure compliance with various non-functional requirements increases. These requirements include security, safety, privacy, and, increasingly, non-discrimination. Motivation. Fairness in pricing algorithms grants equitable access to basic services without discriminat… ▽ More Context. As software systems become more integrated into society's infrastructure, the responsibility of software professionals to ensure compliance with various non-functional requirements increases. These requirements include security, safety, privacy, and, increasingly, non-discrimination. Motivation. Fairness in pricing algorithms grants equitable access to basic services without discriminating on the basis of protected attributes. Method. We replicate a previous empirical study that used black box testing to audit pricing algorithms used by Italian car insurance companies, accessible through a popular online system. With respect to the previous study, we enlarged the number of tests and the number of demographic variables under analysis. Results. Our work confirms and extends previous findings, highlighting the problematic permanence of discrimination across time: demographic variables significantly impact pricing to this day, with birthplace remaining the main discriminatory factor against individuals not born in Italian cities. We also found that driver profiles can determine the number of quotes available to the user, denying equal opportunities to all. Conclusion. The study underscores the importance of testing for non-discrimination in software systems that affect people's everyday lives. Performing algorithmic audits over time makes it possible to evaluate the evolution of such algorithms. It also demonstrates the role that empirical software engineering can play in making software systems more accountable. △ Less Submitted 10 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. Comments: 14 pages, 1 figure arXiv:2408.09842 [ pdf , other ] cs.DB cs.DL Can we measure the impact of a database? Authors: Peter Buneman , Dennis Dosso , Matteo Lissandrini , Gianmaria Silvello , He Sun Abstract : In disseminating scientific and statistical data, on-line databases have almost completely replaced traditional paper-based media such as journals and reference works. Given this, can we measure the impact of a database in the same way that we measure an author's or journal's impact? To do this, we need somehow to represent a database as a set of publications, and databases typically allow a large… ▽ More In disseminating scientific and statistical data, on-line databases have almost completely replaced traditional paper-based media such as journals and reference works. Given this, can we measure the impact of a database in the same way that we measure an author's or journal's impact? To do this, we need somehow to represent a database as a set of publications, and databases typically allow a large number of possible decompositions into parts, any of which could be treated as a publication. We show that the definition of the h-index naturally extends to hierarchies, so that if a database admits some kind of hierarchical interpretation we can use this as one measure of the importance of a database; moreover, this can be computed as efficiently as one can compute the normal h-index. This also gives us a decomposition of the database that might be used for other purposes such as giving credit to the curators or contributors to the database. We illustrate the process by analyzing three widely used databases. △ Less Submitted 19 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024. Comments: 10 pages, 4 figures, accepted with minor in the Communications of the ACM arXiv:2408.09842 [ pdf , other ] Can we measure the impact of a database? Authors: Peter Buneman , Dennis Dosso , Matteo Lissandrini , Gianmaria Silvello , He Sun Abstract : In disseminating scientific and statistical data, on-line databases have almost completely replaced traditional paper-based media such as journals and reference works. Given this, can we measure the impact of a database in the same way that we measure an author's or journal's impact? To do this, we need somehow to represent a database as a set of publications, and databases typically allow a large… ▽ More In disseminating scientific and statistical data, on-line databases have almost completely replaced traditional paper-based media such as journals and reference works. Given this, can we measure the impact of a database in the same way that we measure an author's or journal's impact? To do this, we need somehow to represent a database as a set of publications, and databases typically allow a large number of possible decompositions into parts, any of which could be treated as a publication. We show that the definition of the h-index naturally extends to hierarchies, so that if a database admits some kind of hierarchical interpretation we can use this as one measure of the importance of a database; moreover, this can be computed as efficiently as one can compute the normal h-index. This also gives us a decomposition of the database that might be used for other purposes such as giving credit to the curators or contributors to the database. We illustrate the process by analyzing three widely used databases. △ Less Submitted 19 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024. Comments: 10 pages, 4 figures, accepted with minor in the Communications of the ACM arXiv:2406.14351 [ pdf , other ] eess.IV cs.AI cs.CV cs.LG Automatic Labels are as Effective as Manual Labels in Biomedical Images Classification with Deep Learning Authors: Niccolò Marini , Stefano Marchesin , Lluis Borras Ferris , Simon Püttmann , Marek Wodzinski , Riccardo Fratti , Damian Podareanu , Alessandro Caputo , Svetla Boytcheva , Simona Vatrano , Filippo Fraggetta , Iris Nagtegaal , Gianmaria Silvello , Manfredo Atzori , Henning Müller Abstract : The increasing availability of biomedical data is helping to design more robust deep learning (DL) algorithms to analyze biomedical samples. Currently, one of the main limitations to train DL algorithms to perform a specific task is the need for medical experts to label data. Automatic methods to label data exist, however automatic labels can be noisy and it is not completely clear when automatic… ▽ More The increasing availability of biomedical data is helping to design more robust deep learning (DL) algorithms to analyze biomedical samples. Currently, one of the main limitations to train DL algorithms to perform a specific task is the need for medical experts to label data. Automatic methods to label data exist, however automatic labels can be noisy and it is not completely clear when automatic labels can be adopted to train DL models. This paper aims to investigate under which circumstances automatic labels can be adopted to train a DL model on the classification of Whole Slide Images (WSI). The analysis involves multiple architectures, such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Vision Transformer (ViT), and over 10000 WSIs, collected from three use cases: celiac disease, lung cancer and colon cancer, which one including respectively binary, multiclass and multilabel data. The results allow identifying 10% as the percentage of noisy labels that lead to train competitive models for the classification of WSIs. Therefore, an algorithm generating automatic labels needs to fit this criterion to be adopted. The application of the Semantic Knowledge Extractor Tool (SKET) algorithm to generate automatic labels leads to performance comparable to the one obtained with manual labels, since it generates a percentage of noisy labels between 2-5%. Automatic labels are as effective as manual ones, reaching solid performance comparable to the one obtained training models with manual labels. △ Less Submitted 20 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024. Comments: pre-print of the journal paper arXiv:2406.14351 [ pdf , other ] Automatic Labels are as Effective as Manual Labels in Biomedical Images Classification with Deep Learning Authors: Niccolò Marini , Stefano Marchesin , Lluis Borras Ferris , Simon Püttmann , Marek Wodzinski , Riccardo Fratti , Damian Podareanu , Alessandro Caputo , Svetla Boytcheva , Simona Vatrano , Filippo Fraggetta , Iris Nagtegaal , Gianmaria Silvello , Manfredo Atzori , Henning Müller Abstract : The increasing availability of biomedical data is helping to design more robust deep learning (DL) algorithms to analyze biomedical samples. Currently, one of the main limitations to train DL algorithms to perform a specific task is the need for medical experts to label data. Automatic methods to label data exist, however automatic labels can be noisy and it is not completely clear when automatic… ▽ More The increasing availability of biomedical data is helping to design more robust deep learning (DL) algorithms to analyze biomedical samples. Currently, one of the main limitations to train DL algorithms to perform a specific task is the need for medical experts to label data. Automatic methods to label data exist, however automatic labels can be noisy and it is not completely clear when automatic labels can be adopted to train DL models. This paper aims to investigate under which circumstances automatic labels can be adopted to train a DL model on the classification of Whole Slide Images (WSI). The analysis involves multiple architectures, such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Vision Transformer (ViT), and over 10000 WSIs, collected from three use cases: celiac disease, lung cancer and colon cancer, which one including respectively binary, multiclass and multilabel data. The results allow identifying 10% as the percentage of noisy labels that lead to train competitive models for the classification of WSIs. Therefore, an algorithm generating automatic labels needs to fit this criterion to be adopted. The application of the Semantic Knowledge Extractor Tool (SKET) algorithm to generate automatic labels leads to performance comparable to the one obtained with manual labels, since it generates a percentage of noisy labels between 2-5%. Automatic labels are as effective as manual ones, reaching solid performance comparable to the one obtained training models with manual labels. △ Less Submitted 20 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024. Comments: pre-print of the journal paper arXiv:2202.06337 [ pdf , other ] cs.IR Learning to Rank from Relevance Judgments Distributions Authors: Alberto Purpura , Gianmaria Silvello , Gian Antonio Susto Abstract : Learning to Rank (LETOR) algorithms are usually trained on annotated corpora where a single relevance label is assigned to each available document-topic pair. Within the Cranfield framework, relevance labels result from merging either multiple expertly curated or crowdsourced human assessments. In this paper, we explore how to train LETOR models with relevance judgments distributions (either real… ▽ More Learning to Rank (LETOR) algorithms are usually trained on annotated corpora where a single relevance label is assigned to each available document-topic pair. Within the Cranfield framework, relevance labels result from merging either multiple expertly curated or crowdsourced human assessments. In this paper, we explore how to train LETOR models with relevance judgments distributions (either real or synthetically generated) assigned to document-topic pairs instead of single-valued relevance labels. We propose five new probabilistic loss functions to deal with the higher expressive power provided by relevance judgments distributions and show how they can be applied both to neural and GBM architectures. Moreover, we show how training a LETOR model on a sampled version of the relevance judgments from certain probability distributions can improve its performance when relying either on traditional or probabilistic loss functions. Finally, we validate our hypothesis on real-world crowdsourced relevance judgments distributions. Overall, we observe that relying on relevance judgments distributions to train different LETOR models can boost their performance and even outperform strong baselines such as LambdaMART on several test collections. △ Less Submitted 13 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022. arXiv:2202.06337 [ pdf , other ] Learning to Rank from Relevance Judgments Distributions Authors: Alberto Purpura , Gianmaria Silvello , Gian Antonio Susto Abstract : Learning to Rank (LETOR) algorithms are usually trained on annotated corpora where a single relevance label is assigned to each available document-topic pair. Within the Cranfield framework, relevance labels result from merging either multiple expertly curated or crowdsourced human assessments. In this paper, we explore how to train LETOR models with relevance judgments distributions (either real… ▽ More Learning to Rank (LETOR) algorithms are usually trained on annotated corpora where a single relevance label is assigned to each available document-topic pair. Within the Cranfield framework, relevance labels result from merging either multiple expertly curated or crowdsourced human assessments. In this paper, we explore how to train LETOR models with relevance judgments distributions (either real or synthetically generated) assigned to document-topic pairs instead of single-valued relevance labels. We propose five new probabilistic loss functions to deal with the higher expressive power provided by relevance judgments distributions and show how they can be applied both to neural and GBM architectures. Moreover, we show how training a LETOR model on a sampled version of the relevance judgments from certain probability distributions can improve its performance when relying either on traditional or probabilistic loss functions. Finally, we validate our hypothesis on real-world crowdsourced relevance judgments distributions. Overall, we observe that relying on relevance judgments distributions to train different LETOR models can boost their performance and even outperform strong baselines such as LambdaMART on several test collections. △ Less Submitted 13 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022. arXiv:2202.01711 [ pdf , other ] cs.CY doi 10.1007/s10618-022-00854-z Algorithmic Fairness Datasets: the Story so Far Authors: Alessandro Fabris , Stefano Messina , Gianmaria Silvello , Gian Antonio Susto Abstract : Data-driven algorithms are studied in diverse domains to support critical decisions, directly impacting people's well-being. As a result, a growing community of researchers has been investigating the equity of existing algorithms and proposing novel ones, advancing the understanding of risks and opportunities of automated decision-making for historically disadvantaged populations. Progress in fair… ▽ More Data-driven algorithms are studied in diverse domains to support critical decisions, directly impacting people's well-being. As a result, a growing community of researchers has been investigating the equity of existing algorithms and proposing novel ones, advancing the understanding of risks and opportunities of automated decision-making for historically disadvantaged populations. Progress in fair Machine Learning hinges on data, which can be appropriately used only if adequately documented. Unfortunately, the algorithmic fairness community suffers from a collective data documentation debt caused by a lack of information on specific resources (opacity) and scatteredness of available information (sparsity). In this work, we target data documentation debt by surveying over two hundred datasets employed in algorithmic fairness research, and producing standardized and searchable documentation for each of them. Moreover we rigorously identify the three most popular fairness datasets, namely Adult, COMPAS and German Credit, for which we compile in-depth documentation. This unifying documentation effort supports multiple contributions. Firstly, we summarize the merits and limitations of Adult, COMPAS and German Credit, adding to and unifying recent scholarship, calling into question their suitability as general-purpose fairness benchmarks. Secondly, we document and summarize hundreds of available alternatives, annotating their domain and supported fairness tasks, along with additional properties of interest for fairness researchers. Finally, we analyze these datasets from the perspective of five important data curation topics: anonymization, consent, inclusivity, sensitive attributes, and transparency. We discuss different approaches and levels of attention to these topics, making them tangible, and distill them into a set of best practices for the curation of novel resources. △ Less Submitted 26 September, 2022; v1 submitted 3 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022. Comments: Published in Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery arXiv:2202.01711 [ pdf , other ] Algorithmic Fairness Datasets: the Story so Far Authors: Alessandro Fabris , Stefano Messina , Gianmaria Silvello , Gian Antonio Susto Abstract : Data-driven algorithms are studied in diverse domains to support critical decisions, directly impacting people's well-being. As a result, a growing community of researchers has been investigating the equity of existing algorithms and proposing novel ones, advancing the understanding of risks and opportunities of automated decision-making for historically disadvantaged populations. Progress in fair… ▽ More Data-driven algorithms are studied in diverse domains to support critical decisions, directly impacting people's well-being. As a result, a growing community of researchers has been investigating the equity of existing algorithms and proposing novel ones, advancing the understanding of risks and opportunities of automated decision-making for historically disadvantaged populations. Progress in fair Machine Learning hinges on data, which can be appropriately used only if adequately documented. Unfortunately, the algorithmic fairness community suffers from a collective data documentation debt caused by a lack of information on specific resources (opacity) and scatteredness of available information (sparsity). In this work, we target data documentation debt by surveying over two hundred datasets employed in algorithmic fairness research, and producing standardized and searchable documentation for each of them. Moreover we rigorously identify the three most popular fairness datasets, namely Adult, COMPAS and German Credit, for which we compile in-depth documentation. This unifying documentation effort supports multiple contributions. Firstly, we summarize the merits and limitations of Adult, COMPAS and German Credit, adding to and unifying recent scholarship, calling into question their suitability as general-purpose fairness benchmarks. Secondly, we document and summarize hundreds of available alternatives, annotating their domain and supported fairness tasks, along with additional properties of interest for fairness researchers. Finally, we analyze these datasets from the perspective of five important data curation topics: anonymization, consent, inclusivity, sensitive attributes, and transparency. We discuss different approaches and levels of attention to these topics, making them tangible, and distill them into a set of best practices for the curation of novel resources. △ Less Submitted 26 September, 2022; v1 submitted 3 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022. Comments: Published in Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery arXiv:2110.15683 [ pdf , other ] cs.CY Incentives for Item Duplication under Fair Ranking Policies Authors: Giorgio Maria Di Nunzio , Alessandro Fabris , Gianmaria Silvello , Gian Antonio Susto Abstract : Ranking is a fundamental operation in information access systems, to filter information and direct user attention towards items deemed most relevant to them. Due to position bias, items of similar relevance may receive significantly different exposure, raising fairness concerns for item providers and motivating recent research into fair ranking. While the area has progressed dramatically over rece… ▽ More Ranking is a fundamental operation in information access systems, to filter information and direct user attention towards items deemed most relevant to them. Due to position bias, items of similar relevance may receive significantly different exposure, raising fairness concerns for item providers and motivating recent research into fair ranking. While the area has progressed dramatically over recent years, no study to date has investigated the potential problem posed by duplicated items. Duplicates and near-duplicates are common in several domains, including marketplaces and document collections available to search engines. In this work, we study the behaviour of different fair ranking policies in the presence of duplicates, quantifying the extra-exposure gained by redundant items. We find that fairness-aware ranking policies may conflict with diversity, due to their potential to incentivize duplication more than policies solely focused on relevance. This fact poses a problem for system owners who, as a result of this incentive, may have to deal with increased redundancy, which is at odds with user satisfaction. Finally, we argue that this aspect represents a blind spot in the normative reasoning underlying common fair ranking metrics, as rewarding providers who duplicate their items with increased exposure seems unfair for the remaining providers. △ Less Submitted 29 October, 2021; originally announced October 2021. arXiv:2110.15683 [ pdf , other ] Incentives for Item Duplication under Fair Ranking Policies Authors: Giorgio Maria Di Nunzio , Alessandro Fabris , Gianmaria Silvello , Gian Antonio Susto Abstract : Ranking is a fundamental operation in information access systems, to filter information and direct user attention towards items deemed most relevant to them. Due to position bias, items of similar relevance may receive significantly different exposure, raising fairness concerns for item providers and motivating recent research into fair ranking. While the area has progressed dramatically over rece… ▽ More Ranking is a fundamental operation in information access systems, to filter information and direct user attention towards items deemed most relevant to them. Due to position bias, items of similar relevance may receive significantly different exposure, raising fairness concerns for item providers and motivating recent research into fair ranking. While the area has progressed dramatically over recent years, no study to date has investigated the potential problem posed by duplicated items. Duplicates and near-duplicates are common in several domains, including marketplaces and document collections available to search engines. In this work, we study the behaviour of different fair ranking policies in the presence of duplicates, quantifying the extra-exposure gained by redundant items. We find that fairness-aware ranking policies may conflict with diversity, due to their potential to incentivize duplication more than policies solely focused on relevance. This fact poses a problem for system owners who, as a result of this incentive, may have to deal with increased redundancy, which is at odds with user satisfaction. Finally, we argue that this aspect represents a blind spot in the normative reasoning underlying common fair ranking metrics, as rewarding providers who duplicate their items with increased exposure seems unfair for the remaining providers. △ Less Submitted 29 October, 2021; originally announced October 2021. arXiv:2105.10174 [ pdf , other ] cs.CY Algorithmic Audit of Italian Car Insurance: Evidence of Unfairness in Access and Pricing Authors: Alessandro Fabris , Alan Mishler , Stefano Gottardi , Mattia Carletti , Matteo Daicampi , Gian Antonio Susto , Gianmaria Silvello Abstract : We conduct an audit of pricing algorithms employed by companies in the Italian car insurance industry, primarily by gathering quotes through a popular comparison website. While acknowledging the complexity of the industry, we find evidence of several problematic practices. We show that birthplace and gender have a direct and sizeable impact on the prices quoted to drivers, despite national and int… ▽ More We conduct an audit of pricing algorithms employed by companies in the Italian car insurance industry, primarily by gathering quotes through a popular comparison website. While acknowledging the complexity of the industry, we find evidence of several problematic practices. We show that birthplace and gender have a direct and sizeable impact on the prices quoted to drivers, despite national and international regulations against their use. Birthplace, in particular, is used quite frequently to the disadvantage of foreign-born drivers and drivers born in certain Italian cities. In extreme cases, a driver born in Laos may be charged 1,000 euros more than a driver born in Milan, all else being equal. For a subset of our sample, we collect quotes directly on a company website, where the direct influence of gender and birthplace is confirmed. Finally, we find that drivers with riskier profiles tend to see fewer quotes in the aggregator result pages, substantiating concerns of differential treatment raised in the past by Italian insurance regulators. △ Less Submitted 21 May, 2021; originally announced May 2021. Comments: To appear in the 4th AAAI/ACM conference on AIES (2021) arXiv:2105.10174 [ pdf , other ] Algorithmic Audit of Italian Car Insurance: Evidence of Unfairness in Access and Pricing Authors: Alessandro Fabris , Alan Mishler , Stefano Gottardi , Mattia Carletti , Matteo Daicampi , Gian Antonio Susto , Gianmaria Silvello Abstract : We conduct an audit of pricing algorithms employed by companies in the Italian car insurance industry, primarily by gathering quotes through a popular comparison website. While acknowledging the complexity of the industry, we find evidence of several problematic practices. We show that birthplace and gender have a direct and sizeable impact on the prices quoted to drivers, despite national and int… ▽ More We conduct an audit of pricing algorithms employed by companies in the Italian car insurance industry, primarily by gathering quotes through a popular comparison website. While acknowledging the complexity of the industry, we find evidence of several problematic practices. We show that birthplace and gender have a direct and sizeable impact on the prices quoted to drivers, despite national and international regulations against their use. Birthplace, in particular, is used quite frequently to the disadvantage of foreign-born drivers and drivers born in certain Italian cities. In extreme cases, a driver born in Laos may be charged 1,000 euros more than a driver born in Milan, all else being equal. For a subset of our sample, we collect quotes directly on a company website, where the direct influence of gender and birthplace is confirmed. Finally, we find that drivers with riskier profiles tend to see fewer quotes in the aggregator result pages, substantiating concerns of differential treatment raised in the past by Italian insurance regulators. △ Less Submitted 21 May, 2021; originally announced May 2021. Comments: To appear in the 4th AAAI/ACM conference on AIES (2021) arXiv:2102.11345 [ pdf , other ] cs.IR Neural Feature Selection for Learning to Rank Authors: Alberto Purpura , Karolina Buchner , Gianmaria Silvello , Gian Antonio Susto Abstract : LEarning TO Rank (LETOR) is a research area in the field of Information Retrieval (IR) where machine learning models are employed to rank a set of items. In the past few years, neural LETOR approaches have become a competitive alternative to traditional ones like LambdaMART. However, neural architectures performance grew proportionally to their complexity and size. This can be an obstacle for thei… ▽ More LEarning TO Rank (LETOR) is a research area in the field of Information Retrieval (IR) where machine learning models are employed to rank a set of items. In the past few years, neural LETOR approaches have become a competitive alternative to traditional ones like LambdaMART. However, neural architectures performance grew proportionally to their complexity and size. This can be an obstacle for their adoption in large-scale search systems where a model size impacts latency and update time. For this reason, we propose an architecture-agnostic approach based on a neural LETOR model to reduce the size of its input by up to 60% without affecting the system performance. This approach also allows to reduce a LETOR model complexity and, therefore, its training and inference time up to 50%. △ Less Submitted 22 February, 2021; originally announced February 2021. arXiv:2102.11345 [ pdf , other ] Neural Feature Selection for Learning to Rank Authors: Alberto Purpura , Karolina Buchner , Gianmaria Silvello , Gian Antonio Susto Abstract : LEarning TO Rank (LETOR) is a research area in the field of Information Retrieval (IR) where machine learning models are employed to rank a set of items. In the past few years, neural LETOR approaches have become a competitive alternative to traditional ones like LambdaMART. However, neural architectures performance grew proportionally to their complexity and size. This can be an obstacle for thei… ▽ More LEarning TO Rank (LETOR) is a research area in the field of Information Retrieval (IR) where machine learning models are employed to rank a set of items. In the past few years, neural LETOR approaches have become a competitive alternative to traditional ones like LambdaMART. However, neural architectures performance grew proportionally to their complexity and size. This can be an obstacle for their adoption in large-scale search systems where a model size impacts latency and update time. For this reason, we propose an architecture-agnostic approach based on a neural LETOR model to reduce the size of its input by up to 60% without affecting the system performance. This approach also allows to reduce a LETOR model complexity and, therefore, its training and inference time up to 50%. △ Less Submitted 22 February, 2021; originally announced February 2021. arXiv:2009.01334 [ pdf , other ] cs.CY Gender Stereotype Reinforcement: Measuring the Gender Bias Conveyed by Ranking Algorithms Authors: Alessandro Fabris , Alberto Purpura , Gianmaria Silvello , Gian Antonio Susto Abstract : Search Engines (SE) have been shown to perpetuate well-known gender stereotypes identified in psychology literature and to influence users accordingly. Similar biases were found encoded in Word Embeddings (WEs) learned from large online corpora. In this context, we propose the Gender Stereotype Reinforcement (GSR) measure, which quantifies the tendency of a SE to support gender stereotypes, levera… ▽ More Search Engines (SE) have been shown to perpetuate well-known gender stereotypes identified in psychology literature and to influence users accordingly. Similar biases were found encoded in Word Embeddings (WEs) learned from large online corpora. In this context, we propose the Gender Stereotype Reinforcement (GSR) measure, which quantifies the tendency of a SE to support gender stereotypes, leveraging gender-related information encoded in WEs. Through the critical lens of construct validity, we validate the proposed measure on synthetic and real collections. Subsequently, we use GSR to compare widely-used Information Retrieval ranking algorithms, including lexical, semantic, and neural models. We check if and how ranking algorithms based on WEs inherit the biases of the underlying embeddings. We also consider the most common debiasing approaches for WEs proposed in the literature and test their impact in terms of GSR and common performance measures. To the best of our knowledge, GSR is the first specifically tailored measure for IR, capable of quantifying representational harms. △ Less Submitted 2 September, 2020; originally announced September 2020. Comments: To appear in Information Processing & Management ACM Class: H.3.3 arXiv:2009.01334 [ pdf , other ] Gender Stereotype Reinforcement: Measuring the Gender Bias Conveyed by Ranking Algorithms Authors: Alessandro Fabris , Alberto Purpura , Gianmaria Silvello , Gian Antonio Susto Abstract : Search Engines (SE) have been shown to perpetuate well-known gender stereotypes identified in psychology literature and to influence users accordingly. Similar biases were found encoded in Word Embeddings (WEs) learned from large online corpora. In this context, we propose the Gender Stereotype Reinforcement (GSR) measure, which quantifies the tendency of a SE to support gender stereotypes, levera… ▽ More Search Engines (SE) have been shown to perpetuate well-known gender stereotypes identified in psychology literature and to influence users accordingly. Similar biases were found encoded in Word Embeddings (WEs) learned from large online corpora. In this context, we propose the Gender Stereotype Reinforcement (GSR) measure, which quantifies the tendency of a SE to support gender stereotypes, leveraging gender-related information encoded in WEs. Through the critical lens of construct validity, we validate the proposed measure on synthetic and real collections. Subsequently, we use GSR to compare widely-used Information Retrieval ranking algorithms, including lexical, semantic, and neural models. We check if and how ranking algorithms based on WEs inherit the biases of the underlying embeddings. We also consider the most common debiasing approaches for WEs proposed in the literature and test their impact in terms of GSR and common performance measures. To the best of our knowledge, GSR is the first specifically tailored measure for IR, capable of quantifying representational harms. △ Less Submitted 2 September, 2020; originally announced September 2020. Comments: To appear in Information Processing & Management ACM Class: H.3.3 arXiv:1905.01257 [ pdf , other ] cs.IR A Relation Extraction Approach for Clinical Decision Support Authors: Maristella Agosti , Giorgio Maria Di Nunzio , Stefano Marchesin , Gianmaria Silvello Abstract : In this paper, we investigate how semantic relations between concepts extracted from medical documents can be employed to improve the retrieval of medical literature. Semantic relations explicitly represent relatedness between concepts and carry high informative power that can be leveraged to improve the effectiveness of retrieval functionalities of clinical decision support systems. We present pr… ▽ More In this paper, we investigate how semantic relations between concepts extracted from medical documents can be employed to improve the retrieval of medical literature. Semantic relations explicitly represent relatedness between concepts and carry high informative power that can be leveraged to improve the effectiveness of retrieval functionalities of clinical decision support systems. We present preliminary results and show how relations are able to provide a sizable increase of the precision for several topics, albeit having no impact on others. We then discuss some future directions to minimize the impact of negative results while maximizing the impact of good results. △ Less Submitted 3 May, 2019; originally announced May 2019. Comments: 4 pages, 1 figure, DTMBio-KMH 2018, in conjunction with ACM 27th Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM), October 22-26 2018, Lingotto, Turin, Italy ACM Class: H.3.1; H.3.3 arXiv:1905.01257 [ pdf , other ] A Relation Extraction Approach for Clinical Decision Support Authors: Maristella Agosti , Giorgio Maria Di Nunzio , Stefano Marchesin , Gianmaria Silvello Abstract : In this paper, we investigate how semantic relations between concepts extracted from medical documents can be employed to improve the retrieval of medical literature. Semantic relations explicitly represent relatedness between concepts and carry high informative power that can be leveraged to improve the effectiveness of retrieval functionalities of clinical decision support systems. We present pr… ▽ More In this paper, we investigate how semantic relations between concepts extracted from medical documents can be employed to improve the retrieval of medical literature. Semantic relations explicitly represent relatedness between concepts and carry high informative power that can be leveraged to improve the effectiveness of retrieval functionalities of clinical decision support systems. We present preliminary results and show how relations are able to provide a sizable increase of the precision for several topics, albeit having no impact on others. We then discuss some future directions to minimize the impact of negative results while maximizing the impact of good results. △ Less Submitted 3 May, 2019; originally announced May 2019. Comments: 4 pages, 1 figure, DTMBio-KMH 2018, in conjunction with ACM 27th Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM), October 22-26 2018, Lingotto, Turin, Italy ACM Class: H.3.1; H.3.3 arXiv:1904.08754 [ pdf , other ] cs.IR A Progressive Visual Analytics Tool for Incremental Experimental Evaluation Authors: Fabio Giachelle , Gianmaria Silvello Abstract : This paper presents a visual tool, AVIATOR, that integrates the progressive visual analytics paradigm in the IR evaluation process. This tool serves to speed-up and facilitate the performance assessment of retrieval models enabling a result analysis through visual facilities. AVIATOR goes one step beyond the common "compute wait visualize" analytics paradigm, introducing a continuous evaluation me… ▽ More This paper presents a visual tool, AVIATOR, that integrates the progressive visual analytics paradigm in the IR evaluation process. This tool serves to speed-up and facilitate the performance assessment of retrieval models enabling a result analysis through visual facilities. AVIATOR goes one step beyond the common "compute wait visualize" analytics paradigm, introducing a continuous evaluation mechanism that minimizes human and computational resource consumption. △ Less Submitted 18 April, 2019; originally announced April 2019. arXiv:1904.08754 [ pdf , other ] A Progressive Visual Analytics Tool for Incremental Experimental Evaluation Authors: Fabio Giachelle , Gianmaria Silvello Abstract : This paper presents a visual tool, AVIATOR, that integrates the progressive visual analytics paradigm in the IR evaluation process. This tool serves to speed-up and facilitate the performance assessment of retrieval models enabling a result analysis through visual facilities. AVIATOR goes one step beyond the common "compute wait visualize" analytics paradigm, introducing a continuous evaluation me… ▽ More This paper presents a visual tool, AVIATOR, that integrates the progressive visual analytics paradigm in the IR evaluation process. This tool serves to speed-up and facilitate the performance assessment of retrieval models enabling a result analysis through visual facilities. AVIATOR goes one step beyond the common "compute wait visualize" analytics paradigm, introducing a continuous evaluation mechanism that minimizes human and computational resource consumption. △ Less Submitted 18 April, 2019; originally announced April 2019. arXiv:1901.11372 [ pdf , other ] cs.IR An InfoVis Tool for Interactive Component-Based Evaluation Authors: Giacomo Rocco , Gianmaria Silvello Abstract : In this paper, we present an InfoVis tool based on Sankey diagrams for the exploration of large combinatorial combinations of IR components - the Grid of Points (GoP). The goal of this tool is to ease the comprehension of the behavior of single IR components within fully functioning off-the-shelf IR systems without recurring to complex statistical tools. In this paper, we present an InfoVis tool based on Sankey diagrams for the exploration of large combinatorial combinations of IR components - the Grid of Points (GoP). The goal of this tool is to ease the comprehension of the behavior of single IR components within fully functioning off-the-shelf IR systems without recurring to complex statistical tools. △ Less Submitted 31 January, 2019; originally announced January 2019. Comments: 10 pages, 7 figures arXiv:1901.11372 [ pdf , other ] An InfoVis Tool for Interactive Component-Based Evaluation Authors: Giacomo Rocco , Gianmaria Silvello Abstract : In this paper, we present an InfoVis tool based on Sankey diagrams for the exploration of large combinatorial combinations of IR components - the Grid of Points (GoP). The goal of this tool is to ease the comprehension of the behavior of single IR components within fully functioning off-the-shelf IR systems without recurring to complex statistical tools. In this paper, we present an InfoVis tool based on Sankey diagrams for the exploration of large combinatorial combinations of IR components - the Grid of Points (GoP). The goal of this tool is to ease the comprehension of the behavior of single IR components within fully functioning off-the-shelf IR systems without recurring to complex statistical tools. △ Less Submitted 31 January, 2019; originally announced January 2019. Comments: 10 pages, 7 figures arXiv:1706.07976 [ pdf ] cs.DL doi 10.1002/asi.23917 Theory and Practice of Data Citation Authors: Gianmaria Silvello Abstract : Citations are the cornerstone of knowledge propagation and the primary means of assessing the quality of research, as well as directing investments in science. Science is increasingly becoming "data-intensive", where large volumes of data are collected and analyzed to discover complex patterns through simulations and experiments, and most scientific reference works have been replaced by online cur… ▽ More Citations are the cornerstone of knowledge propagation and the primary means of assessing the quality of research, as well as directing investments in science. Science is increasingly becoming "data-intensive", where large volumes of data are collected and analyzed to discover complex patterns through simulations and experiments, and most scientific reference works have been replaced by online curated datasets. Yet, given a dataset, there is no quantitative, consistent and established way of knowing how it has been used over time, who contributed to its curation, what results have been yielded or what value it has. The development of a theory and practice of data citation is fundamental for considering data as first-class research objects with the same relevance and centrality of traditional scientific products. Many works in recent years have discussed data citation from different viewpoints: illustrating why data citation is needed, defining the principles and outlining recommendations for data citation systems, and providing computational methods for addressing specific issues of data citation. The current panorama is many-faceted and an overall view that brings together diverse aspects of this topic is still missing. Therefore, this paper aims to describe the lay of the land for data citation, both from the theoretical (the why and what) and the practical (the how) angle. △ Less Submitted 24 June, 2017; originally announced June 2017. Comments: 24 pages, 2 tables, pre-print accepted in Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology (JASIST), 2017 Journal ref: Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 2017 arXiv:1706.07976 [ pdf ] Theory and Practice of Data Citation Authors: Gianmaria Silvello Abstract : Citations are the cornerstone of knowledge propagation and the primary means of assessing the quality of research, as well as directing investments in science. Science is increasingly becoming "data-intensive", where large volumes of data are collected and analyzed to discover complex patterns through simulations and experiments, and most scientific reference works have been replaced by online cur… ▽ More Citations are the cornerstone of knowledge propagation and the primary means of assessing the quality of research, as well as directing investments in science. Science is increasingly becoming "data-intensive", where large volumes of data are collected and analyzed to discover complex patterns through simulations and experiments, and most scientific reference works have been replaced by online curated datasets. Yet, given a dataset, there is no quantitative, consistent and established way of knowing how it has been used over time, who contributed to its curation, what results have been yielded or what value it has. The development of a theory and practice of data citation is fundamental for considering data as first-class research objects with the same relevance and centrality of traditional scientific products. Many works in recent years have discussed data citation from different viewpoints: illustrating why data citation is needed, defining the principles and outlining recommendations for data citation systems, and providing computational methods for addressing specific issues of data citation. The current panorama is many-faceted and an overall view that brings together diverse aspects of this topic is still missing. Therefore, this paper aims to describe the lay of the land for data citation, both from the theoretical (the why and what) and the practical (the how) angle. △ Less Submitted 24 June, 2017; originally announced June 2017. Comments: 24 pages, 2 tables, pre-print accepted in Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology (JASIST), 2017 Journal ref: Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 2017 About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Jani likulu Vidumbizgano vya chikaya Vakuchitika vasono Kusintha kuphya Jani lililose Wovwili Vyakuti vinozgeke Mafumbo Mazgo ghakomi Need for Fix Need for Review Home pages Home templates Chakupeleka Panga akaunti Njila Chakupeleka Panga akaunti Njila Jani likulu Jani likulu Kudumbizgana Ŵelengani Wona source Kuona umo mayambilo Ŵelengani Wona source Kuona umo mayambilo Ivo vikwiza pano Vyaku sintha Kwezgela chinthu Link yakukhalilila Va jani lino Ikilani umboni jani ili Penjani URL yakufupikizgika Sangululani kodi ya QR Switch to legacy parser Create a book Sangulula nga PDF Mtundu wakuprintika Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata chinthu .mw-parser-output .globgris{overflow:hidden;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:-40px -15px;width:100%;border:1.5px solid #ADF7F0;vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .globgris-inner{width:100%;margin-bottom:2px;vertical-align:top;font-size:95%;background:transparent}@media screen and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output td,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output tr,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mp-column,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .floatleft,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .floatright,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output tbody,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table{display:block!important;float:none!important;width:100%!important;height:auto!important;box-sizing:border-box}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output table a:not(.mw-selflink):not(.new){color:var(--color-progressive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output table a.new{color:var(--color-destructive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output table a.mw-selflink{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output table a:not(.mw-selflink):not(.new){color:var(--color-progressive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output table a.new{color:var(--color-destructive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output table a.mw-selflink{color:inherit!important}} Mwapokeleleka pa Wikipediya ya Chitumbuka Nkhokwe ya ulele iyo waliyose wangasazgapo ivyo wakumanya . Mindandanda: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Mobile View | Desktop View Pa sono tina vyakulemba 18,799 Tina ŵalembi ŵakukwana 23 Ma admin ghalipo 4 Vyakulemba: Malaŵi · Zambia · Tanzania · Rumphi · Lundazi · Chasefu · Chasefu · Mzimba · Mzalangwe · Mzuzu · Ekwendeni –– Sayansi · Umoyo · AIDS · Lulombo · Covid-19 · Muluzi · Kamuzu · Chihana · Chiuta –– Tumbuka Wiktionary Nkhani ya mwahuno Vimbuza ni gule uwo ukuvinika pakati pa ŵaTumbuka ŵaku Malaŵi na Zambia , na pachoko ku mpoto kwa charu cha Tanzania . Gule uwu una ntchito zinandi ndipo imoza mwa ntchito ya nkhuchizga nthenda za mizimu zakupambanapambana, ndiposo ni gule wachisangulusko. Vimbuza vikuvinika chomene mu boma la Rumphi, Mzimba , Lundazi , Lumezi , Chasefu na Karonga . Vimbuza yichali kuchitika mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi uko kuli ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Tumbuku, kweni matchalitchi gha Cikhristu na vyakurya vya mazuŵa ghano vikulutilira kuyuzga ŵanthu. ( Nkhani yose... ) Kasi mukumanya? Chipopoma cha Victoria ...viliŵa vya miphyephye ku Zambia vingakura nga ni nyumba. Ndipo pali malo ghakukwana kuti munthu wangakwerapo? ... kuti Zambia ni caru cambura nyanja? Charu cha Zambia chili kuzingilizgika na vyaru vinkhondi na viŵiri: DRC Congo , Tanzania , Malawi , Mozambique , [[Angola], Namibia na Zimbabwe . ... kuti zina linyake la Victoria Falls ni Mosi-oa-Tunya? ... kuti mu Afilika kuli vyaru 54? Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni Egypt , Kenya , Nigeria , na Ethiopia . ... kuti Chipululu cha Sahara ndicho ntchikuru chomene pa charu chose chapasi? Cirwa ici cili pa malo ghatatu pa mapopa ghakurughakuru pa caru cose capasi, ndipo cikuluska mapopa gha ku Antarctica na kumpoto kwa Arctic pera. ... kuti Mlonga wa Nile ndiwo utali comene pa caru cose capasi, nangauli ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti mlonga wa Amazon utali comene? Mlonga uwu ukusolota mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ndipo ndiwo ukupeleka maji ku vyaru vya Egypt , Sudan , na South Sudan. ... Nyengo zinyake caru ca Africa cikucemeka kuti Ciphukutu ca Ŵanthu cifukwa ca viswaswa vinandi, ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwamba ŵakababikira mu caru ici. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakaŵako pambere ŵanthu ŵandalengeke, ndipo ndimo tiliri nase. ... kuti Chiarabu ndicho chikuyowoyeka comene mu Africa. .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Mu nkhani Ku South Korea, ŵanthu 40 ŵali kufwa ndipo ŵanyake 6 ŵakusoŵa chifukwa cha kusefukila kwa maji. vinandi... Ku United States, ŵantchito ŵa SAG-AFTRA ŵakamba kugwira nchito, ndipo ŵakakolerana na ŵalembi ŵa Writers Guild of America nakunyanyala kwa kulongolela. vinandi... Kusefukila kwa maji ku Korea Milan Kundera , uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa ku Czech na France , wali kufwa na vilimika 94. Mu Netherlands, boma la boma likamara ndipo nduna yikuru Mark Rutte yikapharazga kuti yikukhumba kufumamo. ' Mbili ya vyakuchitika Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha Ghana Kwame Nkrumah 1492-01-19 Vinthu vyakovwira kuzenga nyumba ya malonda ya ku Portugal ya Castelo de São Jorge da Mina (Elmina Castle) vikafika ku Gold Coast (sono ni Ghana), nyumba yakwamba ya ku Europe kumwera kwa Sahara 1665-02-27 Nkhondo ya ku Elmina, Gold Coast: Vice-Admiral De Ruyter wakathereska ŵa England 1824-01-22 Ashanti ŵakuthereska ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ku Gold Coast Mbendela ya Ghana 1894-02-16 Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakunjira mu Ilorin, Gold Coast 1897-01-26 Nkhondo ya ku Bida Gold Coast: Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Nupe 1900-10-04 Pa nkhondo yaumaliro, ŵanthu ŵa Ashanti pafupifupi 4,000 ŵakathereskeka na Ŵabritish ku Gold Coast (Ghana) 1951-02-11 Kwame Nkrumah na chipani chake cha Convention People's Party ŵakutonda pa chisankho chakwamba ku Gold Coast (Ghana) 1957-03-04 Gold Coast yasintha zina lake kuŵa Ghana pambere yindajilamulire 1960-12-05 Ghana yikumazga ubwezi na Belgium 1957-03-06 Ghana (kale Gold Coast) yikupharazga wanangwa wake ku UK 1960-07-01 Ghana yikuzgoka repubulika 1964-01-02 Kuyezgereka kuti wakome Pulezidenti Kwame Nkrumah wa ku Ghana 1979-09-24 Ghana yikapokelera dango Vyaru vyamu Afilika Rwanda Algeria ● Angola ● Benin ● Botswana ● Burkina Faso ● Burundi ● Cameroon ● Canary Islands ● Cape Verde ● Central African Republic ● Chad ● Comoros ● Côte d'Ivoire ● Democratic Republic of the Congo ● Djibouti ● Egypt ● Equatorial Guinea ● Eritrea ● Eswatini ● Ethiopia ● Gabon ● Gambia ● Ghana ● Guinea ● Guinea-Bissau ● Kenya ● Lesotho ● Liberia ● Libya ● Madagascar ● Malawi ● Mali ● Mauritania ● Mauritius ● Mayotte ● Morocco ● Mozambique ● Namibia ● Niger ● Nigeria ● Republic of Congo ● Réunion ● Rwanda ● Saint Helena ● São Tomé and Príncipe ● Senegal ● Seychelles ● Sierra Leone ● Somalia ● South Africa ● Sudan ● South Sudan ● Tanzania ● Togo ● Tunisia ● Uganda ● Western Sahara ● Zambia ● Zimbabwe Chithuzi cha mwahuno (Muzaoneposo machelo) Anguish (French: Angoisses or Angoisse) ni cithuzithuzi ca August Friedrich Schenck ca mu 1878. Pa cithuzithuzi ici pali cithuzithuzi ca mberere yaciwukirano iyo yikukhala pafupi na citanda ca mberere yake, ndipo yili kuzingilizgika na zombe. Cithuzithuzi ca Schenck nchakumanyikwa comene, ndipo cikuŵikika mu National Gallery of Victoria, ku Melbourne, Australia, kwambira mu 1880. Chithuzi ichi chikaŵa chichoko chomene ndipo chikaŵa na vyaka vichoko waka kufuma apo chikapangikira. Ndipo pa vinthu 75,000 ivyo vikaŵa mu nyumba iyi, chikaŵa chiwemi chomene. Pa cithuzithuzi ici pali cithuzithuzi ca mberere iyo yikulira cifukwa ca citima. Mwanamberere wakwimilira pa chitanda cha mwana wake, ndipo ndopa zikufuma mu mulomo wake na kuwira mu chiwuvi chituŵa. Mberere ziŵiri izi zikazingilizgika na nkharamu zakufipa izo zikambininika mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, zikulindilira kuti zikome nyama. Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: Balambala — Tulsi — Mircha Wikipediya zinyake zamu Afilika Akan • Luganda • Gĩkũyũ • Hausa • Igbo • KiKongo • Lingala • Kirundi • Ikinyarwanda • chiShona • Sesotho • Sesotho sa leboa • Kiswahili • SiSwati • Xitsonga • Setswana • Tshivenda • isiXhosa • Yorùbá • isiZulu • Wikipediya zose – Wikipedia ya vitundu vyose – Kuyambiska Wikipediya Refresh home page Mwapokeleleka pa Wikipediya ya Chitumbuka Nkhokwe ya ulele iyo waliyose wangasazgapo ivyo wakumanya . Mindandanda: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Mobile View | Desktop View Pa sono tina vyakulemba 18,799 Tina ŵalembi ŵakukwana 23 Ma admin ghalipo 4 Vyakulemba: Malaŵi · Zambia · Tanzania · Rumphi · Lundazi · Chasefu · Chasefu · Mzimba · Mzalangwe · Mzuzu · Ekwendeni –– Sayansi · Umoyo · AIDS · Lulombo · Covid-19 · Muluzi · Kamuzu · Chihana · Chiuta –– Mwapokeleleka pa Wikipediya ya Chitumbuka Nkhokwe ya ulele iyo waliyose wangasazgapo ivyo wakumanya . Mindandanda: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Mobile View | Desktop View Pa sono tina vyakulemba 18,799 Tina ŵalembi ŵakukwana 23 Ma admin ghalipo 4 Mobile View | Desktop View Tina ŵalembi ŵakukwana 23 Ma admin ghalipo 4 Vyakulemba: Malaŵi · Zambia · Tanzania · Rumphi · Lundazi · Chasefu · Chasefu · Mzimba · Mzalangwe · Mzuzu · Ekwendeni –– Sayansi · Umoyo · AIDS · Lulombo · Covid-19 · Muluzi · Kamuzu · Chihana · Chiuta –– Vyakulemba: Malaŵi · Zambia · Tanzania · Rumphi · Lundazi · Chasefu · Chasefu · Mzimba · Mzalangwe · Mzuzu · Ekwendeni –– Sayansi · Umoyo · AIDS · Lulombo · Covid-19 · Muluzi · Kamuzu · Chihana · Chiuta –– Tumbuka Wiktionary Nkhani ya mwahuno Vimbuza ni gule uwo ukuvinika pakati pa ŵaTumbuka ŵaku Malaŵi na Zambia , na pachoko ku mpoto kwa charu cha Tanzania . Gule uwu una ntchito zinandi ndipo imoza mwa ntchito ya nkhuchizga nthenda za mizimu zakupambanapambana, ndiposo ni gule wachisangulusko. Vimbuza vikuvinika chomene mu boma la Rumphi, Mzimba , Lundazi , Lumezi , Chasefu na Karonga . Vimbuza yichali kuchitika mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi uko kuli ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Tumbuku, kweni matchalitchi gha Cikhristu na vyakurya vya mazuŵa ghano vikulutilira kuyuzga ŵanthu. ( Nkhani yose... ) Kasi mukumanya? Chipopoma cha Victoria ...viliŵa vya miphyephye ku Zambia vingakura nga ni nyumba. Ndipo pali malo ghakukwana kuti munthu wangakwerapo? ... kuti Zambia ni caru cambura nyanja? Charu cha Zambia chili kuzingilizgika na vyaru vinkhondi na viŵiri: DRC Congo , Tanzania , Malawi , Mozambique , [[Angola], Namibia na Zimbabwe . ... kuti zina linyake la Victoria Falls ni Mosi-oa-Tunya? ... kuti mu Afilika kuli vyaru 54? Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni Egypt , Kenya , Nigeria , na Ethiopia . ... kuti Chipululu cha Sahara ndicho ntchikuru chomene pa charu chose chapasi? Cirwa ici cili pa malo ghatatu pa mapopa ghakurughakuru pa caru cose capasi, ndipo cikuluska mapopa gha ku Antarctica na kumpoto kwa Arctic pera. ... kuti Mlonga wa Nile ndiwo utali comene pa caru cose capasi, nangauli ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti mlonga wa Amazon utali comene? Mlonga uwu ukusolota mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ndipo ndiwo ukupeleka maji ku vyaru vya Egypt , Sudan , na South Sudan. ... Nyengo zinyake caru ca Africa cikucemeka kuti Ciphukutu ca Ŵanthu cifukwa ca viswaswa vinandi, ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwamba ŵakababikira mu caru ici. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakaŵako pambere ŵanthu ŵandalengeke, ndipo ndimo tiliri nase. ... kuti Chiarabu ndicho chikuyowoyeka comene mu Africa. .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Nkhani ya mwahuno Nkhani ya mwahuno Nkhani ya mwahuno Vimbuza ni gule uwo ukuvinika pakati pa ŵaTumbuka ŵaku Malaŵi na Zambia , na pachoko ku mpoto kwa charu cha Tanzania . Gule uwu una ntchito zinandi ndipo imoza mwa ntchito ya nkhuchizga nthenda za mizimu zakupambanapambana, ndiposo ni gule wachisangulusko. Vimbuza vikuvinika chomene mu boma la Rumphi, Mzimba , Lundazi , Lumezi , Chasefu na Karonga . Vimbuza yichali kuchitika mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi uko kuli ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Tumbuku, kweni matchalitchi gha Cikhristu na vyakurya vya mazuŵa ghano vikulutilira kuyuzga ŵanthu. ( Nkhani yose... ) Vimbuza ni gule uwo ukuvinika pakati pa ŵaTumbuka ŵaku Malaŵi na Zambia , na pachoko ku mpoto kwa charu cha Tanzania . Gule uwu una ntchito zinandi ndipo imoza mwa ntchito ya nkhuchizga nthenda za mizimu zakupambanapambana, ndiposo ni gule wachisangulusko. Vimbuza vikuvinika chomene mu boma la Rumphi, Mzimba , Lundazi , Lumezi , Chasefu na Karonga . Vimbuza yichali kuchitika mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi uko kuli ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Tumbuku, kweni matchalitchi gha Cikhristu na vyakurya vya mazuŵa ghano vikulutilira kuyuzga ŵanthu. ( Nkhani yose... ) Kasi mukumanya? Kasi mukumanya? Kasi mukumanya? Chipopoma cha Victoria ...viliŵa vya miphyephye ku Zambia vingakura nga ni nyumba. Ndipo pali malo ghakukwana kuti munthu wangakwerapo? ... kuti Zambia ni caru cambura nyanja? Charu cha Zambia chili kuzingilizgika na vyaru vinkhondi na viŵiri: DRC Congo , Tanzania , Malawi , Mozambique , [[Angola], Namibia na Zimbabwe . ... kuti zina linyake la Victoria Falls ni Mosi-oa-Tunya? ... kuti mu Afilika kuli vyaru 54? Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni Egypt , Kenya , Nigeria , na Ethiopia . ... kuti Chipululu cha Sahara ndicho ntchikuru chomene pa charu chose chapasi? Cirwa ici cili pa malo ghatatu pa mapopa ghakurughakuru pa caru cose capasi, ndipo cikuluska mapopa gha ku Antarctica na kumpoto kwa Arctic pera. ... kuti Mlonga wa Nile ndiwo utali comene pa caru cose capasi, nangauli ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti mlonga wa Amazon utali comene? Mlonga uwu ukusolota mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ndipo ndiwo ukupeleka maji ku vyaru vya Egypt , Sudan , na South Sudan. ... Nyengo zinyake caru ca Africa cikucemeka kuti Ciphukutu ca Ŵanthu cifukwa ca viswaswa vinandi, ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwamba ŵakababikira mu caru ici. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakaŵako pambere ŵanthu ŵandalengeke, ndipo ndimo tiliri nase. ... kuti Chiarabu ndicho chikuyowoyeka comene mu Africa. .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} ...viliŵa vya miphyephye ku Zambia vingakura nga ni nyumba. Ndipo pali malo ghakukwana kuti munthu wangakwerapo? ... kuti Zambia ni caru cambura nyanja? Charu cha Zambia chili kuzingilizgika na vyaru vinkhondi na viŵiri: DRC Congo , Tanzania , Malawi , Mozambique , [[Angola], Namibia na Zimbabwe . ... kuti zina linyake la Victoria Falls ni Mosi-oa-Tunya? ... kuti mu Afilika kuli vyaru 54? Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni Egypt , Kenya , Nigeria , na Ethiopia . ... kuti Chipululu cha Sahara ndicho ntchikuru chomene pa charu chose chapasi? Cirwa ici cili pa malo ghatatu pa mapopa ghakurughakuru pa caru cose capasi, ndipo cikuluska mapopa gha ku Antarctica na kumpoto kwa Arctic pera. ... kuti Mlonga wa Nile ndiwo utali comene pa caru cose capasi, nangauli ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti mlonga wa Amazon utali comene? Mlonga uwu ukusolota mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ndipo ndiwo ukupeleka maji ku vyaru vya Egypt , Sudan , na South Sudan. ... Nyengo zinyake caru ca Africa cikucemeka kuti Ciphukutu ca Ŵanthu cifukwa ca viswaswa vinandi, ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwamba ŵakababikira mu caru ici. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakaŵako pambere ŵanthu ŵandalengeke, ndipo ndimo tiliri nase. ... kuti Chiarabu ndicho chikuyowoyeka comene mu Africa. Mu nkhani Ku South Korea, ŵanthu 40 ŵali kufwa ndipo ŵanyake 6 ŵakusoŵa chifukwa cha kusefukila kwa maji. vinandi... Ku United States, ŵantchito ŵa SAG-AFTRA ŵakamba kugwira nchito, ndipo ŵakakolerana na ŵalembi ŵa Writers Guild of America nakunyanyala kwa kulongolela. vinandi... Kusefukila kwa maji ku Korea Milan Kundera , uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa ku Czech na France , wali kufwa na vilimika 94. Mu Netherlands, boma la boma likamara ndipo nduna yikuru Mark Rutte yikapharazga kuti yikukhumba kufumamo. ' Mbili ya vyakuchitika Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha Ghana Kwame Nkrumah 1492-01-19 Vinthu vyakovwira kuzenga nyumba ya malonda ya ku Portugal ya Castelo de São Jorge da Mina (Elmina Castle) vikafika ku Gold Coast (sono ni Ghana), nyumba yakwamba ya ku Europe kumwera kwa Sahara 1665-02-27 Nkhondo ya ku Elmina, Gold Coast: Vice-Admiral De Ruyter wakathereska ŵa England 1824-01-22 Ashanti ŵakuthereska ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ku Gold Coast Mbendela ya Ghana 1894-02-16 Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakunjira mu Ilorin, Gold Coast 1897-01-26 Nkhondo ya ku Bida Gold Coast: Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Nupe 1900-10-04 Pa nkhondo yaumaliro, ŵanthu ŵa Ashanti pafupifupi 4,000 ŵakathereskeka na Ŵabritish ku Gold Coast (Ghana) 1951-02-11 Kwame Nkrumah na chipani chake cha Convention People's Party ŵakutonda pa chisankho chakwamba ku Gold Coast (Ghana) 1957-03-04 Gold Coast yasintha zina lake kuŵa Ghana pambere yindajilamulire 1960-12-05 Ghana yikumazga ubwezi na Belgium 1957-03-06 Ghana (kale Gold Coast) yikupharazga wanangwa wake ku UK 1960-07-01 Ghana yikuzgoka repubulika 1964-01-02 Kuyezgereka kuti wakome Pulezidenti Kwame Nkrumah wa ku Ghana 1979-09-24 Ghana yikapokelera dango Mu nkhani Mu nkhani Mu nkhani Ku South Korea, ŵanthu 40 ŵali kufwa ndipo ŵanyake 6 ŵakusoŵa chifukwa cha kusefukila kwa maji. vinandi... Ku United States, ŵantchito ŵa SAG-AFTRA ŵakamba kugwira nchito, ndipo ŵakakolerana na ŵalembi ŵa Writers Guild of America nakunyanyala kwa kulongolela. vinandi... Kusefukila kwa maji ku Korea Milan Kundera , uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa ku Czech na France , wali kufwa na vilimika 94. Mu Netherlands, boma la boma likamara ndipo nduna yikuru Mark Rutte yikapharazga kuti yikukhumba kufumamo. ' Ku South Korea, ŵanthu 40 ŵali kufwa ndipo ŵanyake 6 ŵakusoŵa chifukwa cha kusefukila kwa maji. vinandi... Ku United States, ŵantchito ŵa SAG-AFTRA ŵakamba kugwira nchito, ndipo ŵakakolerana na ŵalembi ŵa Writers Guild of America nakunyanyala kwa kulongolela. vinandi... Milan Kundera , uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa ku Czech na France , wali kufwa na vilimika 94. Mu Netherlands, boma la boma likamara ndipo nduna yikuru Mark Rutte yikapharazga kuti yikukhumba kufumamo. Mbili ya vyakuchitika Mbili ya vyakuchitika Mbili ya vyakuchitika Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha Ghana Kwame Nkrumah 1492-01-19 Vinthu vyakovwira kuzenga nyumba ya malonda ya ku Portugal ya Castelo de São Jorge da Mina (Elmina Castle) vikafika ku Gold Coast (sono ni Ghana), nyumba yakwamba ya ku Europe kumwera kwa Sahara 1665-02-27 Nkhondo ya ku Elmina, Gold Coast: Vice-Admiral De Ruyter wakathereska ŵa England 1824-01-22 Ashanti ŵakuthereska ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ku Gold Coast Mbendela ya Ghana 1894-02-16 Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakunjira mu Ilorin, Gold Coast 1897-01-26 Nkhondo ya ku Bida Gold Coast: Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Nupe 1900-10-04 Pa nkhondo yaumaliro, ŵanthu ŵa Ashanti pafupifupi 4,000 ŵakathereskeka na Ŵabritish ku Gold Coast (Ghana) 1951-02-11 Kwame Nkrumah na chipani chake cha Convention People's Party ŵakutonda pa chisankho chakwamba ku Gold Coast (Ghana) 1957-03-04 Gold Coast yasintha zina lake kuŵa Ghana pambere yindajilamulire 1960-12-05 Ghana yikumazga ubwezi na Belgium 1957-03-06 Ghana (kale Gold Coast) yikupharazga wanangwa wake ku UK 1960-07-01 Ghana yikuzgoka repubulika 1964-01-02 Kuyezgereka kuti wakome Pulezidenti Kwame Nkrumah wa ku Ghana 1979-09-24 Ghana yikapokelera dango 1492-01-19 Vinthu vyakovwira kuzenga nyumba ya malonda ya ku Portugal ya Castelo de São Jorge da Mina (Elmina Castle) vikafika ku Gold Coast (sono ni Ghana), nyumba yakwamba ya ku Europe kumwera kwa Sahara 1665-02-27 Nkhondo ya ku Elmina, Gold Coast: Vice-Admiral De Ruyter wakathereska ŵa England 1824-01-22 Ashanti ŵakuthereska ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ku Gold Coast 1894-02-16 Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakunjira mu Ilorin, Gold Coast 1897-01-26 Nkhondo ya ku Bida Gold Coast: Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Nupe 1900-10-04 Pa nkhondo yaumaliro, ŵanthu ŵa Ashanti pafupifupi 4,000 ŵakathereskeka na Ŵabritish ku Gold Coast (Ghana) 1951-02-11 Kwame Nkrumah na chipani chake cha Convention People's Party ŵakutonda pa chisankho chakwamba ku Gold Coast (Ghana) 1957-03-04 Gold Coast yasintha zina lake kuŵa Ghana pambere yindajilamulire 1960-12-05 Ghana yikumazga ubwezi na Belgium 1957-03-06 Ghana (kale Gold Coast) yikupharazga wanangwa wake ku UK 1960-07-01 Ghana yikuzgoka repubulika 1964-01-02 Kuyezgereka kuti wakome Pulezidenti Kwame Nkrumah wa ku Ghana 1979-09-24 Ghana yikapokelera dango Vyaru vyamu Afilika Rwanda Algeria ● Angola ● Benin ● Botswana ● Burkina Faso ● Burundi ● Cameroon ● Canary Islands ● Cape Verde ● Central African Republic ● Chad ● Comoros ● Côte d'Ivoire ● Democratic Republic of the Congo ● Djibouti ● Egypt ● Equatorial Guinea ● Eritrea ● Eswatini ● Ethiopia ● Gabon ● Gambia ● Ghana ● Guinea ● Guinea-Bissau ● Kenya ● Lesotho ● Liberia ● Libya ● Madagascar ● Malawi ● Mali ● Mauritania ● Mauritius ● Mayotte ● Morocco ● Mozambique ● Namibia ● Niger ● Nigeria ● Republic of Congo ● Réunion ● Rwanda ● Saint Helena ● São Tomé and Príncipe ● Senegal ● Seychelles ● Sierra Leone ● Somalia ● South Africa ● Sudan ● South Sudan ● Tanzania ● Togo ● Tunisia ● Uganda ● Western Sahara ● Zambia ● Zimbabwe Vyaru vyamu Afilika Vyaru vyamu Afilika Vyaru vyamu Afilika Rwanda Algeria ● Angola ● Benin ● Botswana ● Burkina Faso ● Burundi ● Cameroon ● Canary Islands ● Cape Verde ● Central African Republic ● Chad ● Comoros ● Côte d'Ivoire ● Democratic Republic of the Congo ● Djibouti ● Egypt ● Equatorial Guinea ● Eritrea ● Eswatini ● Ethiopia ● Gabon ● Gambia ● Ghana ● Guinea ● Guinea-Bissau ● Kenya ● Lesotho ● Liberia ● Libya ● Madagascar ● Malawi ● Mali ● Mauritania ● Mauritius ● Mayotte ● Morocco ● Mozambique ● Namibia ● Niger ● Nigeria ● Republic of Congo ● Réunion ● Rwanda ● Saint Helena ● São Tomé and Príncipe ● Senegal ● Seychelles ● Sierra Leone ● Somalia ● South Africa ● Sudan ● South Sudan ● Tanzania ● Togo ● Tunisia ● Uganda ● Western Sahara ● Zambia ● Zimbabwe Algeria ● Angola ● Benin ● Botswana ● Burkina Faso ● Burundi ● Cameroon ● Canary Islands ● Cape Verde ● Central African Republic ● Chad ● Comoros ● Côte d'Ivoire ● Democratic Republic of the Congo ● Djibouti ● Egypt ● Equatorial Guinea ● Eritrea ● Eswatini ● Ethiopia ● Gabon ● Gambia ● Ghana ● Guinea ● Guinea-Bissau ● Kenya ● Lesotho ● Liberia ● Libya ● Madagascar ● Malawi ● Mali ● Mauritania ● Mauritius ● Mayotte ● Morocco ● Mozambique ● Namibia ● Niger ● Nigeria ● Republic of Congo ● Réunion ● Rwanda ● Saint Helena ● São Tomé and Príncipe ● Senegal ● Seychelles ● Sierra Leone ● Somalia ● South Africa ● Sudan ● South Sudan ● Tanzania ● Togo ● Tunisia ● Uganda ● Western Sahara ● Zambia ● Zimbabwe Chithuzi cha mwahuno (Muzaoneposo machelo) Anguish (French: Angoisses or Angoisse) ni cithuzithuzi ca August Friedrich Schenck ca mu 1878. Pa cithuzithuzi ici pali cithuzithuzi ca mberere yaciwukirano iyo yikukhala pafupi na citanda ca mberere yake, ndipo yili kuzingilizgika na zombe. Cithuzithuzi ca Schenck nchakumanyikwa comene, ndipo cikuŵikika mu National Gallery of Victoria, ku Melbourne, Australia, kwambira mu 1880. Chithuzi ichi chikaŵa chichoko chomene ndipo chikaŵa na vyaka vichoko waka kufuma apo chikapangikira. Ndipo pa vinthu 75,000 ivyo vikaŵa mu nyumba iyi, chikaŵa chiwemi chomene. Pa cithuzithuzi ici pali cithuzithuzi ca mberere iyo yikulira cifukwa ca citima. Mwanamberere wakwimilira pa chitanda cha mwana wake, ndipo ndopa zikufuma mu mulomo wake na kuwira mu chiwuvi chituŵa. Mberere ziŵiri izi zikazingilizgika na nkharamu zakufipa izo zikambininika mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, zikulindilira kuti zikome nyama. Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: Balambala — Tulsi — Mircha Chithuzi cha mwahuno (Muzaoneposo machelo) Chithuzi cha mwahuno (Muzaoneposo machelo) Chithuzi cha mwahuno (Muzaoneposo machelo) Anguish (French: Angoisses or Angoisse) ni cithuzithuzi ca August Friedrich Schenck ca mu 1878. Pa cithuzithuzi ici pali cithuzithuzi ca mberere yaciwukirano iyo yikukhala pafupi na citanda ca mberere yake, ndipo yili kuzingilizgika na zombe. Cithuzithuzi ca Schenck nchakumanyikwa comene, ndipo cikuŵikika mu National Gallery of Victoria, ku Melbourne, Australia, kwambira mu 1880. Chithuzi ichi chikaŵa chichoko chomene ndipo chikaŵa na vyaka vichoko waka kufuma apo chikapangikira. Ndipo pa vinthu 75,000 ivyo vikaŵa mu nyumba iyi, chikaŵa chiwemi chomene. Pa cithuzithuzi ici pali cithuzithuzi ca mberere iyo yikulira cifukwa ca citima. Mwanamberere wakwimilira pa chitanda cha mwana wake, ndipo ndopa zikufuma mu mulomo wake na kuwira mu chiwuvi chituŵa. Mberere ziŵiri izi zikazingilizgika na nkharamu zakufipa izo zikambininika mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, zikulindilira kuti zikome nyama. Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: Balambala — Tulsi — Mircha Anguish (French: Angoisses or Angoisse) ni cithuzithuzi ca August Friedrich Schenck ca mu 1878. Pa cithuzithuzi ici pali cithuzithuzi ca mberere yaciwukirano iyo yikukhala pafupi na citanda ca mberere yake, ndipo yili kuzingilizgika na zombe. Cithuzithuzi ca Schenck nchakumanyikwa comene, ndipo cikuŵikika mu National Gallery of Victoria, ku Melbourne, Australia, kwambira mu 1880. Chithuzi ichi chikaŵa chichoko chomene ndipo chikaŵa na vyaka vichoko waka kufuma apo chikapangikira. Ndipo pa vinthu 75,000 ivyo vikaŵa mu nyumba iyi, chikaŵa chiwemi chomene. Pa cithuzithuzi ici pali cithuzithuzi ca mberere iyo yikulira cifukwa ca citima. Mwanamberere wakwimilira pa chitanda cha mwana wake, ndipo ndopa zikufuma mu mulomo wake na kuwira mu chiwuvi chituŵa. Mberere ziŵiri izi zikazingilizgika na nkharamu zakufipa izo zikambininika mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, zikulindilira kuti zikome nyama. Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: Balambala — Tulsi — Mircha Cithuzithuzi ca Schenck nchakumanyikwa comene, ndipo cikuŵikika mu National Gallery of Victoria, ku Melbourne, Australia, kwambira mu 1880. Chithuzi ichi chikaŵa chichoko chomene ndipo chikaŵa na vyaka vichoko waka kufuma apo chikapangikira. Ndipo pa vinthu 75,000 ivyo vikaŵa mu nyumba iyi, chikaŵa chiwemi chomene. Pa cithuzithuzi ici pali cithuzithuzi ca mberere iyo yikulira cifukwa ca citima. Mwanamberere wakwimilira pa chitanda cha mwana wake, ndipo ndopa zikufuma mu mulomo wake na kuwira mu chiwuvi chituŵa. Mberere ziŵiri izi zikazingilizgika na nkharamu zakufipa izo zikambininika mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, zikulindilira kuti zikome nyama. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Causes 2 By medium Toggle By medium subsection 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 2.3 Video games 2.4 Podcasts 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 2.3 Video games 2.4 Podcasts 3 See also 4 References Development hell العربية Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית മലയാളം 日本語 Português Русский کوردی Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Development hell , also known as development purgatory or development limbo , is media and software industry jargon for a project, concept, or idea that remains in a stage of early development for a long time because of legal, technical, or artistic challenges. [ 1 ] A work may move between many sets of artistic leadership, crews, scripts, game engines , or studios. Some projects enter development hell because they were initially designed with ambitious goals but the difficulty of meeting those goals was underestimated, and attempts to meet those goals have repeatedly failed. Many projects that enter development hell are gradually abandoned by the involved parties and are never produced. [ citation needed ] The term is also applied more generally to describe any project that has unexpectedly stalled in the planning or design phase, has failed to meet its originally expected date of completion, and is languishing in those phases for what is seen as an unreasonably long time. The related terms production hell and production limbo refer to situations in which a film has begun production but has remained unfinished for a long time without progressing to post-production . [ citation needed ] Causes The concept artist and illustrator Sylvain Despretz has suggested that, "Development hell doesn't happen with no-name directors. It happens only with famous directors that a studio doesn't dare break up with. And that's how you end up for two years just, you know, polishing a turd . Until, finally, somebody walks away, at great cost." [ 2 ] With video games, slow progress and a lack of funds may lead developers to focus their resources elsewhere. Occasionally, completed portions of a game fail to meet expectations, with developers subsequently choosing to abandon the project rather than restart. The commercial failure of a released game may also result in any prospective sequels being delayed or cancelled. [ 3 ] By medium Film Film industry companies buy the film rights to many popular novels, video games, and comic books, but often take years to bring those properties to the screen, having first made considerable changes to their plots, characters, and general tone. When this pre-production process takes too long, a project will often be abandoned or cancelled outright. Hollywood starts ten times as many projects as it releases. [ 4 ] Less than two percent of all books that are optioned make it to the big screen. [ 5 ] As David Hughes, author of the book Tales from Development Hell (2003), has noted, one reason production is delayed is that, after producers, directors, and actors have been attached to a project, they may request script rewrites. [ 6 ] Another cause of delay is that, after people have been attached to a project, they find they have conflicting interpretations of it or visions for it. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] For example, the director and the studio executives may have different opinions about a film's casting, plot, or budget. Development delays can also result when a lead actor or a key member of the production team withdraws from the project, takes ill, or dies; [ 9 ] when there are labor strikes involving the writers, directors, crew, or cast; [ 9 ] when there are disputes about intellectual property rights or contract terms; [ 9 ] when there is turnover at the studio's executive level and the new leaders have a different vision; or when, due to changes in the wider economic, cultural, or political climate, the film's topic comes to be seen as no longer marketable. [ 10 ] Production hell refers to a situation in which a film has entered production but has remained in that phase for a long time without progressing to post-production. [ 11 ] If a film is in development but never receives the necessary production funds, another studio may execute a turnaround deal and successfully produce the film. For example, Columbia Pictures stopped production of E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982). Universal Pictures then picked up the film and made it a success. When a studio completely abandons a film project, the costs are written off as part of the studio's overhead , thereby reducing taxable income. [ 12 ] Television Television series can experience development hell between seasons, resulting in a long delay from one season to the next. Screenwriter Ken Aguado states that "development hell rarely happens in series television", because writers for a television series "typically only get a few cracks at executing a pilot , and if he or she doesn't deliver, the project will be quickly abandoned." [ 13 ] Video games Video game development can be stalled for years, occasionally over a decade, often due to a project being moved to different production studios, multiple iterations of the game being created and abandoned, or difficulties with the development of the game software itself, such as loss of funding, overambitious scope, and poor development time management. [ 14 ] In the computer industry, vaporware is the term for a product, typically computer hardware or software, that is announced to the general public but is late or never actually manufactured nor officially cancelled. Podcasts A number of popular audio series are dedicated to discussing the topic of unmade creative projects, including Development Hell , a Dread Central podcast which uncovers notable cancelled horror films. [ 15 ] See also Design by committee Law of triviality List of media notable for being in development hell Scope creep Turnaround (filmmaking) Vaporware References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Doyle, Barbara Freedman (2012). Make Your Movie: What You Need to Know About the Business and Politics of Filmmaking . Waltham, Massachusetts: Focal Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-240-82155-9 . Archived from the original on March 27, 2023 . Retrieved March 14, 2023 . ^ Schnepp, Jon (director) (2015). The Death of "Superman Lives": What Happened? (Documentary). Event occurs at 1:27:52. ^ Johnson, Leif (May 10, 2016). "The 13 Biggest Video Games That Never Came Out" . IGN . Archived from the original on April 27, 2021 . Retrieved May 31, 2022 . ^ Spillman, Susan (January 16, 1991). "Cover Story: Writers Paid for Movies Never Made". USA Today . McLean, Virginia. p. D1. ^ Kean, Danuta (April 15, 2007). "No room at the Oscars: The cinemas are full of turkeys yet that brilliant novel you read three years ago has never been made into a film". The Independent on Sunday . p. 1. ^ Hughes, David (2012). Tales From Development Hell (New Updated Edition): The Greatest Movies Never Made? . Titan Books. ^ Mitchell, Kerrie (February 2005). "Dept. of Development Hell". Premiere . Vol. 18, no. 5. New York. p. 40. ^ Warren, Patricia Nell (April 2008). "Books Into Movies: Part 2 (Best Selling Novel The Front Runner has Spent Over 25 Years in Development Hell)". Lambda Book Report . Vol. 8, no. 9. Washington. p. 9. ^ a b c "How Long Does It Take To Make A Movie? Everything You Need To Know" . National Film Institute . February 16, 2022 . Retrieved March 29, 2023 . ^ Jensen, Jeff; Svetkey, Benjamin (September 24, 2001). "Hollywood reacts to the crisis" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 14, 2023 . Retrieved March 13, 2023 . ^ " 'The New Mutants' Director Josh Boone Says The Film Never Had Reshoots" . Atom Insider . March 9, 2020. Archived from the original on July 14, 2021 . Retrieved July 14, 2021 . ^ McDonald, Paul; Wasko, Janet (December 13, 2007). Hollywood Film Industry . Hoboken, New Jersey: Blackwell Publishing. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-4051-3388-3 . ^ Aguado, Ken (June 21, 2021). "Principles of Hollywood Development" . pipelineartists.com . Pipeline Artists . Retrieved March 29, 2023 . ^ LeBlanc, Wesley. "Video Games Stuck In Development Hell: Part 2" . Game Informer . Archived from the original on November 6, 2021 . Retrieved November 7, 2021 . ^ Chernov, Matthew (October 26, 2021). "12 Horror Movie Podcasts to Make You Scream" . Variety . Archived from the original on January 24, 2023 . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History 2 Seating 3 Image gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Choir (architecture) Afrikaans Alemannisch العربية Aragonés Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська West-Vlams 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item A choir , also sometimes called quire , [ 1 ] is the area of a church or cathedral that provides seating for the clergy and church choir . It is in the western part of the chancel , between the nave and the sanctuary , which houses the altar and Church tabernacle . In larger medieval churches it contained choir-stalls , seating aligned with the side of the church, so at right-angles to the seating for the congregation in the nave. Smaller medieval churches may not have a choir in the architectural sense at all, and they are often lacking in churches built by all denominations after the Protestant Reformation , though the Gothic Revival revived them as a distinct feature. As an architectural term "choir" remains distinct from the actual location of any singing choir – these may be located in various places, and often sing from a choir-loft, often over the door at the liturgical western end. [ 2 ] In modern churches, the choir may be located centrally behind the altar, or the pulpit. [ 3 ] The place where the singers are based is sometimes called the ritual choir , as opposed to the architectural choir or constructional choir . [ 4 ] The back-choir or retroquire is a space behind the high altar in the choir of a church, in which there may be a small altar standing back to back with the other. [ 5 ] History In the Early Church , the sanctuary was connected directly to the nave. The choir was simply the east part of the nave, and was fenced off by a screen or low railing, called cancelli , which is where the English word chancel comes from. The development of the architectural feature known as the choir is the result of the liturgical development brought about by the end of persecutions under Constantine the Great and the rise of monasticism . The word "choir" is first used by members of the Latin Church . Isidore of Seville and Honorius of Autun write that the term is derived from the "corona", the circle of clergy or singers who surrounded the altar. When first introduced, the choir was attached to the bema , the elevated platform in the centre of the nave on which were placed seats for the clergy and a lectern for scripture readings. This arrangement can still be observed at the San Clemente al Laterano in Rome. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Over time, the bema (or presbytery ) and choir moved eastward to their current position. In some churches, such as Westminster Cathedral , the choir is arranged in the apse behind the altar . The architectural details of the choir developed in response to its function as the place where the Divine Office was chanted by the monastic brotherhood or the chapter of canons . The chancel was regarded as the clergy's part of the church, and any choirboys from a choir school counted as part of the clergy for this purpose. After the Reformation, when the number of clergy present even in large churches and cathedrals tended to reduce, and lay singing choirs became more frequent, there were often objections to placing them in the traditional choir stalls in the chancel. The pulpit and lectern are also usually found at the front of the choir, though both Catholic and Protestant churches have sometimes moved the pulpit to the nave for better audibility. The organ may be located here, or in a loft elsewhere in the church. Some cathedrals have a retro-choir behind the high altar, opening eastward towards the chapels ( chantries ) in the eastern extremity. After the Reformation Protestant churches generally moved the altar (now often called the communion table ) forward, typically to the front of the chancel, and often used lay choirs who were placed in a gallery at the west end. The choir and rear of deep chancels became little used in churches surviving from the Middle Ages, and new churches very often omitted one. With the emphasis on sermons, and their audibility, some churches simply converted their chancels to seat part of the congregation. In 19th-century England one of the battles of the Cambridge Camden Society , the architectural wing of the Anglo-Catholics in the Church of England , was to restore the chancel, including the choir, as a necessary part of a church. By pushing the altar back to its medieval position and having the choir used by a lay choir, they were largely successful in this, although the harder end of the High Church objected to allowing a large group of laity into the chancel. [ 8 ] Different approaches to worship in the 20th century again tended to push altars in larger churches forward, to be closer to the congregation, and the chancel again risks being a less used area of the church. Seating The choir area is occupied by sometimes finely carved and decorated wooden seats known as choir stalls , where clergy or other churchgoers sit, stand and kneel during services. The choir may be furnished either with long benches ( pews ) or individual choir stalls. There may be several rows of seating, typically running parallel to the longest walls of the church. The use of choir stalls (as opposed to benches) is more traditional in monasteries and collegiate churches . Monastic choir stalls are often fitted with seats that fold up when the monastics stand and fold down when they sit. Often the hinged seat will have a misericord (small wooden seat) on the underside on which a person can lean while standing during the long services. The upper part of the monk's stall is so shaped as to provide a headrest while sitting, and arm rests when standing. Monasteries, like most churches, will often have strict rules as to when monks should sit and when they must stand during services. Choir benches are more common in parish churches . Each bench may have padded kneelers attached to the back of it so that the person behind may kneel at the appropriate times during services. The front row will often have a long prie-dieu running in front of it for those seated there to place their books on; these may also be fitted with kneelers. In a cathedral, the bishop's throne or cathedra is usually located in this space. [ 9 ] Image gallery Choir stalls at Boston Stump , Lincolnshire . A seat has been lifted to reveal the misericord . Elaborately carved choir stalls at Buxheim Charterhouse in Bavaria , by Ignaz Waibl Eastern Orthodox choir stalls ( kathisma ) on the kliros (area for the choir) with analogia (lecterns) for liturgical books Statuette of a wet nurse forming part of a parclose screen in the Basilica of Saint Maternus , Walcourt , Belgium Choir bench made of limestone with still-visible traces of medieval paint, Burs Church , Gotland , Sweden Choir bench of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari , Venice Choir stalls at the Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania) 17th-century choir stalls of the Pontigny Abbey , France Choir stalls in Auch Cathedral - Seen from the high altar towards the choir organ See also Architecture portal Christianity portal Cathedral architecture Cathedral floorplan Kathisma Kliros Matroneum References ^ OED , "Choir" ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Schloeder, Steven J. (1998). Architecture in Communion: Implementing the Second Vatican Council Through Liturgy and Architecture . Ignatius Press. p. 137. ISBN 9780898706314 . In monasteries, when the choir of schola cantorum was composed of religious, it was usually within the cancelli in front of the sanctuary. The liturgical movement of the Baroque age removed it to a choir loft at the back of the church, thus enabling the sanctuary to be more integrated with the nave. ^ White, James F. (1 December 2007). Christian Worship in North America: A Retrospective, 1955–1995 . Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 243. ISBN 9781556356513 . One of the two dominant types is the concert-stage arrangement with tiers of choir stalls behind a pulpit platform at the foot of which appears the altar-table. The other type is the so-called divided chancel with the choir stalls and altar-table within the chancel and the pulpit at one side of its entrance. In both cases the liturgical space allotted to the congregation tends to be similar: a long, rectangular nave. ^ "Ritual Choir from the McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia" . McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online . ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). " Back-Choir ". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ^ Poole, Thomas Henry (1908). " Choir (1) ". Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 3. ^ " Choir ". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 260– 261. ^ White, James F., The Cambridge Movement: The Ecclesiologists and the Gothic Revival , 93–97, 1962 (2004 reprint), Wipf and Stock Publishers, ISBN 1592449379 , 9781592449378, google books ^ Gietmann, Gerhard (1912). "Stallsr" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company. External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Texts on Wikisource: " Choir ". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 260– 261. Poole, Thomas Henry (1908). " Choir (1) ". Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 3. " Choir ". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 260– 261. Poole, Thomas Henry (1908). " Choir (1) ". Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 3. Choir and Retro-Choir at Southwark Cathedral Authority control databases International GND GND National United States France BnF data Israel United States France BnF data Israel Other Yale LUX Yale LUX Church architecture Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 20 December 2025, at 05:26 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. 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Astronomi Botanik Cykling Film Geografi Historie Musik Kristendom Kvinder Zoologi Flere portaler... Der findes nu over 60 millioner artikler på Wikipedia , hvoraf 312.170 er på dansk . Skribentforside • Hjælp • A–Å • Projekter • Bekendtgørelser • Wikipedia Mobil • Kontakt Wikipedia Ugens artikel Knud den Store (ca. 995 - 1035) var konge af Danmark 1018-1035, af England 1016-1035 og af Norge 1028-1035, der tilsammen ofte bliver omtalt som Nordsøimperiet . Knud var søn af Svend Tveskæg . Som dansk prins vandt han tronen i England i 1016 i kølvandet på flere hundrede års vikingeaktivitet i det nordvestlige Europa . Da han senere besteg den danske trone i 1018, bragte han den engelske og danske krone sammen. Knud forsøgte at bevare sin magtbase ved at forene danerne og englænderne igennem fælles kulturelle bånd af rigdom og tradition samt via ren brutalitet. Efter et årti i konflikt med modstandere i Skandinavien tog Knud Norges krone i Trondheim i 1028. Herredømmet over England gav danerne en vigtig forbindelse til havområdet mellem Storbritannien og Irland , hvor Knud, ligesom hans far før ham, havde store interesser og udøvede stor indflydelse blandt de norrøne gælere. Knuds besiddelser i form af Englands bispedømmer og de kontinentale bispedømmer i Danmark, som den tysk-romerske ærkebiskop af Bremen ellers havde højhedsretten over, var en kilde til stor prestige og en løftestang i forhold til den katolske kirke og blandt mange magnater i kristendommen. Efter hans sejr i 1026 over Norge og Sverige, på vej tilbage fra Rom, hvor han deltog i kroningen af den tysk-romerske kejser Konrad 2. , udnævnte han sig selv som "Konge over hele England og Danmark og nordmændene og nogle af svenskerne". Trods hans store samtidige betydning svandt arven efter Knud den Store hurtigt, først med hans børns død mindre end et tiår efter hans egen, og endeligt med den normanniske erobring af England i 1066. Han bliver populært omtalt i legenden om Kong Knud og tidevandet , der bygger på en fortælling om, hvordan Knud som en vis konge irettesatte sine hoffolk for deres sleske adfærd. ( Læs mere.. ) Seneste tre uger: Dannevirke — Den danske modstandsbevægelse — Marienborg Mere om Ugens artikel • Arkiv Dagens skandinaviske artikel Termodynamik är läran om energi, dess omvandling mellan olika former och särskilt samspelet mellan värme och arbete. Den klassiska termodynamiken studerar kopplingen mellan makroskopiska egenskaper som temperatur, volym och tryck hos termodynamiska system. Historiskt har termodynamikens utveckling drivits av önskan att öka verkningsgraden hos tidiga ångmaskiner, framför allt genom det arbete som bedrevs av den franske fysikern Sadi Carnot, ofta kallad termodynamikens fader. Den klassiska termodynamiken är en makroskopisk disciplin, till stor del baserad på mätningar och erfarenheter. I motsats bygger den statistiska termodynamiken, med grund i kvantmekaniken, på den mikroskopiska naturen hos enskilda atomer och molekyler. Utöver dessa finns ett stort antal grenar och tillämpningsområden som exempelvis kemisk termodynamik, energiteknik, meteorologi, materialvetenskap och biomedicin. Läs mer Dagens skandinaviske artikel er fra svensk Wikipedia Mere om Dagens skandinaviske artikel • Skanwiki Fremhævede artikler Fremragende artikler De nyeste fremragende artikler .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Casper & Mandrilaftalen IC4 Eurovision Song Contest 2014 Middelaldercentret Gode artikler De nyeste gode artikler Linje 250S Ove Sprogøe Geoteknik Shu-bi-dua Lovende artikler De nyeste lovende artikler Han-dynastiet Global opvarmning George H.W. Bush General Motors Rediger • Mere fremhævet indhold Kategorier Naturvidenskab Naturvidenskab Astronomi Biologi Datalogi Fysik Geografi Geologi Kemi Logik Lægevidenskab Matematik Humaniora Humaniora og samfundsvidenskab Antropologi Arkitektur Filosofi Historie Jura Kommunikation Psykologi Pædagogik Sociologi Sprogforskning Statskundskab Teologi Økonomi Teknik Teknik Elektronik Energi Industri Jordbrug Mekanik Militær Robotter Sundhedsvæsen Transport Kultur Kultur Dans Film Hobby Kunst Litteratur Mad og drikke Mode Musik Mytologi Personer Politik Religion Sport Teater Traditioner Turisme Underholdning Flere kategorier Aktuelle begivenheder EM i håndbold • Skolevalg 2026 • Trumps ønske om at erhverve Grønland Journalister fra Dagbladet Information og Danwatch får Cavlingprisen for artikelserie om dansk våbeneksport til Israel. Mathias Gidsel ( billedet ) bliver Årets Sportsnavn 2025. USA indleder et angreb på Venezuela og vil retsforfølge præsident Nicolás Maduro . Danmarks EU-formandskab afsluttes, da Cypern overtager formandsposten i første halvår 2026. Den bulgarske valuta lev erstattes af euro . Rediger • Flere aktuelle begivenheder I dag Den 16. januar : Marcellus' dag, opkaldt efter Pave Marcellus 1547 - Den 16-årige Ivan den Grusomme ( billedet ) krones under navnet Ivan 4. til zar af Rusland . 1969 - Studenten Jan Palach sætter ild til sig selv på Wenzelspladsen foran Nationalmuseet i Prag i protest mod den sovjetisk-ledede invasion af Tjekkoslovakiet . Han dør 3 dage senere. 1991 - USA indleder Golfkrigen med et angreb på Irak , som netop har invaderet Kuwait . Rediger • Alle månedens dage Vidste du at... Fra Wikipedias nyeste artikler… ... den tyske 1700-tals læge Franz Mesmers ( billedet ) teori om animalsk magnetisme blev en vigtig forløber for studiet af hypnose ? ... da nordic noir tv-serien Forbrydelsen blev vist på BBC , var det meget usædvanligt med dansk originaltale og engelske undertekster? ... maleren og grafikeren Herman Stilling også skrev en lang række børnebøger ? ... den berygtede tyske Gestapo -chef Fritz Bolle efter 2. Verdenskrig undgik retsforfølgelse, men i 1973 begik selvmord? Rediger • Flere vidste du at... Nyligt afdøde 9. januar – Lone Bastholm , dansk skuespiller og teaterchef (født 1934 ). 3. januar – Sverre Anker Ousdal , norsk skuespiller (født 1944 ). 30. december – Khaleda Zia ( billedet ), bangladeshisk politiker (født 1945 ). 28. december – Brigitte Bardot , fransk skuespillerinde (født 1934 ). 22. december – Chris Rea , engelsk musiker (født 1951 ). Rediger • Flere nyligt afdøde Dagens billede Langhornet næsehornsfisk ( Naso brevirostris ), en art af strålefinnede fisk , Det Røde Hav , Egypten . Arten kan blive op til 60 cm lang og lever i det Indiske Ocean og vestlige Stillehav . Rediger • Arkiv Søsterprojekter .mw-parser-output #siteContainer{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .siteItem{display:inline-block;clear:both;padding:0 0.8%}@media screen and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .siteItem{padding:unset;width:49.5%;margin:2%0}.mw-parser-output .siteItem:nth-of-type(even){float:left;clear:none}.mw-parser-output .siteItem:nth-of-type(odd){float:right}.mw-parser-output #siteContainer:after{content:"";clear:both;display:block}}.mw-parser-output #siteContainer{margin-top:10px;clear:both;padding-top:5px;color:#222;line-height:120%}.mw-parser-output #siteContainer div:first-child{background:white;width:45px;margin:0 auto;margin-top:-40px}.mw-parser-output #siteContainer div:nth-of-type(2){color:#222;font-size:120%;margin-bottom:20px;padding-top:10px} Wikipedia ejes af paraplyorganisationen Wikimedia Foundation , som driver flere flersproglige og frie projekter hvor alle kan bidrage. Meta-Wiki Om Wikiprojekterne Wiktionary Flersproget ordbog Wikiquote Citatsamling Wikisource Kildemateriale Wikibooks Gratis bøger og manualer Wikiversity Fri læring Wikispecies Videnskabelig artsoversigt Commons Fildeling af billeder og lyd Wikinews Nyhedstjeneste Wikidata Vidensdatabase MediaWiki Wiki-software Wikivoyage Rejseguide Mere om Wikimedia Wikipedia på andre sprog English | Føroyskt | Íslenska | Kalaallisut | Norsk (bokmål) | Nynorsk | Suomi | Davvisámegiella | Svenska Flere end 1.500.000 artikler: English · Sinugboanong Binisaya · Deutsch · Svenska · Français · Nederlands · Русский · Español · Italiano · مصرى (Maṣrī) · Polski Flere end 1.000.000 artikler: 日本語 · 中文 · Tiếng Việt · Українська · Winaray · العربية · Português Flere end 500.000 artikler: فارسی · Català · Српски / Srpski · Bahasa Indonesia · 한국어 · Norsk (bokmål) · Нохчийн · Suomi · Čeština · Türkçe · Magyar · Tatarça / Татарча Flere end 250.000 artikler: Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски · Română · Bân-lâm-gú · Euskara · Bahasa Melayu · Esperanto · עברית · Հայերեն · Dansk · Български · Cymraeg Flere end 150.000 artikler: Slovenčina · تۆرکجه · O‘zbek · Eesti · Simple English · Беларуская · Қазақша · Minangkabau · Ελληνικά · Hrvatski · Lietuvių · Galego · Azərbaycanca · اردو · Slovenščina · Ladin · ქართული · Nynorsk · हिन्दी · ไทย · தமிழ் Komplet liste Donationer Moderselskabet Wikimedia Foundation er uafhængigt af alle interesser og behøver derfor økonomisk støtte fra læsere og brugere for at holde driften i gang. Giv et bidrag til Wikimedia og vær med til at sikre udbygningen af de servere , som Wikipedia og søsterprojekterne afvikles på. Støt Wikipedia Til toppen af siden Velkommen til Wikipedia , den frie encyklopædi som alle kan redigere . Velkommen til Wikipedia , den frie encyklopædi som alle kan redigere . Astronomi Botanik Cykling Astronomi Botanik Cykling Film Geografi Historie Film Geografi Historie Musik Kristendom Kvinder Musik Kristendom Kvinder Zoologi Flere portaler... Zoologi Flere portaler... Der findes nu over 60 millioner artikler på Wikipedia , hvoraf 312.170 er på dansk . Skribentforside • Hjælp • A–Å • Projekter • Bekendtgørelser • Wikipedia Mobil • Kontakt Wikipedia Ugens artikel Knud den Store (ca. 995 - 1035) var konge af Danmark 1018-1035, af England 1016-1035 og af Norge 1028-1035, der tilsammen ofte bliver omtalt som Nordsøimperiet . Knud var søn af Svend Tveskæg . Som dansk prins vandt han tronen i England i 1016 i kølvandet på flere hundrede års vikingeaktivitet i det nordvestlige Europa . Da han senere besteg den danske trone i 1018, bragte han den engelske og danske krone sammen. Knud forsøgte at bevare sin magtbase ved at forene danerne og englænderne igennem fælles kulturelle bånd af rigdom og tradition samt via ren brutalitet. Efter et årti i konflikt med modstandere i Skandinavien tog Knud Norges krone i Trondheim i 1028. Herredømmet over England gav danerne en vigtig forbindelse til havområdet mellem Storbritannien og Irland , hvor Knud, ligesom hans far før ham, havde store interesser og udøvede stor indflydelse blandt de norrøne gælere. Knuds besiddelser i form af Englands bispedømmer og de kontinentale bispedømmer i Danmark, som den tysk-romerske ærkebiskop af Bremen ellers havde højhedsretten over, var en kilde til stor prestige og en løftestang i forhold til den katolske kirke og blandt mange magnater i kristendommen. Efter hans sejr i 1026 over Norge og Sverige, på vej tilbage fra Rom, hvor han deltog i kroningen af den tysk-romerske kejser Konrad 2. , udnævnte han sig selv som "Konge over hele England og Danmark og nordmændene og nogle af svenskerne". Trods hans store samtidige betydning svandt arven efter Knud den Store hurtigt, først med hans børns død mindre end et tiår efter hans egen, og endeligt med den normanniske erobring af England i 1066. Han bliver populært omtalt i legenden om Kong Knud og tidevandet , der bygger på en fortælling om, hvordan Knud som en vis konge irettesatte sine hoffolk for deres sleske adfærd. ( Læs mere.. ) Seneste tre uger: Dannevirke — Den danske modstandsbevægelse — Marienborg Mere om Ugens artikel • Arkiv Dagens skandinaviske artikel Termodynamik är läran om energi, dess omvandling mellan olika former och särskilt samspelet mellan värme och arbete. Den klassiska termodynamiken studerar kopplingen mellan makroskopiska egenskaper som temperatur, volym och tryck hos termodynamiska system. Historiskt har termodynamikens utveckling drivits av önskan att öka verkningsgraden hos tidiga ångmaskiner, framför allt genom det arbete som bedrevs av den franske fysikern Sadi Carnot, ofta kallad termodynamikens fader. Den klassiska termodynamiken är en makroskopisk disciplin, till stor del baserad på mätningar och erfarenheter. I motsats bygger den statistiska termodynamiken, med grund i kvantmekaniken, på den mikroskopiska naturen hos enskilda atomer och molekyler. Utöver dessa finns ett stort antal grenar och tillämpningsområden som exempelvis kemisk termodynamik, energiteknik, meteorologi, materialvetenskap och biomedicin. Läs mer Dagens skandinaviske artikel er fra svensk Wikipedia Mere om Dagens skandinaviske artikel • Skanwiki Fremhævede artikler Fremragende artikler De nyeste fremragende artikler .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Casper & Mandrilaftalen IC4 Eurovision Song Contest 2014 Middelaldercentret Gode artikler De nyeste gode artikler Linje 250S Ove Sprogøe Geoteknik Shu-bi-dua Lovende artikler De nyeste lovende artikler Han-dynastiet Global opvarmning George H.W. Bush General Motors Rediger • Mere fremhævet indhold Kategorier Naturvidenskab Naturvidenskab Astronomi Biologi Datalogi Fysik Geografi Geologi Kemi Logik Lægevidenskab Matematik Humaniora Humaniora og samfundsvidenskab Antropologi Arkitektur Filosofi Historie Jura Kommunikation Psykologi Pædagogik Sociologi Sprogforskning Statskundskab Teologi Økonomi Teknik Teknik Elektronik Energi Industri Jordbrug Mekanik Militær Robotter Sundhedsvæsen Transport Kultur Kultur Dans Film Hobby Kunst Litteratur Mad og drikke Mode Musik Mytologi Personer Politik Religion Sport Teater Traditioner Turisme Underholdning Flere kategorier Aktuelle begivenheder EM i håndbold • Skolevalg 2026 • Trumps ønske om at erhverve Grønland Journalister fra Dagbladet Information og Danwatch får Cavlingprisen for artikelserie om dansk våbeneksport til Israel. Mathias Gidsel ( billedet ) bliver Årets Sportsnavn 2025. USA indleder et angreb på Venezuela og vil retsforfølge præsident Nicolás Maduro . Danmarks EU-formandskab afsluttes, da Cypern overtager formandsposten i første halvår 2026. Den bulgarske valuta lev erstattes af euro . Rediger • Flere aktuelle begivenheder I dag Den 16. januar : Marcellus' dag, opkaldt efter Pave Marcellus 1547 - Den 16-årige Ivan den Grusomme ( billedet ) krones under navnet Ivan 4. til zar af Rusland . 1969 - Studenten Jan Palach sætter ild til sig selv på Wenzelspladsen foran Nationalmuseet i Prag i protest mod den sovjetisk-ledede invasion af Tjekkoslovakiet . Han dør 3 dage senere. 1991 - USA indleder Golfkrigen med et angreb på Irak , som netop har invaderet Kuwait . Rediger • Alle månedens dage Vidste du at... Fra Wikipedias nyeste artikler… ... den tyske 1700-tals læge Franz Mesmers ( billedet ) teori om animalsk magnetisme blev en vigtig forløber for studiet af hypnose ? ... da nordic noir tv-serien Forbrydelsen blev vist på BBC , var det meget usædvanligt med dansk originaltale og engelske undertekster? ... maleren og grafikeren Herman Stilling også skrev en lang række børnebøger ? ... den berygtede tyske Gestapo -chef Fritz Bolle efter 2. Verdenskrig undgik retsforfølgelse, men i 1973 begik selvmord? Rediger • Flere vidste du at... Nyligt afdøde 9. januar – Lone Bastholm , dansk skuespiller og teaterchef (født 1934 ). 3. januar – Sverre Anker Ousdal , norsk skuespiller (født 1944 ). 30. december – Khaleda Zia ( billedet ), bangladeshisk politiker (født 1945 ). 28. december – Brigitte Bardot , fransk skuespillerinde (født 1934 ). 22. december – Chris Rea , engelsk musiker (født 1951 ). Rediger • Flere nyligt afdøde Dagens billede Langhornet næsehornsfisk ( Naso brevirostris ), en art af strålefinnede fisk , Det Røde Hav , Egypten . Arten kan blive op til 60 cm lang og lever i det Indiske Ocean og vestlige Stillehav . Rediger • Arkiv Knud den Store (ca. 995 - 1035) var konge af Danmark 1018-1035, af England 1016-1035 og af Norge 1028-1035, der tilsammen ofte bliver omtalt som Nordsøimperiet . Knud var søn af Svend Tveskæg . Som dansk prins vandt han tronen i England i 1016 i kølvandet på flere hundrede års vikingeaktivitet i det nordvestlige Europa . Da han senere besteg den danske trone i 1018, bragte han den engelske og danske krone sammen. Knud forsøgte at bevare sin magtbase ved at forene danerne og englænderne igennem fælles kulturelle bånd af rigdom og tradition samt via ren brutalitet. Efter et årti i konflikt med modstandere i Skandinavien tog Knud Norges krone i Trondheim i 1028. Herredømmet over England gav danerne en vigtig forbindelse til havområdet mellem Storbritannien og Irland , hvor Knud, ligesom hans far før ham, havde store interesser og udøvede stor indflydelse blandt de norrøne gælere. Knuds besiddelser i form af Englands bispedømmer og de kontinentale bispedømmer i Danmark, som den tysk-romerske ærkebiskop af Bremen ellers havde højhedsretten over, var en kilde til stor prestige og en løftestang i forhold til den katolske kirke og blandt mange magnater i kristendommen. Efter hans sejr i 1026 over Norge og Sverige, på vej tilbage fra Rom, hvor han deltog i kroningen af den tysk-romerske kejser Konrad 2. , udnævnte han sig selv som "Konge over hele England og Danmark og nordmændene og nogle af svenskerne". Termodynamik är läran om energi, dess omvandling mellan olika former och särskilt samspelet mellan värme och arbete. Den klassiska termodynamiken studerar kopplingen mellan makroskopiska egenskaper som temperatur, volym och tryck hos termodynamiska system. Historiskt har termodynamikens utveckling drivits av önskan att öka verkningsgraden hos tidiga ångmaskiner, framför allt genom det arbete som bedrevs av den franske fysikern Sadi Carnot, ofta kallad termodynamikens fader. Fremragende artikler De nyeste fremragende artikler .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Casper & Mandrilaftalen IC4 Eurovision Song Contest 2014 Middelaldercentret De nyeste fremragende artikler .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Casper & Mandrilaftalen IC4 Eurovision Song Contest 2014 Middelaldercentret De nyeste fremragende artikler Casper & Mandrilaftalen IC4 Eurovision Song Contest 2014 Middelaldercentret Gode artikler De nyeste gode artikler Linje 250S Ove Sprogøe Geoteknik Shu-bi-dua De nyeste gode artikler Linje 250S Ove Sprogøe Geoteknik Shu-bi-dua De nyeste gode artikler Linje 250S Ove Sprogøe Geoteknik Shu-bi-dua Lovende artikler De nyeste lovende artikler Han-dynastiet Global opvarmning George H.W. Bush General Motors De nyeste lovende artikler Han-dynastiet Global opvarmning George H.W. Bush General Motors De nyeste lovende artikler Han-dynastiet Global opvarmning George H.W. 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Mathias Gidsel ( billedet ) bliver Årets Sportsnavn 2025. USA indleder et angreb på Venezuela og vil retsforfølge præsident Nicolás Maduro . Danmarks EU-formandskab afsluttes, da Cypern overtager formandsposten i første halvår 2026. Den bulgarske valuta lev erstattes af euro . Den 16. januar : Marcellus' dag, opkaldt efter Pave Marcellus 1547 - Den 16-årige Ivan den Grusomme ( billedet ) krones under navnet Ivan 4. til zar af Rusland . 1969 - Studenten Jan Palach sætter ild til sig selv på Wenzelspladsen foran Nationalmuseet i Prag i protest mod den sovjetisk-ledede invasion af Tjekkoslovakiet . Han dør 3 dage senere. 1991 - USA indleder Golfkrigen med et angreb på Irak , som netop har invaderet Kuwait . Fra Wikipedias nyeste artikler… ... den tyske 1700-tals læge Franz Mesmers ( billedet ) teori om animalsk magnetisme blev en vigtig forløber for studiet af hypnose ? ... da nordic noir tv-serien Forbrydelsen blev vist på BBC , var det meget usædvanligt med dansk originaltale og engelske undertekster? ... maleren og grafikeren Herman Stilling også skrev en lang række børnebøger ? ... den berygtede tyske Gestapo -chef Fritz Bolle efter 2. Verdenskrig undgik retsforfølgelse, men i 1973 begik selvmord? 9. januar – Lone Bastholm , dansk skuespiller og teaterchef (født 1934 ). 3. januar – Sverre Anker Ousdal , norsk skuespiller (født 1944 ). 30. december – Khaleda Zia ( billedet ), bangladeshisk politiker (født 1945 ). 28. december – Brigitte Bardot , fransk skuespillerinde (født 1934 ). 22. december – Chris Rea , engelsk musiker (født 1951 ). Langhornet næsehornsfisk ( Naso brevirostris ), en art af strålefinnede fisk , Det Røde Hav , Egypten . Arten kan blive op til 60 cm lang og lever i det Indiske Ocean og vestlige Stillehav . Søsterprojekter .mw-parser-output #siteContainer{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .siteItem{display:inline-block;clear:both;padding:0 0.8%}@media screen and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .siteItem{padding:unset;width:49.5%;margin:2%0}.mw-parser-output .siteItem:nth-of-type(even){float:left;clear:none}.mw-parser-output .siteItem:nth-of-type(odd){float:right}.mw-parser-output #siteContainer:after{content:"";clear:both;display:block}}.mw-parser-output #siteContainer{margin-top:10px;clear:both;padding-top:5px;color:#222;line-height:120%}.mw-parser-output #siteContainer div:first-child{background:white;width:45px;margin:0 auto;margin-top:-40px}.mw-parser-output #siteContainer div:nth-of-type(2){color:#222;font-size:120%;margin-bottom:20px;padding-top:10px} Wikipedia ejes af paraplyorganisationen Wikimedia Foundation , som driver flere flersproglige og frie projekter hvor alle kan bidrage. Meta-Wiki Om Wikiprojekterne Wiktionary Flersproget ordbog Wikiquote Citatsamling Wikisource Kildemateriale Wikibooks Gratis bøger og manualer Wikiversity Fri læring Wikispecies Videnskabelig artsoversigt Commons Fildeling af billeder og lyd Wikinews Nyhedstjeneste Wikidata Vidensdatabase MediaWiki Wiki-software Wikivoyage Rejseguide Mere om Wikimedia Wikipedia på andre sprog English | Føroyskt | Íslenska | Kalaallisut | Norsk (bokmål) | Nynorsk | Suomi | Davvisámegiella | Svenska Flere end 1.500.000 artikler: English · Sinugboanong Binisaya · Deutsch · Svenska · Français · Nederlands · Русский · Español · Italiano · مصرى (Maṣrī) · Polski Flere end 1.000.000 artikler: 日本語 · 中文 · Tiếng Việt · Українська · Winaray · العربية · Português Flere end 500.000 artikler: فارسی · Català · Српски / Srpski · Bahasa Indonesia · 한국어 · Norsk (bokmål) · Нохчийн · Suomi · Čeština · Türkçe · Magyar · Tatarça / Татарча Flere end 250.000 artikler: Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски · Română · Bân-lâm-gú · Euskara · Bahasa Melayu · Esperanto · עברית · Հայերեն · Dansk · Български · Cymraeg Flere end 150.000 artikler: Slovenčina · تۆرکجه · O‘zbek · Eesti · Simple English · Беларуская · Қазақша · Minangkabau · Ελληνικά · Hrvatski · Lietuvių · Galego · Azərbaycanca · اردو · Slovenščina · Ladin · ქართული · Nynorsk · हिन्दी · ไทย · தமிழ் Komplet liste Donationer Moderselskabet Wikimedia Foundation er uafhængigt af alle interesser og behøver derfor økonomisk støtte fra læsere og brugere for at holde driften i gang. Giv et bidrag til Wikimedia og vær med til at sikre udbygningen af de servere , som Wikipedia og søsterprojekterne afvikles på. Støt Wikipedia Til toppen af siden Wikipedia ejes af paraplyorganisationen Wikimedia Foundation , som driver flere flersproglige og frie projekter hvor alle kan bidrage. Meta-Wiki Om Wikiprojekterne Wiktionary Flersproget ordbog Wikiquote Citatsamling Wikisource Kildemateriale Wikibooks Gratis bøger og manualer Wikiversity Fri læring Wikispecies Videnskabelig artsoversigt Commons Fildeling af billeder og lyd Wikinews Nyhedstjeneste Wikidata Vidensdatabase MediaWiki Wiki-software Wikivoyage Rejseguide English | Føroyskt | Íslenska | Kalaallisut | Norsk (bokmål) | Nynorsk | Suomi | Davvisámegiella | Svenska Flere end 1.500.000 artikler: English · Sinugboanong Binisaya · Deutsch · Svenska · Français · Nederlands · Русский · Español · Italiano · مصرى (Maṣrī) · Polski Flere end 1.000.000 artikler: 日本語 · 中文 · Tiếng Việt · Українська · Winaray · العربية · Português Flere end 500.000 artikler: فارسی · Català · Српски / Srpski · Bahasa Indonesia · 한국어 · Norsk (bokmål) · Нохчийн · Suomi · Čeština · Türkçe · Magyar · Tatarça / Татарча Flere end 250.000 artikler: Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски · Română · Bân-lâm-gú · Euskara · Bahasa Melayu · Esperanto · עברית · Հայերեն · Dansk · Български · Cymraeg Flere end 150.000 artikler: Slovenčina · تۆرکجه · O‘zbek · Eesti · Simple English · Беларуская · Қазақша · Minangkabau · Ελληνικά · Hrvatski · Lietuvių · Galego · Azərbaycanca · اردو · Slovenščina · Ladin · ქართული · Nynorsk · हिन्दी · ไทย · தமிழ் Moderselskabet Wikimedia Foundation er uafhængigt af alle interesser og behøver derfor økonomisk støtte fra læsere og brugere for at holde driften i gang. Giv et bidrag til Wikimedia og vær med til at sikre udbygningen af de servere , som Wikipedia og søsterprojekterne afvikles på. 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The preferred method for archiving a talk page is to copy the older content to a series of subpages. This can be performed either by hand or automatically by a bot. You may find these templates helpful: {{Archive banner|state=uncollapsed}} (full page width banner) {{Archives|auto=yes|search=yes}} (float right box) .mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}} Prior tip – Tips library – Next tip Read more: Step-by-Step Instructions for Archiving a Talk Page Archiving is used on talk and project pages (never on articles) to keep them from getting too long to be useful, while retaining older discussions in case somebody should need to refer to them. 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Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? 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P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs LLMs Conduct (?) P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Signatures Deletion (?) 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P Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace P Editing policy Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Article size Summary style Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Manual of Style Contents Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Project content (?) 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P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ v t e Manual of Style v t e Overview Contents Tips Overview Contents Tips Content Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Formatting Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Layout Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists By topic area Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Cue sports Snooker Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Related guidelines Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Search Category Category v t e Wikipedia accounts and governance v t e Unregistered users Why create an account? 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Templates Media Category Templates v t e Wikipedia essays (?) v t e Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard v t e Wikipedia help pages v t e Visit the Teahouse or the Help desk for an interactive Q & A forum. 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General technical help Bypass cache Keyboard shortcuts Editing CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting How to create a page IRC Tutorial Mobile access Multilingual support Page history Page information Page name Help Printing Software notices Editnotice Special characters Entering User access levels VisualEditor Help Bypass cache Keyboard shortcuts Editing CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting How to create a page IRC Tutorial Tutorial Mobile access Multilingual support Page history Page information Page name Help Help Printing Software notices Editnotice Editnotice Special characters Entering Entering User access levels VisualEditor Help Help Special page -related Special page help AllPages Edit filter Emailing users Logging in Reset passwords Logs Moving a page History merging Non-admin and admin-only page moves Notifications/Echo FAQ Page Curation Page import Pending changes Random pages Recent changes Related changes 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requests TimedMediaHandler extension Module Special Namespaces Main/Article Category Draft File File description page File description page Help Portal Project/Wikipedia Talk Archiving Simple Archiving Simple Simple Template User User page design User page design MediaWiki Bug reports and feature requests TimedMediaHandler extension Bug reports and feature requests TimedMediaHandler extension Module Special HTML and CSS Cascading Style Sheets HTML in wikitext Catalogue of CSS classes Common.js and common.css Classes in microformats Markup validation Span tags Useful styles Cascading Style Sheets HTML in wikitext Catalogue of CSS classes Common.js and common.css Classes in microformats Markup validation Span tags Useful styles Customisation and tools Preferences Gadgets Skins Citation tools Cleaning up vandalism tools Customizing watchlists Hide pages IRC Scripts User scripts Guide List Techniques Safe mode User style Tools Alternative browsing Browser tools Editing tools Navigation 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Administrators Accessibility Accounts Bots Referencing Citation metadata Templates User scripts See also: Category:Wikipedia how-to Category:Wikipedia information pages Further navigation at: Help pages Administrators Administrators Accessibility Accounts Bots Referencing Citation metadata Citation metadata Templates User scripts v t e Wikipedia templates v t e Main namespace General Cleanup Verifiability and sources Disputes Hatnotes Infoboxes Links External link templates Linking country articles Lists Main page Section Sources of articles Quick reference Standard boxes Stub types Translation General Cleanup Verifiability and sources Verifiability and sources Disputes Hatnotes Infoboxes Links External link templates Linking country articles External link templates Linking country articles Lists Main page Section Sources of articles Quick reference Quick reference Standard boxes Stub types Translation Other namespaces Compact TOC Category File Talk Template User Userboxes User talk 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Fanhaluman Fanhaluman komunida Tinilaika siha gi halacha Maseha håfa na påhina Ayuda Manespesiat na påhina Nina'i siha Fa'tinas kuenta-hu Log in Nina'i siha Fa'tinas kuenta-hu Log in Contents Beginning 1 Bienbenido para Wikipedia , Fanhaluman Main Page Diskuti Read View source View history Read View source View history Håfa ha na'chetton guini Umachetton na tinilaika siha Na'kåtga hulu' i atkibu Inachetton petmanente Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Create a book Download as PDF Ribision imprentayon Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata item Bienbenido para Wikipedia , i dibatde na ensaiklopidia ni maseha hayi siña tumulaika. 558 na attikulu gi Chamoru . Sabalu , Eneru 10 , 2026 ; 19:20 ( UTC+10:00 ) Bienbenido para Wikipedia , Grupon Tiningo' Siha Siensa Aplikao Agrikuttura - Hinemlo' - Åmot - Transpottasion - I Tiempo Taotao yan Sosiedat Yeografia - Edukasion - Historia - Lengguahe - Mama'nå'gue Lina'la' yan Kuttura Lepblo - Mama'tinas - Kostumbre - Kuttura - Baila - Familia - Huego - Libettat - Kachido - Musika - Rediu - Biåhi - Telebision Siensa Aplikao Agrikuttura - Hinemlo' - Åmot - Transpottasion - I Tiempo Agrikuttura - Hinemlo' - Åmot - Transpottasion - I Tiempo Taotao yan Sosiedat Yeografia - Edukasion - Historia - Lengguahe - Mama'nå'gue Yeografia - Edukasion - Historia - Lengguahe - Mama'nå'gue Lina'la' yan Kuttura Lepblo - Mama'tinas - Kostumbre - Kuttura - Baila - Familia - Huego - Libettat - Kachido - Musika - Rediu - Biåhi - Telebision Lepblo - Mama'tinas - Kostumbre - Kuttura - Baila - Familia - Huego - Libettat - Kachido - Musika - Rediu - Biåhi - Telebision Siensa Naturat yan Matematika Algebra - Astrunomia - Bioloyia (gå'ga' yan tinanom) - Kimika - Matematika Gobietnu yan Lai Direchun i mantituge' - Ekonomia - Gobietnu - Direchon Taotao - Lai - Militåt - Politika - Kometsio Rilihon yan hinengge Atheism - Hinenggen Buda - Kinilisyano - Hinenggen Hindu - Hinenggen Islam - Mitoloyia - Pagånu - Teoloyia Siensa Naturat yan Matematika Algebra - Astrunomia - Bioloyia (gå'ga' yan tinanom) - Kimika - Matematika Algebra - Astrunomia - Bioloyia (gå'ga' yan tinanom) - Kimika - Matematika Gobietnu yan Lai Direchun i mantituge' - Ekonomia - Gobietnu - Direchon Taotao - Lai - Militåt - Politika - Kometsio Direchun i mantituge' - Ekonomia - Gobietnu - Direchon Taotao - Lai - Militåt - Politika - Kometsio Rilihon yan hinengge Atheism - Hinenggen Buda - Kinilisyano - Hinenggen Hindu - Hinenggen Islam - Mitoloyia - Pagånu - Teoloyia Atheism - Hinenggen Buda - Kinilisyano - Hinenggen Hindu - Hinenggen Islam - Mitoloyia - Pagånu - Teoloyia Chamoru Islas Mariånas - Notte Mariånas - Guåhan - Fino' Chamoru - Kutturan Chamoru - Na'Chamoru - Estoria - Musikan Chamoru - Bailan Chamoru Chamoru Islas Mariånas - Notte Mariånas - Guåhan - Fino' Chamoru - Kutturan Chamoru - Na'Chamoru - Estoria - Musikan Chamoru - Bailan Chamoru Islas Mariånas - Notte Mariånas - Guåhan - Fino' Chamoru - Kutturan Chamoru - Na'Chamoru - Estoria - Musikan Chamoru - Bailan Chamoru Wikipedia Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Events Toggle Events subsection 1.1 January 1.2 February 1.3 March 1.4 April 1.5 May 1.6 June 1.7 July 1.8 August 1.9 September 1.10 October 1.11 November 1.12 December 1.13 General 1.1 January 1.2 February 1.3 March 1.4 April 1.5 May 1.6 June 1.7 July 1.8 August 1.9 September 1.10 October 1.11 November 1.12 December 1.13 General 2 Births and deaths 3 Nobel Prizes 4 New English words 5 See also 6 References 2016 Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай 贛語 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай-малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kotava Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Ladin Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Lombard Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya Gagana Samoa Sardu Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Tolışi ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item Years Millennium 3rd millennium Centuries 20th century 21st century 22nd century 20th century 21st century 22nd century Decades 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s 2030s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s 2030s Years 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e Gregorian calendar 2016 MMXVI Ab urbe condita 2769 Armenian calendar 1465 ԹՎ ՌՆԿԵ Assyrian calendar 6766 Baháʼí calendar 172–173 Balinese saka calendar 1937–1938 Bengali calendar 1422–1423 Berber calendar 2966 British Regnal year 64 Eliz. 2 – 65 Eliz. 2 Buddhist calendar 2560 Burmese calendar 1378 Byzantine calendar 7524–7525 Chinese calendar 乙未 年 (Wood Goat ) 4713 or 4506 — to — 丙申年 (Fire Monkey ) 4714 or 4507 Coptic calendar 1732–1733 Discordian calendar 3182 Ethiopian calendar 2008–2009 Hebrew calendar 5776–5777 Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat 2072–2073 - Shaka Samvat 1937–1938 - Kali Yuga 5116–5117 Holocene calendar 12016 Igbo calendar 1016–1017 Iranian calendar 1394–1395 Islamic calendar 1437–1438 Japanese calendar Heisei 28 (平成２８年) Javanese calendar 1949–1950 Juche calendar 105 Julian calendar Gregorian minus 13 days Korean calendar 4349 Minguo calendar ROC 105 民國105年 Nanakshahi calendar 548 Thai solar calendar 2559 Tibetan calendar ཤིང་མོ་ལུག་ལོ་ (female Wood- Sheep ) 2142 or 1761 or 989 — to — མེ་ཕོ་སྤྲེ་ལོ་ (male Fire- Monkey ) 2143 or 1762 or 990 Unix time 1451606400 – 1483228799 2016 ( MMXVI ) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar , the 2016th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 16th year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century , and the 7th year of the 2010s decade. 2016 by topic Arts Animation Anime Architecture Comics Film Horror Literature Poetry Radio Science fiction Television Video games esports Animation Anime Anime Architecture Comics Film Horror Horror Literature Poetry Poetry Radio Science fiction Television Video games esports esports Music Albums By genre Classical Country Hip hop Jazz Latin Metal Rock By place Africa Asia China Japan Korea Philippines Australia Brazil Canada Europe Ireland Scandinavia Norway Sweden United Kingdom United States Albums By genre Classical Country Hip hop Jazz Latin Metal Rock Classical Country Hip hop Jazz Latin Metal Rock By place Africa Asia China Japan Korea Philippines Australia Brazil Canada Europe Ireland Scandinavia Norway Sweden United Kingdom United States Africa Asia China Japan Korea Philippines China Japan Korea Philippines Australia Brazil Canada Europe Ireland Scandinavia Norway Sweden United Kingdom Ireland Scandinavia Norway Sweden Norway Sweden United Kingdom United States Politics and government Elections International leaders Organized crime Religion Religious leaders Sovereign states Sovereign state leaders Territorial governors Elections International leaders Organized crime Religion Religious leaders Religious leaders Sovereign states Sovereign state leaders Territorial governors Science and technology Archaeology Biotechnology Computing ( AI ) Palaeontology Quantum computing and communication Senescence research Sustainable energy research Archaeology Biotechnology Computing ( AI ) Palaeontology Quantum computing and communication Senescence research Sustainable energy research Environment Birding and ornithology Climate change Weather Tornadoes Tropical cyclones Birding and ornithology Climate change Weather Tornadoes Tropical cyclones Tornadoes Tropical cyclones Transportation Aviation Rail transport Spaceflight Transportation technology Aviation Rail transport Spaceflight Transportation technology Sports American football Association football Athletics (sport) Badminton Baseball Basketball Chess Combat sports Cricket Cycling Golf Ice hockey Pro wrestling Rugby union Swimming Tennis Volleyball American football Association football Athletics (sport) Badminton Baseball Basketball Chess Combat sports Cricket Cycling Golf Ice hockey Pro wrestling Rugby union Swimming Tennis Volleyball By sovereign state Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan The Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Comoros Congo D.R. Congo Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Eswatini Equatorial Guinea Fiji Finland France Gabon The Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Libya Lithuania Luxembourg Macau Madagascar Marshall Islands Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Nauru Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Korea North Macedonia Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Somalia Somaliland South Africa Solomon Islands South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe By international organization European Union United Nations Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan The Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Comoros Congo D.R. Congo Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Eswatini Equatorial Guinea Fiji Finland France Gabon The Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Libya Lithuania Luxembourg Macau Madagascar Marshall Islands Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Nauru Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Korea North Macedonia Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Somalia Somaliland South Africa Solomon Islands South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe European Union United Nations Categories Births Deaths Establishments Disestablishments Works Introductions Works entering the public domain Births Deaths Establishments Disestablishments Works Introductions Works entering the public domain v t e v t e 2016 was designated as: International Year of Pulses by the sixty-eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly . [ 1 ] International Year of Global Understanding (IYGU) by the International Council for Science (ICSU), the International Social Science Council (ISSC), and the International Council for Philosophy and Human Sciences (CIPSH). [ 2 ] Events January January 3 – Following the fallout caused by the execution of Nimr al-Nimr , Saudi Arabia and several other countries end their diplomatic relations with Iran . [ 3 ] January 8 – Joaquín Guzmán , widely regarded as the world's most powerful drug trafficker, is recaptured following his escape from a maximum-security prison in Mexico. [ 4 ] January 12 – Ten people are killed and 15 wounded in a bombing near the Blue Mosque in Istanbul . [ 5 ] January 16 The International Atomic Energy Agency announces that Iran has adequately dismantled its nuclear weapons program , allowing the United Nations to lift sanctions immediately. [ 6 ] 30 people are killed and 56 injured in terrorist attacks in Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso , targeting a hotel and a nearby restaurant. A siege occurs and 176 hostages are released afterwards, by government forces. [ 7 ] In the general election of the Republic of China (Taiwan) , the Democratic Progressive Party, led by Tsai Ing-wen , secured a majority in the Legislative Yuan, resulting in the first majority by a non-KMT party and the first majority won by the DPP. Tsai became the 14th President for Taiwan , and also became the first female leader in China. [ 8 ] The International Atomic Energy Agency announces that Iran has adequately dismantled its nuclear weapons program , allowing the United Nations to lift sanctions immediately. [ 6 ] 30 people are killed and 56 injured in terrorist attacks in Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso , targeting a hotel and a nearby restaurant. A siege occurs and 176 hostages are released afterwards, by government forces. [ 7 ] In the general election of the Republic of China (Taiwan) , the Democratic Progressive Party, led by Tsai Ing-wen , secured a majority in the Legislative Yuan, resulting in the first majority by a non-KMT party and the first majority won by the DPP. Tsai became the 14th President for Taiwan , and also became the first female leader in China. [ 8 ] January 28 – The World Health Organization announces an outbreak of the Zika virus . [ 9 ] February February 6 – An earthquake of magnitude 6.6 strikes southern Taiwan , killing 117 people. [ 10 ] February 7 – North Korea launches a reconnaissance satellite named Kwangmyŏngsŏng-4 into space, it is condemned internationally as a long-range ballistic missile test. [ 11 ] February 12 – Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill sign an Ecumenical Declaration in the first such meeting between leaders of the Catholic and Russian Orthodox Churches since their schism in 1054. [ 12 ] March March 14 – The ESA and Roscosmos launch the joint ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter on a mission to Mars . [ 13 ] March 21 The International Criminal Court finds former Congolese Vice President Jean-Pierre Bemba guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity, the first time the ICC convicted someone of sexual violence. [ 14 ] Barack Obama visits Cuba , marking the first time a sitting US president has visited the island nation since President Calvin Coolidge visited in 1928. [ 15 ] The International Criminal Court finds former Congolese Vice President Jean-Pierre Bemba guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity, the first time the ICC convicted someone of sexual violence. [ 14 ] Barack Obama visits Cuba , marking the first time a sitting US president has visited the island nation since President Calvin Coolidge visited in 1928. [ 15 ] March 22 – 2016 Brussels bombings : Suicide bombing attacks at Brussels' Zaventem airport and Maalbeek metro station kill 35 people and injure 300 more. [ 16 ] March 24 – Ex-Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadžić is sentenced to 40 years in prison after being found guilty of genocide and crimes against humanity committed during the Bosnian War . [ 17 ] April April 1 – 5 – 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes : Clashes occur along the Nagorno-Karabakh line of contact with the Artsakh Defense Army , backed by the Armenian Armed Forces , on one side and the Azerbaijani Armed Forces on the other. The US State Department estimates that a total of 350 people have been killed in the clashes, which have been defined as "the worst" since the 1994 ceasefire . [ 18 ] April 3 – The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) and the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung publish the " Panama Papers ", a set of 11.5 million confidential documents from the Panamanian corporate Mossack Fonseca that provides detailed information on more than 214,000 offshore companies, including the identities of shareholders and directors including noted personalities and heads of state . [ 19 ] April 8 – Pope Francis ' apostolic exhortation Amoris laetitia (dated March 19) is published in the Vatican; it appears to amend the Roman Catholic Church's position on the availability of sacraments to Catholics who have divorced and contracted a civil remarriage. [ 20 ] April 16 – An earthquake of magnitude 7.8 strikes northwestern Ecuador killing 676 people and injuring over 6,000. Widespread damage was caused across Manabí Province , with structures hundreds of kilometres away from the epicenter collapsing. April 23 – American singer-songwriter Beyoncé releases her sixth studio album Lemonade . May May 2 – Leicester City are officially confirmed Premier League Champions against 5000:1 odds at the start of the season. May 9 – Rodrigo Duterte is elected the President of the Philippines . May 10 – 14 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2016 is held in Stockholm , Sweden , and is won by Ukrainian entrant Jamala with the song " 1944 ". May 19 – EgyptAir Flight 804 crashes into the Mediterranean Sea en route from Paris to Cairo , killing all 66 people on board. [ 21 ] May 20 – Tsai Ing-wen is sworn in as the President of the Republic of China (Taiwan) . [ 22 ] May 28 – Real Madrid wins The UEFA Champions League against Atlético de Madrid by penalties 5–3 in San Siro in Milan , Italy May 29 – The 100th Indianapolis 500 is held and is won by rookie Alexander Rossi . May 30 – Former Chadian President Hissène Habré is sentenced to life in prison for crimes against humanity committed during his tenure from 1982 to 1990 , the first time an African Union -backed court has convicted a former ruler of a country within its jurisdiction. [ 23 ] June June 1 – The Gotthard Base Tunnel , the world's longest and deepest railway tunnel, is opened following two decades of construction work. [ 24 ] June 10 – July 10 – France hosts the UEFA Euro 2016 football tournament, which is won by Portugal . [ 25 ] June 10 – Christina Grimmie was shot dead while signing autographs and taking pictures with her fans following a concert performance at the Plaza Live in Orlando, Florida . June 12 – A gunman claiming allegiance to the Islamic State opens fire at a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida, killing 49 people and injuring 53 others. [ 26 ] June 23 – The United Kingdom votes in a referendum to leave the European Union , triggering the so-called Brexit . [ 27 ] June 28 – 2016 Atatürk Airport attack : ISIL is suspected to be responsible for attacking Atatürk Airport in Istanbul , Turkey, killing 44 people and injuring over 230 others. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] July July 1 – Latvia becomes the 35th member of the OECD . [ 30 ] July 2 – 2016 Australian federal election : Malcolm Turnbull 's Liberal/National Coalition Government is narrowly re-elected, [ 31 ] defeating the Labor Party led by Bill Shorten . [ 32 ] July 5 – NASA 's Juno spacecraft enters orbit around Jupiter and begins a 20-month survey of the planet. [ 33 ] July 6 – The augmented reality mobile game Pokémon Go is released, breaking numerous records in terms of sales and revenue. [ 34 ] July 12 – The Philippines wins the arbitration case they filed at the Permanent Court of Arbitration regarding the legality of China 's " nine-dash line " claim over the South China Sea under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea . [ 35 ] [ 36 ] July 14 – 2016 Nice truck attack : 86 people are killed and more than 400 others injured in a truck attack in Nice , France, during Bastille Day celebrations. [ 37 ] July 15 – 16 – In Turkey , a faction within the Turkish Armed Forces that organized themselves as the Peace at Home Council , unsuccessfully stages a coup against the state institutions , resulting in the deaths of at least 240 people and triggering a series of unprecedented purges throughout the country. [ 38 ] July 22 – The final videocassette recorder is manufactured by the Japanese company Funai . [ 39 ] July 26 – Swiss Solar Impulse 2 becomes the first solar-powered aircraft to circumnavigate the Earth. [ 40 ] August August 3 – Emirates Flight 521 crashed at Dubai International Airport in Dubai , United Arab Emirates . 1 person was killed and 39 people were injured. [ 41 ] August 5 – 21 – The 2016 Summer Olympics are held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil , the first time in South America. [ 42 ] August 24 – An earthquake of magnitude 6.2 hits central Italy, killing 299 people. August 31 – The Brazilian Senate votes (61–20) to impeach the President of Brazil Dilma Rousseff . The Vice President of Brazil , Michel Temer , who had assumed the presidential powers and duties as Acting President of Brazil during Rousseff's suspension, takes office for the remainder of her term. [ 43 ] September September 1 – An annular solar eclipse was visible from Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Mozambique and Madagascar. September 3 – The US and China, together responsible for 40% of the world's carbon emissions , both formally join the Paris global climate agreement . [ 44 ] September 8 – NASA launches OSIRIS-REx , its first asteroid sample return mission . The probe visited Bennu from 2018 to 2021 and would return samples to Earth on September 24, 2023 . [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] September 9 – The government of North Korea conducts its fifth and reportedly biggest nuclear test . World leaders condemn the act, with South Korea calling it "maniacal recklessness". [ 48 ] September 28 International investigators conclude that Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was shot down by a Buk missile that came from an area controlled by pro-Russian rebels in eastern Ukraine. [ 49 ] Global CO 2 levels exceed 400 ppm at the time of year normally associated with minimum levels. [ 50 ] A 400 ppm level is believed to be higher than anything experienced in human history. [ 51 ] International investigators conclude that Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was shot down by a Buk missile that came from an area controlled by pro-Russian rebels in eastern Ukraine. [ 49 ] Global CO 2 levels exceed 400 ppm at the time of year normally associated with minimum levels. [ 50 ] A 400 ppm level is believed to be higher than anything experienced in human history. [ 51 ] September 30 – Two paintings by Vincent van Gogh with a combined value of $100 million, Seascape at Scheveningen and Congregation Leaving the Reformed Church in Nuenen , are recovered after having been stolen on December 7, 2002, from the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam. [ 52 ] October October 3 – Hurricane Matthew makes landfall in Haiti as a category 4 hurricane, killing 842 and causing $2.8 billion in damages. [ 53 ] October 7 – Three events that will play a significant role in the 2016 United States presidential election all take place on the same afternoon: (1) U.S. intelligence agencies publicly accuse the Russian government of using computer hacking to interfere with the U.S. election process; (2) The Washington Post releases a videotape showing candidate Donald Trump privately bragging about sexual improprieties; (3) WikiLeaks releases thousands of private emails from inside the political campaign of candidate Hillary Clinton. October 13 – The Maldives announces its decision to withdraw from the Commonwealth of Nations . [ 54 ] October 14 – American missionary and aid worker Jeff Woodke is kidnapped in Abalak, Niger by militants. He would not be freed for six years. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] October 15 – 150 nations meet at the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) summit in Rwanda and agree to phase out hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) as an amendment to the Montreal Protocol . [ 57 ] November November 1 – The number of people globally using mobile devices to access the internet overtakes those using desktop computers for the first time, having been preceded by the U.S. two years prior. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] [ 60 ] [ 61 ] [ 62 ] November 2 – The Chicago Cubs win the World Series for the first time since 1908, ending the longest championship drought in North American sports history. [ 63 ] November 6 – The government of India announces the demonetisation of certain banknotes , causing prolonged cash shortages in the weeks that follow and significant disruption throughout the economy. [ 64 ] [ 65 ] November 8 – 2016 United States presidential election : Businessman and television personality Donald Trump is elected the 45th President of the United States in a surprise victory against his opponent, former Secretary of State and First Lady Hillary Clinton . [ 66 ] November 18 – The remains of Philippine dictator Ferdinand Marcos are buried in a private ceremony at the Libingan ng mga Bayani prompting protests throughout the Philippines . [ 67 ] [ 68 ] November 24 – The Colombian government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia—People's Army sign a revised peace deal , slowing the Colombian conflict . [ 69 ] November 28 – LaMia Flight 2933 crashes into a mountain near Medellín , Colombia, killing 71 of the 77 people on board, including members of the Brazilian Chapecoense football squad . December December 1 – Following a mourning period of seven weeks after the death and funeral of Bhumibol Adulyadej , Vajiralongkorn formally succeeds his late father as the new King of Thailand . [ 70 ] December 4 – A constitutional referendum is held in Italy , resulting in the resignation of Prime Minister Matteo Renzi . December 9 – South Korean President Park Geun-hye is suspended after MPs vote to impeach her, following a political scandal . December 19 Andrei Karlov , the Russian ambassador to Turkey, is assassinated by an off-duty Turkish police officer at an art exhibition in Ankara . [ 71 ] Berlin truck attack : A truck is deliberately driven into the Christmas market next to the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church at Breitscheidplatz in Berlin , leaving 12 people dead and 56 others injured. Andrei Karlov , the Russian ambassador to Turkey, is assassinated by an off-duty Turkish police officer at an art exhibition in Ankara . [ 71 ] Berlin truck attack : A truck is deliberately driven into the Christmas market next to the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church at Breitscheidplatz in Berlin , leaving 12 people dead and 56 others injured. December 22 – A study finds the VSV-EBOV vaccine against the Ebola virus between 70 and 100% effective, thus making it the first proven vaccine against the disease. [ 72 ] December 23 – The United Nations Security Council adopts Resolution 2334 condemning " Israeli settlements in Palestinian territories occupied since 1967 ". [ 73 ] December 25 – 2016 Russian Defence Ministry Tupolev Tu-154 crash : A Tupolev Tu-154 jetliner of the Russian Defence Ministry crashes into the Black Sea shortly after taking off from Sochi International Airport , Russia, while en route to Khmeimim Air Base , Syria. All 92 people on board, including 64 members of the Alexandrov Ensemble choir of the Russian Armed Forces , are killed. [ 74 ] December 28 – The chemical elements 113, 115, 117 and 118 are officially named Nihonium , Moscovium , Tennessine and Oganesson . [ 75 ] [ 76 ] December 29 – The Helsinki District Court gives Jari Aarnio , the former head of anti-drugs police, to ten-year prison sentence for drug crimes as part of a rare police corruption scandal in Finland . [ 77 ] December 31 Withdrawal of the majority of U.S. troops from Afghanistan after 15 years of war. [ 78 ] An extra leap second (23:59:60) is added to end of the year. The last time this occurred was in June 2015 . [ 79 ] Withdrawal of the majority of U.S. troops from Afghanistan after 15 years of war. [ 78 ] An extra leap second (23:59:60) is added to end of the year. The last time this occurred was in June 2015 . [ 79 ] General Pemon conflict in Venezuela. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] [ 82 ] Beginning of the famine in Yemen . [ 83 ] Births and deaths Nobel Prizes Chemistry – Ben Feringa , Jean-Pierre Sauvage , Fraser Stoddart Economics – Oliver Hart , Bengt R. Holmström Literature – Bob Dylan Peace – Juan Manuel Santos Physics – John M. Kosterlitz , Duncan Haldane , David J. Thouless Physiology or Medicine – Yoshinori Ohsumi New English words dark kitchen moscovium nihonium oganesson tennessine See also 2010s political history List of international years 2010s portal References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "United Nations Observances: International Years" . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Catholic Europe Toggle Catholic Europe subsection 1.1 Albania 1.2 Belgium 1.3 Bulgaria 1.4 Croatia 1.5 Czech Republic 1.6 France 1.7 Germany 1.8 Hungary 1.9 Italy 1.10 Malta 1.11 Netherlands 1.12 Poland 1.13 Slovakia 1.14 Slovenia 1.15 Spain 1.16 Ukraine 1.1 Albania 1.2 Belgium 1.3 Bulgaria 1.4 Croatia 1.5 Czech Republic 1.6 France 1.7 Germany 1.8 Hungary 1.9 Italy 1.10 Malta 1.11 Netherlands 1.12 Poland 1.13 Slovakia 1.14 Slovenia 1.15 Spain 1.16 Ukraine 2 Catholic Asia Toggle Catholic Asia subsection 2.1 Indonesia 2.2 India 2.3 Israel 2.4 Japan 2.5 Korea 2.6 Philippines 2.7 Syria 2.8 Asian Turkey 2.1 Indonesia 2.2 India 2.3 Israel 2.4 Japan 2.5 Korea 2.6 Philippines 2.7 Syria 2.8 Asian Turkey 3 Catholic Africa Toggle Catholic Africa subsection 3.1 Egypt 3.2 Ghana 3.1 Egypt 3.2 Ghana 4 Catholic Central America and Antilles Toggle Catholic Central America and Antilles subsection 4.1 Belize 4.2 Guatemala 4.3 Martinique 4.4 St. Kitts and Nevis 4.1 Belize 4.2 Guatemala 4.3 Martinique 4.4 St. Kitts and Nevis 5 Catholic South America Toggle Catholic South America subsection 5.1 Brazil 5.2 Chile 5.3 Peru 5.4 Uruguay 5.1 Brazil 5.2 Chile 5.3 Peru 5.4 Uruguay 6 Catholic Oceania Toggle Catholic Oceania subsection 6.1 Australia 6.2 Papua New Guinea 6.3 Polynesia 6.1 Australia 6.2 Papua New Guinea 6.3 Polynesia 7 United Kingdom Toggle United Kingdom subsection 7.1 Catholic Church 7.2 Church of England 7.3 Scottish Episcopal Church 7.1 Catholic Church 7.2 Church of England 7.3 Scottish Episcopal Church 8 North America Toggle North America subsection 8.1 Catholic Church 8.2 Episcopal Church (United States) 8.1 Catholic Church 8.2 Episcopal Church (United States) 9 See also 10 References Co-cathedral Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Frysk Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Nederlands Polski Slovenčina Slovenščina Tagalog Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Co-cathedral" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( January 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) A co-cathedral is a cathedral church which shares the function of being a bishop 's seat, or cathedra , with another cathedral, often in another city (usually a former see, anchor city of the metropolitan area or the civil capital). Instances of this occurred in England before the Protestant Reformation in the dioceses of ' Bath and Wells ', and of ' Coventry and Lichfield '. These two dioceses were each named for both cities that served as bishop's seats. As of March 2020, the Catholic Church had 322 co-cathedrals, mainly in Europe (140 in Italy alone). [ 1 ] Many are former cathedrals, but even if still in use, those often are not granted co-cathedral status. Often the diocese with one or more co-cathedrals also has a multiple ("hyphenated") name reflecting these, but some have a co-cathedral not mentioned in the title while other former see titles may also be preserved without having a co-cathedral. Sometimes the first-named city does not have the main cathedral (actual see) but boasts another distinction such as being a national capital or having an august ecclesiastical past. Catholic Europe This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Albania In Albania, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tirana-Durrës has a co-cathedral in Durrës , Saint Lucia co-cathedral. Belgium In Belgium, the cathedral of the primatial Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mechelen-Brussels is the Metropolitan St. Rumbold's Cathedral in Mechelen (Malines), the archiepiscopal seat. Its co-cathedral is the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula in Brussels , the national capital. A third, larger church in Koekelberg (also in Brussels) has the status of minor basilica , without co-cathedral rank, yet it has received papal visits including a papal beatification. Bulgaria The Roman Catholic Diocese of Sofia and Plovdiv has, besides the Cathedral of St Louis in Plovdiv , a new co-cathedral of St. Joseph in Sofia . Croatia The Metropolitan archbishop of Split-Makarska has, in Split (Dalmatia), the co-cathedral of Saint Peter the Apostle Konkatedrala sv. Petra Apostola, besides his episcopal see, Katedrala Sv. Dujma The Metropolitan archbishop of Đakovo-Osijek has, in Osijek (Slavonia), the co-cathedral of St Peter and St Paul Crkva svetog Petra i Pavla , besides his episcopal see, Katedrala Bazilika Svetog Petra Czech Republic The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ostrava-Opava has a co-cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption Co-Cathedral in Ostravian-Opavian diocese in Opava besides the Ostrava Savior cathedral. France The double-titled bishopric of Aire and Dax has a Co-cathedral of Notre Dame in Dax and a Cathedral of St John the Baptist in Aire The Archdiocese of Chambéry–Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne–Tarentaise has its cathedral in Chambéry and co–cathedrals in Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne and in Tarentaise The bishop of Couserans (a see suppressed in the French Revolution ) had two co-cathedral churches at Saint-Lizier The bishop of Sisteron (a see also suppressed) had a second throne in the church of Forcalquier , which is still called La Con-cathédrale . Germany The Roman Catholic Diocese of Augsburg has a co-cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul in Dillingen and a cathedral of the Visitation of Holy Mary in Augsburg The Roman Catholic Diocese of Dresden-Meissen has a co-cathedral of Saint Peter in Bautzen and a cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity in Dresden The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising has a co-cathedral of Saints Mary and Korbinian in Freising and a cathedral of Our Dear Lady in Munich The Roman Catholic Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart has a co-cathedral of Saint Eberhard in Stuttgart and a cathedral of Saint Martin in Rottenburg am Neckar . Hungary The primatial Metropolitan see of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Esztergom-Budapest has its primary cathedral in the old archiepiscopal seat, the Cathedral Basilica of Esztergom , and a co-cathedral basilica in the national state capital Budapest . Italy The Diocese of Adria-Rovigo has a Concattedrale di S. Stefano Papa e Martire Concattedrale dedicated to Martyr Pope Stephen I in Rovigo , which never was a diocese, besides Adria 's own Cattedrale di SS. Pietro e Paolo dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul The Roman Catholic Diocese of Alghero-Bosa (on Sardinia) has a Marian Co-Cathedral Concattedrale di Beata Vergine Immaculata Concattedrale di Beata Vergine Immaculata, in Bosa besides its cathedral episcopal see, the Marian Cattedrale di Beata Maria Vergine Immaculata Concezione, in Alghero The Diocese of Amalfi–Cava de' Tirreni has a Marian Co-Cathedral of the Visitation of Mary in Cava de' Tirreni , besides the cathedral of Apostle Andrew in Amalfi . The Diocese of Avezzano has its cathedral in that city and a co-cathedral in its former see Pescina The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Campobasso-Boiano has a cathedral in Campobasso [ it ] and a co-cathedral in Bojano [ it ] . The Roman Catholic Diocese of Lucera-Troia has its cathedral in Lucera, present see; Troia 's former cathedral serves as co-cathedral The Diocese of Melfi–Rapolla–Venosa has a cathedral, a Marian Minor Basilica: Basilica Cattedrale di S. Maria Assunta, at Melfi , and two Co-cathedrals: Concattedrale di S. Andrea in Venosa , and Concattedrale di S. Michele Arcangelo, in Rapolla The Roman Catholic Diocese of Molfetta-Ruvo-Giovinazzo-Terlizzi has a cathedral in Molfetta and three co-cathedral: in Ruvo , Giovinazzo and Terlizzi The Roman Catholic Diocese of Pitigliano-Sovana-Orbetello has a cathedral of Peter&Paul in Pitigliano and a co-cathedral of the Assumptio in Orbetello The Archdiocese of Rossano–Cariati has a Marian Cathedral di Maria SS. Achiropita at Rossano and a Co-Cathedral of the Archangel Michael in Cariati The Archdiocese of Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi-Conza-Nusco-Bisaccia has its cathedral in Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi and three co-cathedrals in absorbed former bishoprics : Conza di Campania , Nusco and Bisaccia The Diocese of Teggiano-Policastro has a Co-cathedral of the Assumption in Policastro Bussentino and a Marian cathedral of S. Maria Maggiore e S. Michele Arcangelo, in Teggiano The Diocese of Termoli-Larino has its cathedral in Termoli and a co-cathedral in Larino The Diocese of Bolzano-Brixen has its cathedral in Brixen and a co-cathedral in Bolzano Malta The metropolitan cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Malta is St. Paul's Cathedral in the former capital Mdina . Since the 1820s, the former Conventual Church of St. John in Valletta has been known as St. John's Co-Cathedral . Netherlands Since 8 March 2025, the Basilica of Saint Nicholas, Amsterdam , is co-cathedral with the Cathedral of St Bavo, Haarlem . [ 2 ] Poland the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zamość-Lubaczów has a cathedral of the Resurrection and St. Thomas the Apostle in Zamość and a co-cathedral of St. Stanislaus in Lubaczów The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień has a cathedral of James the Elder in Szczecin and a co-cathedral of John the Baptist in Kamień; the same goes for both its suffragans : the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zielona Góra-Gorzów has a cathedral of the Virgin Mary in Gorzów and a co-cathedral of St. Jadwiga in Zielona Góra The Roman Catholic Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg has a cathedral in Koszalin and a co-cathedral in Kołobrzeg the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zielona Góra-Gorzów has a cathedral of the Virgin Mary in Gorzów and a co-cathedral of St. Jadwiga in Zielona Góra The Roman Catholic Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg has a cathedral in Koszalin and a co-cathedral in Kołobrzeg Slovakia Co-Cathedral of St. Nicholas, Prešov Slovenia The Diocese of Koper has a Co-cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Nova Gorica besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Koper Spain The Diocese of Calahorra y La Calzada-Logroño has a Co-Cathedral of St Mary in Logroño besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady in Calahorra and Cathedral of the Saviour and St Mary of Santo Domingo de la Calzada . The Diocese of Coria-Cáceres has a C o-Cathedral of St Mary in Cáceres besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady in Coria . The Diocese of Guadix-Baza has a Co-Cathedral of Our Lady of the Incarnation ( es ) in Baza besides its Cathedral of the Incarnation in Guadix . The Archdiocese of Mérida-Badajoz has a Co-Cathedral of Saint Mary Major in Mérida besides its Cathedral of St John the Baptist in Badajoz . The Diocese of Mondoñedo-Ferrol has a Co-Cathedral of St Martin in Ferrol beside its Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady in Mondoñedo . The Diocese of Orihuela-Alicante has a Co-Catedral of St Nicholas of Bary in Alicante besides its Cathedral of the Saviour and St Mary in Orihuela . The Diocese of Osma-Soria has a Co-Cathedral of St Peter in Soria besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady in Burgo de Osma . The Diocese of Segorbe-Castellón has a Co-Cathedral os St Mary in Castellón de la Plana besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady in Segorbe . The Diocese of Sigüenza-Guadalajara has a Co-Cathedral of Santa María de la Fuente la Mayor in Guadalajara besides its Cathedral of St Mary in Sigüenza . The Diocese of Tui-Vigo has a Co-Cathedral of St Mary in Vigo besides its Cathedral of St Mary in Tui . Ukraine Latin Diocese of Kyiv-Zhytomyr has a Co-Cathedral of St. Alexander, Kyiv , besides the Cathedral of St. Sophia, in Zhytomyr . Latin diocese of Kharkiv-Zaporizhzhia has a Co-Cathedral of the Merciful Father, Zaporizhzhia , besides the Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Kharkiv The Roman Catholic Diocese of Odesa-Simferopol plans a co-cathedral in Simferopol, on Crimea, besides its Odesa cathedral, but suspended building plans after the Russian annexation Catholic Asia This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Indonesia The Diocese of Sibolga has a co-Cathedral named The Lady of All Nations in Gunungsitoli , Nias , besides the Cathedral of Therese of Lisieux in Sibolga . India The Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh has a co-Cathedral, Christ the King Cathedral, at Chandigarh , which never was a diocese, besides the cathedral episcopal see of St. Michael and St. Joseph in Shimla , the capital of Himachal Pradesh state. After the merger of the ecclesiastical provinces of Madras and Mylapore in 1952 to form the Archdiocese of Madras-Mylapore . The cathedral of the former Mylapore province was given Co-cathedral standard and is now known as St Mary's Co-Cathedral . Israel The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem , whose main cathedral is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre , also has a co-cathedral, namely the co-Cathedral of the Most Holy Name of Jesus . Japan The co-Cathedral The Basilica of the Twenty-Six Holy Martyrs of Japan , in Nagasaki also known as Ōura Cathedral, a World Heritage Site , and the oldest church in Japan. Nearby is the Immaculate Conception Cathedral , also known as Urakami Cathedral. Korea The Archdiocese of Daegu has, besides the Kyesan Cathedral , a new co-cathedral, Beomeo Cathedral. The Diocese of Suwon has a cathedral of Korean Martyrs in Jeongjadong and a co-cathedral of Queen of Peace in Jowon-dong Philippines The Archdiocese of Lingayen-Dagupan has a cathedral in Dagupan, Pangasinan and the original cathedral, now co-cathedral, the Epiphany of Our Lord Parish Church in Lingayen . Syria The Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Homs has in Yabrud (one of the two former eparchs which were title united with the diocese) the co-cathedral of Saints Constantine and Helen, besides its Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace in Homs . Asian Turkey The Apostolic Vicariate of Anatolia has a Co-Cathedral of St. Anthony of Padua, in Mersin , besides the Marian episcopal see Cathedral of the Annunciation, in İskenderun (Alexandretta). Catholic Africa This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Egypt The Latin Apostolic Vicariate of Alexandria had a St. Catherine cathedral in Alexandria and two co-cathedrals: the former cathedrals of the merged-in apostolic vicariates of Heliopolis of Egypt ( Our Lady , in that Cairo suburb) and of Port Said (Our Lady and St. Michael in that Sinai Canal port). Ghana The Diocese of Keta–Akatsi has its co-cathedral at first-named Keta , the cathedral is in second-named Akatsi . Catholic Central America and Antilles This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Belize Our Lady of Guadalupe Co-Cathedral in Belmopan is the diocesan co-cathedral of Belize City-Belmopan since the national capital was shifted to Belmopan , which was added to the bishopric's title, but the see and Holy Redeemer Cathedral remained in former capital Belize City . Guatemala The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Los Altos Quetzaltenango-Totonicapán has a Cocatedral, San Miguel Arcángel, in Totonicapán , besides the episcopal see Catedral del Espíritu Santo, in Quetzaltenango . The diocese of Zacapa y Santo Cristo de Esquipulas has cathedral San Pedro (dedicated to saint Peter), in Zacapa and a virtual Co-cathedral, Basílica del Cristo Negro de Esquipulas , which is officially still the cathedral of the (absorbed) Territorial Prelature of Santo Cristo de Esquipulas . Martinique The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Fort-de-France–Saint-Pierre has a co-cathedral Co-cathédrale Notre Dame de l'Assomption, in Saint-Pierre, besides the cathedral Cathédrale Saint-Louis, in Fort-de-France. St. Kitts and Nevis The Diocese of Saint John's–Basseterre has a cathedral, Holy Family Cathedral, in St John's, Antigua , and a co-cathedral, Basseterre Co-Cathedral of Immaculate Conception , in Basseterre , St. Kitts. Catholic South America This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Brazil The bishop of Primavera do Leste–Paranatinga has a Co-Cathedral São Francisco Xavier, in Paranatinga , besides its episcopal see Catedral São Cristóvão, in Primavera do Leste . Chile The Apostolic Vicariate of Aysén has an Our Lady of Sorrows Co-cathedral in Coyhaique besides its Saint Therese of Lisieux Cathedral in Puerto Aysén . Peru The Roman Catholic Diocese of Tacna and Moquegua has a St. Dominic Co-cathedral in Moquegua besides its Our Lady of the Rosary Cathedral in Tacna . Uruguay The Armenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Latin America and Mexico has a Cathedral Catedral Armênia São Gregório Iluminador, in São Paulo, Brazil and a Co-Cathedral Nuestra Señora de Bzommar, in Montevideo, Uruguay, Catholic Oceania This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Australia The Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Saint Maron of Sydney has Our Lady of Lebanon Co-Cathedral in Harris Park, New South Wales , [ 3 ] besides St. Maron's Cathedral, Sydney . [ 4 ] The Roman Catholic Diocese of Wollongong has St John Vianney Co-Cathedral in Fairy Meadow, New South Wales . Papua New Guinea The Archdiocese of Rabaul has besides its episcopal see -a cathedral in Vunapope- St Francis Xavier's Co-Cathedral, in the national capital Rabaul. Polynesia The Archdiocese of Samoa-Apia Co-Cathedral is Our Lady of the Rosary at Siusega, together with the Cathedral of the Immaculate Heart in the capital, Apia in Upolu. The Diocese of Samoa–Pago Pago has a Co-Cathedral of St. Joseph the Worker in Fagatogo besides the Cathedral of the Holy Family in Tafuna , on Tutuila Island United Kingdom Catholic Church The Archdiocese of Liverpool includes a co-cathedral on the Isle of Man , the St. Mary of the Isle Church . Church of England Prior to the Protestant Reformation, the dioceses of 'Bath and Wells' and 'Coventry and Lichfield' were the only co-cathedrals in England. Only one diocese of the Church of England has co-cathedrals; in the Anglican Diocese of Leeds there are three co-cathedrals, Ripon , Bradford and Wakefield . The Diocese of Leeds was formed in 2014 by the merger of the former Anglican dioceses of Bradford , Ripon , and Wakefield , with all three former diocesan cathedrals given co-equal status in the new diocese. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] In the case of York the collegiate churches of Beverley , Ripon and Southwell were almost in the same position, but although the archbishop had a stall in each, he had no diocesan cathedra in them. The chapters were not united with that of the metropolitan church in the direct government of the diocese, or the election of the archbishop, nor had they those other rights which were held to denote the cathedral character of a church. [ citation needed ] Scottish Episcopal Church The Diocese of Argyll and The Isles of the Scottish Episcopal Church has two co-cathedrals: St John's Cathedral , Oban and Cathedral of The Isles , Millport, Cumbrae . It is the only diocese to have more than one cathedral. [ 7 ] North America Catholic Church In the United States , there are several instances in which a Roman Catholic diocese maintains two episcopal see cities, each with its own cathedral or co-cathedral. Examples include: the Cathedral of Saint Paul and the Basilica of Saint Mary in the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis (Minnesota). the Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston (Texas). [ 8 ] the Archdiocese of Anchorage-Juneau (Alaska). the Diocese of Altoona–Johnstown (Pennsylvania). the Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend (Indiana). the Diocese of Great Falls–Billings (Montana). the Diocese of Houma–Thibodaux (Louisiana). the Diocese of Kansas City–Saint Joseph (Missouri). the Diocese of Pensacola–Tallahassee (Florida). the Diocese of Springfield–Cape Girardeau (Missouri). the Diocese of Wheeling–Charleston (West Virginia). the Diocese of Winona–Rochester (Minnesota). In some cases the co-cathedrals are in different municipalities, but the diocese's name does not reflect the dual cathedral status. For example: the Diocese of Trenton (New Jersey) the cathedral, St. Mary of the Assumption in Trenton , and the co-cathedral, St. Robert Bellarmine in Freehold , the Melkite Greek Catholic Eparchy of Newton with its co-cathedrals, the Annunciation Melkite Catholic Cathedral in Boston, Massachusetts on the East Coast and the St. Anne Melkite Catholic Cathedral (North Hollywood, California) on the West Coast. There are also three instances in the United States in which a cathedral and its co-cathedral are in the same city. [ 9 ] This usually occurs when a historically important cathedral becomes too small to serve a growing population, and a larger co-cathedral is constructed to accommodate larger services. Examples include: The Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace and the Co-Cathedral of Saint Theresa of the Child Jesus in the Diocese of Honolulu , Hawaii. The Cathedral of Mary Our Queen and the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (originally the cathedral and now the co-cathedral) in the Archdiocese of Baltimore , Maryland. The Cathedral Basilica of St. James and the Co-Cathedral of St. Joseph in the Diocese of Brooklyn , New York. Examples in Canada are: The Archdiocese of Halifax-Yarmouth , Nova Scotia, has the absorbed diocese's former see, St. Ambrose Co-Cathedral in Yarmouth, besides the Metropolitan's own cathedral minor basilica , St. Mary's Cathedral Basilica in Halifax. The Cathedral of Saint-Jean-l'Évangéliste and the Co-Cathedral of Saint-Antoine-de-Padoue in the Diocese of Saint-Jean-Longueuil , Quebec. Our Lady of Assumption Co-Cathedral in the former Gravelbourg Diocese, and the Holy Rosary Cathedral (Regina, Saskatchewan) both now in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Regina , in the province of Saskatchewan. The Holy Family Cathedral and St. Paul's Cathedral in the Diocese of Saskatoon , Saskatchewan. Episcopal Church (United States) In the Episcopal Church in the United States, the Diocese of Iowa and the Diocese of Minnesota each have two cathedrals, both located in different cities; however, they are not styled "co-cathedrals." The Diocese of Lexington maintains a second cathedral of the Cathedral Church of St. George the Martyr at their Cathedral Domain conference center and camp in Irvine, Kentucky , but they do not use the term "co-cathedral" to describe it. [ 10 ] See also Pro-cathedral List of the Catholic cathedrals of the United States References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Cathedrals in the World" . Gcatholic.org . Retrieved 3 December 2021 . ^ "Celebration of taking possession of the Co-Cathedral" . Jan W. M. Hendriks . 8 March 2025. ^ "Our Lady of Lebanon Maronite Catholic Parish" . Retrieved 7 April 2021 . ^ "St Maroun's Cathedral" . GCatholic.org . Retrieved 3 December 2021 . ^ "West Yorkshire Reorganisation Scheme" . churchofengland.org . Archbishops' Council of the Church of England. 20 March 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . ^ "Cathedrals" . anglican.org . Diocese of Leeds . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . ^ "Diocese of Argyll and the Isles" . anglica.org . Diocese of Argyll and the Isles. 2017 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . With Cathedrals in Oban and on the Isle of Cumbrae... ^ "Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston: History of the Cathedral & Co-Cathedral" . Archived from the original on 18 September 2010 . Retrieved 3 December 2021 . ^ "Cathedrals in USA" . Gcatholic.org . Retrieved 3 December 2021 . ^ "Cathedral Domain celebrates 100 years of welcoming visitors | Lexington Herald Leader" . Archived from the original on 2019-10-07 . Retrieved 2019-10-07 . History of cathedrals Types of church buildings Cathedrals Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles needing additional references from January 2023 All articles needing additional references Interlanguage link template forcing interwiki links Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 This page was last edited on 21 December 2025, at 21:43 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Terminology Toggle Terminology subsection 1.1 Policy 1.2 Guideline 1.1 Policy 1.2 Guideline 2 Basics Toggle Basics subsection 2.1 Five Pillars 2.1 Five Pillars 3 List Toggle List subsection 3.1 Content policies 3.2 Content guidelines 3.3 Editing guidelines 3.4 Notability guidelines 3.5 Naming conventions 3.6 Style guidelines 3.7 Conduct policies 3.8 Behavioral guidelines 3.9 Deletion policies 3.10 Deletion guidelines 3.11 Procedural policies 3.12 Enforcement policies 3.13 Legal policies 3.14 Project content guidelines 3.15 Template guidelines 3.16 Reference Desk guidelines 3.1 Content policies 3.2 Content guidelines 3.3 Editing guidelines 3.4 Notability guidelines 3.5 Naming conventions 3.6 Style guidelines 3.7 Conduct policies 3.8 Behavioral guidelines 3.9 Deletion policies 3.10 Deletion guidelines 3.11 Procedural policies 3.12 Enforcement policies 3.13 Legal policies 3.14 Project content guidelines 3.15 Template guidelines 3.16 Reference Desk guidelines 4 Searching 5 See also Wikipedia : List of policies and guidelines العربية تۆرکجه বাংলা भोजपुरी Čeština Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia मराठी မြန်မာဘာသာ नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål ਪੰਜਾਬੀ کوردی Српски / srpski اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikifunctions Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Community portal Dashboard Departments Maintenance Tasks Discord IRC Meetups Directories ( Protocols Essays How-to Index Noticeboards WikiProjects ) Community portal Dashboard Departments Maintenance Tasks Tasks Discord IRC Meetups Directories ( Protocols Essays How-to Index Noticeboards WikiProjects ) This page includes a listing of policies and guidelines for English Wikipedia. Policy and guideline pages describe Wikipedia's principles and best-agreed practices. Policies are standards that all users should normally follow, while guidelines are meant to be best practices for following those standards in specific contexts. .mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0;float:initial} Shortcuts .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} WP:POLICYLIST WP:POLICYLIST WP:PGLIST WP:PGLIST WP:POLICYLIST WP:POLICYLIST WP:PGLIST WP:PGLIST Policies and guidelines ( list ) Principles Five pillars Ignore all rules Five pillars Ignore all rules Content policies Article titles Biographies of living persons Image use Neutral point of view No original research Verifiability What Wikipedia is not ( Not a dictionary ) Article titles Biographies of living persons Image use Neutral point of view No original research Verifiability What Wikipedia is not ( Not a dictionary ) Conduct policies Civility Clean start Consensus Dispute resolution Edit warring Editing policy Harassment No legal threats No personal attacks Ownership of content Username policy Vandalism Civility Clean start Consensus Dispute resolution Edit warring Editing policy Harassment No legal threats No personal attacks Ownership of content Username policy Vandalism Other policy categories Deletion Enforcement Legal Procedural Deletion Enforcement Legal Procedural Directories List of policies List of guidelines Manual of Style contents Searching List of policies List of guidelines Manual of Style contents Searching .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The following is a comprehensive list of policies and guidelines . For a quick overview, see Wikipedia:Simplified ruleset ; for descriptive directories see Wikipedia:List of policies , Wikipedia:List of guidelines and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents . Terminology Wikipedia's rules and best practices are specified in two types of documents : Policy A policy documents a rule or standard with wide acceptance among Wikipedia editors that all users should normally follow. Guideline A guideline is a set of best practices that are supported by the consensus of Wikipedia editors. Editors should attempt to follow guidelines, though they are best treated with common sense. Occasional exceptions may apply. Naming conventions are considered guidelines. Basics Five Pillars The Five Pillars are the five fundamental principles of Wikipedia: Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is written from a neutral point of view Wikipedia is free content that anyone can use, edit, and distribute Editors should treat each other with respect and civility Wikipedia has no firm rules List Large-print links are broad, fundamental policies and guidelines that apply throughout Wikipedia. Normal-print links are policies and guidelines that are general in scope but may apply to more specific situations. Small-print links are policies and guidelines that are specific to a subject area or process on Wikipedia. Ignore All Rules – What Wikipedia Is Not Content policies Content policies Neutral Point of View – Verifiability – No Original Research Biographies of Living Persons – Image Use Policy – Wikipedia is Not a Dictionary Biographies of Living Persons – Image Use Policy – Wikipedia is Not a Dictionary Content guidelines Content guidelines Citing Sources – Do Not Create Hoaxes – No Full Texts of Primary Sources – Reliable Sources – Plagiarism – Patent Nonsense Autobiography – Accuracy Dispute – Content Forks – External Links – No Disclaimers – Non-Free Content – Non-Free Use Rationale Guideline – Non-US Copyrights – Offensive Material – Public Domain – Spam – Spoiler Days of the Year – Fringe Theories – Identifying Reliable Sources (Medicine) – Indic Transliteration – Logos – Record Charts – Scientific Citation Guidelines – Wikipedia Is Not For Things Made Up One Day Autobiography – Accuracy Dispute – Content Forks – External Links – No Disclaimers – Non-Free Content – Non-Free Use Rationale Guideline – Non-US Copyrights – Offensive Material – Public Domain – Spam – Spoiler Editing guidelines Editing guidelines Article Size – Be Bold – Categorization – Disambiguation – Understandability – Stub – Summary Style As Of – Broad-Concept Article – Categories, Lists, and Navigation Templates – Copying within Wikipedia – Reviewing Good Articles – Hatnote – Page Blanking – Overcategorization – Preparing Images for Upload – Red Link – Redirect – Set Index Articles – Soft Redirect – Spellchecking – Subpages – Updating Information – User Categories Categorizing articles about people – Categorizing Redirects – Content Assessment – Edit filter – Extended Image Syntax – In The News: Recurring Items – Overcategorization: User Categories – People by Year – Primary Topic Definition As Of – Broad-Concept Article – Categories, Lists, and Navigation Templates – Copying within Wikipedia – Reviewing Good Articles – Hatnote – Page Blanking – Overcategorization – Preparing Images for Upload – Red Link – Redirect – Set Index Articles – Soft Redirect – Spellchecking – Subpages – Updating Information – User Categories Notability guidelines Notability guidelines Notability Academics – Astronomical Objects – Books – Events – Films – Geographic Features – Music – Numbers – Organizations and Companies – People – Sports – Web Academics – Astronomical Objects – Books – Events – Films – Geographic Features – Music – Numbers – Organizations and Companies – People – Sports – Web Naming conventions Naming conventions Article Titles – Category Names – File Names Capitalization – Country-Specific Topics – Definite or Indefinite Articles – Events – Geographic Names – Numbers and Dates – Lists – People – Plurals – Technical Restrictions – Use English Aircraft – Ancient Romans – Armenian – Astronomical Objects – Australian Roads – Baseball Players – Belgium: Castle, Country House, Château and Kasteel – Belgium: Alternate Language Names – Books – Broadcasting – Brussels – Burmese – Law Enforcement Agency Categories – Chemistry – Chinese – Clergy – College Football – Comics – Companies – Fauna – Films – Flora – UK Parliament Constituencies – Government and Legislation – Greek – Hebrew – Ice Hockey – Indic – Irish Categories – Korean – Languages – Latter Day Saints – Macedonia – Manuscripts – Mongolian – Music – New Zealand – Norse Mythology – Operas – Ethnicities and Tribes – Mining – Political Parties – Ships – Sports Teams – Sportspeople – Stations in Poland – Television – Tibetan – Royalty and Nobility – U.S. State and Territory Highways – UK Stations – Video Games – West Bank – Swiss Municipalities – Writing Systems Capitalization – Country-Specific Topics – Definite or Indefinite Articles – Events – Geographic Names – Numbers and Dates – Lists – People – Plurals – Technical Restrictions – Use English Style guidelines Style guidelines Manual of Style ( Contents ) Content: Accessibility – Biography – Linking – Self-References to Avoid – Words to Watch – Wikimedia Sister Projects Formatting: Abbreviations – Capital Letters – Dates and Numbers – Pronunciation – Spelling – Text Formatting – Titles of Works Layout: Layout – Lead Section – Lists ( Lists of Works – Road Junction Lists – Stand-Alone Lists ) – Tables – Trivia Sections Images: Images – Captions – Icons Arts – Anime and Manga – Comics – Film – Music ( Music Samples – Record Charts – Stringed Instrument Tunings ) – Novels – Television – Video Games – Visual Arts – Writing About Fiction – History – Military History – Blazon – Legal – Legal – Trademarks – Regional – Canada – China – France – Hawaii – India – Ireland – Japan – Korea – Philippines – Poland – Singapore – Religion – Islam – Latter Day Saints – Science – Chemistry – Computer science – Mathematics – Medicine – TaxoBox Documentation – Sports – Cue Sports – Snooker – Wikipedia Content – Disambiguation Pages – Infoboxes Content: Accessibility – Biography – Linking – Self-References to Avoid – Words to Watch – Wikimedia Sister Projects Formatting: Abbreviations – Capital Letters – Dates and Numbers – Pronunciation – Spelling – Text Formatting – Titles of Works Layout: Layout – Lead Section – Lists ( Lists of Works – Road Junction Lists – Stand-Alone Lists ) – Tables – Trivia Sections Images: Images – Captions – Icons Conduct policies Conduct policies Civility – Consensus – Editing Policy – Harassment – Vandalism Clean Start – Dispute Resolution – Edit Warring – No Personal Attacks – Ownership of Content – Sockpuppetry – Username Policy Clean Start – Dispute Resolution – Edit Warring – No Personal Attacks – Ownership of Content – Sockpuppetry – Username Policy Behavioral guidelines Behavioral guidelines Assume Good Faith – Conflict of Interest – Disruptive Editing – Etiquette – Talk Page Guidelines Appealing a Block – Canvassing – Changing Username Guidelines – Courtesy Vanishing – Deceased Wikipedians Guidelines – Do Not Disrupt Wikipedia to Illustrate a Point – Gaming the System – Please Do Not Bite the Newcomers – Responding to Threats of Harm – Reviewing – Rollback – Signatures – Spam Blacklist – Linking to External Harassment Appealing a Block – Canvassing – Changing Username Guidelines – Courtesy Vanishing – Deceased Wikipedians Guidelines – Do Not Disrupt Wikipedia to Illustrate a Point – Gaming the System – Please Do Not Bite the Newcomers – Responding to Threats of Harm – Reviewing – Rollback – Signatures – Spam Blacklist – Linking to External Harassment Deletion policies Deletion policies Deletion Policy – Criteria for Speedy Deletion – Proposed Deletion Attack Page – Oversight – Proposed Deletion of Biographies of Living People – Revision Deletion Attack Page – Oversight – Proposed Deletion of Biographies of Living People – Revision Deletion Deletion guidelines Deletion guidelines Deletion Process Deletion Guidelines for Administrators – Speedy Keep Deletion Guidelines for Administrators – Speedy Keep Procedural policies Procedural policies Policies and Guidelines – Arbitration Policy – Wikimedia Policy Arbitration Committee: CheckUser and Oversight – Bot Policy – CheckUser – Global Rights Policy – IP Block Exemption – Page mover – Open Proxies – Volunteer Response Team Arbitration Committee: CheckUser and Oversight – Bot Policy – CheckUser – Global Rights Policy – IP Block Exemption – Page mover – Open Proxies – Volunteer Response Team Enforcement policies Enforcement policies Administrators – Blocking Policy – Protection Policy Discretionary Sanctions – Banning Policy Discretionary Sanctions – Banning Policy Legal policies Legal policies Copyrights – No Legal Threats – Terms of Use Child Protection – Copyright Violations – Libel – Non-Free Content Criteria – Paid-contribution disclosure – Reusing Wikipedia Content Child Protection – Copyright Violations – Libel – Non-Free Content Criteria – Paid-contribution disclosure – Reusing Wikipedia Content Project content guidelines Project content guidelines Project Namespace – User Pages Userboxes – WikiProject Council Guide Userboxes – WikiProject Council Guide Template guidelines Template guidelines Template Namespace High-Risk Templates – Substitution – Talk Page Templates High-Risk Templates – Substitution – Talk Page Templates Reference Desk guidelines Reference Desk guidelines Reference Desk General – Medical advice General – Medical advice Searching Policies and guidelines can also be navigated via categories , the navigation template or by custom search boxes (as seen below). See also Community standards and advice – a quick directory of community norms and related guidance essays. Advice pages – about advice pages written by WikiProjects. Introduction to policies and guidelines – a quick introduction to the major policies and guidelines for very new users. Simplified rule-set – some basic aspect of Wikipedia norms and practices. Eight rules for editing – if you start out by following these simple rules, the rest should come naturally. Ten rules for editing – Wikipedia can be daunting, but here we provide tips to make editing smoother. Trifecta – ultra-fast overview of foundational principles related to policies and guidelines. Eight rules for editing – if you start out by following these simple rules, the rest should come naturally. Ten rules for editing – Wikipedia can be daunting, but here we provide tips to make editing smoother. Trifecta – ultra-fast overview of foundational principles related to policies and guidelines. The rules are principles – policies and guidelines exist as rough approximations of their underlying principles. v t e Wikipedia principles v t e Five pillars Statement of our principles Jimbo's statement Historic principles Simplified ruleset Synopsis of our conventions Wikimedia principles Common to all projects (in Meta-Wiki) Principles Other essays on Wikipedia's principles Five pillars Statement of our principles Five pillars Statement of our principles Jimbo's statement Historic principles Jimbo's statement Historic principles Simplified ruleset Synopsis of our conventions Simplified ruleset Synopsis of our conventions Wikimedia principles Common to all projects (in Meta-Wiki) Wikimedia principles Common to all projects (in Meta-Wiki) Principles Other essays on Wikipedia's principles Principles Other essays on Wikipedia's principles v t e Wikipedia key policies and guidelines (?) v t e Five pillars Ignore all rules Five pillars Ignore all rules Ignore all rules Content (?) P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs LLMs Conduct (?) P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Signatures Deletion (?) P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Enforcement (?) P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Editing (?) P Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace P Editing policy Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Article size Summary style Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Manual of Style Contents Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Project content (?) G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages Project namespace WikiProjects WikiProjects User pages User boxes User boxes Shortcuts Subpages WMF (?) P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ v t e Wikipedia directories and indexes v t e Administration pages Protocols Policies Guidelines Manual of Style Assistance Help directory Menu FAQs Interactive help Reader's index Tips Styletips Tools The community Portal Discussions Noticeboards Essays Editor's index Departments Maintenance WikiProjects MediaWiki Wikitext HTML Templates Locutions Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary Shortcuts Protocols Policies Guidelines Manual of Style Policies Guidelines Manual of Style Assistance Help directory Menu FAQs Interactive help Reader's index Tips Styletips Tools Help directory Menu Menu FAQs Interactive help Reader's index Tips Styletips Styletips Tools The community Portal Discussions Noticeboards Essays Editor's index Departments Maintenance WikiProjects Portal Discussions Noticeboards Noticeboards Essays Editor's index Departments Maintenance Maintenance WikiProjects MediaWiki Wikitext HTML Templates Wikitext HTML Templates HTML Templates Locutions Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary Shortcuts Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary Shortcuts Encyclopedia proper Types Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Featured , good Featured articles Good articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Good topics Topics Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Math Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology LOC, bios, times Academic disciplines Anniversaries Today Sovereign states and dependent territories Deaths this year Timelines Decades, centuries, and millennia Indexes A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Spoken articles Searching Types Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Featured , good Featured articles Good articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Good topics Featured articles Good articles Good articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Good topics Good topics Topics Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Math Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Math Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology LOC, bios, times Academic disciplines Anniversaries Today Sovereign states and dependent territories Deaths this year Timelines Decades, centuries, and millennia Academic disciplines Anniversaries Today Today Sovereign states and dependent territories Deaths this year Deaths this year Timelines Decades, centuries, and millennia Decades, centuries, and millennia Indexes A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Spoken articles A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Spoken articles Searching Wikipedia policies and guidelines Wikipedia semi-protected project pages This page was last edited on 10 January 2026, at 23:32 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main Page Browse Recent changes Guided tours Random Help Portal Colloquium News Projects Sandbox Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Help : Contents العربية Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Suomi Français Italiano 日本語 한국어 Português Русский Help Discuss Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Commons Wikibooks Wikidata Wikinews Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Wikispecies Wikivoyage Wiktionary Meta-Wiki Outreach MediaWiki Wikimania Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikibooks Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikinews Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Wikivoyage Wiktionary Wikidata item WV:HELP Welcome Tutorial Glossary Policies and guidelines Colloquium All pages Wikiversity is a Wikimedia Foundation project devoted to learning resources, learning projects, and research for use in all levels, types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite teachers, students, and researchers to join us in creating open educational resources and collaborative learning communities. This page indexes Wikiversity help and maintenance pages. The following articles contain guidance and information about editing, policies and guidelines, and participating in the Wikiversity community. Having trouble finding out what you need to know? If it's not covered by the FAQ , try asking at the Colloquium . Wikiversity is a Wikimedia Foundation project devoted to learning resources, learning projects, and research for use in all levels, types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite teachers, students, and researchers to join us in creating open educational resources and collaborative learning communities. This page indexes Wikiversity help and maintenance pages. 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Iphepha Elingundoqo Community portal Utshitsho olusandokwenziwa Random page Uncedo Amaphepha Abalulekileyo Amalizo Yenza i-akhawunti yakho Vula ungene Amalizo Yenza i-akhawunti yakho Vula ungene Iphepha Elingundoqo Iphepha lokuqala Ingxoxo Funda View source Khawujonge imbali yeli phepha Funda View source Khawujonge imbali yeli phepha Yintoni exhumene/edibene nalapha Utsitsho olufana nolu Faka Ifile Uxhumano olusisigxina Iinkcukacha ngeli khasi Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Create a book Download as PDF linga printwa eli phepha Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata item Siyakwamnkela kwi Wikipedia ye siXhosa , umqulu wolwazi lwasimahla. Sele sinezihloko zamaphepha ezingama- 2 318 ngoku esiXhoseni. isiZulu isiBhulu IsiPedi IsiSotho IsiNgesi IsiTswana IsiXhosa Masingen' enkomeni, singaphozisi maseko. Ubuchule bokwenza iWikipedia ekhonza uluntu kwihlabathi jikelele iyasikhuthaza ukuba sizame ukuphuhlisa ulwimi lwesiXhosa. Uluntu oluthetha isiXhosa luthe saa kwihlabathi liphela nangona uninzi lwethu luqukene eMzantsi-Afrika. Siyanimema nonke, mawethu, thathani inxaxheba ekwakheni isiXhosa kwelinxiwa siliphiwa kulo mqulu iWikipedia. Ukwenza njalo kuyakukhuthaza uluntu kwihlabathi jikelele ukuba lufunde ulwimi lwesiXhosa, nto leyo eyakukhuthaza udlelwano nezizwe ngezizwe rhwelele. Amaqela i-Mathematika nenzululwazi yezendalo IBayoloji - Logika - iMathematika I-Social sciences iJografi - Imbali - Lingwistika - Ipolitiki - Ezoqoqosho - Religion - Filosofi Inzululwazi esetyenziswayo ekuhlaleni Amayeza - Ubugcisa Arkitektura - Kino - Dansa - Umculo - Teatra - Pikting - Ezemidlalo - Television Inzululwazi yeseFisiki IAstronomi - IFiziki - IKhemistri - Injineli Inkcubeko namasiko Etnografia - Etnologia - Antropologia - Sosiologia - Etologia Abanye o-Wiki Abanye oo-Wiki Meta-Wikipedia - Wiktionary - Wikiquote - Wikibooks - WikiSource Oo-Wikipedia bezinye iilwimi zasemZantsi Afrika IsiBhulu · IsiNgesi · IsiPedi · IsiSotho · IsiSwati · IsiTsonga · IsiTswana · IsiVenda · IsiZulu Abanye oo-Wikipedia bezinye iilwimi zasemZantsi Afrika ezingekho kwezi zisetyenziswa kakhulu Afar · Akan · አማርኛ · Bamanankan · Chi-Chewa · Ɛʋɛ · Fulfude · Luganda · هَوُسَ · Otsiherero · Ìgbo · Kanuri · Kongo · Kuanyama · Gĩkũyũ · Malagasy · Malti · Lingala · Kinyarwanda · Oromoo · Kirundi · Sängö · chiShona · Soomaaliga · Kiswahili · ትግርኛ · chiTumbuka · Twi · Oshiwambo · Wolof · Yorùbá · List all ( Xa ufuna ukujonga ezinye iilwimi zeWikipedia, jonga kuludwe olusecaleniedias ) Siyakwamnkela kwi Wikipedia ye siXhosa , umqulu wolwazi lwasimahla. Sele sinezihloko zamaphepha ezingama- 2 318 ngoku esiXhoseni. Siyakwamnkela kwi Wikipedia ye siXhosa , umqulu wolwazi lwasimahla. Sele sinezihloko zamaphepha ezingama- 2 318 ngoku esiXhoseni. isiZulu isiBhulu isiZulu isiBhulu IsiPedi IsiSotho IsiPedi IsiSotho IsiNgesi IsiTswana IsiNgesi IsiTswana IsiXhosa Masingen' enkomeni, singaphozisi maseko. Ubuchule bokwenza iWikipedia ekhonza uluntu kwihlabathi jikelele iyasikhuthaza ukuba sizame ukuphuhlisa ulwimi lwesiXhosa. Uluntu oluthetha isiXhosa luthe saa kwihlabathi liphela nangona uninzi lwethu luqukene eMzantsi-Afrika. Siyanimema nonke, mawethu, thathani inxaxheba ekwakheni isiXhosa kwelinxiwa siliphiwa kulo mqulu iWikipedia. Ukwenza njalo kuyakukhuthaza uluntu kwihlabathi jikelele ukuba lufunde ulwimi lwesiXhosa, nto leyo eyakukhuthaza udlelwano nezizwe ngezizwe rhwelele. Amaqela i-Mathematika nenzululwazi yezendalo IBayoloji - Logika - iMathematika I-Social sciences iJografi - Imbali - Lingwistika - Ipolitiki - Ezoqoqosho - Religion - Filosofi Inzululwazi esetyenziswayo ekuhlaleni Amayeza - Ubugcisa Arkitektura - Kino - Dansa - Umculo - Teatra - Pikting - Ezemidlalo - Television Inzululwazi yeseFisiki IAstronomi - IFiziki - IKhemistri - Injineli Inkcubeko namasiko Etnografia - Etnologia - Antropologia - Sosiologia - Etologia Abanye o-Wiki Abanye oo-Wiki Meta-Wikipedia - Wiktionary - Wikiquote - Wikibooks - WikiSource Oo-Wikipedia bezinye iilwimi zasemZantsi Afrika IsiBhulu · IsiNgesi · IsiPedi · IsiSotho · IsiSwati · IsiTsonga · IsiTswana · IsiVenda · IsiZulu Abanye oo-Wikipedia bezinye iilwimi zasemZantsi Afrika ezingekho kwezi zisetyenziswa kakhulu Afar · Akan · አማርኛ · Bamanankan · Chi-Chewa · Ɛʋɛ · Fulfude · Luganda · هَوُسَ · Otsiherero · Ìgbo · Kanuri · Kongo · Kuanyama · Gĩkũyũ · Malagasy · Malti · Lingala · Kinyarwanda · Oromoo · Kirundi · Sängö · chiShona · Soomaaliga · Kiswahili · ትግርኛ · chiTumbuka · Twi · Oshiwambo · Wolof · Yorùbá · List all ( Xa ufuna ukujonga ezinye iilwimi zeWikipedia, jonga kuludwe olusecaleniedias ) IsiXhosa Masingen' enkomeni, singaphozisi maseko. Ubuchule bokwenza iWikipedia ekhonza uluntu kwihlabathi jikelele iyasikhuthaza ukuba sizame ukuphuhlisa ulwimi lwesiXhosa. Uluntu oluthetha isiXhosa luthe saa kwihlabathi liphela nangona uninzi lwethu luqukene eMzantsi-Afrika. Siyanimema nonke, mawethu, thathani inxaxheba ekwakheni isiXhosa kwelinxiwa siliphiwa kulo mqulu iWikipedia. Ukwenza njalo kuyakukhuthaza uluntu kwihlabathi jikelele ukuba lufunde ulwimi lwesiXhosa, nto leyo eyakukhuthaza udlelwano nezizwe ngezizwe rhwelele. Masingen' enkomeni, singaphozisi maseko. Ubuchule bokwenza iWikipedia ekhonza uluntu kwihlabathi jikelele iyasikhuthaza ukuba sizame ukuphuhlisa ulwimi lwesiXhosa. Uluntu oluthetha isiXhosa luthe saa kwihlabathi liphela nangona uninzi lwethu luqukene eMzantsi-Afrika. Siyanimema nonke, mawethu, thathani inxaxheba ekwakheni isiXhosa kwelinxiwa siliphiwa kulo mqulu iWikipedia. Ukwenza njalo kuyakukhuthaza uluntu kwihlabathi jikelele ukuba lufunde ulwimi lwesiXhosa, nto leyo eyakukhuthaza udlelwano nezizwe ngezizwe rhwelele. Amaqela i-Mathematika nenzululwazi yezendalo IBayoloji - Logika - iMathematika I-Social sciences iJografi - Imbali - Lingwistika - Ipolitiki - Ezoqoqosho - Religion - Filosofi Inzululwazi esetyenziswayo ekuhlaleni Amayeza - Ubugcisa Arkitektura - Kino - Dansa - Umculo - Teatra - Pikting - Ezemidlalo - Television Inzululwazi yeseFisiki IAstronomi - IFiziki - IKhemistri - Injineli Inkcubeko namasiko Etnografia - Etnologia - Antropologia - Sosiologia - Etologia i-Mathematika nenzululwazi yezendalo IBayoloji - Logika - iMathematika I-Social sciences iJografi - Imbali - Lingwistika - Ipolitiki - Ezoqoqosho - Religion - Filosofi Inzululwazi esetyenziswayo ekuhlaleni Amayeza - Ubugcisa Arkitektura - Kino - Dansa - Umculo - Teatra - Pikting - Ezemidlalo - Television Inzululwazi yeseFisiki IAstronomi - IFiziki - IKhemistri - Injineli Inkcubeko namasiko Etnografia - Etnologia - Antropologia - Sosiologia - Etologia Abanye o-Wiki Abanye oo-Wiki Meta-Wikipedia - Wiktionary - Wikiquote - Wikibooks - WikiSource Oo-Wikipedia bezinye iilwimi zasemZantsi Afrika IsiBhulu · IsiNgesi · IsiPedi · IsiSotho · IsiSwati · IsiTsonga · IsiTswana · IsiVenda · IsiZulu Abanye oo-Wikipedia bezinye iilwimi zasemZantsi Afrika ezingekho kwezi zisetyenziswa kakhulu Afar · Akan · አማርኛ · Bamanankan · Chi-Chewa · Ɛʋɛ · Fulfude · Luganda · هَوُسَ · Otsiherero · Ìgbo · Kanuri · Kongo · Kuanyama · Gĩkũyũ · Malagasy · Malti · Lingala · Kinyarwanda · Oromoo · Kirundi · Sängö · chiShona · Soomaaliga · Kiswahili · ትግርኛ · chiTumbuka · Twi · Oshiwambo · Wolof · Yorùbá · List all ( Xa ufuna ukujonga ezinye iilwimi zeWikipedia, jonga kuludwe olusecaleniedias ) Abanye oo-Wiki Meta-Wikipedia - Wiktionary - Wikiquote - Wikibooks - WikiSource Oo-Wikipedia bezinye iilwimi zasemZantsi Afrika IsiBhulu · IsiNgesi · IsiPedi · IsiSotho · IsiSwati · IsiTsonga · IsiTswana · IsiVenda · IsiZulu Abanye oo-Wikipedia bezinye iilwimi zasemZantsi Afrika ezingekho kwezi zisetyenziswa kakhulu Afar · Akan · አማርኛ · Bamanankan · Chi-Chewa · Ɛʋɛ · Fulfude · Luganda · هَوُسَ · Otsiherero · Ìgbo · Kanuri · Kongo · Kuanyama · Gĩkũyũ · Malagasy · Malti · Lingala · Kinyarwanda · Oromoo · Kirundi · Sängö · chiShona · Soomaaliga · Kiswahili · ትግርኛ · chiTumbuka · Twi · Oshiwambo · Wolof · Yorùbá · List all ( Xa ufuna ukujonga ezinye iilwimi zeWikipedia, jonga kuludwe olusecaleniedias ) Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Gĩkũyũ Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kʋsaal Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi ရခိုင် Rumantsch Romani čhib Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Руски Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ ትግሬ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Хальмг მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Eli khasi lagqityelwa ukulungiswa kwi-23 EkaTshazimpuzi 2025, kwi-07:34 Page was rendered with Parsoid . 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