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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Wikipedia : Contents/Mathematics and logic Bahasa Indonesia Українська Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .contentsPage__title{border-bottom:2px solid #333;font-size:1.8em;padding:0.5em 0;text-align:center;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__toc{padding:1em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__intro{position:relative;padding:1.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__section{padding:1.5em 1em;margin-bottom:20px;border:1px solid #ddd;background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__heading{position:relative;border-bottom:2px solid #333;text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__heading h2{font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:1.3em;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__xlink{font-size:0.9em;white-space:nowrap;display:block;margin-top:10px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__xlink{display:inline}}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__sectionlinks{position:absolute;top:10px;right:20px;font-size:0.85em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__notes{padding:1em;border-top:1px solid #ddd}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__notes:empty{display:none}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type{background-color:#f5fffa;border:1px solid #a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title{background-color:#cef2e0;border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro{background-color:#e6fff2}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:#cef2e0;border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__notes{border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:#f5faff;border:1px solid #a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__title{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);border-color:#a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:#e6f2ff}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:#cee0f2;border-color:#a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__notes{border-color:#a3b1bf}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:hsl(150,100%,2%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(150,58.06%,13%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:hsl(148.8,100%,5%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(210,58.06%,13%)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:hsl(150,100%,2%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(150,58.06%,13%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:hsl(148.8,100%,5%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(210,58.06%,13%)}} Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Vital articles Featured content Good content Indices Index Reference Culture Geography Health History Human activities Mathematics Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Wikipedia's contents: Mathematics and logic Logic (from Classical Greek λόγος logos ; meaning word, thought, idea, argument, account, reason or principle) is the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstration . As a formal science , logic investigates and classifies the structure of statements and arguments, both through the study of formal systems of inference and through the study of arguments in natural language. The field of logic ranges from core topics such as the study of fallacies and paradoxes , to a specialized analysis of reasoning using probability and to arguments involving causality . Logic is also commonly used today in argumentation theory . Since the mid-nineteenth century formal logic has been studied in the context of the foundations of mathematics . The Mathematics Portal More about Mathematics and Logic ... More about Mathematics and Logic ... Overview Information theory • Logic • Statistics • Theoretical computer science Outlines Mathematics – study of quantity, structure, space, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns, and formulate new conjectures. (See also: Lists of mathematics topics ) Arithmetic – the oldest and most elementary branch of mathematics, involving the study of quantity, especially as the result of combining numbers. The simplest arithmetical operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Algebra – the branch of mathematics concerning the study of the rules of operations and relations, and the constructions and concepts arising from them, including terms, polynomials, equations and algebraic structures. Linear algebra ( & glossary ) – the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations and linear maps and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices. Abstract algebra – the branch of mathematics concerning algebraic structures, such as groups, rings, fields, modules, vector spaces, and algebras. Algebraic structures – consist of a nonempty set A (called the underlying set, carrier set, or domain), a collection of operations on A (typically binary operations such as addition and multiplication), and a finite set of identities (known as axioms) that these operations must satisfy. Category theory – branch of mathematics examining the properties of mathematical structures in terms of collections of objects and arrows (also called morphisms), where these collections satisfy certain basic conditions. Group theory ( & glossary ) – studies the algebraic structures known as groups. The concept of a group is central to abstract algebra: other well-known algebraic structures, such as rings, fields, and vector spaces, can all be seen as groups endowed with additional operations and axioms. Ring theory – study of rings, algebraic structures in which addition and multiplication are defined and have similar properties to those operations defined for the integers. Commutative algebra – branch of abstract algebra that studies commutative rings, their ideals, and modules over such rings. Field theory – branch of abstract algebra that studies fields, which are a type of commutative rings. Algebraic topology – uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. Homological algebra – study of homological functors and the intricate algebraic structures that they entail; its development was closely intertwined with the emergence of category theory. Cohomology theories – some of the ordinary and generalized (or extraordinary) homology and cohomology theories in algebraic topology that are defined on the categories of CW complexes or spectra. Boolean algebra – branch of algebra in which the values of the variables are the truth values true and false, usually denoted 1 and 0, respectively. It is used for describing logical operations. Algebraic number theory – branch of number theory that uses the techniques of abstract algebra to study the integers, rational numbers, and their generalizations. Number-theoretic questions are expressed in terms of properties of algebraic objects such as algebraic number fields and their rings of integers, finite fields, and function fields. Reciprocity laws – generalizations of the law of quadratic reciprocity to arbitrary monic irreducible polynomials f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} {\displaystyle f(x)} with integer coefficients. Algebraic coding theory – aka coding theory , is the study of the properties of codes and their respective fitness for specific applications. Representation theory – Analysis/Calculus – the branch of mathematics focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. Calculus is the study of change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of operations and their application to solving equations. Discrete mathematics – the study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally discrete rather than continuous. In contrast to real numbers that have the property of varying "smoothly", the objects studied in discrete mathematics – such as integers, graphs, and statements in logic – do not vary smoothly in this way, but have distinct, separated values. Combinatorics – the branch of mathematics concerning the study of finite or countable discrete structures. Geometry – this is one of the oldest branches of mathematics, it is concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space. Algebraic geometry – study of zeros of multivariate polynomials. Convexity – Circles – geometric shapes consisting of all points in a plane that are at a given distance from a given point, the center. Combinatorial computational geometry – states problems in terms of geometric objects as discrete entities and hence the methods of their solution are mostly theories and algorithms of combinatorial character. Computer graphics and descriptive geometry – Differential geometry – geometry of smooth shapes and smooth spaces, otherwise known as smooth manifolds. Topology – developed from geometry, it looks at those properties that do not change even when the figures are deformed by stretching and bending, like dimension. Algebraic topology – uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. General topology – also known as point-set topology, it deals with the basic set-theoretic definitions and constructions used in topology. It is the foundation for most of the other branches of topology. Geometric topology – study of manifolds and maps between them, particularly embeddings of one manifold into another. Mathematical logic – study of formal logic within mathematics. Set theory – studies sets, which can be informally described as collections of objects. Algebraic structure – the sum total of all properties that arise from the inclusion of one or more operations on a set. Trigonometry – branch of mathematics that studies triangles and the relationships between their sides and the angles between these sides. Trigonometry defines the trigonometric functions, which describe those relationships and have applicability to cyclical phenomena, such as waves. Triangles – type of polygon, with three edges and three vertices. The triangle is one of the basic shapes in geometry. Arithmetic – the oldest and most elementary branch of mathematics, involving the study of quantity, especially as the result of combining numbers. The simplest arithmetical operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Algebra – the branch of mathematics concerning the study of the rules of operations and relations, and the constructions and concepts arising from them, including terms, polynomials, equations and algebraic structures. Linear algebra ( & glossary ) – the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations and linear maps and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices. Abstract algebra – the branch of mathematics concerning algebraic structures, such as groups, rings, fields, modules, vector spaces, and algebras. Algebraic structures – consist of a nonempty set A (called the underlying set, carrier set, or domain), a collection of operations on A (typically binary operations such as addition and multiplication), and a finite set of identities (known as axioms) that these operations must satisfy. Category theory – branch of mathematics examining the properties of mathematical structures in terms of collections of objects and arrows (also called morphisms), where these collections satisfy certain basic conditions. Group theory ( & glossary ) – studies the algebraic structures known as groups. The concept of a group is central to abstract algebra: other well-known algebraic structures, such as rings, fields, and vector spaces, can all be seen as groups endowed with additional operations and axioms. Ring theory – study of rings, algebraic structures in which addition and multiplication are defined and have similar properties to those operations defined for the integers. Commutative algebra – branch of abstract algebra that studies commutative rings, their ideals, and modules over such rings. Field theory – branch of abstract algebra that studies fields, which are a type of commutative rings. Algebraic topology – uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. Homological algebra – study of homological functors and the intricate algebraic structures that they entail; its development was closely intertwined with the emergence of category theory. Cohomology theories – some of the ordinary and generalized (or extraordinary) homology and cohomology theories in algebraic topology that are defined on the categories of CW complexes or spectra. Boolean algebra – branch of algebra in which the values of the variables are the truth values true and false, usually denoted 1 and 0, respectively. It is used for describing logical operations. Algebraic number theory – branch of number theory that uses the techniques of abstract algebra to study the integers, rational numbers, and their generalizations. Number-theoretic questions are expressed in terms of properties of algebraic objects such as algebraic number fields and their rings of integers, finite fields, and function fields. Reciprocity laws – generalizations of the law of quadratic reciprocity to arbitrary monic irreducible polynomials f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} {\displaystyle f(x)} with integer coefficients. Algebraic coding theory – aka coding theory , is the study of the properties of codes and their respective fitness for specific applications. Representation theory – Linear algebra ( & glossary ) – the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations and linear maps and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices. Abstract algebra – the branch of mathematics concerning algebraic structures, such as groups, rings, fields, modules, vector spaces, and algebras. Algebraic structures – consist of a nonempty set A (called the underlying set, carrier set, or domain), a collection of operations on A (typically binary operations such as addition and multiplication), and a finite set of identities (known as axioms) that these operations must satisfy. Category theory – branch of mathematics examining the properties of mathematical structures in terms of collections of objects and arrows (also called morphisms), where these collections satisfy certain basic conditions. Group theory ( & glossary ) – studies the algebraic structures known as groups. The concept of a group is central to abstract algebra: other well-known algebraic structures, such as rings, fields, and vector spaces, can all be seen as groups endowed with additional operations and axioms. Ring theory – study of rings, algebraic structures in which addition and multiplication are defined and have similar properties to those operations defined for the integers. Commutative algebra – branch of abstract algebra that studies commutative rings, their ideals, and modules over such rings. Field theory – branch of abstract algebra that studies fields, which are a type of commutative rings. Algebraic topology – uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. Homological algebra – study of homological functors and the intricate algebraic structures that they entail; its development was closely intertwined with the emergence of category theory. Cohomology theories – some of the ordinary and generalized (or extraordinary) homology and cohomology theories in algebraic topology that are defined on the categories of CW complexes or spectra. Boolean algebra – branch of algebra in which the values of the variables are the truth values true and false, usually denoted 1 and 0, respectively. It is used for describing logical operations. Algebraic number theory – branch of number theory that uses the techniques of abstract algebra to study the integers, rational numbers, and their generalizations. Number-theoretic questions are expressed in terms of properties of algebraic objects such as algebraic number fields and their rings of integers, finite fields, and function fields. Reciprocity laws – generalizations of the law of quadratic reciprocity to arbitrary monic irreducible polynomials f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} {\displaystyle f(x)} with integer coefficients. Algebraic structures – consist of a nonempty set A (called the underlying set, carrier set, or domain), a collection of operations on A (typically binary operations such as addition and multiplication), and a finite set of identities (known as axioms) that these operations must satisfy. Category theory – branch of mathematics examining the properties of mathematical structures in terms of collections of objects and arrows (also called morphisms), where these collections satisfy certain basic conditions. Group theory ( & glossary ) – studies the algebraic structures known as groups. The concept of a group is central to abstract algebra: other well-known algebraic structures, such as rings, fields, and vector spaces, can all be seen as groups endowed with additional operations and axioms. Ring theory – study of rings, algebraic structures in which addition and multiplication are defined and have similar properties to those operations defined for the integers. Commutative algebra – branch of abstract algebra that studies commutative rings, their ideals, and modules over such rings. Field theory – branch of abstract algebra that studies fields, which are a type of commutative rings. Category theory – branch of mathematics examining the properties of mathematical structures in terms of collections of objects and arrows (also called morphisms), where these collections satisfy certain basic conditions. Group theory ( & glossary ) – studies the algebraic structures known as groups. The concept of a group is central to abstract algebra: other well-known algebraic structures, such as rings, fields, and vector spaces, can all be seen as groups endowed with additional operations and axioms. Ring theory – study of rings, algebraic structures in which addition and multiplication are defined and have similar properties to those operations defined for the integers. Commutative algebra – branch of abstract algebra that studies commutative rings, their ideals, and modules over such rings. Field theory – branch of abstract algebra that studies fields, which are a type of commutative rings. Ring theory – study of rings, algebraic structures in which addition and multiplication are defined and have similar properties to those operations defined for the integers. Commutative algebra – branch of abstract algebra that studies commutative rings, their ideals, and modules over such rings. Field theory – branch of abstract algebra that studies fields, which are a type of commutative rings. Commutative algebra – branch of abstract algebra that studies commutative rings, their ideals, and modules over such rings. Field theory – branch of abstract algebra that studies fields, which are a type of commutative rings. Field theory – branch of abstract algebra that studies fields, which are a type of commutative rings. Algebraic topology – uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. Homological algebra – study of homological functors and the intricate algebraic structures that they entail; its development was closely intertwined with the emergence of category theory. Cohomology theories – some of the ordinary and generalized (or extraordinary) homology and cohomology theories in algebraic topology that are defined on the categories of CW complexes or spectra. Homological algebra – study of homological functors and the intricate algebraic structures that they entail; its development was closely intertwined with the emergence of category theory. Cohomology theories – some of the ordinary and generalized (or extraordinary) homology and cohomology theories in algebraic topology that are defined on the categories of CW complexes or spectra. Cohomology theories – some of the ordinary and generalized (or extraordinary) homology and cohomology theories in algebraic topology that are defined on the categories of CW complexes or spectra. Boolean algebra – branch of algebra in which the values of the variables are the truth values true and false, usually denoted 1 and 0, respectively. It is used for describing logical operations. Algebraic number theory – branch of number theory that uses the techniques of abstract algebra to study the integers, rational numbers, and their generalizations. Number-theoretic questions are expressed in terms of properties of algebraic objects such as algebraic number fields and their rings of integers, finite fields, and function fields. Reciprocity laws – generalizations of the law of quadratic reciprocity to arbitrary monic irreducible polynomials f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} {\displaystyle f(x)} with integer coefficients. Reciprocity laws – generalizations of the law of quadratic reciprocity to arbitrary monic irreducible polynomials f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} {\displaystyle f(x)} with integer coefficients. Algebraic coding theory – aka coding theory , is the study of the properties of codes and their respective fitness for specific applications. Representation theory – Analysis/Calculus – the branch of mathematics focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. Calculus is the study of change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of operations and their application to solving equations. Discrete mathematics – the study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally discrete rather than continuous. In contrast to real numbers that have the property of varying "smoothly", the objects studied in discrete mathematics – such as integers, graphs, and statements in logic – do not vary smoothly in this way, but have distinct, separated values. Combinatorics – the branch of mathematics concerning the study of finite or countable discrete structures. Combinatorics – the branch of mathematics concerning the study of finite or countable discrete structures. Geometry – this is one of the oldest branches of mathematics, it is concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space. Algebraic geometry – study of zeros of multivariate polynomials. Convexity – Circles – geometric shapes consisting of all points in a plane that are at a given distance from a given point, the center. Combinatorial computational geometry – states problems in terms of geometric objects as discrete entities and hence the methods of their solution are mostly theories and algorithms of combinatorial character. Computer graphics and descriptive geometry – Differential geometry – geometry of smooth shapes and smooth spaces, otherwise known as smooth manifolds. Topology – developed from geometry, it looks at those properties that do not change even when the figures are deformed by stretching and bending, like dimension. Algebraic topology – uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. General topology – also known as point-set topology, it deals with the basic set-theoretic definitions and constructions used in topology. It is the foundation for most of the other branches of topology. Geometric topology – study of manifolds and maps between them, particularly embeddings of one manifold into another. Algebraic geometry – study of zeros of multivariate polynomials. Convexity – Convexity – Circles – geometric shapes consisting of all points in a plane that are at a given distance from a given point, the center. Combinatorial computational geometry – states problems in terms of geometric objects as discrete entities and hence the methods of their solution are mostly theories and algorithms of combinatorial character. Computer graphics and descriptive geometry – Differential geometry – geometry of smooth shapes and smooth spaces, otherwise known as smooth manifolds. Topology – developed from geometry, it looks at those properties that do not change even when the figures are deformed by stretching and bending, like dimension. Algebraic topology – uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. General topology – also known as point-set topology, it deals with the basic set-theoretic definitions and constructions used in topology. It is the foundation for most of the other branches of topology. Geometric topology – study of manifolds and maps between them, particularly embeddings of one manifold into another. Algebraic topology – uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. General topology – also known as point-set topology, it deals with the basic set-theoretic definitions and constructions used in topology. It is the foundation for most of the other branches of topology. Geometric topology – study of manifolds and maps between them, particularly embeddings of one manifold into another. Mathematical logic – study of formal logic within mathematics. Set theory – studies sets, which can be informally described as collections of objects. Algebraic structure – the sum total of all properties that arise from the inclusion of one or more operations on a set. Set theory – studies sets, which can be informally described as collections of objects. Algebraic structure – the sum total of all properties that arise from the inclusion of one or more operations on a set. Algebraic structure – the sum total of all properties that arise from the inclusion of one or more operations on a set. Trigonometry – branch of mathematics that studies triangles and the relationships between their sides and the angles between these sides. Trigonometry defines the trigonometric functions, which describe those relationships and have applicability to cyclical phenomena, such as waves. Triangles – type of polygon, with three edges and three vertices. The triangle is one of the basic shapes in geometry. Triangles – type of polygon, with three edges and three vertices. The triangle is one of the basic shapes in geometry. Logic – formal systematic study of the principles of valid inference and correct reasoning. Logic is used in most intellectual activities, but is studied primarily in the disciplines of philosophy, mathematics, semantics, and computer science. Other mathematical sciences – academic disciplines that are primarily mathematical in nature but may not be universally considered subfields of mathematics proper. Statistics – study of the collection, organization, and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments. Regression analysis – techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. More specifically, regression analysis helps one understand how the typical value of the dependent variable changes when any one of the independent variables is varied, while the other independent variables are held fixed. Probability – way of expressing knowledge or belief that an event will occur or has occurred. The concept has an exact mathematical meaning in probability theory, which is used extensively in such areas of study as mathematics, statistics, finance, gambling, science, artificial intelligence/machine learning and philosophy to draw conclusions about the likelihood of potential events and the underlying mechanics of complex systems. Theoretical computer science – a division or subset of general computer science and mathematics that focuses on more abstract or mathematical aspects of computing and includes the theory of computation. Statistics – study of the collection, organization, and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments. Regression analysis – techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. More specifically, regression analysis helps one understand how the typical value of the dependent variable changes when any one of the independent variables is varied, while the other independent variables are held fixed. Regression analysis – techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. More specifically, regression analysis helps one understand how the typical value of the dependent variable changes when any one of the independent variables is varied, while the other independent variables are held fixed. Probability – way of expressing knowledge or belief that an event will occur or has occurred. The concept has an exact mathematical meaning in probability theory, which is used extensively in such areas of study as mathematics, statistics, finance, gambling, science, artificial intelligence/machine learning and philosophy to draw conclusions about the likelihood of potential events and the underlying mechanics of complex systems. Theoretical computer science – a division or subset of general computer science and mathematics that focuses on more abstract or mathematical aspects of computing and includes the theory of computation. 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Religions by country Religious information by country Scientology status by country Sikhism by country Language List of broadcasting languages by country List of countries by number of languages List of countries and dependencies and their capitals in native languages List of multilingual countries and regions List of official languages by country and territory Lists of countries and territories by official language Lists of country names in various languages Lists of English words by country or language of origin Economy Economy The production, distribution and consumption of goods and services: List of countries by charitable donation List of countries by exchange rate regime List of countries by household final consumption expenditure per capita List of countries by remittances received List of countries by social welfare spending List of countries by stock market capitalization List of countries without a stock exchange List of sovereign states by economic freedom List of sovereign states by male to female income ratio List of sovereign states by official development assistance received List of sovereign states by research and development spending List of nationalizations by country List of privatizations by country List of development aid sovereign state donors Human Development Index List of countries by Human Development Index List of countries by Human Development Index by region List of countries by inequality-adjusted Human Development Index List of countries by planetary pressures–adjusted Human Development Index List of countries by Human Development Index List of countries by Human Development Index by region List of countries by inequality-adjusted Human Development Index List of countries by planetary pressures–adjusted Human Development Index Finance The study and discipline of money, currency and capital assets: List of countries by access to financial services List of countries by central bank interest rates List of countries by credit rating List of countries by corporate debt List of countries by external debt List of countries by foreign direct investment inflows List of countries by foreign direct investment outflows List of countries by foreign exchange reserves List of countries by government budget List of countries by government budget as percentage of GDP List of countries by government budget per capita List of countries by government debt List of countries by gross fixed capital formation List of countries by gross national savings List of countries by household debt List of countries by inflation rate List of countries by past gross government debt List of countries by price level List of countries by tax rates List of countries by tax revenue List of financial supervisory authorities by country Central bank digital currencies by country Consumer price index by country Gross domestic product The value of goods and services produced within a country: List of countries by GDP (nominal) List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita List of countries by GDP (PPP) List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita List of countries by GDP (PPP) per person employed List of countries by GDP sector composition List of countries by past and projected GDP (nominal) List of countries by past and projected GDP (nominal) per capita List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP) List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP) per capita List of countries by past GDP growth List of countries by largest historical GDP List of countries by real GDP growth rate List of countries by real GDP per capita growth List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita List of countries by GNI (PPP) per capita List of countries by GNI per capita growth Industrial output The production of raw materials, goods, and services: List of countries by aluminium exports List of countries by bentonite production List of countries by copper exports List of countries by diamond exports List of countries by diamond production List of countries by feldspar production List of countries by fluorite production List of countries by gold exports List of countries by industrial production growth rate List of countries by iron-ore exports List of countries by lithium production List of countries by palladium production List of countries by past cement production List of countries by salt production List of countries by silicon production List of countries by steel production Lists of countries by mineral production Deindustrialisation by country Magnesium production by country Manganese production by country Titanium production by country Product exports List of countries by aircraft and spacecraft exports List of countries by aircraft component exports List of countries by automotive component exports List of countries by computer exports List of countries by electronics exports List of countries by engine exports List of countries by gas turbine exports List of countries by integrated circuit exports List of countries by live animal exports List of countries by pharmaceutical exports List of countries by raw cotton exports List of countries by semiconductor exports List of countries by ship exports List of countries by telecommunications equipment exports List of countries by telephone exports List of countries by textile exports List of countries by truck exports List of countries by vehicle exports Trade and wealth List of countries by current account balance List of countries by exports List of countries by exports per capita List of countries by financial assets List of countries by imports List of countries by income inequality List of countries by inequality-adjusted income List of countries by leading trade partners List of countries by merchandise exports List of countries by net goods exports List of countries by number of billionaires List of countries by number of millionaires List of countries by service exports and imports List of countries by tariff rate List of countries by total private wealth List of countries by trade-to-GDP ratio List of countries by wealth per adult List of sovereign states by wealth inequality List of sovereign wealth funds by country List of top exporting countries by category Wealth distribution by country Workforce List of countries by average annual labor hours List of countries by average wage List of countries by child labour rate List of countries by employment in agriculture List of countries by informal employment rate List of countries by labour force List of countries by labour productivity List of countries by long-term unemployment rate List of countries by minimum wage List of countries by public sector size List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents List of countries by sector composition of the labor force List of countries by time devoted to leisure and personal care List of countries by unemployment rate List of sovereign states by employment rate List of minimum annual leave by country Energy Fossil fuels List of countries by coal production List of countries by coal reserves List of countries by natural gas consumption List of countries by natural gas exports List of countries by natural gas imports List of countries by natural gas production List of countries by natural gas proven reserves List of countries by net oil exports List of countries by oil consumption List of countries by oil exports List of countries by oil imports List of countries by oil production List of countries by proven oil reserves List of countries by recoverable shale gas List of countries by refined petroleum exports Fracking by country Natural gas by country Shale gas by country Oil by country Other List of countries by electricity consumption List of countries by electricity production List of countries by electrification rate List of countries by energy consumption per capita List of countries by energy intensity List of countries by renewable electricity production List of countries by thorium resources List of countries by total primary energy consumption and production List of countries by uranium production List of countries by uranium reserves List of nuclear and radiation fatalities by country List of nuclear power accidents by country List of renewable energy topics by country and territory Electricity by country Electricity distribution companies by country Ethanol fuel by country Mains electricity by country Nuclear energy policy by country Nuclear power by country Wind power by country Solar power by country Smart grids by country Uranium mining by country Agriculture Fishing industry by country Land reforms by country Land use statistics by country List of countries with organic agriculture regulation List of countries by arable land density List of countries by irrigated land area List of countries by organic farmland List of countries by apple production List of countries by apricot production List of countries by artichoke production List of countries by avocado production List of countries by barley production List of countries by cereal production List of countries by cherry production List of countries by coconut production List of countries by coffee exports List of countries by coffee production List of countries by cucumber production List of countries by eggplant production List of countries by fruit production List of countries by garlic production List of countries by grape production List of countries by maize exports List of countries by meat production List of countries by milk production List of countries by papaya production List of countries by pear production List of countries by pineapple production List of countries by plum production List of countries by potato production List of countries by rice exports List of countries by rice production List of countries by soybean production List of countries by tomato production List of countries by vegetable production List of countries by wheat exports List of countries by wheat production List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities List of wine-producing regions Built environment Human-made space in which people live, work and recreate on a daily basis: List of archaeoastronomical sites by country List of archaeological sites by country List of aquaria by country List of canals by country List of castles by country Lists of cities by country List of countries whose capital is not their largest city List of countries with multiple capitals List of countries with the most skyscrapers List of ghost towns by country List of highest towns by country List of libraries by country List of museums by country List of tallest buildings by country List of tallest structures by country List of tunnels by country List of zoos by country List of national capitals Country codes List of telephone country codes List of country codes on British diplomatic vehicle registration plates List of CGF country codes List of FIFA country codes List of FIPS country codes List of GS1 country codes List of IOC country codes List of ISO 3166 country codes List of ITU letter codes List of NATO country codes List of UIC country code List of UNDP country codes Maritime identification digits Mobile country code International vehicle registration code Crime The unlawful acts punishable by a state or other authority: List of countries by firearm-related death rate List of countries by incarceration rate List of countries by intentional homicide rate List of countries by guns and homicide List of countries and dependencies by number of police officers List of countries that regulate the immigration of felons List of countries with annual rates and counts for killings by law enforcement officers List of serial killers by country Allegations of apartheid by country Capital punishment by country Number of terrorist incidents by country Police brutality by country Police firearm use by country Prisons by country Drugs and alcohol List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita List of countries by annual cannabis use List of countries by beer consumption per capita List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use List of countries by prevalence of opiates use List of countries with alcohol prohibition Adult lifetime cannabis use by country Drug and precursor laws by country or territory Legal status of ayahuasca by country Legal status of ibogaine by country Legal status of psychoactive cactus by country Moonshine by country Education The transmission of knowledge and skills: List of countries by literacy rate List of countries by youth literacy rate List of countries by secondary education attainment List of countries by tertiary education attainment List of countries by public spending in tertiary education List of countries by Nobel laureates per capita List of countries by number of doctorates awarded List of countries by spending on education as percentage of GDP List of countries by spending on education as percentage of government spending List of countries by median years of schooling List of doctoral degrees awarded by country List of education articles by country List of Nobel laureates by country List of normal schools by country Lists of schools by country List of primary education systems by country List of secondary education systems by country Lists of universities and colleges by country Grading systems by country School uniforms by country Entertainment The activities that holds the attention and interest of an audience or gives pleasure and delight: List of countries by number of Academy Awards for Best International Feature Film List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest List of countries in the Eurovision Young Dancers List of countries in the Eurovision Young Musicians List of countries in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest List of banned video games by country List of best-selling albums by country List of comics by country List of Grammy Award winners and nominees by country Lists of Hispanic Academy Award winners and nominees by country List of the first films by country List of video games markets by country Literature by country Lotteries by country Environment The physical, chemical, and biotic factors that act upon an ecosystem : List of countries by air pollution List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita List of countries by carbon intensity List of countries by ecological footprint List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per capita List of countries by natural disaster risk Lists of ecoregions by country List of environmental laws by country List of water supply and sanitation by country Food and drink List of countries by food energy intake List of countries by food self-sufficiency rate List of countries by meat consumption List of countries by milk consumption per capita List of countries by seafood consumption List of countries by tea consumption per capita List of countries with Burger King franchises List of countries with McDonald's restaurants List of countries with KFC franchises List of countries with Jollibee outlets List of pizza varieties by country List of snack foods by country List of soft drinks by country Breakfast by country Food deserts by country Krispy Kreme operations by country Operations of KFC by country Right to food by country Vegetarianism by country Geography Earth and its features: List of countries and dependencies by area List of countries bordering on two or more oceans List of countries by average annual precipitation List of countries by average elevation List of countries by average yearly temperature List of countries by forest area List of countries by length of coastline List of countries by total renewable water resources List of countries by northernmost point List of countries by southernmost point List of countries by easternmost point List of countries by largest island List of countries by number of islands List of countries that border only one other country List of countries without rivers List of countries and territories bordering the Atlantic Ocean List of countries and territories by number of land borders List of countries and territories by land and maritime borders List of countries and territories by maritime boundaries List of countries and territories by the United Nations geoscheme List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent List of sovereign states by freshwater withdrawal List of administrative divisions by country List of autonomous areas by country List of elevation extremes by country List of island countries List of landlocked countries List of transcontinental countries List of former transcontinental countries List of time zones by country Daylight saving time by country History The systematic study of the past: List of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar by country List of countries by date of transition to a republican system of government List of countries that have gained independence from Spain List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom List of coups and coup attempts by country List of former sovereign states List of first female dentists by country List of first female pharmacists by country List of first female physicians by country List of first satellites by country List of sovereign states by date of current flag adoption List of sovereign states by date of formation List of the first female members of parliament by country History by country History of anthropology by country Laws The set of rules that are created and enforced to regulate behaviour: Animal rights by country or territory Ages of consent by country Beard and haircut laws by country Bicycle helmet laws by country Clothing laws by country Divorce law by country Drunk driving law by country Email spam legislation by country Female genital mutilation laws by country Freedom of information laws by country Hate speech laws by country Law enforcement by country Laws protecting monuments by country Legal industry by country Legal status of human sterilization by country Legality of cryptocurrency by country or territory LGBTQ rights by country or territory List of copyright duration by country List of countries that prohibit camouflage clothing List of legal entity types by country List of legislatures by country List of murder laws by country List of national constitutions List of supreme courts by country Marital rape laws by country Net neutrality by country Sperm donation laws by country Surrogacy laws by country Mass media List of countries by 4G LTE penetration List of countries by IPv4 address allocation List of countries by mobile banking usage List of countries by number of Internet users List of countries by number of mobile phones in use List of countries by number of scientific and technical journal articles List of countries by number of telephone lines in use List of countries by number of television broadcast stations List of countries by smartphone penetration List of countries by stem cell research trials List of sovereign states by Internet connection speeds List of sovereign states by number of broadband Internet subscriptions List of sovereign states by number of Internet hosts List of mobile phone brands by country List of public broadcasters by country List of state media by country List of television networks by country Internet censorship and surveillance by country TV advertisements by country Books published per country per year Military List of countries by Global Militarization Index List of countries by level of military equipment List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel List of countries by number of United Nations peacekeepers contributed List of countries by past military expenditure List of countries that prohibit paramilitary organizations outside government armed forces List of countries with highest military expenditures List of countries with highest military expenditure per capita List of countries with overseas military bases List of sovereign states without armed forces List of enlistment age by country List of armies by country List of artillery by country Lists of currently active military equipment by country List of main battle tanks by country List of militaries by country List of military unit mottoes by country List of missiles by country List of naval guns by country List of seaplane carriers by country Military history by country Missile defense systems by country Sexual orientation and military service by country Women in the military by country Names and symbols The label for the country and the representation of a country's identity and values: List of sovereign states List of alternative country names List of countries named after people List of countries that have the same national anthem List of countries that include United States in their name List of country-name etymologies List of flags by color List of flags by color combination List of national animals List of national anthems List of national birds List of national dances List of national drinks List of national flags of sovereign states List of national flowers List of national founders List of national fruits List of national instruments (music) List of national liquors List of national mottos List of national trees Armorial of sovereign states National poet Timeline of national flags Politics The process by which groups, often governments, make decisions: List of countries by consultation on rule-making List of countries by federal system List of countries by Fragile States Index List of countries by number of diplomatic missions List of countries by system of government List of countries with coalition governments List of countries without political parties List of electoral systems by country List of fascist movements by country Lists of mayors by country List of micronations List of national governments List of ruling political parties by country List of the most recent elections by country Apportionment by country Censorship by country Democratic backsliding by country Elections by country Electronic voting by country Freedom of speech by country Liberal parties by country Referendums by country Royalty List of honours of the Belgian royal family by country List of honours of the Bhutanese royal family by country List of honours of the British royal family by country List of honours of the Bruneian royal family by country List of honours of the Danish royal family by country List of honours of the Dutch royal family by country List of honours of the Japanese imperial family by country List of honours of the Jordanian royal family by country List of honours of the Liechtensteiner princely family by country List of honours of the Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg by country Lists of honours of the Malaysian royal family by country List of honours of the Monegasque princely family by country List of honours of the Norwegian royal family by country List of honours of the Spanish royal family by country List of honours of the Swedish royal family by country List of honours of the Thai royal family by country List of honours of the Tongan royal family by country Sports List of countries with their first Major League Baseball player List of countries with their first National Hockey League player List of association football stadiums by country List of first Olympic gold medalists by country List of Grand Slam singles champions by country List of Open Era Grand Slam champions by country List of rugby union players by country List of top international men's football goalscorers by country List of top international women's football goalscorers by country Ice hockey by country Incentives for Olympic medalists by country Judo by country Transport The intentional movement of humans, animals, and goods from one location to another: List of countries by container port traffic List of countries by motor vehicle production List of countries by number of heliports List of countries by rail transport network size List of countries by rail usage List of countries by road network size List of countries by total length of pipelines List of countries by traffic-related death rate List of countries by vehicles per capita List of countries by waterways length List of countries without an airport List of current automobile manufacturers by country List of highest railways by country List of international airports by country List of merchant navy capacity by country List of rotorcraft manufacturers by country Lists of rail accidents by country Automotive industry by country Electric car use by country Highway systems by country Level crossings by country Rail transport by country Railway coupling by country School buses by country Speed limits by country Taxis by country Traffic signs by country Trolleybus usage by country Miscellaneous List of African writers by country List of countries by number of public holidays List of countries that have used postal orders List of countries with United Nations Associations List of date formats by country List of department stores by country List of fictional countries set on Earth List of frigate classes by country Lists of holidays by country List of national identity card policies by country List of Protected Designation of Origin products by country List of Righteous Among the Nations by country List of Scout Laws by country List of the oldest people by country List of traditional specialities guaranteed by country List of women innovators and inventors by country 2009 swine flu pandemic by country Affordable housing by country Average human height by country Blood type distribution by country COVID-19 lockdowns by country COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country Child support by country Civil defense by country Cremation by country Date and time representation by country Department stores by country Desalination by country Electronic waste by country Emergency contraceptive availability by country Equinor operations by country Estimated number of civilian guns per capita by country Immigration by country Involuntary commitment by country Number of gray wolves by country Observance of Christmas by country Percent of households with guns by country Prostitution statistics by country Racism by country Regional organisations by country Surnames by country Timeline of first orbital launches by country Waste by country Water fluoridation by country Wedding customs by country World Heritage Sites by country World War II by country References ^ The Oxford English Dictionary , Second Edition, with online updates as of September 2008. Entry "1. country" External links List of Global Development Indexes and Rankings Links to related articles .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Lists of countries by agricultural output rankings Cereals Barley Buckwheat Corn/Maize ( exports ) Millet Oat Rice ( exports ) Rye Sorghum Triticale Wheat exports Fruit Apple Apricot Avocado Banana Cherry Citrus Orange Coconut Cucumber Eggplant Grape Lemon Lime Mango Papaya Pear Pineapple Plum Tomato Watermelon Vegetables Artichoke Carrot Garlic Onion Potato Rapeseed Soybean Turnip Other Cacao Cassava Coffee ( exports ) Cotton Fish Meat Milk Palm oil Sugar beet Sugar cane Sunflower seed Tea Tobacco Wine Related Irrigated land Land use Organic farmland List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Lists of countries by energy rankings Fossil Fuel Petroleum All Production Consumption Exports Imports Reserves Usage and pricing Natural gas All Production Consumption Exports Imports Reserves Shale gas Fracking Coal Reserves Production Exports Imports Nuclear Uranium All Production Generation Reserves Thorium Reserves Renewable Hydroelectricity Wind Solar Geothermal Electricity Production Consumption Total energy Consumption and production per capita Intensity Summary of top fossil fuel exporters List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Lists of countries by financial rankings Trade Account balance Exports by product and services merchandise per capita Imports Balance of trade service exports and imports Trade-to-GDP ratio Tariff rate Leading trade partners Investment FDI received FDI abroad Funds Forex reserves Gold reserves Sovereign wealth funds Pension funds Creditor nations Debtor nations Budget and debt Government budget PPP % of GDP per capita Credit rating External debt Government debt future Household debt Corporate debt Income and taxes Wage average Disposable minimum Wage growth GNI per capita growth Tax rates Inheritance tax Tax revenue Currency Central bank interest rate Commercial bank prime lending rate Inflation rate Consumer price index Other Financial Development Index Average annual labor hours Corporate governance Development aid Ease of doing business Gross national savings Price level Employment / Unemployment Financial assets Labour productivity Wealth Lists of countries by GDP rankings List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Lists of countries by GDP rankings Nominal GDP (nominal) Past and projected Sector composition Purchasing power parity (PPP) GDP (PPP) Past Past and projected Ten largest historically Per capita nominal GDP Past and projected GDP (PPP) by region past and projected Per person employed Household final consumption expenditure Economic growth real GDP growth rate African countries Asian states European Union member states European countries Latin American and Caribbean countries Oceanian countries Per capita growth 1980–2010 growth Industrial growth Productivity Labour productivity Gross national income (GNI) PPP per capita Nominal per capita Real income Per capita growth Disposable income Countries by region Africa PPP nominal Arab League nominal and per capita PPP and per capita Asia ASEAN Asia & Pacific nominal PPP Former Soviet Republics Europe PPP PPP per capita nominal nominal per capita Commonwealth of Nations PPP nominal Latin America & Caribbean PPP nominal North America PPP nominal nominal per capita South America PPP Oceania GDP Subnational divisions Albania Argentina Armenia ASEAN Australia cities Austria Baltic States Belarus Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada cities Chile China per capita cities prefectures Colombia Croatia Czech Republic Egypt European Union metro Finland France per capita Georgia Germany per capita cities Greece Hungary India PPP per capita Indonesia per capita cities regencies Italy per capita Japan per capita Kazakhstan Kenya Malaysia Mexico per capita Moldova Mongolia Netherlands Nigeria Nepal New Zealand Norway OECD Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia per capita Saudi Arabia Serbia Slovakia South Africa South Korea cities Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom counties cities United States counties cities Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Turkey Vietnam *Top country subdivisions by GDP *Top country subdivisions by GDP per capita *Top country metropolitan by GDP Lists of countries by financial rankings List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Lists of countries by geographical rankings Area Exclusive economic zone Forest Irrigated land Organic farmland Continent Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Extreme points Elevation average Latitude Northernmost Southernmost Longitude Easternmost Perimeter Coastline length Land borders Land and maritime borders Maritime boundaries Political and geographic borders Others Freshwater resources withdrawal Number of islands Time zones List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Lists of countries and territories by industrial output rankings Metallurgy Aluminium Al 2 O 3 Antimony reserve Barium Bauxite Bismuth Caesium Cadmium Cobalt Copper smelter Chromium Dysprosium Erbium Europium Gadolinium Gold Holmium Indium Iridium Iron ore Lead Lithium Magnesium Manganese Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Nickel Niobium Palladium Platinum Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Samarium Silver Steel Strontium Tantalum Tellurium Terbium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium reserves Yttrium Zinc Zirconium reserve Mineral Bentonite Feldspar Fluorite Iodine Silicon Salt Emissions CO 2 per capita per unit of GDP Greenhouse gas per capita Others Manufacturing Cement Motor vehicles Paper List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Lists of countries by laws and law enforcement rankings Age of Candidacy for political office Consent Criminal responsibility Drinking Smoking in the US Gambling Driving Majority Marriage in the US Retirement Mandatory retirement School-leaving Voting Suffrage Youth suffrage Working Drugs and alcohol Drug and precursor laws by country or territory Alcohol Alcohol consumption Bath salts Legal status of Mephedrone Legal status of Methylone Legal status of MPDV Cocaine use Legality Methamphetamine Legality Opiate use Psychedelics Amanita mushroom Legality Ayahuasca Legality Cannabis Legality Annual use Lifetime use Ibogaine Legality LSD Legality Psilocybin mushroom Legality Salvia divinorum Legality Death List of prison deaths Murder Intentional homicide By gender Legality of euthanasia Legality of suicide Legality of assisted suicide Weapons and explosives Air guns Guns Deaths Households Laws Ownership Knives Pepper spray Tasers Punishment Death penalty Incarceration Life imprisonment Policing Crime statistics Size of police forces Obscenity Incest Laws Pornography Child pornography Fictional pornography depicting minors Simulated child pornography Internet pornography Prostitution Sex trafficking Sexual assault Child sexual abuse Rape Sodomy law Reproduction Abortion law Minors and abortion Adoption law International adoption Human cloning Sterilization Surrogacy Marriage Marriage law Cousin marriage in the US Divorce Impotence Polygamy Same-sex marriage Human rights Children's rights Children in the military Human trafficking Intersex rights Women's rights Freedom of movement By country In the air Abode Property and environment Air Estate Land Minerals Mining Mortgage Water Riparian water Business Competition Mergers and acquisitions Monopoly Corporate Corporate liability Legality of cryptocurrency Violence Corporal punishment At home At school In court LGBT rights Police misconduct Police accountability Police brutality Annual rates by country Prisoner abuse Police body camera Alcohol law Slavery International ownership International waters Maritime law UN Convention on the Law of the Sea Antarctic Treaty System World Intellectual Property Organization World Intellectual Property Indicators Foreign ownership International copyright treaties Censorship Censorship by country Book censorship by country Cartographic censorship Film censorship by country Internet censorship by country Censorship of LGBT issues Political censorship Television censorship by country Video gaming censorship by country Other Animal rights Immigration law National legal systems Religious law Separation of church and state Sharia Freedom of Thought Report World Justice Project List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Lists of countries by mass media rankings Indices e-Government ICT Development Index Networked Readiness Index Internet Broadband Censorship and surveillance Connection speed Hosts IPv4 addresses Users Phones 4G LTE penetration Smartphones Mobile banking Mobile numbers Telephone lines Other Books published Television stations List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Lists of countries by military rankings Strength Military and paramilitary personnel Military equipment Aircraft carriers Nuclear weapons Finance Arms exports Arms imports Military budget ( per capita , per share of GDP ) Militarization index Peacekeeping Global Peace Index Global Terrorism Index UN peacekeepers List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Lists of countries by political rankings Freedom Freedom in the World Press World Press Freedom Index State Media Economic Economic Freedom of the World Global Enabling Trade Report Index of Economic Freedom Religion Freedom of Thought Report Corruption Bribe Payers Index Corruption Perceptions Index Global Corruption Barometer Competitiveness Composite Index of National Capability WEF Global Competitiveness Report History Flag adoption date Formation date Largest empires Timeline of geopolitical changes before 1500 1500–1899 1900–1999 2000–present Rights Global Gender Gap Report LGBT rights by country or territory Privacy International World Justice Project Rule of Law Index Censorship by country Freedom of speech by country Internet censorship and surveillance by country Democracy Free and fair elections Democracy indices V-Dem Democracy Indices The Economist Democracy Index Bertelsmann Transformation Index Aspects Presidentialism metric Gallagher index Effective number of parties Direct democracy index Other Central bank independence indices Commitment to Development Index Consultation on rule-making Ease of doing business index Environmental Performance Index Fragile States Index Global Innovation Index Global Liveability Ranking Global Peace Index Global Slavery Index Global Terrorism Index Good Country Index Human Development Index Judicial independence metric Incarceration rate Legatum Prosperity Index OECD Better Life Index Political terror scale Satisfaction with Life Index List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Lists of countries by population statistics Global Current population United Nations Demographics of the world Continents/subregions Africa Antarctica Asia Europe North America Caribbean Oceania South America Intercontinental Americas Arab world Commonwealth of Nations Eurasia European Union Islands Latin America Middle East Cities/urban areas World cities National capitals Megacities Megalopolises Past and future Past and future population Estimates of historical world population Human population projections 1 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1939 1989 2000 2005 2010 2015 Population milestones Population density Current density Past and future population density Person-to-arable land ratio Growth indicators Population growth rate Natural increase Net reproduction rate Number of births Number of deaths Birth rate Mortality rate Fertility rate Past fertility rate Life expectancy World Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America world regions past life expectancy Other demographics Age at childbearing Age at first marriage Age structure Dependency ratio Divorce rate Ethnic and cultural diversity level Ethnic composition Immigrant population Linguistic diversity Median age Net migration rate Number of households Religion / Irreligion Sex ratio Urban population Urbanization Health Antidepressant consumption Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate Infant and under-five mortality rates Maternal mortality rate Obesity rate Percentage suffering from undernourishment Health expenditure by country by type of financing Suicide rate Total health expenditure per capita Health spending as % of GDP Body mass index (BMI) Education and innovation Bloomberg Innovation Index Education Index Global Innovation Index International Innovation Index Literacy rate Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) Tertiary education attainment World Intellectual Property Indicators Economic Access to financial services Development aid donors Official Development Assistance received Employment rate Irrigated land area Human Development Index by country inequality-adjusted planetary pressures–adjusted HDI Human Poverty Index Imports Exports Income inequality Labour force Share of income of top 1% Number of millionaires (US dollars) Number of billionaires (US dollars) Percentage living in poverty Public sector Unemployment rate Wealth inequality List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Lists of countries by public policy topics General Government transparency World Governance Index Worldwide Governance Indicators Economic Central bank interest rates Government budget per capita Public sector size Sovereign wealth funds Tariff rate Tax rates Inheritance tax Tax revenue to GDP ratio Health Health expenditure by country by type of financing Universal health care Social Guaranteed minimum income Social welfare spending Education Education spending as percentage of government spending List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Lists of countries by quality of life rankings General Life expectancy Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America World Happiness Report Happy Planet Index Human Capital Index Human Development Index by country inequality-adjusted planetary pressures–adjusted Legatum Prosperity Index Good Country Index Satisfaction with Life Index Where-to-be-born Index Economic Net take-home pay Long-term unemployment rate Home ownership rate Median wage Smartphone ownership rate Environment Greenhouse gas emissions per capita Dashboard of sustainability Environmental Performance Index Environmental Vulnerability Index Natural disaster risk Sustainable Society Index Health Air pollution Antidepressant use Cancer rate Child Development Index Clean water access Global Health Security Index Global Hunger Index Health insurance coverage Hospital beds Murder rate Number of physicians Risk of death from non-communicable disease Suicide rate Teenage pregnancy rate Social/political Corruption Perceptions Index Democracy indices Fragile States Index Gender Development Index Guaranteed minimum income Government transparency Global Slavery Index Global Terrorism Index Global Competitiveness Index Multidimensional Poverty Index Political terror scale Press Freedom Index Social Progress Index Time devoted to leisure and personal care Wealth equality Worldwide Governance Indicators List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Lists of countries by religious rankings Buddhism Christianity Catholicism Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Protestantism Latter-day Saints Hinduism Importance of religion Irreligion Islam Ahmadiyya Judaism Judaism type Sikhism Zoroastrianism List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Medal tables of Olympics , Paralympics and World Championships by sport Olympic Games ( Hosts Medals ) Alpine skiing Archery Athletics Badminton Bandy Basketball men women Biathlon Bobsleigh Boxing Canoeing & kayaking Cross-country skiing Curling Cycling Diving Equestrian Field hockey Fencing Figure skating Football men women Freestyle skiing Gymnastics Handball Ice hockey Judo Luge Modern pentathlon Nordic combined Rowing Sailing Shooting Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Short track Swimming Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling Greco-Roman Freestyle Paralympic Games ( Hosts Medals ) Alpine skiing Archery Athletics Biathlon Boccia Cross‑country skiing Cycling Equestrian Football 5-a-side Football 7-a-side Goalball Ice sledge hockey Judo Powerlifting Rowing Sailing Shooting Swimming Table tennis Volleyball Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair curling Wheelchair fencing Wheelchair rugby Wheelchair tennis World Championships or World Cups Alpine skiing American football Aquatics Archery Athletics Badminton men women BWF Bandy men women Baseball Basketball men women Basque Pelota Beach soccer Biathlon Bobsleigh & skeleton Bowling Canoe Slalom Sprint Cricket men women Test ODI Curling men women mixed doubles Cycling BMX Cyclo-cross men women Mountain Bike Marathon Track Equestrian Equestrian games Show jumping Eventing Fencing F1 drivers constructors Field hockey men women Football clubs men women Figure skating Futsal Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampoline Handball men women Ice hockey men women Inline hockey FIRS IIHF Judo Karate Luge natural Modern pentathlon Motorcycle racing drivers constructors Nordic skiing Padel tennis Polo Rallying drivers co-drivers manufacturers Roller hockey men women Rowing Rugby league men women Rugby union men women Shooting Softball Speed skating men men's sprint women women's sprint Taekwondo Squash individual team Tennis men women Volleyball men women Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling Freestyle & Greco-Roman Beach Catch Grappling Gi No-gi Sambo Wushu List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Lists of countries by transport rankings Road Roadways length Traffic-related death rate Vehicles per capita Expressway length Rail Railways length Rail usage Metro systems Tram and light rail systems High-speed railway lines Air Airline passengers Heliports Other Merchant marine Pipelines Waterways List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Lists of political entities by century AD ( CE ) Current list of sovereign states Centuries 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 19th Decades 1400s 1460s 1490s 1500s 1520s 1620s 1640s 1660s 1750s 1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Ages Classical Late Antiquity Middle BC ( BCE ) Centuries 35th BC 21st BC 20th BC 19th BC 18th BC 17th BC 16th BC 15th BC 14th BC 13th BC 12th BC 11th BC 10th BC 9th BC 8th BC 7th BC 6th BC 5th BC 4th BC 3rd BC 2nd BC 1st BC Ages Copper Bronze Iron Classical v t e List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent Continents Africa Antarctica Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Landmasses Americas Eurasia Islands Island countries Transcontinental Transcontinental countries .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Lists of countries by agricultural output rankings v t e Cereals Barley Buckwheat Corn/Maize ( exports ) Millet Oat Rice ( exports ) Rye Sorghum Triticale Wheat exports Barley Buckwheat Corn/Maize ( exports ) Millet Oat Rice ( exports ) Rye Sorghum Triticale Wheat exports exports Fruit Apple Apricot Avocado Banana Cherry Citrus Orange Coconut Cucumber Eggplant Grape Lemon Lime Mango Papaya Pear Pineapple Plum Tomato Watermelon Apple Apricot Avocado Banana Cherry Citrus Orange Orange Coconut Cucumber Eggplant Grape Lemon Lime Mango Papaya Pear Pineapple Plum Tomato Watermelon Vegetables Artichoke Carrot Garlic Onion Potato Rapeseed Soybean Turnip Artichoke Carrot Garlic Onion Potato Rapeseed Soybean Turnip Other Cacao Cassava Coffee ( exports ) Cotton Fish Meat Milk Palm oil Sugar beet Sugar cane Sunflower seed Tea Tobacco Wine Cacao Cassava Coffee ( exports ) Cotton Fish Meat Milk Palm oil Sugar beet Sugar cane Sunflower seed Tea Tobacco Wine Related Irrigated land Land use Organic farmland Irrigated land Land use Organic farmland List of international rankings Lists by country List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Lists of countries by energy rankings v t e Fossil Fuel Petroleum All Production Consumption Exports Imports Reserves Usage and pricing Natural gas All Production Consumption Exports Imports Reserves Shale gas Fracking Coal Reserves Production Exports Imports Petroleum All Production Consumption Exports Imports Reserves Usage and pricing All Production Consumption Exports Imports Reserves Usage and pricing Natural gas All Production Consumption Exports Imports Reserves Shale gas Fracking All Production Consumption Exports Imports Reserves Shale gas Fracking Coal Reserves Production Exports Imports Reserves Production Exports Imports Nuclear Uranium All Production Generation Reserves Thorium Reserves Uranium All Production Generation Reserves All Production Generation Reserves Thorium Reserves Reserves Renewable Hydroelectricity Wind Solar Geothermal Hydroelectricity Wind Solar Geothermal Electricity Production Consumption Production Consumption Total energy Consumption and production per capita Intensity Summary of top fossil fuel exporters Consumption and production per capita per capita Intensity Summary of top fossil fuel exporters List of international rankings Lists by country List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Lists of countries by financial rankings v t e Trade Account balance Exports by product and services merchandise per capita Imports Balance of trade service exports and imports Trade-to-GDP ratio Tariff rate Leading trade partners Account balance Exports by product and services merchandise per capita by product and services merchandise per capita Imports Balance of trade service exports and imports Trade-to-GDP ratio Tariff rate Leading trade partners Investment FDI received FDI abroad FDI received FDI abroad Funds Forex reserves Gold reserves Sovereign wealth funds Pension funds Creditor nations Debtor nations Forex reserves Gold reserves Sovereign wealth funds Pension funds Creditor nations Debtor nations Budget and debt Government budget PPP % of GDP per capita Credit rating External debt Government debt future Household debt Corporate debt Government budget PPP % of GDP per capita PPP % of GDP per capita Credit rating External debt Government debt future future Household debt Corporate debt Income and taxes Wage average Disposable minimum Wage growth GNI per capita growth Tax rates Inheritance tax Tax revenue Wage average Disposable minimum average Disposable minimum Wage growth GNI per capita growth GNI per capita growth Tax rates Inheritance tax Inheritance tax Tax revenue Currency Central bank interest rate Commercial bank prime lending rate Inflation rate Consumer price index Central bank interest rate Commercial bank prime lending rate Inflation rate Consumer price index Other Financial Development Index Average annual labor hours Corporate governance Development aid Ease of doing business Gross national savings Price level Employment / Unemployment Financial assets Labour productivity Wealth Financial Development Index Average annual labor hours Corporate governance Development aid Ease of doing business Gross national savings Price level Employment / Unemployment Financial assets Labour productivity Wealth Lists of countries by GDP rankings List of international rankings Lists by country Lists of countries by GDP rankings List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Lists of countries by GDP rankings v t e Nominal GDP (nominal) Past and projected Sector composition GDP (nominal) Past and projected Sector composition Purchasing power parity (PPP) GDP (PPP) Past Past and projected Ten largest historically GDP (PPP) Past Past and projected Ten largest historically Past Past and projected Ten largest historically Per capita nominal GDP Past and projected GDP (PPP) by region past and projected Per person employed Household final consumption expenditure nominal GDP Past and projected Past and projected GDP (PPP) by region past and projected by region past and projected Per person employed Household final consumption expenditure Economic growth real GDP growth rate African countries Asian states European Union member states European countries Latin American and Caribbean countries Oceanian countries Per capita growth 1980–2010 growth Industrial growth real GDP growth rate African countries Asian states European Union member states European countries Latin American and Caribbean countries Oceanian countries African countries Asian states European Union member states European countries Latin American and Caribbean countries Oceanian countries Per capita growth 1980–2010 growth Industrial growth Productivity Labour productivity Labour productivity Gross national income (GNI) PPP per capita Nominal per capita Real income Per capita growth Disposable income PPP per capita Nominal per capita Real income Per capita growth Disposable income Countries by region Africa PPP nominal Arab League nominal and per capita PPP and per capita Asia ASEAN Asia & Pacific nominal PPP Former Soviet Republics Europe PPP PPP per capita nominal nominal per capita Commonwealth of Nations PPP nominal Latin America & Caribbean PPP nominal North America PPP nominal nominal per capita South America PPP Oceania GDP Africa PPP nominal PPP nominal Arab League nominal and per capita PPP and per capita nominal and per capita PPP and per capita Asia ASEAN Asia & Pacific nominal PPP nominal PPP Former Soviet Republics Europe PPP PPP per capita nominal nominal per capita PPP PPP per capita nominal nominal per capita Commonwealth of Nations PPP nominal PPP nominal Latin America & Caribbean PPP nominal PPP nominal North America PPP nominal nominal per capita PPP nominal nominal per capita South America PPP PPP Oceania GDP GDP Subnational divisions Albania Argentina Armenia ASEAN Australia cities Austria Baltic States Belarus Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada cities Chile China per capita cities prefectures Colombia Croatia Czech Republic Egypt European Union metro Finland France per capita Georgia Germany per capita cities Greece Hungary India PPP per capita Indonesia per capita cities regencies Italy per capita Japan per capita Kazakhstan Kenya Malaysia Mexico per capita Moldova Mongolia Netherlands Nigeria Nepal New Zealand Norway OECD Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia per capita Saudi Arabia Serbia Slovakia South Africa South Korea cities Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom counties cities United States counties cities Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Turkey Vietnam *Top country subdivisions by GDP *Top country subdivisions by GDP per capita *Top country metropolitan by GDP Albania Argentina Armenia ASEAN Australia cities cities Austria Baltic States Belarus Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada cities cities Chile China per capita cities prefectures per capita cities prefectures Colombia Croatia Czech Republic Egypt European Union metro metro Finland France per capita per capita Georgia Germany per capita cities per capita cities Greece Hungary India PPP per capita PPP per capita Indonesia per capita cities regencies per capita cities regencies Italy per capita per capita Japan per capita per capita Kazakhstan Kenya Malaysia Mexico per capita per capita Moldova Mongolia Netherlands Nigeria Nepal New Zealand Norway OECD Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia per capita per capita Saudi Arabia Serbia Slovakia South Africa South Korea cities cities Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom counties cities counties cities United States counties cities counties cities Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Turkey Vietnam *Top country subdivisions by GDP *Top country subdivisions by GDP per capita *Top country metropolitan by GDP Lists of countries by financial rankings List of international rankings Lists by country Lists of countries by financial rankings List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Lists of countries by geographical rankings v t e Area Exclusive economic zone Forest Irrigated land Organic farmland Continent Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Exclusive economic zone Forest Irrigated land Organic farmland Exclusive economic zone Forest Irrigated land Organic farmland Continent Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Extreme points Elevation average Latitude Northernmost Southernmost Longitude Easternmost Elevation average average Latitude Northernmost Southernmost Northernmost Southernmost Longitude Easternmost Easternmost Perimeter Coastline length Land borders Land and maritime borders Maritime boundaries Political and geographic borders Coastline length Land borders Land and maritime borders Maritime boundaries Political and geographic borders Others Freshwater resources withdrawal Number of islands Time zones Freshwater resources withdrawal resources withdrawal Number of islands Time zones List of international rankings Lists by country List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Lists of countries and territories by industrial output rankings v t e Metallurgy Aluminium Al 2 O 3 Antimony reserve Barium Bauxite Bismuth Caesium Cadmium Cobalt Copper smelter Chromium Dysprosium Erbium Europium Gadolinium Gold Holmium Indium Iridium Iron ore Lead Lithium Magnesium Manganese Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Nickel Niobium Palladium Platinum Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Samarium Silver Steel Strontium Tantalum Tellurium Terbium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium reserves Yttrium Zinc Zirconium reserve Aluminium Al 2 O 3 Antimony reserve reserve Barium Bauxite Bismuth Caesium Cadmium Cobalt Copper smelter smelter Chromium Dysprosium Erbium Europium Gadolinium Gold Holmium Indium Iridium Iron ore Lead Lithium Magnesium Manganese Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Nickel Niobium Palladium Platinum Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Samarium Silver Steel Strontium Tantalum Tellurium Terbium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium reserves reserves Yttrium Zinc Zirconium reserve reserve Mineral Bentonite Feldspar Fluorite Iodine Silicon Salt Bentonite Feldspar Fluorite Iodine Silicon Salt Emissions CO 2 per capita per unit of GDP Greenhouse gas per capita CO 2 per capita per unit of GDP per capita per unit of GDP Greenhouse gas per capita per capita Others Manufacturing Cement Motor vehicles Paper Manufacturing Cement Motor vehicles Paper List of international rankings Lists by country List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Lists of countries by laws and law enforcement rankings v t e Age of Candidacy for political office Consent Criminal responsibility Drinking Smoking in the US Gambling Driving Majority Marriage in the US Retirement Mandatory retirement School-leaving Voting Suffrage Youth suffrage Working Candidacy for political office Consent Criminal responsibility Drinking Smoking in the US in the US Gambling Driving Majority Marriage in the US in the US Retirement Mandatory retirement Mandatory retirement School-leaving Voting Suffrage Youth suffrage Suffrage Youth suffrage Working Drugs and alcohol Drug and precursor laws by country or territory Alcohol Alcohol consumption Bath salts Legal status of Mephedrone Legal status of Methylone Legal status of MPDV Cocaine use Legality Methamphetamine Legality Opiate use Psychedelics Amanita mushroom Legality Ayahuasca Legality Cannabis Legality Annual use Lifetime use Ibogaine Legality LSD Legality Psilocybin mushroom Legality Salvia divinorum Legality Drug and precursor laws by country or territory Alcohol Alcohol consumption Alcohol consumption Bath salts Legal status of Mephedrone Legal status of Methylone Legal status of MPDV Legal status of Mephedrone Legal status of Methylone Legal status of MPDV Cocaine use Legality Legality Methamphetamine Legality Legality Opiate use Psychedelics Amanita mushroom Legality Ayahuasca Legality Cannabis Legality Annual use Lifetime use Ibogaine Legality LSD Legality Psilocybin mushroom Legality Salvia divinorum Legality Amanita mushroom Legality Legality Ayahuasca Legality Legality Cannabis Legality Annual use Lifetime use Legality Annual use Lifetime use Ibogaine Legality Legality LSD Legality Legality Psilocybin mushroom Legality Legality Salvia divinorum Legality Legality Death List of prison deaths Murder Intentional homicide By gender Legality of euthanasia Legality of suicide Legality of assisted suicide List of prison deaths Murder Intentional homicide By gender Intentional homicide By gender Legality of euthanasia Legality of suicide Legality of assisted suicide Legality of assisted suicide Weapons and explosives Air guns Guns Deaths Households Laws Ownership Knives Pepper spray Tasers Air guns Guns Deaths Households Laws Ownership Deaths Households Laws Ownership Knives Pepper spray Tasers Punishment Death penalty Incarceration Life imprisonment Death penalty Incarceration Life imprisonment Policing Crime statistics Size of police forces Crime statistics Size of police forces Obscenity Incest Laws Pornography Child pornography Fictional pornography depicting minors Simulated child pornography Internet pornography Prostitution Sex trafficking Sexual assault Child sexual abuse Rape Sodomy law Incest Laws Laws Pornography Child pornography Fictional pornography depicting minors Simulated child pornography Internet pornography Child pornography Fictional pornography depicting minors Simulated child pornography Fictional pornography depicting minors Simulated child pornography Internet pornography Prostitution Sex trafficking Sexual assault Child sexual abuse Rape Child sexual abuse Rape Sodomy law Reproduction Abortion law Minors and abortion Adoption law International adoption Human cloning Sterilization Surrogacy Abortion law Minors and abortion Minors and abortion Adoption law International adoption International adoption Human cloning Sterilization Surrogacy Marriage Marriage law Cousin marriage in the US Divorce Impotence Polygamy Same-sex marriage Marriage law Cousin marriage in the US in the US Divorce Impotence Polygamy Same-sex marriage Human rights Children's rights Children in the military Human trafficking Intersex rights Women's rights Children's rights Children in the military Children in the military Human trafficking Intersex rights Women's rights Freedom of movement By country In the air Abode By country In the air In the air Abode Property and environment Air Estate Land Minerals Mining Mortgage Water Riparian water Air Estate Land Minerals Mining Mortgage Water Riparian water Riparian water Business Competition Mergers and acquisitions Monopoly Corporate Corporate liability Legality of cryptocurrency Competition Mergers and acquisitions Monopoly Mergers and acquisitions Monopoly Corporate Corporate liability Corporate liability Legality of cryptocurrency Violence Corporal punishment At home At school In court LGBT rights Police misconduct Police accountability Police brutality Annual rates by country Prisoner abuse Police body camera Alcohol law Slavery Corporal punishment At home At school In court At home At school In court LGBT rights Police misconduct Police accountability Police brutality Annual rates by country Prisoner abuse Police body camera Alcohol law Police brutality Annual rates by country Annual rates by country Prisoner abuse Police body camera Alcohol law Slavery International ownership International waters Maritime law UN Convention on the Law of the Sea Antarctic Treaty System World Intellectual Property Organization World Intellectual Property Indicators Foreign ownership International copyright treaties International waters Maritime law UN Convention on the Law of the Sea Maritime law UN Convention on the Law of the Sea Antarctic Treaty System World Intellectual Property Organization World Intellectual Property Indicators Foreign ownership International copyright treaties Censorship Censorship by country Book censorship by country Cartographic censorship Film censorship by country Internet censorship by country Censorship of LGBT issues Political censorship Television censorship by country Video gaming censorship by country Censorship by country Book censorship by country by country Cartographic censorship Film censorship by country by country Internet censorship by country by country Censorship of LGBT issues Political censorship Television censorship by country by country Video gaming censorship by country by country Other Animal rights Immigration law National legal systems Religious law Separation of church and state Sharia Freedom of Thought Report World Justice Project Animal rights Immigration law National legal systems Religious law Separation of church and state Sharia Freedom of Thought Report Separation of church and state Sharia Freedom of Thought Report World Justice Project List of international rankings Lists by country List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Lists of countries by mass media rankings v t e Indices e-Government ICT Development Index Networked Readiness Index e-Government ICT Development Index Networked Readiness Index Internet Broadband Censorship and surveillance Connection speed Hosts IPv4 addresses Users Broadband Censorship and surveillance Connection speed Hosts IPv4 addresses Users Phones 4G LTE penetration Smartphones Mobile banking Mobile numbers Telephone lines 4G LTE penetration Smartphones Mobile banking Mobile numbers Telephone lines Other Books published Television stations Books published Television stations List of international rankings Lists by country List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Lists of countries by military rankings v t e Strength Military and paramilitary personnel Military equipment Aircraft carriers Nuclear weapons Military and paramilitary personnel Military equipment Aircraft carriers Nuclear weapons Finance Arms exports Arms imports Military budget ( per capita , per share of GDP ) Militarization index Arms exports Arms imports Military budget ( per capita , per share of GDP ) Militarization index Peacekeeping Global Peace Index Global Terrorism Index UN peacekeepers Global Peace Index Global Terrorism Index UN peacekeepers List of international rankings Lists by country List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Lists of countries by political rankings v t e Freedom Freedom in the World Press World Press Freedom Index State Media Economic Economic Freedom of the World Global Enabling Trade Report Index of Economic Freedom Religion Freedom of Thought Report Freedom in the World Press World Press Freedom Index State Media World Press Freedom Index State Media Economic Economic Freedom of the World Global Enabling Trade Report Index of Economic Freedom Economic Freedom of the World Global Enabling Trade Report Index of Economic Freedom Religion Freedom of Thought Report Freedom of Thought Report Corruption Bribe Payers Index Corruption Perceptions Index Global Corruption Barometer Bribe Payers Index Corruption Perceptions Index Global Corruption Barometer Competitiveness Composite Index of National Capability WEF Global Competitiveness Report Composite Index of National Capability WEF Global Competitiveness Report History Flag adoption date Formation date Largest empires Timeline of geopolitical changes before 1500 1500–1899 1900–1999 2000–present Flag adoption date Formation date Largest empires Timeline of geopolitical changes before 1500 1500–1899 1900–1999 2000–present before 1500 1500–1899 1900–1999 2000–present Rights Global Gender Gap Report LGBT rights by country or territory Privacy International World Justice Project Rule of Law Index Censorship by country Freedom of speech by country Internet censorship and surveillance by country Global Gender Gap Report LGBT rights by country or territory Privacy International World Justice Project Rule of Law Index Censorship by country Freedom of speech by country Internet censorship and surveillance by country Democracy Free and fair elections Democracy indices V-Dem Democracy Indices The Economist Democracy Index Bertelsmann Transformation Index Aspects Presidentialism metric Gallagher index Effective number of parties Direct democracy index Free and fair elections Democracy indices V-Dem Democracy Indices The Economist Democracy Index Bertelsmann Transformation Index V-Dem Democracy Indices The Economist Democracy Index Bertelsmann Transformation Index Aspects Presidentialism metric Gallagher index Effective number of parties Direct democracy index Presidentialism metric Gallagher index Effective number of parties Direct democracy index Other Central bank independence indices Commitment to Development Index Consultation on rule-making Ease of doing business index Environmental Performance Index Fragile States Index Global Innovation Index Global Liveability Ranking Global Peace Index Global Slavery Index Global Terrorism Index Good Country Index Human Development Index Judicial independence metric Incarceration rate Legatum Prosperity Index OECD Better Life Index Political terror scale Satisfaction with Life Index Central bank independence indices Commitment to Development Index Consultation on rule-making Ease of doing business index Environmental Performance Index Fragile States Index Global Innovation Index Global Liveability Ranking Global Peace Index Global Slavery Index Global Terrorism Index Good Country Index Human Development Index Judicial independence metric Incarceration rate Legatum Prosperity Index OECD Better Life Index Political terror scale Satisfaction with Life Index List of international rankings Lists by country List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Lists of countries by population statistics v t e Global Current population United Nations Demographics of the world Current population United Nations United Nations Demographics of the world Continents/subregions Africa Antarctica Asia Europe North America Caribbean Oceania South America Africa Antarctica Asia Europe North America Caribbean Caribbean Oceania South America Intercontinental Americas Arab world Commonwealth of Nations Eurasia European Union Islands Latin America Middle East Americas Arab world Commonwealth of Nations Eurasia European Union Islands Latin America Middle East Cities/urban areas World cities National capitals Megacities Megalopolises World cities National capitals Megacities Megalopolises Past and future Past and future population Estimates of historical world population Human population projections 1 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1939 1989 2000 2005 2010 2015 Population milestones Past and future population Estimates of historical world population Human population projections 1 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1939 1989 2000 2005 2010 2015 Population milestones Population density Current density Past and future population density Person-to-arable land ratio Current density Past and future population density Person-to-arable land ratio Growth indicators Population growth rate Natural increase Net reproduction rate Number of births Number of deaths Birth rate Mortality rate Fertility rate Past fertility rate Population growth rate Natural increase Net reproduction rate Number of births Number of deaths Birth rate Mortality rate Fertility rate Past fertility rate Life expectancy World Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America world regions past life expectancy World Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America world regions past life expectancy Other demographics Age at childbearing Age at first marriage Age structure Dependency ratio Divorce rate Ethnic and cultural diversity level Ethnic composition Immigrant population Linguistic diversity Median age Net migration rate Number of households Religion / Irreligion Sex ratio Urban population Urbanization Age at childbearing Age at first marriage Age structure Dependency ratio Divorce rate Ethnic and cultural diversity level Ethnic composition Immigrant population Linguistic diversity Median age Net migration rate Number of households Religion / Irreligion Sex ratio Urban population Urbanization Health Antidepressant consumption Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate Infant and under-five mortality rates Maternal mortality rate Obesity rate Percentage suffering from undernourishment Health expenditure by country by type of financing Suicide rate Total health expenditure per capita Health spending as % of GDP Body mass index (BMI) Antidepressant consumption Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate Infant and under-five mortality rates Maternal mortality rate Obesity rate Percentage suffering from undernourishment Health expenditure by country by type of financing Suicide rate Total health expenditure per capita Health spending as % of GDP Body mass index (BMI) Education and innovation Bloomberg Innovation Index Education Index Global Innovation Index International Innovation Index Literacy rate Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) Tertiary education attainment World Intellectual Property Indicators Bloomberg Innovation Index Education Index Global Innovation Index International Innovation Index Literacy rate Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) Tertiary education attainment World Intellectual Property Indicators Economic Access to financial services Development aid donors Official Development Assistance received Employment rate Irrigated land area Human Development Index by country inequality-adjusted planetary pressures–adjusted HDI Human Poverty Index Imports Exports Income inequality Labour force Share of income of top 1% Number of millionaires (US dollars) Number of billionaires (US dollars) Percentage living in poverty Public sector Unemployment rate Wealth inequality Access to financial services Development aid donors Official Development Assistance received Official Development Assistance received Employment rate Irrigated land area Human Development Index by country inequality-adjusted planetary pressures–adjusted HDI by country inequality-adjusted planetary pressures–adjusted HDI Human Poverty Index Imports Exports Income inequality Labour force Share of income of top 1% Number of millionaires (US dollars) Number of billionaires (US dollars) Percentage living in poverty Public sector Unemployment rate Wealth inequality List of international rankings Lists by country List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Lists of countries by public policy topics v t e General Government transparency World Governance Index Worldwide Governance Indicators Government transparency World Governance Index Worldwide Governance Indicators Economic Central bank interest rates Government budget per capita Public sector size Sovereign wealth funds Tariff rate Tax rates Inheritance tax Tax revenue to GDP ratio Central bank interest rates Government budget per capita Public sector size Sovereign wealth funds Tariff rate Tax rates Inheritance tax Inheritance tax Tax revenue to GDP ratio Health Health expenditure by country by type of financing Universal health care Health expenditure by country by type of financing Universal health care Social Guaranteed minimum income Social welfare spending Guaranteed minimum income Social welfare spending Education Education spending as percentage of government spending Education spending as percentage of government spending List of international rankings Lists by country List of international rankings Lists by country v t e Lists of countries by quality of life rankings v t e General Life expectancy Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America World Happiness Report Happy Planet Index Human Capital Index Human Development Index by country inequality-adjusted planetary pressures–adjusted Legatum Prosperity Index Good Country Index Satisfaction with Life Index Where-to-be-born Index Life expectancy Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America World Happiness Report Happy Planet Index Human Capital Index Human Development Index by country inequality-adjusted planetary pressures–adjusted by country inequality-adjusted planetary pressures–adjusted Legatum Prosperity Index Good Country Index Satisfaction with Life Index Where-to-be-born Index Economic Net take-home pay Long-term unemployment rate Home ownership rate Median wage Smartphone ownership rate Net take-home pay Long-term unemployment rate Home ownership rate Median wage Smartphone ownership rate Environment Greenhouse gas emissions per capita Dashboard of sustainability Environmental Performance Index Environmental Vulnerability Index Natural disaster risk Sustainable Society Index Greenhouse gas emissions per capita Dashboard of sustainability Environmental Performance Index Environmental Vulnerability Index Natural disaster risk Sustainable Society Index Health Air pollution Antidepressant use Cancer rate Child Development Index Clean water access Global Health Security Index Global Hunger Index Health insurance coverage Hospital beds Murder rate Number of physicians Risk of death from non-communicable disease Suicide rate Teenage pregnancy rate Air pollution Antidepressant use Cancer rate Child Development Index Clean water access Global Health Security Index Global Hunger Index Health insurance coverage Hospital beds Murder rate Number of physicians Risk of death from non-communicable disease Suicide rate Teenage pregnancy rate Social/political Corruption Perceptions Index Democracy indices Fragile States Index Gender Development Index Guaranteed minimum income Government transparency Global Slavery Index Global Terrorism Index Global Competitiveness Index Multidimensional 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Television Toggle Television subsection 1.1 Live-action 1.2 Animation 1.1 Live-action 1.2 Animation 2 Film Toggle Film subsection 2.1 Live-action 2.2 Animation 2.1 Live-action 2.2 Animation 3 Video games Toggle Video games subsection 3.1 Lego Batman 3.2 Batman: Arkham 3.1 Lego Batman 3.2 Batman: Arkham 4 Merchandise 5 References 6 External links Penguin in other media Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Adaptations of Penguin in other media A cosplayer dressed as Danny DeVito's depiction of the Penguin Created by Bill Finger Bob Kane Original source Comics published by DC Comics First appearance Detective Comics #58 (December 1941 ) Films and television Film(s) See below Television show(s) See below The supervillain Penguin , created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger , [ 1 ] made his first appearance in Detective Comics #58 (December 1941). Since then, he has been adapted into other forms of media, including feature films, television series, and video games. Television Live-action The Penguin appears in Batman (1966), portrayed by Burgess Meredith . This version possesses a "quacking" laugh, which covered a cough caused by cigarette usage. [ 2 ] A young Oswald Cobblepot appears in Gotham , portrayed by Robin Lord Taylor . [ 3 ] The series follows his journey to power, starting as a ruthless small-time criminal working for mobster Fish Mooney [ 4 ] and his love–hate relationship with fellow criminal Edward Nygma . The Batman (2022) incarnation of Oswald Cobb / Penguin appears in a self-titled spin-off series , portrayed again by Colin Farrell . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] This series expands on his portrayal, depicting him as suffering from a clubfoot , displaying an Oedipal dynamic with his senile mother Francis, and having history with the Falcone crime family and Rex Calabrese . Animation The Penguin appears in The Adventures of Batman , voiced by Ted Knight . The Penguin appears in The New Scooby-Doo Movies , voiced again by Ted Knight. The Penguin was set to appear in Challenge of the Superfriends as a member of the Legion of Doom . However, due to the development of The New Adventures of Batman , the Penguin was removed. [ 8 ] The Penguin appears in The New Adventures of Batman , voiced by Lennie Weinrib . The Penguin appears in The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians episode "The Case of the Stolen Powers", voiced by Robert Morse . The Penguin appears in television series set in the DC Animated Universe (DCAU), voiced by Paul Williams . [ 9 ] This version's initial design is visually inspired by the Batman Returns incarnation before he was redesigned to more resemble his comic counterpart. The Penguin first appears in Batman: The Animated Series (1992), where he is served by several henchmen - Jay, Raven, Eagleton, Falcone, and Sheldrake - as well as trained birds. The Penguin appears in The New Batman Adventures , in which he has founded the Iceberg Lounge and seemingly reformed while secretly continuing his criminal activities. The Penguin appears in the Superman: The Animated Series episode "Knight Time". The Penguin first appears in Batman: The Animated Series (1992), where he is served by several henchmen - Jay, Raven, Eagleton, Falcone, and Sheldrake - as well as trained birds. The Penguin appears in The New Batman Adventures , in which he has founded the Iceberg Lounge and seemingly reformed while secretly continuing his criminal activities. The Penguin appears in the Superman: The Animated Series episode "Knight Time". The Penguin appears in The Batman (2004), voiced by Tom Kenny . [ 9 ] This version turned to crime to rebuild his wealth and re-establish his family name. Additionally, he is aided by two silent henchmen, the Kabuki Twins, whom he recruited during a trip to China, and has history with Alfred Pennyworth 's family. The Penguin appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold , voiced by Stephen Root . [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in the Robot Chicken DC Comics Special , Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2: Villains in Paradise , and Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III: Magical Friendship , voiced by Seth Green . This version is a member of the Legion of Doom. The Penguin makes a cameo appearance in the Beware the Batman episode "Animal" via a wanted poster. The Penguin appears in DC Super Friends , voiced by Dana Snyder . [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in Justice League Action , voiced again by Dana Snyder. [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in the first two seasons of Harley Quinn , voiced by Wayne Knight . [ 9 ] This version is Jewish , has a nephew named Joshua (voiced by Sean Giambrone ), and appears as a member of the Legion of Doom in the first season and the Injustice League in the second season. In the latter season, he and the League take over Gotham City after the Joker destroys it before Harley Quinn kills him in retaliation for being excluded from the League. A young Penguin appears in the Kite Man: Hell Yeah! episode "Portal Potty, Hell Yeah!", voiced by James Adomian . A young Penguin appears in the Kite Man: Hell Yeah! episode "Portal Potty, Hell Yeah!", voiced by James Adomian . The Penguin appears in the DC Super Hero Girls episode "#EmperorPenguin", voiced by Alexander Polinsky . The Penguin appears in Batwheels , voiced by Jess Harnell . [ 10 ] Oswalda Cobblepot , a gender-flipped incarnation of the Penguin, appears in the Batman: Caped Crusader episode "In Treacherous Waters", voiced by Minnie Driver . [ 11 ] She is the mother of Aaron and Ronald Cobblepot (both voiced by Paul Scheer ) and a rival of Rupert Thorne . Film Live-action The Batman (1966) incarnation of the Penguin appears in the series' film adaptation , portrayed again by Burgess Meredith. Oswald Cobblepot / The Penguin appears in Batman Returns , portrayed by Danny DeVito . As an infant, this version was left for dead by his family due to birth defects before he is found by penguins from a condemned Gotham City zoo. As a child, he joined the Red Triangle Circus Gang as part of their freak show before eventually taking over. DeVito's portrayal as the Penguin was largely praised, though some considered him inferior to Jack Nicholson 's Joker in Batman (1989). Additionally, DeVito was suggested for the role by his friend Nicholson following Batman (1989)'s success. [ 12 ] According to DeVito, "It was four-and-a-half hours of makeup and getting into the costume. We got it down to three hours by the end of the shoot". [ 13 ] Uncredited script doctor , Wesley Strick , recalled, "When I was hired to write [ Batman Returns ], the big problem of the script was the Penguin's lack of a 'master plan'." [ 14 ] He took inspiration from a Moses parallel that had the Penguin killing the firstborn sons of Gotham. A similar notion was used when the Penguin's parents threw him into a river as a baby. [ 14 ] While this Penguin retained many trademarks, such as his top hat, a variety of trick umbrellas and the use of a monocle , he was given a dramatic visual makeover. Where the comic version varies between having a balding head of short cropped hair and varying degrees of thinning, this Penguin is still bald at the top but with his remaining length of hair long and stringy. His hands are flippers with a thumb and index finger, and the remaining three fingers fused together . An unidentified thick, dark green bile -like liquid sometimes trickles from his nose and mouth. Instead of a tuxedo, he wears a more gothic , Victorian -style outfit with a jabot as opposed to a bow tie. In certain scenes, he also wears black boots, a dickey , and a union suit . He also has a penguin-like appetite, as shown in a scene where he devours a raw fish, and uses a vehicle shaped like a giant rubber duck to move around the sewers and the city. Janet Maslin in The New York Times described DeVito as "conveying verve". [ 15 ] Peter Travers in Rolling Stone wrote that "DeVito's mutant Penguin — a balloon-bellied Richard III with a kingdom of sewer freaks — is as hilariously warped as Jack Nicholson's Joker and even quicker with the quips." [ 16 ] Desson Howe in The Washington Post wrote that the Penguin holds court in a penguin-crowded, Phantom of the Opera -like sewer home. He also described DeVito as "exquisite". [ 17 ] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times compared the Penguin negatively with the Joker of the first film, writing that "the Penguin is a curiously meager and depressing creature; I pitied him, but did not fear him or find him funny. The genius of Danny DeVito is all but swallowed up in the paraphernalia of the role." [ 18 ] Jonathan Rosenbaum called DeVito "a pale substitute for Jack Nicholson from the first film" and felt that "there's no suspense in Batman Returns whatsoever". [ 19 ] Oswald "Oz" Cobb / The Penguin appears in The Batman (2022), [ 7 ] portrayed by Colin Farrell , who received DeVito's blessing for the role. [ 20 ] This version acts as the right-hand man of crime lord Carmine Falcone and resents his "Penguin" nickname, given to him in mockery of his clubfoot . [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Animation The DCAU incarnation of the Penguin appears in Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman , voiced by David Ogden Stiers . [ 9 ] The Batman (2004) incarnation of the Penguin appears in The Batman vs. Dracula , voiced again by Tom Kenny. [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in Lego Batman: The Movie – DC Super Heroes Unite , voiced by Steve Blum . The Penguin appears in Batman: Assault on Arkham , voiced by Nolan North . [ 9 ] The Penguins appears in Lego DC Comics: Batman Be-Leaguered , voiced again by Tom Kenny. [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League vs. Bizarro League , voiced again by Tom Kenny. [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in the Batman Unlimited series of films, voiced again by Dana Snyder. [ 9 ] This version is the leader of the Animilitia who possesses a robotic monocle. The Penguin appears in Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League: Attack of the Legion of Doom , voiced again by Tom Kenny. [ 9 ] This version is a member of the Legion of Doom . The Penguin makes a cameo appearance in Batman: Bad Blood . The Penguin appears in Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League: Gotham City Breakout , voiced again by Tom Kenny. [ 9 ] The Batman (1966) incarnation of the Penguin appears in Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders and Batman vs. Two-Face , voiced by William Salyers . [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in The Lego Batman Movie , voiced by an uncredited John Venzon . [ 23 ] The Penguin appears in DC Super Heroes vs. Eagle Talon , voiced by Mitsuo Iwata . [ 24 ] The Penguin appears in Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold , voiced again by Tom Kenny. [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: The Flash , voiced again by Tom Kenny. [ 9 ] A Feudal Japan-inspired incarnation of the Penguin appears in Batman Ninja , voiced by Chō in the Japanese dub and again by Tom Kenny in the English dub. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , voiced again by Tom Kenny. [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in Lego DC Batman: Family Matters , voiced again by Tom Kenny. [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in Lego DC Shazam! Magic and Monsters , voiced again by Tom Kenny. [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in Batman: The Long Halloween , voiced by David Dastmalchian . [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in Batman and Superman: Battle of the Super Sons , voiced again by Tom Kenny. [ 9 ] The Penguin appears in Batman: The Doom That Came to Gotham , voiced again by William Salyers. [ 9 ] This version is a professor and explorer who helped found Gotham City in the 1600s and gained longevity through dark magic. In the 1920s , he embarks on an expedition to Antarctica , coming to live with its penguin population after the deaths of his crewmates and his mutation caused by Iog-Sotha . The Penguin appears in Merry Little Batman , voiced by Brian George . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 9 ] This version is elderly and confined to a mobility scooter. The Penguin appears as a plague doctor in Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires . [ 30 ] Video games The Penguin appears as a boss in Batman: The Caped Crusader . The Penguin, based on Danny DeVito 's portrayal, appears as a boss in the Batman Returns tie-in game, The Penguin appears as a boss in Batman: The Animated Series (1993). The Penguin was set to appear in The Adventures of Batman & Robin before he was cut. The Penguin appears in DC Universe Online , voiced by David Jennison. [ 9 ] This version runs a smuggling operation in Gotham City's old subway tunnels. The Penguin appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure . The Penguin appears in Batman (2013), voiced by Brian Silva. [ 9 ] The Penguin makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in Injustice: Gods Among Us via the Arkham Asylum stage. The Penguin appears in Batman: The Telltale Series , voiced by Jason Spisak as an adult and by Cole Sand as a child. [ 9 ] This version is a childhood friend of Bruce Wayne and a member of the Children of Arkham terrorist group whose name is derived from a beak-shaped gas mask he wears during his crimes. Additionally, he seeks revenge on the Wayne family after Bruce's father Thomas Wayne had the Penguin's mother Esther drugged, rendered psychotic, and forcibly committed to Arkham Asylum for refusing to sell land she owned to him. Due to his friendship with Bruce, the Penguin attempts to warn him about the Children of Arkham's plans before helping them attack Gotham City, during which he may scar Harvey Dent depending on the player's choices, before he is eventually defeated by Batman. The Penguin was set to appear as a playable character in Injustice 2 , but was cut for unknown reasons. [ 31 ] The Penguin appears in Gotham Knights , voiced by Elias Toufexis . [ 9 ] After years imprisoned in Blackgate, Cobblepot has given up his villainous ways and starts a business at the Iceberg Lounge, however he is kept under the watchful eye of the Court of Owls , which his mother is secretly a member. Lego Batman The Penguin appears as a boss in Lego Batman: The Videogame , voiced again by Tom Kenny. [ 32 ] The Penguin appears as a boss in Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes , voiced by Steve Blum. [ 9 ] The Penguin appears as a playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham , voiced by JB Blanc . The Penguin appears in Lego DC Super-Villains , voiced again by JB Blanc. [ 33 ] [ 9 ] This version is a member of the Legion of Doom . The Penguin, based on his appearance in Batman Returns, will appear in Lego Batman: Legacy of the Dark Knight . Batman: Arkham The Penguin appears in the Batman: Arkham franchise, voiced primarily by Nolan North and by Ian Redford in Batman: Arkham VR . [ 34 ] [ 9 ] This version's monocle is part of a broken glass bottle that was shoved into his face and became lodged too deeply to safely remove. He also speaks with an East London dialect, which is heavily implied to be an attempt at making himself more intimidating to his followers. The Penguin first appears in Batman: Arkham City as a criminal kingpin of the titular city prison until he is defeated by Batman and imprisoned by Mr. Freeze . [ 35 ] A young Penguin appears in Batman: Arkham Origins as a weapons dealer based in a refitted cruise liner called the Final Offer until he is arrested in the Cold, Cold Heart DLC following a failed alliance with Mr. Freeze. A young Penguin appears in Batman: Arkham Origins Blackgate , having taken over part of the eponymous prison amidst a breakout. [ 36 ] The Penguin appears in Batman: Arkham Knight as a gunrunner until he is defeated, captured, and incarcerated by Batman and Nightwing . [ 37 ] The Penguin appears in Batman: Arkham VR . The Penguin appears in Suicide Squad: Kill the Justice League . [ 38 ] He is forcibly recruited into the Suicide Squad to provide anti-metahuman weaponry. The Penguin appears in Batman: Arkham Shadow . Merchandise The Penguin received an 8" figure from the Mego Corporation via their "World's Greatest Super-Heroes" line in 1974. The Penguin received a .mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px} 3 + 3 / 4 " figure from the Mego Corporation via their Comic Action Heroes line in the 1970s. The Penguin received a minifigure in the Lego Batman set The Batcave: The Penguin and Mr. Freeze's Invasion . The Penguin received a figure in the Super Powers Collection toy line in the 1980s. The Batman Returns incarnation of the Penguin received a figure in the film's tie-in toy line. The DCAU incarnation of the Penguin, based on his Batman: The Animated Series design, received a figure in the series' tie-in toy line. The Batman (2004) incarnation of the Penguin received a figure in the series' tie-in toy line. Several incarnations of the Penguin received several plush dolls and vinyl figures from Funko . The Batman Returns incarnation of the Penguin served as inspiration for Madame Alexander 's DC Fashion Squad line. The Batman Returns incarnation of the Penguin received a 6-inch action figure as part of Mattel's DC Multiverse Signature Collection. References ^ Detective Comics #58 ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Burgess Meredith interview" . Dial B for Blog . Archived from the original on 22 April 2018 . Retrieved 9 March 2023 . ^ Murphy, Shaunna (September 4, 2014). " 'Gotham': Meet The Show's Breakout Villain In This Exclusive Video" . MTV . New York City: Viacom . Archived from the original on September 16, 2014 . Retrieved Jun 4, 2015 . ^ Goldberg, Lesley (February 14, 2014). "Fox's Batman Prequel 'Gotham' Casts Penguin, Alfred" . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles, California: Eldridge Industries . ^ White, Peter (September 13, 2021). " 'The Batman' Spinoff Series Centered On The Penguin In The Works At HBO Max" . Deadline . Retrieved September 13, 2021 . ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (2022-03-09). "HBO Max Orders 'The Penguin' Limited Series As 'The Batman' Clocks $301 Million+ At Global Box Office" . Deadline . Retrieved 2022-03-16 . ^ a b Wilding, Josh (September 16, 2024). "The Penguin Producer Addresses Controversial Decision To Change Title Villain's Name To "Oz Cobb" " . Comic Book Movie . Retrieved September 17, 2024 . ^ Nobleman, Marc Tyler (29 July 2011). "Super '70s and '80s: "Super Friends" – Darrell McNeil, animator" . Noblemania . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af "Penguin Voices (Batman)" . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved January 1, 2024 . A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information. ^ Schreur, Brandon (May 19, 2022). "Batman's Villains Get a Radical Makeover for Batmobile-Starring Batwheels" . CBR . Retrieved January 1, 2024 . ^ Spry, Jeff (July 19, 2024). "Holy Noirish Comeback, Batman! Bruce Timm and James Tucker Lift the Cowl Over 'Batman: Caped Crusader' " . Animation Magazine . Retrieved July 22, 2024 . ^ "Six Things You Didn't Know About Jack Nicholson" . AMC . Retrieved 2019-11-13 . ^ " 'Batman Returns' at 25: Stars Reveal Script Cuts, Freezing Sets and Aggressive Penguins" . The Hollywood Reporter . 19 June 2017. ^ a b Hughes, David (2003). "Batman". Comic Book Movies . Virgin Books . pp. 33– 46. ISBN 0-7535-0767-6 . ^ Janet Maslin (June 19, 1992). "Movie Review—Batman Returns" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 19, 2012 . Retrieved November 17, 2009 . ^ Peter Travers (February 7, 2001). "Batman Returns" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on November 4, 2007 . Retrieved August 14, 2008 . ^ Howe, Desson (June 19, 1992). "Batman Returns" . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 14, 2008 . ^ "Batman" . Roger Ebert . Archived from the original on August 7, 2008 . Retrieved August 14, 2008 . ^ Jonathan Rosenbaum (June 19, 1992). "Batman" . Chicago Reader . Archived from the original on December 8, 2008 . Retrieved August 14, 2008 . ^ " 'The Batman': Colin Farrell says Danny DeVito gave him 'the green light' to play Penguin (exclusive)" . Yahoo!News . 2022-03-02 . Retrieved 2022-03-29 . ^ Couch, Aaron (November 22, 2019). " 'The Batman' Casts John Turturro as Crime Boss Carmine Falcone" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 22, 2019 . ^ "Street Tree Aesthetics", Seeing Trees , Yale University Press, pp. 43– 66, 2019, doi : 10.2307/j.ctv8jp086.6 , ISBN 978-0-300-24070-2 ^ Chris McKay [@buddboetticher] (29 May 2017). "@ArthurDenorfia It was one of our editors John Venzon" ( Tweet ) – via Twitter . ^ "サイト名" . dc-taka.com (in Japanese). Archived from the original on August 6, 2020 . Retrieved April 4, 2018 . ^ " 'Batman Ninja' Anime: First Details & Poster Revealed" . Anime . 6 October 2017. ^ "ニンジャバットマン BATMAN NINJA公式サイト【2018年6月15日(金) 劇場公開】" . warnerbros.co.jp (in Japanese) . Retrieved July 3, 2018 . ^ Ressler, Karen (February 13, 2018). "Batman Ninja Anime's English Trailer Reveals Dub Cast, Home Video Release" . Anime News Network . Retrieved July 3, 2018 . ^ Melissa, Billie (2023-11-14). "Luke Wilson Is Bruce Wayne in Merry Little Batman" . Men's Journal | Streaming . Retrieved 2023-11-14 . ^ Milligan, Mercedes (November 19, 2023). "Trailer: 'Merry Little Batman' Brings a Lighter Dark Knight Tale to Prime Video" . Retrieved November 20, 2023 . ^ Rangel, Felipe (September 23, 2025). "DC Reveals Unique Penguin Design in New Batman Movie" . Screen Rant . Retrieved November 4, 2025 . ^ Fischer, Tyler (October 13, 2018). " 'Injustice 2' Concept Art Reveals Scrapped Characters Including Constantine, Penguin, and More" . comicbook.com . ^ Game Informer features a two-page gallery of the many heroes and villains who appear in the game with a picture for each character and a descriptive paragraph. See " LEGO Batman : Character Gallery", Game Informer 186 (October 2008): 93. ^ GameSpot Trailers (July 19, 2018). "LEGO DC Super-Villains - Official Character Creator Trailer - SDCC 2018" – via YouTube. ^ Logan Westbrook. "Arkham City's Penguin Shares a Voice With Nathan Drake" . The Escapist . Archived from the original on 2018-12-12 . Retrieved 2013-09-14 . ^ " Batman: Arkham City • Portrait of a Penguin" . Arkhamcity.co.uk. 2011-05-25. Archived from the original on 2021-02-24 . Retrieved 2011-07-12 . ^ Batman: Arkham Origins Blackgate , Armature Studio (2013) ^ "Batman: Arkham Knight Game Guide & Walkthrough: Penguin Side Mission" . Game Pressure . Retrieved August 14, 2017 . ^ McNulty, Thomas (March 2, 2023). "Every DC Villain Helping Suicide Squad In Kill The Justice League" . ScreenRant . Retrieved September 14, 2023 . External links Oswald Cobblepot (Burtonverse) on DC Database , a DC Comics wiki Tim Burton's Original Batman Returns Had A Weird Penguin & Catwoman Team-Up Batman Returns: The Actors Who Almost Played The Penguin CREATING PENGUIN’S PROSTHETICS FOR ‘BATMAN RETURNS’ BATMAN RETURNS - CREATING THE PENGUIN'S ARMY OF PENGUINS Why Batman Returns’ Danny DeVito Thinks Colin Farrell Will Be ‘Great’ As The Penguin In The Batman Danny DeVito was eating WHAT in Batman Returns? A monkey attacked Danny DeVito on the 'Batman Returns' set 'BATMAN RETURNS' ACTOR DANNY DEVITO REFLECTS ON TIM BURTON AND THE BENEFITS OF BEING THE PENGUIN Danny DeVito Wants To Reprise His Role As Penguin In A Future Batman Film Archived 2021-03-08 at the Wayback Machine .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Related Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Category Category v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Batman characters v t e Batman family By codename Batman Batwoman Batgirl Robin Catman Catwoman Owlman Huntress Nightwing Flamebird Red Robin Red Hood Batwing Azrael Phantasm Wrath By public identity Dick Grayson Kathy Kane Bette Kane Barbara Gordon Jason Todd Helena Wayne Helena Bertinelli Tim Drake Stephanie Brown Cassandra Cain Kate Kane Damian Wayne Harper Row Duke Thomas Jace Fox Luke Fox Michael Washington Lane Jean-Paul Valley Andrea Beaumont Pets Ace the Bat-Hound Batman family By codename Batman Batwoman Batgirl Robin Catman Catwoman Owlman Huntress Nightwing Flamebird Red Robin Red Hood Batwing Azrael Phantasm Wrath By public identity Dick Grayson Kathy Kane Bette Kane Barbara Gordon Jason Todd Helena Wayne Helena Bertinelli Tim Drake Stephanie Brown Cassandra Cain Kate Kane Damian Wayne Harper Row Duke Thomas Jace Fox Luke Fox Michael Washington Lane Jean-Paul Valley Andrea Beaumont Pets Ace the Bat-Hound By codename Batman Batwoman Batgirl Robin Catman Catwoman Owlman Huntress Nightwing Flamebird Red Robin Red Hood Batwing Azrael Phantasm Wrath Batman Batwoman Batgirl Robin Catman Catwoman Owlman Huntress Nightwing Flamebird Red Robin Red Hood Batwing Azrael Phantasm Wrath By public identity Dick Grayson Kathy Kane Bette Kane Barbara Gordon Jason Todd Helena Wayne Helena Bertinelli Tim Drake Stephanie Brown Cassandra Cain Kate Kane Damian Wayne Harper Row Duke Thomas Jace Fox Luke Fox Michael Washington Lane Jean-Paul Valley Andrea Beaumont Dick Grayson Kathy Kane Bette Kane Barbara Gordon Jason Todd Helena Wayne Helena Bertinelli Tim Drake Stephanie Brown Cassandra Cain Kate Kane Damian Wayne Harper Row Duke Thomas Jace Fox Luke Fox Michael Washington Lane Jean-Paul Valley Andrea Beaumont Pets Ace the Bat-Hound Ace the Bat-Hound Supporting characters Main supporting Alfred Pennyworth Jim Gordon Julie Madison Holly Robinson Lucius Fox Martha Wayne Thomas Wayne Vicki Vale Gotham City Police Department contacts Jim Gordon Harvey Bullock Sarah Essen Maggie Sawyer Renee Montoya Crispus Allen Jason Bard Slam Bradley Superhero allies Superman Wonder Woman The Flash Barry Allen Wally West Green Lantern Hal Jordan John Stewart Aquaman Black Canary Cyborg Deadman Etrigan Green Arrow Hawkgirl Hawkman John Constantine Martian Manhunter Metamorpho Nightrunner Plastic Man Question Shazam Spectre Vixen Zatanna Superhero groups Batman Incorporated Batmen of All Nations Birds of Prey Justice League Justice Society of America Outsiders World's Finest Team Other characters Bat-Mite Bronze Tiger Creeper Duela Dent Gilda Dent Knight Legs Leslie Thompkins Misfit Mother Panic Nora Fries Orpheus Ragman Sasha Bordeaux Silver St. Cloud Simon Dark Squire Victoria October Supporting characters Main supporting Alfred Pennyworth Jim Gordon Julie Madison Holly Robinson Lucius Fox Martha Wayne Thomas Wayne Vicki Vale Gotham City Police Department contacts Jim Gordon Harvey Bullock Sarah Essen Maggie Sawyer Renee Montoya Crispus Allen Jason Bard Slam Bradley Superhero allies Superman Wonder Woman The Flash Barry Allen Wally West Green Lantern Hal Jordan John Stewart Aquaman Black Canary Cyborg Deadman Etrigan Green Arrow Hawkgirl Hawkman John Constantine Martian Manhunter Metamorpho Nightrunner Plastic Man Question Shazam Spectre Vixen Zatanna Superhero groups Batman Incorporated Batmen of All Nations Birds of Prey Justice League Justice Society of America Outsiders World's Finest Team Other characters Bat-Mite Bronze Tiger Creeper Duela Dent Gilda Dent Knight Legs Leslie Thompkins Misfit Mother Panic Nora Fries Orpheus Ragman Sasha Bordeaux Silver St. Cloud Simon Dark Squire Victoria October Main supporting Alfred Pennyworth Jim Gordon Julie Madison Holly Robinson Lucius Fox Martha Wayne Thomas Wayne Vicki Vale Alfred Pennyworth Jim Gordon Julie Madison Holly Robinson Lucius Fox Martha Wayne Thomas Wayne Vicki Vale Gotham City Police Department contacts Jim Gordon Harvey Bullock Sarah Essen Maggie Sawyer Renee Montoya Crispus Allen Jason Bard Slam Bradley Jim Gordon Harvey Bullock Sarah Essen Maggie Sawyer Renee Montoya Crispus Allen Jason Bard Slam Bradley Superhero allies Superman Wonder Woman The Flash Barry Allen Wally West Green Lantern Hal Jordan John Stewart Aquaman Black Canary Cyborg Deadman Etrigan Green Arrow Hawkgirl Hawkman John Constantine Martian Manhunter Metamorpho Nightrunner Plastic Man Question Shazam Spectre Vixen Zatanna Superman Wonder Woman The Flash Barry Allen Wally West Barry Allen Wally West Green Lantern Hal Jordan John Stewart Hal Jordan John Stewart Aquaman Black Canary Cyborg Deadman Etrigan Green Arrow Hawkgirl Hawkman John Constantine Martian Manhunter Metamorpho Nightrunner Plastic Man Question Shazam Spectre Vixen Zatanna Superhero groups Batman Incorporated Batmen of All Nations Birds of Prey Justice League Justice Society of America Outsiders World's Finest Team Batman Incorporated Batmen of All Nations Birds of Prey Justice League Justice Society of America Outsiders World's Finest Team Other characters Bat-Mite Bronze Tiger Creeper Duela Dent Gilda Dent Knight Legs Leslie Thompkins Misfit Mother Panic Nora Fries Orpheus Ragman Sasha Bordeaux Silver St. Cloud Simon Dark Squire Victoria October Bat-Mite Bronze Tiger Creeper Duela Dent Gilda Dent Knight Legs Leslie Thompkins Misfit Mother Panic Nora Fries Orpheus Ragman Sasha Bordeaux Silver St. Cloud Simon Dark Squire Victoria October Antagonists Central rogues gallery Bane Black Mask Catwoman Clayface Deadshot Deathstroke Firefly Harley Quinn Hugo Strange Hush Joker Killer Croc Killer Moth Mad Hatter Man-Bat Mr. Freeze Penguin Poison Ivy Ra's al Ghul Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Ventriloquist Victor Zsasz Joker's gang Joker Harley Quinn Punchline Bud and Lou League of Assassins Ra's al Ghul Talia al Ghul Nyssa Raatko Sensei Lady Shiva David Cain Merlyn Mobsters Joe Chill Lew Moxon Falcone family Carmine Falcone Alberto Falcone Mario Falcone Sofia Falcone Sal Maroni Squid Rupert Thorne Tobias Whale Johnny Witts Tony Zucco Hamilton Hill Gillian B. Loeb Other enemies Amygdala Anarky Black Spider Blockbuster Calculator Calendar Man Catman Cavalier Clock King Cluemaster Copperhead Cornelius Stirk Crazy Quilt Crime Doctor Deacon Blackfire Doctor Death Doctor Double X Doctor Phosphorus Dollmaker Electrocutioner Enigma Firebug Flamingo Gearhead Great White Shark Humpty Dumpty Jane Doe Key KGBeast King Snake Kite Man Lex Luthor Maxie Zeus Magpie Mirror Man Mr. Bloom Music Meister Nightslayer Nocturna Orca Outsider Owlman Phantasm Phosphorus Rex Planet Master Polka-Dot Man Professor Milo Professor Pyg Rag Doll Ratcatcher Reaper Signalman Simon Hurt Snowman Solomon Grundy Spellbinder Swagman Tally Man Ten-Eyed Man The Batman Who Laughs Tiger Shark Tweedledum and Tweedledee Wrath Zebra-Man Supervillain groups Circus of Strange Court of Owls Kobra Leviathan LexCorp Mutants Royal Flush Gang Suicide Squad Terrible Trio Antagonists Central rogues gallery Bane Black Mask Catwoman Clayface Deadshot Deathstroke Firefly Harley Quinn Hugo Strange Hush Joker Killer Croc Killer Moth Mad Hatter Man-Bat Mr. Freeze Penguin Poison Ivy Ra's al Ghul Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Ventriloquist Victor Zsasz Joker's gang Joker Harley Quinn Punchline Bud and Lou League of Assassins Ra's al Ghul Talia al Ghul Nyssa Raatko Sensei Lady Shiva David Cain Merlyn Mobsters Joe Chill Lew Moxon Falcone family Carmine Falcone Alberto Falcone Mario Falcone Sofia Falcone Sal Maroni Squid Rupert Thorne Tobias Whale Johnny Witts Tony Zucco Hamilton Hill Gillian B. Loeb Other enemies Amygdala Anarky Black Spider Blockbuster Calculator Calendar Man Catman Cavalier Clock King Cluemaster Copperhead Cornelius Stirk Crazy Quilt Crime Doctor Deacon Blackfire Doctor Death Doctor Double X Doctor Phosphorus Dollmaker Electrocutioner Enigma Firebug Flamingo Gearhead Great White Shark Humpty Dumpty Jane Doe Key KGBeast King Snake Kite Man Lex Luthor Maxie Zeus Magpie Mirror Man Mr. Bloom Music Meister Nightslayer Nocturna Orca Outsider Owlman Phantasm Phosphorus Rex Planet Master Polka-Dot Man Professor Milo Professor Pyg Rag Doll Ratcatcher Reaper Signalman Simon Hurt Snowman Solomon Grundy Spellbinder Swagman Tally Man Ten-Eyed Man The Batman Who Laughs Tiger Shark Tweedledum and Tweedledee Wrath Zebra-Man Supervillain groups Circus of Strange Court of Owls Kobra Leviathan LexCorp Mutants Royal Flush Gang Suicide Squad Terrible Trio Central rogues gallery Bane Black Mask Catwoman Clayface Deadshot Deathstroke Firefly Harley Quinn Hugo Strange Hush Joker Killer Croc Killer Moth Mad Hatter Man-Bat Mr. Freeze Penguin Poison Ivy Ra's al Ghul Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Ventriloquist Victor Zsasz Bane Black Mask Catwoman Clayface Deadshot Deathstroke Firefly Harley Quinn Hugo Strange Hush Joker Killer Croc Killer Moth Mad Hatter Man-Bat Mr. Freeze Penguin Poison Ivy Ra's al Ghul Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Ventriloquist Victor Zsasz Joker's gang Joker Harley Quinn Punchline Bud and Lou Joker Harley Quinn Punchline Bud and Lou League of Assassins Ra's al Ghul Talia al Ghul Nyssa Raatko Sensei Lady Shiva David Cain Merlyn Ra's al Ghul Talia al Ghul Nyssa Raatko Sensei Lady Shiva David Cain Merlyn Mobsters Joe Chill Lew Moxon Falcone family Carmine Falcone Alberto Falcone Mario Falcone Sofia Falcone Sal Maroni Squid Rupert Thorne Tobias Whale Johnny Witts Tony Zucco Hamilton Hill Gillian B. Loeb Joe Chill Lew Moxon Falcone family Carmine Falcone Alberto Falcone Mario Falcone Sofia Falcone Carmine Falcone Alberto Falcone Mario Falcone Sofia Falcone Sal Maroni Squid Rupert Thorne Tobias Whale Johnny Witts Tony Zucco Hamilton Hill Gillian B. Loeb Other enemies Amygdala Anarky Black Spider Blockbuster Calculator Calendar Man Catman Cavalier Clock King Cluemaster Copperhead Cornelius Stirk Crazy Quilt Crime Doctor Deacon Blackfire Doctor Death Doctor Double X Doctor Phosphorus Dollmaker Electrocutioner Enigma Firebug Flamingo Gearhead Great White Shark Humpty Dumpty Jane Doe Key KGBeast King Snake Kite Man Lex Luthor Maxie Zeus Magpie Mirror Man Mr. Bloom Music Meister Nightslayer Nocturna Orca Outsider Owlman Phantasm Phosphorus Rex Planet Master Polka-Dot Man Professor Milo Professor Pyg Rag Doll Ratcatcher Reaper Signalman Simon Hurt Snowman Solomon Grundy Spellbinder Swagman Tally Man Ten-Eyed Man The Batman Who Laughs Tiger Shark Tweedledum and Tweedledee Wrath Zebra-Man Amygdala Anarky Black Spider Blockbuster Calculator Calendar Man Catman Cavalier Clock King Cluemaster Copperhead Cornelius Stirk Crazy Quilt Crime Doctor Deacon Blackfire Doctor Death Doctor Double X Doctor Phosphorus Dollmaker Electrocutioner Enigma Firebug Flamingo Gearhead Great White Shark Humpty Dumpty Jane Doe Key KGBeast King Snake Kite Man Lex Luthor Maxie Zeus Magpie Mirror Man Mr. Bloom Music Meister Nightslayer Nocturna Orca Outsider Owlman Phantasm Phosphorus Rex Planet Master Polka-Dot Man Professor Milo Professor Pyg Rag Doll Ratcatcher Reaper Signalman Simon Hurt Snowman Solomon Grundy Spellbinder Swagman Tally Man Ten-Eyed Man The Batman Who Laughs Tiger Shark Tweedledum and Tweedledee Wrath Zebra-Man Supervillain groups Circus of Strange Court of Owls Kobra Leviathan LexCorp Mutants Royal Flush Gang Suicide Squad Terrible Trio Circus of Strange Court of Owls Kobra Leviathan LexCorp Mutants Royal Flush Gang Suicide Squad Terrible Trio Alternative versions Batman Earth-Two Batman of Zur-En-Arrh Owlman The Batman Who Laughs Thomas Wayne ( Flashpoint version) Robin Earth-Two Carrie Kelley Helena Wayne Alternative versions Batman Earth-Two Batman of Zur-En-Arrh Owlman The Batman Who Laughs Thomas Wayne ( Flashpoint version) Robin Earth-Two Carrie Kelley Helena Wayne Batman Earth-Two Batman of Zur-En-Arrh Owlman The Batman Who Laughs Thomas Wayne ( Flashpoint version) Earth-Two Batman of Zur-En-Arrh Owlman The Batman Who Laughs Thomas Wayne ( Flashpoint version) Robin Earth-Two Carrie Kelley Helena Wayne Earth-Two Carrie Kelley Helena Wayne Other media 1966 Batman TV series Bookworm Egghead King Tut 1989–1997 film series Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman DC Animated Universe Renee Montoya Harley Quinn Bud and Lou Andrea Beaumont Batman (Terry McGinnis) The Dark Knight Trilogy Bruce Wayne Rachel Dawes Joker DC Extended Universe Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Joker Gotham Bruce Wayne James Gordon Selina Kyle Fish Mooney Oswald Cobblepot Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska Titans Dick Grayson Arrowverse Kate Kane Other media 1966 Batman TV series Bookworm Egghead King Tut 1989–1997 film series Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman DC Animated Universe Renee Montoya Harley Quinn Bud and Lou Andrea Beaumont Batman (Terry McGinnis) The Dark Knight Trilogy Bruce Wayne Rachel Dawes Joker DC Extended Universe Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Joker Gotham Bruce Wayne James Gordon Selina Kyle Fish Mooney Oswald Cobblepot Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska Titans Dick Grayson Arrowverse Kate Kane 1966 Batman TV series Bookworm Egghead King Tut Bookworm Egghead King Tut 1989–1997 film series Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman DC Animated Universe Renee Montoya Harley Quinn Bud and Lou Andrea Beaumont Batman (Terry McGinnis) Renee Montoya Harley Quinn Bud and Lou Andrea Beaumont Batman (Terry McGinnis) The Dark Knight Trilogy Bruce Wayne Rachel Dawes Joker Bruce Wayne Rachel Dawes Joker DC Extended Universe Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Joker Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Joker Gotham Bruce Wayne James Gordon Selina Kyle Fish Mooney Oswald Cobblepot Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska Bruce Wayne James Gordon Selina Kyle Fish Mooney Oswald Cobblepot Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska Titans Dick Grayson Dick Grayson Arrowverse Kate Kane Kate Kane Category Category v t e Batman franchise media v t e Live-action television Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Batman episodes episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Batwoman episodes characters episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Live-action films Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production The Batman production production Animated television The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes The Batman characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes characters episodes The Batman characters episodes characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam Animated films Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Novels The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution Podcasts Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Enemies in other media Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Supporting characters in other media Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One v t e Batman (TV series) v t e Episodes " Hi Diddle Riddle " " Smack in the Middle " " Fine Feathered Finks " " The Penguin's a Jinx " " The Joker Is Wild " " Batman Is Riled " " Instant Freeze " " Rats Like Cheese " " Zelda the Great " " A Death Worse Than Fate " " The Joker Goes to School " " He Meets His Match, The Grisly Ghoul " " True or False-Face " " Holy Rat Race " " The Penguin Goes Straight " " Not Yet, He Ain't " " Shoot a Crooked Arrow " " Walk the Straight and Narrow " " Hot Off the Griddle " " The Cat and the Fiddle " " Marsha, Queen of Diamonds " " Marsha's Scheme of Diamonds " " The Zodiac Crimes " " The Joker's Hard Times " " The Penguin Declines " " Enter Batgirl, Exit Penguin " " The Londinium Larcenies/The Foggiest Notion/The Bloody Tower " " Hi Diddle Riddle " " Smack in the Middle " " Fine Feathered Finks " " The Penguin's a Jinx " " The Joker Is Wild " " Batman Is Riled " " Instant Freeze " " Rats Like Cheese " " Zelda the Great " " A Death Worse Than Fate " " The Joker Goes to School " " He Meets His Match, The Grisly Ghoul " " True or False-Face " " Holy Rat Race " " The Penguin Goes Straight " " Not Yet, He Ain't " " Shoot a Crooked Arrow " " Walk the Straight and Narrow " " Hot Off the Griddle " " The Cat and the Fiddle " " Marsha, Queen of Diamonds " " Marsha's Scheme of Diamonds " " The Zodiac Crimes " " The Joker's Hard Times " " The Penguin Declines " " Enter Batgirl, Exit Penguin " " The Londinium Larcenies/The Foggiest Notion/The Bloody Tower " Characters Bookworm Egghead Green Hornet Kato King Tut Bookworm Egghead Green Hornet Kato King Tut Spin-off media Batman (1966 film) The New Adventures of Batman Legends of the Superheroes Batman '66 Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders Batman vs. Two-Face Batman (1966 film) The New Adventures of Batman Legends of the Superheroes Batman '66 Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders Batman vs. Two-Face Other " Batman Theme " "Holy..." Batusi " Batman Theme " "Holy..." Batusi Related Television The Green Hornet " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Films Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt The Flash Parodies " Heroes and Villains " Only Fools and Horses The Wild World of Batwoman Bat Pussy Batman XXX Television The Green Hornet " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Green Hornet " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Films Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt The Flash Parodies " Heroes and Villains " Only Fools and Horses The Wild World of Batwoman Bat Pussy Batman XXX Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt The Flash Parodies " Heroes and Villains " Only Fools and Horses The Wild World of Batwoman Bat Pussy Batman XXX " Heroes and Villains " Only Fools and Horses Only Fools and Horses The Wild World of Batwoman Bat Pussy Batman XXX Category Category Batman in other media Penguin (character) in other media DC Comics film characters DC Comics television characters CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja) CS1: unfit URL Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Comics infobox image less alt text IOM index pop Webarchive template wayback links This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 06:18 (UTC) . 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Fandraisana Wikipedia finday Pejy rehetra Pejy vaovao Takelaka kisendra Toerana iraisana Toerana iombonana Non-malagasy speakers Fampidirana Fiovana farany Ny vaovao Handefa takelaka Kianjam-pasika Renipejy Fototra dimy Fanamboarana takelaka Fanomezana Hamorona kaonty Hiditra Fanomezana Hamorona kaonty Hiditra Wikipedia : Fandraisana Fandraisana dinika Hamaky Hijery fango Hijery ny tantara Hamaky Hijery fango Hijery ny tantara Pejy mirohy eto Fiovana mifandraika Handefa rakitra Rohy maharitra Fampahalalana mikasika ny pejy Hahazo URL nohafohezina Hampidina ny kaody QR Utiliser l'ancien analyseur Hanorina boky Hampidina ho toa PDF Ny votoatiny azo atonta printy Wikimedia Commons Fondation Wikimédia MediaWiki Méta-Wiki Sensibilisation Wikimédia Wikisource multilingue Wikispecies Wikilivres Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wiktionnaire Zavatra Wikidata Tonga soa eto amin’i Wikipedia ny raki-pahalalana malalaka azon’ny tsirairay ovaina Lahatsoratra 101 841 amin’ny teny malagasy Pejy rehetra · Sokajy · Fikambanana · Fanoroana Lahatsoratra notsongaina ho an’ity volana ity Famangian' ny Magy Ny Noely na Krismasy dia andro firavoravoana kristiana izay ankalazana sy ahatsiarovana ny nahaterahan' i Jesoa Kristy . Aorian' ny Paska (na Paka) dia ny Noely no andro fety manan-danja indrindra amin' ny alimanakan' ny ankamaroan' ny fiangonana kristiana . Ny andron' ny Noely anefa dia tsy fitsingerenan' ny andro nahaterahan' i Jesoa fa daty nifanarahana fotsiny hanaovana ny fankalazana. Ny fiangonana katôlika sy ny fiangonana prôtestanta dia mankalaza ny Noely amin' ny 24 sy 25 Desambra. Ny fiangonana ôrtôdôksa dia mankalaza ny nahaterahan' i Jesoa amin' ny andron' ny Epifania amin' ny volana Janoary. Tsy misy soratra ao amin' ny Baiboly izay mandidy ny fankalazana ny Noely. Noho izany dia ao ireo fiangonana mankalaza ary ao koa ireo tsy mankalaza izany. Ankehitriny dia maro ny olona mankalaza ny Noely na Krismasy tsy mampifandray izany amin' ny resaka fivavahana. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-4 no nanombohana nankalaza ny Noely izay niely tsikelikely eran' i Eorôpa sy manerana ny tany lemaka manodidina ny Ranomasina Mediteranea . Izany fety fankalazana ny fahaterahan' i Jesoa izany dia nihanisolo ireo fety manam-pifandaisana amin' ny andro manodidina ny 21 na 22 Desambra toy ny fety jermanika atao hoe Yule , ny fetin' i Mitra ( jereo koa Mitraisma ), ny Satornaly rômana, sns. Naseho ho toy ny masoandron' ny fahamarinana ao amin' ny andro vaovao i Jesoa Kristy, ka ny fahaterahany dia manokatra ny taona litorjika amin' ny fotoana anaovana ny lamesa misasaka alina. Ny fitantarana ny nahaterahan' i Jesoa araka ny Evanjely no fiaingan' ny famoronana zavakanto nandritra ny taonjato maro (ao ny hosodoko, ny sokitra, ny mozika, ny asa soratra) izay nohamafisin' ny fielezan' ny fampiasana ny tranon' omby sy ny fandrian-jazakely, nefa ireo fombafomba sy zavatra manam-pifandraisana amin' ny fety tsy kristiana tany aloha dia tafiditra ao koa. Ny hazokesika nampiasain' ny vahoaka jermanika sy ny vahoaka any amin' ny faritra avaratr' i Eorôpa , izay mariky ny zavaboary velona misedra ny ririnina dia nomena haja nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 sady tafiditra tany am-piangonana. Ankehitriny ny hazo Noely dia lasa evan' ny fotoana ankalazana ny faran-taona, ka niaraka tamin' ny fialan' ny fivavahana kristiana avy ao Eorôpa amin' izao andro izao. Ilay fanao ahitana an' i Dadabe Noely , izay niely eran' izao tontolo izao tamin' ny taonjato faha-20, dia nameno izany fivoarana izany ka nanampy singa ivelam-pivavahana amin' ity fety kristiana ity, izay mitodika kokoa any amin' ny ankizy sy ny fianakaviana ary ny fanomezana. Iray amin' ireo fetim-pahaterahana ankalazain' ny Fiangonana katôlika ny Noely, ny roa hafa dia ny fahaterahan' i Joany Batista (24 Jona) sy ny fahaterahan' i Masina Maria (8 Septambra). ( tohiny... ) Lahatsoratra tsara vakiana Ankizy mahafaly Ny Mahafaly dia vondrom-poko ao amin' ny faritra atsimo-andrefana amin' i Madagasikara , eo anelanelan' ny ony Menarandra ao atsimo sy Onilahy ao avaratra no fonenany nentim-paharazana, eo amin' ny lembalemba be sokay sy fasika izay mitondra io anarana Mahafaly io ihany. Malaza amin' ny fahaizana manao sary sokitra ny Mahafaly ka isan' izany ny fanamboarana aloalo izay entiny manaingo ny fasana sy manaja ny razana sy ny mpanjaka maty. I Betioky sy i Ejeda ary i Ampanihy no tanàna ngezangeza ao aminy. Anisan' ny fady amin' ny Mahafaly, toy ny Antandroy koa, ny mihinana sokatra (mahafaly: sokake ). Tamin' ny taona 2013 dia tombanana ho 150 000 ny isan' ny Mahafaly [ 1 ] . Mpiompy omby sy osy sy ondry ary akoho amam-borona (anisan' izany ny vorontsiloza ) ny Mahafaly. Mamboly mangahazo sy voamaina koa ny mponina amin' ny faritra mahafaly. Heverina ho avy ao amin' ny faritra atsimo-atsinanan' i Afrika ny sasany amin' ny razamben' ny Mahafaly voalohany izay tonga teto amin ' ny Nosy tamin' ny taonjato faha-12. Nanjary malaza izy ireo noho ny fasana lehibe aoriny ho fanomezam-boninahitra ny lehibe sy ny mpanjaka maty. Miteny mahafaly , izay fitenim-paritra mifanakaiky amin' ny fiteny antandroy , izay fiteny malagasy , sampan' ny vondrom-piteny malaiô-pôlineziana ny Mahafaly. Ny anarana hoe Mahafaly dia nampiasain' ny Malagasy hafa sy ny vahiny hilazana ireo olona nipetraka amin' ny morontsiraka atsimo-andrefan' i Madagasikara, voafaritry ny ony Menarandra sy Onilahy [ 2 ] . Ny Mahafaly tenany anefa tsy mampiasa an' io teny io ary tsy milaza azy ireo ho foko tokana, fa aleony manonona ny tenany araka ny firazanana hafa na ara-jeôpôlitika; ny anarana hoe Mahafaly dia tsy misy heviny ho an' ny olona avy amin' io faritra io fa mari-pamantarana napetraky ny avy any ivelany [ 3 ] . Ny ankamaroan' ny Mahafaly dia monina amin' ny moron' ny renirano sy ony mamakivaky faritra tena maina [ 4 ] . ( tohiny... ) Sarin’ny anio ◄ ► Ny vaovao Mitranga amin'izao fotoana izao : Hetsi-panoheran'ny 2025 eto Madagasikara [ ovaina ] Fangatahan'ny fifaranan'ny fitapahana matetiky ny rano sy herinaratra Efemerida Talata, 13 Janoary 2026 Mbola tsy misy ankehitriny ny pejy mikasika ny Talata 13 Janoary ao amin'ny efemerida. Ka raha tianao dia azonao ampiana na foronina ity pejy ity. Raha te-hamorona pejy mikasika ny efemerida eto ianao, dia jereo any amin'ny wikipedia hafa (frantsay na anglisy ohatra) any raha efa misy ny pejy momban'ny efemerida, jereo ary dikao amin'ny teny malagasy raha afaka, ny votoatiny. Aloha ny mamorona pejy efemerida ianao, vakio ny toromarika ( tsindrio eto raha te-hijery azy amin'ny teny anglisy ) Manana ny tohan'ny Wikimedia Foundation ireo volavola : m:Fandraisana Meta-Wiki Toerana iraisan'ny fikambanan'ny tetikasa rehetra wikt:Fandraisana Wikibolana Raki-bolana malalaka n:Fandraisana Wikigazety Gazety malalaka ( incubator ) b:Fandraisana Wikiboky Lahatsoratra sy boky malalaka q:Fandraisana Wikitanisa raki-pitanisana ( incubator ) s:Fandraisana Wikifamakiam-boky famakiam-boky ( tetikasa iraisana ) v:Fandraisana Wikiversite Komonitia Pedagôjika ( Wikiversite iraisana ) wikispecies:Fandraisana Wikispecies Tetikasa iraisana commons:Accueil Wikimedia Commons Toerana ametrahana ny rakitra Multimedia Tonga soa eto amin’i Wikipedia ny raki-pahalalana malalaka azon’ny tsirairay ovaina Lahatsoratra 101 841 amin’ny teny malagasy Pejy rehetra · Sokajy · Fikambanana · Fanoroana Pejy rehetra · Sokajy · Fikambanana · Fanoroana Lahatsoratra notsongaina ho an’ity volana ity Famangian' ny Magy Ny Noely na Krismasy dia andro firavoravoana kristiana izay ankalazana sy ahatsiarovana ny nahaterahan' i Jesoa Kristy . Aorian' ny Paska (na Paka) dia ny Noely no andro fety manan-danja indrindra amin' ny alimanakan' ny ankamaroan' ny fiangonana kristiana . Ny andron' ny Noely anefa dia tsy fitsingerenan' ny andro nahaterahan' i Jesoa fa daty nifanarahana fotsiny hanaovana ny fankalazana. Ny fiangonana katôlika sy ny fiangonana prôtestanta dia mankalaza ny Noely amin' ny 24 sy 25 Desambra. Ny fiangonana ôrtôdôksa dia mankalaza ny nahaterahan' i Jesoa amin' ny andron' ny Epifania amin' ny volana Janoary. Tsy misy soratra ao amin' ny Baiboly izay mandidy ny fankalazana ny Noely. Noho izany dia ao ireo fiangonana mankalaza ary ao koa ireo tsy mankalaza izany. Ankehitriny dia maro ny olona mankalaza ny Noely na Krismasy tsy mampifandray izany amin' ny resaka fivavahana. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-4 no nanombohana nankalaza ny Noely izay niely tsikelikely eran' i Eorôpa sy manerana ny tany lemaka manodidina ny Ranomasina Mediteranea . Izany fety fankalazana ny fahaterahan' i Jesoa izany dia nihanisolo ireo fety manam-pifandaisana amin' ny andro manodidina ny 21 na 22 Desambra toy ny fety jermanika atao hoe Yule , ny fetin' i Mitra ( jereo koa Mitraisma ), ny Satornaly rômana, sns. Naseho ho toy ny masoandron' ny fahamarinana ao amin' ny andro vaovao i Jesoa Kristy, ka ny fahaterahany dia manokatra ny taona litorjika amin' ny fotoana anaovana ny lamesa misasaka alina. Ny fitantarana ny nahaterahan' i Jesoa araka ny Evanjely no fiaingan' ny famoronana zavakanto nandritra ny taonjato maro (ao ny hosodoko, ny sokitra, ny mozika, ny asa soratra) izay nohamafisin' ny fielezan' ny fampiasana ny tranon' omby sy ny fandrian-jazakely, nefa ireo fombafomba sy zavatra manam-pifandraisana amin' ny fety tsy kristiana tany aloha dia tafiditra ao koa. Ny hazokesika nampiasain' ny vahoaka jermanika sy ny vahoaka any amin' ny faritra avaratr' i Eorôpa , izay mariky ny zavaboary velona misedra ny ririnina dia nomena haja nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 sady tafiditra tany am-piangonana. Ankehitriny ny hazo Noely dia lasa evan' ny fotoana ankalazana ny faran-taona, ka niaraka tamin' ny fialan' ny fivavahana kristiana avy ao Eorôpa amin' izao andro izao. Ilay fanao ahitana an' i Dadabe Noely , izay niely eran' izao tontolo izao tamin' ny taonjato faha-20, dia nameno izany fivoarana izany ka nanampy singa ivelam-pivavahana amin' ity fety kristiana ity, izay mitodika kokoa any amin' ny ankizy sy ny fianakaviana ary ny fanomezana. Iray amin' ireo fetim-pahaterahana ankalazain' ny Fiangonana katôlika ny Noely, ny roa hafa dia ny fahaterahan' i Joany Batista (24 Jona) sy ny fahaterahan' i Masina Maria (8 Septambra). ( tohiny... ) Lahatsoratra tsara vakiana Ankizy mahafaly Ny Mahafaly dia vondrom-poko ao amin' ny faritra atsimo-andrefana amin' i Madagasikara , eo anelanelan' ny ony Menarandra ao atsimo sy Onilahy ao avaratra no fonenany nentim-paharazana, eo amin' ny lembalemba be sokay sy fasika izay mitondra io anarana Mahafaly io ihany. Malaza amin' ny fahaizana manao sary sokitra ny Mahafaly ka isan' izany ny fanamboarana aloalo izay entiny manaingo ny fasana sy manaja ny razana sy ny mpanjaka maty. I Betioky sy i Ejeda ary i Ampanihy no tanàna ngezangeza ao aminy. Anisan' ny fady amin' ny Mahafaly, toy ny Antandroy koa, ny mihinana sokatra (mahafaly: sokake ). Tamin' ny taona 2013 dia tombanana ho 150 000 ny isan' ny Mahafaly [ 1 ] . Mpiompy omby sy osy sy ondry ary akoho amam-borona (anisan' izany ny vorontsiloza ) ny Mahafaly. Mamboly mangahazo sy voamaina koa ny mponina amin' ny faritra mahafaly. Heverina ho avy ao amin' ny faritra atsimo-atsinanan' i Afrika ny sasany amin' ny razamben' ny Mahafaly voalohany izay tonga teto amin ' ny Nosy tamin' ny taonjato faha-12. Nanjary malaza izy ireo noho ny fasana lehibe aoriny ho fanomezam-boninahitra ny lehibe sy ny mpanjaka maty. Miteny mahafaly , izay fitenim-paritra mifanakaiky amin' ny fiteny antandroy , izay fiteny malagasy , sampan' ny vondrom-piteny malaiô-pôlineziana ny Mahafaly. Ny anarana hoe Mahafaly dia nampiasain' ny Malagasy hafa sy ny vahiny hilazana ireo olona nipetraka amin' ny morontsiraka atsimo-andrefan' i Madagasikara, voafaritry ny ony Menarandra sy Onilahy [ 2 ] . Ny Mahafaly tenany anefa tsy mampiasa an' io teny io ary tsy milaza azy ireo ho foko tokana, fa aleony manonona ny tenany araka ny firazanana hafa na ara-jeôpôlitika; ny anarana hoe Mahafaly dia tsy misy heviny ho an' ny olona avy amin' io faritra io fa mari-pamantarana napetraky ny avy any ivelany [ 3 ] . Ny ankamaroan' ny Mahafaly dia monina amin' ny moron' ny renirano sy ony mamakivaky faritra tena maina [ 4 ] . ( tohiny... ) Lahatsoratra notsongaina ho an’ity volana ity Famangian' ny Magy Ny Noely na Krismasy dia andro firavoravoana kristiana izay ankalazana sy ahatsiarovana ny nahaterahan' i Jesoa Kristy . Aorian' ny Paska (na Paka) dia ny Noely no andro fety manan-danja indrindra amin' ny alimanakan' ny ankamaroan' ny fiangonana kristiana . Ny andron' ny Noely anefa dia tsy fitsingerenan' ny andro nahaterahan' i Jesoa fa daty nifanarahana fotsiny hanaovana ny fankalazana. Ny fiangonana katôlika sy ny fiangonana prôtestanta dia mankalaza ny Noely amin' ny 24 sy 25 Desambra. Ny fiangonana ôrtôdôksa dia mankalaza ny nahaterahan' i Jesoa amin' ny andron' ny Epifania amin' ny volana Janoary. Tsy misy soratra ao amin' ny Baiboly izay mandidy ny fankalazana ny Noely. Noho izany dia ao ireo fiangonana mankalaza ary ao koa ireo tsy mankalaza izany. Ankehitriny dia maro ny olona mankalaza ny Noely na Krismasy tsy mampifandray izany amin' ny resaka fivavahana. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-4 no nanombohana nankalaza ny Noely izay niely tsikelikely eran' i Eorôpa sy manerana ny tany lemaka manodidina ny Ranomasina Mediteranea . Izany fety fankalazana ny fahaterahan' i Jesoa izany dia nihanisolo ireo fety manam-pifandaisana amin' ny andro manodidina ny 21 na 22 Desambra toy ny fety jermanika atao hoe Yule , ny fetin' i Mitra ( jereo koa Mitraisma ), ny Satornaly rômana, sns. Naseho ho toy ny masoandron' ny fahamarinana ao amin' ny andro vaovao i Jesoa Kristy, ka ny fahaterahany dia manokatra ny taona litorjika amin' ny fotoana anaovana ny lamesa misasaka alina. Ny fitantarana ny nahaterahan' i Jesoa araka ny Evanjely no fiaingan' ny famoronana zavakanto nandritra ny taonjato maro (ao ny hosodoko, ny sokitra, ny mozika, ny asa soratra) izay nohamafisin' ny fielezan' ny fampiasana ny tranon' omby sy ny fandrian-jazakely, nefa ireo fombafomba sy zavatra manam-pifandraisana amin' ny fety tsy kristiana tany aloha dia tafiditra ao koa. Ny hazokesika nampiasain' ny vahoaka jermanika sy ny vahoaka any amin' ny faritra avaratr' i Eorôpa , izay mariky ny zavaboary velona misedra ny ririnina dia nomena haja nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 sady tafiditra tany am-piangonana. Ankehitriny ny hazo Noely dia lasa evan' ny fotoana ankalazana ny faran-taona, ka niaraka tamin' ny fialan' ny fivavahana kristiana avy ao Eorôpa amin' izao andro izao. Ilay fanao ahitana an' i Dadabe Noely , izay niely eran' izao tontolo izao tamin' ny taonjato faha-20, dia nameno izany fivoarana izany ka nanampy singa ivelam-pivavahana amin' ity fety kristiana ity, izay mitodika kokoa any amin' ny ankizy sy ny fianakaviana ary ny fanomezana. Iray amin' ireo fetim-pahaterahana ankalazain' ny Fiangonana katôlika ny Noely, ny roa hafa dia ny fahaterahan' i Joany Batista (24 Jona) sy ny fahaterahan' i Masina Maria (8 Septambra). ( tohiny... ) Lahatsoratra notsongaina ho an’ity volana ity Ny Noely na Krismasy dia andro firavoravoana kristiana izay ankalazana sy ahatsiarovana ny nahaterahan' i Jesoa Kristy . Aorian' ny Paska (na Paka) dia ny Noely no andro fety manan-danja indrindra amin' ny alimanakan' ny ankamaroan' ny fiangonana kristiana . Ny andron' ny Noely anefa dia tsy fitsingerenan' ny andro nahaterahan' i Jesoa fa daty nifanarahana fotsiny hanaovana ny fankalazana. Ny fiangonana katôlika sy ny fiangonana prôtestanta dia mankalaza ny Noely amin' ny 24 sy 25 Desambra. Ny fiangonana ôrtôdôksa dia mankalaza ny nahaterahan' i Jesoa amin' ny andron' ny Epifania amin' ny volana Janoary. Tsy misy soratra ao amin' ny Baiboly izay mandidy ny fankalazana ny Noely. Noho izany dia ao ireo fiangonana mankalaza ary ao koa ireo tsy mankalaza izany. Ankehitriny dia maro ny olona mankalaza ny Noely na Krismasy tsy mampifandray izany amin' ny resaka fivavahana. Tamin' ny taonjato faha-4 no nanombohana nankalaza ny Noely izay niely tsikelikely eran' i Eorôpa sy manerana ny tany lemaka manodidina ny Ranomasina Mediteranea . Izany fety fankalazana ny fahaterahan' i Jesoa izany dia nihanisolo ireo fety manam-pifandaisana amin' ny andro manodidina ny 21 na 22 Desambra toy ny fety jermanika atao hoe Yule , ny fetin' i Mitra ( jereo koa Mitraisma ), ny Satornaly rômana, sns. Naseho ho toy ny masoandron' ny fahamarinana ao amin' ny andro vaovao i Jesoa Kristy, ka ny fahaterahany dia manokatra ny taona litorjika amin' ny fotoana anaovana ny lamesa misasaka alina. Ny fitantarana ny nahaterahan' i Jesoa araka ny Evanjely no fiaingan' ny famoronana zavakanto nandritra ny taonjato maro (ao ny hosodoko, ny sokitra, ny mozika, ny asa soratra) izay nohamafisin' ny fielezan' ny fampiasana ny tranon' omby sy ny fandrian-jazakely, nefa ireo fombafomba sy zavatra manam-pifandraisana amin' ny fety tsy kristiana tany aloha dia tafiditra ao koa. Ny hazokesika nampiasain' ny vahoaka jermanika sy ny vahoaka any amin' ny faritra avaratr' i Eorôpa , izay mariky ny zavaboary velona misedra ny ririnina dia nomena haja nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-16 sady tafiditra tany am-piangonana. Ankehitriny ny hazo Noely dia lasa evan' ny fotoana ankalazana ny faran-taona, ka niaraka tamin' ny fialan' ny fivavahana kristiana avy ao Eorôpa amin' izao andro izao. Ilay fanao ahitana an' i Dadabe Noely , izay niely eran' izao tontolo izao tamin' ny taonjato faha-20, dia nameno izany fivoarana izany ka nanampy singa ivelam-pivavahana amin' ity fety kristiana ity, izay mitodika kokoa any amin' ny ankizy sy ny fianakaviana ary ny fanomezana. Iray amin' ireo fetim-pahaterahana ankalazain' ny Fiangonana katôlika ny Noely, ny roa hafa dia ny fahaterahan' i Joany Batista (24 Jona) sy ny fahaterahan' i Masina Maria (8 Septambra). Lahatsoratra tsara vakiana Ankizy mahafaly Ny Mahafaly dia vondrom-poko ao amin' ny faritra atsimo-andrefana amin' i Madagasikara , eo anelanelan' ny ony Menarandra ao atsimo sy Onilahy ao avaratra no fonenany nentim-paharazana, eo amin' ny lembalemba be sokay sy fasika izay mitondra io anarana Mahafaly io ihany. Malaza amin' ny fahaizana manao sary sokitra ny Mahafaly ka isan' izany ny fanamboarana aloalo izay entiny manaingo ny fasana sy manaja ny razana sy ny mpanjaka maty. I Betioky sy i Ejeda ary i Ampanihy no tanàna ngezangeza ao aminy. Anisan' ny fady amin' ny Mahafaly, toy ny Antandroy koa, ny mihinana sokatra (mahafaly: sokake ). Tamin' ny taona 2013 dia tombanana ho 150 000 ny isan' ny Mahafaly [ 1 ] . Mpiompy omby sy osy sy ondry ary akoho amam-borona (anisan' izany ny vorontsiloza ) ny Mahafaly. Mamboly mangahazo sy voamaina koa ny mponina amin' ny faritra mahafaly. Heverina ho avy ao amin' ny faritra atsimo-atsinanan' i Afrika ny sasany amin' ny razamben' ny Mahafaly voalohany izay tonga teto amin ' ny Nosy tamin' ny taonjato faha-12. Nanjary malaza izy ireo noho ny fasana lehibe aoriny ho fanomezam-boninahitra ny lehibe sy ny mpanjaka maty. Miteny mahafaly , izay fitenim-paritra mifanakaiky amin' ny fiteny antandroy , izay fiteny malagasy , sampan' ny vondrom-piteny malaiô-pôlineziana ny Mahafaly. Ny anarana hoe Mahafaly dia nampiasain' ny Malagasy hafa sy ny vahiny hilazana ireo olona nipetraka amin' ny morontsiraka atsimo-andrefan' i Madagasikara, voafaritry ny ony Menarandra sy Onilahy [ 2 ] . Ny Mahafaly tenany anefa tsy mampiasa an' io teny io ary tsy milaza azy ireo ho foko tokana, fa aleony manonona ny tenany araka ny firazanana hafa na ara-jeôpôlitika; ny anarana hoe Mahafaly dia tsy misy heviny ho an' ny olona avy amin' io faritra io fa mari-pamantarana napetraky ny avy any ivelany [ 3 ] . Ny ankamaroan' ny Mahafaly dia monina amin' ny moron' ny renirano sy ony mamakivaky faritra tena maina [ 4 ] . ( tohiny... ) Lahatsoratra tsara vakiana Ny Mahafaly dia vondrom-poko ao amin' ny faritra atsimo-andrefana amin' i Madagasikara , eo anelanelan' ny ony Menarandra ao atsimo sy Onilahy ao avaratra no fonenany nentim-paharazana, eo amin' ny lembalemba be sokay sy fasika izay mitondra io anarana Mahafaly io ihany. Malaza amin' ny fahaizana manao sary sokitra ny Mahafaly ka isan' izany ny fanamboarana aloalo izay entiny manaingo ny fasana sy manaja ny razana sy ny mpanjaka maty. I Betioky sy i Ejeda ary i Ampanihy no tanàna ngezangeza ao aminy. Anisan' ny fady amin' ny Mahafaly, toy ny Antandroy koa, ny mihinana sokatra (mahafaly: sokake ). Tamin' ny taona 2013 dia tombanana ho 150 000 ny isan' ny Mahafaly [ 1 ] . Mpiompy omby sy osy sy ondry ary akoho amam-borona (anisan' izany ny vorontsiloza ) ny Mahafaly. Mamboly mangahazo sy voamaina koa ny mponina amin' ny faritra mahafaly. Heverina ho avy ao amin' ny faritra atsimo-atsinanan' i Afrika ny sasany amin' ny razamben' ny Mahafaly voalohany izay tonga teto amin ' ny Nosy tamin' ny taonjato faha-12. Nanjary malaza izy ireo noho ny fasana lehibe aoriny ho fanomezam-boninahitra ny lehibe sy ny mpanjaka maty. Miteny mahafaly , izay fitenim-paritra mifanakaiky amin' ny fiteny antandroy , izay fiteny malagasy , sampan' ny vondrom-piteny malaiô-pôlineziana ny Mahafaly. Ny anarana hoe Mahafaly dia nampiasain' ny Malagasy hafa sy ny vahiny hilazana ireo olona nipetraka amin' ny morontsiraka atsimo-andrefan' i Madagasikara, voafaritry ny ony Menarandra sy Onilahy [ 2 ] . Ny Mahafaly tenany anefa tsy mampiasa an' io teny io ary tsy milaza azy ireo ho foko tokana, fa aleony manonona ny tenany araka ny firazanana hafa na ara-jeôpôlitika; ny anarana hoe Mahafaly dia tsy misy heviny ho an' ny olona avy amin' io faritra io fa mari-pamantarana napetraky ny avy any ivelany [ 3 ] . Ny ankamaroan' ny Mahafaly dia monina amin' ny moron' ny renirano sy ony mamakivaky faritra tena maina [ 4 ] . Sarin’ny anio ◄ ► Ny vaovao Mitranga amin'izao fotoana izao : Hetsi-panoheran'ny 2025 eto Madagasikara [ ovaina ] Fangatahan'ny fifaranan'ny fitapahana matetiky ny rano sy herinaratra Efemerida Talata, 13 Janoary 2026 Mbola tsy misy ankehitriny ny pejy mikasika ny Talata 13 Janoary ao amin'ny efemerida. Ka raha tianao dia azonao ampiana na foronina ity pejy ity. Raha te-hamorona pejy mikasika ny efemerida eto ianao, dia jereo any amin'ny wikipedia hafa (frantsay na anglisy ohatra) any raha efa misy ny pejy momban'ny efemerida, jereo ary dikao amin'ny teny malagasy raha afaka, ny votoatiny. Aloha ny mamorona pejy efemerida ianao, vakio ny toromarika ( tsindrio eto raha te-hijery azy amin'ny teny anglisy ) Sarin’ny anio ◄ ► Sarin’ny anio Ny vaovao Mitranga amin'izao fotoana izao : Hetsi-panoheran'ny 2025 eto Madagasikara [ ovaina ] Fangatahan'ny fifaranan'ny fitapahana matetiky ny rano sy herinaratra Ny vaovao Fangatahan'ny fifaranan'ny fitapahana matetiky ny rano sy herinaratra Efemerida Talata, 13 Janoary 2026 Mbola tsy misy ankehitriny ny pejy mikasika ny Talata 13 Janoary ao amin'ny efemerida. Ka raha tianao dia azonao ampiana na foronina ity pejy ity. Raha te-hamorona pejy mikasika ny efemerida eto ianao, dia jereo any amin'ny wikipedia hafa (frantsay na anglisy ohatra) any raha efa misy ny pejy momban'ny efemerida, jereo ary dikao amin'ny teny malagasy raha afaka, ny votoatiny. Aloha ny mamorona pejy efemerida ianao, vakio ny toromarika ( tsindrio eto raha te-hijery azy amin'ny teny anglisy ) Efemerida Mbola tsy misy ankehitriny ny pejy mikasika ny Talata 13 Janoary ao amin'ny efemerida. Ka raha tianao dia azonao ampiana na foronina ity pejy ity. Raha te-hamorona pejy mikasika ny efemerida eto ianao, dia jereo any amin'ny wikipedia hafa (frantsay na anglisy ohatra) any raha efa misy ny pejy momban'ny efemerida, jereo ary dikao amin'ny teny malagasy raha afaka, ny votoatiny. Aloha ny mamorona pejy efemerida ianao, vakio ny toromarika ( tsindrio eto raha te-hijery azy amin'ny teny anglisy ) Manana ny tohan'ny Wikimedia Foundation ireo volavola : m:Fandraisana Meta-Wiki Toerana iraisan'ny fikambanan'ny tetikasa rehetra wikt:Fandraisana Wikibolana Raki-bolana malalaka n:Fandraisana Wikigazety Gazety malalaka ( incubator ) b:Fandraisana Wikiboky Lahatsoratra sy boky malalaka q:Fandraisana Wikitanisa raki-pitanisana ( incubator ) ( incubator ) s:Fandraisana Wikifamakiam-boky famakiam-boky ( tetikasa iraisana ) ( tetikasa iraisana ) v:Fandraisana Wikiversite Komonitia Pedagôjika ( Wikiversite iraisana ) ( Wikiversite iraisana ) wikispecies:Fandraisana Wikispecies Tetikasa iraisana commons:Accueil Wikimedia Commons Toerana ametrahana ny rakitra Multimedia Tetikasa Wikipedia amin'ny fiteny vahiny Lisitry ny Wikipedia Folo lehibe indrindra : anglisy — alemana — frantsay — nerlandey — italiana — espaniola — rosy — japoney — portogey Amin'ny fiteny afrikana : Afar — Afrikaans — Akan — አማርኛ — Bamanankan — Chi-Chewa — chiTumbuka — Fulfude — Gĩkũyũ — Hausa / هَوُسَ — Igbo — isiXhisiZuuluosa — isiZulu — Kanuri — Kinyarwanda — Kirundi — Kiswahili — Kongo — Kuanyama — Lingala — Luganda — Malagasy Ovay ↑ Diagram Group (2013). Encyclopedia of African Peoples . San Francisco, CA: Routledge. ↑ Eggert, Karl (1981). "Who are the Mahafaly? Cultural and social misidentification in southwestern Madagascar". Omaly sy anio: Hier et aujourd'hui (PDF). Vol. 13–14. Antananarivo: Université de Madagascar, Département d'histoire, p. 149. ↑ Eggert, Karl (1981). "Who are the Mahafaly? Cultural and social misidentification in southwestern Madagascar". Omaly sy anio: Hier et aujourd'hui (PDF). Vol. 13–14. Antananarivo: Université de Madagascar, Département d'histoire, pp. 150–51. ↑ Zimmermann, Maurice (1911). " Le pays Mahafaly dans le sud Malgache ". Annales de Géographie . 20 (110). Tetikasa Wikipedia amin'ny fiteny vahiny Lisitry ny Wikipedia Folo lehibe indrindra : anglisy — alemana — frantsay — nerlandey — italiana — espaniola — rosy — japoney — portogey Amin'ny fiteny afrikana : Afar — Afrikaans — Akan — አማርኛ — Bamanankan — Chi-Chewa — chiTumbuka — Fulfude — Gĩkũyũ — Hausa / هَوُسَ — Igbo — isiXhisiZuuluosa — isiZulu — Kanuri — Kinyarwanda — Kirundi — Kiswahili — Kongo — Kuanyama — Lingala — Luganda — Malagasy Ovay Tetikasa Wikipedia amin'ny fiteny vahiny Lisitry ny Wikipedia Folo lehibe indrindra : anglisy — alemana — frantsay — nerlandey — italiana — espaniola — rosy — japoney — portogey Amin'ny fiteny afrikana : Afar — Afrikaans — Akan — አማርኛ — Bamanankan — Chi-Chewa — chiTumbuka — Fulfude — Gĩkũyũ — Hausa / هَوُسَ — Igbo — isiXhisiZuuluosa — isiZulu — Kanuri — Kinyarwanda — Kirundi — Kiswahili — Kongo — Kuanyama — Lingala — Luganda — Malagasy ↑ Diagram Group (2013). Encyclopedia of African Peoples . San Francisco, CA: Routledge. ↑ Eggert, Karl (1981). "Who are the Mahafaly? Cultural and social misidentification in southwestern Madagascar". Omaly sy anio: Hier et aujourd'hui (PDF). Vol. 13–14. Antananarivo: Université de Madagascar, Département d'histoire, p. 149. ↑ Eggert, Karl (1981). "Who are the Mahafaly? Cultural and social misidentification in southwestern Madagascar". Omaly sy anio: Hier et aujourd'hui (PDF). Vol. 13–14. Antananarivo: Université de Madagascar, Département d'histoire, pp. 150–51. ↑ Zimmermann, Maurice (1911). " Le pays Mahafaly dans le sud Malgache ". Annales de Géographie . 20 (110). 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Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Gĩkũyũ Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kʋsaal Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi ရခိုင် Rumantsch Romani čhib Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Руски Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ ትግሬ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Voaova farany tamin'ny 15 Jiona 2025 amin'ny 20:43 ity pejy ity. Nadika tamin'ny Parsoid ny pejy. Azo ampiasaina araka ny fepetra apetraky ny lisansa Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike ; Mety misy ny fepetra fanampiny mihatra. Jereo fepetram-pampiasana ho an'ny antsipirihany. Fitsipika momba ny zavatra tsy sarababem-bahoaka Mombamomba ny Wikipedia Fampitandremana Fitsipi-pitondran-tena Mpanitatra Statistika Filazana momba ny kokizy Jery am-pinday
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Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Computer Science > Artificial Intelligence Title: Structure and Diversity Aware Context Bubble Construction for Enterprise Retrieval Augmented Systems Abstract: Large language model (LLM) contexts are typically constructed using retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), which involves ranking and selecting the top-k passages. The approach causes fragmentation in information graphs in document structures, over-retrieval, and duplication of content alongside insufficient query context, including 2nd and 3rd order facets. In this paper, a structure-informed and diversity-constrained context bubble construction framework is proposed that assembles coherent, citable bundles of spans under a strict token budget. The method preserves and exploits inherent document structure by organising multi-granular spans (e.g., sections and rows) and using task-conditioned structural priors to guide retrieval. Starting from high-relevance anchor spans, a context bubble is constructed through constrained selection that balances query relevance, marginal coverage, and redundancy penalties. It will explicitly constrain diversity and budget, producing compact and informative context sets, unlike top-k retrieval. Moreover, a full retrieval is emitted that traces the scoring and selection choices of the records, thus providing auditability and deterministic tuning. Experiments on enterprise documents demonstrate the efficiency of context bubble as it significantly reduces redundant context, is better able to cover secondary facets and has a better answer quality and citation faithfulness within a limited context window. Ablation studies demonstrate that both structural priors as well as diversity constraint selection are necessary; removing either component results in a decline in coverage and an increase in redundant or incomplete context. Subjects: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) Cite as: arXiv:2601.10681 [cs.AI] (or arXiv:2601.10681v1 [cs.AI] for this version) Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history Access Paper: View PDF References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar BibTeX formatted citation Bookmark Bibliographic and Citation Tools Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article Demos Recommenders and Search Tools Author Venue Institution Topic arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs . About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status arXiv Operational Status
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in View source for Wikipedia:Contents Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Wikidata item You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reason: This page is currently semi-protected so that only established , registered users can edit it. Why is the page protected? While most articles can be edited by anyone, semi-protection is sometimes necessary to prevent vandalism to popular pages. The reason for protection can be found in the protection log . If there are no relevant entries in the protection log, the page may have been moved after being protected. What can I do? If you have a user account, log in first. 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Current Issue Previous Issues About Stay Current Table of Contents: 2025 MAY - JUNE No. 464 Previous Next PubMed Update: Recent Changes to References, Search Tools, Related Citations, and Sharing Features PubMed Update: Recent Changes to Refine Search Tools, Related Citations and References, Sharing Features, and User Experience. NLM Tech Bull. 2025 May-Jun;(464):e8. As part of our commitment to continuous improvement, PubMed recently introduced several updates designed to improve usability and consistency across the platform. These changes are informed by user feedback and aim to facilitate a more efficient and accessible experience for all PubMed users. Key changes include improved rendering of reference lists, the addition of date stamps in search history downloads, streamlined sharing options, and other usability updates. Formatting in reference lists Reference lists displayed on PubMed abstract pages now render formatting such as bold, italics, superscripts, and subscripts when provided by the publisher. This change ensures meaningful formatting such as superscript and subscript characters are preserved, and references retain the citation style provided to PubMed. Date stamps in search history download PubMed search history downloads from the Advanced Search page now include date stamps for each search. This feature can be used to help facilitate record keeping and reporting, for example when conducting systematic reviews. Please note that the date format may vary depending on the local settings configured in the software program you use to open CSV files. Usability improvement to "See all cited by articles" and "See all similar articles" Abstract pages include links to citations for similar articles and cited by articles , when available. You can now right click on the "See all cited by articles" and "See all similar articles" links to open these results in a new tab or window, and clicking these links now clear any applied filters so that the entire cited by or similar article set will be displayed. Searches related to [your query] The "Searches related to [your query]" feature located below the PubMed search results has been removed. These related searches continue to be auto-suggested as you enter terms in the PubMed search bar, consolidating this feature to where it is most used. Streamlined share functionality Platform-specific social media share buttons have been removed in favor of the universal permalink option that can be shared on any platform of your choice. This change helps to save space on the search results page for the most compact search results view and aligns PubMed's abstract page with the updated PubMed Central (PMC) website , providing a consistent user experience. To get a citation permalink to share: From the search results, right-click an article title and choose the copy link option; exact wording and functionality may change depending on your operating system and browser. From an abstract page, click the Permalink button on the right sidebar and click "Copy". From a mobile device, use your device's native share functionality to copy a link or share to the social media app of your choice. Please see the following Technical Bulletin articles for other recent updates: PubMed Update: FTP Improvements Available for Testing . PubMed Update: Changes to Email Feature . ISSN 2161-2986 (Online) National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 Connect with NLM , Web Policies , Careers , Accessibility , USA.gov , HHS Vulnerability Disclosure NIH , HHS , FOIA , NLM Support Center Last updated: 27 June 2025
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Wikipedia : Contents/Philosophy and thinking বাংলা Español Bahasa Indonesia Монгол Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .contentsPage__title{border-bottom:2px solid #333;font-size:1.8em;padding:0.5em 0;text-align:center;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__toc{padding:1em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__intro{position:relative;padding:1.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__section{padding:1.5em 1em;margin-bottom:20px;border:1px solid #ddd;background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__heading{position:relative;border-bottom:2px solid #333;text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__heading h2{font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:1.3em;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__xlink{font-size:0.9em;white-space:nowrap;display:block;margin-top:10px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__xlink{display:inline}}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__sectionlinks{position:absolute;top:10px;right:20px;font-size:0.85em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__notes{padding:1em;border-top:1px solid #ddd}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__notes:empty{display:none}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type{background-color:#f5fffa;border:1px solid #a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title{background-color:#cef2e0;border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro{background-color:#e6fff2}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:#cef2e0;border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__notes{border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:#f5faff;border:1px solid #a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__title{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);border-color:#a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:#e6f2ff}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:#cee0f2;border-color:#a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__notes{border-color:#a3b1bf}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:hsl(150,100%,2%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(150,58.06%,13%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:hsl(148.8,100%,5%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(210,58.06%,13%)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:hsl(150,100%,2%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(150,58.06%,13%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:hsl(148.8,100%,5%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(210,58.06%,13%)}} Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Vital articles Featured content Good content Indices Index Reference Culture Geography Health History Human activities Mathematics Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Wikipedia's contents: Philosophy and thinking Thought or thinking is a mental process which allows beings to model the world, and so to deal with it effectively according to their goals, plans, ends and desires. Words referring to similar concepts and processes in the English language include cognition , sentience , consciousness , idea , and imagination . Thinking involves the cerebral manipulation of information , as when we form concepts , engage in problem solving , reason and make decisions . Thinking is a higher cognitive function and the analysis of thinking processes is part of cognitive psychology . The Philosophy Portal More about Philosophy and Thinking ... More about Philosophy and Thinking ... Overview Thinking – Awareness • Creative processes • Decision making • Heuristic • Learning • Memory • Problem solving • Reason • Teaching Outlines Branches of philosophy Aesthetics – The study of the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and with the creation and appreciation of beauty. Epistemology – The study of knowledge and belief. Ethics – The study of the right, the good, and the valuable. Includes study of applied ethics. Sexual ethics – The study of sexual relations rooted in particular behaviors and standards. Logic – The study of good reasoning, by examining the validity of arguments and documenting their fallacies. Metaphysics – traditional branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world that encompasses it, although the term is not easily defined. Aesthetics – The study of the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and with the creation and appreciation of beauty. Epistemology – The study of knowledge and belief. Ethics – The study of the right, the good, and the valuable. Includes study of applied ethics. Sexual ethics – The study of sexual relations rooted in particular behaviors and standards. Sexual ethics – The study of sexual relations rooted in particular behaviors and standards. Logic – The study of good reasoning, by examining the validity of arguments and documenting their fallacies. Metaphysics – traditional branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world that encompasses it, although the term is not easily defined. Philosophies Atheism – the rejection of belief in the existence of deities. In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities. Critical theory – examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across the social sciences and humanities. Humanism – approach in study, philosophy, worldview or practice that focuses on human values and concerns. Transhumanism – international intellectual and cultural movement that affirms the possibility and desirability of fundamentally transforming the human condition by developing and making widely available technologies to eliminate aging and to greatly enhance human intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities. It is often abbreviated as H+ or h+ . Political philosophies: Anarchism – political philosophy which considers the state undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful, and instead promotes a stateless society, or anarchy. Libertarianism – political philosophy that advocates minimization of the government and maximization of individual liberty and political freedom. Marxism – method of socioeconomic analysis that applies historical materialism to understand class relations and social conflict, and a dialectical perspective to view social transformation. Socialism – range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production and workers' self-management as well as the political theories and movements associated with them. Philosophical debates: Creation–evolution controversy Atheism – the rejection of belief in the existence of deities. In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities. Critical theory – examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across the social sciences and humanities. Humanism – approach in study, philosophy, worldview or practice that focuses on human values and concerns. Transhumanism – international intellectual and cultural movement that affirms the possibility and desirability of fundamentally transforming the human condition by developing and making widely available technologies to eliminate aging and to greatly enhance human intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities. It is often abbreviated as H+ or h+ . Political philosophies: Anarchism – political philosophy which considers the state undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful, and instead promotes a stateless society, or anarchy. Libertarianism – political philosophy that advocates minimization of the government and maximization of individual liberty and political freedom. Marxism – method of socioeconomic analysis that applies historical materialism to understand class relations and social conflict, and a dialectical perspective to view social transformation. Socialism – range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production and workers' self-management as well as the political theories and movements associated with them. Anarchism – political philosophy which considers the state undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful, and instead promotes a stateless society, or anarchy. Libertarianism – political philosophy that advocates minimization of the government and maximization of individual liberty and political freedom. Marxism – method of socioeconomic analysis that applies historical materialism to understand class relations and social conflict, and a dialectical perspective to view social transformation. Socialism – range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production and workers' self-management as well as the political theories and movements associated with them. Philosophical debates: Creation–evolution controversy Creation–evolution controversy Thought – mental or intellectual activity involving an individual's subjective consciousness. It can refer either to the act of thinking or the resulting ideas or arrangements of ideas. Neuroscience – scientific study of the nervous system. Psychology – science of behavior and mental processes. Lists Philosophy : Ethics Logic Epistemology Metaphysics Aesthetics Philosophies Philosophers Philosophy list templates: Philosophy topics History of Western Philosophy Philosophical timelines: Philosophers Eastern Western Ethics Logic Epistemology Metaphysics Aesthetics Philosophies Philosophers Philosophy list templates: Philosophy topics History of Western Philosophy Philosophy topics History of Western Philosophy Philosophical timelines: Philosophers Eastern Western Philosophers Eastern Western Portals Glossaries Heidegger Stoicism Categories Philosophy Branches Schools and traditions Concepts Theories Arguments Philosophers Literature History By period By region Aesthetics Epistemology Ethics Logic Metaphysics Social philosophy Thinking / Thinking skills Attention Cognition Cognitive biases Creativity Decision theory Emotion Error Imagination Intelligence researchers researchers Learning Memory biases mnemonics biases mnemonics Nootropics (smart drugs) Organizational thinking (strategic management) Perception Problem solving Psychological adjustment Psychometrics Indices (A–C) • (D–H) • (I–Q) • (R–Z) Topics Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Mathematics Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Types Vital articles Featured content Good articles Spoken articles Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Places, people and times Academic disciplines Anniversaries (days of the year) today today Sovereign states and dependent territories Timelines decades, centuries, and millennia decades, centuries, and millennia Indices A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Thought Philosophy portals Wikipedia contents Wikipedia semi-protected project pages This page was last edited on 7 July 2024, at 12:27 (UTC) . 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Haadside Wikipedy-mienskip Koartlyn feroare Samar in side Help Bysûndere siden Donaasjes Akkount meitsje Oanmelde Donaasjes Akkount meitsje Oanmelde Haadside Haadside Oerlis Lêze Boarne besjen Skiednis besjen Lêze Boarne besjen Skiednis besjen Hjirmei keppele Keppelings folgje Fêste keppeling Sidegegevens Dizze side sitearje Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Boek meitsje Ynlade as PDF Ofdrukferzje Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikiboeken Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikiwurdboek Wikidata-item Wolkom by Wikipedy De frije ensyklopedy dêr't eltsenien syn witten op hokfoar mêd dan ek diele kin mei oaren. Tiisdei, 13 jannewaris 2026 59.017 siden yn it Frysk Sykje ynformaasje Mienskip Oerlisside Side fan de wike Treasure Island is in histoaryske jonges - en aventoereroman fan 'e hân fan 'e Skotske skriuwer Robert Louis Stevenson . De titel betsjut: "Skateilân", en it boek is yn Nederlân nei alle gedachten bekender ûnder de fernederlânske namme Schateiland . Stevenson joech it wurk oarspronklik de titel The Sea Cook: A Story for Boys ("De Seekok: In Ferhaal foar Jonges"). De plot , dy't mids achttjinde iuw spilet, folget de aventoeren fan 'e jonge Jim Hawkins, dy't as hutbetsjinde fan jonker Trelawney meireizget op 'e Hispaniola . Dat is in sylskip dat troch de jonker ôfhierd is om op 'e siik te gean nei de legindaryske skat dy't ferburgen is troch de beruchte seerôver Flint. Op 'e reis foarmet Jim in nauwe bân mei de skipskok , de ienskonkige Long John Silver . Troch in ôfharke petear komt er oan 'e weet dat it grutste part fan 'e bemanning fan 'e Hispaniola eins út seerôvers bestiet dy't ûnder Flint fearn hawwe, en dat Silver harren lieder is. Hja binne fan doel om, nei't de skat fûn is, yn opstân te kommen, de oare opfarrenden te fermoardzjen en mei de skat út te piken. Treasure Island ferskynde yn 1881 en 1882 yn in iere ferzje as fúljeton yn it tydskrift Young Folks , en waard yn 1883 yn syn úteinlike foarm as roman útjûn troch útjouwerij Cassell & Co. yn Londen . It boek wie it earste literêre súkses fan Stevenson, en it is oant de dei fan hjoed populêr bleaun. Der binne withoefolle adaptaasjes ta oare media fan makke, lykas toanielstikken , films , tillefyzjesearjes en tekenfilmsearjes . Treasure Island hat ek in ûnútwiskbere ynfloed hân op 'e ôfskildering fan seerôvers yn 'e popkultuer , mei eleminten lykas ûnbewenne eilannen yn 'e tropen , skatkaarten mei in X op it plak fan 'e bedobbe skat, en ienskonkige seelju mei in pappegaai op it skouder . Lês fierder Wisten jo dat... It gemaal de Dongeradielen ... it gemaal De Dongeradielen by Iezumasyl der foar soarget dat de gemeente Dongeradiel syn reinwetter kwytrekket? ... de Fryske boer Arjen Roelofs in ferneamd stjerrekundige wie? ... de Stellingwerven foardat se om 1500 hinne by Fryslân kamen, selsstannich wiene en bestjoerd waarden troch trije Stellingen ? ... der foar de tekstferwurker Word troch Microsoft en de Fryske Akademy in staveringshifker ûntwikkele is? Hjoed, 13 jannewaris , yn de skiednis Karel de Dikket 888 - Ferstoarn: Karel de Dikke , Frankysk kening (* 839 ). 1696 - Ferstoarn: Folkert Bock , Fryske keunstskilder (*?). 1910 - De earste radio -útstjoering fynt plak. 1915 - In ierdskodding yn Avezzano , Itaalje kostet 29.800 minsken it libben. 1939 - By boskbrânen yn Austraalje baarnt 20.000 km² lân ôf, 71 minsken komme om. 1956 - Berne: Jan Schulting , Fryske fuotballer en fuotbaltrener. 1991 - It leger fan de Sovjet-Uny falt Litouske pro-ûnôfhinkliken oan yn Vilnius . Temasiden Geografy Skiednis Religy Sport Wittenskip Fryslân Mienskip Alle temasiden Topsiden Nijsgjirrige siden Kategoryen Listen Ynfo Besikers kinne mei de Temasiden sjen hokker siden wy fan beskate tema's hawwe. Mei de Kwissipedy kinne besikers op in boartlike wize yn 'e kunde komme mei de ynhâld fan de Wikipedy. Sjoernalisten dy't wat witte wolle oer de Wikipedy kinne sjen by Parse . Nije skriuwers kinne altyd Meidwaan , mar dêrfoar binne wol wat lytse Regels . Begjinnende skriuwers kinne better earst sjen hoe't hja Ienfâldich begjinne kinne. Plaatsje fan de wike In mantsje fan 'e spinnesoarte Telemonia dimidiata . Projekten Commons Samling fan mediatriemmen Wikiboeken De frije stúdzjebibleteek Wikiboarne De frije boarnebibleteek Wikiwurdboek It frije wurdboek Alle siden fan de Wikipedy falle ûnder de GNU Iepen Dokumintaasje Lisinsje . De ynhâld is iepenbier en mei ûnder de lisinsjebetingsten frij ferspraat wurde. Wolkom by Wikipedy De frije ensyklopedy dêr't eltsenien syn witten op hokfoar mêd dan ek diele kin mei oaren. Tiisdei, 13 jannewaris 2026 59.017 siden yn it Frysk Sykje ynformaasje Mienskip Oerlisside Wolkom by Wikipedy De frije ensyklopedy dêr't eltsenien syn witten op hokfoar mêd dan ek diele kin mei oaren. Tiisdei, 13 jannewaris 2026 59.017 siden yn it Frysk 59.017 siden yn it Frysk Sykje ynformaasje Mienskip Oerlisside Side fan de wike Treasure Island is in histoaryske jonges - en aventoereroman fan 'e hân fan 'e Skotske skriuwer Robert Louis Stevenson . De titel betsjut: "Skateilân", en it boek is yn Nederlân nei alle gedachten bekender ûnder de fernederlânske namme Schateiland . Stevenson joech it wurk oarspronklik de titel The Sea Cook: A Story for Boys ("De Seekok: In Ferhaal foar Jonges"). De plot , dy't mids achttjinde iuw spilet, folget de aventoeren fan 'e jonge Jim Hawkins, dy't as hutbetsjinde fan jonker Trelawney meireizget op 'e Hispaniola . Dat is in sylskip dat troch de jonker ôfhierd is om op 'e siik te gean nei de legindaryske skat dy't ferburgen is troch de beruchte seerôver Flint. Op 'e reis foarmet Jim in nauwe bân mei de skipskok , de ienskonkige Long John Silver . Troch in ôfharke petear komt er oan 'e weet dat it grutste part fan 'e bemanning fan 'e Hispaniola eins út seerôvers bestiet dy't ûnder Flint fearn hawwe, en dat Silver harren lieder is. Hja binne fan doel om, nei't de skat fûn is, yn opstân te kommen, de oare opfarrenden te fermoardzjen en mei de skat út te piken. Treasure Island ferskynde yn 1881 en 1882 yn in iere ferzje as fúljeton yn it tydskrift Young Folks , en waard yn 1883 yn syn úteinlike foarm as roman útjûn troch útjouwerij Cassell & Co. yn Londen . It boek wie it earste literêre súkses fan Stevenson, en it is oant de dei fan hjoed populêr bleaun. Der binne withoefolle adaptaasjes ta oare media fan makke, lykas toanielstikken , films , tillefyzjesearjes en tekenfilmsearjes . Treasure Island hat ek in ûnútwiskbere ynfloed hân op 'e ôfskildering fan seerôvers yn 'e popkultuer , mei eleminten lykas ûnbewenne eilannen yn 'e tropen , skatkaarten mei in X op it plak fan 'e bedobbe skat, en ienskonkige seelju mei in pappegaai op it skouder . Lês fierder Wisten jo dat... It gemaal de Dongeradielen ... it gemaal De Dongeradielen by Iezumasyl der foar soarget dat de gemeente Dongeradiel syn reinwetter kwytrekket? ... de Fryske boer Arjen Roelofs in ferneamd stjerrekundige wie? ... de Stellingwerven foardat se om 1500 hinne by Fryslân kamen, selsstannich wiene en bestjoerd waarden troch trije Stellingen ? ... der foar de tekstferwurker Word troch Microsoft en de Fryske Akademy in staveringshifker ûntwikkele is? Hjoed, 13 jannewaris , yn de skiednis Karel de Dikket 888 - Ferstoarn: Karel de Dikke , Frankysk kening (* 839 ). 1696 - Ferstoarn: Folkert Bock , Fryske keunstskilder (*?). 1910 - De earste radio -útstjoering fynt plak. 1915 - In ierdskodding yn Avezzano , Itaalje kostet 29.800 minsken it libben. 1939 - By boskbrânen yn Austraalje baarnt 20.000 km² lân ôf, 71 minsken komme om. 1956 - Berne: Jan Schulting , Fryske fuotballer en fuotbaltrener. 1991 - It leger fan de Sovjet-Uny falt Litouske pro-ûnôfhinkliken oan yn Vilnius . Side fan de wike Treasure Island is in histoaryske jonges - en aventoereroman fan 'e hân fan 'e Skotske skriuwer Robert Louis Stevenson . De titel betsjut: "Skateilân", en it boek is yn Nederlân nei alle gedachten bekender ûnder de fernederlânske namme Schateiland . Stevenson joech it wurk oarspronklik de titel The Sea Cook: A Story for Boys ("De Seekok: In Ferhaal foar Jonges"). De plot , dy't mids achttjinde iuw spilet, folget de aventoeren fan 'e jonge Jim Hawkins, dy't as hutbetsjinde fan jonker Trelawney meireizget op 'e Hispaniola . Dat is in sylskip dat troch de jonker ôfhierd is om op 'e siik te gean nei de legindaryske skat dy't ferburgen is troch de beruchte seerôver Flint. Op 'e reis foarmet Jim in nauwe bân mei de skipskok , de ienskonkige Long John Silver . Troch in ôfharke petear komt er oan 'e weet dat it grutste part fan 'e bemanning fan 'e Hispaniola eins út seerôvers bestiet dy't ûnder Flint fearn hawwe, en dat Silver harren lieder is. Hja binne fan doel om, nei't de skat fûn is, yn opstân te kommen, de oare opfarrenden te fermoardzjen en mei de skat út te piken. Treasure Island ferskynde yn 1881 en 1882 yn in iere ferzje as fúljeton yn it tydskrift Young Folks , en waard yn 1883 yn syn úteinlike foarm as roman útjûn troch útjouwerij Cassell & Co. yn Londen . It boek wie it earste literêre súkses fan Stevenson, en it is oant de dei fan hjoed populêr bleaun. Der binne withoefolle adaptaasjes ta oare media fan makke, lykas toanielstikken , films , tillefyzjesearjes en tekenfilmsearjes . Treasure Island hat ek in ûnútwiskbere ynfloed hân op 'e ôfskildering fan seerôvers yn 'e popkultuer , mei eleminten lykas ûnbewenne eilannen yn 'e tropen , skatkaarten mei in X op it plak fan 'e bedobbe skat, en ienskonkige seelju mei in pappegaai op it skouder . Lês fierder Treasure Island is in histoaryske jonges - en aventoereroman fan 'e hân fan 'e Skotske skriuwer Robert Louis Stevenson . De titel betsjut: "Skateilân", en it boek is yn Nederlân nei alle gedachten bekender ûnder de fernederlânske namme Schateiland . Stevenson joech it wurk oarspronklik de titel The Sea Cook: A Story for Boys ("De Seekok: In Ferhaal foar Jonges"). De plot , dy't mids achttjinde iuw spilet, folget de aventoeren fan 'e jonge Jim Hawkins, dy't as hutbetsjinde fan jonker Trelawney meireizget op 'e Hispaniola . Dat is in sylskip dat troch de jonker ôfhierd is om op 'e siik te gean nei de legindaryske skat dy't ferburgen is troch de beruchte seerôver Flint. Op 'e reis foarmet Jim in nauwe bân mei de skipskok , de ienskonkige Long John Silver . Troch in ôfharke petear komt er oan 'e weet dat it grutste part fan 'e bemanning fan 'e Hispaniola eins út seerôvers bestiet dy't ûnder Flint fearn hawwe, en dat Silver harren lieder is. Hja binne fan doel om, nei't de skat fûn is, yn opstân te kommen, de oare opfarrenden te fermoardzjen en mei de skat út te piken. Treasure Island ferskynde yn 1881 en 1882 yn in iere ferzje as fúljeton yn it tydskrift Young Folks , en waard yn 1883 yn syn úteinlike foarm as roman útjûn troch útjouwerij Cassell & Co. yn Londen . It boek wie it earste literêre súkses fan Stevenson, en it is oant de dei fan hjoed populêr bleaun. Der binne withoefolle adaptaasjes ta oare media fan makke, lykas toanielstikken , films , tillefyzjesearjes en tekenfilmsearjes . Treasure Island hat ek in ûnútwiskbere ynfloed hân op 'e ôfskildering fan seerôvers yn 'e popkultuer , mei eleminten lykas ûnbewenne eilannen yn 'e tropen , skatkaarten mei in X op it plak fan 'e bedobbe skat, en ienskonkige seelju mei in pappegaai op it skouder . Wisten jo dat... It gemaal de Dongeradielen ... it gemaal De Dongeradielen by Iezumasyl der foar soarget dat de gemeente Dongeradiel syn reinwetter kwytrekket? ... de Fryske boer Arjen Roelofs in ferneamd stjerrekundige wie? ... de Stellingwerven foardat se om 1500 hinne by Fryslân kamen, selsstannich wiene en bestjoerd waarden troch trije Stellingen ? ... der foar de tekstferwurker Word troch Microsoft en de Fryske Akademy in staveringshifker ûntwikkele is? ... it gemaal De Dongeradielen by Iezumasyl der foar soarget dat de gemeente Dongeradiel syn reinwetter kwytrekket? ... de Fryske boer Arjen Roelofs in ferneamd stjerrekundige wie? ... de Stellingwerven foardat se om 1500 hinne by Fryslân kamen, selsstannich wiene en bestjoerd waarden troch trije Stellingen ? ... der foar de tekstferwurker Word troch Microsoft en de Fryske Akademy in staveringshifker ûntwikkele is? Hjoed, 13 jannewaris , yn de skiednis Karel de Dikket 888 - Ferstoarn: Karel de Dikke , Frankysk kening (* 839 ). 1696 - Ferstoarn: Folkert Bock , Fryske keunstskilder (*?). 1910 - De earste radio -útstjoering fynt plak. 1915 - In ierdskodding yn Avezzano , Itaalje kostet 29.800 minsken it libben. 1939 - By boskbrânen yn Austraalje baarnt 20.000 km² lân ôf, 71 minsken komme om. 1956 - Berne: Jan Schulting , Fryske fuotballer en fuotbaltrener. 1991 - It leger fan de Sovjet-Uny falt Litouske pro-ûnôfhinkliken oan yn Vilnius . 888 - Ferstoarn: Karel de Dikke , Frankysk kening (* 839 ). 1696 - Ferstoarn: Folkert Bock , Fryske keunstskilder (*?). 1910 - De earste radio -útstjoering fynt plak. 1915 - In ierdskodding yn Avezzano , Itaalje kostet 29.800 minsken it libben. 1939 - By boskbrânen yn Austraalje baarnt 20.000 km² lân ôf, 71 minsken komme om. 1956 - Berne: Jan Schulting , Fryske fuotballer en fuotbaltrener. 1991 - It leger fan de Sovjet-Uny falt Litouske pro-ûnôfhinkliken oan yn Vilnius . Temasiden Geografy Skiednis Religy Sport Wittenskip Fryslân Mienskip Alle temasiden Topsiden Nijsgjirrige siden Kategoryen Listen Ynfo Besikers kinne mei de Temasiden sjen hokker siden wy fan beskate tema's hawwe. Mei de Kwissipedy kinne besikers op in boartlike wize yn 'e kunde komme mei de ynhâld fan de Wikipedy. Sjoernalisten dy't wat witte wolle oer de Wikipedy kinne sjen by Parse . Nije skriuwers kinne altyd Meidwaan , mar dêrfoar binne wol wat lytse Regels . Begjinnende skriuwers kinne better earst sjen hoe't hja Ienfâldich begjinne kinne. Plaatsje fan de wike In mantsje fan 'e spinnesoarte Telemonia dimidiata . Projekten Commons Samling fan mediatriemmen Wikiboeken De frije stúdzjebibleteek Wikiboarne De frije boarnebibleteek Wikiwurdboek It frije wurdboek Temasiden Geografy Skiednis Religy Sport Wittenskip Fryslân Mienskip Alle temasiden Topsiden Nijsgjirrige siden Kategoryen Listen Ynfo Besikers kinne mei de Temasiden sjen hokker siden wy fan beskate tema's hawwe. Mei de Kwissipedy kinne besikers op in boartlike wize yn 'e kunde komme mei de ynhâld fan de Wikipedy. Sjoernalisten dy't wat witte wolle oer de Wikipedy kinne sjen by Parse . Nije skriuwers kinne altyd Meidwaan , mar dêrfoar binne wol wat lytse Regels . Begjinnende skriuwers kinne better earst sjen hoe't hja Ienfâldich begjinne kinne. Plaatsje fan de wike In mantsje fan 'e spinnesoarte Telemonia dimidiata . Projekten Commons Samling fan mediatriemmen Wikiboeken De frije stúdzjebibleteek Wikiboarne De frije boarnebibleteek Wikiwurdboek It frije wurdboek Geografy Skiednis Religy Sport Geografy Skiednis Religy Sport Wittenskip Fryslân Mienskip Alle temasiden Wittenskip Fryslân Mienskip Alle temasiden Topsiden Nijsgjirrige siden Topsiden Nijsgjirrige siden Kategoryen Listen Kategoryen Listen Besikers kinne mei de Temasiden sjen hokker siden wy fan beskate tema's hawwe. Mei de Kwissipedy kinne besikers op in boartlike wize yn 'e kunde komme mei de ynhâld fan de Wikipedy. Sjoernalisten dy't wat witte wolle oer de Wikipedy kinne sjen by Parse . Nije skriuwers kinne altyd Meidwaan , mar dêrfoar binne wol wat lytse Regels . Begjinnende skriuwers kinne better earst sjen hoe't hja Ienfâldich begjinne kinne. Besikers kinne mei de Temasiden sjen hokker siden wy fan beskate tema's hawwe. Mei de Kwissipedy kinne besikers op in boartlike wize yn 'e kunde komme mei de ynhâld fan de Wikipedy. Sjoernalisten dy't wat witte wolle oer de Wikipedy kinne sjen by Parse . Nije skriuwers kinne altyd Meidwaan , mar dêrfoar binne wol wat lytse Regels . Begjinnende skriuwers kinne better earst sjen hoe't hja Ienfâldich begjinne kinne. Commons Samling fan mediatriemmen Wikiboeken De frije stúdzjebibleteek Wikiboarne De frije boarnebibleteek Wikiwurdboek It frije wurdboek Alle siden fan de Wikipedy falle ûnder de GNU Iepen Dokumintaasje Lisinsje . De ynhâld is iepenbier en mei ûnder de lisinsjebetingsten frij ferspraat wurde. Alle siden fan de Wikipedy falle ûnder de GNU Iepen Dokumintaasje Lisinsje . De ynhâld is iepenbier en mei ûnder de lisinsjebetingsten frij ferspraat wurde. Wikipedy Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Aymar aru Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Bikol Central Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru Tsetsêhestâhese ᏣᎳᎩ Cymraeg کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu Farefare فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni ગુજરાતી Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Interlingua Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo ייִדיש Iñupiatun Ilokano Ido Yorùbá ГӀалгӀай Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Tyap Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Kongo Gĩkũyũ Кыргызча Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Коми Kernowek Latina Ladin Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori မြန်မာဘာသာ Minangkabau Эрзянь Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Chi-Chewa Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Diné bizaad Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi Rumantsch Romani čhib Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal ತುಳು తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ Reo tahiti Türkmençe Tagalog Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Tok Pisin Türkçe Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Wayuunaiki Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa მარგალური Vahcuengh Zeêuws 中文 文言 粵語 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí IsiZulu Obolo Batak Toba Bajau Sama Betawi ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Batak Mandailing Dagaare Kadazandusun Fɔ̀ngbè Ghanaian Pidgin Jaku Iban Igala Kumoring Yerwa Kanuri Kʋsaal Moore IsiNdebele seSewula Nupe Naijá ရခိုင် Руски ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ ትግሬ Tolışi Toki pona Seediq ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Dizze side is it lêst bewurke op 13 apr 2011 om 20.00. Page was rendered with Parsoid . De tekst is beskikber ûnder de lisinsje Creative Commons Nammefermelding-Lyk diele ; der kinne oanfoljende betingsten fan tapassing wêze. Sjoch de Gebrûksbetingsten foar mear ynformaasje. Privacybelied Oer Wikipedy Foarbehâld Gedrachskoade Untwikkelders Statistiken Taljochting koekjes Mobile ferzje
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Tekokon laman Beluang derepa' Ubaan betiru Laman rambang Tabang Laman spisil Tabang Muat akaun Log posok Tabang Muat akaun Log posok Tekokon Laman Tekokon Laman Petuturan Boso Niuba Nguba poon Ngenda' kisa dau-dau Boso Niuba Nguba poon Ngenda' kisa dau-dau Iyan sambungan ni Ubaan been kaitan Mosok pail Sambungan tatap Keterangan laman Ngendo laman tu Niendo’ URL penependok Ngendo' kod QR Cipta buku Ngendo'mosok dokon PDF Jinis penaap Wikimedia Commons Yayasan Wikimedia MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Capaian Wikimedia Wikisumber Berbilang Bahasa Wikispesies Wikidata Wikifungsi Wikimania Keserentaan Wikidata Pesorong kam ta' WIKI PIDIA Ongkob tuturan momon ling Sama. Pengendaan talipaun − Kompute Beluang derepa' − Kaday Kupi' Betiru kami bengen 237 teturan Bajau Sama ta' Wikipidia . Sebtu, 10 Januari 2026, 08:20 ( UTC ) Wiktionary Kamus bebas Wikibuk Buku teks dan manual bebas Wikisource Perpustakaan bebas Wikiabar Sumber berita bebas Wikiquote Koleksi petikan kata Wikivoyage Panduan perjalanan bebas Commons Koleksi multimedia bebas Meta-Wiki Penyelarasan projek Wikimedia Wikidata Pangkalan pengetahuan bebas Wikiversiti Bahan pelajaran bebas Wikispesies Panduan spesies MediaWiki Pembangunan perisian bebas Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Gĩkũyũ Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kʋsaal Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi ရခိုင် Rumantsch Romani čhib Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Руски Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ ትግሬ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Laman boi pinalap demburi lekat 6 Jun 2025, jam 23:28. Tiks sinedio media' Lesen Creative Commons Pengiktirapan/Begian Serupo ; terma tinambah mungkin pinakai. Ngenda' Terma Ginuno jadi rejukan lanjut. Ukum pribadi Pasal Wikipidia Nia'ngakun Kod Tatakelakuan Pemuat Kiroon Keterangan kuki Pengendaan talipaun
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background 2 Electoral system 3 Candidates 4 Conduct Toggle Conduct subsection 4.1 Campaign 4.2 Challenges and criticisms 4.3 Observers 4.1 Campaign 4.2 Challenges and criticisms 4.3 Observers 5 Results Toggle Results subsection 5.1 President 5.1 President 6 References 7 External links 2025 Central African general election Bislama Català Español Français Português کوردی Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item ← 2020–21 28 December 2025 Presidential election Registered 2,398,158 [ 1 ] Turnout 52.42% 17.17pp Candidate Faustin-Archange Touadéra Anicet-Georges Dologuélé Party MCU URCA Popular vote 894,556 172,209 Percentage 76.15% 14.66% Candidate Faustin-Archange Touadéra Anicet-Georges Dologuélé Party MCU URCA Popular vote 894,556 172,209 Percentage 76.15% 14.66% President before election Faustin-Archange Touadéra MCU Elected President Faustin-Archange Touadéra MCU President before election Faustin-Archange Touadéra MCU Faustin-Archange Touadéra MCU Elected President Faustin-Archange Touadéra MCU Faustin-Archange Touadéra MCU Politics of the Central African Republic Constitution Human rights LGBT rights Human rights LGBT rights Government President Faustin-Archange Touadéra Vice President Not appointed Prime Minister Félix Moloua Council of Ministers President Faustin-Archange Touadéra Vice President Not appointed Prime Minister Félix Moloua Council of Ministers Parliament National Assembly President : Simplice Sarandji National Assembly President : Simplice Sarandji Administrative divisions Prefectures Sub-prefectures Prefectures Sub-prefectures Prefectures Sub-prefectures Elections Recent elections General: 2020–21 2025 Political parties Recent elections General: 2020–21 2025 General: 2020–21 2025 Political parties Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister : Sylvie Baïpo-Temon Diplomatic missions of / in the Central African Republic Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister : Sylvie Baïpo-Temon Diplomatic missions of / in the Central African Republic Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Central African Republic portal Other countries Other countries .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e General elections were held in the Central African Republic on 28 December 2025. Incumbent president Faustin-Archange Touadéra was eligible for re-election after presidential term limits were removed by the 2023 Central African constitutional referendum , and was seeking his third term in office. The ruling United Hearts Movement , led by Touadéra, has been accused of repressing political opposition in the Central African Republic (CAR), and attempting to use the powers of the state to prevent opposition candidates from contesting in the election. [ 2 ] Background President Faustin-Archange Touadéra was initially limited to two terms, by term limits set in the constitution; however, he put forward revisions to the constitution that would remove term limits and extend presidential terms from 5 years, to 7. In 2023, a referendum was called to ratify these changes. Danièle Darlan , head of the Constitutional Court, ruled that the proposed referendum was illegal, but she was replaced by Touadéra. [ 3 ] Opposition parties boycotted the referendum but it was approved with 95% of the vote. The Wagner Group provided security and logistical support for the conduct of referendum. [ 4 ] Opposition leaders, such as Dominique Yandocka, were imprisoned despite their immunity as members of Parliament and opposition parties were banned from holding rallies. [ 5 ] 570,000 voters were registered by MINUSCA . [ 6 ] By February 2025, 98% of the voter registration centres in the CAR were open, although 58 were still closed due to violence, and voter list revisions were done in 11 out of 20 prefectures. [ 7 ] Human Rights Watch expressed concerns about the conduct of the election. [ 2 ] Electoral system The President of the Central African Republic is elected by a two-round system for a seven-year term, renewable. The candidate who receives an absolute majority of the votes cast in the first ballot is elected. If no majority is secured, a runoff is held between the top two candidates to decide the winner. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] In July 2025, officials announced that elections for local and municipal offices, which were due to be held in August 2025 after a nearly 40-year hiatus, were to instead be held concurrently with the presidential election. [ 10 ] On 7 August, the CAR's electoral commission announced that the election would be held on 28 December 2025. [ 11 ] In the event of a runoff in the presidential race, a second round of voting will be held in February 2026, while a runoff for parliamentary seats will be held on 5 April 2026. [ 12 ] Candidates On 14 November 2025, the Constitutional Court of the CAR approved seven and rejected three candidates for president. The candidates were: [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Faustin-Archange Touadéra , a member of the United Hearts Movement and the incumbent president. [ 15 ] Anicet-Georges Dologuélé a member of the Union for Central African Renewal . [ 16 ] Henri-Marie Dondra , a member of Republican Unity (UNIR). Serge Gislan Djory, an independent candidate . Aristide Brian Ribois, an independent candidate. Eddy Simforian Kabarkuti, an independent candidate. Marcelin Yalimende, an independent candidate. Conduct Preparations for the election faced scrutiny regarding institutional readiness and security. The National Authority of Elections (ANE) worked to finalise voter lists and logistics under difficult conditions, with support from international partners and domestic observer groups. The United Nations called for reforms to strengthen the independence and capacity of electoral institutions, noting that the process is taking place amid fragile security and limited resources. [ 17 ] Campaign Campaigning began on 13 December 2025. [ 18 ] Both Georges Dologuélé and Henri-Marie Dondra accused authorities of hindering their campaign activities through travel restrictions and preventing related events, which was denied by officials of the United Hearts Movement. [ 19 ] Challenges and criticisms Observers and opposition figures raised concerns about the credibility of the upcoming elections. Reports highlight logistical delays, incomplete voter rolls, and the closure of registration centres in conflict-affected areas. [ 20 ] The 2023 constitutional referendum, which allowed President Touadéra to seek a third term, also drew criticism for being conducted in a restricted political environment. Security conditions and limited funding continue to pose challenges that could affect the transparency and inclusiveness of the December 2025 vote. [ 21 ] In October 2025, the CAR's main opposition bloc, the Republican Bloc for the Defense of the Constitution, said it will boycott the election, citing an unequal political environment. [ 22 ] Observers More than 1,700 local and international observers were accredited to monitor the election. [ 23 ] The African Union (AU) observer mission sent monitors to three of the CAR's 20 prefectures. Bernard Makuza , an AU delegation representative, said that elections were held peacefully except in Haut-Mbomou , and complied with the legal framework in force, which he said was an improvement over the 2016 and 2020 elections. [ 24 ] Results Provisional results announced on 6 January by the ANE showed that Faustin-Archange Touadéra was re-elected for a third term with 76.15% of the vote. [ 25 ] Anicet-Georges Dologuélé came second, receiving 14.66% of the vote. [ 26 ] Former prime minister Henri-Marie Dondra came third, receiving 3.19% of the vote. [ 27 ] Turnout among registered voters was 52.42%. [ 28 ] Both Dologuélé and Dondra disputed the results, citing alleged malpractice by the ANE and widespread electoral fraud. [ 29 ] Dologuélé declared himself the winner of the presidential election. [ 26 ] President Candidate Party Votes % Faustin-Archange Touadéra United Hearts Movement 894,556 76.15 Anicet-Georges Dologuélé Union for Central African Renewal 172,209 14.66 Henri-Marie Dondra Republican Unity 37,525 3.19 Marcelin Yalemende Independent 25,068 2.13 Serge Ghislain Djorie Collective for Political Change for a New Central Africa 21,989 1.87 Eddy Symphorien Kparekouti Party of Unity and Reconstruction 12,227 1.04 Aristide Briand Reboas Christian Democratic Party 11,185 0.95 Total 1,174,759 100.00 Valid votes 1,174,759 93.65 Invalid votes 40,231 3.21 Blank votes 39,386 3.14 Total votes 1,254,376 100.00 Registered voters/turnout 2,392,946 52.42 References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Naili, Latifa (25 August 2025). "Central African Republic: Official Publication of Final Electoral Roll" . AL24 News . Retrieved 9 October 2025 . ^ a b "Central African Republic: Concerns Over Crucial Election" . Human Rights Watch. 28 November 2025. Archived from the original on 7 January 2026. ^ Siegle, Joseph; Wahila, Hany (13 January 2025). "Africa's 2025 Elections: A Test of Credibility to Uphold Democratic Norms" . Africa Center for Strategic Studies . Archived from the original on 25 June 2025. ^ Valade, Carol (9 August 2023). "Central African Republic's new constitution makes permanent Touadéra presidency possible" . Le Monde . Archived from the original on 11 July 2024. ^ Siegle & Wahila 2025 . ^ "Signs of 'Historic Progress' towards Peace Emerge, Central African Republic's Delegate Tells Security Council, Requesting Donor Support for 2025 Elections" . United Nations . 20 February 2025. Archived from the original on 25 June 2025. ^ "Central African Republic faces ongoing challenges ahead of elections" . United Nations . 20 February 2025. Archived from the original on 25 June 2025. ^ "Proposition de Constitution de la Republique Centrafricaine" (PDF) . Sangonet (in French). March 2015 . Retrieved 18 August 2020 . ^ "Code électoral de 2019" (PDF) . Droit-afrique (in French). 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2025 . Retrieved 29 December 2020 . ^ "Forty years and counting: CAR once again postpones local elections" . Africanews . 13 July 2025 . Retrieved 13 July 2025 . ^ Wabwireh, Dominic (8 August 2025). "Central African Republic sets 28 December 2025 for pivotal general elections" . Africanews . Archived from the original on 10 January 2026 . Retrieved 9 August 2025 . ^ Kouam, Joel (28 December 2025). "CAR general election gets underway as Touadéra seeks controversial third term" . Africanews . Archived from the original on 29 December 2025 . Retrieved 28 December 2025 . ^ "Central African Republic leader cleared for third term in key vote followed closely by Russia" . AP News . 17 November 2025 . Retrieved 17 November 2025 . ^ "Seven Candidates in the Presidential Race in the Central African Republic" . afrocen.org . Retrieved 12 December 2025 . ^ "Central African President Touadéra launches third-term bid" . Africanews . 3 October 2025 . Retrieved 3 October 2025 . ^ "Dologuelé enters presidential race despite opposition calls for a boycott" . Africanews . 9 October 2025 . Retrieved 9 October 2025 . ^ "Central African Republic: UN Expert calls for urgent institutional reform of electoral authority ahead of 2025 elections" . OHCHR . Retrieved 12 October 2025 . ^ "Campaigning starts in Central African Republic quadruple election" . France 24 . 13 December 2025 . Retrieved 14 December 2025 . ^ "Campaign constraints cloud Central African Republic elections" . Africanews . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ "Central African Republic's president eyes third term" . DW . Retrieved 12 October 2025 . ^ Law, Hannah Fang (28 June 2025). "UN rights expert urges reform of Central African Republic electoral authority ahead of 2025 elections" . Jurist . Retrieved 12 October 2025 . ^ "Central African Republic's incumbent president, a Russian ally, eyes a third term in key elections" . AP News . Retrieved 28 December 2025 . ^ "Central African Republic president seeks third term in election" . France 24 . Retrieved 28 December 2025 . ^ "AU observers praise 'peaceful' Central African Republic polls" . France 24 . Retrieved 31 December 2025 . ^ "Central African Republic President Touadéra wins third term: provisional results" . Africanews . 6 January 2026. Archived from the original on 6 January 2026 . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ^ a b Koena, Jean-Fernand; Adetayo, Ope (6 January 2026). "Central African Republic President Faustin Archange Touadéra reelected, provisional results show" . AP News . Archived from the original on 6 January 2026 . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ^ "Central African Republic President Touadera wins re-election, results show" . Radio France Internationale . 6 January 2026. Archived from the original on 6 January 2026 . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ^ "Central African Republic's Touadera wins third presidential term" . France24 . 6 January 2026. Archived from the original on 6 January 2026 . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ^ Muia, Wycliffe (6 January 2026). "Central African Republic president wins third term by landslide" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 6 January 2026 . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ^ "Facebook post by Autorité Nationale des Elections -ANE" (in French). Autorité Nationale des Elections. 6 January 2026 – via Facebook. External links CAR opposition mulls strategy ahead of polls , Africa Intelligence, 27 February 2025 (requires free registration) v t e Elections and referendums in the Central African Republic v t e Presidential elections 1964 1981 1992 1993 1999 2005 2011 2015–16 2020–21 2025 1964 1981 1992 1993 1999 2005 2011 2015–16 2020–21 2025 Parliamentary elections 1946 1952 1957 1959 1964 1987 1992 1993 1998 2005 2011 2015–16 2020–21 2025 1946 1952 1957 1959 1964 1987 1992 1993 1998 2005 2011 2015–16 2020–21 2025 Local elections 1988 2021–22 1988 2021–22 French elections 1945 1946 (Jun) 1946 (Nov) 1951 1956 1945 1946 (Jun) 1946 (Nov) 1951 1956 Referendums 1945 1946 (May) 1946 (Oct) 1958 1981 1986 1994 2004 2015 2023 1945 1946 (May) 1946 (Oct) 1958 1981 1986 1994 2004 2015 2023 2025 elections in Africa December 2025 in the Central African Republic Parliamentary elections in the Central African Republic Presidential elections in the Central African Republic CS1 French-language sources (fr) Articles with short description Short description with empty Wikidata description Use dmy dates from December 2025 Pages using embedded infobox templates with the title parameter This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 13:22 (UTC) . 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Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! 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Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? 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Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? 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P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs LLMs Conduct (?) P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Signatures Deletion (?) 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P Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace P Editing policy Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Article size Summary style Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Manual of Style Contents Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Project content (?) G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages Project namespace WikiProjects WikiProjects User pages User boxes User boxes Shortcuts Subpages WMF (?) P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ v t e Manual of Style v t e Overview Contents Tips Overview Contents Tips Content Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Formatting Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Layout Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists By topic area Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Cue sports Snooker Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Related guidelines Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Search Category Category v t e Wikipedia accounts and governance v t e Unregistered users Why create an account? 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Templates Media Category Templates v t e Wikipedia essays (?) v t e Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? 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Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Premise Toggle Premise subsection 1.1 Setting and timeline 1.2 Themes and references 1.3 Running gags and catchphrases 1.1 Setting and timeline 1.2 Themes and references 1.3 Running gags and catchphrases 2 Format 3 Production 4 Cast Toggle Cast subsection 4.1 Cast 4.1 Cast 5 Episodes 6 In other media Toggle In other media subsection 6.1 Home media and streaming 6.2 Soundtracks 6.1 Home media and streaming 6.2 Soundtracks 7 Remake Toggle Remake subsection 7.1 Days Like These 7.1 Days Like These 8 Related shows Toggle Related shows subsection 8.1 That '80s Show 8.2 That '90s Show 8.1 That '80s Show 8.2 That '90s Show 9 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 9.1 American ratings 9.2 Awards 9.1 American ratings 9.2 Awards 10 Legacy 11 References 12 External links That '70s Show العربية বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Lietuvių Limburgs La .lojban. Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item That '70s Show Genre .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Teen sitcom Teen sitcom Created by Bonnie and Terry Turner Mark Brazill Bonnie and Terry Turner Mark Brazill Directed by David Trainer Terry Hughes (pilot) David Trainer Terry Hughes (pilot) Starring Topher Grace Mila Kunis Ashton Kutcher Danny Masterson Laura Prepon Wilmer Valderrama Debra Jo Rupp Kurtwood Smith Tanya Roberts Don Stark Lisa Robin Kelly Tommy Chong Josh Meyers Topher Grace Mila Kunis Ashton Kutcher Danny Masterson Laura Prepon Wilmer Valderrama Debra Jo Rupp Kurtwood Smith Tanya Roberts Don Stark Lisa Robin Kelly Tommy Chong Josh Meyers Theme music composer .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Alex Chilton Chris Bell Alex Chilton Chris Bell Opening theme " That '70s Song " by Todd Griffin (season 1) Cheap Trick (seasons 2–8) " That '70s Song " by Todd Griffin (season 1) Cheap Trick (seasons 2–8) Composer Ben Vaughn Ben Vaughn Country of origin United States Original language English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 200 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producers Bonnie Turner Terry Turner Mark Brazill Caryn Mandabach Marcy Carsey Tom Werner Bonnie Turner Terry Turner Mark Brazill Caryn Mandabach Marcy Carsey Tom Werner Cinematography Ronald W. Browne Editors Timothy Ryder David Helfand Michael Karlich Running time 22 minutes Production company The Carsey-Werner Company Original release Network Fox Release August 23, 1998 ( 1998-08-23 ) – May 18, 2006 ( 2006-05-18 ) Related Days Like These That '80s Show That '90s Show Days Like These That '80s Show That '90s Show That '70s Show is an American television teen sitcom that aired on Fox from August 23, 1998, to May 18, 2006. The series focuses on the lives of a group of six teenage friends living in the fictional town of Point Place, Wisconsin , from 1976 to 1979. [ 1 ] The ensemble cast features Topher Grace , Mila Kunis , Ashton Kutcher , Danny Masterson , Laura Prepon , Wilmer Valderrama , Lisa Robin Kelly , Debra Jo Rupp , Kurtwood Smith , Don Stark , Tommy Chong , and Tanya Roberts . In 1999, the show was remade for the ITV network in the United Kingdom as Days Like These using almost verbatim scripts with minor changes to cultural references. [ 2 ] A sequel series, That '90s Show , set in 1995 and focusing on the children of the main characters of the original show, was released on Netflix from 2023 to 2024. Premise Setting and timeline The show was set in May 1976 in the August 23, 1998 premiere. After 12 episodes, the series transitioned to 1977. The 23rd episode, "Grandma's Dead", was also set in 1976, because it was the 12th episode that was produced, and was originally, going to air earlier in the debut season. The show remained in 1977 for the next two seasons. Near the end of the third season, the series transitioned to 1978 until early in the sixth season. The remaining episodes took place in 1979, and the series finale abruptly ends during a New Year's Eve party as the characters reach "one" during a countdown to January 1, 1980. [ 3 ] After the credits roll, the license plate from Eric's Vista Cruiser is shown with the year "80", indicating that the 1980s have begun. [ citation needed ] The series has gained some notoriety due to perceived continuity errors present in its timeline. Although it is implied that one year passes in congruence with each season of the series, the characters remain of high school age from the beginning of the series until the conclusion of season five. Additionally, characters can be seen listening to albums that would have not yet been released at the time of the episode's setting. [ 4 ] Themes and references The show is a 1970s nostalgia sitcom. [ 5 ] The show addressed numerous social issues of the 1970s such as sexual attitudes of the era, generational conflict , the economic hardships of the 1970s recession , mistrust of the American government by blue-collar workers , and underage drinking / drug use . The series also highlighted developments in fashion trends , [ 6 ] the entertainment industry , including the television remote ("the clicker"), reruns , VCRs , and cable TV ; the video games Pong and Space Invaders ; the cassette tape and Disco ; MAD magazine ; and Eric's obsession with Star Wars , which came out in 1977. [ 7 ] The show has been compared to Happy Days , which was similarly set 20 years before the time in which it aired. [ 8 ] Many of the show's episodes featured Eric and the rest of the kids in or around Eric's "Aztec Gold" 1969 Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser , handed down to Eric by Red in the pilot episode (after Red begrudgingly buys a 1976 Toyota Corolla , a more economical car). [ citation needed ] The series also contains references to the popular music of the 1970s , such as Led Zeppelin , Pink Floyd , Lynyrd Skynyrd , Alice Cooper , Aerosmith , Ted Nugent , Kiss , The Grateful Dead , and The Steve Miller Band . Additionally, the series featured cameos from prominent rock musicians such as Nugent himself, as well as Roger Daltrey of the Who . [ 9 ] Running gags and catchphrases In one of the show's major running gags , Red often threatens to punish Eric with many variations of the catchphrase , "my foot in your ass" or more generally "kicking your ass." [ 10 ] Some other notable running gags and catchphrases are: Fez's country of origin is never revealed. Sometimes, Fez is about to disclose where he is from, or at least hint at it, but something happens to prevent him from doing so, like someone entering the room as seen in " Stolen Car ", or Fez rambling in " Love of My Life ". [ 11 ] Fez's real name was also never revealed. Even Fez stood for FES, Foreign Exchange Student. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Red often calls Fez by some exotic foreign names when he is speaking directly to him, including Tarzan . [ citation needed ] Someone, usually Kelso, falls off the Water Tower. Charlie is the only one to fall off and die from the tower in " Bohemian Rhapsody " due to him having weak endurance. [ 14 ] Kelso yells "Ow, my eye!" when Hyde rough-houses with him. For example, in the episode " Class Picture ", a series of flashbacks feature Hyde beating up Kelso. While the two are out of the immediate sight of the audience, Kelso yells, "Ow, my eye!" and the scene cuts to the next flashback. This gag is repeated several times throughout the series, although the only time Kelso appears with an injured eye is in " Jackie's Cheese Squeeze " after he was punched by Todd, Jackie's manager. On that occasion, Kelso did not yell, "Ow, my eye!" [ 15 ] Fez's sex life or usually lack thereof. Often Fez accidentally reveals some perverse behavior he performed, like hiding in Donna's room. [ 16 ] The best thing to do or the best solution can be found by "The Circle", sometimes from the Circle, Hyde will start to talk about a car that runs on water or conspiracies towards the Government. [ 17 ] Eric's attempted "secret" money stash locations are known by everyone, such as the Candy Land box. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Characters (usually Kelso) being made to wear a Green Bay Packers helmet following an especially ignorant comment. [ 20 ] Format That 70's Show featured a multi-camera setup and was filmed before a live studio audience with canned laughter. In "The Circle," a group of characters, usually the teenagers, sit in a circle (generally in Eric's basement, though occasionally elsewhere), as the camera pans, stopping at each character as they speak. It was usually apparent that the characters are under the influence of marijuana . Thick clouds of smoke, frequent coughing and an extreme wide-angle lens added to the "drug-induced" feel, although the audience never saw anyone actually smoking the drug. Also, no visible drug-related paraphernalia were seen, such as bongs or rolling papers . Characters never spoke the word "marijuana" while in The Circle (except in one episode, " Reefer Madness "), often referring to it as "stuff" or a "stash". In the episode " Bye-Bye Basement ", Theo (Leo's cousin) refers to "weed"; in " The Relapse ", Kelso tells Fez that the concrete wall behind the gym is used mostly for "smoking weed and beating up freshmen;" in " Ski Trip " Kitty asks Eric why he is taking so much oregano to Jackie's ski lodge; in " Eric's Burger Job ", Kelso blames his " roach clip " when the water bed on which he is sitting at a party deflates; in two episodes (" That Wrestling Show " and " Hyde Moves In "), Eric and Hyde can be seen wearing shirts with the words " Cannabis sativa " written on a Campbell's soup can; and in " The Pill ", Red, referring to Kelso, exclaims, "That kid's on dope!" A gimmick related to the circle and the marijuana smoking was Eric watching the kitchen wall moving erratically, although this technique was also used to show that Eric was drunk. [ citation needed ] As the series progressed, The Circle became one of the series' recurring features. The only four episodes where the whole gang is in The Circle are " Class Picture ", " I'm A Boy ", " Substitute ", and in the series finale. During the eighth and final season, The Circle (sans the smoke) replaced the Formans' Vista Cruiser as the setting of the opening credits. [ citation needed ] Beginning with season 5, each episode in the series is named after a song by a rock band that was famous in the 1970s: Led Zeppelin (season 5), The Who (season 6), The Rolling Stones (season 7), and Queen (season 8, except for the finale, titled "That '70s Finale"). [ 21 ] For the first seven seasons of the show, the show's introduction showed the cast inside the Vista Cruiser. [ 22 ] The particular station wagon was ultimately bought by Wilmer Valderrama at the show's conclusion from Carsey-Werner for "no more than" $500 . [ 22 ] Production The working titles for the show were: Teenage Wasteland (named after the lyric from " Baba O'Riley " by The Who ) The Kids Are Alright (named after " The Kids Are Alright " by The Who) Feelin' All Right (a Traffic & Joe Cocker song) Reeling in the Years (named after the song by Steely Dan ) Requests to use the titles of songs by The Who were rejected, and though Feelin' All Right was used as the title of the show during its upfront presentation, Fox later decided it would not be memorable enough. Bonnie Turner proposed simply calling it That '70s Show , predicting that audiences would merely refer to it by its setting anyway. [ 23 ] Mila Kunis lied about her age to get her role as Jackie Burkhart in the series. She was 14 years old, though the show required its actors to be 18. [ 24 ] Eric Forman was written out of the series at the end of the seventh season , as Topher Grace wanted to move on with his career. [ 25 ] Ashton Kutcher switched to a recurring guest role when he also chose to depart following the seventh season. [ 25 ] However, Kelso had not been written out yet, so to give better closure to the character, Kutcher appeared in the first four episodes of the eighth season (credited as a special guest star). Wilmer Valderrama recalled: "When they made the decision — which was completely, 100 percent fine, because after eight years I think it's OK to say you want out — we looked at it and said, 'Do we still have a show?' And it's such an amazing ensemble. Every single one of us has our character down, so we knew there were a lot of lines to explore." [ 26 ] Both Grace and Kutcher returned for the series finale, although the former was uncredited. Tommy Chong (who began reappearing by late season 7 after a long absence) became a regular again to help fill Kelso's role as the dimwit of the group. Eric was supposed to be replaced by his new friend Charlie, played by Bret Harrison , as an "innocent character", who proved fairly popular with audiences, but the character was killed off after Harrison was offered a lead role in the series The Loop . [ 27 ] Another new character named Randy Pearson, played by Josh Meyers (brother of Late Night host Seth Meyers ), was introduced to take the place of both Eric and, to a lesser extent, Charlie. [ 28 ] Another new character, Samantha, a stripper played by Jud Tylor , was added as Hyde's wife for nine episodes. The location of the show's introductory theme song was changed from the Vista Cruiser to the circle. [ citation needed ] The eighth season was announced as the final season of the show on January 17, 2006, [ 29 ] and "That '70s Finale" was filmed a month later on February 17, 2006, first airing on May 18, 2006. [ 30 ] Cast Cast Topher Grace as Eric Forman (seasons 1–7; uncredited guest season 8): The leader and straight man of the group, Eric is a nice person, quite slender and somewhat clumsy. He has a fast wit and a deadpan sense of humor. His obsession with movies, particularly Star Wars , is often referred to throughout the show. For seven seasons Eric is in a relationship with his longtime love and neighbor Donna Pinciotti . His father, Red, is frequently hard on him and casually insults him. He convinces his parents to let his best friend Steven Hyde move in with them, making Hyde like a brother. He decides to become a teacher after high school and he leaves the series at the end of the seventh season to teach in Africa . Although Eric is mentioned at least once in every episode, he does not appear during the final season until the end of the series finale. Mila Kunis as Jacqueline "Jackie" Beulah Burkhart : The youngest member of the group, Jackie starts the series as the pretty, spoiled rich, selfish, oftentimes annoying immature girl. She likes to give thoughtless and superficial advice, which occasionally turns out to be correct. As the series progresses she becomes more genuine, after her father, a crooked politician, goes to jail and her fortunes take a reversal. Partly as a result of these changes, she and Donna become better friends. [ 31 ] By the end of the series, Jackie had dated three of the four guys of the group: Kelso, Hyde and Fez. Ashton Kutcher as Michael Kelso (seasons 1–7; special guest season 8): Kelso is the dumb pretty boy of the group, who hopes to coast through life on his good looks. He spends the first half of the series in a relationship with the equally vapid Jackie. Their relationship comes to an end when Laurie (Eric's older sister) reveals their affair to Jackie. Kelso fathers a daughter, named Betsy, from his relationship with a librarian named Brooke during the seventh season. He becomes a police officer, but is fired for utter incompetence. In the fourth episode of the eighth and final season, he becomes a security guard at the Chicago Playboy Club and leaves the show. Kelso, along with Eric, returns for the series finale. Danny Masterson as Steven Hyde : Eric's best friend and the anti-establishment member of the group. By the end of season one, the Formans allow Hyde to move in after he was abandoned by his mother, making him a foster brother to Eric. Hyde has a witty, blunt and sarcastic sense of humor and a rebellious personality. He is also experienced and the other group members often ask for his advice. Although Hyde dates Jackie for three seasons, in the final season he marries an exotic dancer named Samantha. Hyde later discovers Samantha was married to another man when she married him. As Donna points out in " My Fairy King ", that means Hyde and Samantha are not legally married. In the seventh season, Hyde meets his biological father (William Barnett, played by Tim Reid ), a wealthy black businessman (making Hyde, who was presumed white, biracial). Barnett, who owns a chain of record stores, makes Hyde first an office worker, then a manager and later the owner of the Point Place record store. He also previously worked for Leo in a Photo Hut earlier in the series. Laura Prepon as Donna Pinciotti : Eric's longtime girlfriend (and briefly fiancée) who is literally and figuratively " the girl next door ". [ 32 ] Donna is tall, intelligent, good-looking and athletic. Donna is embarrassed by her parents' escapades—especially sexual ones. Although she does not agree with what Jackie represents in the beginning of the series, they become friends. [ 31 ] Donna is in a relationship with Eric for seven seasons (despite their break-up during season 4). She has brief romances with Randy and Kelso's brother Casey. She rekindles her relationship with Eric at the end of the show's finale. Wilmer Valderrama as Fez : The horny foreign exchange student of the group whose hormones are usually out of control. He constantly flirts with Jackie and Donna and often makes romantic advances toward them. Initially, he has trouble getting attention from girls, but during the eighth season he becomes much more charismatic and promiscuous. He is in love with Jackie throughout the series but his love is not reciprocated until the eighth season when they become a couple. His home country is often referenced throughout the course of the show, but is never named specifically. His name is also never given; Fez is simply the pronunciation of F.E.S. (Foreign Exchange Student). Josh Meyers as .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}} Randy Pearson (season 8): Hyde's employee at the record store. He is introduced in the final season. Randy appears laid back, gentle, polite and a ladies' man, although many of his flaws surface later, encompassing parts of the departed Kelso and Eric's personalities and other attributes. Tall (like Kelso), he tends to spout witty one-liners (like Eric), and makes silly voices. He forms a friendship with Red after showing Red how good he is at fixing things. While Hyde, Jackie, Donna and Kelso embrace him as a new member of their group, Fez initially does not, but soon warms up to him. Randy dates Donna for the majority of season eight, but she later breaks up with him. The two end on good terms and remain friends. He makes a brief appearance in the series finale. Debra Jo Rupp as Kitty Forman : Red's wife, mother of Eric and Laurie, and Hyde's informally adoptive mother, Kitty is a cheerful, doting mother, but can also be assertive when pushed. A nurse by profession, she drinks heavily and is a former smoker. Her major mood swings are usually attributed to menopause, although the lack of affection and attention from her daughter (Laurie) and her mother (Bea) is also partly to blame. She is also a nurturing mother figure to Eric's rather dysfunctional friends, especially Fez. Kurtwood Smith as Red Forman : Kitty's husband, father of Eric and Laurie, and Hyde's adoptive father. Red is a conservative Navy combat veteran who served during both World War II and the Korean War. He is frequently hard on Eric and casually insults him, often calling him "dumbass", and finding ways to cheat Eric and his friends (especially Kelso) out of any cash they have. Despite his mean exterior, Red also displays a soft side. His hobbies include working with his power tools, drinking beer, watching television, reading the newspaper, hunting and fishing. Lisa Robin Kelly (seasons 2–3; recurring season 1; special appearance season 5) and Christina Moore (recurring season 6) as Laurie Forman : Eric's manipulative and dishonest older sister. She flunked out of college during the first season and moves back home with her parents. Laurie enjoys tormenting Eric and manipulating her parents. She is promiscuous, often seen with various men, mainly Eric's friend Kelso, who cheats on his girlfriend Jackie, which eventually leads to Jackie physically assaulting Laurie. Eric, Hyde, and Donna often insult her for her promiscuity. She also has a strained relationship with her mother who thinks of her as a freeloader. She leaves the series during the third season, but returns in a recurring role during the fifth and sixth seasons. In season five, she marries Fez to prevent him from getting deported. She leaves the series part way through season 6 and is never seen again. During the seventh season, she is mentioned as having moved to Canada, where, as Eric puts it drolly, "bottomless dancing is legal". Tanya Roberts as Midge Pinciotti (seasons 1–3; special guest appearance seasons 6–7): Bob's wife, Donna's mother, and Kitty's best friend, Midge is a woman about whom Eric and his male friends fantasize when coming of age. Although often dim-witted, she later adopts some feminist ideals. She is written out of the series in 2001 after the third season after divorcing Bob and moving to California, but returns in a limited guest appearance during the sixth and seventh seasons. Don Stark as Bob Pinciotti: Midge's husband and Donna's father. Bob often brags about his service in the National Guard, which invariably irritates Red, a veteran of two foreign wars . Bob is known for walking around his house with his robe wide open and no underwear. He eats constantly, even in bed. Bob is almost always in a good mood. His best friend is Red, who usually considers him to be a nuisance. He usually takes the brunt of Red's abuse in a jolly manner. After Midge divorces Bob in the fourth season, he begins dating Joanne (in seasons four and five) and Pam Burkhart (played by Brooke Shields replacing Eve Plumb from the first season), Jackie's mother (in seasons six and seven). Tommy Chong as Leo (seasons 4 & 8; special guest seasons 2–3 & 7): A hippie, and the owner of a Foto Hut at which Hyde once worked, Leo is an Army veteran who served in World War II, where he was awarded a Purple Heart . Leo often puts play before work and maintains an easy-going attitude in most things, business included. He disappears during season four, but is later referenced in season five's " The Battle of Evermore " when the gang goes on a mission to find him, but with no luck. He returns in season seven and remains on the series until the show's end. In Season 8, he gets a new job working for Hyde at Grooves. Episodes Season Episodes Originally released First released Last released 1 25 August 23, 1998 ( 1998-08-23 ) July 26, 1999 ( 1999-07-26 ) 2 26 September 28, 1999 ( 1999-09-28 ) May 22, 2000 ( 2000-05-22 ) 3 25 October 3, 2000 ( 2000-10-03 ) May 22, 2001 ( 2001-05-22 ) 4 27 September 25, 2001 ( 2001-09-25 ) May 21, 2002 ( 2002-05-21 ) 5 25 September 17, 2002 ( 2002-09-17 ) May 14, 2003 ( 2003-05-14 ) 6 25 October 29, 2003 ( 2003-10-29 ) May 19, 2004 ( 2004-05-19 ) 7 25 September 8, 2004 ( 2004-09-08 ) May 18, 2005 ( 2005-05-18 ) 8 22 November 2, 2005 ( 2005-11-02 ) May 18, 2006 ( 2006-05-18 ) In other media Home media and streaming That '70s Show was released on DVD in Regions 1, 2 and 4 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment at an increment of two seasons per year between 2004 and 2008 and a complete series release on October 14, 2008. Mill Creek Entertainment released all eight seasons between 2011–2013 and released a complete series set on May 14, 2013. On March 6, 2012, Mill Creek released the first season on Blu-ray and season two on October 16, 2012. On November 3, 2015, Mill Creek Entertainment released That '70s Show The Complete Series on Blu-ray 1080p, featuring all 200 episodes from the series, presented digitally remastered in High Definition from the original film negatives for optimum sound and video quality and for superior home entertainment Blu-ray presentation with remastered 5.1 DTS-HD Master Audio surround sound and 16:9 widescreen aspect ratio. [ 33 ] In 2019, Rupert Murdoch sold most of 21st Century Fox 's film and television assets to Disney , but That '70s Show was not included as part of the sale, as the show's underlying rights were with production company Carsey-Werner. That same year, a sublicensing deal for the show with streamer Netflix ended in the United States, with the deal ending globally in 2020. [ 34 ] In 2022, Carsey-Werner sublicensed it to NBCUniversal 's streaming service Peacock . [ 34 ] Soundtracks Several prominent songs from the decade can be heard on the series, and two soundtracks were released in 1999. The first is a collection of funk , soul , and disco , called That '70s Album (Jammin') . The second is a collection of album-oriented rock songs, called That '70s Album (Rockin') . AllMusic gave both albums 3 out of 5 stars in their reviews. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Remake Days Like These Related shows That '80s Show That '90s Show Netflix produced a spin-off of the series, titled That '90s Show , with Kurtwood Smith and Debra Jo Rupp reprising their roles as Red and Kitty Forman, respectively. It premiered on Netflix on January 19, 2023 [ 37 ] and ran for two seasons before being cancelled in October 2024. Like the original series, it was again produced by The Carsey-Werner Company, with Gregg Mettler serving as showrunner and Bonnie Turner, Terry Turner, their daughter Lindsay Turner, Marcy Carsey, Tom Werner, Smith and Rupp as executive producers. [ 38 ] Topher Grace (Eric Forman), Mila Kunis (Jackie Burkhart), Ashton Kutcher (Michael Kelso), Laura Prepon (Donna Pinciotti), Wilmer Valderrama (Fez), Tommy Chong (Leo), Don Stark (Bob Pinciotti), Jim Rash (Fenton) and Seth Green (Mitch Miller), reprised their roles as guest stars in the series. [ 39 ] Reception American ratings That '70s Show 's eight seasons, consisting of 200 episodes, made it Fox's second-longest-running live-action sitcom ever behind Married... with Children , though it [ which? ] did not have the same ratings success, despite surviving cancellation. Season Episodes Timeslot Premiere Season finale Rank Viewers (in millions) 1 1998–1999 25 Sunday 8:30 PM (1998–1999) Monday 8:00 PM (1999) August 23, 1998 July 26, 1999 11.7 2 1999–2000 26 Tuesday 8:30 PM (1999–2000) Tuesday 8:00 PM (2000) Monday 8:00 PM (2000) September 28, 1999 May 22, 2000 86 [ 40 ] 9.0 3 2000–2001 25 Tuesday 8:00 PM October 3, 2000 May 22, 2001 10.8 4 2001–2002 27 September 25, 2001 May 21, 2002 67 [ 41 ] 9.1 5 2002–2003 25 Tuesday 8:00 PM (2002) Wednesday 8:00 PM (2003) September 17, 2002 May 14, 2003 52 [ 42 ] 10.4 6 2003–2004 25 Wednesday 8:00 PM October 29, 2003 May 19, 2004 49 [ 43 ] 10.0 7 2004–2005 25 September 8, 2004 May 18, 2005 85 [ 44 ] 7.0 8 2005–2006 22 Wednesday 8:00 PM (2005) Thursday 8:00 PM (2006) November 2, 2005 May 18, 2006 103 [ 45 ] 5.8 Awards This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Over the course of its run, the series was nominated for a substantial number of awards, including 16 Primetime Emmy Awards . The only win for the series at this event came in 1999, when Melina Root was awarded the Emmy for Outstanding Costume Design for a Series for "That Disco Episode". Additionally, the show was nominated for a large number of Teen Choice Awards , with both Ashton Kutcher and Wilmer Valderrama winning on three occasions. Legacy In August 2009, the show's Vista Cruiser was named third-greatest television car ever by MSN Autos. [ 46 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} " That '70s Finale ". That '70s Show . Season 8. Episode 22. May 18, 2006. 21:20 minutes in. FOX . ^ "From Tube to Telly, the Exchange Is Pop Culture" . Los Angeles Times . April 5, 1999 . Retrieved August 30, 2010 . ^ Callaway, Kutter; Batali, Dean (November 15, 2016). Watching TV Religiously (Engaging Culture): Television and Theology in Dialogue . Baker Academic. ISBN 9781493405855 . ^ Shaw, Angel (April 29, 2023). "That '70s Show Theory Finally Explains Those Timeline Issues" . ScreenRant . Retrieved July 8, 2025 . ^ Matthew Gilbert. Fox show grooves on '70s nostalgia . The Boston Globe. 22 August 1998. p 32. ^ "1970-1979 | Fashion History Timeline" . fashionhistory.fitnyc.edu . Retrieved October 22, 2020 . ^ "13 Times That '70s Show Tackled History" . IFC . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . ^ Hochman, David (February 12, 2006). "Even Those 70's Kids Should Have Seen It Coming" . The New York Times . Like 'Happy Days', 'That 70's Show' blends smart comedy with light social commentary. ^ Robert, Pierre (January 17, 2023). "10 Memorable Classic Rock References in "That '70s Show" " . 93.3 WMMR . Retrieved July 8, 2025 . ^ Adams, Erik (July 30, 2014). "That '70s Show took TV adolescence down into the basement (where it belongs)" . TV Club . Retrieved August 28, 2019 . ^ Carter, Brooke (February 13, 2017). "What Happened to Wilmer Valderrama – 2017 Update – The Gazette Review" . The Gazette Review . Retrieved August 14, 2017 . ^ "Frequently Asked Questions" . That70sShow.com . Carsey-Werner LLC. 2004. Archived from the original on February 6, 2008 . Retrieved April 16, 2009 . ^ Barlow, Helen (January 3, 2007). "Charmer out of the '70s" . Herald Sun . Melbourne . Retrieved April 17, 2009 . ^ "10 Running Gags From Your Favorite 90s TV Shows" . EMGN . Retrieved August 14, 2017 . ^ "15 Weirdest Running Jokes You Didn't Notice In Favorite TV Shows" . Screen Rant . December 15, 2016 . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . ^ Erickson, Emily; Sloan, William David (February 1, 2004). Contemporary Media Issues . Vision Press. ISBN 9781885219237 . ^ "10 of TV's Most Memorable Weed-Based Episodes" . Splitsider . April 7, 2011 . Retrieved December 17, 2017 . ^ "That '70s Show Episode Synopses" . www.carseywerner.net . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . ^ "That '70s Show S2E12 – English Transcript" . Readable . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . ^ "That '70s Show: Everyone Who Wore The "Stupid Helmet" " . ^ "From 'Grey's Anatomy' to 'Supernatural': TV shows that used song titles for episode names" . Yahoo . Retrieved October 26, 2020 . ^ a b That 70s Show wrap party Access Hollywood official on YouTube ^ "From 'Lost' to 'Friends,' the Strange Art of Picking a TV Title" . The Hollywood Reporter . March 6, 2012. ^ Goodwillie, Ian (October 20, 2019). "10 Signs You Know Way Too Much About That '70s Show" . WhatCulture.com . Retrieved July 8, 2025 . ^ a b Bernhard, Lisa (May 18, 2008). "Ashton, Topher Departing 'That '70s Show' " . Entertainment. Fox News . Archived from the original on February 6, 2011 . Retrieved September 13, 2010 . ^ Boyle, Michael (January 20, 2025). "Why Did Topher Grace Leave That '70s Show?" . SlashFilm . Retrieved July 8, 2025 . ^ DVD commentary of episode 25 of season 7 by director Trainer. ^ Tribune Media Service (November 30, 2005). "Celebrity Spotlight" . Observer-Reporter . Washington, PA. p. C6 . Retrieved July 16, 2011 . ^ "That '70s Show Says Goodbye to an Era with the 200th Episode and Series Finale This May on FOX" . TheFutonCritic . Retrieved January 17, 2006 . ^ "That '70s Show Episode Guide" . That'70sCentral . Archived from the original on February 17, 2006 . Retrieved February 17, 2006 . ^ a b Barash, Susan Shapiro (March 6, 2007). Tripping the Prom Queen: The Truth About Women and Rivalry . Macmillan. ISBN 9780312334321 . ^ Smith, Laura (March 28, 2014). "Tomboy Chic: That 70s Show's Donna Pinciotti" . Hollywood.com . Retrieved September 23, 2018 . ^ "Mill Creek Entertainment: News – THAT '70s SHOW COMPLETE SERIES ON BLU-RAY NOVEMBER 3!" . Mill Creek Entertainment. August 17, 2015. Archived from the original on August 22, 2015 . Retrieved August 11, 2016 . ^ a b " 'That 70s Show' Returns to Streaming But Not At Netflix" . What's on Netflix . August 26, 2022. ^ Boldman, Gina. "That '70s Show Presents That '70s Album: Jammin' " . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved December 13, 2014 . ^ Boldman, Gina. "That '70s Show Presents That '70s Album: Rockin' " . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved December 13, 2014 . ^ Schneider, Michael (November 29, 2022). " 'That 90s Show' Sets Netflix Premiere Date, Producers Break Down the Creation of 'That '70s Show' Sequel (EXCLUSIVE)" . Variety . Retrieved January 29, 2025 . ^ Andreeva, Nellie (October 8, 2021). " 'That '70s Show' Spinoff 'That '90s Show' With Kurtwood Smith & Debra Jo Rupp Ordered By Netflix" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8, 2021 . ^ " 'That '70s Show' to return for sequel with original stars, this time in the '90s - National | Globalnews.ca" . Global News . Retrieved May 3, 2022 . ^ "Nielsen Ratings for 1999–2000" . Sfgate . May 26, 2000. ^ "How did your favorite show rate?" . USA Today . May 28, 2002 . Retrieved May 25, 2010 . ^ "2002–2003 Season Ratings for Network TV Primetime – Sitcoms Online Message Boards – Forums" . ^ "ABC Medianet" . Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. ^ "Final 2004–05 TV Ratings Now Out" . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: url-status ( link ) ^ "Alias Community" . Archived from the original on May 13, 2016 . Retrieved May 11, 2015 . ^ Tate, James. "MSN Autos list of 'Ten Greatest Cars On Television – Ever!' " . Editorial.autos.msn.com. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011 . Retrieved August 23, 2010 . External links That '70s Show at IMDb That '70s Show at Carsey Werner Television .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e That '70s Show v t e Characters Michael Kelso Fez Michael Kelso Fez Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Related Awards and nominations Home video releases That '80s Show That '90s Show Days Like These "That '90s Show" ( The Simpsons episode) Awards and nominations Home video releases That '80s Show That '90s Show Days Like These "That '90s Show" ( The Simpsons episode) v t e Green Bay Packers v t e Founded in 1919 Based and headquartered in Green Bay, Wisconsin Founded in 1919 Based and headquartered in Green Bay, Wisconsin Franchise Overview Team Green Bay Packers, Inc. Charitable Foundation Season-by-season results Overview Team Green Bay Packers, Inc. Charitable Foundation Season-by-season results Team Green Bay Packers, Inc. Charitable Foundation Season-by-season results Notable people Founders Curly Lambeau & George Whitney Calhoun Personnel Coaches General managers Presidents Players Lists of players All-Anniversary Team selections All-Decade Team selections All-Pro selections All-Rookie Team selections All-time roster Award winners Draft history Picks, 1936 to 1969 Picks, 1970 to present First-round picks Hall of Famers Pro Bowlers Retired numbers Starting quarterbacks Team Hall of Fame Team records Founders Curly Lambeau & George Whitney Calhoun Curly Lambeau & George Whitney Calhoun Personnel Coaches General managers Presidents Coaches General managers Presidents Players Lists of players All-Anniversary Team selections All-Decade Team selections All-Pro selections All-Rookie Team selections All-time roster Award winners Draft history Picks, 1936 to 1969 Picks, 1970 to present First-round picks Hall of Famers Pro Bowlers Retired numbers Starting quarterbacks Team Hall of Fame Team records Lists of players All-Anniversary Team selections All-Decade Team selections All-Pro selections All-Rookie Team selections All-time roster Award winners Draft history Picks, 1936 to 1969 Picks, 1970 to present First-round picks Picks, 1936 to 1969 Picks, 1970 to present First-round picks Hall of Famers Pro Bowlers Retired numbers Starting quarterbacks Team Hall of Fame Team records Facilities Stadiums List of stadiums Current: Lambeau Field Past: Hagemeister Park Bellevue Park City Stadium Borchert Field Wisconsin State Fair Park Marquette Stadium Milwaukee County Stadium Other Rockwood Lodge St. Norbert College ( training camp ) Titletown District Stadiums List of stadiums Current: Lambeau Field Past: Hagemeister Park Bellevue Park City Stadium Borchert Field Wisconsin State Fair Park Marquette Stadium Milwaukee County Stadium List of stadiums Current: Lambeau Field Past: Hagemeister Park Bellevue Park City Stadium Borchert Field Wisconsin State Fair Park Marquette Stadium Milwaukee County Stadium Other Rockwood Lodge St. Norbert College ( training camp ) Titletown District Rockwood Lodge St. Norbert College ( training camp ) Titletown District Team history General History Home games in Milwaukee The Hungry Five Indian Packing Company Packers Heritage Trail Culture " Bang the Drum All Day " Bart Starr Award Cheerleaders Cheese League Cheesehead Dolly Gray impostor Fight song Lambeau Leap Lumberjack Band Packers sweep Receiver (statue) Notable games 1940 NFL All-Star Game 1982 game vs. Los Angeles Rams 1997 NFC Championship Game 2003 NFC Wild Card playoff game 2007 NFC Championship Game 2009 NFC Wild Card playoff game 2010 NFC Championship Game 2013 game vs. Dallas Cowboys 2014 NFC Championship Game 2019 NFC Divisional playoff game 2019 NFC Championship Game 2020 NFC Championship Game 4th and 26 Dez Caught It Fail Mary Favre's Dad Game Hail Larry Instant Replay Game Matt Flynn Game Miracle in Motown Snow Globe Game The Catch II The Ice Bowl The Snow Bowl Rivalries Chicago Bears Dallas Cowboys Detroit Lions Minnesota Vikings New York Giants San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Tampa Bay Buccaneers General History Home games in Milwaukee The Hungry Five Indian Packing Company Packers Heritage Trail History Home games in Milwaukee The Hungry Five Indian Packing Company Packers Heritage Trail Culture " Bang the Drum All Day " Bart Starr Award Cheerleaders Cheese League Cheesehead Dolly Gray impostor Fight song Lambeau Leap Lumberjack Band Packers sweep Receiver (statue) " Bang the Drum All Day " Bart Starr Award Cheerleaders Cheese League Cheesehead Dolly Gray impostor Fight song Lambeau Leap Lumberjack Band Packers sweep Receiver (statue) Notable games 1940 NFL All-Star Game 1982 game vs. Los Angeles Rams 1997 NFC Championship Game 2003 NFC Wild Card playoff game 2007 NFC Championship Game 2009 NFC Wild Card playoff game 2010 NFC Championship Game 2013 game vs. Dallas Cowboys 2014 NFC Championship Game 2019 NFC Divisional playoff game 2019 NFC Championship Game 2020 NFC Championship Game 4th and 26 Dez Caught It Fail Mary Favre's Dad Game Hail Larry Instant Replay Game Matt Flynn Game Miracle in Motown Snow Globe Game The Catch II The Ice Bowl The Snow Bowl 1940 NFL All-Star Game 1982 game vs. Los Angeles Rams 1997 NFC Championship Game 2003 NFC Wild Card playoff game 2007 NFC Championship Game 2009 NFC Wild Card playoff game 2010 NFC Championship Game 2013 game vs. Dallas Cowboys 2014 NFC Championship Game 2019 NFC Divisional playoff game 2019 NFC Championship Game 2020 NFC Championship Game 4th and 26 Dez Caught It Fail Mary Favre's Dad Game Hail Larry Instant Replay Game Matt Flynn Game Miracle in Motown Snow Globe Game The Catch II The Ice Bowl The Snow Bowl Rivalries Chicago Bears Dallas Cowboys Detroit Lions Minnesota Vikings New York Giants San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Tampa Bay Buccaneers Chicago Bears Dallas Cowboys Detroit Lions Minnesota Vikings New York Giants San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Tampa Bay Buccaneers Championships Division (21) 1936 1938 1939 1944 1967 1972 1995 1996 1997 2002 2003 2004 2007 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 2019 2020 2021 Conference (9) 1960 1961 1962 1965 1966 1967 1996 1997 2010 League (13 † ) 1929 1930 1931 1936 1939 1944 1961 1962 1965 1966 (I) 1967 (II) 1996 (XXXI) 2010 (XLV) Division (21) 1936 1938 1939 1944 1967 1972 1995 1996 1997 2002 2003 2004 2007 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 2019 2020 2021 1936 1938 1939 1944 1967 1972 1995 1996 1997 2002 2003 2004 2007 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 2019 2020 2021 Conference (9) 1960 1961 1962 1965 1966 1967 1996 1997 2010 1960 1961 1962 1965 1966 1967 1996 1997 2010 League (13 † ) 1929 1930 1931 1936 1939 1944 1961 1962 1965 1966 (I) 1967 (II) 1996 (XXXI) 2010 (XLV) 1929 1930 1931 1936 1939 1944 1961 1962 1965 1966 (I) 1967 (II) 1996 (XXXI) 2010 (XLV) Media Radio Packers Radio Network WIXX Green Bay WRIT-FM Milwaukee Television WGBA-TV WTMJ-TV Spectrum News 1 WI Personnel Wayne Larrivee ( play-by-play ) Larry McCarren ( color/analysis ) Related Lombardi (film) Lombardi (play) Pigskin Champions Pitch Perfect 2 Second Effort That '70s Show The 60 Yard Line Green and Gold Radio Packers Radio Network WIXX Green Bay WRIT-FM Milwaukee Packers Radio Network WIXX Green Bay WRIT-FM Milwaukee WIXX Green Bay WRIT-FM Milwaukee Television WGBA-TV WTMJ-TV Spectrum News 1 WI WGBA-TV WTMJ-TV Spectrum News 1 WI Personnel Wayne Larrivee ( play-by-play ) Larry McCarren ( color/analysis ) Wayne Larrivee ( play-by-play ) Larry McCarren ( color/analysis ) Related Lombardi (film) Lombardi (play) Pigskin Champions Pitch Perfect 2 Second Effort That '70s Show The 60 Yard Line Green and Gold Lombardi (film) Lombardi (play) Pigskin Champions Pitch Perfect 2 Second Effort That '70s Show The 60 Yard Line Green and Gold Current affiliations Division North Division (2002–present) Conference National Football Conference (1970–present) League National Football League (1921–present) Division North Division (2002–present) North Division (2002–present) Conference National Football Conference (1970–present) National Football Conference (1970–present) League National Football League (1921–present) National Football League (1921–present) † does not include 1966 or 1967 NFL championships That '70s Show 1990s American teen sitcoms 1998 American television series debuts 2000s American teen sitcoms 2006 American television series endings American English-language television shows American television series about cannabis Coming-of-age television shows Fox Broadcasting Company sitcoms History of the Green Bay Packers Nostalgia television shows American television series about teenagers Television series by Carsey-Werner Productions Television series created by Bonnie and Terry Turner Television series created by Mark Brazill Television series set in 1976 Television series set in 1977 Television series set in 1978 Television series set in 1979 Television series set in the 1970s Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television shows set in Wisconsin CS1 maint: url-status Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from November 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2025 All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2024 Articles needing additional references from June 2024 All articles needing additional references Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 02:37 (UTC) . 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Sokac , Miklos Diossy , Zoltan Szallasi , Krijn Dijkstra , Yinyin Yuan CAPTURE Consortium : Fiona Byrne , Laura Amanda Boos , Benjamin Shum , Camille L Gerard , Andreas M Schmitt , Christina Messiou , David Cunningham , Ian Chau , Naureen Starling , Nicholas Turner , Liam Welsh , Robin L Jones , Joanne Droney , Susana Banerjee , Kate C Tatham , Shaman Jhanji , Kevin Harrington , Alicia Okines , Alison Reid , Kate Young , Andrew J S Furness , Lisa Pickering , Emma Nicholson , Sacheen Kumar , Katalin A Wilkinson , Anthony Swerdlow , Robert J Wilkinson Affiliations 1 Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. 2 Oncogene Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. 3 Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. 4 Adult Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. 5 Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 6 Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK. 7 Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK. 8 Department of Cellular Pathology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK. 9 Department of Pathology, ZAS Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium. 10 Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Queensland, Australia. 11 Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. 12 Cancer Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. 13 Renal and Skin Units, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK. 14 Cancer Genome Evolution Research Group, Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK. 15 Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 16 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK. 17 Advanced Sequencing Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. 18 Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. 19 Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. 20 Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. 21 Cancer Stem Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK. 22 Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK. 23 CRUK Convergence Science Centre, Imperial College, London, UK. 24 Lung Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK. 25 Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK. 26 Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre, London, UK. 27 Tumour Immunogenomics and Immunosurveillance Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK. 28 Department of Oncology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK. 29 Melanoma and Kidney Cancer Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK. 30 Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. charles.swanton@crick.ac.uk. 31 Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK. charles.swanton@crick.ac.uk. 32 Department of Oncology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK. charles.swanton@crick.ac.uk. 33 Oncogene Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. julian.downward@crick.ac.uk. 34 Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. george.kassiotis@crick.ac.uk. 35 Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK. george.kassiotis@crick.ac.uk. PMID: 41535475 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-10104-7 Retraction Note: Antibodies against endogenous retroviruses promote lung cancer immunotherapy Search in PubMed Search in NLM Catalog Add to Search Authors Collaborators TRACERx Consortium : Andrew Rowan , Ariana Huebner , Brittany B Campbell , Chris Bailey , Claudia Lee , Dhruva Biswas , Emma Colliver , Foteini Athanasopoulou , Haoran Zhai , Jayant K Rane , Kristiana Grigoriadis , Michelle Dietzen , Michelle Leung , Mihaela Angelova , Olivia Lucas , Othman Al-Sawaf , Rachel Rosenthal , Jerome Nicod , Abigail Bunkum , Antonia Toncheva , Christopher Abbosh , Corentin Richard , Cristina Naceur-Lombardelli , Francisco Gimeno-Valiente , Jie Min Lam , Kerstin Thol , Krupa Thakkar , Mariana Werner Sunderland , Martin D Forster , Nnennaya Kanu , Paulina Prymas , Robert Bentham , Sadegh Saghafinia , Sergio A Quezada , Sharon Vanloo , Simone Zaccaria , Siow Ming Lee , Sonya Hessey , Wing Kin Liu , Dionysis Papadatos-Pastos , James Wilson , Sarah Benafif , Tanya Ahmad , Elaine Borg , Mary Falzon , Reena Khiroya , Teresa Marafioti , Abigail Sharp , Camilla Pilotti , Harjot Kaur Dhanda , Kitty Chan , Nicole Gower , Rachel Leslie , Sean Smith , Andrew G Nicholson , Eric Lim , Javier Herrero , Carla Castignani , Elizabeth Larose Cadieux , Jonas Demeulemeester , Peter Van Loo , Karl S Peggs , Catarina Veiga , Gary Royle , Charles-Antoine Collins-Fekete , Alexander James Procter , Arjun Nair , Asia Ahmed , Magali N Taylor , Neal Navani , Ricky M Thakrar , David Lawrence , Davide Patrini , Emma Nye , Richard Kevin Stone , David Chuter , Mairead MacKenzie , Francesco Fraioli , Paul Ashford , Sam M Janes , Miljana Tanić , Stephan Beck , Alexandra Rice , Anand Devaraj , Chiara Proli , Daniel Kaniu , Harshil Bhayani , Hema Chavan , Hilgardt Raubenheimer , Lyn Ambrose , Mpho Malima , Nadia Fernandes , Paulo De Sousa , Pratibha Shah , Sarah Booth , Silviu I Buderi , Simon Jordan , Sofina Begum , Ekaterini Boleti , Aengus Stewart , Alastair Magness , Clare E Weeden , Dina Levi , Eva Grönroos , Jacki Goldman , Mickael Escudero , Philip Hobson , Roberto Vendramin , Stefan Boeing , Tamara Denner , Vittorio Barbè , Wei-Ting Lu , William Hill , Yutaka Naito , Zoe Ramsden , Anca Grapa , Hanyun Zhang , Khalid AbdulJabbar , Xiaoxi Pan , Kayleigh Gilbert , Angeliki Karamani , Benny Chain , David R Pearce , Despoina Karagianni , Elena Hoxha , Felip Gálvez-Cancino , Georgia Stavrou , Gerasimos Mastrokalos , Helen L Lowe , Ignacio Matos , James L Reading , John A Hartley , Kayalvizhi Selvaraju , Kezhong Chen , Leah Ensell , Mansi Shah , Marcos Vasquez , Maria Litovchenko , Olga Chervova , Piotr Pawlik , Robert E Hynds , Saioa López , Samuel Gamble , Seng Kuong Anakin Ung , Supreet Kaur Bola , Thanos P Mourikis , Victoria Spanswick , Yin Wu , Emilie Martinoni Hoogenboom , Fleur Monk , James W Holding , Junaid Choudhary , Kunal Bhakhri , Marco Scarci , Martin Hayward , Nikolaos Panagiotopoulos , Pat Gorman , Robert C M Stephens , Steve Bandula , Yien Ning Sophia Wong , Tristan Clark , Heather Cheyne , Mohammed Khalil , Shirley Richardson , Tracey Cruickshank , Babu Naidu , Gurdeep Matharu , Jacqui A Shaw , Joan Riley , Lindsay Primrose , John Le Quesne , Kevin G Blyth , Alastair Kerr , Alexandra Clipson , Anshuman Chaturvedi , Caroline Dive , Dominic G Rothwell , Elaine Kilgour , Jonathan Tugwood , Lynsey Priest , Pedro Oliveira , Philip Crosbie , Gillian Price , Judith Cave , Keith M Kerr , Colin R Lindsay , Fiona H Blackhall , Matthew G Krebs , Yvonne Summers , Alan Kirk , Mathew Thomas , Mo Asif , Nikos Kostoulas , Rocco Bilancia , Gary Middleton , Michael J Shackcloth , Angela Leek , Jack Davies Hodgkinson , Nicola Totten , Craig Dick , Lily Robinson , Peter Russell , Madeleine Hewish , Sarah Danson , Jason F Lester , Fabio Gomes , Kate Brown , Mathew Carter , Akshay J Patel , Aya Osman , Christer Lacson , Gerald Langman , Helen Shackleford , Madava Djearaman , Salma Kadiri , Aiman Alzetani , Jennifer Richards , Lydia Scarlett , Papawadee Ingram , Serena Chee , Silvia Austin , Amrita Bajaj , Apostolos Nakas , Azmina Sodha-Ramdeen , Dean A Fennell , Keng Ang , Mohamad Tufail , Mohammed Fiyaz Chowdhry , Molly Scotland , Rebecca Boyles , Sridhar Rathinam , Claire Wilson , Domenic Marrone , Sean Dulloo , Angeles Montero , Elaine Smith , Eustace Fontaine , Felice Granato , Helen Doran , Juliette Novasio , Kendadai Rammohan , Leena Joseph , Paul Bishop , Rajesh Shah , Stuart Moss , Vijay Joshi , Hugo J W L Aerts , Tom L Kaufmann , Roland F Schwarz , Judit Kisistok , Mateo Sokac , Miklos Diossy , Zoltan Szallasi , Krijn Dijkstra , Yinyin Yuan CAPTURE Consortium : Fiona Byrne , Laura Amanda Boos , Benjamin Shum , Camille L Gerard , Andreas M Schmitt , Christina Messiou , David Cunningham , Ian Chau , Naureen Starling , Nicholas Turner , Liam Welsh , Robin L Jones , Joanne Droney , Susana Banerjee , Kate C Tatham , Shaman Jhanji , Kevin Harrington , Alicia Okines , Alison Reid , Kate Young , Andrew J S Furness , Lisa Pickering , Emma Nicholson , Sacheen Kumar , Katalin A Wilkinson , Anthony Swerdlow , Robert J Wilkinson Affiliations 1 Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. 2 Oncogene Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. 3 Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. 4 Adult Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. 5 Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 6 Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK. 7 Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK. 8 Department of Cellular Pathology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK. 9 Department of Pathology, ZAS Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium. 10 Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Queensland, Australia. 11 Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. 12 Cancer Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. 13 Renal and Skin Units, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK. 14 Cancer Genome Evolution Research Group, Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK. 15 Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 16 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK. 17 Advanced Sequencing Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. 18 Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. 19 Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. 20 Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. 21 Cancer Stem Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK. 22 Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK. 23 CRUK Convergence Science Centre, Imperial College, London, UK. 24 Lung Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK. 25 Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK. 26 Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre, London, UK. 27 Tumour Immunogenomics and Immunosurveillance Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK. 28 Department of Oncology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK. 29 Melanoma and Kidney Cancer Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK. 30 Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. charles.swanton@crick.ac.uk. 31 Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK. charles.swanton@crick.ac.uk. 32 Department of Oncology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK. charles.swanton@crick.ac.uk. 33 Oncogene Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. julian.downward@crick.ac.uk. 34 Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. george.kassiotis@crick.ac.uk. 35 Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK. george.kassiotis@crick.ac.uk. PMID: 41535475 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-10104-7 PubMed Disclaimer Retraction of Antibodies against endogenous retroviruses promote lung cancer immunotherapy. Ng KW, Boumelha J, Enfield KSS, Almagro J, Cha H, Pich O, Karasaki T, Moore DA, Salgado R, Sivakumar M, Young G, Molina-Arcas M, de Carné Trécesson S, Anastasiou P, Fendler A, Au L, Shepherd STC, Martínez-Ruiz C, Puttick C, Black JRM, Watkins TBK, Kim H, Shim S, Faulkner N, Attig J, Veeriah S, Magno N, Ward S, Frankell AM, Al Bakir M, Lim EL, Hill MS, Wilson GA, Cook DE, Birkbak NJ, Behrens A, Yousaf N, Popat S, Hackshaw A; TRACERx Consortium; CAPTURE Consortium; Hiley CT, Litchfield K, McGranahan N, Jamal-Hanjani M, Larkin J, Lee SH, Turajlic S, Swanton C, Downward J, Kassiotis G. Ng KW, et al. Nature. 2023 Apr;616(7957):563-573. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-05771-9. Epub 2023 Apr 12. Nature. 2023. Retraction in: Nature. 2026 Jan 14. doi: 10.1038/s41586-026-10104-7. PMID: 37046094 Free PMC article. Retracted. 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Thâu-ia̍h Bûn-chiuⁿ bo̍k-chhù Sûi-chāi kéng ia̍h Sin-bûn sū-kiāⁿ Soat-bêng Siā-lí mn̂g-chhùi-kháu Thó-lūn Chòe-kīn ê kái-piàn Kià-hù Khui sin kháu-chō Teng-ji̍p Kià-hù Khui sin kháu-chō Teng-ji̍p Thâu-ia̍h Thâu-ia̍h Thó-lūn Tha̍k khoàⁿ goân-sú lōe-iông khoàⁿ le̍k-sú Tha̍k khoàⁿ goân-sú lōe-iông khoàⁿ le̍k-sú Tó-ūi liân kàu chia Siong-koan ê kái-piàn Kā tóng-àn chiūⁿ-bāng Éng-kiú liân-kiat Ia̍h ê chu-sìn Ín-iōng chit phiⁿ bûn-chiuⁿ Hōo-lâng té bāng-tsí Hōo-lâng hā-tsài QR bé Chò PDF hā-chài Ìn-soat pán-pún Wikimedia Commons 維基媒體基金會 MediaWiki Meta-Wiki 維基媒體拓展 To-gí-giân Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikiquote Wikisource Wiktionary Wikidata hāng-bo̍k Hoan-gêng kong-lîm Wikipedia Chū-iû ê pek-kho-choân-su Chū-iû ê pek-kho-choân-su Chit-má ū 433,882 phiⁿ Bân-lâm-gú ê bûn-chiuⁿ Bo̍k-lio̍k Chú-tê Chhiū-á-kha FAQ Guestbook Hoan-gêng Liân-lo̍k Pian-chi̍p Sin bûn-chiuⁿ Hàn-jī choán-siá chiò-iáⁿ Chit-má ū 433,882 phiⁿ Bân-lâm-gú ê bûn-chiuⁿ Bo̍k-lio̍k Chú-tê Chhiū-á-kha FAQ Guestbook Hoan-gêng Liân-lo̍k Pian-chi̍p Sin bûn-chiuⁿ Hàn-jī choán-siá chiò-iáⁿ Gē-su̍t Ki-su̍t Kho-ha̍k Le̍k-sú Siā-hōe Sò͘-ha̍k Tē-lí Tiat-ha̍k Toān-kì Súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ Sin-bûn kì-sū Liû-kiû-kok (琉球國) sī Tang A-chiu éng-sî ê kok-ka, tī kin-á-ji̍t ê Liû-kiû Kûn-tó . Liû-kiû tī Tâi-oân kap Ji̍t-pún chi kan, kó͘-chá pat hiòng Tiong-kok tiâu-kòng . 1609 nî , Ji̍t-pún ê Satuma-phoan chhim-lio̍k Liû-kiû , liáu-aū Liû-kiû iā hiòng Ji̍t-pún tiâu-kòng. 1879 nî, Liû-kiû-kok hō͘ Ji̍t-pún bia̍t-bông, kái miâ kiò choè Okinawa-koān . Liû-kiû kap Tiong-kok Hok-kiàn ê Hok-chiu koan-hē chin chhim, kin-á-ji̍t Hok-chiu-chhī ê Tâi-kang-khu iáu ū Liû-kiû-koán (Jiû-oán-ia̍h), kó͘-chá sī iōng lâi toà Liû-kiû-lâng --ê. ( Tha̍k choân-phiⁿ... ) Chûn-tóng · Thê-miâ 2026 nî 1 goe̍h 3 ji̍t , Bí-kok te̍k-chióng pō͘-tūi kā Venezuela ê chóng-thóng Nicolás Maduro lia̍h-khì Bí-kok siū-sím. 2025 nî 12 goe̍h 19 ji̍t , tī Tâi-oân Tâi-pak-chhī thong-chi̍p -hoān Tiuⁿ Bûn (張文) toâⁿ sìn-hō-toàⁿ koh bô-chha-pia̍t thâi-lâng , āu-lâi tūi-lâu sí--khì. 2025 nî 11 goe̍h 26 ji̍t , Hiong-káng Tōa-po͘ Hông-hok-oán hóe-sio-chhù (宏福苑-) , chō-sêng siōng-chió 36 ê lâng kòe-sin. 2025 nî 10 goe̍h 22 ji̍t , Tâi-oân Tâi-tiong-chhī thoân-chhut Hui-chiu ti-che ê chai-chêng. 2025 nî 10 goe̍h 4 ji̍t , Ji̍t-pún Chiòng-gī-īⁿ gī-goân Takaiti Sanae (高市早苗) tòng-soàn Chū-iû Bîn-chú-tóng tóng-khoe (黨魁), chiâⁿ ū khó-lêng chiâⁿ-chò Ji̍t-pún thâu chi̍t ūi lú-sèng siú-siōng . Kî-thaⁿ ê sin-bûn 2026 nî 1 goe̍h 3 ji̍t , Bí-kok te̍k-chióng pō͘-tūi kā Venezuela ê chóng-thóng Nicolás Maduro lia̍h-khì Bí-kok siū-sím. 2025 nî 12 goe̍h 19 ji̍t , tī Tâi-oân Tâi-pak-chhī thong-chi̍p -hoān Tiuⁿ Bûn (張文) toâⁿ sìn-hō-toàⁿ koh bô-chha-pia̍t thâi-lâng , āu-lâi tūi-lâu sí--khì. 2025 nî 11 goe̍h 26 ji̍t , Hiong-káng Tōa-po͘ Hông-hok-oán hóe-sio-chhù (宏福苑-) , chō-sêng siōng-chió 36 ê lâng kòe-sin. 2025 nî 10 goe̍h 22 ji̍t , Tâi-oân Tâi-tiong-chhī thoân-chhut Hui-chiu ti-che ê chai-chêng. 2025 nî 10 goe̍h 4 ji̍t , Ji̍t-pún Chiòng-gī-īⁿ gī-goân Takaiti Sanae (高市早苗) tòng-soàn Chū-iû Bîn-chú-tóng tóng-khoe (黨魁), chiâⁿ ū khó-lêng chiâⁿ-chò Ji̍t-pún thâu chi̍t ūi lú-sèng siú-siōng . Lí kám chai-iáⁿ... Tong-nî ê 1 goe̍h 14 ji̍t Phû-tô-gâ Borgonha Ông-tiâu sī Afonso Henriques kā in lāu-bú León ê Teresa táⁿ-pāi liāu-āu khai-ki--ê? Tó chi̍t ūi Bí-kok thoân-kàu-sū chhut-pán liáu tē-it phō iōng Eng-gú choān-siá ê Pe̍h-ōe-jī kàu-kho-su? (siōng) Tó chi̍t ê liân-hō sī Tiong-kok Bêng-tiâu chòe-āu chi̍t ūi hông-tè Ui-chong chāi-ūi sî-kî ê liân-hō ? Tó chi̍t-ê siâⁿ-chhī sī Hô-lân Groningen Séng ê séng-hōe? Tó chi̍t ūi Eng-kok cha-bó͘ koa-chhiú tī 12 hòe ê sî-chūn chiū iâⁿ-tio̍h Open Mic UK ê pí-sài koan-kun? Tó chi̍t tiâu hô-chhoan ū choân Pak Bí-chiu siāng tōa ê chúi-hē hoān-ûi? Liân-ha̍p-kok chū 1946 nî khai-sí sú-iōng tó chi̍t ki kî-á chò-ûi tāi-hōe hōe-kî? Chûn-tóng Kî-thaⁿ sin bûn-chiuⁿ Phû-tô-gâ Borgonha Ông-tiâu sī Afonso Henriques kā in lāu-bú León ê Teresa táⁿ-pāi liāu-āu khai-ki--ê? Tó chi̍t ūi Bí-kok thoân-kàu-sū chhut-pán liáu tē-it phō iōng Eng-gú choān-siá ê Pe̍h-ōe-jī kàu-kho-su? (siōng) Tó chi̍t ê liân-hō sī Tiong-kok Bêng-tiâu chòe-āu chi̍t ūi hông-tè Ui-chong chāi-ūi sî-kî ê liân-hō ? Tó chi̍t-ê siâⁿ-chhī sī Hô-lân Groningen Séng ê séng-hōe? Tó chi̍t ūi Eng-kok cha-bó͘ koa-chhiú tī 12 hòe ê sî-chūn chiū iâⁿ-tio̍h Open Mic UK ê pí-sài koan-kun? Tó chi̍t tiâu hô-chhoan ū choân Pak Bí-chiu siāng tōa ê chúi-hē hoān-ûi? Liân-ha̍p-kok chū 1946 nî khai-sí sú-iōng tó chi̍t ki kî-á chò-ûi tāi-hōe hōe-kî? Chûn-tóng Kî-thaⁿ sin bûn-chiuⁿ 1 goe̍h 14 ji̍t : 1761 nî : Durrani Tè-kok kap Maratha Tè-kok ùi Ìn-tō͘ hoat-seng Tē-saⁿ-chhù Panipat Chiàn-tò͘ (tô͘) . 1814 nî : Tē-la̍k Tông-bêng Chiàn-cheng : Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok , Tan-be̍h Lo̍k-ui , kap Sūi-tián téng hong chhiam Kiel Tiâu-iok . 1953 nî : Josip Broz Tito tòng-soán Yugoslavia Siā-hoē-chú-gī Liân-pang Kiōng-hô-kok thâu ê chóng-thóng. 1968 nî : Í-tāi-lī hoat-seng Belice tē-tāng . Tong-nî ê 1 goe̍h 13 ji̍t 1 goe̍h 14 ji̍t 1 goe̍h 15 ji̍t 1 goe̍h 14 ji̍t : 1761 nî : Durrani Tè-kok kap Maratha Tè-kok ùi Ìn-tō͘ hoat-seng Tē-saⁿ-chhù Panipat Chiàn-tò͘ (tô͘) . 1814 nî : Tē-la̍k Tông-bêng Chiàn-cheng : Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok , Tan-be̍h Lo̍k-ui , kap Sūi-tián téng hong chhiam Kiel Tiâu-iok . 1953 nî : Josip Broz Tito tòng-soán Yugoslavia Siā-hoē-chú-gī Liân-pang Kiōng-hô-kok thâu ê chóng-thóng. 1968 nî : Í-tāi-lī hoat-seng Belice tē-tāng . Tong-nî ê 1 goe̍h 13 ji̍t 1 goe̍h 14 ji̍t 1 goe̍h 15 ji̍t Te̍k-sek siá-chin Se̍k-sāi Wikipedia kap Holopedia Lietuva Vilnius Teng-tiāu chi bú Kàu-tn̂g--ê loē-pō͘ Hip-siòng: Diliff .mw-parser-output .nowrap,.mw-parser-output .nowrap a:before,.mw-parser-output .nowrap .selflink:before{white-space:nowrap} Commons téng ê ko-phín-chit siòng-phìⁿ Hip-siòng: Diliff Wikipedia sī 1-ê chū-iû lōe-iông ê bāng-lō· pek-kho-choân-su . I ê bo̍k-tek sī beh kiàn-li̍p 1 thò "chū-iû", bián-chîⁿ, to-gí ê pek-kho-choân-su. Wikipedia sī bāng-lō· téng siāng chē lâng sú-iōng ê 1-ê chham-khó sèng-chit ê bāng-chām; i ê chu-goân pêng-kin 1 ji̍t hông lia̍h 5-chheng-bān pái [1] . Tû-liáu thoân-thóng ê pek-kho-choân-su sû-tiâu í-gōa, iū-koh ū pau-koah tio̍h chú-iàu ê sin-bûn sū-kiāⁿ, lông-bîn-le̍k téng-téng ê lōe-iông. Wikimedia Ki-kim-hōe chit-ê bô-tì-ì-beh-thàn-chîⁿ ê tan-ūi tī āu-piah chi-oān it-poaⁿ-sèng ê koán-lí kap chhau-chok. Lōe-iông hong-bīn oân-choân khai-hòng hō· chèng-lâng ha̍p-chok hoat-tián. Lōe-iông tōa-pō·-hūn sī sè-kài chē-chē kok ê jîn-sū tàu-tīn chhiâu--chhut-lâi ê kiat-kó. Chham-ka ê lâng chū-goān bô tēng-sî khai ka-kī ê sî-kan siá-chok, chè-tô·, siu-kái, chéng-lí, thó-lūn, soan-thoân chit-ê sū-kang. Wikipedia sī 1-ê chū-iû lōe-iông ê bāng-lō· pek-kho-choân-su . I ê bo̍k-tek sī beh kiàn-li̍p 1 thò "chū-iû", bián-chîⁿ, to-gí ê pek-kho-choân-su. Wikipedia sī bāng-lō· téng siāng chē lâng sú-iōng ê 1-ê chham-khó sèng-chit ê bāng-chām; i ê chu-goân pêng-kin 1 ji̍t hông lia̍h 5-chheng-bān pái [1] . Tû-liáu thoân-thóng ê pek-kho-choân-su sû-tiâu í-gōa, iū-koh ū pau-koah tio̍h chú-iàu ê sin-bûn sū-kiāⁿ, lông-bîn-le̍k téng-téng ê lōe-iông. Wikimedia Ki-kim-hōe chit-ê bô-tì-ì-beh-thàn-chîⁿ ê tan-ūi tī āu-piah chi-oān it-poaⁿ-sèng ê koán-lí kap chhau-chok. Lōe-iông hong-bīn oân-choân khai-hòng hō· chèng-lâng ha̍p-chok hoat-tián. Lōe-iông tōa-pō·-hūn sī sè-kài chē-chē kok ê jîn-sū tàu-tīn chhiâu--chhut-lâi ê kiat-kó. Chham-ka ê lâng chū-goān bô tēng-sî khai ka-kī ê sî-kan siá-chok, chè-tô·, siu-kái, chéng-lí, thó-lūn, soan-thoân chit-ê sū-kang. Chí-mōe kang-sū Wikipedia ê chûn-chāi sī in-ūi ū Wikimedia Ki-kim-hōe , chi̍t ê teh koán-lí kok-chióng giân-gí kap bián-hùi lōe-iông hāng-bo̍k ê hui-êng-lī cho͘-chit : Commons Chū-iû ê mûi-thé chu-liāu-khò͘ Wiktionary Chū-iû ê jī-tián kap sû-tián Wikisource Chū-iû lōe-iông ê tô͘-su-koán Wikispecies Bu̍t-chéng ê bo̍k-lio̍k MediaWiki Wiki ê nńg-thé khai-hoat Meta-Wiki Wiki kang-sū ê hia̍p-tiau Wikidata Chū-iû ê tì-sek-khò͘ Wikibooks Chū-iû ê kàu-kho-su Wikinews Chū-iû lōe-iông ê sin-bûn Wikiquote Bêng-jîn ê miâ-giân Wikiversity Chū-iû ê ha̍k-si̍p châi-liāu kap oa̍h-tāng Wikivoyage Chū-iû ê lí-hêng chí-lâm Commons Chū-iû ê mûi-thé chu-liāu-khò͘ Wiktionary Chū-iû ê jī-tián kap sû-tián Wikisource Chū-iû lōe-iông ê tô͘-su-koán Wikispecies Bu̍t-chéng ê bo̍k-lio̍k MediaWiki Wiki ê nńg-thé khai-hoat Meta-Wiki Wiki kang-sū ê hia̍p-tiau Wikidata Chū-iû ê tì-sek-khò͘ Wikibooks Chū-iû ê kàu-kho-su Wikinews Chū-iû lōe-iông ê sin-bûn Wikiquote Bêng-jîn ê miâ-giân Wikiversity Chū-iû ê ha̍k-si̍p châi-liāu kap oa̍h-tāng Wikivoyage Chū-iû ê lí-hêng chí-lâm Kî-thaⁿ pán-pún Chit-ê pán-pún ê Wikipedia sī ēng Bân-lâm-gú Pe̍h-ōe-jī siá--ê, chū 2004 nî khai-sí, kàu-taⁿ í-keng ū 433,882 phiⁿ bûn-chiuⁿ. Tû-liáu Bân-lâm-hē giân-gú, Wikipedia iáu-koh ū kî-thaⁿ pán-pún--ê; ē-kha ū kúi-nā chióng pán-pún ê liân-kiat. Chhiau-kòe 1,000,000 phiⁿ bûn-chiuⁿ ê pán-pún: Deutsch English Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Chhiau-kòe 250,000 phiⁿ bûn-chiuⁿ ê pán-pún: العربية Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Català Čeština Euskara فارسی 한국어 Magyar Norsk Português Română Srpski Srpskohrvatski Suomi Türkçe Українська Chhiau-kòe 50,000 phiⁿ bûn-chiuⁿ ê pán-pún: Afrikaans Bosanski Български Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά English (simple form) Esperanto Galego עברית Hrvatski Latviešu Lietuvių Norsk nynorsk Slovenčina Slovenščina ไทย Hàn-gí-cho̍k ê kî-thaⁿ pán-pún: 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ 贛語 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 文言 吴语 粵語 Wikipedia pán-pún ê oân-chéng lia̍t-toaⁿ Chit-ê pán-pún ê Wikipedia sī ēng Bân-lâm-gú Pe̍h-ōe-jī siá--ê, chū 2004 nî khai-sí, kàu-taⁿ í-keng ū 433,882 phiⁿ bûn-chiuⁿ. Tû-liáu Bân-lâm-hē giân-gú, Wikipedia iáu-koh ū kî-thaⁿ pán-pún--ê; ē-kha ū kúi-nā chióng pán-pún ê liân-kiat. Chhiau-kòe 1,000,000 phiⁿ bûn-chiuⁿ ê pán-pún: Deutsch English Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Deutsch English Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Chhiau-kòe 250,000 phiⁿ bûn-chiuⁿ ê pán-pún: العربية Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Català Čeština Euskara فارسی 한국어 Magyar Norsk Português Română Srpski Srpskohrvatski Suomi Türkçe Українська العربية Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Català Čeština Euskara فارسی 한국어 Magyar Norsk Português Română Srpski Srpskohrvatski Suomi Türkçe Українська Chhiau-kòe 50,000 phiⁿ bûn-chiuⁿ ê pán-pún: Afrikaans Bosanski Български Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά English (simple form) Esperanto Galego עברית Hrvatski Latviešu Lietuvių Norsk nynorsk Slovenčina Slovenščina ไทย Afrikaans Bosanski Български Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά English (simple form) Esperanto Galego עברית Hrvatski Latviešu Lietuvių Norsk nynorsk Slovenčina Slovenščina ไทย Hàn-gí-cho̍k ê kî-thaⁿ pán-pún: 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ 贛語 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 文言 吴语 粵語 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ 贛語 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 文言 吴语 粵語 العربية བོད་ཡིག Català 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Dansk Deutsch ཇོང་ཁ Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Euskara Suomi Français 贛語 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî עברית हिन्दी Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 ភាសាខ្មែរ 한국어 Кыргызча Latina ລາວ Монгол Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska Sakizaya Tayal ไทย Tagalog Türkçe Seediq ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 Vahcuengh 中文 文言 粵語 Chit ia̍h siāng bóe tī 2021 nî 12 goe̍h 4 ji̍t (pài-la̍k), 02:50 ū pian-chi̍p--koè. Chiàu ē-kha--ê kui-tēng tō thong-iōng Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; kî-thaⁿ kū-thé--ê tiâu-bûn chhiáⁿ lí khoàⁿ Terms of Use . Ín-su chèng-chhek Koan-hē Wikipedia Bô-hū-chek seng-bêng 行為準則 Khai-hoat-chiá Thóng-kè Cookie seng-bêng Hêng-tōng bô͘-sek
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Ovdâsijđo Kähviviste Vorâs nubástusah Sätisijđo Iše Toimâsiijđoh Skeŋkkii Räähti tubdâlduv Čáládât siisâ Skeŋkkii Räähti tubdâlduv Čáládât siisâ Ovdâsijđo Ovdâsijđo Savâstâllâm Luuvâ Čääiti käldeekoodi Čääiti historjá Luuvâ Čääiti käldeekoodi Čääiti historjá Teehin čujotteijee siijđoh Liŋkkejum siijđoi nubástusah Vuorkkii tiätuvuárhá Pisovâš liŋkkâ Siijđo tiäđuh Lovnii taam siijđo Uánid URL-čujottâs Luođii QR-koodi Räähti kirje Luođii PDF-tiätuvuárkkán Printtimversio Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia siäđus MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Maaŋgâkielâlâš Wikiamnâstâh Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata-čuosâttâh Tiervâpuáttim anarâškielâ Wikipedian ! Tiervâpuáttim anarâškielâ Wikipedian ! Tot lii Wikipedia anarâškielâlâš versio, mii vuáđudui roovvâdmáánu 19. peeivi 2020 . Anarâškielâlii Wikipediast láá 6 509 artikkâlid. Puoh siijđoh • Kuhes siijđoh • Uđđâ siijđoh Haldâšeijeeh • Aktiivliih kevtteeh Savâstâllâm Tot lii Wikipedia anarâškielâlâš versio, mii vuáđudui roovvâdmáánu 19. peeivi 2020 . Anarâškielâlii Wikipediast láá 6 509 artikkâlid. Puoh siijđoh • Kuhes siijđoh • Uđđâ siijđoh Haldâšeijeeh • Aktiivliih kevtteeh Savâstâllâm Aanaar Čaittâleijeeh Čääci Eennâmtiätu Aanaar Čaittâleijeeh Čääci Eennâmtiätu Elleeh Kemia Kieldah Kulttuur Elleeh Kemia Kieldah Kulttuur Musikkáreh Palhâšumeh Sämmiliih Puoh kategoriah Musikkáreh Palhâšumeh Sämmiliih Puoh kategoriah Räähti uđđâ siijđo: Oho 3 artikkâl Eva Magdalena Andersson (š. uđđâivemáánu 23. peeivi 1967 Uppsala, Ruotâ ) lii ruátálâš politikkár. Sun lii Ruotâ sosialdemokraatlâš piäláduv saavâjođetteijee. Toos lasseen sun lii lamaš Ruotâ uáiviminister ive 2021 rääjist já staatâ vuossâmuš nissoonuáiviminister. Suu eeči lâi ruátálâš lehtor Göran Andersson, kii máttááttij statistiik Uppsala ollâopâttuvvâst. Suu enni lii ruátálâš amnâsmáttáátteijee Birgitta Granell Andersson. Magdalena lii sunnuu áinoo páárnáš. Roovvâdmáánu 3. peeivi 2014 Andersson nomâttui Ruotâ staatâvarijminister viirgán Löfven haldâttâsân . Sun tooimâi taan virgeest ton räi ko sun väljejui Ruotâ uáiviministerin skammâmáánust 2021. Skammâmáánust 2021 Andersson väljejui Ruotâ sosialdemokraatlâš pargeipiäláduv saavâjođetteijen. Sun lii nubbe nissoon, kii lii toimâm taan virgeest piäláduv historjá ääigi. Arkkâdâh Tiettih-uv tun, ete... ... Haenyeoh láá čepis puohčâleijeenisoneh Maadâ-Koreast ? ...puoh syemmiliih artisteh ive 2025 Euroviisuin šoddii siämmáá ive ? ... Franciscus lâi vuosmuš Eennâmpáálu máddáábeln šoddâm paavi ? ... ergikištoh algii ive 1932? ... Schabziger lii ruánáá já korrâ vuástá, mii valmâštuvvoo Glarus kantonist Sveeicist ? ... Anna Göldi lii majemuš nuáidin sujâttum nissoon Euroopist ? ... Q'eroh láá majemuuh Inkai maajeeldpuátteeh, kiäh láá siäiluttâm puigâ Inka-kulttuur já ärbivuovijd? ... Uluru lii Australia algâaalmugij pase pähti? ... Roland TB-303 lii bassosyntetisaattor, mon Roland Corporation almostitij ive 1981 já valmâštij ive 1984 räi? ... Aanaar lii Suomâ áinoo neeljikielâsâš kieldâ? ... Shanghai lii ohtâ Kiina tehálumosijn ekonomâlijn kuávdáin já ohtâ maailm stuárráámuin hamânijn? ... Stonehenge keđgikehá rähtim algâttui jo 3100 oKr., já majemuš muddo valmâštui 1500 oKr. maŋa? ... tälviuággum lii kuálástemvyehi, mast kuálástuvvoo tälviv jieŋân puhhum rääigi peht? ... Gilgameš lii maailm puárásumos eepos? ... Matti Nykänen vuoitij nelji kollemiitaal já oovtâ silbâmiitaal tälviolympialijn? ... tlingiteh láá algâaalmug Alaskast já Kanadast ? ... šiljoboŋŋam lii Suomâ stuárráámus loddetábáhtume? ... Sari Essayah lii oovdiš kištoväzzee, kote šoodâi maailmmiäštárin ive 1993 ? ... Eennâmpáálu áimukeerdist 78 % lii typpi já 21 % lii happi ? ... Aanaarjäävrist láá 3 318 suollud já Päijännest láá 2 690 suollud? ... Braunwald lii sijdâ Sveeicist , kost muáttá koskâmiärálávt 9 m jyehi täälvi? ... Aila-duo vuoittijn ive 2014 Sámi Grand Prix -kišto lávlumuási lavluin Naharij kandâ ? ... Michael Collins jaamij purâstaavdân cuáŋuimáánu 28. peeivi 2021 ? ... Aanaarjáávrán lii ive 1984 koččâm rakkeet ? ... Flavia Pennetta lii vuáittám ohtsis 49 WTA-turnaamid karrieeris ääigi? ...ores laahul láálá moonijd 18–27 peivid? ... Marie Curie lii vuáittám Nobel-palhâšume kuohtii? ... Helsigist láá 59 kaavpuguássid ? ... Suomâst láá paijeel 100 000 sorvâd ? ... Niillas Holmberg vuoitij Ive sämmilâš -palhâšume ive 2016 ? ...olesstuárusii viäpsákuáđist pyehtih leđe joba 20 000 viäpsád? ... čapis soormán jammii áárvu mield 30–60 % Euroop aalmugist? ... kapybara puáhtá teddiđ joba 79 kg? ... Hermann Hesse jaamij porgemáánu 9. peeivi 1962 85-ihásâžžân vuoiŋâšvardemân? ... täsni šadda ko kaasusovđâ čokkâšuvá jieijâs tiädduvyeimi keežild? ... káránâs lii tovle onnum paa tiettee lodden, jäämmim pyehten já pahakkâs litolâžžân? ... uárree kulovijđodâh lii suullân 2,5 keerdi vijđásub ko ulmust? ... kiemâsämikielâ lii sämikielâ, mii čaaskâi 1700-lovo já 1800-lovo ääigi? ...tááláá ääigi láá kiävtust kuttâ trigonometrisâš funktio ? Räähti uđđâ siijđo: Räähti uđđâ siijđo: Oho 3 artikkâl Oho 3 artikkâl Eva Magdalena Andersson (š. uđđâivemáánu 23. peeivi 1967 Uppsala, Ruotâ ) lii ruátálâš politikkár. Sun lii Ruotâ sosialdemokraatlâš piäláduv saavâjođetteijee. Toos lasseen sun lii lamaš Ruotâ uáiviminister ive 2021 rääjist já staatâ vuossâmuš nissoonuáiviminister. Suu eeči lâi ruátálâš lehtor Göran Andersson, kii máttááttij statistiik Uppsala ollâopâttuvvâst. Suu enni lii ruátálâš amnâsmáttáátteijee Birgitta Granell Andersson. Magdalena lii sunnuu áinoo páárnáš. Roovvâdmáánu 3. peeivi 2014 Andersson nomâttui Ruotâ staatâvarijminister viirgán Löfven haldâttâsân . Sun tooimâi taan virgeest ton räi ko sun väljejui Ruotâ uáiviministerin skammâmáánust 2021. Skammâmáánust 2021 Andersson väljejui Ruotâ sosialdemokraatlâš pargeipiäláduv saavâjođetteijen. Sun lii nubbe nissoon, kii lii toimâm taan virgeest piäláduv historjá ääigi. Arkkâdâh Eva Magdalena Andersson (š. uđđâivemáánu 23. peeivi 1967 Uppsala, Ruotâ ) lii ruátálâš politikkár. Sun lii Ruotâ sosialdemokraatlâš piäláduv saavâjođetteijee. Toos lasseen sun lii lamaš Ruotâ uáiviminister ive 2021 rääjist já staatâ vuossâmuš nissoonuáiviminister. Suu eeči lâi ruátálâš lehtor Göran Andersson, kii máttááttij statistiik Uppsala ollâopâttuvvâst. Suu enni lii ruátálâš amnâsmáttáátteijee Birgitta Granell Andersson. Magdalena lii sunnuu áinoo páárnáš. Roovvâdmáánu 3. peeivi 2014 Andersson nomâttui Ruotâ staatâvarijminister viirgán Löfven haldâttâsân . Sun tooimâi taan virgeest ton räi ko sun väljejui Ruotâ uáiviministerin skammâmáánust 2021. Skammâmáánust 2021 Andersson väljejui Ruotâ sosialdemokraatlâš pargeipiäláduv saavâjođetteijen. Sun lii nubbe nissoon, kii lii toimâm taan virgeest piäláduv historjá ääigi. Tiettih-uv tun, ete... Tiettih-uv tun, ete... ... Haenyeoh láá čepis puohčâleijeenisoneh Maadâ-Koreast ? ...puoh syemmiliih artisteh ive 2025 Euroviisuin šoddii siämmáá ive ? ... Franciscus lâi vuosmuš Eennâmpáálu máddáábeln šoddâm paavi ? ... ergikištoh algii ive 1932? ... Schabziger lii ruánáá já korrâ vuástá, mii valmâštuvvoo Glarus kantonist Sveeicist ? ... Anna Göldi lii majemuš nuáidin sujâttum nissoon Euroopist ? ... Q'eroh láá majemuuh Inkai maajeeldpuátteeh, kiäh láá siäiluttâm puigâ Inka-kulttuur já ärbivuovijd? ... Uluru lii Australia algâaalmugij pase pähti? ... Roland TB-303 lii bassosyntetisaattor, mon Roland Corporation almostitij ive 1981 já valmâštij ive 1984 räi? ... Aanaar lii Suomâ áinoo neeljikielâsâš kieldâ? ... Shanghai lii ohtâ Kiina tehálumosijn ekonomâlijn kuávdáin já ohtâ maailm stuárráámuin hamânijn? ... Stonehenge keđgikehá rähtim algâttui jo 3100 oKr., já majemuš muddo valmâštui 1500 oKr. maŋa? ... tälviuággum lii kuálástemvyehi, mast kuálástuvvoo tälviv jieŋân puhhum rääigi peht? ... Gilgameš lii maailm puárásumos eepos? ... Matti Nykänen vuoitij nelji kollemiitaal já oovtâ silbâmiitaal tälviolympialijn? ... tlingiteh láá algâaalmug Alaskast já Kanadast ? ... šiljoboŋŋam lii Suomâ stuárráámus loddetábáhtume? ... Sari Essayah lii oovdiš kištoväzzee, kote šoodâi maailmmiäštárin ive 1993 ? ... Eennâmpáálu áimukeerdist 78 % lii typpi já 21 % lii happi ? ... Aanaarjäävrist láá 3 318 suollud já Päijännest láá 2 690 suollud? ... Braunwald lii sijdâ Sveeicist , kost muáttá koskâmiärálávt 9 m jyehi täälvi? ... Aila-duo vuoittijn ive 2014 Sámi Grand Prix -kišto lávlumuási lavluin Naharij kandâ ? ... Michael Collins jaamij purâstaavdân cuáŋuimáánu 28. peeivi 2021 ? ... Aanaarjáávrán lii ive 1984 koččâm rakkeet ? ... Flavia Pennetta lii vuáittám ohtsis 49 WTA-turnaamid karrieeris ääigi? ...ores laahul láálá moonijd 18–27 peivid? ... Marie Curie lii vuáittám Nobel-palhâšume kuohtii? ... Helsigist láá 59 kaavpuguássid ? ... Suomâst láá paijeel 100 000 sorvâd ? ... Niillas Holmberg vuoitij Ive sämmilâš -palhâšume ive 2016 ? ...olesstuárusii viäpsákuáđist pyehtih leđe joba 20 000 viäpsád? ... čapis soormán jammii áárvu mield 30–60 % Euroop aalmugist? ... kapybara puáhtá teddiđ joba 79 kg? ... Hermann Hesse jaamij porgemáánu 9. peeivi 1962 85-ihásâžžân vuoiŋâšvardemân? ... täsni šadda ko kaasusovđâ čokkâšuvá jieijâs tiädduvyeimi keežild? ... káránâs lii tovle onnum paa tiettee lodden, jäämmim pyehten já pahakkâs litolâžžân? ... uárree kulovijđodâh lii suullân 2,5 keerdi vijđásub ko ulmust? ... kiemâsämikielâ lii sämikielâ, mii čaaskâi 1700-lovo já 1800-lovo ääigi? ...tááláá ääigi láá kiävtust kuttâ trigonometrisâš funktio ? ... Haenyeoh láá čepis puohčâleijeenisoneh Maadâ-Koreast ? ...puoh syemmiliih artisteh ive 2025 Euroviisuin šoddii siämmáá ive ? ... Franciscus lâi vuosmuš Eennâmpáálu máddáábeln šoddâm paavi ? ... ergikištoh algii ive 1932? ... Schabziger lii ruánáá já korrâ vuástá, mii valmâštuvvoo Glarus kantonist Sveeicist ? ... Anna Göldi lii majemuš nuáidin sujâttum nissoon Euroopist ? ... Q'eroh láá majemuuh Inkai maajeeldpuátteeh, kiäh láá siäiluttâm puigâ Inka-kulttuur já ärbivuovijd? ... Uluru lii Australia algâaalmugij pase pähti? ... Roland TB-303 lii bassosyntetisaattor, mon Roland Corporation almostitij ive 1981 já valmâštij ive 1984 räi? ... Aanaar lii Suomâ áinoo neeljikielâsâš kieldâ? ... Shanghai lii ohtâ Kiina tehálumosijn ekonomâlijn kuávdáin já ohtâ maailm stuárráámuin hamânijn? ... Stonehenge keđgikehá rähtim algâttui jo 3100 oKr., já majemuš muddo valmâštui 1500 oKr. maŋa? ... tälviuággum lii kuálástemvyehi, mast kuálástuvvoo tälviv jieŋân puhhum rääigi peht? ... Gilgameš lii maailm puárásumos eepos? ... Matti Nykänen vuoitij nelji kollemiitaal já oovtâ silbâmiitaal tälviolympialijn? ... tlingiteh láá algâaalmug Alaskast já Kanadast ? ... šiljoboŋŋam lii Suomâ stuárráámus loddetábáhtume? ... Sari Essayah lii oovdiš kištoväzzee, kote šoodâi maailmmiäštárin ive 1993 ? ... Eennâmpáálu áimukeerdist 78 % lii typpi já 21 % lii happi ? ... Aanaarjäävrist láá 3 318 suollud já Päijännest láá 2 690 suollud? ... Braunwald lii sijdâ Sveeicist , kost muáttá koskâmiärálávt 9 m jyehi täälvi? ... Aila-duo vuoittijn ive 2014 Sámi Grand Prix -kišto lávlumuási lavluin Naharij kandâ ? ... Michael Collins jaamij purâstaavdân cuáŋuimáánu 28. peeivi 2021 ? ... Aanaarjáávrán lii ive 1984 koččâm rakkeet ? ... Flavia Pennetta lii vuáittám ohtsis 49 WTA-turnaamid karrieeris ääigi? ...ores laahul láálá moonijd 18–27 peivid? ... Marie Curie lii vuáittám Nobel-palhâšume kuohtii? ... Helsigist láá 59 kaavpuguássid ? ... Suomâst láá paijeel 100 000 sorvâd ? ... Niillas Holmberg vuoitij Ive sämmilâš -palhâšume ive 2016 ? ...olesstuárusii viäpsákuáđist pyehtih leđe joba 20 000 viäpsád? ... čapis soormán jammii áárvu mield 30–60 % Euroop aalmugist? ... kapybara puáhtá teddiđ joba 79 kg? ... Hermann Hesse jaamij porgemáánu 9. peeivi 1962 85-ihásâžžân vuoiŋâšvardemân? ... täsni šadda ko kaasusovđâ čokkâšuvá jieijâs tiädduvyeimi keežild? ... káránâs lii tovle onnum paa tiettee lodden, jäämmim pyehten já pahakkâs litolâžžân? ... uárree kulovijđodâh lii suullân 2,5 keerdi vijđásub ko ulmust? ... kiemâsämikielâ lii sämikielâ, mii čaaskâi 1700-lovo já 1800-lovo ääigi? ...tááláá ääigi láá kiävtust kuttâ trigonometrisâš funktio ? Kalender: uđđâivemáánu Šoddâmeh 5. peeivi ( 1834 ) – Lars Jacobsen Hætta , puásuisämmilâš, Ráámmát jurgâleijee já tuájár (j. 1896 ) 7. peeivi ( 1856 ) – A.V. Koskimies , syemmilâš kielâtotkee, máttáátteijee, professor já kirječällee (j. 1929 ) 14. peeivi ( 1943 ) – Holland Taylor , ovtâstumstaatâlâš čaittâleijee 22. peeivi ( 1979 ) – Ailo Mikkelsen Gaup , taažâ -sämmilâš maailmmiäštárkišto vuáittám FMX -vyeijee 24. peeivi ( 1961 ) – Nikolai Abramov , vepsálâš tihtâčällee (j. 2016 ) Jämimeh 12. peeivi ( 1976 ) – Agatha Christie , eŋlandlâš kirječällee (š. 1890 ) 17. peeivi ( 1991 ) – Olav V , Taažâ kunâgâs iivij 1957 – 1991 (š. 1903 ) 19. peeivi ( 2000 ) – Hedy Lamarr , nuorttâriijkâlâš čaittâleijee já utkee (š. 1914 ) 20. peeivi ( 1993 ) – Audrey Hepburn , brittilâš-hollandlâš čaittâleijee já malli (š. 1929 ) 23. peeivi ( 1989 ) – Salvador Dalí , espanjalâš máálájeijee, koveverree já elleekovekietâčällee (š. 1904 ) Peeivi kove Luokah Luándutiettuuh , matematiik já talhâstieđâ Anatomia • Biologia • Ekologia • Fysiologia • Fyysiik • Geodesia • Geologia • Jieŋâdâhtieđâ • Kemia • Matematiik • Meteorologia • Šoŋŋâdâhtieđâ • Taavdah já puácuvuođah • Täsnitieđâ Ohtsâškoddetiettuuh , historjá já eennâmtiätu Aalmugtieđâ • Antropologia • Arkeologia • Eennâmtiätu • Ekonomia • Etologia • Filosofia • Historjá • Olmoošeennâmtiätu • Politiik • Psykologia • Semiotiik • Sosiologia Ekonomia já tekniik Arkkitehtuur • Eennâmtuálu • Finnoduvah • Huksim • Internet • Jotolâh • Pargo • Pirâstekniik • Ruttâ • Šleđgâtekniik • Teknisâš fyysiik • Tiätutekniik Taaiđâ Arkkitehtuur • Elleekoveh • Kirjálâšvuotâ • Kovetaaiđâ • Koveveerrâmtaaiđâ • Maalâkovetaaiđâ • Muusik • Taaiđâtyejeh • Tanssâ • Televisio Ohtsâškodde Ekonomia • Haldâttâh • Huksim • Jotolâh • Juhleh • Kulttuur • Kuávluhaldâttâh • Ohtsâškoddetiettuuh • Ollâopâttâh • Ornijdumeh • Oskoldâh • Palhâšumeh • Pargo • Piirâs • Politiik • Riehtitieđâ • Soottâm • Škovlim • Tiervâsvuotâ • Torvolâšvuotâ • Viestâdem • Vuoigâdvuođâtieđâ • Vádulâšvuotâ Anarâšah Aanaar • Aanaarjävri • Anarâškielâ • Laapi eennâmkodde • Sämikulttuur • Sämmiliih Kalender: uđđâivemáánu Kalender: uđđâivemáánu Šoddâmeh 5. peeivi ( 1834 ) – Lars Jacobsen Hætta , puásuisämmilâš, Ráámmát jurgâleijee já tuájár (j. 1896 ) 7. peeivi ( 1856 ) – A.V. Koskimies , syemmilâš kielâtotkee, máttáátteijee, professor já kirječällee (j. 1929 ) 14. peeivi ( 1943 ) – Holland Taylor , ovtâstumstaatâlâš čaittâleijee 22. peeivi ( 1979 ) – Ailo Mikkelsen Gaup , taažâ -sämmilâš maailmmiäštárkišto vuáittám FMX -vyeijee 24. peeivi ( 1961 ) – Nikolai Abramov , vepsálâš tihtâčällee (j. 2016 ) Jämimeh 12. peeivi ( 1976 ) – Agatha Christie , eŋlandlâš kirječällee (š. 1890 ) 17. peeivi ( 1991 ) – Olav V , Taažâ kunâgâs iivij 1957 – 1991 (š. 1903 ) 19. peeivi ( 2000 ) – Hedy Lamarr , nuorttâriijkâlâš čaittâleijee já utkee (š. 1914 ) 20. peeivi ( 1993 ) – Audrey Hepburn , brittilâš-hollandlâš čaittâleijee já malli (š. 1929 ) 23. peeivi ( 1989 ) – Salvador Dalí , espanjalâš máálájeijee, koveverree já elleekovekietâčällee (š. 1904 ) Šoddâmeh 5. peeivi ( 1834 ) – Lars Jacobsen Hætta , puásuisämmilâš, Ráámmát jurgâleijee já tuájár (j. 1896 ) 7. peeivi ( 1856 ) – A.V. Koskimies , syemmilâš kielâtotkee, máttáátteijee, professor já kirječällee (j. 1929 ) 14. peeivi ( 1943 ) – Holland Taylor , ovtâstumstaatâlâš čaittâleijee 22. peeivi ( 1979 ) – Ailo Mikkelsen Gaup , taažâ -sämmilâš maailmmiäštárkišto vuáittám FMX -vyeijee 24. peeivi ( 1961 ) – Nikolai Abramov , vepsálâš tihtâčällee (j. 2016 ) Jämimeh 12. peeivi ( 1976 ) – Agatha Christie , eŋlandlâš kirječällee (š. 1890 ) 17. peeivi ( 1991 ) – Olav V , Taažâ kunâgâs iivij 1957 – 1991 (š. 1903 ) 19. peeivi ( 2000 ) – Hedy Lamarr , nuorttâriijkâlâš čaittâleijee já utkee (š. 1914 ) 20. peeivi ( 1993 ) – Audrey Hepburn , brittilâš-hollandlâš čaittâleijee já malli (š. 1929 ) 23. peeivi ( 1989 ) – Salvador Dalí , espanjalâš máálájeijee, koveverree já elleekovekietâčällee (š. 1904 ) Peeivi kove Peeivi kove Luokah Luokah Luándutiettuuh , matematiik já talhâstieđâ Anatomia • Biologia • Ekologia • Fysiologia • Fyysiik • Geodesia • Geologia • Jieŋâdâhtieđâ • Kemia • Matematiik • Meteorologia • Šoŋŋâdâhtieđâ • Taavdah já puácuvuođah • Täsnitieđâ Ohtsâškoddetiettuuh , historjá já eennâmtiätu Aalmugtieđâ • Antropologia • Arkeologia • Eennâmtiätu • Ekonomia • Etologia • Filosofia • Historjá • Olmoošeennâmtiätu • Politiik • Psykologia • Semiotiik • Sosiologia Ekonomia já tekniik Arkkitehtuur • Eennâmtuálu • Finnoduvah • Huksim • Internet • Jotolâh • Pargo • Pirâstekniik • Ruttâ • Šleđgâtekniik • Teknisâš fyysiik • Tiätutekniik Taaiđâ Arkkitehtuur • Elleekoveh • Kirjálâšvuotâ • Kovetaaiđâ • Koveveerrâmtaaiđâ • Maalâkovetaaiđâ • Muusik • Taaiđâtyejeh • Tanssâ • Televisio Ohtsâškodde Ekonomia • Haldâttâh • Huksim • Jotolâh • Juhleh • Kulttuur • Kuávluhaldâttâh • Ohtsâškoddetiettuuh • Ollâopâttâh • Ornijdumeh • Oskoldâh • Palhâšumeh • Pargo • Piirâs • Politiik • Riehtitieđâ • Soottâm • Škovlim • Tiervâsvuotâ • Torvolâšvuotâ • Viestâdem • Vuoigâdvuođâtieđâ • Vádulâšvuotâ Anarâšah Aanaar • Aanaarjävri • Anarâškielâ • Laapi eennâmkodde • Sämikulttuur • Sämmiliih Luándutiettuuh , matematiik já talhâstieđâ Anatomia • Biologia • Ekologia • Fysiologia • Fyysiik • Geodesia • Geologia • Jieŋâdâhtieđâ • Kemia • Matematiik • Meteorologia • Šoŋŋâdâhtieđâ • Taavdah já puácuvuođah • Täsnitieđâ Ohtsâškoddetiettuuh , historjá já eennâmtiätu Aalmugtieđâ • Antropologia • Arkeologia • Eennâmtiätu • Ekonomia • Etologia • Filosofia • Historjá • Olmoošeennâmtiätu • Politiik • Psykologia • Semiotiik • Sosiologia Ekonomia já tekniik Arkkitehtuur • Eennâmtuálu • Finnoduvah • Huksim • Internet • Jotolâh • Pargo • Pirâstekniik • Ruttâ • Šleđgâtekniik • Teknisâš fyysiik • Tiätutekniik Taaiđâ Arkkitehtuur • Elleekoveh • Kirjálâšvuotâ • Kovetaaiđâ • Koveveerrâmtaaiđâ • Maalâkovetaaiđâ • Muusik • Taaiđâtyejeh • Tanssâ • Televisio Ohtsâškodde Ekonomia • Haldâttâh • Huksim • Jotolâh • Juhleh • Kulttuur • Kuávluhaldâttâh • Ohtsâškoddetiettuuh • Ollâopâttâh • Ornijdumeh • Oskoldâh • Palhâšumeh • Pargo • Piirâs • Politiik • Riehtitieđâ • Soottâm • Škovlim • Tiervâsvuotâ • Torvolâšvuotâ • Viestâdem • Vuoigâdvuođâtieđâ • Vádulâšvuotâ Anarâšah Aanaar • Aanaarjävri • Anarâškielâ • Laapi eennâmkodde • Sämikulttuur • Sämmiliih Uuraallij kielâi Wikipediah Paijeel 500 000 artikkâlid: Suomi (suomâkielâ) • Magyar (uŋgarkielâ) Paijeel 100 000 artikkâlid: Eesti (eestikielâ) Paijeel 10 000 artikkâlid: Олык Марий (nijttomarikielâ) • Кырык Мары (värimarikielâ) Paijeel 5 000 artikkâlid: Davvisámegiella (orjâlâškielâ) • Эрзянь (ersäkielâ) • Мокшань (mokšakielâ) • Vepsän (vepsákielâ) • Võro (võrokielâ) • Anarâškielâ • Удмурт (udmurtkielâ) • Коми (komikielâ) Paijeel 3 000 artikkâlid: Livvinkarjalan (kärjilkielâ) • Перем Коми (komipermjakkielâ) Láláttuvâst: Varšinaiskarjalan (eidusâš kärjilkielâ) • Līvõ (liivikielâ) • Ižoran (inkeroiskielâ) • Åarjelsaemien (maadâsämikielâ) • Bidumsámegiella (pittáámsämikielâ) • Ubmejesámiengiälla (umesämikielâ) • Juvlesábme (juulevsämikielâ) • Кӣллт Cāмь (kieldâsämikielâ) • Sääʹmǩiõll (nuorttâlâškielâ) • Kvääni (kveenikielâ) • Meänkieli (meänkielâ) • Маньси/Моаньсь (mansikielâ) • Хӑнты (hantikielâ) • Ненэця’ (neeneeckielâ) • Чумыль ӄумыт/Шӧльӄумыт (selkupkielâ) • Онай базаан (eeneeckielâ) Uuraallij kielâi Wikipediah Uuraallij kielâi Wikipediah Paijeel 500 000 artikkâlid: Suomi (suomâkielâ) • Magyar (uŋgarkielâ) Paijeel 100 000 artikkâlid: Eesti (eestikielâ) Paijeel 10 000 artikkâlid: Олык Марий (nijttomarikielâ) • Кырык Мары (värimarikielâ) Paijeel 5 000 artikkâlid: Davvisámegiella (orjâlâškielâ) • Эрзянь (ersäkielâ) • Мокшань (mokšakielâ) • Vepsän (vepsákielâ) • Võro (võrokielâ) • Anarâškielâ • Удмурт (udmurtkielâ) • Коми (komikielâ) Paijeel 3 000 artikkâlid: Livvinkarjalan (kärjilkielâ) • Перем Коми (komipermjakkielâ) Láláttuvâst: Varšinaiskarjalan (eidusâš kärjilkielâ) • Līvõ (liivikielâ) • Ižoran (inkeroiskielâ) • Åarjelsaemien (maadâsämikielâ) • Bidumsámegiella (pittáámsämikielâ) • Ubmejesámiengiälla (umesämikielâ) • Juvlesábme (juulevsämikielâ) • Кӣллт Cāмь (kieldâsämikielâ) • Sääʹmǩiõll (nuorttâlâškielâ) • Kvääni (kveenikielâ) • Meänkieli (meänkielâ) • Маньси/Моаньсь (mansikielâ) • Хӑнты (hantikielâ) • Ненэця’ (neeneeckielâ) • Чумыль ӄумыт/Шӧльӄумыт (selkupkielâ) • Онай базаан (eeneeckielâ) Paijeel 500 000 artikkâlid: Suomi (suomâkielâ) • Magyar (uŋgarkielâ) Paijeel 100 000 artikkâlid: Eesti (eestikielâ) Paijeel 10 000 artikkâlid: Олык Марий (nijttomarikielâ) • Кырык Мары (värimarikielâ) Paijeel 5 000 artikkâlid: Davvisámegiella (orjâlâškielâ) • Эрзянь (ersäkielâ) • Мокшань (mokšakielâ) • Vepsän (vepsákielâ) • Võro (võrokielâ) • Anarâškielâ • Удмурт (udmurtkielâ) • Коми (komikielâ) Paijeel 3 000 artikkâlid: Livvinkarjalan (kärjilkielâ) • Перем Коми (komipermjakkielâ) Láláttuvâst: Varšinaiskarjalan (eidusâš kärjilkielâ) • Līvõ (liivikielâ) • Ižoran (inkeroiskielâ) • Åarjelsaemien (maadâsämikielâ) • Bidumsámegiella (pittáámsämikielâ) • Ubmejesámiengiälla (umesämikielâ) • Juvlesábme (juulevsämikielâ) • Кӣллт Cāмь (kieldâsämikielâ) • Sääʹmǩiõll (nuorttâlâškielâ) • Kvääni (kveenikielâ) • Meänkieli (meänkielâ) • Маньси/Моаньсь (mansikielâ) • Хӑнты (hantikielâ) • Ненэця’ (neeneeckielâ) • Чумыль ӄумыт/Шӧльӄумыт (selkupkielâ) • Онай базаан (eeneeckielâ) Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Gĩkũyũ Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kʋsaal Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi ရခိုင် Rumantsch Romani čhib Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Руски Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ ትግሬ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Sijđo lii majemustáá nubástittum 14. juovlâmáánu 2025 tijme 11.07. Tekstâ lii finnimnáál Creative Commons Nommâ-JyeviSiämmáánáál -lisensáin. Laseiävtuh pyehtih leđe. Keejâ kevttimiävtuid . Tiätusyejikeevâtlâšvuotâ Lasetiäđuh Wikipediast Ovdâsvástádâsrijjâvuotâ Lattimnjuolgâdusah Ovdedeijeeh Statistiik Tiäđuh niästádâsâin Moobiiluáinus
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History 2 Projects and initiatives Toggle Projects and initiatives subsection 2.1 Content projects 2.2 Wikimedia Enterprise 2.3 Affiliates 2.4 Wikimania 2.1 Content projects 2.2 Wikimedia Enterprise 2.3 Affiliates 2.4 Wikimania 3 Technology Toggle Technology subsection 3.1 Hardware 3.2 Software 3.1 Hardware 3.2 Software 4 Corporate identity 5 Finances Toggle Finances subsection 5.1 Wikimedia Endowment 5.2 Financial development 5.3 Expenses (2004–2020) 5.4 Grants 5.1 Wikimedia Endowment 5.2 Financial development 5.3 Expenses (2004–2020) 5.4 Grants 6 Board of trustees 7 Staff Toggle Staff subsection 7.1 History 7.2 Present department structure 7.1 History 7.2 Present department structure 8 Disputes Toggle Disputes subsection 8.1 Spending and fundraising practices 8.2 Knowledge Engine project 8.1 Spending and fundraising practices 8.2 Knowledge Engine project 9 References 10 External links Toggle External links subsection 10.1 Organization 10.2 Financials 10.3 Charity status 10.4 Community 10.1 Organization 10.2 Financials 10.3 Charity status 10.4 Community Wikimedia Foundation Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chi-Chewa Cymraeg Dagbanli Dansk الدارجة Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Fulfulde Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى ဘာသာမန် مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Patois Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Scots Setswana Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ತುಳು Türkçe Tyap Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 Winaray 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Betawi Kumoring ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Meta-Wiki Wikispecies Wikinews Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikidata item Abbreviation WMF Founded June 20, 2003 ; 22 years ago ( 2003-06-20 ) , St. Petersburg, Florida , U.S. Founder Jimmy Wales Type 501(c)(3) , charitable organization Tax ID no. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} EIN 200049703 Focus Free, open-content , multilingual , wiki -based Internet projects Location .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} One Sansome Street San Francisco , California, U.S. One Sansome Street San Francisco , California, U.S. Area served Worldwide (banned in some territories) Products Wikipedia , MediaWiki , Wikibooks , Wikidata , Wikifunctions , Wikimedia Commons , Wikinews , Wikiquote , Wikisource , Wikispecies , Wikiversity , Wikivoyage , Wiktionary Membership Board-only CEO Maryana Iskander Revenue $185.4 million (2024) $180.2 million (2023) $167.9 million (2022) $185.4 million (2024) $180.2 million (2023) $167.9 million (2022) Expenses $178.6 million (2024) $168.3 million (2023) $145.8 million (2022) $178.6 million (2024) $168.3 million (2023) $145.8 million (2022) Endowment > $100 million (2021) Employees 650 (2025) [ 1 ] Volunteers 277,000 (2024) Website wikimediafoundation .org foundation .wikimedia .org (Governance) wikimediafoundation .org foundation .wikimedia .org (Governance) ASNs 14907 , 11820 [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. ( WMF ) is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization headquartered in San Francisco , California, and registered there as a charitable foundation . [ 7 ] The Foundation is most known for being the host of Wikipedia , one of the most visited websites in the world. It also hosts fourteen related open collaboration projects, and supports the development of MediaWiki , the wiki software which underpins them all. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The foundation was established in 2003 in St. Petersburg , Florida by Jimmy Wales , as a non-profit way to fund Wikipedia and other wiki projects [ 2 ] which had previously been hosted by Bomis , Wales' for-profit company. [ 2 ] The Wikimedia Foundation provides the technical and organizational infrastructure to enable members of the public to develop wiki-based content in languages across the world. [ 11 ] The foundation does not write or curate any of the content on the projects themselves. [ 12 ] Instead, this is done by volunteer editors, such as the Wikipedians . However, it does collaborate with a network of individual volunteers and affiliated organizations, such as Wikimedia chapters, thematic organizations, user groups and other partners. The foundation finances itself mainly through millions of small donations from readers and editors, collected through email campaigns and annual fundraising banners placed on Wikipedia and its sister projects. [ 13 ] These are complemented by grants from philanthropic organizations and tech companies, and starting in 2022, by services income from Wikimedia Enterprise . As of 2023, it has employed over 700 staff and contractors, with net assets of $255 million and an endowment which has surpassed $100 million. History Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger founded Wikipedia in 2001 as a feeder project to supplement Nupedia . The project was originally funded by Bomis , Wales's for-profit business, and edited by a rapidly growing community of volunteer editors. The early community discussed a variety of ways to support the ongoing costs of upkeep, and was broadly opposed to running ads on the site, [ 14 ] so the idea of setting up a charitable foundation gained prominence. [ 15 ] That addressed an open question of what entity should hold onto trademarks for the project. The Wikimedia Foundation was incorporated in St. Petersburg, Florida , on June 20, 2003. [ 2 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] A small fundraising campaign to keep the servers running was run in October 2003. [ 18 ] In 2005, the foundation was granted section 501(c)(3) status by the U.S. Internal Revenue Code as a public charity, making donations to the foundation tax-deductible for U.S. federal income tax purposes. [ 19 ] Its National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities (NTEE) code is B60 ( Adult , Continuing education ). [ 20 ] [ 21 ] The foundation filed an application to trademark the name Wikipedia in the US to the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences on September 14, 2004. The mark was granted registration status on January 10, 2006. Trademark protection was accorded also by Japan on December 16, 2004, and by the European Union on January 20, 2005. Subsets of Wikipedia were already being distributed in book and DVD form, and there were discussions about licensing the logo and wordmark. [ 22 ] On December 11, 2006, the foundation's board noted that it could not become a membership organization , as initially planned but not implemented, due to an inability to meet the registration requirements of Florida statutory law. The bylaws were accordingly amended to remove all references to membership rights and activities. [ 23 ] In 2007, the foundation decided to move its headquarters from Florida to the San Francisco Bay Area . Considerations cited for choosing San Francisco were proximity to like-minded organizations and potential partners, a better talent pool, as well as cheaper and more convenient international travel. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] The move was completed by January 31, 2008, into a headquarters on Stillman Street in San Francisco. [ 27 ] It later moved to New Montgomery Street, and then in 2017 to One Montgomery Tower . [ 28 ] On October 25, 2021, the foundation launched Wikimedia Enterprise , a commercial Wikimedia content delivery service aimed at groups that want to use high-volume APIs, starting with Big Tech enterprises. [ 9 ] [ 29 ] In June 2022, Google and the Internet Archive were announced as the service's first customers, though only Google will pay for the service. [ 30 ] The same announcement noted a shifting focus towards smaller companies with similar data needs, supporting the service through "a lot paying a little". Projects and initiatives Content projects The foundation operates 12 wiki-based content projects that are written and governed by volunteer editors. They include, by launch date: Wikipedia – online encyclopedia Wiktionary – online dictionary and thesaurus Wikibooks – a collection of books , mostly textbooks Wikiquote – a collection of quotations Wikivoyage – travel guide Wikisource – digital library Wikimedia Commons – repository of images, sounds, videos, and general media Wikispecies – taxonomic catalog of species Wikinews – online newspaper Wikiversity – a collection of tutorials and courses, also a hosting point to coordinate research Wikidata – knowledge base Wikifunctions – a catalog of computer functions The foundation also operates wikis and services that provide infrastructure or coordination of the content projects. These include: Meta-Wiki – a central wiki for coordinating all projects and the Wikimedia community Wikimedia Incubator – a wiki for drafting the core pages of new language editions in development MediaWiki.org – a wiki for coordinating work on the MediaWiki software Wikitech – a wiki for hosting technical documentation for Wikimedia infrastructure and other projects Wikimedia Cloud Services — hosting provider for tools Wikimedia Phabricator – a global ticketing system for tracking issues and feature requests powered by Phorge, a fork of the open-source development collaboration tool Phabricator Wikimedia Enterprise Wikimedia Enterprise is a commercial product by the Wikimedia Foundation to provide, in a more easily consumable way, the data of the Wikimedia projects, including Wikipedia . [ 31 ] It allows customers to retrieve data at large scale and high availability through different formats like Web APIs , data snapshots or streams . It was announced in March 2021, [ 9 ] [ 32 ] and launched on October 26, 2021. [ 30 ] [ 33 ] Google and the Internet Archive were its first customers, although Internet Archive is not paying for the product. [ 30 ] A New York Times Magazine article was reporting that Wikimedia Enterprise made $3.1 million in total revenue in 2022. [ 31 ] Affiliates Wikimedia affiliates are independent and formally recognized groups of people working together to support and contribute to the Wikimedia movement. The Wikimedia Foundation officially recognizes three types of affiliates: chapters, thematic organizations, and user groups. Affiliates organize and engage in activities to support and contribute to the Wikimedia movement, such as regional conferences, outreach, edit-a-thons , hackathons , public relations , public policy advocacy, GLAM engagement, and Wikimania . [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] While many of these things are also done by individual contributors or less formal groups, they are not referred to as affiliates. Wikimedia chapters and thematic organizations are incorporated non-profit organizations. They are recognized by the foundation as affiliates officially when its board does so. The board's decisions are based on recommendations of an Affiliations Committee (AffCom), composed of Wikimedia community members, which reports regularly to the board. The Affiliations Committee directly approves the recognition of unincorporated user groups. Affiliates are formally recognized by the Wikimedia Foundation, but are independent of it, with no legal control of or responsibility for Wikimedia projects and their content. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] The foundation began recognizing chapters in 2004. [ 38 ] In 2012, the foundation approved, finalized and adopted the thematic organization and user group recognition models. An additional model for movement partners, was also approved, but as of May 19, 2022 [update] has not yet been finalized or adopted. [ 36 ] [ 39 ] Wikimania Wikimania is an annual global conference for Wikimedians and Wikipedians, started in 2005. The first Wikimania was held in Frankfurt , Germany, in 2005. Wikimania is organized by a committee supported usually by the local national chapter, with support from local institutions (such as a library or university) and usually from the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikimania has been held in cities such as Buenos Aires , [ 40 ] Cambridge , [ 41 ] Haifa , [ 42 ] Hong Kong , [ 43 ] Taipei , London , [ 44 ] Mexico City , [ 45 ] Esino Lario , Italy , [ 46 ] Montreal , Canada, Cape Town , Stockholm , and Nairobi . [ 47 ] The 2020 conference scheduled to take place in Bangkok was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic , along with those of 2021 and 2022, which were held online as a series of virtual, interactive presentations. The in-person conference returned in 2023 when it was held in Singapore, at which UNESCO joined as a partner organization. [ 48 ] In 2024, Wikimania was held in Katowice , Poland. Technology The Wikimedia Foundation maintains the hardware that runs its projects in its own servers. It also maintains the MediaWiki platform and many other software libraries that run its projects. [ 49 ] Hardware Wikipedia employed a single server until 2004, when the server setup was expanded into a distributed multitier architecture . [ 50 ] Server downtime in 2003 led to the first fundraising drive. By December 2009, Wikimedia ran on co-located servers, with 300 servers in Florida and 44 in Amsterdam . [ 51 ] In 2008, it also switched from multiple different Linux operating system vendors to Ubuntu Linux . [ 52 ] [ 53 ] In 2019, it switched to Debian . [ 54 ] By January 2013, Wikimedia transitioned to newer infrastructure in an Equinix facility in Ashburn , Virginia, citing reasons of "more reliable connectivity" and "fewer hurricanes ". [ 55 ] [ 56 ] In years prior, the hurricane seasons had been a cause of distress. [ 57 ] In October 2013, Wikimedia Foundation started looking for a second facility that would be used side by side with the main facility in Ashburn, citing reasons of redundancy (e.g. emergency fallback ) and to prepare for simultaneous multi-datacenter service. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] This followed a year in which a fiber cut caused the Wikimedia projects to be unavailable for one hour in August 2012. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] The result of this was another datacenter being added in 2014 at a CyrusOne facility in Carrollton, Texas , to further improve reliability. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Both datacenters work as the primary one in alternate semesters, with the other one working as secondary datacenter. [ 64 ] Apart from the second facility for redundancy coming online in 2014, [ 65 ] [ 66 ] the number of servers needed to run the infrastructure in a single facility has been mostly stable since 2009. As of November 2015, the main facility in Ashburn hosts 520 servers in total which includes servers for newer services besides Wikimedia project wikis , such as cloud services (Toolforge) [ 67 ] [ 68 ] and various services for metrics, monitoring, and other system administration. [ 69 ] In 2017, Wikimedia Foundation deployed a caching cluster in an Equinix facility in Singapore , the first of its kind in Asia. [ 70 ] In 2024, a caching data center was opened in São Paulo , the first of its kind in South America. [ 71 ] Software The operation of Wikimedia depends on MediaWiki , a custom-made, free and open-source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MariaDB database since 2013; [ 72 ] previously the MySQL database was used. [ 73 ] The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language , variables , a transclusion system for templates , and URL redirection . MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License and it is used by all Wikimedia projects. Originally, Wikipedia ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the double bracket style was incorporated later. Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by Magnus Manske . The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker . Some MediaWiki extensions are installed to extend the functionality of MediaWiki software. In April 2005, an Apache Lucene extension [ 74 ] [ 75 ] was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Wikipedia switched from MySQL to Lucene and later switched to CirrusSearch which is based on Elasticsearch for searching. [ 76 ] The Wikimedia Foundation also uses CiviCRM [ 77 ] and WordPress . [ 78 ] The foundation published official Wikipedia mobile apps for Android and iOS devices and in March 2015, the apps were updated to include mobile user-friendly features. [ 79 ] Corporate identity The Wikimedia Foundation was founded in 2003 by Jimmy Wales so that there would be an independent charitable entity responsible for company domains and trademarks, and so that Wikipedia and its sister projects could be funded through non-profit means in the future. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] The name "Wikimedia", a compound of wiki and media , was coined by American author Sheldon Rampton in a post to the English Wikipedia mailing list in March 2003, [ 82 ] three months after Wiktionary became the second wiki-based project hosted on the original server. The foundation's mission is collection and distribution of educational knowledge under free licenses or public domain and promised to keep these projects free of charge. [ 11 ] All intellectual property rights and domain names about Wikipedia were moved to the foundation after its inception, [ 83 ] and it currently owns the domain names and maintains most of the Wikimedia movement 's websites. [ 84 ] WMF is now the registrant of the domain wikipedia.org , owner of the trademark and operator of the wiki platform. It runs projects like Wikibooks , Wikidata , Wiktionary and Wikimedia Commons ; it raises money, distributes grants, controls the servers, develops and deploys software, and does outreach to support Wikimedia projects, including the English Wikipedia . It also engages in political advocacy regarding copyright, press freedom and legal protection of websites from liability related to user content. [ 85 ] Finances The Wikimedia Foundation mainly finances itself through donations from the public, collected through email campaigns and annual fundraising banners placed on Wikipedia, as well as grants from various tech companies and philanthropic organizations. [ 13 ] [ 87 ] Campaigns for the Wikimedia Endowment have included emails asking donors to leave Wikimedia money in their will. [ 88 ] As a 501(c)(3) charity, the foundation is exempt from federal and state income tax. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] It is not a private foundation, and contributions to it qualify as tax-deductible charitable contributions. [ 87 ] In 2007, 2008 and 2009, Charity Navigator gave Wikimedia an overall rating of four out of four possible stars, [ 91 ] increased from three to four stars in 2010. [ 92 ] As of January 2020 [update] , the rating was still four stars (overall score 98.14 out of 100), based on data from FY2018. [ 93 ] The foundation also increases its revenue through federal grants , sponsorship, services and brand merchandising. The Wikimedia OAI-PMH update feed service, targeted primarily at search engines and similar bulk analysis and republishing, was a source of revenue for a number of years. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] DBpedia was given access to this feed free of charge. [ 96 ] An expanded version of data feeds and content services was launched in 2021 as Wikimedia Enterprise, an LLC subsidiary of the foundation. [ 97 ] In July 2014, the foundation announced it would accept Bitcoin donations. [ 98 ] In 2021, cryptocurrencies accounted for just 0.08% of all donations [ 99 ] [ 100 ] and on May 1, 2022, the foundation stopped accepting cryptocurrency donations, following a Wikimedia community vote. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] The foundation's net assets grew from an initial $57,000 at the end of its first fiscal year, ending June 30, 2004, [ 102 ] to $53.5 million in mid-2014 [ 103 ] [ 104 ] and $231 million (plus a $100 million endowment) by the end of June 2021; that year, the foundation also announced plans to launch Wikimedia Enterprise, to let large organizations pay by volume for high-volume access to otherwise rate-limited APIs. [ 105 ] In 2020, the foundation donated $4.5 million to Tides Advocacy to create a "Knowledge Equity Fund", to provide grants to organizations whose work would not otherwise be covered by Wikimedia grants but addresses racial inequities in accessing and contributing to free knowledge resources. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] Wikimedia Endowment In January 2016, the foundation announced the creation of an endowment to safeguard its future. [ 108 ] The Wikimedia Endowment was established as a donor-advised fund at the Tides Foundation , with a stated goal to raise $100 million in the next 10 years. [ 109 ] Craig Newmark was one of the initial donors, giving $1 million. [ 110 ] Peter Baldwin and Lisbet Rausing , of Arcadia Fund , donated $5 million in 2017. [ 111 ] In 2018, major donations to the endowment were received from Amazon and Facebook ($1 million each) and George Soros ($2 million). [ 112 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] In 2019, donations included $2 million from Google, [ 115 ] $3.5 million more from Baldwin and Rausing, [ 111 ] $2.5 million more from Newmark, [ 116 ] and another $1 million from Amazon in October 2019 and again in September 2020. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] As of 2023, [update] the advisory board consists of Jimmy Wales , Peter Baldwin , former Wikimedia Foundation Trustees Patricio Lorente and Phoebe Ayers , former Wikimedia Foundation Board Visitor Doron Weber of the Sloan Foundation , investor Annette Campbell-White , venture capitalist Michael Kim, portfolio manager Alexander M. Farman-Farmaian, and strategist Lisa Lewin. [ 111 ] The foundation itself has provided annual grants of $5 million to its Endowment since 2016. [ 119 ] These amounts have been recorded as part of the foundation's "awards and grants" expenses. [ 120 ] The Endowment pays the foundation for expenses the foundation incurs on behalf of the Endowment, mostly salaries of staff; in 2022–2023, this payment was 1.8 million. [ 121 ] In September 2021, the foundation announced that the Wikimedia Endowment had reached its initial $100 million fundraising goal in June 2021, five years ahead of its initial target. [ 5 ] In January 2024, the endowment was reported to have a value of $140 million. [ 122 ] Financial development The foundation summarizes its assets in the "Statements of Activities" in its audited reports. These do not include funds in the Wikimedia Endowment, however expenses from the 2015–16 financial year onward include payments to the Wikimedia Endowment. [ 123 ] Year Source Revenue Expenses Asset rise Net assets at end of year 2023/2024 PDF $185,383,511 $178,471,109 $16,584,053 $271,555,390 2022/2023 PDF $180,174,103 $169,095,381 $15,619,804 $254,971,336 2021/2022 PDF $154,686,521 $145,970,915 $8,173,996 $239,351,532 2020/2021 PDF $162,886,686 $111,839,819 $50,861,811 $231,177,536 2019/2020 PDF $129,234,327 $112,489,397 $14,674,300 $180,315,725 2018/2019 PDF $120,067,266 $91,414,010 $30,691,855 $165,641,425 2017/2018 PDF $104,505,783 $81,442,265 $21,619,373 $134,949,570 2016/2017 PDF $91,242,418 $69,136,758 $21,547,402 $113,330,197 2015/2016 PDF $81,862,724 $65,947,465 $13,962,497 $91,782,795 2014/2015 PDF $75,797,223 $52,596,782 $24,345,277 $77,820,298 2013/2014 PDF $52,465,287 $45,900,745 $8,285,897 $53,475,021 2012/2013 PDF $48,635,408 $35,704,796 $10,260,066 $45,189,124 2011/2012 PDF $38,479,665 $29,260,652 $10,736,914 $34,929,058 2010/2011 PDF $24,785,092 $17,889,794 $9,649,413 $24,192,144 2009/2010 PDF $17,979,312 $10,266,793 $6,310,964 $14,542,731 2008/2009 PDF $8,658,006 $5,617,236 $3,053,599 $8,231,767 2007/2008 PDF $5,032,981 $3,540,724 $3,519,886 $5,178,168 2006/2007 PDF $2,734,909 $2,077,843 $654,066 $1,658,282 2005/2006 PDF $1,508,039 $791,907 $736,132 $1,004,216 2004/2005 PDF $379,088 $177,670 $211,418 $268,084 2003/2004 PDF $80,129 $23,463 $56,666 $56,666 Expenses (2004–2020) A plurality of Wikimedia Foundation expenses are salaries and wages, followed by community and affiliate grants, contributions to the endowment, and other professional operating expenses and services. [ 124 ] [ 86 ] Wikimedia Foundation's expenses evolution by type in USD Wikimedia Foundation's expenses as a percentage of the whole Grants The Wikimedia Foundation has received a steady stream of grants from other foundations throughout its history. In 2008, the foundation received a $40,000 grant from the Open Society Institute to create a printable version of Wikipedia. [ 125 ] It also received a $262,000 grant from the Stanton Foundation to purchase hardware , [ 126 ] a $500,000 unrestricted grant from Vinod and Neeru Khosla , [ 127 ] who later that year joined the foundation advisory board, [ 128 ] and $177,376 from the historians Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin ( Arcadia Fund ), among others. [ 126 ] In March 2008, the foundation announced what was then its largest donation yet: a three-year, $3 million grant from the Sloan Foundation . [ 129 ] In 2009, the foundation received four grants. The first was a $890,000 Stanton Foundation grant to help study and simplify the user interface for first-time authors of Wikipedia. [ 130 ] The second was a $300,000 Ford Foundation grant in July 2009 for Wikimedia Commons , to improve the interface for uploading multimedia files. [ 131 ] In August 2009, the foundation received a $500,000 grant from The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation . [ 132 ] Also in August 2009, the Omidyar Network committed up to $2 million over two years to Wikimedia. [ 133 ] In 2010, Google donated $2 million [ 134 ] and the Stanton Foundation granted $1.2 million to fund the Public Policy Initiative, a pilot program for what later became the Wikipedia Education Program (and the spin-off Wiki Education Foundation ). [ 135 ] [ 136 ] [ 137 ] In March 2011, the Sloan Foundation authorized another $3 million grant, to be funded over three years, with the first $1 million to come in July 2011 and the remaining $2 million to be funded in August 2012 and 2013. As a donor, Doron Weber from the Sloan Foundation gained Board Visitor status at the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. [ 138 ] In August 2011, the Stanton Foundation pledged to fund a $3.6 million grant of which $1.8 million was funded and the remainder was to come in September 2012. As of 2011, this was the largest grant the Wikimedia Foundation had ever received. [ 139 ] In November 2011, the foundation received a $500,000 donation from the Brin Wojcicki Foundation . [ 140 ] [ 141 ] In 2012, the foundation was awarded a grant of $1.25 million from Lisbet Rausing [ 140 ] and Peter Baldwin through the Charities Aid Foundation , scheduled to be funded in five equal installments from 2012 through 2015. In 2014, the foundation received the largest single gift in its history, a $5 million unrestricted donation from an anonymous donor supporting $1 million worth of expenses annually for the next five years. [ 142 ] In March 2012, The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation , established by the Intel co-founder and his wife, awarded the Wikimedia Foundation a $449,636 grant to develop Wikidata . [ 143 ] This was part of a larger grant, much of which went to Wikimedia Germany, which took on ownership of the development effort. [ 144 ] Between 2014 and 2015, the foundation received $500,000 from the Monarch Fund, $100,000 from the Arcadia Fund and an undisclosed amount from the Stavros Niarchos Foundation to support the Wikipedia Zero initiative. [ 145 ] [ 146 ] [ 147 ] In 2015, a grant agreement was reached with the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation to build a search engine called the " Knowledge Engine ", a project that proved controversial . [ 148 ] [ 149 ] In 2017, the Sloan Foundation awarded another $3 million grant for a three-year period, [ 138 ] and Google donated another $1.1 million to the foundation in 2019. [ 150 ] The following have donated $500,000 or more each (2008–2019, not including gifts to the Wikimedia Endowment): Total ($000s) Donor Years 9,000 Sloan Foundation .mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist,.mw-parser-output ul.andlist,.mw-parser-output ul.andlistoxford{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li,.mw-parser-output .andlist li,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .andlist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:last-child:after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .andlist li:nth-last-child(2):after{content:" and "}.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:nth-last-child(2):after{content:", and "} 2008–2013 2017–2019 2008–2013 2017–2019 5,952 Stanton Foundation 2009–2012 5,000 (anonymous) 2014–2018 3,100 Google 2010, 2019 2,000 Omidyar Network 2009–2010 1,527 Rausing, Baldwin via Arcadia, Charities Aid 2008 2012–2015 2008 2012–2015 1,300 Hewlett 2009–2010 500 Sergey Brin & Anne Wojcicki 2010 500 Monarch Fund 2014–2015 Board of trustees The foundation's board of trustees supervises the activities of the foundation. The founding board had three members, to which two community-elected trustees were added. Starting in 2008 it was composed of ten members: three selected by the community encompassed by all the different Wikimedia projects; two selected by Wikimedia chapters; four appointed by the board itself; and one founder's seat, reserved for Jimmy Wales. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] Over time, the size of the board and details of the selection processes have evolved. As of 2020, the board may have up to 16 trustees: [ 153 ] eight seats sourced from the wider Wikimedia community (affiliates and volunteer community); seven appointed by the board itself; and one founder's seat reserved for Wales. In 2015, James Heilman , a trustee recently elected to the board by the community, [ 154 ] was removed from his position by a vote of the rest of the board. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] This decision generated dispute among members of the Wikipedia community. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] Heilman later said that he "was given the option of resigning [by the Board] over the last few weeks. As a community elected member I see my mandate as coming from the community which elected me and thus declined to do so. I saw such a move as letting down those who elected me." [ 159 ] He subsequently added that while on the Board, he had pushed for greater transparency regarding the Wikimedia Foundation's Knowledge Engine project and its financing, [ 160 ] and indicated that his attempts to make public the Knight Foundation grant for the engine had been a factor in his dismissal. [ 161 ] Heilman was reelected to the board by the community in 2017. [ 162 ] In January 2016, Arnnon Geshuri joined the board before stepping down amid community controversy about a " no poach " agreement he executed when at Google , which violated United States antitrust law and for which the participating companies paid US$415 million in a class action suit on behalf of affected employees. [ 163 ] [ 164 ] As of January 2024, the board comprised six community-and-affiliate-selected trustees (Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Dariusz Jemielniak , Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight , Victoria Doronina, Mike Peel and Lorenzo Losa); [ 165 ] five Board-appointed trustees ( McKinsey & Company director Raju Narisetti , [ 166 ] Bahraini human rights activist and blogger Esra'a Al Shafei , [ 167 ] technology officer Luis Bitencourt-Emilio, Nataliia Tymkiv, and financial expert Kathy Collins); and Wales. [ 152 ] Tymkiv chairs the board, with Al Shafei and Sigalov as vice chairs. [ 168 ] As of March 2024 there are six committees of the Board of Trustees: the executive committee (Chair: Nataliia Tymkiv, as the chair of the board), the Audit Committee (Chair: Kathy Collins, appointed in 2023), the Governance Committee (Chair: Dariusz Jemielniak, appointed in 2021), the Talent and Culture Committee (Chair: Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight, appointed in 2023), the Community Affairs Committee (Chair: Shani Evenstein Sigalov, appointed in 2021), and the Product and Technology Committee (Chair: Lorenzo Losa, appointed in 2023). [ 169 ] Staff History In 2004, the foundation appointed Tim Starling as developer liaison to help improve the MediaWiki software, Daniel Mayer as chief financial officer ( finance , budgeting , and coordination of fund drives), and Erik Möller as content partnership coordinator. In May 2005, the foundation announced seven more official appointments. [ 170 ] In January 2006, the foundation created a number of committees, including the Communication Committee, in an attempt to further organize activities somewhat handled by volunteers at that time. [ 171 ] As of October 4, 2006 [update] , the foundation had five paid employees: [ 172 ] two programmers, an administrative assistant, a coordinator handling fundraising and grants, and an interim executive director , [ 173 ] Brad Patrick, previously the foundation's general counsel . Patrick ceased his activity as interim director in January 2007 and then resigned from his position as legal counsel, effective April 1, 2007. He was replaced by Mike Godwin who served as general counsel and legal coordinator from July 2007 [ 174 ] to 2010. In January 2007, Carolyn Doran was named chief operating officer and Sandy Ordonez joined as head of communications . [ 175 ] Doran began working as a part-time bookkeeper in 2006 after being sent by a temporary agency . Doran, found to have had a criminal record, [ 176 ] left the foundation in July 2007 and Sue Gardner was hired as consultant and special advisor; she became the executive director in December 2007. [ 177 ] Florence Devouard cited Doran's departure from the organization as one of the reasons the foundation took about seven months to release its fiscal 2007 financial audit. [ 178 ] Danny Wool, officially the grant coordinator and also involved in fundraising and business development, resigned in March 2007. He accused Wales of misusing the foundation's funds for recreational purposes and said that Wales had his Wikimedia credit card taken away in part because of his spending habits, a claim Wales denied. [ 179 ] In February 2007, the foundation added a position, chapters coordinator, and hired Delphine Ménard, [ 180 ] who had been occupying the position as a volunteer since August 2005. Cary Bass was hired in March 2007 in the position of volunteer coordinator. In January 2008, the foundation appointed Veronique Kessler as the new chief financial and operating officer, Kul Wadhwa as head of business development and Jay Walsh as head of communications. In March 2013, Gardner announced she would be leaving her position at the foundation. [ 181 ] Lila Tretikov was appointed executive director in May 2014; [ 182 ] [ 183 ] she resigned in March 2016. Former chief communications officer Katherine Maher (joined Wikimedia in 2014 [ 122 ] ) was appointed the interim executive director, a position made permanent in June 2016. [ 184 ] Maher served as executive director until April 2021 [ 185 ] [ 186 ] and is credited with building the foundation endowment in her tenure. [ 122 ] Present department structure As of October 23, 2023, [update] there were over 700 people working at the foundation. [ 187 ] Maryana Iskander was named the incoming CEO in September 2021, and took over that role in January 2022. [ 188 ] In May 2025, Iskander told Axios that she would be leaving her position and would remain with the foundation until her replacement was filled by early 2026. [ 189 ] As of August 2024, the WMF has the following department structure: [ 190 ] Office of the chief executive officer : supports the work of the Wikimedia Foundation Chief Executive Officer. Advancement : responsible for fundraising, strategic partnerships, and grantmaking programs. Communications : responsible for Wikimedia brand development, marketing, social media, public relations, and global awareness efforts. Finance and Administration : responsible for ensuring responsible management of Wikimedia Foundation funds and resources. Legal : responsible for mounting opposition to government surveillance and censorship, defending volunteer communities, facilitating policy discussions, and advocating for privacy. Product and Technology : builds, improves, and maintains the infrastructure of Wikimedia sites. Talent and Culture : responsible for recruitment and training. Disputes A number of disputes have resulted in litigation [ 191 ] [ 192 ] [ 193 ] [ 194 ] while others have not. [ 195 ] Attorney Matt Zimmerman has said, "Without strong liability protection, it would be difficult for Wikipedia to continue to provide a platform for user-created encyclopedia content." [ 196 ] In December 2011, the foundation hired Washington, D.C., lobbyist Dow Lohnes Government Strategies LLC to lobby Congress . [ 197 ] At the time of the hire, the foundation was concerned about a bill known as the Stop Online Piracy Act . [ 198 ] The communities were as well, organizing some of the most visible protest against the bill on the Internet alongside other popular websites. In October 2013, a German court ruled that the Wikimedia Foundation can be held liable for content added to Wikipedia when there has been a specific complaint; otherwise, the Wikimedia Foundation does not check the content Wikipedia publishes and has no duty to do so. [ 199 ] In June 2014, Bildkonst Upphovsrätt i Sverige filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against Wikimedia Sweden . [ 200 ] On June 20, 2014, a defamation lawsuit (Law Division civil case No. L-1400-14) involving Wikipedia editors was filed with the Mercer County Superior Court in New Jersey seeking, inter alia, compensatory and punitive damages. [ 201 ] [ 202 ] In a March 10, 2015, op-ed for The New York Times , Wales and Tretikov announced the foundation was filing a lawsuit against the National Security Agency and five other government agencies and officials, including DOJ , calling into question its practice of mass surveillance , which they argued infringed the constitutional rights of the foundation's readers, editors and staff. They were joined in the suit by eight additional plaintiffs, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch . [ 203 ] [ 204 ] [ 205 ] On October 23, 2015, the United States District Court for the District of Maryland dismissed the suit Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA on grounds of standing . U.S. District Judge T. S. Ellis III ruled that the plaintiffs could not plausibly prove they were subject to upstream surveillance , and that their argument is "riddled with assumptions", "speculations" and "mathematical gymnastics". [ 206 ] [ 207 ] The plaintiffs filed an appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit on February 17, 2016. [ 208 ] In September 2020, WMF's application to become an observer at the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) was blocked after objections from the government of China [ 209 ] over the existence of a Wikimedia Foundation affiliate in Taiwan . [ 210 ] In October 2021, WMF's second application was blocked by the government of China for the same reason. [ 211 ] In May 2022, six Wikimedia movement affiliate chapters were blocked from being accredited to WIPO's Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights (SCCR) by China, claiming that the chapters were spreading disinformation. [ 212 ] In July 2022, China blocked an application by seven Wikimedia chapters to be accredited as permanent observers to WIPO; [ 213 ] China's position was supported by a number of other countries, including Russia, Pakistan, Iran, Algeria, Zimbabwe and Venezuela. [ 214 ] Spending and fundraising practices In 2014, Jimmy Wales was confronted with allegations that WMF had "a miserable cost/benefit ratio and for years now has spent millions on software development without producing anything that actually works". He acknowledged that he had "been frustrated as well about the endless controversies about the rollout of inadequate software not developed with sufficient community consultation and without proper incremental rollout to catch show-stopping bugs". [ 215 ] During the 2015 fundraising campaign, members of the community voiced their concerns about the fundraising banners. They argued that they were obtrusive and could deceive potential donors by giving the impression that Wikipedia had immediate financial problems, which was not true. The Wikimedia Foundation vowed to improve wording on further fundraising campaigns to avoid these issues. [ 216 ] Despite this, the foundation has continued to come under criticism for running campaigns seemingly designed to "make its readers feel guilty." Such campaigns have additionally been condemned for, in 2021, being run in countries that had been badly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic , such as Argentina and Brazil , [ 217 ] as well as for sparking fears in India that Wikipedia might be "dying". [ 218 ] This is despite the foundation being in ownership of "vast money reserves", in 2021 reaching its 10-year goal of compiling a $100 million endowment fund in only 5 years. [ 217 ] In February 2017, an op-ed published by The Signpost , the English Wikipedia 's online newspaper, titled "Wikipedia has Cancer", [ 219 ] [ 220 ] produced a debate in both the Wikipedian community and the wider public. The author criticized the Wikimedia Foundation for its ever-increasing annual spending, which, he argued, could put the project at financial risk should an unexpected event happen. The author proposed to cap spending, build up the endowment, and restructure the endowment so that WMF cannot dip into the principal when times get bad. [ 221 ] As of June 2022, the WMF reported $239 million in net assets. It is expected to raise $174 million in revenue in the 2023. [ 222 ] Despite expenses on the foundation staff's salaries, there's a significant surplus left. To manage these funds, the WMF has created an endowment composed of investments and cash. This is managed not by the WMF but by the Tides Foundation. [ 222 ] The endowment aims to grow this capital to $130.4 million in the next fiscal year. However, there has been controversy over the administration of the funds. While the Tides Foundation has promised to become a more transparent 501(c)(3) organization to reveal how it manages funds, details on expenses and salaries are still lacking seven years later. Additionally, the WMF's salary costs have risen from $7 million in 2010/11 to $88 million in 2021/22. [ 222 ] Knowledge Engine project Knowledge Engine was a search engine project initiated in 2015 by WMF to locate and display verifiable and trustworthy information on the Internet. [ 223 ] The KE's goal was to be less reliant on traditional search engines. It was funded with a $250,000 grant from the Knight Foundation . [ 224 ] Some perceived the project as a scandal, mainly because it was conceived in secrecy, and the project proposal was even a surprise to some staff, in contrast with a general culture of transparency in the organization and on the projects. Some of the information available to the community was received through leaked documents published by The Signpost in 2016. [ 225 ] [ 223 ] Following this dispute, Executive Director Lila Tretikov resigned. [ 226 ] [ 227 ] [ 228 ] References ^ "7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia" . November 9, 2025. ^ a b c d Wales, Jimmy (June 20, 2003). "Announcing Wikimedia Foundation" . mail:wikipedia-l . 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Retrieved April 19, 2015 . ^ Farivar, Cyrus (October 23, 2015). "Judge tosses Wikimedia's anti-NSA lawsuit because Wikipedia isn't big enough. Not enough facts to "plausibly establish that the NSA is using upstream surveillance." " . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved March 4, 2016 . ^ "Wikimedia v. NSA – D. MD. Opinion" . ACLU . October 23, 2015. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved March 4, 2016 . ^ "Appeal No. 15-2560. Brief for plaintiffs–appellants" (PDF) . ACLU . February 17, 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 12, 2016 . Retrieved March 5, 2016 . ^ "China blocks Wikimedia Foundation's application to become an observer at WIPO" . Knowledge Ecology International . September 23, 2020. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020 . Retrieved September 23, 2020 . ^ Hui, Mary (September 25, 2020). "Beijing blocked Wikimedia from a UN agency because of "Taiwan-related issues" " . qz.com . Quartz. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020 . Retrieved September 25, 2020 . ^ Moody, Glyn (October 7, 2021). "If You Want To Know Why Section 230 Matters, Just Ask Wikimedia: Without It, There'd Be No Wikipedia" . Techdirt . Archived from the original on October 23, 2021 . Retrieved October 23, 2021 . ^ "Six Wikimedia Chapters Rejected as Observers to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)" . Wikimedia Foundation . May 9, 2022 . Retrieved May 11, 2022 . ^ "Seven Wikimedia chapters rejected as permanent observers to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)" . Wikimedia Foundation . July 15, 2022 . Retrieved July 22, 2022 . ^ WIPO: Webcast of July 15, 2022, proceedings, "Assemblies of the Member States of WIPO Sixty-Third Series of Meetings - A 63 Day 2 Afternoon" Archived July 22, 2022, at the Wayback Machine , 6. Admission of Observers ^ "User talk:Jimbo Wales" . Wikipedia . August 29, 2014 . Retrieved December 3, 2022 . ^ Dewey, Caitlin (December 2, 2015). "Wikipedia has a ton of money. So why is it begging you to donate yours?" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on July 10, 2018 . Retrieved July 9, 2018 . ^ a b Kolbe, Andreas (May 24, 2021). "Wikipedia is swimming in money—why is it begging people to donate?" . The Daily Dot . Retrieved May 18, 2023 . ^ "Is Wikipedia dying? The online encyclopedia seeks donation from users" . Free Press Journal . Retrieved May 18, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2017-02-27/Op-ed" . June 1, 2021. Archived from the original on February 18, 2022 . Retrieved February 18, 2022 – via Wikipedia. ^ Macon, Guy. "Wikipedia has cancer" . Archived from the original on November 20, 2018 . Retrieved October 14, 2019 . ^ Wong, Joshua; Wong, Joon Ian (May 8, 2017). "Reddit is going nuts over Wikipedia's spending, but it's doing far better than its competitors" . Quartz . Archived from the original on July 9, 2018 . Retrieved July 9, 2018 . ^ a b c Orlowski, Andrew (August 28, 2023). "Wikipedia should focus on content creation – not social justice campaigns" . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307-1235 . Retrieved September 27, 2023 . ^ a b Koebler, Jason (February 16, 2016). "The Secret Search Engine Tearing Wikipedia Apart" . Vice . Archived from the original on July 9, 2018 . Retrieved July 9, 2018 . ^ McGee, Matt (February 15, 2016). "Wikimedia Foundation Secures $250,000 Grant For Search Engine Development" . Search Engine Land . Archived from the original on May 23, 2016 . Retrieved July 9, 2018 . ^ Kolbe, Andreas (February 10, 2016). "An in-depth look at the newly revealed documents" . The Signpost . Archived from the original on September 1, 2017 . Retrieved July 9, 2018 . ^ Allen, Ashley (February 26, 2016). "Wikimedia Director Resigns Following Internal Row Over Search Engine Plans" . eteknix . Archived from the original on July 10, 2018 . Retrieved July 9, 2018 . ^ Hern, Alex (February 26, 2016). "Head of Wikimedia resigns over search engine plans" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on March 28, 2016 . Retrieved December 18, 2016 . ^ "Online-Enzyklopädie: Chefin der Wikipedia-Stiftung tritt zurück" . Spiegel Online . February 26, 2016. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016 . Retrieved March 5, 2016 . External links Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Official website (wikimediafoundation.org) Wikimedia site navigation (wikimedia.org) Organization Wikimedia Foundation 2022–23 Annual Plan (draft) Wikimedia Foundation annual reports Wikimedia Foundation bylaws Wikimedia Foundation social media profiles: Twitter , YouTube Financials Wikimedia Foundation's 2020/2021 audited financial statements [ needs update ] "Wikimedia Foundation, Inc" . Internal Revenue Service filings. ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer . 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Haaptblatt Gmeeschafts-Portal Ardickele nooch Abdeeling Was mer letscht geduh henn Ennich Ardickel Hilf Spenden Benutzerkonto erstellen Nei kumme Spenden Benutzerkonto erstellen Nei kumme Haaptblatt Haaptblatt Dischbedutt Lese Quelltext anzeigen Gschicht zeige Lese Quelltext anzeigen Gschicht zeige Was doher zeigt Änderungen an verlinkten Seiten Nuffdraage Permanent Gleecher Seiteninformationen Seite zitieren Gekürzte URL abrufen QR-Code runterladen Zum Legacy-Parser wechseln Buch erstellen Runnerlaade ass PDF Version zum Drucke Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Mehrsprachige Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata-Datenobjekt Wikipedia iss en Uffguckbichli mit iwwer zwee hunnert fuffzich Schprooche. Des deitsch Wikipedeli hot sei Schterdt in 2005 grickt unn sidder 2006 sinn mir an pdc.wikipedia.org. Alleweil henn mir 2.051 Ardickele in die Schprooch. Alli-ebber kann schreiwe unn helfe. Naduur | Glaawe | Blatznaame | Amische Voreldere | Leit | Bletz Wilkum zu der Wikipedia in Deitsch! Mer schwetze noch die Mudderschprooch Des Wikipedelche do iss en Project fer en Uffguckbichli uffbaue in Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch . Du bischt eiglaade fer mithelfe. Sidder em Tschulei 2005 sinn mir do, unn nau henn mir 2.051 Ardickele in dem do deitsche Uffguckbichli. Alliebber – even yeder Leser – kann ennich Ardickele verbessere, Mischteeks tscheensche, Ardickele vergreesere, odder Ardickele schenner mache. Kannscht yuscht rum gucke aa. Du kannscht even Ardickele nooch Category uffgucke. Awwer wann du witt, kannscht schreiwe en bissel, odder schreiwe viel. Yeder Ardickel hot en "Gschwetz" wo du some Comments gewwe kannscht. Hauptblaett : Es Nei Teschtament Schpelling Community Portal / FAQ in English Schwetzerei-Druppe / Learn spoken Pennsylvania Deitsch Was wittscht uffgucke? Kultscher, Gewohnheide unn Gsellschaft / Fleiss, Handlung unn Bisness Penna-deitsche Folk Culture · Grundsau Lodsch · Penna-deitsche Geschicht – Zeittafel · Schwetzerei-Druppe · Deutsch-Pennsylvanischer Arbeitskreis Gediere / Gscharr Bauerei · Schneegans · Hinkel · Guckbax · Welschhinkel · Waddefresser · Fleggel · New Holland Machine Company · Maschien · Conestoga Industrial Park Relitschion / Glaawe Brodeschdant · Gedollisch · Mennischt · Amisch · Grischt · Biwwel · Benschwewerleit · Weiss-Weggli Amisch · Falkner Swamp Church · Missionary Institute of the Evangelical Lutheran Church · Urglaawe Bletz Lengeschder · Kutzeschteddel · Berlin · Allenschteddel · Pennsilfaani · Harrisbarrig · Yaakobschteddel · Shenandoah Waelli · Susquehanna Rewwer · Palz · Schlegelschteddel Leit John A. Hostetler · Michael Sattler · Edward Hermany · Henry Harbaugh · Henry Funck Ardickele uff Pälzisch Pälzisch · 1. FC Kaiserslautern · Bezirksverband Palz · Haardtgebirge · Bockrem Ardickel fer de Munet Der Ewich Yeeger iss en geischtiches Wese, wu uff em Blobarrickgrat im Pennsilfaani wuhnt. Es gebt zwee deitliche Iwwerlieferinge um Ewicher Yeeger. Die aerscht, wu weitverbreit iss, haldet, as er en lufdicher Geischt iss. Zwetti haldet, as er en Verschpreche erfille muss. Im Urglaawe watt er sich wie en Zieb bsunne. weiderlese... Was fer Ardickel tschuuse fer de neegscht Munet? Was denkscht? Wadde-Scheier Do in die Wadde-Scheier finnt mer all die Wadde versammelt, ass mer vielleicht schunt kennt. Mer kann awwer aa deel annre Wadde finne, ass mer vielleicht schunt vergesse hatt, odder wu net glei eifalle welle, odder aa neie un nitzliche Wadde, ass mer vielleicht nie net gheert hat. Zum Beischpiel, kammer's Watt "Amschel" net unnich "A" finne, sunner unnich der Rubrick "Veggle" - un die Rubrick "Veggle" in der Rubrick "Diere" - un die Diere, die finnt mer nadierlich in die "Naduur". Die do Waddescheier is in alphabetischer (alphabetical) Ardning: English/Pennsylvania German/High German dictionary edit Vedderbortsch Neiichkeede Samschdaag, de 10. Yenner 2026 Sitter 2010 gebt's die Pälzisch Wikipedia (heit Rheifränggischi Wikipedia ) Nuus aus Pennsylvania Deitschland Pfälzer Sprache baut Brücken (Mannheimer Morgen 06.03.2020) ‘Dunk,’ ‘sexist’ and other words that originated in Pennsylvania (PennLife 17.10.2019) Dr. Michael Werner erhält die Hermann Sinsheimer-Plakette in Freinsheim (Wochenblatt-Reporter 08.10.2019) German film exploring roots of Pennsylvania Dutch culture shown at Kutztown Folk Festival (mit Video) (Reading Eagle 10.07.2019) Where German is still spoken in the US (Deutsche Welle 10.07.2019) Wo in Amerika noch deutsch gesprochen wird (Deutsche Welle 08.07.2019) Test Wikipedli Sitter 2007 gebt's en Mennonite Blattdeitsch Test Wikipedli Sitter 2008 gebt’s en Schlesisches Test Wikipedli Neiichkeede Archiv edit Cause mir sinn all deitsche Bledder, es pennsilfaanisch-deitsch Uffguckbichli "pdc.wikipedia.org" watt unnerschtitzt bei 'm Deutsch-Pennsylvanischer Arbeitskreis e.V. ; die pennsylvaanisch-deitsch Zeiding Hiwwe wie Driwwe ; es Blatt P.A. Dutch Family History ; der deitsch Wandel deitscherei.org ; PA Dutch Dialect Project un endlich das Pennsylvaniadeitsch Board . Hoff du bsuchscht. Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch, ass aa Pennsylvania German, Pennsylvania Dutch odder Pennsilfaanisch genennt watt, iss en Schprooch, wu g'schwetzt watt bei verleicht 300,000 Leit in meh wie 20 Schteets in die USA un in Ontario (Kanadaa). Die meenschte Schwetzer sinn heit Amische un Fuhremennischte, wu deitsch aa heit noch schwetze zu ihre Kinner, awwer's gebt aa en latt Luthrische un Reformierte, wu die Mudderschprooch noch g'schwetzt henn, wie sie en Kind waare. Weider lese: Pennsylvaanisch-Deitsch Schweschder Projects META-WIKI (en) / (de) Commons (en) / (de) Wiktionary Wikisource Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikinews Wikiversity Wikispecies (en) / (de) Wikimedia Foundation Wikimania Incubator (en) / (de) MediaWiki (en) / (de) Test-Wiki Bugzilla Wikipedia iss en Uffguckbichli mit iwwer zwee hunnert fuffzich Schprooche. Des deitsch Wikipedeli hot sei Schterdt in 2005 grickt unn sidder 2006 sinn mir an pdc.wikipedia.org. Alleweil henn mir 2.051 Ardickele in die Schprooch. Alli-ebber kann schreiwe unn helfe. Naduur | Glaawe | Blatznaame | Amische Voreldere | Leit | Bletz Wilkum zu der Wikipedia in Deitsch! Mer schwetze noch die Mudderschprooch Des Wikipedelche do iss en Project fer en Uffguckbichli uffbaue in Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch . Du bischt eiglaade fer mithelfe. Sidder em Tschulei 2005 sinn mir do, unn nau henn mir 2.051 Ardickele in dem do deitsche Uffguckbichli. Alliebber – even yeder Leser – kann ennich Ardickele verbessere, Mischteeks tscheensche, Ardickele vergreesere, odder Ardickele schenner mache. Kannscht yuscht rum gucke aa. Du kannscht even Ardickele nooch Category uffgucke. Awwer wann du witt, kannscht schreiwe en bissel, odder schreiwe viel. Yeder Ardickel hot en "Gschwetz" wo du some Comments gewwe kannscht. Hauptblaett : Es Nei Teschtament Schpelling Community Portal / FAQ in English Schwetzerei-Druppe / Learn spoken Pennsylvania Deitsch Was wittscht uffgucke? Kultscher, Gewohnheide unn Gsellschaft / Fleiss, Handlung unn Bisness Penna-deitsche Folk Culture · Grundsau Lodsch · Penna-deitsche Geschicht – Zeittafel · Schwetzerei-Druppe · Deutsch-Pennsylvanischer Arbeitskreis Gediere / Gscharr Bauerei · Schneegans · Hinkel · Guckbax · Welschhinkel · Waddefresser · Fleggel · New Holland Machine Company · Maschien · Conestoga Industrial Park Relitschion / Glaawe Brodeschdant · Gedollisch · Mennischt · Amisch · Grischt · Biwwel · Benschwewerleit · Weiss-Weggli Amisch · Falkner Swamp Church · Missionary Institute of the Evangelical Lutheran Church · Urglaawe Bletz Lengeschder · Kutzeschteddel · Berlin · Allenschteddel · Pennsilfaani · Harrisbarrig · Yaakobschteddel · Shenandoah Waelli · Susquehanna Rewwer · Palz · Schlegelschteddel Leit John A. Hostetler · Michael Sattler · Edward Hermany · Henry Harbaugh · Henry Funck Ardickele uff Pälzisch Pälzisch · 1. FC Kaiserslautern · Bezirksverband Palz · Haardtgebirge · Bockrem Wilkum zu der Wikipedia in Deitsch! Mer schwetze noch die Mudderschprooch Des Wikipedelche do iss en Project fer en Uffguckbichli uffbaue in Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch . Du bischt eiglaade fer mithelfe. Sidder em Tschulei 2005 sinn mir do, unn nau henn mir 2.051 Ardickele in dem do deitsche Uffguckbichli. Alliebber – even yeder Leser – kann ennich Ardickele verbessere, Mischteeks tscheensche, Ardickele vergreesere, odder Ardickele schenner mache. Kannscht yuscht rum gucke aa. Du kannscht even Ardickele nooch Category uffgucke. Awwer wann du witt, kannscht schreiwe en bissel, odder schreiwe viel. Yeder Ardickel hot en "Gschwetz" wo du some Comments gewwe kannscht. Hauptblaett : Es Nei Teschtament Schpelling Community Portal / FAQ in English Schwetzerei-Druppe / Learn spoken Pennsylvania Deitsch Wilkum zu der Wikipedia in Deitsch! Mer schwetze noch die Mudderschprooch Des Wikipedelche do iss en Project fer en Uffguckbichli uffbaue in Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch . Du bischt eiglaade fer mithelfe. Sidder em Tschulei 2005 sinn mir do, unn nau henn mir 2.051 Ardickele in dem do deitsche Uffguckbichli. Alliebber – even yeder Leser – kann ennich Ardickele verbessere, Mischteeks tscheensche, Ardickele vergreesere, odder Ardickele schenner mache. Kannscht yuscht rum gucke aa. Du kannscht even Ardickele nooch Category uffgucke. Awwer wann du witt, kannscht schreiwe en bissel, odder schreiwe viel. Yeder Ardickel hot en "Gschwetz" wo du some Comments gewwe kannscht. Hauptblaett : Es Nei Teschtament Schpelling Community Portal / FAQ in English Schwetzerei-Druppe / Learn spoken Pennsylvania Deitsch Wilkum zu der Wikipedia in Deitsch! Alliebber – even yeder Leser – kann ennich Ardickele verbessere, Mischteeks tscheensche, Ardickele vergreesere, odder Ardickele schenner mache. Kannscht yuscht rum gucke aa. Du kannscht even Ardickele nooch Category uffgucke. Awwer wann du witt, kannscht schreiwe en bissel, odder schreiwe viel. Yeder Ardickel hot en "Gschwetz" wo du some Comments gewwe kannscht. Was wittscht uffgucke? Kultscher, Gewohnheide unn Gsellschaft / Fleiss, Handlung unn Bisness Penna-deitsche Folk Culture · Grundsau Lodsch · Penna-deitsche Geschicht – Zeittafel · Schwetzerei-Druppe · Deutsch-Pennsylvanischer Arbeitskreis Gediere / Gscharr Bauerei · Schneegans · Hinkel · Guckbax · Welschhinkel · Waddefresser · Fleggel · New Holland Machine Company · Maschien · Conestoga Industrial Park Relitschion / Glaawe Brodeschdant · Gedollisch · Mennischt · Amisch · Grischt · Biwwel · Benschwewerleit · Weiss-Weggli Amisch · Falkner Swamp Church · Missionary Institute of the Evangelical Lutheran Church · Urglaawe Bletz Lengeschder · Kutzeschteddel · Berlin · Allenschteddel · Pennsilfaani · Harrisbarrig · Yaakobschteddel · Shenandoah Waelli · Susquehanna Rewwer · Palz · Schlegelschteddel Leit John A. Hostetler · Michael Sattler · Edward Hermany · Henry Harbaugh · Henry Funck Ardickele uff Pälzisch Pälzisch · 1. FC Kaiserslautern · Bezirksverband Palz · Haardtgebirge · Bockrem Was wittscht uffgucke? Kultscher, Gewohnheide unn Gsellschaft / Fleiss, Handlung unn Bisness Penna-deitsche Folk Culture · Grundsau Lodsch · Penna-deitsche Geschicht – Zeittafel · Schwetzerei-Druppe · Deutsch-Pennsylvanischer Arbeitskreis Gediere / Gscharr Bauerei · Schneegans · Hinkel · Guckbax · Welschhinkel · Waddefresser · Fleggel · New Holland Machine Company · Maschien · Conestoga Industrial Park Relitschion / Glaawe Brodeschdant · Gedollisch · Mennischt · Amisch · Grischt · Biwwel · Benschwewerleit · Weiss-Weggli Amisch · Falkner Swamp Church · Missionary Institute of the Evangelical Lutheran Church · Urglaawe Bletz Lengeschder · Kutzeschteddel · Berlin · Allenschteddel · Pennsilfaani · Harrisbarrig · Yaakobschteddel · Shenandoah Waelli · Susquehanna Rewwer · Palz · Schlegelschteddel Leit John A. Hostetler · Michael Sattler · Edward Hermany · Henry Harbaugh · Henry Funck Ardickele uff Pälzisch Pälzisch · 1. FC Kaiserslautern · Bezirksverband Palz · Haardtgebirge · Bockrem Was wittscht uffgucke? Kultscher, Gewohnheide unn Gsellschaft / Fleiss, Handlung unn Bisness Penna-deitsche Folk Culture · Grundsau Lodsch · Penna-deitsche Geschicht – Zeittafel · Schwetzerei-Druppe · Deutsch-Pennsylvanischer Arbeitskreis Gediere / Gscharr Bauerei · Schneegans · Hinkel · Guckbax · Welschhinkel · Waddefresser · Fleggel · New Holland Machine Company · Maschien · Conestoga Industrial Park Relitschion / Glaawe Brodeschdant · Gedollisch · Mennischt · Amisch · Grischt · Biwwel · Benschwewerleit · Weiss-Weggli Amisch · Falkner Swamp Church · Missionary Institute of the Evangelical Lutheran Church · Urglaawe Bletz Lengeschder · Kutzeschteddel · Berlin · Allenschteddel · Pennsilfaani · Harrisbarrig · Yaakobschteddel · Shenandoah Waelli · Susquehanna Rewwer · Palz · Schlegelschteddel Leit John A. Hostetler · Michael Sattler · Edward Hermany · Henry Harbaugh · Henry Funck Ardickele uff Pälzisch Pälzisch · 1. FC Kaiserslautern · Bezirksverband Palz · Haardtgebirge · Bockrem Kultscher, Gewohnheide unn Gsellschaft / Fleiss, Handlung unn Bisness Penna-deitsche Folk Culture · Grundsau Lodsch · Penna-deitsche Geschicht – Zeittafel · Schwetzerei-Druppe · Deutsch-Pennsylvanischer Arbeitskreis Gediere / Gscharr Bauerei · Schneegans · Hinkel · Guckbax · Welschhinkel · Waddefresser · Fleggel · New Holland Machine Company · Maschien · Conestoga Industrial Park Bauerei · Schneegans · Hinkel · Guckbax · Welschhinkel · Waddefresser · Fleggel · New Holland Machine Company · Maschien · Conestoga Industrial Park Relitschion / Glaawe Brodeschdant · Gedollisch · Mennischt · Amisch · Grischt · Biwwel · Benschwewerleit · Weiss-Weggli Amisch · Falkner Swamp Church · Missionary Institute of the Evangelical Lutheran Church · Urglaawe Brodeschdant · Gedollisch · Mennischt · Amisch · Grischt · Biwwel · Benschwewerleit · Weiss-Weggli Amisch · Falkner Swamp Church · Missionary Institute of the Evangelical Lutheran Church · Urglaawe Bletz Lengeschder · Kutzeschteddel · Berlin · Allenschteddel · Pennsilfaani · Harrisbarrig · Yaakobschteddel · Shenandoah Waelli · Susquehanna Rewwer · Palz · Schlegelschteddel Lengeschder · Kutzeschteddel · Berlin · Allenschteddel · Pennsilfaani · Harrisbarrig · Yaakobschteddel · Shenandoah Waelli · Susquehanna Rewwer · Palz · Schlegelschteddel Leit John A. Hostetler · Michael Sattler · Edward Hermany · Henry Harbaugh · Henry Funck Ardickele uff Pälzisch Pälzisch · 1. FC Kaiserslautern · Bezirksverband Palz · Haardtgebirge · Bockrem Ardickel fer de Munet Der Ewich Yeeger iss en geischtiches Wese, wu uff em Blobarrickgrat im Pennsilfaani wuhnt. Es gebt zwee deitliche Iwwerlieferinge um Ewicher Yeeger. Die aerscht, wu weitverbreit iss, haldet, as er en lufdicher Geischt iss. Zwetti haldet, as er en Verschpreche erfille muss. Im Urglaawe watt er sich wie en Zieb bsunne. weiderlese... Was fer Ardickel tschuuse fer de neegscht Munet? Was denkscht? Wadde-Scheier Do in die Wadde-Scheier finnt mer all die Wadde versammelt, ass mer vielleicht schunt kennt. Mer kann awwer aa deel annre Wadde finne, ass mer vielleicht schunt vergesse hatt, odder wu net glei eifalle welle, odder aa neie un nitzliche Wadde, ass mer vielleicht nie net gheert hat. Zum Beischpiel, kammer's Watt "Amschel" net unnich "A" finne, sunner unnich der Rubrick "Veggle" - un die Rubrick "Veggle" in der Rubrick "Diere" - un die Diere, die finnt mer nadierlich in die "Naduur". Die do Waddescheier is in alphabetischer (alphabetical) Ardning: English/Pennsylvania German/High German dictionary edit Vedderbortsch Neiichkeede Samschdaag, de 10. Yenner 2026 Sitter 2010 gebt's die Pälzisch Wikipedia (heit Rheifränggischi Wikipedia ) Nuus aus Pennsylvania Deitschland Pfälzer Sprache baut Brücken (Mannheimer Morgen 06.03.2020) ‘Dunk,’ ‘sexist’ and other words that originated in Pennsylvania (PennLife 17.10.2019) Dr. Michael Werner erhält die Hermann Sinsheimer-Plakette in Freinsheim (Wochenblatt-Reporter 08.10.2019) German film exploring roots of Pennsylvania Dutch culture shown at Kutztown Folk Festival (mit Video) (Reading Eagle 10.07.2019) Where German is still spoken in the US (Deutsche Welle 10.07.2019) Wo in Amerika noch deutsch gesprochen wird (Deutsche Welle 08.07.2019) Test Wikipedli Sitter 2007 gebt's en Mennonite Blattdeitsch Test Wikipedli Sitter 2008 gebt’s en Schlesisches Test Wikipedli Neiichkeede Archiv edit Ardickel fer de Munet Der Ewich Yeeger iss en geischtiches Wese, wu uff em Blobarrickgrat im Pennsilfaani wuhnt. Es gebt zwee deitliche Iwwerlieferinge um Ewicher Yeeger. Die aerscht, wu weitverbreit iss, haldet, as er en lufdicher Geischt iss. Zwetti haldet, as er en Verschpreche erfille muss. Im Urglaawe watt er sich wie en Zieb bsunne. weiderlese... Was fer Ardickel tschuuse fer de neegscht Munet? Was denkscht? Ardickel fer de Munet Der Ewich Yeeger iss en geischtiches Wese, wu uff em Blobarrickgrat im Pennsilfaani wuhnt. Es gebt zwee deitliche Iwwerlieferinge um Ewicher Yeeger. Die aerscht, wu weitverbreit iss, haldet, as er en lufdicher Geischt iss. Zwetti haldet, as er en Verschpreche erfille muss. Im Urglaawe watt er sich wie en Zieb bsunne. weiderlese... Was fer Ardickel tschuuse fer de neegscht Munet? Was denkscht? Ardickel fer de Munet Der Ewich Yeeger iss en geischtiches Wese, wu uff em Blobarrickgrat im Pennsilfaani wuhnt. Es gebt zwee deitliche Iwwerlieferinge um Ewicher Yeeger. Die aerscht, wu weitverbreit iss, haldet, as er en lufdicher Geischt iss. Zwetti haldet, as er en Verschpreche erfille muss. Im Urglaawe watt er sich wie en Zieb bsunne. weiderlese... Was fer Ardickel tschuuse fer de neegscht Munet? Was denkscht? Wadde-Scheier Do in die Wadde-Scheier finnt mer all die Wadde versammelt, ass mer vielleicht schunt kennt. Mer kann awwer aa deel annre Wadde finne, ass mer vielleicht schunt vergesse hatt, odder wu net glei eifalle welle, odder aa neie un nitzliche Wadde, ass mer vielleicht nie net gheert hat. Zum Beischpiel, kammer's Watt "Amschel" net unnich "A" finne, sunner unnich der Rubrick "Veggle" - un die Rubrick "Veggle" in der Rubrick "Diere" - un die Diere, die finnt mer nadierlich in die "Naduur". Die do Waddescheier is in alphabetischer (alphabetical) Ardning: English/Pennsylvania German/High German dictionary edit Wadde-Scheier Do in die Wadde-Scheier finnt mer all die Wadde versammelt, ass mer vielleicht schunt kennt. Mer kann awwer aa deel annre Wadde finne, ass mer vielleicht schunt vergesse hatt, odder wu net glei eifalle welle, odder aa neie un nitzliche Wadde, ass mer vielleicht nie net gheert hat. Zum Beischpiel, kammer's Watt "Amschel" net unnich "A" finne, sunner unnich der Rubrick "Veggle" - un die Rubrick "Veggle" in der Rubrick "Diere" - un die Diere, die finnt mer nadierlich in die "Naduur". Die do Waddescheier is in alphabetischer (alphabetical) Ardning: English/Pennsylvania German/High German dictionary edit Wadde-Scheier Do in die Wadde-Scheier finnt mer all die Wadde versammelt, ass mer vielleicht schunt kennt. Mer kann awwer aa deel annre Wadde finne, ass mer vielleicht schunt vergesse hatt, odder wu net glei eifalle welle, odder aa neie un nitzliche Wadde, ass mer vielleicht nie net gheert hat. Zum Beischpiel, kammer's Watt "Amschel" net unnich "A" finne, sunner unnich der Rubrick "Veggle" - un die Rubrick "Veggle" in der Rubrick "Diere" - un die Diere, die finnt mer nadierlich in die "Naduur". Die do Waddescheier is in alphabetischer (alphabetical) Ardning: English/Pennsylvania German/High German dictionary Vedderbortsch Neiichkeede Samschdaag, de 10. Yenner 2026 Sitter 2010 gebt's die Pälzisch Wikipedia (heit Rheifränggischi Wikipedia ) Nuus aus Pennsylvania Deitschland Pfälzer Sprache baut Brücken (Mannheimer Morgen 06.03.2020) ‘Dunk,’ ‘sexist’ and other words that originated in Pennsylvania (PennLife 17.10.2019) Dr. Michael Werner erhält die Hermann Sinsheimer-Plakette in Freinsheim (Wochenblatt-Reporter 08.10.2019) German film exploring roots of Pennsylvania Dutch culture shown at Kutztown Folk Festival (mit Video) (Reading Eagle 10.07.2019) Where German is still spoken in the US (Deutsche Welle 10.07.2019) Wo in Amerika noch deutsch gesprochen wird (Deutsche Welle 08.07.2019) Test Wikipedli Sitter 2007 gebt's en Mennonite Blattdeitsch Test Wikipedli Sitter 2008 gebt’s en Schlesisches Test Wikipedli Neiichkeede Archiv edit Vedderbortsch Neiichkeede Samschdaag, de 10. Yenner 2026 Sitter 2010 gebt's die Pälzisch Wikipedia (heit Rheifränggischi Wikipedia ) Nuus aus Pennsylvania Deitschland Pfälzer Sprache baut Brücken (Mannheimer Morgen 06.03.2020) ‘Dunk,’ ‘sexist’ and other words that originated in Pennsylvania (PennLife 17.10.2019) Dr. Michael Werner erhält die Hermann Sinsheimer-Plakette in Freinsheim (Wochenblatt-Reporter 08.10.2019) German film exploring roots of Pennsylvania Dutch culture shown at Kutztown Folk Festival (mit Video) (Reading Eagle 10.07.2019) Where German is still spoken in the US (Deutsche Welle 10.07.2019) Wo in Amerika noch deutsch gesprochen wird (Deutsche Welle 08.07.2019) Test Wikipedli Sitter 2007 gebt's en Mennonite Blattdeitsch Test Wikipedli Sitter 2008 gebt’s en Schlesisches Test Wikipedli Neiichkeede Archiv edit Vedderbortsch Neiichkeede Sitter 2010 gebt's die Pälzisch Wikipedia (heit Rheifränggischi Wikipedia ) Nuus aus Pennsylvania Deitschland Pfälzer Sprache baut Brücken (Mannheimer Morgen 06.03.2020) ‘Dunk,’ ‘sexist’ and other words that originated in Pennsylvania (PennLife 17.10.2019) Dr. Michael Werner erhält die Hermann Sinsheimer-Plakette in Freinsheim (Wochenblatt-Reporter 08.10.2019) German film exploring roots of Pennsylvania Dutch culture shown at Kutztown Folk Festival (mit Video) (Reading Eagle 10.07.2019) Where German is still spoken in the US (Deutsche Welle 10.07.2019) Wo in Amerika noch deutsch gesprochen wird (Deutsche Welle 08.07.2019) Test Wikipedli Sitter 2007 gebt's en Mennonite Blattdeitsch Test Wikipedli Sitter 2008 gebt’s en Schlesisches Test Wikipedli Neiichkeede Archiv edit Cause mir sinn all deitsche Bledder, es pennsilfaanisch-deitsch Uffguckbichli "pdc.wikipedia.org" watt unnerschtitzt bei 'm Deutsch-Pennsylvanischer Arbeitskreis e.V. ; die pennsylvaanisch-deitsch Zeiding Hiwwe wie Driwwe ; es Blatt P.A. Dutch Family History ; der deitsch Wandel deitscherei.org ; PA Dutch Dialect Project un endlich das Pennsylvaniadeitsch Board . Hoff du bsuchscht. Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch, ass aa Pennsylvania German, Pennsylvania Dutch odder Pennsilfaanisch genennt watt, iss en Schprooch, wu g'schwetzt watt bei verleicht 300,000 Leit in meh wie 20 Schteets in die USA un in Ontario (Kanadaa). Die meenschte Schwetzer sinn heit Amische un Fuhremennischte, wu deitsch aa heit noch schwetze zu ihre Kinner, awwer's gebt aa en latt Luthrische un Reformierte, wu die Mudderschprooch noch g'schwetzt henn, wie sie en Kind waare. Weider lese: Pennsylvaanisch-Deitsch Schweschder Projects META-WIKI (en) / (de) Commons (en) / (de) Wiktionary Wikisource Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikinews Wikiversity Wikispecies (en) / (de) Wikimedia Foundation Wikimania Incubator (en) / (de) MediaWiki (en) / (de) Test-Wiki Bugzilla Cause mir sinn all deitsche Bledder, es pennsilfaanisch-deitsch Uffguckbichli "pdc.wikipedia.org" watt unnerschtitzt bei 'm Deutsch-Pennsylvanischer Arbeitskreis e.V. ; die pennsylvaanisch-deitsch Zeiding Hiwwe wie Driwwe ; es Blatt P.A. Dutch Family History ; der deitsch Wandel deitscherei.org ; PA Dutch Dialect Project un endlich das Pennsylvaniadeitsch Board . Hoff du bsuchscht. Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch, ass aa Pennsylvania German, Pennsylvania Dutch odder Pennsilfaanisch genennt watt, iss en Schprooch, wu g'schwetzt watt bei verleicht 300,000 Leit in meh wie 20 Schteets in die USA un in Ontario (Kanadaa). Die meenschte Schwetzer sinn heit Amische un Fuhremennischte, wu deitsch aa heit noch schwetze zu ihre Kinner, awwer's gebt aa en latt Luthrische un Reformierte, wu die Mudderschprooch noch g'schwetzt henn, wie sie en Kind waare. Weider lese: Pennsylvaanisch-Deitsch Schweschder Projects META-WIKI (en) / (de) Commons (en) / (de) Wiktionary Wikisource Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikinews Wikiversity Wikispecies (en) / (de) Wikimedia Foundation Wikimania Incubator (en) / (de) MediaWiki (en) / (de) Test-Wiki Bugzilla Cause mir sinn all deitsche Bledder, es pennsilfaanisch-deitsch Uffguckbichli "pdc.wikipedia.org" watt unnerschtitzt bei 'm Deutsch-Pennsylvanischer Arbeitskreis e.V. ; die pennsylvaanisch-deitsch Zeiding Hiwwe wie Driwwe ; es Blatt P.A. Dutch Family History ; der deitsch Wandel deitscherei.org ; PA Dutch Dialect Project un endlich das Pennsylvaniadeitsch Board . Hoff du bsuchscht. Cause mir sinn all deitsche Bledder, es pennsilfaanisch-deitsch Uffguckbichli "pdc.wikipedia.org" watt unnerschtitzt bei 'm Deutsch-Pennsylvanischer Arbeitskreis e.V. ; die pennsylvaanisch-deitsch Zeiding Hiwwe wie Driwwe ; es Blatt P.A. Dutch Family History ; der deitsch Wandel deitscherei.org ; PA Dutch Dialect Project un endlich das Pennsylvaniadeitsch Board . Hoff du bsuchscht. Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch, ass aa Pennsylvania German, Pennsylvania Dutch odder Pennsilfaanisch genennt watt, iss en Schprooch, wu g'schwetzt watt bei verleicht 300,000 Leit in meh wie 20 Schteets in die USA un in Ontario (Kanadaa). Die meenschte Schwetzer sinn heit Amische un Fuhremennischte, wu deitsch aa heit noch schwetze zu ihre Kinner, awwer's gebt aa en latt Luthrische un Reformierte, wu die Mudderschprooch noch g'schwetzt henn, wie sie en Kind waare. Schweschder Projects META-WIKI (en) / (de) Commons (en) / (de) Wiktionary Wikisource Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikinews Wikiversity Wikispecies (en) / (de) Wikimedia Foundation Wikimania Incubator (en) / (de) MediaWiki (en) / (de) Test-Wiki Bugzilla Schweschder Projects META-WIKI (en) / (de) Commons (en) / (de) Wiktionary Wikisource Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikinews Wikiversity Wikispecies (en) / (de) Wikimedia Foundation Wikimania Incubator (en) / (de) MediaWiki (en) / (de) Test-Wiki Bugzilla !Haaptabdeeling Deutsch English Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life 2 Early legal career 3 Mexican–American War 4 Political career Toggle Political career subsection 4.1 Early political career 4.2 Kentucky House of Representatives 4.3 U.S. Representative 4.3.1 First term (1851–1853) 4.3.2 Second term (1853–1855) 4.3.3 Retirement from the House 4.4 Vice presidency (1857–1861) 4.5 Presidential campaign of 1860 4.6 U.S. Senator 4.1 Early political career 4.2 Kentucky House of Representatives 4.3 U.S. Representative 4.3.1 First term (1851–1853) 4.3.2 Second term (1853–1855) 4.3.3 Retirement from the House 4.3.1 First term (1851–1853) 4.3.2 Second term (1853–1855) 4.3.3 Retirement from the House 4.4 Vice presidency (1857–1861) 4.5 Presidential campaign of 1860 4.6 U.S. Senator 5 American Civil War Toggle American Civil War subsection 5.1 Service in the Western Theater 5.2 Service in the Eastern Theater 5.3 Confederate Secretary of War 5.1 Service in the Western Theater 5.2 Service in the Eastern Theater 5.3 Confederate Secretary of War 6 Escape and exile 7 Return to the U.S. and death 8 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 8.1 Historical reputation 8.2 Monuments and memorials 8.1 Historical reputation 8.2 Monuments and memorials 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links John C. Breckinridge العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Magyar മലയാളം მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item John C. Breckinridge Breckinridge in 1860 14th Vice President of the United States In office March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861 President James Buchanan Preceded by William R. King Succeeded by Hannibal Hamlin 5th Confederate States Secretary of War In office February 6, 1865 – May 10, 1865 President Jefferson Davis Preceded by James Seddon Succeeded by Office abolished United States Senator from Kentucky In office March 4, 1861 – December 4, 1861 Preceded by John J. Crittenden Succeeded by Garrett Davis Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Kentucky's 8th district In office March 4, 1851 – March 3, 1855 Preceded by Charles Morehead Succeeded by Alexander Marshall Member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from Fayette County In office 1849–1850 Personal details Born John Cabell Breckinridge ( 1821-01-16 ) January 16, 1821 Lexington, Kentucky , U.S. Died May 17, 1875 (1875-05-17) (aged 54) Lexington, Kentucky, U.S. Resting place Lexington Cemetery Party Democratic Other political affiliations Southern Democratic ( 1860 ) Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Mary Burch ( m. 1843) Children 6, including Clifton and John Parents .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Cabell Breckinridge Mary Clay Smith Cabell Breckinridge Mary Clay Smith Relatives Breckinridge family Education Centre College ( BA ) College of New Jersey Transylvania University Centre College ( BA ) College of New Jersey Transylvania University Signature Military service Allegiance United States Confederate States United States Confederate States Branch/service United States Volunteers Confederate States Army United States Volunteers Confederate States Army Years of service 1847–1848 (U.S.) 1861–1865 (C.S.) 1847–1848 (U.S.) 1861–1865 (C.S.) Rank Major (U.S.) Major general (C.S.) Major (U.S.) Major general (C.S.) Battles/wars .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Mexican–American War American Civil War Battle of Shiloh Battle of Baton Rouge Battle of Stones River Battle of Jackson Battle of Chickamauga Chattanooga campaign Battle of New Market Battle of Cold Harbor ( WIA ) Battle of Piedmont Battle of Lynchburg Battle of Monocacy Battle of Bull's Gap Battle of Marion Battle of Cool Spring Mexican–American War American Civil War Battle of Shiloh Battle of Baton Rouge Battle of Stones River Battle of Jackson Battle of Chickamauga Chattanooga campaign Battle of New Market Battle of Cold Harbor ( WIA ) Battle of Piedmont Battle of Lynchburg Battle of Monocacy Battle of Bull's Gap Battle of Marion Battle of Cool Spring Battle of Shiloh Battle of Baton Rouge Battle of Stones River Battle of Jackson Battle of Chickamauga Chattanooga campaign Battle of New Market Battle of Cold Harbor ( WIA ) Battle of Piedmont Battle of Lynchburg Battle of Monocacy Battle of Bull's Gap Battle of Marion Battle of Cool Spring John Cabell Breckinridge (January 16, 1821 – May 17, 1875) was an American politician who served as the 14th vice president of the United States , with President James Buchanan , from 1857 to 1861. Assuming office at the age of 36, Breckinridge is the youngest vice president in U.S. history . He was also the Southern Democratic candidate in the 1860 presidential election , losing to antislavery Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln . Breckinridge was born near Lexington, Kentucky , to a prominent local family . After serving as a noncombatant during the Mexican–American War , he was elected as a Democrat to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1849, where he took a pro-slavery stance. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1851, he allied with Stephen A. Douglas in support of the Kansas–Nebraska Act . After reapportionment in 1854 made his re-election unlikely, he declined to run for another term. He was nominated for vice president at the 1856 Democratic National Convention to balance a ticket headed by James Buchanan . The Democrats won the election , but Breckinridge had little influence with Buchanan, and as presiding officer of the Senate, could not express his opinions in debates. He joined Buchanan in supporting the proslavery Lecompton Constitution for Kansas, which led to a split in the Democratic Party. In 1859, he was elected to succeed Senator John J. Crittenden at the end of Crittenden's term in 1861. After Southern Democrats walked out of the 1860 Democratic National Convention , the party's northern and southern factions held rival conventions in Baltimore that nominated Douglas and Breckinridge, respectively, for president. A third party, the Constitutional Union Party , nominated John Bell . These three men split the Southern vote, while Lincoln won all but three electoral votes in the North, winning the election. Breckinridge carried most of the Southern states. Taking his seat in the Senate, Breckinridge urged compromise to preserve the Union. Unionists were in control of the state legislature, and gained more support when Confederate forces moved into Kentucky . After fleeing behind Confederate lines, Breckinridge was commissioned a brigadier general in the Confederate Army and then expelled from the Senate. Following the Battle of Shiloh in 1862, Breckinridge was promoted to major general , and in October, he was assigned to the Army of Mississippi under Braxton Bragg . After Bragg charged that Breckinridge's drunkenness had contributed to defeats at Stones River and Missionary Ridge , and after Breckinridge joined many other high-ranking officers in criticizing Bragg, he was transferred to the Trans-Allegheny Department , where he won his most significant victory in the 1864 Battle of New Market . After participating in Jubal Early 's campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley , Breckinridge was charged with defending supplies in Tennessee and Virginia . In February 1865, Confederate President Jefferson Davis appointed him Secretary of War in the Confederate Cabinet . Concluding that the war was hopeless, he urged Davis to arrange a national surrender. After the fall of Richmond , Breckinridge ensured the preservation of Confederate records. He then escaped the country and lived abroad for over three years. When President Andrew Johnson extended amnesty to all former Confederates in 1868, Breckinridge returned to Kentucky, but resisted all encouragement to resume his political career. War injuries sapped his health, and he died in 1875. Breckinridge is regarded as an effective military commander, but historians have panned his contributions to the Confederacy. Early life John Cabell Breckinridge was born at Thorn Hill, his family's estate near Lexington, Kentucky, on January 16, 1821, [ 1 ] the fourth of six children and only son of Joseph "Cabell" Breckinridge from the Breckinridge family and Mary Clay (Smith) Breckinridge. [ 2 ] His mother was a daughter of Samuel Stanhope Smith , who founded Hampden–Sydney College in 1775, and granddaughter of John Witherspoon , a signer of the Declaration of Independence . [ 1 ] Having previously served as speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives, Breckinridge's father had been appointed Kentucky's secretary of state just prior to his son's birth. [ 3 ] In February 1821, the family moved with Governor John Adair to the Governor's Mansion in Frankfort , so his father could better attend to his duties as secretary of state. [ 4 ] In August 1823, an illness referred to as "the prevailing fever" struck Frankfort, and Cabell Breckinridge took his children to stay with his mother in Lexington. [ 4 ] On his return, both his wife and he fell ill. Cabell Breckinridge died, but she survived. [ 5 ] His assets were not enough to pay his debts, and his widow joined the children in Lexington, supported by her mother-in-law. [ 6 ] While in Lexington, Breckinridge attended Pisgah Academy in Woodford County . [ 7 ] His grandmother taught him the political philosophies of her late husband, John Breckinridge , who served in the U.S. Senate and as attorney general under President Thomas Jefferson . [ 8 ] As a state legislator, Breckinridge had introduced the Kentucky Resolutions in 1798, which stressed states' rights and endorsed the doctrine of nullification in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts . [ 9 ] After an argument between Breckinridge's mother and grandmother in 1832, his mother, his sister Laetitia, and he moved to Danville, Kentucky , to live with his sister Frances and her husband, John C. Young , who was president of Centre College . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Breckinridge's uncle, William Breckinridge, was also on the faculty there, prompting him to enroll in November 1834. [ 8 ] Among his schoolmates were Beriah Magoffin , William Birney , Theodore O'Hara , Thomas L. Crittenden , and Jeremiah Boyle . [ 11 ] [ 12 ] After earning a Bachelor of Arts in September 1838, he spent the following winter as a "resident graduate" at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Returning to Kentucky in mid-1839, he read law with Judge William Owsley . [ 14 ] In November 1840, he enrolled in the second year of the law course at Transylvania University in Lexington, where his instructors included George Robertson and Thomas A. Marshall of the Kentucky Court of Appeals . [ 15 ] On February 25, 1841, he received a Bachelor of Laws and was licensed to practice the next day. [ 16 ] Early legal career Breckinridge remained in Lexington while deciding where to begin practice, borrowing law books from the library of John J. Crittenden, Thomas Crittenden's father. [ 17 ] Deciding that Lexington was overcrowded with lawyers, he moved to Frankfort, but was unable to find an office. After being spurned by a love interest, former classmate Thomas W. Bullock and he departed for the Iowa Territory on October 10, 1841, seeking better opportunities. [ 18 ] They considered settling on land Breckinridge had inherited in Jacksonville, Illinois , but they found the bar stocked with able men such as Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln . [ 19 ] They continued on to Burlington, Iowa , and by the winter of 1842–1843, Breckinridge reported to family members that his firm handled more cases than almost any other in Burlington. [ 20 ] Influenced by Bullock and the citizens of Iowa, he identified with the Democratic Party , and by February 1843, he had been named to the Democratic committee of Des Moines County . [ 21 ] Most of the Kentucky Breckinridges were Whigs , and when he learned of his nephew's party affiliation, William Breckinridge declared, "I felt as I would have done if I had heard that my daughter had been dishonored." [ 22 ] Breckinridge visited Kentucky in May 1843. [ 23 ] His efforts to mediate between his mother and the Breckinridges extended his visit, and after he contracted influenza , he decided to remain for the summer rather than returning to Iowa's colder climate. [ 23 ] He met Bullock's cousin, Mary Cyrene Burch , and by September, they were engaged. [ 23 ] In October, Breckinridge went to Iowa to close out his business, then returned to Kentucky and formed a law partnership with Samuel Bullock, Thomas's cousin. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] He married on December 12, 1843, and settled in Georgetown, Kentucky . [ 23 ] The couple had six children – Joseph Cabell (b. 1844), Clifton Rodes (b. 1846; later a Congressman from Arkansas ), Frances (b. 1848), John Milton (b. 1849), John Witherspoon (b. 1850), and Mary Desha (b. 1854). [ 23 ] Gaining confidence in his ability as a lawyer, Breckinridge moved his family back to Lexington in 1845 and formed a partnership with future U.S. Senator James B. Beck . [ 26 ] Mexican–American War A supporter of the Mexican–American War, Breckinridge sought appointment to the staff of Major General William Orlando Butler , a prominent Kentucky Democrat, but Butler could only offer him an unpaid aide position and advised him to decline it. [ 27 ] In July 1847, Breckinridge delivered an address at a mass military funeral in Frankfort to honor Kentuckians killed in the Battle of Buena Vista . The oration brought Whig Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky, whose son was among the dead, to tears, and inspired Theodore O'Hara to write " Bivouac of the Dead ". [ 28 ] Breckinridge again applied for a military commission after William Owsley , the governor of Kentucky, called for two additional regiments on August 31, 1847. [ 29 ] Owsley's advisors encouraged the Whig governor to commission at least one Democrat, and Whig Senator John J. Crittenden supported Breckinridge's application. [ 30 ] On September 6, 1847, Owsley appointed Manlius V. Thomson as colonel, Thomas Crittenden as lieutenant colonel, and Breckinridge as major of the Third Kentucky Infantry Regiment. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] The regiment left Kentucky on November 1 and reached Veracruz by November 21. [ 31 ] After a serious epidemic of la Vomito, or yellow fever , broke out at Veracruz, [ 32 ] the regiment hurried to Mexico City . Reports indicate that Breckinridge walked all but two days of the journey, allowing weary soldiers to use his horse. [ 31 ] When they reached Mexico City on December 18, the fighting was almost over; they participated in no combat and remained as an army of occupation until May 30, 1848. [ 31 ] [ 33 ] In demand more for his legal expertise than his military training, he was named as assistant counsel for Gideon Johnson Pillow during a court of inquiry initiated against him by Winfield Scott . [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Seeking to derail Scott's presidential ambitions, Pillow and his supporters composed and published letters that lauded Pillow, not Scott, for the American victories at Contreras and Churubusco . To hide his involvement, Pillow convinced a subordinate to take credit for the letter he wrote. Breckinridge biographer William C. Davis writes that it was "most unlikely" that Breckinridge knew the details of Pillow's intrigue. [ 36 ] His role in the proceedings was limited to questioning a few witnesses; records show that Pillow represented himself during the court's proceedings. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Returning to Louisville on July 16, the Third Kentucky mustered out on July 21. [ 37 ] During their time in Mexico, over 100 members of the 1,000-man regiment died of illness. [ 28 ] Although he saw no combat, Breckinridge's military service proved an asset to his political prospects. [ 28 ] Political career Early political career Breckinridge campaigned for Democratic presidential nominee James K. Polk in the 1844 election . [ 37 ] He decided against running for county clerk of Scott County after his law partner complained that he spent too much time in politics. [ 38 ] In 1845, some local Democrats encouraged him to seek the Eighth District 's congressional seat, but he declined, supporting Alexander Keith Marshall , the party's unsuccessful nominee. [ 27 ] [ 38 ] As a private citizen, he opposed the Wilmot Proviso that would have banned slavery in the territory acquired in the war with Mexico. [ 39 ] In the 1848 presidential election , he backed the unsuccessful Democratic ticket of Lewis Cass and William Butler. [ 27 ] He did not vote in the election. Defending his decision during a speech in Lexington on September 5, 1860, Breckinridge explained: But it so happened that there were six or eight gentlemen also accompanying me, all of them belonging to the Whig Party, and they proposed to me that if I would not return to my own town and vote, they would not. If they would, there would be six or seven votes cast for Taylor and but one cast for Cass. I accepted the proposition, and we went hunting; and had every man done as well as myself, we should have carried the State by 40,000 majority. [ 40 ] But it so happened that there were six or eight gentlemen also accompanying me, all of them belonging to the Whig Party, and they proposed to me that if I would not return to my own town and vote, they would not. If they would, there would be six or seven votes cast for Taylor and but one cast for Cass. I accepted the proposition, and we went hunting; and had every man done as well as myself, we should have carried the State by 40,000 majority. [ 40 ] Kentucky House of Representatives In August 1849, Kentuckians elected delegates to a state constitutional convention in addition to state representatives and senators . [ 41 ] Breckinridge's abolitionist uncles, William and Robert , joined with Cassius Marcellus Clay to nominate slates of like-minded candidates for the constitutional convention and the legislature. [ 35 ] In response, a bipartisan group of proslavery citizens organized its own slate of candidates, including Breckinridge for one of Fayette County 's two seats in the House of Representatives. [ 42 ] Breckinridge, who by this time enslaved five humans, had publicly opposed "impairing in any form" the legal protection of slavery . [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Despite his endorsement of slavery protections, he was a member of the Freemasons and the First Presbyterian Church in Lexington , both of which officially opposed slavery. [ 44 ] He had also previously represented free blacks in court, expressed support for voluntary emancipation , and supported the Kentucky Colonization Society, which was dedicated to the relocation of free blacks to Liberia . [ 43 ] [ 44 ] Breckinridge received 1,481 votes, over 400 more than his nearest competitor, making this the first time that Fayette County had elected a Democrat to the state House of Representatives. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Between the election and the legislative session, Breckinridge formed a new law partnership with Owsley's former secretary of state, George B. Kinkead, his previous partner having died in a cholera epidemic earlier in the year. [ 47 ] He also co-founded the Kentucky Statesman , a semiweekly Democratic newspaper, and visited his step-cousin, Mary Todd , where he met her husband, Abraham Lincoln, for the first time; despite their political differences, they became friends. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] When the House convened, Breckinridge received a plurality of votes for speaker, but fell at least eight votes short of a majority. [ 45 ] Unable to break the deadlock, he withdrew, and the position went to Whig Thomas Reilly. [ 49 ] Biographer Frank H. Heck wrote that Breckinridge was the leader of the House Democratic caucus during the session, during which time most of the measures considered were "local or personal and in any case, petty". [ 50 ] Breckinridge was assigned to the House's standing committees on federal relations and the judiciary. [ 45 ] He supported bills allocating funding for internal improvements , a traditionally Whig stance. [ 49 ] As Congress debated Henry Clay's proposed Compromise of 1850 , the four Whigs on the Committee on Federal Relations drew up resolutions urging the Kentucky congressional delegation to support the compromise as a "fair, equitable, and just basis" for settlement of the slavery issue in the newly acquired U.S. territories. Breckinridge felt that the resolution was too vague and authored a minority report that explicitly denied federal authority to interfere with slavery in states and territories. Both sets of resolutions, and a set adopted by the Senate, were all laid on the table . [ 51 ] On March 4, 1850, three days before the end of the session, Breckinridge took a leave of absence to care for his son, John Milton, who had become ill; he died on March 18. [ 52 ] Keeping a busy schedule to cope with his grief, he urged adoption of the proposed constitution at a series of meetings around the state. [ 53 ] His only concern with the document was its lack of an amendment process. [ 52 ] The constitution was overwhelmingly ratified in May. Democrats wanted to nominate him for re-election, but he declined, citing problems "of a private and imperative character". Davis wrote "his problem – besides continuing sadness over his son's death – was money." [ 54 ] U.S. Representative First term (1851–1853) Breckinridge was a delegate to the January 8, 1851, state Democratic convention, which nominated Lazarus W. Powell for governor. [ 55 ] A week later, he announced that he would seek election to Congress from Kentucky's Eighth District. [ 45 ] Nicknamed the "Ashland district" because it contained Ashland , the estate of Whig Party founder Henry Clay, and much of the area Clay once represented, the district was a Whig stronghold. [ 26 ] In the previous congressional election, Democrats had not even nominated a candidate. [ 55 ] Breckinridge's opponent, Leslie Combs , was a former state legislator whose popularity was bolstered by his association with Clay and his participation in the War of 1812 ; he was expected to win the election easily. [ 45 ] In April, the candidates held a debate in Frankfort, and in May, they jointly canvassed the district, making daily speeches. [ 56 ] Breckinridge reiterated his strict constructionist view of the U.S. Constitution and denounced the protective tariffs advocated by the Whigs, stating that "free thought needs free trade". [ 57 ] His strong voice and charismatic personality contrasted with the campaign style of the much older Combs. [ 58 ] On election day, he carried only three of the district's seven counties, but accumulated a two-to-one victory margin in Owen County , winning the county by 677 votes and the election by 537. [ 59 ] Democrats carried five of Kentucky's 10 congressional districts, and Powell was elected as the first Democratic governor since 1834. [ 60 ] Supporters promoted Breckinridge for Speaker of the House , but he refused to allow his own nomination and voted with the majority to elect fellow Kentuckian Linn Boyd . [ 61 ] [ 62 ] Despite this, the two were factional enemies, and Boyd assigned Breckinridge to the lightly regarded Committee on Foreign Affairs . [ 58 ] [ 63 ] Breckinridge's first speech, and several subsequent ones, were made to defend William Butler, again a presidential aspirant in 1852 , from charges leveled by proponents of the Young America movement that he was too old and had not made his stance on slavery clear. [ 64 ] The attacks came from the pages of George Nicholas Sanders 's Democratic Review , and on the House floor from several men, nearly all of whom supported Stephen Douglas for the nomination. These men included California 's Edward C. Marshall , who was Breckinridge's cousin. [ 64 ] Their attacks ultimately hurt Douglas's chances for the nomination, and Breckinridge's defense of Butler enhanced his own reputation. [ 65 ] After this controversy, he was more active in the chamber's debates, but introduced few significant pieces of legislation. He defended the constitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 against attacks by Ohio Representative Joshua Giddings , and opposed Andrew Johnson's proposed Homestead Act out of concern that it would create more territories that excluded slavery. [ 65 ] Despite his campaign rhetoric that federal funds should only be used for internal improvements "of a national character", he sought to increase Kentucky's federal allocation for construction and maintenance of rivers and harbors, and supported bills that benefited his district's hemp farmers. [ 62 ] Returning home from the legislative session, Breckinridge made daily visits with Henry Clay, who lay dying in Lexington, and was chosen to deliver Clay's eulogy in Congress when the next session commenced. [ 66 ] The eulogy enhanced his popularity and solidified his position as Clay's political heir apparent. [ 62 ] He also campaigned for the election of Democrat Franklin Pierce as president. [ 67 ] Although Pierce lost Kentucky by 3,200 votes, Breckinridge wielded more influence with him than he had with outgoing Whig President Millard Fillmore . [ 68 ] A week after his inauguration, Pierce offered Breckinridge an appointment as governor of Washington Territory . He had initially sought the appointment, securing letters of recommendation from Powell and Butler, but by the time it was offered, he had decided to stay in Kentucky and seek re-election to the House. [ 69 ] Second term (1853–1855) The Whigs, seeking to recapture Breckinridge's seat, nominated Attorney General of Kentucky James Harlan , but some Whig factions opposed him, and he withdrew in March. [ 70 ] Robert P. Letcher , a former congressman and governor who had won 14 elections in Kentucky without a loss, was the party's second choice. [ 71 ] Both candidates campaigned vigorously throughout the Eighth District, making multiple speeches a day between May and August. [ 72 ] Letcher was an experienced campaigner, but his popular, anecdote-filled oratory was unpolished, and he was prone to outbursts of anger when frustrated. [ 73 ] By contrast, Breckinridge delivered calm, well-reasoned speeches. [ 74 ] Cassius Clay, a political enemy of Letcher's for years, endorsed Breckinridge, despite their differences on slavery. [ 60 ] Citing this endorsement and the abolitionism of Breckinridge's uncles, Letcher tried to paint Breckinridge as an enemy of slavery. Breckinridge pointed to his consistent support for slavery and claimed Letcher was actually hostile to the interests of slaveholders. [ 74 ] Although the district had gone for Whig candidate Winfield Scott by over 600 votes in the previous year's presidential election , Breckinridge defeated Letcher by 526 votes. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] Once again, he received a large margin in Owen County, which reported 123 more votes than eligible voters living in the county. [ 75 ] Grateful for the support of the reliably Democratic county, he gave his son John Witherspoon Breckinridge the nickname "Owen". [ 74 ] Of the 234 members of the House, Breckinridge was among the 80 who were returned to their seats for the Thirty-third Congress . [ 67 ] Due to his increased seniority, he was assigned to the more prestigious Ways and Means Committee , but he was not given a committee chairmanship as many had expected. [ 62 ] Although he supported Pierce's proslavery agenda on the principle of states' rights and believed that secession was legal, he opposed secession as a remedy to the country's immediate problems. [ 26 ] This, coupled with his earlier support of manumission and African colonization, balanced his support for slavery; most still considered him a moderate legislator. [ 48 ] An ally of Illinois' Stephen A. Douglas, Breckinridge supported the doctrine of popular sovereignty as expressed in Douglas's Kansas–Nebraska Act. He believed passage of the act would remove the issue of slavery from national politics – although it ultimately had the opposite effect – and acted as a liaison between Douglas and Pierce to secure its passage. [ 48 ] During the debate on the House floor, New York 's Francis B. Cutting , incensed by a statement that Breckinridge had made, demanded that he explain or retract it. Breckinridge interpreted Cutting's demand as a challenge to duel . Under code duello , the individual being challenged retained the right to name the weapons used and the distance between the combatants; Breckinridge chose rifles at 60 paces. [ 72 ] He also specified that the duel should be held at Silver Spring, Maryland , the home of his friend Francis Preston Blair . [ 48 ] Cutting, who had not intended his initial remark as a challenge, believed that Breckinridge's naming of terms constituted a challenge; he chose to use pistols at a distance of 10 paces. While the two men attempted to clarify who had issued the challenge and who reserved the right to choose the terms, mutual friends resolved the issue, preventing the duel. [ 72 ] The recently adopted Kentucky Constitution prevented anyone who participated in a duel from holding elected office, and the peaceful resolution of the issue may have saved Breckinridge's political career. [ 76 ] Retirement from the House In February 1854, the Whig majority in the Kentucky General Assembly passed – over Powell's veto – a reapportionment bill that redrew Breckinridge's district, removing Owen County and replacing it with Harrison and Nicholas Counties. [ 77 ] This, combined with the rise of the Know Nothing Party in Kentucky, left Breckinridge with little hope of re-election, and he decided to retire from the House at the expiration of his term. [ 78 ] Following the December 1854 resignation of Pierre Soulé , the U.S. Minister to Spain , who failed to negotiate a U.S. annexation of Cuba following the controversial Ostend Manifesto , Pierce nominated Breckinridge to the position. [ 78 ] Although the Senate confirmed the nomination, Breckinridge declined it on February 8, 1855, telling Pierce only that his decision was "of a private and domestic nature." His term in the house expired on March 4. [ 79 ] Desiring to care for his sick wife and rebuild his personal wealth, Breckinridge returned to his law practice in Lexington. [ 48 ] In addition to his legal practice, he engaged in land speculation in Minnesota territory and Wisconsin . [ 80 ] When Governor Willis A. Gorman of the Minnesota Territory thwarted an attempt by Breckinridge's fellow investors (not including Breckinridge) to secure approval of a railroad connecting Dubuque, Iowa , with their investments near Superior, Wisconsin , they petitioned Pierce to remove Gorman and appoint Breckinridge in his place. In 1855, Pierce authorized two successive investigations of Gorman, but failed to uncover any wrongdoing that would justify his removal. [ 81 ] During his time away from politics, Breckinridge also promoted the advancement of horse racing in his native state and was chosen president of the Kentucky Association for the Improvement of the Breed of Horses. [ 82 ] Vice presidency (1857–1861) As a delegate to the 1856 Democratic National Convention in Cincinnati , Ohio, Breckinridge favored Pierce's renomination for president. When Pierce's hopes of securing the nomination faltered, Breckinridge joined other erstwhile Pierce backers by throwing his support behind his friend, Stephen Douglas. Even with this additional support, Douglas was still unable to garner two third's majority of the delegates' votes, and he withdrew, leaving James Buchanan as the Democratic presidential nominee. [ 82 ] William Alexander Richardson , a Kentucky-born Representative from Illinois, then suggested that nominating Breckinridge for vice president would balance Buchanan's ticket and placate disgruntled supporters of Douglas or Pierce. [ 83 ] A delegate from Louisiana placed his name before the convention, and although Breckinridge desired the vice presidential nomination, he declined, citing his deference to fellow Kentuckian and former House Speaker Linn Boyd, who was supported by the Kentucky delegation. [ 48 ] Ten men received votes on the first vice-presidential ballot. Mississippi 's John A. Quitman had the most support with 59 votes. Eight state delegations – with a total of 55 votes – voted for Breckinridge in spite of his refusal of the nomination, making him the second-highest vote getter. Kentucky cast its 12 votes for Boyd, bringing his third-place total to 33 votes. Seeing Breckinridge's strength on the first ballot, large numbers of delegates voted for him on the second ballot, and those who did not soon saw that his nomination was inevitable and changed their votes to make it unanimous. [ 84 ] Unlike many political nominees of his time, Breckinridge actively campaigned for Buchanan and his election. [ 26 ] During the first 10 days of September 1856, he spoke in Hamilton and Cincinnati, Ohio; Lafayette and Indianapolis , Indiana ; Kalamazoo, Michigan ; Covington, Kentucky ; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . [ 85 ] His speeches stressed the idea that Republicans were fanatically devoted to emancipation, and their election would prompt the dissolution of the Union. [ 83 ] Breckinridge's presence on the ticket helped the Democrats carry his home state of Kentucky, which the party had not won since 1828 , by 6,000 votes. [ 26 ] [ 86 ] Buchanan and Breckinridge received 174 electoral votes to 114 for Republicans John C. Frémont and William L. Dayton and eight for Know Nothing candidates Millard Fillmore and Andrew Jackson Donelson . [ 87 ] Thirty-six years old at the time of his inauguration on March 4, 1857, Breckinridge was the youngest vice president in U.S. history, exceeding the minimum age required under the Constitution by only a year. [ 33 ] [ 48 ] Buchanan resented that Breckinridge had supported both Pierce and Douglas before endorsing his nomination. [ 88 ] Relations between the two were further strained, when upon asking for a private interview with Buchanan, Breckinridge was told to come to the White House and ask for Harriet Lane , who acted as the mansion's host for the unmarried president. Feeling slighted by the response, Breckinridge refused to carry out these instructions; later, three of Buchanan's intimates informed Breckinridge that requesting to speak to Miss Lane was actually a secret instruction to White House staff to usher the requestor into a private audience with the president. [ 89 ] They also conveyed Buchanan's apologies for the misunderstanding. [ 90 ] Buchanan rarely consulted Breckinridge when making patronage appointments, and meetings between the two were infrequent. [ 88 ] When Buchanan and Breckinridge endorsed the Lecompton Constitution, which would have admitted Kansas as a slave state instead of allowing the people to vote, they managed to alienate most Northern Democrats, including Douglas. [ 48 ] [ 91 ] This disagreement ended plans for Breckinridge, Douglas, and Minnesota's Henry Mower Rice to build a series of three elaborate, conjoined row houses in which to live during their time in Washington, DC . [ 48 ] In November 1857, after Breckinridge found alternative lodging in Washington, he sold a slave woman and her young infant, which according to historian James C. Klotter , probably ended his days as a slaveholder. [ 43 ] When Breckinridge did not travel to Illinois to campaign for Douglas's re-election to the Senate and gave him only a lukewarm endorsement, relations between them worsened. [ 92 ] Functioning as the Senate's presiding officer, Breckinridge's participation in the chamber's debates was also restricted, but he won respect for presiding "gracefully and impartially." [ 48 ] On January 4, 1859, he was asked to deliver the final address in the Old Senate Chamber ; in the speech, he expressed his desire that the Congress find a solution that would preserve the Union. [ 86 ] During its half century in the chamber, the Senate had grown from 32 to 64 members. During those years, he observed, the Constitution had "survived peace and war, prosperity and adversity" to protect "the larger personal freedom compatible with public order." Breckinridge expressed hope that eventually "another Senate, in another age, shall bear to a new and larger Chamber, this Constitution vigorous and inviolate, and that the last generation of posterity shall witness the deliberations of the Representatives of American States, still united, prosperous, and free." [ 48 ] [ 93 ] Breckinridge then led a procession to the new chamber. [ 48 ] Breckinridge opposed the idea that the federal government could coerce action by a state, but maintained that secession, while legal, was not the solution to the country's problems. [ 26 ] Although John Crittenden's Senate term did not expire until 1861, the Kentucky General Assembly met to choose his successor in 1859. [ 88 ] Until just days before the election, the contest was expected to be between Breckinridge and Boyd, who had been elected lieutenant governor in August; Boyd's worsening health prompted his withdrawal on November 28, 1859. On December 12, the Assembly chose Breckinridge over Joshua Fry Bell , the defeated candidate in the August gubernatorial election, by a vote of 81–53. [ 94 ] In his acceptance speech, delivered to the Kentucky House of Representatives on December 21, Breckinridge endorsed the Supreme Court 's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford , which ruled that Congress could not restrict slavery in the territories, and insisted that John Brown 's recent raid on Harpers Ferry was evidence of Republicans' insistence on either "negro equality" or violence. [ 88 ] [ 95 ] Resistance in some form, he predicted, would eventually be necessary. [ 43 ] He still urged the assembly against secession – "God forbid that the step shall ever be taken!" – but his discussion of growing sectional conflict bothered some, including his uncle Robert. [ 96 ] Presidential campaign of 1860 Early in 1859, Senator James Henry Hammond of South Carolina reported to a friend that Breckinridge was seeking the Democratic presidential nomination, but as late as January 1860, Breckinridge told family members that he had no desire for the nomination. [ 97 ] A New York Times editorial noted that while Buchanan was falling "in prestige and political consequence, the star of the Vice President rises higher above the clouds." [ 48 ] Douglas, considered the frontrunner for the Democratic presidential nomination, was convinced that Breckinridge would be a candidate; this, combined with Buchanan's reluctant support of Breckinridge and Breckinridge's public support for a federal slave code, deepened the rift between the two. [ 97 ] Among Breckinridge's supporters at the 1860 Democratic National Convention in Charleston, South Carolina , were several prominent Kentuckians. They were former Kentucky Governor and current Senator Lazarus W. Powell , former Kentucky Representative William Preston (a distant relative), law partner James Brown Clay , and James B. Beck . [ 97 ] Breckinridge did not attend the convention, but instructed his supporters not to nominate him as long as James Guthrie remained a candidate. [ 98 ] Accordingly, when a delegate from Arkansas nominated Breckinridge for president on the 36th ballot, Beck asked that it be withdrawn, and the request was honored. [ 99 ] Over the course of 57 ballots, Douglas maintained a wide plurality, but failed to gain the necessary two-thirds majority; Guthrie consistently ran second. [ 97 ] Unable to nominate a candidate, delegates voted to reconvene in Baltimore, Maryland, on June 18. [ 99 ] Pro-Southern delegates, who had walked out of the Charleston convention in protest of its failure to adopt a federal slave code plank in its platform, did not participate in the Baltimore convention. [ 98 ] [ 100 ] The delegates from Alabama and Louisiana – all of whom had walked out at Charleston – had been replaced, after five days of debate and holding votes on the issue, with Douglas supporters from those states, leading to the nomination of Douglas and Herschel Vespasian Johnson for president and vice president, respectively, on the sixth day. [ 101 ] The protesting delegates convened on the same day in Baltimore. [ 100 ] On the first ballot, Breckinridge received 81 votes, with 24 going to former senator Daniel S. Dickinson of New York. Dickinson supporters gradually changed their support to Breckinridge to make his nomination unanimous, and Joseph Lane of Oregon was chosen by acclamation as his vice presidential running mate. [ 102 ] Despite concerns about the breakup of the party, Breckinridge accepted the presidential nomination. [ 26 ] In August, Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis attempted to broker a compromise under which Douglas, Breckinridge, and Tennessee's John Bell , the nominee of the Constitutional Union Party , would all withdraw in favor of a compromise candidate. Both Breckinridge and Bell readily agreed to the plan, but Douglas was opposed to compromising with the "Bolters", and his supporters retained an intense dislike for Breckinridge that made them averse to Davis's proposal. [ 48 ] [ 100 ] Opponents knew Breckinridge believed in the right of secession and accused him of favoring the breakup of the Union; he denied the latter during a speech in Frankfort: "I am an American citizen, a Kentuckian who never did an act nor cherished a thought that was not full of devotion to the Constitution and the Union." [ 103 ] While he had very little support in the northern states, most, if not all, of the southern states were expected to go for Breckinridge. [ 104 ] This would give him only 120 of 303 electoral votes, but to gain support from any northern states, he had to minimize his connections with the southern states and risked losing their support to Bell. [ 105 ] Some Breckinridge supporters believed his best hope was for the election to be thrown to the House of Representatives; if he could add the support of some Douglas or Bell states to the 13 believed to support him, he could beat Lincoln, who was believed to carry the support of 15 states. [ 104 ] To Davis's wife, Varina , Breckinridge wrote, "I trust I have the courage to lead a forlorn hope." [ 106 ] In the four-way contest, Breckinridge came in third in the popular vote, with 18.1%, but second in the Electoral College . [ 33 ] The final electoral vote was 180 for Lincoln, 72 for Breckinridge, 39 for Bell, and 12 for Douglas. [ 105 ] Although Breckinridge won the states of the Deep South , his support in those states came mostly from rural areas with low slave populations; the urban areas with higher slave populations generally went for Bell or Douglas. [ 106 ] Breckinridge also carried the border states of Maryland and Delaware. Historian James C. Klotter points out in light of these results that, while Douglas maintained that there was "not a disunionist in America who is not a Breckinridge man", it is more likely that party loyalty and economic status played a more prominent role in Breckinridge's support than did issues of slavery and secession. [ 107 ] He lost to Douglas in Missouri and Bell in Virginia and Tennessee. [ 108 ] Bell also captured Breckinridge's home state, Kentucky. [ 105 ] Lincoln swept most of the northern states, although New Jersey split its electoral votes, giving four to Lincoln and three to Douglas. [ 104 ] As the candidate of the Buchanan faction, Breckinridge outpolled Douglas in Pennsylvania and received support comparable to Douglas in Connecticut , although he received very little support elsewhere in the North. It was Breckinridge's duty as vice president to announce Lincoln as the winner of the electoral college vote on February 13, 1861. [ 105 ] On February 24, Breckinridge visited Lincoln at Willard's Hotel in Washington, DC, and frequently thereafter he visited his step-cousin, now the First Lady , at the White House. [ 48 ] [ 109 ] In the lame duck session following the election, Congress adopted a resolution authored by Lazarus Powell, now in the Senate, calling for a committee of thirteen (Committee of Thirteen on the Disturbed Condition of the Country) "to consider that portion of the President's message relating to the disturbances of the country." Frank Heck wrote that Breckinridge appointed "an able committee, representing every major faction." [ 110 ] He endorsed Crittenden's proposed compromise , a collection of constitutional amendments designed to avert secession and appease the South. Breckinridge used his influence as the Senate's presiding officer in an unsuccessful attempt to get it approved by either the committee or the Senate. [ 26 ] Ultimately, the committee reported that they were unable to agree on a recommendation. [ 111 ] On March 4, 1861, the last day of the session, Breckinridge swore in Hannibal Hamlin as his successor as vice president. Hamlin, in turn, swore in the newly elected senators, including Breckinridge. [ 107 ] U.S. Senator Seven states had already seceded when Breckinridge took his seat as a senator, leaving the remaining Southern senators more outnumbered in their defense of slavery. [ 107 ] Seeking to find a compromise that would reunite the states under constitutional principles, he urged Lincoln to withdraw federal forces from the Confederate states to avert war. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] The congressional session ended on March 28, and in an April 2 address to the Kentucky General Assembly, he continued to advocate peaceful reconciliation of the states and proposed a conference of border states to seek a solution. [ 114 ] On April 12, Confederate troops fired on Fort Sumter , ending plans for the conference. [ 115 ] Breckinridge recommended that Governor Beriah Magoffin call a sovereignty convention to determine whether Kentucky would side with the Union or the Confederacy. [ 116 ] On May 10, he was chosen by the legislature as one of six delegates to a conference to decide the state's next action. [ 26 ] The states' rights delegates were Breckinridge, Magoffin, and Richard Hawes ; the Unionist delegates were Crittenden, Archibald Dixon , and S.S. Nicholas . [ 116 ] Unable to agree on substantial issues, the delegates recommended that Kentucky adopt a neutral stance in the Civil War and arm itself to prevent invasion by either federal or Confederate forces. [ 117 ] Breckinridge did not support this recommendation, but he agreed to abide by it once it was approved by the legislature. [ 26 ] In special elections in June, pro-Union candidates captured 9 of 10 seats in Kentucky's House delegation. [ 116 ] Returning to the Senate for a special session in July, Breckinridge was regarded as a traitor by most of his fellow legislators because of his Confederate sympathies. [ 118 ] He condemned as unconstitutional Lincoln's enlistment and arming of men for a war Congress had not officially declared, his expending funds for the war that had not been allocated by Congress, and his suspension of the writ of habeas corpus . [ 112 ] He was the only senator to vote against a resolution authorizing Lincoln to use "the entire resources of the government" for the war. [ 119 ] Asked what he would do if he were president, he replied, "I would prefer to see these States all reunited upon true constitutional principles to any other object that could be offered me in life. But I infinitely prefer to see a peaceful separation of these States than to see endless, aimless, devastating war, at the end of which I see the grave of public liberty and of personal freedom." On August 1, he declared that, if Kentucky sided with the federal government against the Confederacy, "she will be represented by some other man on the floor of this Senate." [ 118 ] Kentucky's neutrality was breached by both federal and Confederate forces in early September 1861 (the Federal forces maintained that there had been no breach, as Kentucky was an integral part of the Union). [ 118 ] Confederate forces invaded Kentucky on September 3; they were followed by a Union force commanded by Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant , which on the morning of September 6 occupied the town of Paducah on the Ohio River . [ 120 ] Soon after, Unionists in the state arrested former governor Charles S. Morehead for his suspected Confederate sympathies and shut down the Louisville Courier because of its pro-Confederate editorials. [ 119 ] Word reached Breckinridge that Union General Thomas E. Bramlette intended to arrest him next. [ 119 ] To avoid detainment, on September 19, 1861, he left Lexington. Joined in Prestonsburg by Confederate sympathizers George W. Johnson , George Baird Hodge , William Preston, and William E. Simms , he continued to Abingdon, Virginia , and from there by rail to Confederate-held Bowling Green, Kentucky . [ 121 ] The state legislature immediately requested his resignation. [ 118 ] In an open letter to his constituents dated October 8, 1861, Breckinridge maintained that the Union no longer existed and that Kentucky should be free to choose her own course; he defended his sympathy to the Southern cause and denounced the Unionist state legislature, declaring, "I exchange with proud satisfaction a term of six years in the Senate of the United States for the musket of a soldier." [ 118 ] [ 122 ] He was indicted for treason in U.S. federal district court in Frankfort on November 6, 1861, having officially enlisted in the Confederate army days earlier. [ 26 ] On December 2, 1861, he was declared a traitor by the U.S. Senate. [ 123 ] A resolution stating "Whereas John C. Breckinridge, a member of this body from the State of Kentucky, has joined the enemies of his country, and is now in arms against the government he had sworn to support: Therefore—Resolved, That said John C. Breckinridge, the traitor, be, and he hereby is, expelled from the Senate," was adopted by a vote of 36–0 on December 4. [ 48 ] [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Ten Southern Senators had been expelled earlier that year in July. [ 126 ] American Civil War Service in the Western Theater On the recommendation of Simon Bolivar Buckner , the former commander of the Kentucky State Militia who had also joined the Confederate Army, Breckinridge was commissioned as a brigadier general on November 2, 1861. [ 127 ] On November 16, he was given command of the 1st Kentucky Brigade. [ 128 ] Nicknamed the Orphan Brigade because its men felt orphaned by Kentucky's Unionist state government, the brigade was in Buckner's 2nd Division of the Army of Mississippi , commanded by General Albert Sidney Johnston . [ 129 ] For several weeks, he trained his troops in the city, and he also participated in the organization of a provisional Confederate government for the state . [ 127 ] Although not sanctioned by the legislature in Frankfort, its existence prompted the Confederacy to admit Kentucky on December 10, 1861. [ 130 ] Johnston's forces were forced to withdraw from Bowling Green in February 1862. [ 127 ] During the retreat, Breckinridge was put in charge of Johnston's Reserve Corps. [ 26 ] Johnston decided to attack Ulysses S. Grant 's forces at Shiloh, Tennessee on April 6, 1862, by advancing North from his base in Corinth, Mississippi . Breckinridge's reserves soon joined the Battle of Shiloh as Johnston tried to force Grant's troops into the river. [ 127 ] Despite Johnston being killed in the fighting, the Confederates made steady progress against Grant's troops until P. G. T. Beauregard – who assumed command after Johnston's death – ordered his generals to break off the fighting at about 6 o'clock in the afternoon. [ 131 ] The next day, the Union forces regrouped and repelled the Confederates. [ 127 ] Breckinridge's division formed the Confederate rearguard, stationing itself on the ground that the Confederates held the night before the first day of the battle while the rest of the army retreated. Union troops did not pursue them. [ 132 ] Of the 7,000 troops under Breckinridge's command at the battle, 386 were killed and 1,628 were wounded, Breckinridge among the latter. [ 123 ] [ 133 ] Breckinridge's performance earned him a promotion to major general on April 14, 1862. [ 134 ] After his promotion, he joined Earl Van Dorn near Vicksburg, Mississippi . [ 130 ] The Confederate forces awaited a Union attack throughout most of July. [ 135 ] Finally, Van Dorn ordered Breckinridge to attempt to recapture Baton Rouge, Louisiana , from federal forces. Despite having his forces reduced to around 3,000 by illness and desertions, on the morning of August 5, he attacked the Union garrison , capturing several prisoners, destroying its supplies, and driving it from the city. Union troops were forced to take shelter under cover of their gunboats. The ironclad CSS Arkansas was intended to support Breckinridge's attack by moving down the Red River , but it was immobilized by a mechanical failure and its crew set it on fire before letting it loose downriver to threaten oncoming Union vessels and to prevent its capture. Without naval support, the Confederates were unable to hold the city. Breckinridge withdrew his troops at 10 o'clock. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] Later that month, Breckinridge served as an independent commander in the lower Mississippi Valley , securing Confederate control of the area by taking Port Hudson , which helped halt the federal advance down the Mississippi River. [ 26 ] Meanwhile, General Braxton Bragg , commanding the Army of Mississippi, was preparing an invasion of Kentucky, and Breckinridge was ordered to join him. Confederate leaders believed that Breckinridge's presence in the state could spur enlistments. Van Dorn was reluctant to lose command of Breckinridge and his men, and by the time he relented on October 15, Bragg was already retreating from the state after being defeated at the Battle of Perryville . Breckinridge and his division of 7,000 men met Bragg at Murfreesboro, Tennessee . [ 135 ] With Kentucky solidly under Union control, Breckinridge's wife and children moved south and followed his troops as closely as was safely possible. [ 137 ] Bragg resented Breckinridge's close ties to Confederate commanders, particularly Joseph E. Johnston , Wade Hampton , John B. Floyd , and William Preston, all of whom were related to Breckinridge. [ 138 ] Furthermore, he thought Breckinridge's late arrival for the Kentucky campaign had contributed to the lack of Confederate volunteers he found in the state. [ 139 ] In December, Bragg ordered the execution of Kentucky Corporal Asa Lewis after a court martial had convicted him of desertion . [ 140 ] Lewis's enlistment had expired, but he continued to serve with the 6th Kentucky Infantry Regiment until his impoverished mother and siblings begged him to return home. [ 141 ] Although Lewis claimed he was returning to the army at the time of his arrest, Bragg was insistent on reducing desertions by making him an example. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] After witnessing the execution, Breckinridge reportedly became nauseated and fell forward on his horse, requiring assistance from members of his staff. [ 142 ] He protested Bragg's "military murder" and was barely able to prevent open mutiny by his Kentucky soldiers. [ 143 ] Relations between Breckinridge and Bragg continued to deteriorate; Breckinridge's opinion that Bragg was incompetent was shared by many Confederate officers. [ 144 ] At Murfreesboro, Breckinridge's Division was assigned to Lieutenant General William J. Hardee 's Corps and was stationed on the east side of the Stones River . When the Union Army of the Cumberland , commanded by Major General William Rosecrans , attacked on December 31, 1862, beginning the Battle of Stones River, Bragg's main force initially repelled the attack. [ 135 ] Bragg ordered Breckinridge to reinforce him on the west side of the river, but Brigadier General John Pegram , who commanded a cavalry brigade, erroneously reported that a large Union force was advancing along the east bank, and Breckinridge was slow to comply with Bragg's order. When he finally crossed the river, his attacks were ineffective, and Bragg ordered him back across the river. [ 141 ] On January 2, a Union division under Brigadier General Horatio P. Van Cleve crossed the river and took a ridge. The position endangered Leonidas Polk 's corps, which was positioned ahead of the rest of the Confederate lines in the center of the battlefield. Against Breckinridge's advice, Bragg ordered his division to launch a frontal attack on the federal position. [ 145 ] [ 146 ] Prior to the attack, Breckinridge wrote to Preston, "if [the attack] should result in disaster and I be among the killed, I want you to do justice to my memory and tell the people that I believed this attack to be very unwise and tried to prevent it." [ 143 ] Launching their attack at 4 P.M., Breckinridge's men initially broke the Union line and forced them across the river. Artillery on the opposite side of the river then opened fire on Breckinridge's men, and a fresh Union division under Brigadier General James S. Negley arrived to reinforce the fleeing troops. In just over an hour, nearly one-third of Breckinridge's troops were killed, wounded, or captured. One anecdote holds that, as he rode among the survivors, he cried out repeatedly, "My poor Orphans! My poor Orphans," bringing recognition to the Orphan Brigade. [ 143 ] [ 147 ] Bragg's official report criticized the conduct of Breckinridge's division and assigned to Breckinridge most of the blame for the Confederate defeat. [ 142 ] [ 145 ] [ 148 ] Breckinridge asserted to his superiors that Bragg's report "fails to do justice to the behavior of my Division"; he requested a court of inquiry, but the request was denied. [ 142 ] Several Kentuckians under Breckinridge's command, who already blamed Bragg for the failed invasion of their native state, encouraged him to resign his commission and challenge Bragg to a duel. [ 144 ] In May 1863, Breckinridge was reassigned to Joseph E. Johnston, participating in the Battle of Jackson in an unsuccessful attempt to break the siege of Vicksburg . [ 26 ] Vicksburg fell to Grant's forces on July 4, and Breckinridge was returned to Bragg's command on August 28, 1863. After seeing no action on the first day of the Battle of Chickamauga in Georgia on September 19, he led a division of D.H. Hill 's corps in an attack on the Union forces the next morning. [ 144 ] The Confederate troops succeeded in breaking the Union line, [ 130 ] but the main army escaped back to Tennessee. Of Breckinridge's 3,769 men, 166 were killed in the battle; 909 were wounded and 165 were missing. [ 149 ] In late November, Breckinridge commanded one of Bragg's two corps during the Confederate defeat at the Battles for Chattanooga . [ 130 ] Bragg ordered a significant number of Breckinridge's men to reinforce Hardee's corps, leaving him with insufficient forces to repel the combined attack of Joseph Hooker and George Henry Thomas on Missionary Ridge . [ 150 ] His son, Cabell, was captured in the battle. He was later freed in a prisoner exchange . [ 137 ] In his official report, Bragg charged Breckinridge with drunkenness at Chattanooga and (retroactively) at Stones River. Historian Lowell H. Harrison noted that, while Breckinridge frequently drank whiskey, he was well known for being able to consume large amounts without getting drunk. Before submitting his own resignation, which was accepted, Bragg removed Breckinridge from command. [ 144 ] It would be almost two years – on May 1, 1865 – before the two would reconcile. [ 151 ] Service in the Eastern Theater On December 15, 1863, Breckinridge took leave in Richmond. [ 152 ] Premature rumors of his death prompted The New York Times to print a quite vituperative obituary suggesting that Breckinridge had been a hypocrite for supporting states' rights, then abandoning his home state when it chose to remain in the Union. [ 153 ] Confederate leaders were skeptical of Bragg's claims against Breckinridge, and in February 1864, Confederate President Jefferson Davis assigned him to the Eastern Theater and put him in charge of the Trans-Allegheny Department (later known as the Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia ). [ 130 ] On May 5, General Robert E. Lee , commander of the Army of Northern Virginia , ordered Breckinridge to take command of a reconnaissance mission to scout the federal forces under Franz Sigel near Winchester, Virginia as part of the Lynchburg Campaign . [ 154 ] With a force of about 4,800 men, including 261 cadets from the Virginia Military Institute , he defeated Sigel's 6,300 men at the Battle of New Market on May 15, driving them west across the Shenandoah River . In doing so, Breckinridge's troops protected Lee's flank, defended a crucial railroad junction, and protected the valuable wheat supply. [ 155 ] Lee had suggested that Breckinridge invade Maryland, but he was unable to do so because floodwaters had made the Potomac River virtually impassable. [ 156 ] The victory was considered one of his best performances as a general. [ 157 ] Since then, many in the South have viewed him as a "worthy successor" of the late Stonewall Jackson . Breckinridge would draw more comparisons at the Second Battle of Kernstown , the scene of the first fight in Jackson's Valley Campaign two years earlier. In the Second Battle, which occurred on July 24, 13,000 Confederate troops commanded by Lt. Gen. Jubal Early attacked and defeated 10,000 Federal troops under the command of Brig. Gen. George Crook . The victory allowed the Confederates to resume their invasion of the North. [ 158 ] [ 159 ] Shortly thereafter, Breckinridge's Division reinforced Lee's Army of Northern Virginia and played an important role in halting Grant's advance at the Battle of Cold Harbor . [ 130 ] During the battle, his troops repulsed a powerful Union attack. [ 160 ] Breckinridge was wounded when a cannonball struck his horse and he was pinned underneath. [ 161 ] He was still unable to walk or ride when Lee ordered him to take command of the survivors of the Confederate defeat at the Battle of Piedmont . [ 162 ] Traveling by rail to Rockfish Gap on June 10, he marched his forces into the city of Lynchburg, Virginia . [ 162 ] He was joined there by General Early's troops, who arrived just in time to save the Confederate forces from an assault by Union forces under David Hunter at the Battle of Lynchburg . [ 163 ] After Early and Breckinridge (who was now able to ride a horse) chased Hunter more than sixty miles away from the city, Lee ordered them to clear the Union forces from the Shenandoah Valley , then cross into Maryland and probe the defenses of Washington, D.C. Union forces' only serious attempt to turn back the expedition came at the Battle of Monocacy on July 9. Confederate troops were delayed, but ultimately prevailed and continued toward Washington. [ 163 ] They were defeated at the Battle of Fort Stevens on July 11–12, partially with reinforcements brought in by the United States Government with the time gained from the Battle of Monocacy. [ 164 ] Since Lincoln was watching the fight from the ramparts of Fort Stevens, this marked the only time in American history in which two former opponents in a presidential election faced one another across battle lines. [ 165 ] Following the battle, Early decided to withdraw rather than assault the well-fortified federal capital. [ 164 ] Early and Breckinridge were able to hold the Shenandoah Valley through July and August, but on September 19, 1864, Philip Sheridan forced their retreat at the Third Battle of Winchester . [ 165 ] Responding to General John Brown Gordon 's admonition to be careful in the fight, Breckinridge responded, "Well, general, there is little left for me if our cause is to fail." [ 48 ] After the death of John Hunt Morgan , Breckinridge again took command of the Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia. [ 130 ] He reorganized the department, which was in great disarray. On October 2, 1864, at the First Battle of Saltville , his troops were able to protect critical Confederate salt works from United States forces under Stephen G. Burbridge , despite a lack of resources. [ 130 ] The next morning, he discovered that soldiers under his command had begun killing an estimated 45 to 100 wounded black Union soldiers of the 5th United States Colored Cavalry . [ 166 ] Hearing the gunfire, he rushed to stop the massacre. [ 167 ] Brigadier General Felix Huston Robertson was suspected of involvement and bragged about killing the negroes. General Lee instructed Breckinridge to "prefer charges against him and bring him to trial", but no trial ever took place. [ 168 ] [ 169 ] In mid-November, Breckinridge led a raid into northeastern Tennessee, driving Alvan Cullem Gillem 's forces back to Knoxville at the Battle of Bull's Gap . On December 17–18, he faced a two-pronged attack from Union cavalry under Major General George Stoneman at the Battle of Marion in Virginia. Badly outnumbered on either flank, Breckinridge resisted Stoneman's forces until he ran low on ammunition. Stoneman's forces were able to damage Confederate salt works, lead mines, and railroads in the area, and destroy supply depots at Bristol and Abingdon. Finally restocked with ammunition after three days, Breckinridge was able to drive Stoneman – whose men were now short of ammunition themselves – out of the area. [ 170 ] Confederate Secretary of War James A. Seddon resigned his position as the Confederate Secretary of War on January 19, 1865. On February 6, Davis appointed Breckinridge to the vacant position, partially to quiet growing opposition to his administration. [ 171 ] [ 172 ] Initially opposed by several members of the Confederate Congress because he had waited to join the Confederacy, he eventually gained their support by administering his office more efficiently than his predecessors. [ 167 ] With their support, he was able to expand the post's influence to include making officer assignments and promotion recommendations and advising field generals regarding strategy. [ 167 ] His first act as secretary was to promote Robert E. Lee to general-in-chief of all Confederate forces. [ 172 ] After Lee reported a critical shortage of food, clothing, and supplies among his troops, Breckinridge recommended the removal of Lucius B. Northrop , the Confederate commissary general . Northrop's successor, Isaac M. St. John , improved the flow of supplies to troops in the field. [ 173 ] By late February, Breckinridge concluded that the Confederate cause was hopeless. Delegating the day-to-day operations of his office to his assistant, John Archibald Campbell , he began laying the groundwork for surrender. [ 171 ] Davis desired to continue the fight, but Breckinridge urged, "This has been a magnificent epic. In God's name let it not terminate in farce." [ 48 ] On April 2, Lee sent a telegram to Breckinridge informing him that he would have to withdraw from his position that night, and that this would necessitate the evacuation of Richmond. [ 174 ] Ordering Campbell to organize the flight of the Confederate cabinet to Danville, Virginia , Breckinridge remained in the city to oversee the destruction of facilities and supplies to prevent their use by the invading federal forces. [ 171 ] However, he did not destroy Confederate archives and records, which were preserved for history. [ 130 ] Upon his exit from the city, he ordered that the bridges over the James River be burned. His son Clifton, then serving in the Confederate Navy at Richmond, resigned his post and joined his father as he moved southward to meet Davis. [ 167 ] After overseeing the transfer of Richmond, Breckinridge joined Lee's forces at Farmville, Virginia , on the night of April 5 and remained there until April 7. [ 174 ] He continued on to Danville, arriving on April 11 to discover that Lee had surrendered on April 9 and the Confederate cabinet had already fled to Greensboro, North Carolina . [ 175 ] Arriving in Greensboro on April 13, he advised the cabinet that the remaining Confederate armies should be surrendered; only Davis and Secretary of State Judah P. Benjamin disagreed. [ 175 ] At Bennett Place , he assisted Joseph E. Johnston in his surrender negotiations with Major General William Tecumseh Sherman . [ 129 ] Sherman later praised Breckinridge's negotiating skills, and the surrender terms agreed to were later rejected by Washington as too generous, forcing Sherman to offer the same terms as Grant had at Appomattox, which were accepted. [ 176 ] On April 18, Breckinridge heard from Sherman and Johnston of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln four days earlier; the President had died in the Petersen House , where Breckinridge briefly resided in late 1852 as a U.S. representative. The Kentuckian was visibly devastated. Eyewitness accounts recall him to have said, "Gentlemen, the South has lost its best friend." [ 177 ] Breckinridge rode into Abbeville, South Carolina , on the morning of April 28. [ 151 ] While there, Breckinridge and Brigadier General Basil W. Duke convinced Davis that continuing the war was hopeless. [ 178 ] Breckinridge was put in charge of the $150,000 in gold specie remaining in the Confederate treasury; traveling southward by rail toward Washington, Georgia , a group of soldiers in his military escort – unpaid for months – threatened to divide the gold among themselves before it could be captured by federal troops. [ 178 ] [ 179 ] Breckinridge convinced them to abandon their scheme after paying them their wages from the treasury, but some of them refused to escort Breckinridge and the bullion any further. [ 178 ] Breckinridge's party arrived in Washington on May 4 and, after paying out several requisitions from the treasury, deposited the rest in banks there. He also composed a letter to his remaining deputies in which he disbanded the War Department. [ 180 ] Escape and exile On May 5, the same day that Jefferson Davis officially dissolved the Confederate Government, [ 181 ] Breckinridge discharged most of the men escorting him, retaining only a small contingent of Kentuckians under the command of his cousin, William Campbell Preston Breckinridge . Feeling honor bound to protect Davis, he attempted to create a diversion that would allow him to escape. The next day, his party encountered a large Federal force; while his cousin negotiated with the force's commander, Breckinridge and a small detachment escaped. [ 180 ] Riding southward across Georgia, they reached Milltown (now Lakeland ) by May 11 and remained there for a few days. [ 182 ] Learning of Davis's capture, he left Milltown with only a military aide, a personal servant, and his son Cabell. [ 183 ] On May 15, 1865, in Madison, Florida , he was joined by fellow fugitive John Taylor Wood , who had been a captain in the Confederate Navy . [ 183 ] Breckinridge and Wood decided to flee to the Bahamas , but because Cabell was allergic to mosquitoes, Breckinridge told him to surrender to the nearest federal officer. [ 184 ] At Gainesville, Florida , the group found Confederate Colonel John Jackson Dickison , who gave them a lifeboat he had taken from a captured federal gunboat. [ 184 ] Traveling down the St. Johns River , they reached Fort Butler on May 29. From there, they continued on the St. Johns to Lake Harney where the boat was loaded on a wagon and hauled about 12 miles (19 km) to Sand Point (today's Titusville) on the Indian River. [ 185 ] They reached the river by May 31, but as they followed its course southward, they had to drag the boat across the river's mudflats and sandbars . [ 183 ] They stopped at the John C. Houston place on Elbow Creek (Melbourne), where their boat was brought ashore and caulked. When the repairs were completed, Colonel John Taylor Wood, again led the party south. [ 185 ] Transferring the boat to the Atlantic Ocean near Jupiter Inlet , they continued along the Florida coast and landed near present-day Palm Beach on June 4. Strong winds prevented them from navigating the small craft out to sea, so they continued southward down the coast. [ 186 ] On June 5, the party was spotted by a federal steamer, but convinced the crew they were hunters scavenging the coast. [ 186 ] Two days later, they encountered a larger boat with a mast and rigging; chasing it down, they disarmed the occupants and hijacked the craft. [ 186 ] As compensation, they gave their old boat and twenty dollars in gold to the owners of the larger craft, and returned some of their weapons after the exchange was complete. [ 186 ] With this more seaworthy craft, they decided to flee to Cuba . Departing from Fort Dallas , they survived an encounter with pirates, two significant storms, and a dangerous lack of provisions before arriving in Cárdenas on June 11, 1865. [ 183 ] A Kentuckian living in the city recognized Breckinridge, introduced him to the locals, and served as his interpreter. The refugees were given food and stayed the night in a local hotel. [ 187 ] The next morning, they traveled by rail to Havana , where Breckinridge was offered a house. [ 188 ] He declined the offer, choosing to travel with Charles J. Helm, a fellow Kentuckian who had been operating as a Confederate agent in the Caribbean, to Great Britain. [ 183 ] Arriving in Britain in late July, he consulted with former Confederate agents there and arranged communication with his wife, then in Canada. Re-crossing the Atlantic, he was reunited with his wife and all of his children except Clifton in Toronto on September 13, 1865. [ 189 ] The family spent the winter there, living first in a hotel and then in a rented house. There were enough Confederate exiles in the city, according to Mrs. Breckinridge, "to form quite a pleasant society among ourselves." [ 190 ] [ 191 ] The family moved to Niagara in May. In August, doctors advised Breckinridge's wife that the climate of France might benefit her ailing health. Cabell Breckinridge returned to the U.S. to engage in business ventures with his brother Clifton, and Mary, just 12 years old, was sent to live with relatives in New York. [ 192 ] The remainder of the family journeyed to Europe, where the children attended school in Paris , Versailles , and Vevey , Switzerland . From mid-1866 to early 1868, Breckinridge toured Europe and the Middle East – including visits to Germany , Austria , Turkey , Greece , Syria , Egypt , and the Holy Land ; because of her poor health, his wife remained in France until February 1868, when she joined him in Naples . During their tour of Italy, Breckinridge met with Pope Pius IX in Rome , and also visited Pompeii . [ 189 ] Desiring to return to the U.S. but still fearing capture, Breckinridge moved his family back to Niagara in June 1868. [ 193 ] [ 194 ] He steadfastly refused to seek a pardon , although 70 members of the Kentucky General Assembly had requested one on his behalf from President Andrew Johnson on February 10, 1866. [ 193 ] On January 8, 1868, the Louisville City Council instructed the state's congressional delegation to seek assurance that Breckinridge would not be prosecuted on his return. [ 193 ] James Beck, Breckinridge's old law partner, was then in Congress and wrote to him on December 11, 1868, that it appeared likely that Johnson would issue a general pardon for all former Confederates; he advised Breckinridge to return to the U.S. before the pardon was issued because he feared it might only apply to those in the country. [ 195 ] Return to the U.S. and death Johnson proclaimed amnesty for all former Confederates on December 25, 1868. [ 130 ] Still in Canada, Breckinridge lingered for a few weeks to receive assurance that it still applied to him even though he had not been in the U.S. when it was issued. [ 195 ] Departing Canada on February 10, 1869, he made several stops to visit family and friends, arriving in Lexington on March 9. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] Although he resided in Kentucky for the rest of his life, he never bought a home there after the war, living first in hotels and then renting a home on West Second Street. [ 196 ] Many insurance companies in the south asked Breckinridge to join them. In August 1868, he became manager of the Kentucky branch of Virginia's Piedmont Life Insurance Company (which soon became the Piedmont and Arlington Insurance Company). Washington College (now Washington and Lee University ) offered him a professorship. He was urged to accept by former Confederate Colonel William Preston Johnston , who was already a faculty member, [ 197 ] but Breckinridge declined. [ 198 ] He resumed his law practice, taking as a partner Robert A. Thornton, a 27-year-old Confederate veteran. [ 196 ] He served as general counsel for the proposed Cincinnati Southern Railway , which would connect Cincinnati to Chattanooga via Lexington. [ 26 ] [ 199 ] Officials in Louisville tried to block the move, which would break the near-monopoly that the Louisville and Nashville Railroad had on southern trade. [ 199 ] On January 25, 1870, he presented his case to the House and Senate railroad committees; although they rejected it at that time, they approved it two years later. [ 199 ] Construction began in 1873. [ 200 ] Breckinridge's other railroad ventures were less successful. During his lifetime, he was unable to secure the construction of railroads to his real estate investments in and around Superior, Wisconsin . [ 201 ] As president of the newly formed Elizabethtown, Lexington, and Big Sandy Railroad company, he secured financial backing from Collis Potter Huntington for a railroad connecting Elizabethtown and Lexington to the Big Sandy River as part of a route linking those cities with the Atlantic Ocean. When Huntington invested in June 1871, he became president of the company, and Breckinridge became vice president. [ 202 ] A line from Lexington to Mount Sterling was all that could be completed before the Panic of 1873 dried up the needed investment capital. The proposed line was finally completed in 1881. [ 203 ] Breckinridge refused all requests – including one by President Ulysses S. Grant – to return to politics, insisting, "I no more feel the political excitements that marked the scenes of my former years than if I were an extinct volcano." [ 48 ] Under the terms of the Fourteenth Amendment , a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress would have been needed to allow him to hold office because he had sided with the Confederacy. He never expressed interest in seeking such approval. [ 195 ] Speaking as a private citizen in March 1870, he publicly denounced the actions of the Ku Klux Klan . In 1872, he supported passage of a state statute which successfully legalized black testimony against whites in court. [ 204 ] By 1873, Breckinridge began to experience health problems which he referred to as "pleuro-pneumonia". [ 205 ] Repeated surgeries and visits to the New York coast and the Virginia mountains did not improve his condition. [ 206 ] In May 1875, he consulted surgeons Lewis Sayre and Samuel D. Gross , who concluded that his ill health was caused by cirrhosis brought on by injuries to his liver suffered during the war. Of more immediate concern was the fluid that filled two-thirds of one of his lungs. On May 11, Sayre attempted to create an artificial opening through which the fluid could drain; although he had to stop before completing the operation, some of the fluid was drained, bringing a measure of relief. Assisted by Beck and Frank K. Hunt, Breckinridge completed his will. [ 207 ] Sayre further alleviated Breckinridge's pain via another surgery on the morning of May 17, but by the afternoon, his condition rapidly worsened, and he died at approximately 5:45 p.m. at the age of 54. [ 208 ] Basil Duke led the funeral procession to Lexington Cemetery where Breckinridge's body was buried. [ 209 ] Legacy Historical reputation As a military commander, Breckinridge was highly respected by some. Fellow Confederate George M. Edgar, describing Breckinridge's performance, wrote: General Breckinridge had few if any superiors on the field of battle. Besides being a man of wonderful courage, he had a keen eye to discern the strong and weak points of the enemy's position, skill in using his forces to the best advantage, and a celerity of movement which reminded me of Jackson. [ 210 ] General Breckinridge had few if any superiors on the field of battle. Besides being a man of wonderful courage, he had a keen eye to discern the strong and weak points of the enemy's position, skill in using his forces to the best advantage, and a celerity of movement which reminded me of Jackson. [ 210 ] On May 20, 1875, the Louisville Courier Journal declared that it was Breckinridge who was "truly representative of the rebellion as an actual force and its underlying causes." [ 211 ] He was viewed poorly in the North. The premature New York Times 1863 obituary labelled "him one of the basest and wickedest of traitors." [ 153 ] His strengths included a reputation for dignity and integrity, and especially his tall, graceful and handsome appearance, with cordial manner, pleasing voice and eloquent address that was highly appreciated by voters, soldiers, and women alike. He was hailed as the personification of Kentucky chivalry. Observers said he was a "most noble looking man – a ladies man – such piercing blue eyes I never saw before. His very looks show his superiority over most men." [ 212 ] Monuments and memorials Despite differences in spelling, the towns of Breckenridge, Minnesota , [ 213 ] Breckenridge, Missouri , [ 214 ] Breckenridge, Texas , [ 215 ] and Breckenridge, Colorado were named in Breckinridge's honor. The Colorado town changed the spelling of its name when its namesake joined the Confederacy. [ 216 ] Fort Breckinridge, Arizona Territory (1860 to 1865) was named in honor of the Vice President. During the Civil War, its name was changed to Fort Stanford in honor of California Governor Leland Stanford , before being changed back to Fort Breckinridge. After the Civil War, the name was changed once again to Camp Grant. [ 217 ] Between 1855 and 1862, the county now known as Lyon County , Kansas, was known as Breckinridge County. [ 218 ] Breckinridge was played by Jason Isaacs in the 2014 film Field of Lost Shoes , which depicted the Battle of New Market. [ 219 ] A memorial to Breckinridge was placed on the Fayette County Courthouse lawn in Lexington in 1887. [ 220 ] In November 2015, the Urban County Arts Review Board voted to recommend removal of both the Breckinridge statue and one of John Hunt Morgan . Amy Murrell Taylor , the T. Marshall Hahn Jr. Professor of History at the University of Kentucky , claimed that the "statues are not and have never been neutral representations of the Civil War past but instead they are embodiments of a racially charged postwar interpretation of it." [ 221 ] The relocation of the memorial to the Lexington Cemetery was completed in July 2018, funded by private donations. Breckinridge's memorial was placed in his family's burial area in Section G. [ 222 ] See also American Civil War portal Biography portal Breckinridge family in the American Civil War Kentucky in the American Civil War List of American Civil War generals (Confederate) List of United States senators expelled or censured References ^ a b Harrison 1973 , p. 125. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 10. ^ Klotter 1992 , p. 117. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 3. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 4. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 5. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Breckinridge, John Cabell" . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . United States Congress. Archived from the original on September 3, 2019 . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . ^ a b Klotter 1986 , p. 97. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 1. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 6. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 14. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 9. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 15. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 10. ^ Heck 1976 , pp. 10–11. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 11. ^ Klotter 1986 , p. 99. ^ Davis 2010 , pp. 21–22. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 22. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 12. ^ Heck 1976 , pp. 13–14. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 14. ^ a b c d e Klotter 1986 , p. 102. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 29. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Dictionary of America Biography: John Cabell Breckinridge" . Charles Scribner's Sons. 1936. Archived from the original on February 9, 2020 . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . ^ a b c Heck 1976 , p. 20. ^ a b c Klotter 1986 , p. 103. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 21. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 34. ^ a b c Heck 1976 , p. 22. ^ Tschanz, David W. 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(January 4, 1859). "Address of the Hon. John C. Breckinridge, vice president of the United States" . Retrieved June 11, 2017 . ^ Heck 1976 , p. 79. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 208. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 209. ^ a b c d Klotter 1986 , p. 114. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 82. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 83. ^ a b c Klotter 1986 , p. 115. ^ Heck 1976 , pp. 83–84. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 84. ^ Harrison 1973 , p. 128. ^ a b c Heck 1976 , p. 90. ^ a b c d Klotter 1992 , p. 118. ^ a b Klotter 1986 , p. 117. ^ a b c Klotter 1986 , p. 118. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 91. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 97. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 94. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 95. ^ a b Klotter 1986 , p. 119. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 98. ^ Heck 1976 , pp. 98–99. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 100. ^ a b c Harrison 1973 , p. 129. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 101. ^ a b c d e Harrison 1973 , p. 130. ^ a b c Klotter 1986 , p. 120. ^ "Important from Kentucky: Paducah in Possession of the National Troops" . The New York Times . September 7, 1861. p. 1. Archived from the original on August 13, 2017 . Retrieved August 12, 2017 – via Newspapers.com . ^ Heck 1976 , p. 104. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 105. ^ a b Eicher & Eicher 2001 , p. 143. ^ U.S. Senate Historical Office (1995). United States Senate Election, Expulsion and Censure Cases: 1793–1990 . Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. pp. 102– 103. ISBN 0-1606-3264-1 . ^ "Senate Journal. 37th Cong., 2nd sess., 4 December 1861, 23" . Archived from the original on February 25, 2021 . Retrieved November 17, 2012 . ^ "July 11, 1861: Ten Senators Expelled" . United States Senate. Archived from the original on June 23, 2016 . Retrieved July 17, 2016 . ^ a b c d e Harrison 1973 , p. 131. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 108. ^ a b Sifakis 1988 , p. 72. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Richard Nelson Current, ed. (1993). "John C. Breckinridge". Encyclopedia of the Confederacy . New York City: Simon & Schuster . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . ^ Heck 1976 , p. 109. ^ Pollard 1866 , p. 242. ^ Klotter 1986 , p. 121. ^ "John C. Breckinridge | Biography, Facts, & Party" . 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Retrieved June 21, 2017 . ^ Breckenridge or Breckinridge: Local Historian Breaks it Down Archived July 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine , by Robert Allen, Vail (Colorado) Daily , June 13, 2009 ^ "Fort Breckinridge: Built Again and Again" . Legends of America. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016 . Retrieved July 28, 2016 . ^ "Kansas Counties: Breckinridge County, Kansas [defunct]" . The Kansas Historical Society. Archived from the original on August 14, 2017 . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . ^ Scheck, Frank (September 25, 2014). " 'Field of Lost Shoes': Film Review" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 11, 2016 . Retrieved July 20, 2016 . ^ "Honoring the Dead" . The Maysville Evening Bulletin. November 15, 1887. Archived from the original on August 13, 2017 . Retrieved June 21, 2016 . ^ Musgrave, Beth (May 26, 2017). "New Orleans removed its Confederate monuments. What will Lexington do?" . Lexington Herald Leader. Archived from the original on May 30, 2017 . Retrieved June 7, 2017 . ^ Bertram, Charles. "Confederate statues quietly moved to Lexington Cemetery" . kentucky . Archived from the original on June 17, 2019 . Retrieved June 18, 2019 . Bibliography Davis, William C. (2010). Breckinridge: Statesman, Soldier, Symbol . Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8071-0068-4 . Eaton, David Wolfe (1916). How Missouri Counties, Towns and Streams Were Named . Columbia, Missouri: The State Historical Society of Missouri. ISBN 1-120-29618-8 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands . Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3 . Harrison, Lowell H. (1973). "John C. Breckinridge: Nationalist, Confederate, Kentuckian". Filson Club History Quarterly . 47 (2). Heck, Frank H. (1976). Proud Kentuckian: John C. Breckinridge, 1821–1875 . Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-0217-0 . Klotter, James C. (1986). The Breckinridges of Kentucky . Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-9165-3 . Klotter, James C. (1992). "Breckinridge, John Cabell". In John E. Kleber (ed.). The Kentucky Encyclopedia . Associate editors: Thomas D. Clark , Lowell H. Harrison , and James C. Klotter. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1772-0 . Archived from the original on July 17, 2019 . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . McKnight, Brian D. (2006). Contested Borderland: Civil War in Appalachian Kentucky and Virginia . Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2389-5 . Pollard, Edward A. (1866). The Lost Cause: A New Southern History of the War of the Confederates: Comprising a Full and Authentic Account of the Rise and Progress of the Late Southern Confederacy--the Campaigns, Battles, Incidents, and Adventures of the Most Gigantic Struggle of the World's History . New York, NY: E.B. Treat & Co., Publishers. ISBN 978-0-517-10131-5 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Sifakis, Stewart (1988). Who was Who in the Civil War . New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8131-1772-0 . Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance . Saint Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. ISBN 1-115-33741-6 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Further reading Warner, Ezra J. (1959). Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders . Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-0823-5 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Woodworth, Steven E. (1990). Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West . Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0461-8 . External links Mary Breckinridge , Wife Of General John C. Breckinridge New York Times premature obituary Biographical sketches of Hon. John C. Breckinridge, Democratic nominee for president : and General Joseph Lane, Democratic nominee for Vice President U.S. House of Representatives Preceded by Charles Morehead Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Kentucky's 8th congressional district 1851–1855 Succeeded by Alexander Marshall Party political offices Preceded by William King Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States 1856 Succeeded by Benjamin Fitzpatrick (1) Withdrew Succeeded by Joseph Lane Preceded by James Buchanan Democratic nominee for President of the United States (1) 1860 Succeeded by George McClellan Political offices Preceded by William King Vice President of the United States 1857–1861 Succeeded by Hannibal Hamlin Preceded by James Seddon Confederate States Secretary of War 1865 Position abolished U.S. Senate Preceded by John Crittenden United States Senator (Class 3) from Kentucky 1861 Served alongside: Lazarus Powell Succeeded by Garrett Davis Notes and references 1. The Democratic party split in 1860, producing two presidential candidates. Breckinridge was nominated by the rebel Southern Democrats; Stephen Douglas was the official nominee by the Northern Democrats. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Vice presidents of the United States v t e John Adams ( 1789–1797 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1797–1801 ) Aaron Burr ( 1801–1805 ) George Clinton ( 1805–1812 ) Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814) Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825) John C. Calhoun (1825–1832) Martin Van Buren (1833–1837) Richard Mentor Johnson (1837–1841) John Tyler (1841) George M. Dallas (1845–1849) Millard Fillmore (1849–1850) William R. King (1853) John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861) Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865) Andrew Johnson (1865) Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873) Henry Wilson (1873–1875) William A. Wheeler (1877–1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881) Thomas A. Hendricks (1885) Levi P. Morton (1889–1893) Adlai Stevenson I (1893–1897) Garret Hobart (1897–1899) Theodore Roosevelt (1901) Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909) James S. Sherman (1909–1912) Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921) Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923) Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929) Charles Curtis (1929–1933) John Nance Garner (1933–1941) Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945) Harry S. Truman (1945) Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953) Richard Nixon (1953–1961) Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963) Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969) Spiro Agnew (1969–1973) Gerald Ford (1973–1974) Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977) Walter Mondale (1977–1981) George H. W. Bush (1981–1989) Dan Quayle ( 1989–1993 ) Al Gore ( 1993–2001 ) Dick Cheney ( 2001–2009 ) Joe Biden ( 2009–2017 ) Mike Pence ( 2017–2021 ) Kamala Harris ( 2021–2025 ) JD Vance ( 2025–present ) John Adams ( 1789–1797 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1797–1801 ) Aaron Burr ( 1801–1805 ) George Clinton ( 1805–1812 ) Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814) Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825) John C. Calhoun (1825–1832) Martin Van Buren (1833–1837) Richard Mentor Johnson (1837–1841) John Tyler (1841) George M. Dallas (1845–1849) Millard Fillmore (1849–1850) William R. King (1853) John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861) Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865) Andrew Johnson (1865) Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873) Henry Wilson (1873–1875) William A. Wheeler (1877–1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881) Thomas A. Hendricks (1885) Levi P. Morton (1889–1893) Adlai Stevenson I (1893–1897) Garret Hobart (1897–1899) Theodore Roosevelt (1901) Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909) James S. Sherman (1909–1912) Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921) Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923) Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929) Charles Curtis (1929–1933) John Nance Garner (1933–1941) Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945) Harry S. Truman (1945) Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953) Richard Nixon (1953–1961) Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963) Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969) Spiro Agnew (1969–1973) Gerald Ford (1973–1974) Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977) Walter Mondale (1977–1981) George H. W. Bush (1981–1989) Dan Quayle ( 1989–1993 ) Al Gore ( 1993–2001 ) Dick Cheney ( 2001–2009 ) Joe Biden ( 2009–2017 ) Mike Pence ( 2017–2021 ) Kamala Harris ( 2021–2025 ) JD Vance ( 2025–present ) Category List Category List v t e United States senators from Kentucky v t e Class 2 Brown Thruston Clay Bibb Walker Barry Hardin Crittenden Johnson Bibb Crittenden Morehead J. Underwood Thompson Powell Guthrie McCreery Stevenson Beck Carlisle Lindsay Blackburn Paynter James Martin Stanley Sackett Robsion Williamson M. Logan Chandler Stanfill Cooper Chapman T. Underwood Cooper Barkley Humphreys Cooper Huddleston McConnell Brown Thruston Clay Bibb Walker Barry Hardin Crittenden Johnson Bibb Crittenden Morehead J. Underwood Thompson Powell Guthrie McCreery Stevenson Beck Carlisle Lindsay Blackburn Paynter James Martin Stanley Sackett Robsion Williamson M. Logan Chandler Stanfill Cooper Chapman T. Underwood Cooper Barkley Humphreys Cooper Huddleston McConnell Class 3 Edwards Marshall J. Breckinridge Adair Clay Pope Bledsoe Talbot W. Logan Talbot Rowan Clay Crittenden Metcalfe Clay Meriwether Dixon Crittenden J. C. Breckinridge Davis Machen McCreery Williams Blackburn Deboe McCreary Bradley Camden Beckham Ernst Barkley Withers Clements Morton Cook Ford Bunning Paul Edwards Marshall J. Breckinridge Adair Clay Pope Bledsoe Talbot W. Logan Talbot Rowan Clay Crittenden Metcalfe Clay Meriwether Dixon Crittenden J. C. Breckinridge Davis Machen McCreery Williams Blackburn Deboe McCreary Bradley Camden Beckham Ernst Barkley Withers Clements Morton Cook Ford Bunning Paul v t e Cabinet of President Jefferson Davis (1861–1865) v t e Vice President Alexander H. Stephens (1861–65) Alexander H. Stephens (1861–65) Secretary of State Robert Toombs (1861) Robert M. T. Hunter (1861–62) Judah P. Benjamin (1862–65) Robert Toombs (1861) Robert M. T. Hunter (1861–62) Judah P. Benjamin (1862–65) Secretary of the Treasury C. G. Memminger (1861–64) G. A. Trenholm (1864–65) John H. Reagan (1865) C. G. Memminger (1861–64) G. A. Trenholm (1864–65) John H. Reagan (1865) Secretary of War Leroy P. Walker (1861) Judah P. Benjamin (1861–62) George W. Randolph (1862) James A. Seddon (1862–65) John C. Breckinridge (1865) Leroy P. Walker (1861) Judah P. Benjamin (1861–62) George W. Randolph (1862) James A. Seddon (1862–65) John C. Breckinridge (1865) Secretary of the Navy Stephen R. Mallory (1861–65) Stephen R. Mallory (1861–65) Postmaster-General John H. Reagan (1861–65) John H. Reagan (1861–65) Attorney-General Judah P. Benjamin (1861) Thomas Bragg (1861–62) Thomas H. Watts (1862–63) George Davis (1864–65) Judah P. Benjamin (1861) Thomas Bragg (1861–62) Thomas H. Watts (1862–63) George Davis (1864–65) v t e ( ← 1852 ) 1856 United States presidential election ( 1860 → ) v t e Democratic Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: James Buchanan Vice President: John C. Breckinridge Other candidates Lewis Cass Stephen A. Douglas Franklin Pierce (incumbent) Nominees President: James Buchanan Vice President: John C. Breckinridge President: James Buchanan Vice President: John C. Breckinridge Other candidates Lewis Cass Stephen A. Douglas Franklin Pierce (incumbent) Lewis Cass Stephen A. Douglas Franklin Pierce (incumbent) Republican Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: John C. Frémont Vice President: William L. Dayton Other candidates Nathaniel P. Banks Abraham Lincoln John McLean Robert F. Stockton Nominees President: John C. Frémont Vice President: William L. Dayton President: John C. Frémont Vice President: William L. Dayton Other candidates Nathaniel P. Banks Abraham Lincoln John McLean Robert F. Stockton Nathaniel P. Banks Abraham Lincoln John McLean Robert F. Stockton American Party Nominees President: Millard Fillmore Vice President: Andrew J. Donelson Other candidates George Law Nominees President: Millard Fillmore Vice President: Andrew J. Donelson President: Millard Fillmore Vice President: Andrew J. Donelson Other candidates George Law George Law Other 1856 elections : House Senate Other 1856 elections : House Senate v t e ( ← 1856 ) 1860 United States presidential election ( 1864 → ) v t e Republican Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: Abraham Lincoln Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin Other candidates Edward Bates Simon Cameron Salmon P. Chase William L. Dayton John McLean William H. Seward Benjamin Wade Nominees President: Abraham Lincoln Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin President: Abraham Lincoln Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin Other candidates Edward Bates Simon Cameron Salmon P. Chase William L. Dayton John McLean William H. Seward Benjamin Wade Edward Bates Simon Cameron Salmon P. Chase William L. Dayton John McLean William H. Seward Benjamin Wade Democratic Party (Southern) ( Convention ) Nominees President: John C. Breckinridge (incumbent VP) Vice President: Joseph Lane Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson Nominees President: John C. Breckinridge (incumbent VP) Vice President: Joseph Lane President: John C. Breckinridge (incumbent VP) Vice President: Joseph Lane Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson Daniel S. Dickinson Constitutional Union Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: John Bell Vice President: Edward Everett Other candidates John J. Crittenden William A. Graham Sam Houston William C. Rives Nominees President: John Bell Vice President: Edward Everett President: John Bell Vice President: Edward Everett Other candidates John J. Crittenden William A. Graham Sam Houston William C. Rives John J. Crittenden William A. Graham Sam Houston William C. Rives Democratic Party (Northern) ( Conventions ) Nominees President: Stephen A. Douglas Vice President: Herschel V. Johnson Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson James Guthrie Robert M. T. Hunter Andrew Johnson Nominees President: Stephen A. Douglas Vice President: Herschel V. Johnson President: Stephen A. Douglas Vice President: Herschel V. Johnson Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson James Guthrie Robert M. T. Hunter Andrew Johnson Daniel S. Dickinson James Guthrie Robert M. T. Hunter Andrew Johnson Other 1860 elections : House Senate Other 1860 elections : House Senate v t e Confederate States of America v t e Political leaders Judah P. Benjamin John C. Breckinridge Confederate States Congress Diplomats Executive Cabinet members Jefferson Davis Governors James M. Mason Leonidas Polk John Slidell Alexander H. Stephens Henry A. Wise William Lowndes Yancey Judah P. Benjamin John C. Breckinridge Confederate States Congress Diplomats Executive Cabinet members Jefferson Davis Governors James M. Mason Leonidas Polk John Slidell Alexander H. Stephens Henry A. Wise William Lowndes Yancey Other individuals John C. Calhoun Jubal Early Moses Jacob Ezekiel Stonewall Jackson Robert E. Lee Colin J. McRae Edmund Kirby Smith John C. Calhoun Jubal Early Moses Jacob Ezekiel Stonewall Jackson Robert E. Lee Colin J. McRae Edmund Kirby Smith Member states (in order of secession) South Carolina Declaration Mississippi Ordinance Florida Alabama Convention Georgia Ordinance Louisiana Texas Virginia Convention Arkansas Tennessee North Carolina South Carolina Declaration Declaration Mississippi Ordinance Ordinance Florida Alabama Convention Convention Georgia Ordinance Ordinance Louisiana Texas Virginia Convention Convention Arkansas Tennessee North Carolina Places American Civil War museums Atlanta Charleston Columbia Confederate cemeteries Confederate Memorial (Arlington National Cemetery) Confederate Memorial Hall Sherman's March to the Sea (Georgia) Lexington, Kentucky Richmond South Carolina Confederate Relic Room & Military Museum Washington, D.C. White House of the Confederacy Winchester, Virginia American Civil War museums Atlanta Charleston Columbia Confederate cemeteries Confederate Memorial (Arlington National Cemetery) Confederate Memorial Hall Sherman's March to the Sea (Georgia) Lexington, Kentucky Richmond South Carolina Confederate Relic Room & Military Museum Washington, D.C. White House of the Confederacy Winchester, Virginia Related Abolitionism in the United States American Civil War Museums Bleeding Kansas Confederate Army Confederate expatriates Confederate flags Cornerstone speech Fire-Eaters Historiographic issues about the American Civil War John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Lincoln–Douglas debates List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removals Lost Cause of the Confederacy Museum of the Confederacy Nashville Convention Nullification Crisis Origins of the American Civil War Reconstruction Amendments Reconstruction era Secession in the United States Slavery in the United States Sons of Confederate Veterans Trent affair United Daughters of the Confederacy Blue Ridge Rifles Abolitionism in the United States American Civil War Museums Museums Bleeding Kansas Confederate Army Confederate expatriates Confederate flags Cornerstone speech Fire-Eaters Historiographic issues about the American Civil War John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Lincoln–Douglas debates List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removals Removals Lost Cause of the Confederacy Museum of the Confederacy Nashville Convention Nullification Crisis Origins of the American Civil War Reconstruction Amendments Reconstruction era Secession in the United States Slavery in the United States Sons of Confederate Veterans Trent affair United Daughters of the Confederacy Blue Ridge Rifles v t e American Civil War v t e Origins Origins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Origins Origins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Origins Origins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Leaders Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Leaders Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath Constitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Aftermath Constitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Constitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Military Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama By ethnicity African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Related topics Related topics Military Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama By ethnicity African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Military Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama By ethnicity African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Category Portal Category Portal v t e Democratic Party v t e History Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System History Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System National conventions , presidential tickets , and presidential primaries 1828 (None) : Jackson / Calhoun 1832 (Baltimore) : Jackson / Van Buren 1835 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / R. Johnson 1840 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / None 1844 (Baltimore) : Polk / Dallas 1848 (Baltimore) : Cass / Butler 1852 (Baltimore) : Pierce / King 1856 (Cincinnati) : Buchanan / Breckinridge 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore) : Douglas / H. Johnson ( Breckinridge / Lane , SD ) 1864 (Chicago) : McClellan / Pendleton 1868 (New York) : Seymour / Blair 1872 (Baltimore) : Greeley / Brown 1876 (St. Louis) : Tilden / Hendricks 1880 (Cincinnati) : Hancock / English 1884 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Hendricks 1888 (St. Louis) : Cleveland / Thurman 1892 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Stevenson I 1896 (Chicago) : W. Bryan / Sewall 1900 (Kansas City) : W. Bryan / Stevenson I 1904 (St. Louis) : Parker / H. Davis 1908 (Denver) : W. Bryan / Kern 1912 (Baltimore) : Wilson / Marshall primaries 1916 (St. Louis) : Wilson / Marshall primaries 1920 (San Francisco) : Cox / Roosevelt primaries 1924 (New York) : J. Davis / C. Bryan primaries 1928 (Houston) : Smith / Robinson primaries 1932 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries 1936 (Philadelphia) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries 1940 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Wallace primaries 1944 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Truman primaries 1948 (Philadelphia) : Truman / Barkley primaries 1952 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Sparkman primaries 1956 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Kefauver primaries 1960 (Los Angeles) : Kennedy / L. Johnson primaries 1964 (Atlantic City) : L. Johnson / Humphrey primaries 1968 (Chicago) : Humphrey / Muskie primaries 1972 (Miami Beach) : McGovern /( Eagleton , Shriver ) primaries 1976 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries 1980 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries 1984 (San Francisco) : Mondale / Ferraro primaries 1988 (Atlanta) : Dukakis / Bentsen primaries 1992 (New York) : B. Clinton / Gore primaries 1996 (Chicago) : B. Clinton / Gore primaries 2000 (Los Angeles) : Gore / Lieberman primaries 2004 (Boston) : Kerry / Edwards primaries 2008 (Denver) : Obama / Biden primaries 2012 (Charlotte) : Obama / Biden primaries 2016 (Philadelphia) : H. Clinton / Kaine primaries 2020 (Milwaukee/other locations) : Biden / Harris primaries 2024 (Chicago) : Harris / Walz primaries 1828 (None) : Jackson / Calhoun 1832 (Baltimore) : Jackson / Van Buren 1835 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / R. Johnson 1840 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / None 1844 (Baltimore) : Polk / Dallas 1848 (Baltimore) : Cass / Butler 1852 (Baltimore) : Pierce / King 1856 (Cincinnati) : Buchanan / Breckinridge 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore) : Douglas / H. Johnson ( Breckinridge / Lane , SD ) 1864 (Chicago) : McClellan / Pendleton 1868 (New York) : Seymour / Blair 1872 (Baltimore) : Greeley / Brown 1876 (St. Louis) : Tilden / Hendricks 1880 (Cincinnati) : Hancock / English 1884 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Hendricks 1888 (St. Louis) : Cleveland / Thurman 1892 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Stevenson I 1896 (Chicago) : W. Bryan / Sewall 1900 (Kansas City) : W. Bryan / Stevenson I 1904 (St. Louis) : Parker / H. Davis 1908 (Denver) : W. Bryan / Kern 1912 (Baltimore) : Wilson / Marshall primaries primaries 1916 (St. Louis) : Wilson / Marshall primaries primaries 1920 (San Francisco) : Cox / Roosevelt primaries primaries 1924 (New York) : J. Davis / C. Bryan primaries primaries 1928 (Houston) : Smith / Robinson primaries primaries 1932 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries primaries 1936 (Philadelphia) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries primaries 1940 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Wallace primaries primaries 1944 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Truman primaries primaries 1948 (Philadelphia) : Truman / Barkley primaries primaries 1952 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Sparkman primaries primaries 1956 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Kefauver primaries primaries 1960 (Los Angeles) : Kennedy / L. Johnson primaries primaries 1964 (Atlantic City) : L. Johnson / Humphrey primaries primaries 1968 (Chicago) : Humphrey / Muskie primaries primaries 1972 (Miami Beach) : McGovern /( Eagleton , Shriver ) primaries primaries 1976 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries primaries 1980 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries primaries 1984 (San Francisco) : Mondale / Ferraro primaries primaries 1988 (Atlanta) : Dukakis / Bentsen primaries primaries 1992 (New York) : B. Clinton / Gore primaries primaries 1996 (Chicago) : B. Clinton / Gore primaries primaries 2000 (Los Angeles) : Gore / Lieberman primaries primaries 2004 (Boston) : Kerry / Edwards primaries primaries 2008 (Denver) : Obama / Biden primaries primaries 2012 (Charlotte) : Obama / Biden primaries primaries 2016 (Philadelphia) : H. Clinton / Kaine primaries primaries 2020 (Milwaukee/other locations) : Biden / Harris primaries primaries 2024 (Chicago) : Harris / Walz primaries primaries Presidential administrations Jackson (1829–1837) Van Buren (1837–1841) Polk (1845–1849) Pierce (1853–1857) Buchanan (1857–1861) A. Johnson (1868–1869) Cleveland ( 1885–1889 ; 1893–1897 ) Wilson (1913–1921) Roosevelt ( 1933–1941 ; 1941–1945 ) Truman (1945–1953) Kennedy (1961–1963) L. B. Johnson (1963–1969) Carter (1977–1981) Clinton (1993–2001) Obama (2009–2017) Biden (2021–2025) Jackson (1829–1837) Van Buren (1837–1841) Polk (1845–1849) Pierce (1853–1857) Buchanan (1857–1861) A. Johnson (1868–1869) Cleveland ( 1885–1889 ; 1893–1897 ) Wilson (1913–1921) Roosevelt ( 1933–1941 ; 1941–1945 ) Truman (1945–1953) Kennedy (1961–1963) L. B. Johnson (1963–1969) Carter (1977–1981) Clinton (1993–2001) Obama (2009–2017) Biden (2021–2025) U.S. House leaders , Speakers , and Caucus chairs A. Stevenson (1827–1834) Bell (1834–1835) Polk (1835–1839) J. W. Jones (1843–1845) Davis (1845–1847) Cobb (1849–1851) Boyd (1851–1855) G. W. Jones (1855–1857) Orr (1857–1859) Houston (1859–1861) Niblack / Randall (1869–1871) Niblack (1873–1875) Kerr (1875–1876) Randall (1876–1881) Carlisle (1883–1889) Holman (1889–1891) Crisp (1891–1895) D. B. Culberson (1895–1897) Richardson (1897–1903) Williams (1903–1909) Clark (1909–1921) Kitchin (1921–1923) Garrett (1923–1929) Garner (1929–1933) Rainey (1933–1934) Byrns (1935–1936) Bankhead (1936–1940) Rayburn (1940–1961) McCormack (1962–1971) Albert (1971–1977) O'Neill (1977–1987) Wright (1987–1989) Foley (1989–1995) Gephardt (1995–2003) Pelosi (2003–2023) Jeffries (2023–present) A. Stevenson (1827–1834) Bell (1834–1835) Polk (1835–1839) J. W. Jones (1843–1845) Davis (1845–1847) Cobb (1849–1851) Boyd (1851–1855) G. W. Jones (1855–1857) Orr (1857–1859) Houston (1859–1861) Niblack / Randall (1869–1871) Niblack (1873–1875) Kerr (1875–1876) Randall (1876–1881) Carlisle (1883–1889) Holman (1889–1891) Crisp (1891–1895) D. B. Culberson (1895–1897) Richardson (1897–1903) Williams (1903–1909) Clark (1909–1921) Kitchin (1921–1923) Garrett (1923–1929) Garner (1929–1933) Rainey (1933–1934) Byrns (1935–1936) Bankhead (1936–1940) Rayburn (1940–1961) McCormack (1962–1971) Albert (1971–1977) O'Neill (1977–1987) Wright (1987–1989) Foley (1989–1995) Gephardt (1995–2003) Pelosi (2003–2023) Jeffries (2023–present) U.S. Senate leaders and Caucus chairs J. W. Stevenson (1873–1877) Wallace (1877–1881) Pendleton (1881–1885) Beck (1885–1890) Gorman (1890–1898) Turpie (1898–1899) J. K. Jones (1899–1903) Gorman (1903–1906) Blackburn (1906–1907) C. A. Culberson (1907–1909) Money (1909–1911) Martin (1911–1913) Kern (1913–1917) Martin (1917–1919) Hitchcock (1919–1920) Underwood (1920–1923) Robinson (1923–1937) Barkley (1937–1949) Lucas (1949–1951) McFarland (1951–1953) Johnson (1953–1961) Mansfield (1961–1977) Byrd (1977–1989) Mitchell (1989–1995) Daschle (1995–2005) Reid (2005–2017) Schumer (2017–present) J. W. Stevenson (1873–1877) Wallace (1877–1881) Pendleton (1881–1885) Beck (1885–1890) Gorman (1890–1898) Turpie (1898–1899) J. K. Jones (1899–1903) Gorman (1903–1906) Blackburn (1906–1907) C. A. Culberson (1907–1909) Money (1909–1911) Martin (1911–1913) Kern (1913–1917) Martin (1917–1919) Hitchcock (1919–1920) Underwood (1920–1923) Robinson (1923–1937) Barkley (1937–1949) Lucas (1949–1951) McFarland (1951–1953) Johnson (1953–1961) Mansfield (1961–1977) Byrd (1977–1989) Mitchell (1989–1995) Daschle (1995–2005) Reid (2005–2017) Schumer (2017–present) Chairs of the DNC Hallett McLane Smalley Belmont Schell Hewitt Barnum Brice Harrity Jones Taggart Mack McCombs McCormick Cummings G. White Hull Shaver Raskob Farley Flynn Walker Hannegan McGrath Boyle McKinney Mitchell Butler Jackson Bailey O'Brien Harris O'Brien Westwood Strauss Curtis J. White Manatt Kirk Brown Wilhelm DeLee Dodd / Fowler Romer / Grossman Rendell / Andrew McAuliffe Dean Kaine Wasserman Schultz Perez Harrison Martin Hallett McLane Smalley Belmont Schell Hewitt Barnum Brice Harrity Jones Taggart Mack McCombs McCormick Cummings G. White Hull Shaver Raskob Farley Flynn Walker Hannegan McGrath Boyle McKinney Mitchell Butler Jackson Bailey O'Brien Harris O'Brien Westwood Strauss Curtis J. White Manatt Kirk Brown Wilhelm DeLee Dodd / Fowler Romer / Grossman Rendell / Andrew McAuliffe Dean Kaine Wasserman Schultz Perez Harrison Martin State and territorial parties Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa District of Columbia Democratic State Committee Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Democrats Abroad Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky 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Redistricting Committee National Democratic Training Committee National Democratic Redistricting Committee National Democratic Training Committee Related Primaries Presidential candidates Debates Superdelegate Chairmanship elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 House caucus leadership elections 2006 2018 Weekly Democratic Address Midterm Conferences 1974 1978 1982 Primaries Presidential candidates Debates Superdelegate Chairmanship elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 House caucus leadership elections 2006 2018 2006 2018 Weekly Democratic Address Midterm Conferences 1974 1978 1982 1974 1978 1982 v t e The Breckinridge family v t e First generation James Breckinridge John Breckinridge James Breckinridge John Breckinridge Second generation Cabell Breckinridge James Douglas Breckinridge Robert Jefferson Breckinridge William Lewis Breckinridge Cabell Breckinridge James Douglas Breckinridge Robert Jefferson Breckinridge William Lewis Breckinridge Third generation John Cabell Breckinridge Joseph Cabell Breckinridge Sr. Robert Jefferson Breckinridge Jr. William Campbell Preston Breckinridge John Breckinridge Grayson Peter A. Porter Charles Henry Breckinridge John Robert Breckinridge John Cabell Breckinridge Joseph Cabell Breckinridge Sr. Robert Jefferson Breckinridge Jr. William Campbell Preston Breckinridge John Breckinridge Grayson Peter A. Porter Charles Henry Breckinridge John Robert Breckinridge Fourth generation Clifton Rodes Breckinridge John Witherspoon Breckinridge Desha Breckinridge Henry Skillman Breckinridge Madeline McDowell Breckinridge Scott Dudley Breckinridge Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge Peter A. Porter B. B. Warfield Ethelbert Dudley Warfield L. Irving Handy Clifton Rodes Breckinridge John Witherspoon Breckinridge Desha Breckinridge Henry Skillman Breckinridge Madeline McDowell Breckinridge Scott Dudley Breckinridge Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge Peter A. Porter B. B. Warfield Ethelbert Dudley Warfield L. Irving Handy Fifth generation James Carson Breckinridge John Bayne Breckinridge Mary Breckinridge Samuel Miller Breckinridge Long James Carson Breckinridge John Bayne Breckinridge Mary Breckinridge Samuel Miller Breckinridge Long Sixth generation John Cabell "Bunny" Breckinridge Marvin Breckinridge Patterson John Cabell "Bunny" Breckinridge Marvin Breckinridge Patterson v t e Kentucky 's delegation(s) to the 32nd–37th United States Congress (ordered by seniority) v t e 32nd Senate : ▌ J. R. Underwood (W) ▌ H. Clay (W) ▌ D. Meriwether (D) ▌ A. Dixon (W) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ H. Marshall (W) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. Stone (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Ward (W) ▌ A. White (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) 33rd Senate : ▌ A. Dixon (W) · ▌ J. Thompson (KN) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ J. Chrisman (D) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ C. Hill (W) ▌ F. Bristow (W) 34th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (W) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Campbell (KN) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. K. Marshall (KN) ▌ S. Swope (KN) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) 35th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Clay (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) 36th Senate : ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) · ▌ L. Powell (D) House : ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ G. Adams (O) ▌ F. Bristow (O) ▌ W. Anderson (O) ▌ J. Y. Brown (D) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ L. Moore (O) ▌ W. Simms (D) 37th Senate : ▌ L. Powell (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ G. Davis (U) House : ▌ C. Wickliffe (U) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ H. Grider (U) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ J. Crittenden (U) ▌ G. Dunlap (U) ▌ A. Harding (U) ▌ J. Jackson (U) ▌ J. Menzies (U) ▌ W. Wadsworth (U) ▌ S. Casey (U) ▌ G. Yeaman (U) 32nd Senate : ▌ J. R. Underwood (W) ▌ H. Clay (W) ▌ D. Meriwether (D) ▌ A. Dixon (W) ▌ J. R. Underwood (W) ▌ H. Clay (W) ▌ D. Meriwether (D) ▌ A. Dixon (W) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ H. Marshall (W) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. Stone (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Ward (W) ▌ A. White (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ H. Marshall (W) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. Stone (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Ward (W) ▌ A. White (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) 33rd Senate : ▌ A. Dixon (W) · ▌ J. Thompson (KN) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ J. Chrisman (D) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ C. Hill (W) ▌ F. Bristow (W) ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ J. Chrisman (D) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ C. Hill (W) ▌ F. Bristow (W) 34th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (W) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Campbell (KN) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. K. Marshall (KN) ▌ S. Swope (KN) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Campbell (KN) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. K. Marshall (KN) ▌ S. Swope (KN) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) 35th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Clay (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Clay (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) 36th Senate : ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) · ▌ L. Powell (D) House : ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ G. Adams (O) ▌ F. Bristow (O) ▌ W. Anderson (O) ▌ J. Y. Brown (D) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ L. Moore (O) ▌ W. Simms (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ G. Adams (O) ▌ F. Bristow (O) ▌ W. Anderson (O) ▌ J. Y. Brown (D) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ L. Moore (O) ▌ W. Simms (D) 37th Senate : ▌ L. Powell (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ G. Davis (U) ▌ L. Powell (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ G. Davis (U) House : ▌ C. Wickliffe (U) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ H. Grider (U) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ J. Crittenden (U) ▌ G. Dunlap (U) ▌ A. Harding (U) ▌ J. Jackson (U) ▌ J. Menzies (U) ▌ W. Wadsworth (U) ▌ S. Casey (U) ▌ G. Yeaman (U) ▌ C. Wickliffe (U) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ H. Grider (U) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ J. Crittenden (U) ▌ G. Dunlap (U) ▌ A. Harding (U) ▌ J. Jackson (U) ▌ J. Menzies (U) ▌ W. Wadsworth (U) ▌ S. Casey (U) ▌ G. Yeaman (U) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States United States People US Congress US Congress Other Open Library NARA SNAC 2 Yale LUX Open Library NARA SNAC 2 2 Yale LUX John C. Breckinridge 1821 births 1875 deaths 19th-century vice presidents of the United States 1856 United States vice-presidential candidates Candidates in the 1860 United States presidential election Politicians from Lexington, Kentucky Breckinridge family American people of English descent American people of Scottish descent American Presbyterians Burials at Lexington Cemetery Vice presidents of the United States Vice presidents of the United States who owned slaves Democratic Party vice presidents of the United States Presidency of James Buchanan Democratic Party United States representatives from Kentucky Democratic Party United States senators from Kentucky Expelled United States senators Executive members of the Cabinet of the Confederate States of America Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees Democratic Party (United States) presidential nominees Members of the Kentucky House of Representatives Lexington in the American Civil War Orphan Brigade Politicians from Danville, Kentucky Kentucky Democrats Kentucky lawyers Slave owners from Kentucky Iowa lawyers American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law Centre College alumni Transylvania University alumni Confederate States Army major generals People of Kentucky in the American Civil War Confederate expatriates Deaths from cirrhosis American expatriates in Canada Alcohol-related deaths in Kentucky United States senators who owned slaves United States representatives who owned slaves 19th-century United States senators 19th-century members of the Kentucky General Assembly 19th-century United States representatives Southern Historical Society members Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Use mdy dates from January 2023 Use American English from May 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in American English CS1 errors: ISBN date Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 4 January 2026, at 18:05 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Origins and membership 2 History 3 Timeline of attacks 4 See also 5 References Al-Mourabitoun (militant group) العربية বাংলা Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית مصرى Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item al-Mourabitoun المرابطون Leaders Abubakr al-Masri † [ 1 ] Mokhtar Belmokhtar † [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi † [ 4 ] Dates of operation August 2013 ( 2013-08 ) – 2 March 2017 Active regions Algeria Burkina Faso Ivory Coast Libya Mali Niger Ideology Salafist jihadism Size Under 100 (May 2014, French claim) [ 1 ] Part of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb [ 5 ] Opponents Mali Niger Mali Niger Wars the Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Northern Mali conflict Preceded by Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (until 2013) Al-Mulathameen (The Masked Men Brigade) Succeeded by Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin Al-Mourabitoun ( Arabic : المرابطون , romanized : al-Murābiṭūn , lit. ' The Sentinels ' ) was an African militant terrorist jihadist organization formed by a merger between Ahmed Ould Amer, a.k.a. Ahmed al-Tilemsi's Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa , and Mokhtar Belmokhtar 's Al-Mulathameen . [ 6 ] On 4 December 2015, it joined Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). [ 5 ] The group sought to implement Sharia law in Mali, Algeria, southwestern Libya, and Niger. [ 7 ] On 2 March 2017, al-Mourabitoun's cells in Mali , along with those of Ansar Dine , Macina Liberation Front and the Saharan branch of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb , merged into Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin , [ 8 ] the official branch of Al-Qaeda in Mali , after its leaders swore allegiance to Ayman al-Zawahiri . [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Origins and membership Al-Mourabitoun was composed mostly of Tuaregs and Arabs from the northern Mali regions of Timbuktu , Kidal and Gao , but also included Algerians , Tunisians and other nationalities. Its area of operations was in northern Mali, near towns such as Tessalit and Ansongo . [ 1 ] The group's establishment was announced by Mokhtar Belmokhtar , though the group's leader was said to be a non-Algerian veteran of the anti-Soviet jihad in Afghanistan and the 2002 battles against American forces in the same country, [ 11 ] later identified by French Intelligence as an Egyptian known as Abubakr al-Nasri (al-Masri). Abubakr was reportedly killed by French Special Forces in northeastern Mali between 10 and 17 April 2014, as was senior commander Omar Ould Hamaha weeks earlier. [ 1 ] The group is named after the Almoravids , a Berber North-West African Islamic dynasty of the 11th and 12th centuries, spanning from Morocco to Senegal and the Iberian Peninsula. [ 11 ] It was designated a terrorist organization by the UN , [ 12 ] Australia , Canada , Iraq , [ 13 ] the United Arab Emirates , [ 14 ] [ 15 ] the United Kingdom [ 16 ] and the United States . [ 17 ] History This section needs expansion . You can help by expanding it . ( January 2016 ) On 14 May 2015, Adnan Abu Walid Sahraoui released an audio message pledging the group's allegiance to the Islamic State (IS). [ 18 ] Belmokhtar issued a statement several days later rejecting this pledge and stating that it had not been approved beforehand, seeming to indicate a split in the group. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] On 3 December 2015, AQIM leader Abdelmalek Droukdel announced in an audio statement that Al-Mourabitoun had joined his organization. [ 21 ] IS formally accepted Sahraoui's pledge of allegiance in a statement and video released in October 2016. The reason for the lengthy delay in acknowledgement was not clear. [ 22 ] On 2 March 2017, al-Mourabitoun's cells in Mali , along with those of Ansar Dine , Macina Liberation Front and the Saharan branch of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb merged into Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM). [ 8 ] JNIM is an official Al-Qaeda affiliate and remains a highly active and powerful militant organization in the Sahel as of late 2025. al-Mourabitoun's component groups continue their activities under the JNIM banner, and the broader alliance has expanded its influence across Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, and into coastal West African states. A separate, minor Egyptian faction also using the name Al-Mourabitoun exists, but it has not been observed to carry out prominent attacks and its activity is limited to propaganda. Timeline of attacks This section needs expansion . You can help by expanding it . ( January 2016 ) 7 March 2015: A masked gunman killed five and injured nine others at a restaurant popular with foreigners in Mali 's capital Bamako . Among the victims were three locals, a Frenchman, and a Belgian security officer with the European Union representative in the city. 10 August 2015: An IED killed three Malian soldiers and injured four others near Sévaré . [ 23 ] 11 August 2015: A coordinated assault against the Byblos hotel in Sévaré led to a 24-hour-long stand-off in which 13 people were killed, including five UN workers, four soldiers, and four attackers. The group later claimed responsibility for both this attack and the bombing the previous day. [ 24 ] 20 November 2015: A group of militants took more than 170 people hostages at the Radisson Blu hotel in Bamako, sparking a siege that left 22 people dead, including two gunmen. At least seven others were injured in the attack, two of them being members of the Malian Special Forces. [ 25 ] 15 January 2016: A group of militants staged a coordinated assault on two hotels and adjacent businesses in the center of Burkina Faso 's capital Ouagadougou , burning vehicles and taking more than 200 hostages. At least 30 people were killed, and 56 others injured in the siege that followed. [ 26 ] February 2016: The group released an audio message, in which it admitted it had kidnapped an Australian couple during the Ouagadougou attacks , and that it planned to release one of the captives, for it does "not target women in times of war". [ 27 ] The wife of the doctor that was kidnapped during the Ouagadougou attacks was subsequently released on February 7. [ 28 ] The doctor was released in May 2023. [ 29 ] 13 March 2016: Three gunmen assaulted a beach resort in Grand-Bassam , Ivory Coast , using assault rifles and hand grenades. At least 21 people were killed in the attack, including all of the attackers, three members of the country's special forces, as well as 15 civilians (including at least five Europeans). [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] 18 January 2017: A suicide bomber drove a vehicle filled with explosives into a military camp near Gao, Mali, killing 77 people and injuring at least 115 others. At the time it was the deadliest terrorist incident in the country's history. See also List of terrorist groups Mali War References ^ a b c d .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Mali: qui sont les nouveaux chefs des katibas jihadistes?" . Radio France Internationale. 14 May 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . ^ "National Counterterrorism Center | FTOs" . ^ "Mokhtar Belmokhtar now leads 'Al Qaeda in West Africa' " . The Long War Journal . 13 August 2015 . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . ^ "Macron says French forces killed Islamic State leader in Sahara" . Reuters . 15 September 2021 . Retrieved 16 September 2021 . ^ a b "Mali extremists join with al-Qaida-linked North Africa group" . The Washington Post . Associated Press. 4 December 2015. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . ^ "Belmokhtar's militants 'merge' with Mali's Mujao" . BBC News. 22 August 2013 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . ^ "Mali: Extremism & Counter-Extremism" . Counter Extremist Project . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . ^ a b "Al-Qaeda now has a united front in Africa's troubled Sahel region" . Newsweek . 3 March 2017 . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . ^ AP (3 March 2017). "Three Islamic extremist groups of Mali merge, pledge to al-Qaida" . Retrieved 12 April 2017 – via Business Standard. ^ "Ayman al-Zawahiri killed: How the world reacted" . www.aljazeera.com . Retrieved 11 October 2023 . ^ a b "Al-Murabitun: North Africa's Jihadists Reach into History in Their Battle against European "Crusaders" " . Jamestown Foundation. 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . ^ "The List established and maintained by the Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee with respect to individuals, groups, undertakings and other entities associated with Al-Qaida" . United Nations Security Council Committee 1267 . UN.org. 19 November 2014. Archived from the original on 25 September 2014 . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . ^ al-Taie, Khalid. "Iraqi government freezes assets of 93 terrorism supporting entities" . Diyaruna . Retrieved 30 April 2021 . ^ "KUNA: UAE cabinet endorses new list of terrorist groups - Politics - 15/11/2014" . 29 November 2014. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 30 April 2021 . ^ "UAE casts global net with anti-Islamist 'terror list' " . Gulf Times . 25 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 October 2023 . ^ "Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations" (PDF) . Home Office . 15 July 2016 . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . ^ Canada, Public Safety (21 December 2018). "Currently listed entities" . www.publicsafety.gc.ca . Retrieved 7 November 2025 . ^ "Belmokhtar's jihadist group in N.Africa vows allegiance to IS" . Yahoo . 14 May 2015 . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . ^ "Confusion surrounds West African jihadists' loyalty to Islamic State" . The Long War Journal . 14 May 2015 . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . ^ "Sahara Islamist leader Belmokhtar dismisses Islamic State pledge: report" . Yahoo News . Reuters . 17 May 2015 . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . ^ "Africa blighted by multiple Jihadist threats" . BBC News. 21 December 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2021 . ^ "Islamic State recognizes oath of allegiance from jihadists in Mali" . The Long War Journal . 31 October 2016 . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . ^ "Al Qaeda-linked group claims Mali hotel siege" . France 24. 11 August 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2021 . ^ "Mali hotel attack claimed by fighters linked to Belmokhtar" . Yahoo News . 11 August 2015. ^ " 'No more hostages' as Mali hotel stormed" . Al Jazeera. 11 November 2015 . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . ^ Bluy, Thibault; Searcey, Dionne; Callimachi, Rukmini (15 January 2016). "Gunmen Attack Hotel in Burkina Faso's Capital" . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . ^ Arif, Merieme (5 February 2016). "Al Qaeda group says it holds two Australians" . CNN . ^ Karimi, Faith (7 February 2016). "Australian woman freed by al Qaeda-linked kidnappers" . CNN. ^ "88-year-old Australian doctor freed 7 years after kidnapping by Islamic extremists in West Africa" . Associated Press . 19 May 2023. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023 . Retrieved 19 May 2023 . ^ "Ivory Coast hotel shooting: Gunmen 'kill 15 including four Europeans' in Grand Bassam beach resort" . Telegraph . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . ^ Bavier, Joe (15 March 2016). "Al Qaeda gunmen drank in bar before unleashing Ivory Coast attack" . Reuters . Retrieved 14 May 2021 . ^ "Witness Recalls Ivory Coast Attack: 'Shooting, Then Boom, Boom, Boom' " . The New York Times . 15 March 2016. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa v t e Ideology Jihadism Salafi jihadism Pan-Islamism Jihadism Salafi jihadism Salafi jihadism Pan-Islamism Phenomena Islamic extremism Islamic fundamentalism Islamic terrorism Islamic extremism Islamic fundamentalism Islamic terrorism Organisations Al-Shabaab Islamic Courts Union Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya Hizbul Islam Boko Haram Ansaru Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa Al-Mulathameen Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal-Muslimin al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb Ansar Dine Al-Mourabitoun Katiba Macina Ansarul Islam Katibat Salaheddin Ansar al-Sharia (Mali) Ansar al-Sharia (Mauritania) Allied Democratic Forces Islamic State Islamic State – Sahel Province Islamic State – West Africa Province Islamic State – Central Africa Province Islamic State – Somalia Province Islamic State - Mozambique Province Ansar al-Sunna (Mozambique) Al-Shabaab Islamic Courts Union Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya Hizbul Islam Boko Haram Ansaru Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa Al-Mulathameen Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal-Muslimin al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb Ansar Dine Al-Mourabitoun Katiba Macina Ansarul Islam Katibat Salaheddin al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb Ansar Dine Al-Mourabitoun Katiba Macina Ansarul Islam Katibat Salaheddin Ansar al-Sharia (Mali) Ansar al-Sharia (Mauritania) Allied Democratic Forces Islamic State Islamic State – Sahel Province Islamic State – West Africa Province Islamic State – Central Africa Province Islamic State – Somalia Province Islamic State - Mozambique Province Islamic State – Sahel Province Islamic State – West Africa Province Islamic State – Central Africa Province Islamic State – Somalia Province Islamic State - Mozambique Province Ansar al-Sunna (Mozambique) Leaders Ali Yassin Mohamed Hassan Dahir Aweys Fuad Qalaf Abdul Qadir Mumin Mokhtar Belmokhtar Abou Zeid Abdelmalek Droukdel Abubakar Shekau Ahmad Diri Mohammed Yusuf Iyad Ag Ghaly Amadou Koufa Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi Sedane Ag Hita Ibrahim Malam Dicko Djaffar Dicko Musa Baluku Ali Yassin Mohamed Hassan Dahir Aweys Fuad Qalaf Abdul Qadir Mumin Mokhtar Belmokhtar Abou Zeid Abdelmalek Droukdel Abubakar Shekau Ahmad Diri Mohammed Yusuf Iyad Ag Ghaly Amadou Koufa Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi Sedane Ag Hita Ibrahim Malam Dicko Djaffar Dicko Musa Baluku Events War in the Sahel Mali War Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Somali Civil War (2009–present) Boko Haram insurgency Insurgency in Cabo Delgado War in the Sahel Mali War Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Mali War Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Somali Civil War (2009–present) Boko Haram insurgency Insurgency in Cabo Delgado Part of Islamism Militant Islamism in MENA region South Asia Southeast Asia Part of Islamism Militant Islamism in MENA region South Asia Southeast Asia MENA region South Asia Southeast Asia Azawad Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb Rebel groups in Mali Rebel groups in Algeria Rebel groups in Niger Organisations designated as terrorist by the United Kingdom Organizations designated as terrorist by Iraq Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States Organizations designated as terrorist by the United Arab Emirates Organizations based in Africa designated as terrorist Organizations designated as terrorist by Canada Military units and factions of the Mali War Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from December 2022 Articles containing Arabic-language text Articles to be expanded from January 2016 All articles to be expanded This page was last edited on 12 January 2026, at 18:37 (UTC) . 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Civak Çand û Huner Dîn Teknolojî Werziş Zanist Dîrok Erdnîgarî Muzîk Alîkarî · Çapemenî · Dîroka Wîkîpediyayê · Pêwendî · Statîstîk · Zimanên din — — Îro, 10ê kanûna paşîna 2026an e ( UTC ) Hûn bi xêr hatin Wîkîpediyaya kurdî , ensîklopediya azad. Ji meha kanûna paşîn a sala 2004an ve 90.977 gotarên bi kurdî hatine nivîsandin. Nivîsara hefteyê Wêneyê gotarê Dinya , Erd yan jî Cîhan gerstêrkeke pergala rojê ye ku piştî gerstêrkên Tîr û Gelawêjê gerstêrka sêyem a nêzîkî Rojê ye. Dinya yekane heybera astronomîkî ye ku tê zanîn jiyanê vedihewîne û piştgiriya jiyanê dike. Di pergala rojê de gerstêrka yekane ye ku girseyên mezin ên avê diparêze. Rûyê Dinyayê bi giranî av e û hinek deverên din ên Diyayê jî wekê qeşayên li herêmên cemserên bakur û başûr qeşa ye. Bi piraniya ku rûyê Dinyayê ji sedî 70,8 ji avê pêk tê, bi rûbera rûava deryayê û rûbera bejahiya erdê re, rûyê Dinyayê bi giştî 510 milyon km 2 ye. Ji çaran yekê serzemînê bejahî ye û ji çaran sisê ji rûyê dinyayê jî ji deryayê pêk tê. Temenê dinyayê 4,5 milyar sal e û ji sedî 29,2ê rûyê erdê ax e ku ji parzemîn û giravan pêk tê. Piraniya axê di nîvkada bejahiyê de ye. Dinya xwedî atmosferekê ye ku bi piranî ji nîtrojen û ji oksîjenê pêk tê. Şert û mercên rûyê dinyayê bi giranî ji hêla atmosferê ve ji hêla pêkhateyê erdê û sîrkulasyona erdê û bi sîrkulasyona okyanûsê ve têne birêvebirin. ( zêdetir... ) Arşîv – Gotara berê Zaravayên kurdî Soranî Kurdiya navendî · soranî Be xêr bên bo Wîkîpîdiya! Wîkîpîdiya însaykllopîdiyayekî azade ke hemû kesêk detiwanêt destkarîy bikat. Witare soranîyekan le mangî 8î 2009ewe le mallperrî ciyawazî kurdîy nawîn û be elfubêy erebî billaw debinewe. (ویکیپیدیای کوردیی ناوەندی (سۆرانی – Kurdiya navendî (soranî be latînî) Kurdí Xwarig Kurdiya başûrî (kirmaşanî, kelhurî, feylî, şêxbizinî) We xêr hatine Wîkîpêdiya! Wíkípédíya zanistnameyg azas ke le nawya her kes tiwanêd we zanayî xwey tiya beşdarî biked. Îwenîş fermûne îre beşdarî biken. incubator:Wp/sdh/دەسپێک – Wetar we zaraway kurdî xwarig Dimilkî Zazakî · kirmanckî · dimilkî · kirdkî Şima xêr ameyî! Îtîya de Wîkîpediya, ensîklopediya verên bi ziwanê kurdkî vecîyena. Ina ensîklopediya azadî her merdim bese keno nuşteyan binuso yan zî bivurno. Wîkîpediya Zazakîyê cîya zî esta – Şo pela kirmanckî Nivîsara hefteyê Wêneyê gotarê Dinya , Erd yan jî Cîhan gerstêrkeke pergala rojê ye ku piştî gerstêrkên Tîr û Gelawêjê gerstêrka sêyem a nêzîkî Rojê ye. Dinya yekane heybera astronomîkî ye ku tê zanîn jiyanê vedihewîne û piştgiriya jiyanê dike. Di pergala rojê de gerstêrka yekane ye ku girseyên mezin ên avê diparêze. Rûyê Dinyayê bi giranî av e û hinek deverên din ên Diyayê jî wekê qeşayên li herêmên cemserên bakur û başûr qeşa ye. Bi piraniya ku rûyê Dinyayê ji sedî 70,8 ji avê pêk tê, bi rûbera rûava deryayê û rûbera bejahiya erdê re, rûyê Dinyayê bi giştî 510 milyon km 2 ye. Ji çaran yekê serzemînê bejahî ye û ji çaran sisê ji rûyê dinyayê jî ji deryayê pêk tê. Temenê dinyayê 4,5 milyar sal e û ji sedî 29,2ê rûyê erdê ax e ku ji parzemîn û giravan pêk tê. Piraniya axê di nîvkada bejahiyê de ye. Dinya xwedî atmosferekê ye ku bi piranî ji nîtrojen û ji oksîjenê pêk tê. Şert û mercên rûyê dinyayê bi giranî ji hêla atmosferê ve ji hêla pêkhateyê erdê û sîrkulasyona erdê û bi sîrkulasyona okyanûsê ve têne birêvebirin. ( zêdetir... ) Arşîv – Gotara berê Zaravayên kurdî Soranî Kurdiya navendî · soranî Be xêr bên bo Wîkîpîdiya! Wîkîpîdiya însaykllopîdiyayekî azade ke hemû kesêk detiwanêt destkarîy bikat. Witare soranîyekan le mangî 8î 2009ewe le mallperrî ciyawazî kurdîy nawîn û be elfubêy erebî billaw debinewe. (ویکیپیدیای کوردیی ناوەندی (سۆرانی – Kurdiya navendî (soranî be latînî) Kurdí Xwarig Kurdiya başûrî (kirmaşanî, kelhurî, feylî, şêxbizinî) We xêr hatine Wîkîpêdiya! Wíkípédíya zanistnameyg azas ke le nawya her kes tiwanêd we zanayî xwey tiya beşdarî biked. Îwenîş fermûne îre beşdarî biken. incubator:Wp/sdh/دەسپێک – Wetar we zaraway kurdî xwarig Dimilkî Zazakî · kirmanckî · dimilkî · kirdkî Şima xêr ameyî! Îtîya de Wîkîpediya, ensîklopediya verên bi ziwanê kurdkî vecîyena. Ina ensîklopediya azadî her merdim bese keno nuşteyan binuso yan zî bivurno. Wîkîpediya Zazakîyê cîya zî esta – Şo pela kirmanckî Soranî Kurdiya navendî · soranî Be xêr bên bo Wîkîpîdiya! Wîkîpîdiya însaykllopîdiyayekî azade ke hemû kesêk detiwanêt destkarîy bikat. Witare soranîyekan le mangî 8î 2009ewe le mallperrî ciyawazî kurdîy nawîn û be elfubêy erebî billaw debinewe. (ویکیپیدیای کوردیی ناوەندی (سۆرانی – Kurdiya navendî (soranî be latînî) Be xêr bên bo Wîkîpîdiya! Wîkîpîdiya însaykllopîdiyayekî azade ke hemû kesêk detiwanêt destkarîy bikat. Witare soranîyekan le mangî 8î 2009ewe le mallperrî ciyawazî kurdîy nawîn û be elfubêy erebî billaw debinewe. (ویکیپیدیای کوردیی ناوەندی (سۆرانی – Kurdiya navendî (soranî be latînî) Kurdí Xwarig Kurdiya başûrî (kirmaşanî, kelhurî, feylî, şêxbizinî) We xêr hatine Wîkîpêdiya! Wíkípédíya zanistnameyg azas ke le nawya her kes tiwanêd we zanayî xwey tiya beşdarî biked. Îwenîş fermûne îre beşdarî biken. incubator:Wp/sdh/دەسپێک – Wetar we zaraway kurdî xwarig Kurdiya başûrî (kirmaşanî, kelhurî, feylî, şêxbizinî) We xêr hatine Wîkîpêdiya! Wíkípédíya zanistnameyg azas ke le nawya her kes tiwanêd we zanayî xwey tiya beşdarî biked. Îwenîş fermûne îre beşdarî biken. incubator:Wp/sdh/دەسپێک – Wetar we zaraway kurdî xwarig Dimilkî Zazakî · kirmanckî · dimilkî · kirdkî Şima xêr ameyî! Îtîya de Wîkîpediya, ensîklopediya verên bi ziwanê kurdkî vecîyena. Ina ensîklopediya azadî her merdim bese keno nuşteyan binuso yan zî bivurno. Wîkîpediya Zazakîyê cîya zî esta – Şo pela kirmanckî Zazakî · kirmanckî · dimilkî · kirdkî Şima xêr ameyî! Îtîya de Wîkîpediya, ensîklopediya verên bi ziwanê kurdkî vecîyena. Ina ensîklopediya azadî her merdim bese keno nuşteyan binuso yan zî bivurno. Wîkîpediya Zazakîyê cîya zî esta – Şo pela kirmanckî Danasîn Wîkîpediya , ensîklopediyeke azad a bi zimanê kurdî ye. Ev projeya navneteweyî, derfeteke girîng a ji bo pêşdexistina zimanan e. Mirovên ku dixwazin zimanê kurdî pêşde biçe, dikarin di Wîkîpediyayê de alîkariya zimanê me bikin. Hûn jî dikarin li vir tevlî me bibin. Keremkin bi beşên alîkarî û pênc hîmên sereke yên wîkîpediyayê fêr bibin ka gotar çawa têne nivîsandin. Hesabê nû çêke Hesabekî te heye? Têkeve . Di dîrokê de îro… Bûyer 1810 – Napoleon Bonaparte ji hevjîna xwe Josephine cihê bû. 1861 – Di şerê navxweyî yê amerîkanan de Florida ji DYAyê veqetiya. 1916 – Hêzên împeratoriya Rûsyayê li Erzeromê bi Osmaniyan re dest bi şer kirin. 1918 – Cemiyeta Tealiya Kurd hate damezirandin. 1928 – Rêveberiya Yekîtiya Komarên Sovyet ên Sosyalîst Trotskî û 30 pêşengên din ên muxalîf sirgûnî Almatiyê kirin. 1941 – Şerê cîhanî yê duyem ; Hêzên yewnan bajarê Këlcyrë yê li Albanyayê dagir kirin. 1959 – Yekîtiya Sovyetê aştî pêşniyazî Almanyayê kir. 1984 – Piştî 117 salan di navbera DYA û Vatîkanê de pêwendiyên tevahî yên dîplomatîk pêk hatin. 1985 – Di kanala neteweyî ya Tirkiyeyê , TRT , de peyvên weke "anı (serpêhatî), devrim (şoreş), özgürlük (azadî)" hatin qedexekirin. Jidayikbûn 1913 – Gustav Husak , serokdewletê Çekoslovakyayê Mirin 1778 – Carolus Linnaeus , zanyarê swêdî 1904 – Jean-Léon Gérôme , wênesaz û peykertraşê fransî (jdb. 1824) 1905 – Kārlis Baumanis , bestekarê letonî (jdb. 1835) 1920 – Sali Nivica , rojnamevan û siyasetmedarê albanî (jdb. 1890) 1926 – Eino Leino , helbestvan û rojnamevanê fînî (jdb. 1878) 1951 – Sinclair Lewis , romannivîs, çîroknivîs û şanonvîsê amerîkan, xwediyê Xelata Nobel (jdb. 1885) 1951 – Yoshio Nishina , fizîknas û akademîsyenê japonî (jdb. 1890) 1957 – Gabriela Mistral , helbestvan û akademîsyena şîliyî, xwediya Xelata Nobel (jdb. 1889) 1961 – Dashiell Hammett , nivîskarê romanên dedektîv (polîsî) û senaryonivîsê amerîkan (jdb. 1894) 1971 – Coco Chanel , dîzaynera modayê ya fransî, danera Chanel (jdb. 1883) 1978 – Hannah Gluckstein , wênesaza brîtanî (jdb. 1895) 1986 – Jaroslav Seifert , rojnamevan û helbestvanê çekî, xwediyê Xelata Nobel (jdb. 1901) 1990 – Tochinishiki Kiyotaka , gulaşgirê sumo yê japonî, Yokozunayê 44em (jdb. 1925) 1997 – Elspeth Huxley , rojnamevan û nivîskara kenyayî-inglîz (jdb. 1907) 2005 – Prenses Joséphine Charlotte ya Belçîkayê (jdb. 1927) 2005 – Bahattin Karakütük , rojnamevanê esil tirk 2007 – Carlo Ponti , darhênerê fîlman ê talyan (jdb. 1912) 2011 – Margaret Whiting , stranbêja amerîkan (jdb. 1924) 2014 – Petr Hlaváček , pêlavker û akademîsyenê çekî (jdb. 1950) 2014 – Dajikaka Gadgil , xişirkarê hindistanî (jdb. 1915)[175] 2015 – Francesco Rosi , rejîsor û derhênerê fîlman ê talyan (jdb. 1922) 2016 – David Bowie , stranbêj, strannivîs û aktorê inglîz (jdb. 1947) 2016 – Bård Breivik , peykersaz û mamosteyê hunerê yê norwêcî (jdb. 1948) 2016 – George Jonas , rojnamevan, nivîskar û helbestvanê mecar-kanadî (jdb. 1935) 2017 – Buddy Greco , stranbêjê caz û pop û piyanîstê amerîkan (jdb. 1926) 2017 – Clare Hollingworth , rojnamevana inglîz (jdb. 1911) 2020 – Qaboos bin Said , hikumdarê Omanê (jdb. 1940) 2022 – Joyce Eliason , kesayetiya televîzyonê ya amerîkan (jdb. 1934) 2023 – Jeff Beck , gîtarjen û strannivîsê inglîz (jdb. 1944) 2025 – José Jiménez , çalakvanê portorîkoyî (jdb. 1948) 2025 – Sam Moore , stranbêjê soul û strannivîsê amerîkan (jdb. 1935) Arşîv – Bêhtir… Îro, 10ê kanûna paşîn a 2026an e ( UTC ) – nûkirin Wêneyê hefteyê Şeyhmus Dağtekin Helbestvan û nivîskarekî kurd , Şeyhmus Dağtekin . Wênesaz: Herrago Arşîv – Wêneyê berê Wêneyê rojê ji Commonsê Danasîn Wîkîpediya , ensîklopediyeke azad a bi zimanê kurdî ye. Ev projeya navneteweyî, derfeteke girîng a ji bo pêşdexistina zimanan e. Mirovên ku dixwazin zimanê kurdî pêşde biçe, dikarin di Wîkîpediyayê de alîkariya zimanê me bikin. Hûn jî dikarin li vir tevlî me bibin. Keremkin bi beşên alîkarî û pênc hîmên sereke yên wîkîpediyayê fêr bibin ka gotar çawa têne nivîsandin. Hesabê nû çêke Hesabekî te heye? Têkeve . Hesabê nû çêke Di dîrokê de îro… Bûyer 1810 – Napoleon Bonaparte ji hevjîna xwe Josephine cihê bû. 1861 – Di şerê navxweyî yê amerîkanan de Florida ji DYAyê veqetiya. 1916 – Hêzên împeratoriya Rûsyayê li Erzeromê bi Osmaniyan re dest bi şer kirin. 1918 – Cemiyeta Tealiya Kurd hate damezirandin. 1928 – Rêveberiya Yekîtiya Komarên Sovyet ên Sosyalîst Trotskî û 30 pêşengên din ên muxalîf sirgûnî Almatiyê kirin. 1941 – Şerê cîhanî yê duyem ; Hêzên yewnan bajarê Këlcyrë yê li Albanyayê dagir kirin. 1959 – Yekîtiya Sovyetê aştî pêşniyazî Almanyayê kir. 1984 – Piştî 117 salan di navbera DYA û Vatîkanê de pêwendiyên tevahî yên dîplomatîk pêk hatin. 1985 – Di kanala neteweyî ya Tirkiyeyê , TRT , de peyvên weke "anı (serpêhatî), devrim (şoreş), özgürlük (azadî)" hatin qedexekirin. Jidayikbûn 1913 – Gustav Husak , serokdewletê Çekoslovakyayê Mirin 1778 – Carolus Linnaeus , zanyarê swêdî 1904 – Jean-Léon Gérôme , wênesaz û peykertraşê fransî (jdb. 1824) 1905 – Kārlis Baumanis , bestekarê letonî (jdb. 1835) 1920 – Sali Nivica , rojnamevan û siyasetmedarê albanî (jdb. 1890) 1926 – Eino Leino , helbestvan û rojnamevanê fînî (jdb. 1878) 1951 – Sinclair Lewis , romannivîs, çîroknivîs û şanonvîsê amerîkan, xwediyê Xelata Nobel (jdb. 1885) 1951 – Yoshio Nishina , fizîknas û akademîsyenê japonî (jdb. 1890) 1957 – Gabriela Mistral , helbestvan û akademîsyena şîliyî, xwediya Xelata Nobel (jdb. 1889) 1961 – Dashiell Hammett , nivîskarê romanên dedektîv (polîsî) û senaryonivîsê amerîkan (jdb. 1894) 1971 – Coco Chanel , dîzaynera modayê ya fransî, danera Chanel (jdb. 1883) 1978 – Hannah Gluckstein , wênesaza brîtanî (jdb. 1895) 1986 – Jaroslav Seifert , rojnamevan û helbestvanê çekî, xwediyê Xelata Nobel (jdb. 1901) 1990 – Tochinishiki Kiyotaka , gulaşgirê sumo yê japonî, Yokozunayê 44em (jdb. 1925) 1997 – Elspeth Huxley , rojnamevan û nivîskara kenyayî-inglîz (jdb. 1907) 2005 – Prenses Joséphine Charlotte ya Belçîkayê (jdb. 1927) 2005 – Bahattin Karakütük , rojnamevanê esil tirk 2007 – Carlo Ponti , darhênerê fîlman ê talyan (jdb. 1912) 2011 – Margaret Whiting , stranbêja amerîkan (jdb. 1924) 2014 – Petr Hlaváček , pêlavker û akademîsyenê çekî (jdb. 1950) 2014 – Dajikaka Gadgil , xişirkarê hindistanî (jdb. 1915)[175] 2015 – Francesco Rosi , rejîsor û derhênerê fîlman ê talyan (jdb. 1922) 2016 – David Bowie , stranbêj, strannivîs û aktorê inglîz (jdb. 1947) 2016 – Bård Breivik , peykersaz û mamosteyê hunerê yê norwêcî (jdb. 1948) 2016 – George Jonas , rojnamevan, nivîskar û helbestvanê mecar-kanadî (jdb. 1935) 2017 – Buddy Greco , stranbêjê caz û pop û piyanîstê amerîkan (jdb. 1926) 2017 – Clare Hollingworth , rojnamevana inglîz (jdb. 1911) 2020 – Qaboos bin Said , hikumdarê Omanê (jdb. 1940) 2022 – Joyce Eliason , kesayetiya televîzyonê ya amerîkan (jdb. 1934) 2023 – Jeff Beck , gîtarjen û strannivîsê inglîz (jdb. 1944) 2025 – José Jiménez , çalakvanê portorîkoyî (jdb. 1948) 2025 – Sam Moore , stranbêjê soul û strannivîsê amerîkan (jdb. 1935) Arşîv – Bêhtir… Îro, 10ê kanûna paşîn a 2026an e ( UTC ) – nûkirin Bûyer 1810 – Napoleon Bonaparte ji hevjîna xwe Josephine cihê bû. 1861 – Di şerê navxweyî yê amerîkanan de Florida ji DYAyê veqetiya. 1916 – Hêzên împeratoriya Rûsyayê li Erzeromê bi Osmaniyan re dest bi şer kirin. 1918 – Cemiyeta Tealiya Kurd hate damezirandin. 1928 – Rêveberiya Yekîtiya Komarên Sovyet ên Sosyalîst Trotskî û 30 pêşengên din ên muxalîf sirgûnî Almatiyê kirin. 1941 – Şerê cîhanî yê duyem ; Hêzên yewnan bajarê Këlcyrë yê li Albanyayê dagir kirin. 1959 – Yekîtiya Sovyetê aştî pêşniyazî Almanyayê kir. 1984 – Piştî 117 salan di navbera DYA û Vatîkanê de pêwendiyên tevahî yên dîplomatîk pêk hatin. 1985 – Di kanala neteweyî ya Tirkiyeyê , TRT , de peyvên weke "anı (serpêhatî), devrim (şoreş), özgürlük (azadî)" hatin qedexekirin. Jidayikbûn 1913 – Gustav Husak , serokdewletê Çekoslovakyayê Mirin 1778 – Carolus Linnaeus , zanyarê swêdî 1904 – Jean-Léon Gérôme , wênesaz û peykertraşê fransî (jdb. 1824) 1905 – Kārlis Baumanis , bestekarê letonî (jdb. 1835) 1920 – Sali Nivica , rojnamevan û siyasetmedarê albanî (jdb. 1890) 1926 – Eino Leino , helbestvan û rojnamevanê fînî (jdb. 1878) 1951 – Sinclair Lewis , romannivîs, çîroknivîs û şanonvîsê amerîkan, xwediyê Xelata Nobel (jdb. 1885) 1951 – Yoshio Nishina , fizîknas û akademîsyenê japonî (jdb. 1890) 1957 – Gabriela Mistral , helbestvan û akademîsyena şîliyî, xwediya Xelata Nobel (jdb. 1889) 1961 – Dashiell Hammett , nivîskarê romanên dedektîv (polîsî) û senaryonivîsê amerîkan (jdb. 1894) 1971 – Coco Chanel , dîzaynera modayê ya fransî, danera Chanel (jdb. 1883) 1978 – Hannah Gluckstein , wênesaza brîtanî (jdb. 1895) 1986 – Jaroslav Seifert , rojnamevan û helbestvanê çekî, xwediyê Xelata Nobel (jdb. 1901) 1990 – Tochinishiki Kiyotaka , gulaşgirê sumo yê japonî, Yokozunayê 44em (jdb. 1925) 1997 – Elspeth Huxley , rojnamevan û nivîskara kenyayî-inglîz (jdb. 1907) 2005 – Prenses Joséphine Charlotte ya Belçîkayê (jdb. 1927) 2005 – Bahattin Karakütük , rojnamevanê esil tirk 2007 – Carlo Ponti , darhênerê fîlman ê talyan (jdb. 1912) 2011 – Margaret Whiting , stranbêja amerîkan (jdb. 1924) 2014 – Petr Hlaváček , pêlavker û akademîsyenê çekî (jdb. 1950) 2014 – Dajikaka Gadgil , xişirkarê hindistanî (jdb. 1915)[175] 2015 – Francesco Rosi , rejîsor û derhênerê fîlman ê talyan (jdb. 1922) 2016 – David Bowie , stranbêj, strannivîs û aktorê inglîz (jdb. 1947) 2016 – Bård Breivik , peykersaz û mamosteyê hunerê yê norwêcî (jdb. 1948) 2016 – George Jonas , rojnamevan, nivîskar û helbestvanê mecar-kanadî (jdb. 1935) 2017 – Buddy Greco , stranbêjê caz û pop û piyanîstê amerîkan (jdb. 1926) 2017 – Clare Hollingworth , rojnamevana inglîz (jdb. 1911) 2020 – Qaboos bin Said , hikumdarê Omanê (jdb. 1940) 2022 – Joyce Eliason , kesayetiya televîzyonê ya amerîkan (jdb. 1934) 2023 – Jeff Beck , gîtarjen û strannivîsê inglîz (jdb. 1944) 2025 – José Jiménez , çalakvanê portorîkoyî (jdb. 1948) 2025 – Sam Moore , stranbêjê soul û strannivîsê amerîkan (jdb. 1935) Wêneyê hefteyê Şeyhmus Dağtekin Helbestvan û nivîskarekî kurd , Şeyhmus Dağtekin . Wênesaz: Herrago Arşîv – Wêneyê berê Wêneyê rojê ji Commonsê Şeyhmus Dağtekin Helbestvan û nivîskarekî kurd , Şeyhmus Dağtekin . Wênesaz: Herrago Arşîv – Wêneyê berê Wêneyê rojê ji Commonsê Malbata Wîkîmedyayê Meta-Wîkî – Koordînasyon Commons – Wêne û medyayên din Wîkîferheng – Ferheng Wîkîpirtûk – Pirtûk ji bo zanînê Wîkîçavkanî – Çavkaniya azad Wîkîgotin – Gotinên kesan Wîkîcure – Rêbernameya cureyan Wîkînûçe – Nûçe Wîkîversîte – Platforma fêrbûnê Wîkîdane – Bingeha zanîna azad Wîkîgeşt – Rêbernameya geşt û guzarê MedyaWîkî – Nermamrazên azad Malbata Wîkîmedyayê Meta-Wîkî – Koordînasyon Commons – Wêne û medyayên din Wîkîferheng – Ferheng Wîkîpirtûk – Pirtûk ji bo zanînê Wîkîçavkanî – Çavkaniya azad Wîkîgotin – Gotinên kesan Wîkîcure – Rêbernameya cureyan Wîkînûçe – Nûçe Wîkîversîte – Platforma fêrbûnê Wîkîdane – Bingeha zanîna azad Wîkîgeşt – Rêbernameya geşt û guzarê MedyaWîkî – Nermamrazên azad Meta-Wîkî – Koordînasyon Commons – Wêne û medyayên din Wîkîferheng – Ferheng Wîkîpirtûk – Pirtûk ji bo zanînê Wîkîçavkanî – Çavkaniya azad Wîkîgotin – Gotinên kesan Wîkîcure – Rêbernameya cureyan Wîkînûçe – Nûçe Wîkîversîte – Platforma fêrbûnê Wîkîdane – Bingeha zanîna azad Wîkîgeşt – Rêbernameya geşt û guzarê MedyaWîkî – Nermamrazên azad Rêveberî — Dîwan — Kurdîgeh — Şêwaz العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ Català Cebuano کوردی Čeština Dansk Deutsch Zazaki Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Galego گیلکی עברית Hrvatski Հայերեն ქართული لۊری شومالی مازِرونی Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Polski پښتو Português Română Armãneashti Русский Svenska Türkçe Татарча / tatarça Tiếng Việt 吴语 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 Ev rûpel cara dawî 22 gulan 2024, saet li 23:39an de hatiye guhartin. 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Account Dashboard Publications Account settings Log out Clipboard My Bibliography Collections Citation manager Save citation to file Email citation Add to Collections Create a new collection Add to an existing collection Add to My Bibliography My Bibliography Your saved search Yes No Create a file for external citation management software Your RSS Feed Full text links Actions Create a new collection Add to an existing collection Page navigation Title & authors Abstract Conflict of interest statement References Publication types LinkOut - more resources Search in PubMed Search in NLM Catalog Add to Search Analysing Joker : an attempt to establish diagnosis for a film icon Affiliation 1 Moscow Research and Practical Centre for Narcology, Russia. PMID: 33407973 PMCID: PMC8727382 DOI: 10.1192/bjb.2020.146 Analysing Joker : an attempt to establish diagnosis for a film icon Search in PubMed Search in NLM Catalog Add to Search Author Affiliation 1 Moscow Research and Practical Centre for Narcology, Russia. PMID: 33407973 PMCID: PMC8727382 DOI: 10.1192/bjb.2020.146 Abstract Todd Phillips's film Joker, a 2019 psychological thriller, has stirred up strong reactions to the portrayal of the lead character's mental disorder, which is never specified. I used DSM-5 criteria to study whether Joker/Arthur Fleck showed signs of a real mental disorder. The psychopathology Arthur exhibits is unclear, preventing diagnosis of psychotic disorder or schizophrenia; the unusual combination of symptoms suggests a complex mix of features of certain personality traits, namely psychopathy and narcissism (he meets DSM-5 criteria for narcissistic personality disorder). He also shows the symptoms of pseudobulbar affect due to traumatic brain injury. This apparent co-occurrence of both mental disorder and a neurological condition may be confusing for audiences trying to understand mental illness. Keywords: DSM-5; Mental health; personality disorders; psychopathology; stigma and discrimination. PubMed Disclaimer Conflict of interest statement Supplementary material References Peaslee RM, Weiner RG. The Joker: A Serious Study of the Clown Prince of Crime. University Press of Mississippi, 2015. Peaslee RM, Weiner RG. The Joker: A Serious Study of the Clown Prince of Crime. University Press of Mississippi, 2015. Placido D. How does Joaquin Phoenix's ‘Joker’ differ from previous versions? Forbes 2020; 28 Aug. Placido D. How does Joaquin Phoenix's ‘Joker’ differ from previous versions? Forbes 2020; 28 Aug. Camp ME, Webster CR, Coverdale TR, Coverdale JH, Nairn R. The Joker: a dark night for depictions of mental illness. Acad Psychiatry 2010; 34: 145–9. - PubMed Camp ME, Webster CR, Coverdale TR, Coverdale JH, Nairn R. The Joker: a dark night for depictions of mental illness. Acad Psychiatry 2010; 34: 145–9. - PubMed Rai M, Banerjee D. ‘The Joker’ does the Oscars right, but gets it wrong! Asian J Psychiatry 2020; 51: 102039. - PubMed Rai M, Banerjee D. ‘The Joker’ does the Oscars right, but gets it wrong! Asian J Psychiatry 2020; 51: 102039. - PubMed Scarf D, Zimmerman H, Winter T, Boden H, Graham S, Riordan BC, et al. Association of viewing the films Joker or Terminator: dark fate with prejudice toward individuals with mental illness. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3(4): e203423. - PMC - PubMed Scarf D, Zimmerman H, Winter T, Boden H, Graham S, Riordan BC, et al. Association of viewing the films Joker or Terminator: dark fate with prejudice toward individuals with mental illness. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Etymology 2 Dating 3 Deposits 4 Paleogeography and climate Toggle Paleogeography and climate subsection 4.1 Glacial features 4.2 Major events 4.3 Palaeocycles 4.3.1 Milankovitch cycles 4.3.2 Oxygen isotope ratio cycles 4.1 Glacial features 4.2 Major events 4.3 Palaeocycles 4.3.1 Milankovitch cycles 4.3.2 Oxygen isotope ratio cycles 4.3.1 Milankovitch cycles 4.3.2 Oxygen isotope ratio cycles 5 Fauna Toggle Fauna subsection 5.1 Humans 5.1 Humans 6 See also 7 Explanatory notes 8 References 9 External links Pleistocene Afrikaans Alemannisch Anarâškielâ अंगिका العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lingua Franca Nova Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 Toki pona Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Pleistocene 2.58 – 0.0117 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ A map of Earth as it appeared approximately 21,000 years ago at the peak of the Last Glacial Maximum during the Late Pleistocene Chronology −2.6 — – −2.4 — – −2.2 — – −2 — – −1.8 — – −1.6 — – −1.4 — – −1.2 — – −1 — – −0.8 — – −0.6 — – −0.4 — – −0.2 — – 0 — @supports(writing-mode:vertical-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-text{letter-spacing:-0.12em;line-height:1em;text-orientation:upright;writing-mode:vertical-lr;width:1em}} Cenozoic N Quaternary Pliocene Pleistocene Gelasian Calabrian Chibanian " Late " ← Holocene Subdivision of the Quaternary according to the ICS , as of 2024. [ 1 ] Vertical axis scale: Millions of years ago −2.6 — – −2.4 — – −2.2 — – −2 — – −1.8 — – −1.6 — – −1.4 — – −1.2 — – −1 — – −0.8 — – −0.6 — – −0.4 — – −0.2 — – 0 — @supports(writing-mode:vertical-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-text{letter-spacing:-0.12em;line-height:1em;text-orientation:upright;writing-mode:vertical-lr;width:1em}} Cenozoic N Quaternary Pliocene Pleistocene Gelasian Calabrian Chibanian " Late " ← Holocene ← Holocene Subdivision of the Quaternary according to the ICS , as of 2024. [ 1 ] Vertical axis scale: Millions of years ago Etymology Name formality Formal Usage information Celestial body Earth Regional usage Global ( ICS ) Definition Chronological unit Epoch Stratigraphic unit Series Time span formality Formal Lower boundary definition Base of magnetic polarity chronozone C2r (Matuyama). Extinction of the haptophytes Discoaster pentaradiatus and Discoaster surculus Base of magnetic polarity chronozone C2r (Matuyama). Extinction of the haptophytes Discoaster pentaradiatus and Discoaster surculus Lower boundary GSSP Monte San Nicola Section, Gela , Sicily, Italy .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 37°08′49″N 14°12′13″E / 37.1469°N 14.2035°E / 37.1469; 14.2035 Lower GSSP ratified 2009 (as base of Quaternary and Pleistocene) [ 2 ] Upper boundary definition End of the Younger Dryas stadial Upper boundary GSSP NGRIP2 ice core, Greenland 75°06′00″N 42°19′12″W / 75.1000°N 42.3200°W / 75.1000; -42.3200 Upper GSSP ratified 2008 (as base of Holocene) [ 3 ] Part of a series on Human history and prehistory ↑ before Homo ( Pliocene epoch ) Prehistory Stone Age Lower Paleolithic Homo Homo erectus Middle Paleolithic Early Homo sapiens Upper Paleolithic Behavioral modernity Epipalaeolithic Mesolithic Neolithic Cradle of civilization Protohistory Copper Age Bronze Age Europe Near East South Asia East Asia Bronze Age collapse Iron Age Europe Near East South Asia Southeast Asia East Asia West Africa Homo Homo erectus Epipalaeolithic Mesolithic Europe Near East South Asia East Asia Europe Near East South Asia Southeast Asia East Asia West Africa Recorded history Ancient history Earliest records Protohistory Post-classical history Modern history Early Contemporary Earliest records Protohistory Early Contemporary ↓ Future ( Holocene epoch ) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The Pleistocene ( / ˈ p l aɪ s t ə ˌ s iː n , - s t oʊ -/ PLY -stə-seen, -stoh- ; [ 4 ] [ 5 ] referred to colloquially as the Ice Age ) is the geological epoch that lasted from c. 2.58 million to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations . Before a change was finally confirmed in 2009 by the International Union of Geological Sciences , the cutoff of the Pleistocene and the preceding Pliocene was regarded as being 1.806 million years Before Present (BP). Publications from earlier years may use either definition of the period. The end of the Pleistocene corresponds with the end of the last glacial period and also with the end of the Paleolithic age used in archaeology . The name comes from Ancient Greek πλεῖστος ( pleîstos ), meaning "most", and καινός ( kainós ), meaning "new, recent". The aridification and cooling trends of the preceding Neogene were continued in the Pleistocene. The climate was strongly variable depending on the glacial cycle, oscillating between cold glacial periods and warmer interglacials , with sea levels dropping at peak glaciation by as much 120 metres (390 ft) lower than present, allowing the periodic connection of Asia and North America via the Beringia land bridge, and the covering of most of northern North America by the large Laurentide Ice Sheet . At the end of the preceding Pliocene, the previously isolated North and South American continents were joined by the Isthmus of Panama , causing a faunal interchange between the two regions and changing ocean circulation patterns, with the onset of glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere occurring around 2.7 million years ago. During the Early Pleistocene (2.58–0.8 Ma), archaic humans of the genus Homo originated in Africa and spread throughout Afro-Eurasia . The end of the Early Pleistocene is marked by the Mid-Pleistocene Transition , with the cyclicity of glacial cycles changing from 41,000-year cycles to asymmetric 100,000-year cycles, making the climate variation more extreme. The Late Pleistocene witnessed the spread of modern humans outside Africa as well as the extinction of all other human species. Humans also spread to the Australian continent and the Americas for the first time. The Late Pleistocene from around 50,000 years ago onwards was marked by the extinction of most large terrestrial animals outside of Africa , an extinction event otherwise unprecedented in the geological record due to its extreme size bias. Most authors suggest that climate change, the expansion of modern humans, or the combination of both were the likely causes of the extinctions. Etymology Charles Lyell introduced the term "Pleistocene" in 1839 to describe strata in Sicily that had at least 70% of their molluscan fauna still living today. This distinguished it from the older Pliocene Epoch , which Lyell had originally thought to be the youngest fossil rock layer. He constructed the name "Pleistocene" ('most new' or 'newest') from the Greek πλεῖστος ( pleīstos ) 'most' and καινός ( kainós ( Latinized as cænus ) 'new'). [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] This contrasts with the immediately preceding Pliocene ("newer", from πλείων ( pleíōn , "more") and kainós ) and the immediately subsequent Holocene ("wholly new" or "entirely new", from ὅλος ( hólos , "whole") and kainós ) epoch , which extends to the present time. Dating Hominin timeline This box: view talk edit view talk edit −10 — – −9 — – −8 — – −7 — – −6 — – −5 — – −4 — – −3 — – −2 — – −1 — – 0 — Miocene Pliocene Pleistocene Hominini Nakalipithecus Samburupithecus Ouranopithecus ( Ou. turkae ) ( Ou. macedoniensis ) Chororapithecus Oreopithecus Sivapithecus Sahelanthropus Graecopithecus Orrorin ( O. praegens ) ( O. tugenensis ) Ardipithecus ( Ar. kadabba ) ( Ar. ramidus ) Australopithecus ( Au. africanus ) ( Au. afarensis ) ( Au. anamensis ) H. habilis ( H. rudolfensis ) ( Au. garhi ) H. erectus ( H. antecessor ) ( H. ergaster ) ( Au. sediba ) H. heidelbergensis Homo sapiens Neanderthals Denisovans ← Earlier apes ← Gorilla split ← Chimpanzee split ← Earliest bipedal ← Earliest sign of Ardipithecus ← Earliest sign of Australopithecus ← Earliest stone tools ← Earliest sign of Homo ← Dispersal beyond Africa ← Earliest fire / cooking ← Earliest rock art ← Earliest clothes ← Modern humans H o m i n i d s P a r a n t h r o p u s ← Earlier apes ← Gorilla split ← Chimpanzee split ← Earliest bipedal ← Earliest sign of Ardipithecus ← Earliest sign of Australopithecus ← Earliest stone tools ← Earliest sign of Homo ← Dispersal beyond Africa ← Earliest fire / cooking ← Earliest rock art ← Earliest clothes ← Modern humans ( million years ago ) The Pleistocene has been dated from 2.580 million (±0.005) to 11,700 years BP [ 10 ] with the end date expressed in radiocarbon years as 10,000 carbon-14 years BP. [ 11 ] It covers most of the latest period of repeated glaciation , up to and including the Younger Dryas cold spell. The end of the Younger Dryas has been dated to about 9700 BCE (11,700 years before present). The end of the Younger Dryas is the official start of the current Holocene Epoch . Although it is considered an epoch, the Holocene was not significantly different in terms of temperature change than previous Pleistocene interglacial intervals, although the rapid onset of the Anthropocene is unprecedented. [ 12 ] In the ICS timescale, the Pleistocene is divided into four stages or ages , the Gelasian , Calabrian , Chibanian (previously the unofficial "Middle Pleistocene"), and Upper Pleistocene (unofficially the "Tarantian"). [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ note 1 ] In addition to these international subdivisions, various regional subdivisions are often used. In 2009 the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) confirmed a change in time period for the Pleistocene, changing the start date from 1.806 to 2.588 million years BP, and accepted the base of the Gelasian as the base of the Pleistocene, namely the base of the Monte San Nicola GSSP . [ 16 ] The start date has now been rounded down to 2.580 million years BP. [ 10 ] The IUGS has yet to approve a type section , Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP), for the upper Pleistocene/Holocene boundary ( i.e. the upper boundary). The proposed section is the North Greenland Ice Core Project ice core 75° 06' N 42° 18' W. [ 17 ] The lower boundary of the Pleistocene Series is formally defined magnetostratigraphically as the base of the Matuyama (C2r) chronozone , isotopic stage 103. Above this point there are notable extinctions of the calcareous nannofossils : Discoaster pentaradiatus and Discoaster surculus . [ 18 ] [ 19 ] The Pleistocene covers the recent period of repeated glaciations. The name Plio-Pleistocene has, in the past, been used to mean the last ice age. Formerly, the boundary between the two epochs was drawn at the time when the foraminiferal species Hyalinea baltica first appeared in the marine section at La Castella, Calabria, Italy. [ 20 ] However, the revised definition of the Quaternary , by pushing back the start date of the Pleistocene to 2.58 Ma, results in the inclusion of all the recent repeated glaciations within the Pleistocene. While radiocarbon dating is well-suited for dates in the Holocene, its half life is too short for practical use in Pleistocene dating. Instead geologists use marine isotope stages derived from oxygen isotopes to date materials deposited in the Pleistocene. Deposits Pleistocene non-marine sediments are found primarily in fluvial deposits , lakebeds, slope and loess deposits as well as in the large amounts of material moved about by glaciers. Less common are cave deposits, travertines and volcanic deposits (lavas, ashes). Pleistocene marine deposits are found primarily in shallow marine basins mostly (but with important exceptions) in areas within a few tens of kilometres of the modern shoreline. In a few geologically active areas such as the Southern California coast, Pleistocene marine deposits may be found at elevations of several hundred metres. Paleogeography and climate The modern continents were essentially at their present positions during the Pleistocene, the plates upon which they sit probably having moved no more than 100 km (62 mi) relative to each other since the beginning of the period. In glacial periods, the sea level would drop by up to 120 m (390 ft) lower than today [ 21 ] during peak glaciation, exposing large areas of the present continental shelf as dry land. According to Mark Lynas (through collected data), the Pleistocene's overall climate could be characterised as a continuous El Niño with trade winds in the south Pacific weakening or heading east, warm air rising near Peru , warm water spreading from the west Pacific and the Indian Ocean to the east Pacific, and other El Niño markers. [ 22 ] Glacial features This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Pleistocene climate was marked by repeated glacial cycles in which continental glaciers pushed to the 40th parallel in some places. It is estimated that, at maximum glacial extent, 30% of the Earth's surface was covered by ice. In addition, a zone of permafrost stretched southward from the edge of the glacial sheet, a few hundred kilometres in North America , and several hundred in Eurasia . The mean annual temperature at the edge of the ice was −6 °C (21 °F); at the edge of the permafrost, 0 °C (32 °F). Each glacial advance tied up huge volumes of water in continental ice sheets 1,500 to 3,000 metres (4,900–9,800 ft) thick, resulting in temporary sea-level drops of 100 metres (300 ft) or more over the entire surface of the Earth. During interglacial times, such as at present, drowned coastlines were common, mitigated by isostatic or other emergent motion of some regions. The effects of glaciation were global. Antarctica was ice-bound throughout the Pleistocene as well as the preceding Pliocene. The Andes were covered in the south by the Patagonian ice cap. There were glaciers in New Zealand and Tasmania . The current decaying glaciers of Mount Kenya , Mount Kilimanjaro , and the Ruwenzori Range in east and central Africa were larger. Glaciers existed in the mountains of Ethiopia and to the west in the Atlas Mountains . In the northern hemisphere, many glaciers fused into one. The Cordilleran Ice Sheet covered the North American northwest; the east was covered by the Laurentide . The Fenno-Scandian ice sheet rested on northern Europe , including much of Great Britain; the Alpine ice sheet on the Alps . Scattered domes stretched across Siberia and the Arctic shelf. The northern seas were ice-covered. South of the ice sheets large lakes accumulated because outlets were blocked and the cooler air slowed evaporation. When the Laurentide Ice Sheet retreated, north-central North America was completely covered by Lake Agassiz . Over a hundred basins, now dry or nearly so, were overflowing in the North American west. Lake Bonneville , for example, stood where Great Salt Lake now does. In Eurasia, large lakes developed as a result of the runoff from the glaciers. Rivers were larger, had a more copious flow, and were braided . African lakes were fuller, apparently from decreased evaporation. Deserts, on the other hand, were drier and more extensive. Rainfall was lower because of the decreases in oceanic and other evaporation. It has been estimated that during the Pleistocene, the East Antarctic Ice Sheet thinned by at least 500 meters, and that thinning since the Last Glacial Maximum is less than 50 meters and probably started after c. 14 ka. [ 23 ] Major events During the 2.5 million years of the Pleistocene, numerous cold phases called glacials ( Quaternary ice age ), or significant advances of continental ice sheets, in Europe and North America, occurred at intervals of approximately 40,000 to 100,000 years. The long glacial periods were separated by more temperate and shorter interglacials which lasted about 10,000–15,000 years. The last cold episode of the last glacial period ended about 10,000 years ago. [ 24 ] Over 11 major glacial events have been identified, as well as many minor glacial events. [ 25 ] A major glacial event is a general glacial excursion, termed a "glacial". Glacials are separated by "interglacials". During a glacial, the glacier experiences minor advances and retreats. The minor excursion is a "stadial"; times between stadials are "interstadials". These events are defined differently in different regions of the glacial range, which have their own glacial history depending on latitude, terrain and climate. There is a general correspondence between glacials in different regions. Investigators often interchange the names if the glacial geology of a region is in the process of being defined. However, it is generally incorrect to apply the name of a glacial in one region to another. For most of the 20th century, only a few regions had been studied and the names were relatively few. Today the geologists of different nations are taking more of an interest in Pleistocene glaciology. As a consequence, the number of names is expanding rapidly and will continue to expand. Many of the advances and stadials remain unnamed. Also, the terrestrial evidence for some of them has been erased or obscured by larger ones, but evidence remains from the study of cyclical climate changes. The glacials in the following tables show historical usages, are a simplification of a much more complex cycle of variation in climate and terrain, and are generally no longer used. The headings "Glacial 1" to "Glacial 4" are designations indicating the four most recent glacials, with "Glacial 4" being the most recent. These names have been abandoned in favour of numeric data because many of the correlations were found to be either inexact or incorrect and more than four major glacials have been recognised since the historical terminology was established. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Region Glacial 1 Glacial 2 Glacial 3 Glacial 4 Alps Günz Mindel Riss Würm North Europe Eburonian Elsterian Saalian Weichselian British Isles Beestonian Anglian Wolstonian Devensian Midwest U.S. Nebraskan Kansan Illinoian Wisconsinan Region Interglacial 1 Interglacial 2 Interglacial 3 Alps Günz-Mindel Mindel-Riss Riss-Würm North Europe Waalian Holsteinian Eemian British Isles Cromerian Hoxnian Ipswichian Midwest U.S. Aftonian Yarmouthian Sangamonian Corresponding to the terms glacial and interglacial, the terms pluvial and interpluvial are in use (Latin: pluvia , rain). A pluvial is a warmer period of increased rainfall; an interpluvial is of decreased rainfall. Formerly a pluvial was thought to correspond to a glacial in regions not iced, and in some cases it does. Rainfall is cyclical also. Pluvials and interpluvials are widespread. There is no systematic correspondence between pluvials to glacials, however. Moreover, regional pluvials do not correspond to each other globally. For example, some have used the term "Riss pluvial" in Egyptian contexts. Any coincidence is an accident of regional factors. Only a few of the names for pluvials in restricted regions have been stratigraphically defined. Palaeocycles The sum of transient factors acting at the Earth's surface is cyclical: climate, ocean currents and other movements, wind currents, temperature, etc. The waveform response comes from the underlying cyclical motions of the planet, which eventually drag all the transients into harmony with them. The repeated glaciations of the Pleistocene were caused by the same factors. The Mid-Pleistocene Transition , approximately one million years ago, saw a change from low-amplitude glacial cycles with a dominant periodicity of 41,000 years to asymmetric high-amplitude cycles dominated by a periodicity of 100,000 years. [ 28 ] However, a 2020 study concluded that ice age terminations might have been influenced by obliquity since the Mid-Pleistocene Transition, which caused stronger summers in the Northern Hemisphere . [ 29 ] Milankovitch cycles Glaciation in the Pleistocene was a series of glacials and interglacials, stadials and interstadials, mirroring periodic climate changes. The main factor at work in climate cycling is now believed to be Milankovitch cycles . These are periodic variations in regional and planetary solar radiation reaching the Earth caused by several repeating changes in the Earth's motion. The effects of Milankovitch cycles were enhanced by various positive feedbacks related to increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and Earth's albedo . [ 30 ] Milankovitch cycles cannot be the sole factor responsible for the variations in climate since they explain neither the long-term cooling trend over the Plio-Pleistocene nor the millennial variations in the Greenland Ice Cores known as Dansgaard-Oeschger events and Heinrich events . Milankovitch pacing seems to best explain glaciation events with periodicity of 100,000, 40,000, and 20,000 years. Such a pattern seems to fit the information on climate change found in oxygen isotope cores. Oxygen isotope ratio cycles In oxygen isotope ratio analysis, variations in the ratio of 18 O to 16 O (two isotopes of oxygen ) by mass (measured by a mass spectrometer ) present in the calcite of oceanic core samples is used as a diagnostic of ancient ocean temperature change and therefore of climate change. Cold oceans are richer in 18 O , which is included in the tests of the microorganisms ( foraminifera ) contributing the calcite. A more recent version of the sampling process makes use of modern glacial ice cores. Although less rich in 18 O than seawater, the snow that fell on the glacier year by year nevertheless contained 18 O and 16 O in a ratio that depended on the mean annual temperature. Temperature and climate change are cyclical when plotted on a graph of temperature versus time. Temperature coordinates are given in the form of a deviation from today's annual mean temperature, taken as zero. This sort of graph is based on another isotope ratio versus time. Ratios are converted to a percentage difference from the ratio found in standard mean ocean water (SMOW). The graph in either form appears as a waveform with overtones . One half of a period is a Marine isotopic stage (MIS). It indicates a glacial (below zero) or an interglacial (above zero). Overtones are stadials or interstadials. According to this evidence, Earth experienced 102 MIS stages beginning at about 2.588 Ma BP in the Early Pleistocene Gelasian . Early Pleistocene stages were shallow and frequent. The latest were the most intense and most widely spaced. By convention, stages are numbered from the Holocene, which is MIS1. Glacials receive an even number and interglacials receive an odd number. The first major glacial was MIS2-4 at about 85–11 ka BP. The largest glacials were 2, 6, 12, and 16. The warmest interglacials were 1, 5, 9 and 11. For matching of MIS numbers to named stages, see under the articles for those names. Fauna Both marine and continental faunas were essentially modern but with many more large land mammals such as Mammoths , Mastodons , Diprotodons , Smilodons , tigers , lions , Aurochs , short-faced bears , giant sloths , species within Gigantopithecus and others. Isolated landmasses such as Australia , Madagascar , New Zealand and islands in the Pacific saw the evolution of large birds and even reptiles such as the Elephant bird , moa , Haast's eagle , Quinkana , Megalania and Meiolania . The severe climatic changes during the Ice Age had major impacts on the fauna and flora. With each advance of the ice, large areas of the continents became depopulated, and plants and animals retreating southwards in front of the advancing glacier faced tremendous stress. The most severe stress resulted from drastic climatic changes, reduced living space, and curtailed food supply. A major extinction event of large mammals ( megafauna ), which included mammoths , mastodons , saber-toothed cats , glyptodons , the woolly rhinoceros , various giraffids , such as the Sivatherium ; ground sloths , Irish elk , cave lions , cave bears , Gomphotheres , American lions , dire wolves , and short-faced bears , began late in the Pleistocene and continued into the Holocene. Neanderthals also became extinct during this period. At the end of the last ice age, cold-blooded animals, smaller mammals like wood mice , migratory birds, and swifter animals like whitetail deer had replaced the megafauna and migrated north. Late Pleistocene bighorn sheep were more slender and had longer legs than their descendants today. Scientists believe that the change in predator fauna after the late Pleistocene extinctions resulted in a change of body shape as the species adapted for increased power rather than speed. [ 31 ] The extinctions hardly affected Africa but were especially severe in North America where native horses and camels were wiped out. Asian land mammal ages (ALMA) include Zhoukoudianian , Nihewanian , and Yushean . European land mammal ages (ELMA) include the Villafranchian , Galerian , and Aurelian North American land mammal ages (NALMA) include Blancan (4.75–1.8), Irvingtonian (1.8–0.24) and Rancholabrean (0.24–0.01) in millions of years. The Blancan extends significantly back into the Pliocene. South American land mammal ages (SALMA) include Uquian (2.5–1.5), Ensenadan (1.5–0.3) and Lujanian (0.3–0.01) in millions of years. The Uquian previously extended significantly back into the Pliocene, although the new definition places it entirely within the Pleistocene. In July 2018, a team of Russian scientists in collaboration with Princeton University announced that they had brought two female nematodes frozen in permafrost , from around 42,000 years ago, back to life. The two nematodes, at the time, were the oldest confirmed living animals on the planet. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] Pleistocene of Northern Spain , including woolly mammoth , cave lions eating a reindeer , horses , and woolly rhinoceros Pleistocene of South America , including Megatherium and two Glyptodon Humans The evolution of anatomically modern humans took place during the Pleistocene. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] At the beginning of the Pleistocene Paranthropus species were still present, as well as early human ancestors, but during the lower Palaeolithic they disappeared, and the only hominin species found in fossilic records is Homo erectus for much of the Pleistocene. Acheulean lithics appear along with Homo erectus , some 1.8 million years ago, replacing the more primitive Oldowan industry used by Australopithecus garhi and by the earliest species of Homo . The Middle Paleolithic saw more varied speciation within Homo , including the appearance of Homo sapiens about 300,000 years ago. [ 37 ] Artifacts associated with modern human behavior are unambiguously attested starting 40,000–50,000 years ago. [ 38 ] According to mitochondrial timing techniques, modern humans migrated from Africa after the Riss glaciation in the Middle Palaeolithic during the Eemian Stage , spreading all over the ice-free world during the late Pleistocene. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] [ 41 ] A 2005 study posits that humans in this migration interbred with archaic human forms already outside of Africa by the late Pleistocene, incorporating archaic human genetic material into the modern human gene pool. [ 42 ] See also Earth sciences portal Evolutionary biology portal Geology portal Paleontology portal Climate change Pleistocene megafauna Pleistocene Park Quaternary glaciation Explanatory notes ^ The Upper Pleistocene is a subseries/subepoch rather than a stage/age but, in 2009, the IUGS decided that it will be replaced with a stage/age (currently unofficially/informally named the Tarantian ). [ 15 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF) . 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Pleistocene Microfossils: 50+ images of Foraminifera Stepanchuk V.N., Sapozhnykov I.V. Nature and man in the pleistocene of Ukraine. 2010 Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian , National Museum of Natural History (August 2016). Pleistocene Park: Conservation Project to Restore a Pleistocene Ecology and Protect Permafrost Soils in Northern Siberia The Climate Chronicles , a multimedia production on the history of climate change in the Pleistocene, Holocene, and Anthropocene. v t e Quaternary Period v t e Pleistocene Epoch Holocene Epoch Early Middle Late Meghalayan Northgrippian Greenlandian Preboreal Boreal Atlantic Subboreal Subatlantic Pleistocene Epoch Holocene Epoch Early Middle Late Early Middle Late Meghalayan Northgrippian Greenlandian Preboreal Boreal Atlantic Subboreal Subatlantic Meghalayan Northgrippian Greenlandian Preboreal Boreal Atlantic Subboreal Subatlantic v t e Geological history of Earth v t e Cenozoic Era (present–66.0 Ma) Quaternary (present–2.58 Ma) Holocene (present–11.7 ka) Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma) Neogene (2.58–23.0 Ma) Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma) Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma) Paleogene (23.0–66.0 Ma) Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma) Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma) Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma) Quaternary (present–2.58 Ma) Holocene (present–11.7 ka) Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma) Holocene (present–11.7 ka) Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma) Neogene (2.58–23.0 Ma) Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma) Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma) Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma) Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma) Paleogene (23.0–66.0 Ma) Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma) Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma) Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma) Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma) Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma) Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma) Mesozoic Era (66.0–252 Ma) Cretaceous (66.0–145 Ma) Late (66.0–100 Ma) Early (100–145 Ma) Jurassic (145–201 Ma) Late (145–164 Ma) Middle (164–174 Ma) Early (174–201 Ma) Triassic (201–252 Ma) Late (201–237 Ma) Middle (237–247 Ma) Early (247–252 Ma) Cretaceous (66.0–145 Ma) Late (66.0–100 Ma) Early (100–145 Ma) Late (66.0–100 Ma) Early (100–145 Ma) Jurassic (145–201 Ma) Late (145–164 Ma) Middle (164–174 Ma) Early (174–201 Ma) Late (145–164 Ma) Middle (164–174 Ma) Early (174–201 Ma) Triassic (201–252 Ma) Late (201–237 Ma) Middle (237–247 Ma) Early (247–252 Ma) Late (201–237 Ma) Middle (237–247 Ma) Early (247–252 Ma) Paleozoic Era (252–539 Ma) Permian (252–299 Ma) Lopingian (252–260 Ma) Guadalupian (260–272 Ma) Cisuralian (272–299 Ma) Carboniferous (299–359 Ma) Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma) Mississippian (323–359 Ma) Devonian (359–419 Ma) Late (359–383 Ma) Middle (383–393 Ma) Early (393–419 Ma) Silurian (419–444 Ma) Pridoli (419–423 Ma) Ludlow (423–427 Ma) Wenlock (427–433 Ma) Llandovery (433–444 Ma) Ordovician (444–485 Ma) Late (444–458 Ma) Middle (458–470 Ma) Early (470–485 Ma) Cambrian (485–539 Ma) Furongian (485–497 Ma) Miaolingian (497–509 Ma) Series 2 (509–521 Ma) Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma) Permian (252–299 Ma) Lopingian (252–260 Ma) Guadalupian (260–272 Ma) Cisuralian (272–299 Ma) Lopingian (252–260 Ma) Guadalupian (260–272 Ma) Cisuralian (272–299 Ma) Carboniferous (299–359 Ma) Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma) Mississippian (323–359 Ma) Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma) Mississippian (323–359 Ma) Devonian (359–419 Ma) Late (359–383 Ma) Middle (383–393 Ma) Early (393–419 Ma) Late (359–383 Ma) Middle (383–393 Ma) Early (393–419 Ma) Silurian (419–444 Ma) Pridoli (419–423 Ma) Ludlow (423–427 Ma) Wenlock (427–433 Ma) Llandovery (433–444 Ma) Pridoli (419–423 Ma) Ludlow (423–427 Ma) Wenlock (427–433 Ma) Llandovery (433–444 Ma) Ordovician (444–485 Ma) Late (444–458 Ma) Middle (458–470 Ma) Early (470–485 Ma) Late (444–458 Ma) Middle (458–470 Ma) Early (470–485 Ma) Cambrian (485–539 Ma) Furongian (485–497 Ma) Miaolingian (497–509 Ma) Series 2 (509–521 Ma) Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma) Furongian (485–497 Ma) Miaolingian (497–509 Ma) Series 2 (509–521 Ma) Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma) Proterozoic Eon (539 Ma–2.5 Ga) Neoproterozoic (539 Ma–1 Ga) Ediacaran (539–635 Ma) Cryogenian (635–720 Ma) Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga) Mesoproterozoic (1–1.6 Ga) Stenian (1–1.2 Ga) Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga) Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga) Paleoproterozoic (1.6–2.5 Ga) Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga) Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga) Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga) Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga) Neoproterozoic (539 Ma–1 Ga) Ediacaran (539–635 Ma) Cryogenian (635–720 Ma) Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga) Ediacaran (539–635 Ma) Cryogenian (635–720 Ma) Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga) Mesoproterozoic (1–1.6 Ga) Stenian (1–1.2 Ga) Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga) Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga) Stenian (1–1.2 Ga) Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga) Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga) Paleoproterozoic (1.6–2.5 Ga) Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga) Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga) Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga) Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga) Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga) Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga) Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga) Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga) Archean Eon (2.5–4 Ga) Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga) Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga) Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga) Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga) Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga) Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga) Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga) Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga) Hadean Eon (4–4.6 Ga) ka = kiloannum (thousand years ago); Ma = megaannum (million years ago); Ga = gigaannum (billion years ago). See also: Geologic time scale • Geology portal • World portal v t e Continental glaciations v t e General Post-glacial rebound Glacial lake outburst flood Post-glacial rebound Glacial lake outburst flood Time periods Glacial period Timeline of glaciation Quaternary glaciation Illinoian Stage Interglacial Interstadial Penultimate Glacial Period Last Glacial Period Last Glacial Maximum Mousterian Pluvial Holocene glacial retreat Oldest Dryas Older Dryas Pleistocene Pre-Illinoian Stage Quaternary glaciation Sangamonian Stage Wisconsin glaciation Bølling–Allerød warming Late Glacial Interstadial Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal Younger Dryas 8.2 kiloyear event 4.2 kiloyear event Piora Oscillation Little Ice Age Glacial period Timeline of glaciation Quaternary glaciation Illinoian Stage Interglacial Interstadial Penultimate Glacial Period Last Glacial Period Last Glacial Maximum Mousterian Pluvial Holocene glacial retreat Oldest Dryas Older Dryas Pleistocene Pre-Illinoian Stage Quaternary glaciation Sangamonian Stage Wisconsin glaciation Bølling–Allerød warming Late Glacial Interstadial Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal Younger Dryas 8.2 kiloyear event 4.2 kiloyear event Piora Oscillation Little Ice Age Landforms Erosional Fjord Glacial striae Roche moutonnée Tunnel valley U-shaped valley Glacial lake Proglacial lake Subglacial lake Supraglacial lake Ribbon lake List of prehistoric lakes Depositional Drumlin Erratic block Moraine Pulju moraine Rogen moraine Terminal moraine Till plain Veiki moraine Glacifluvial Diluvium Esker Giant current ripples Kame Kame delta Kettle hole Outwash fan Sandur Erosional Fjord Glacial striae Roche moutonnée Tunnel valley U-shaped valley Glacial lake Proglacial lake Subglacial lake Supraglacial lake Ribbon lake List of prehistoric lakes Fjord Glacial striae Roche moutonnée Tunnel valley U-shaped valley Glacial lake Proglacial lake Subglacial lake Supraglacial lake Ribbon lake List of prehistoric lakes Depositional Drumlin Erratic block Moraine Pulju moraine Rogen moraine Terminal moraine Till plain Veiki moraine Glacifluvial Diluvium Esker Giant current ripples Kame Kame delta Kettle hole Outwash fan Sandur Drumlin Erratic block Moraine Pulju moraine Rogen moraine Terminal moraine Till plain Veiki moraine Glacifluvial Diluvium Esker Giant current ripples Kame Kame delta Kettle hole Outwash fan Sandur Diluvium Esker Giant current ripples Kame Kame delta Kettle hole Outwash fan Sandur North America Greenland ice sheet Canadian Shield Cordilleran ice sheet Laurentide ice sheet Lake Agassiz Lake Chicago Lake Tight Canada Arrowhead Provincial Park , Ontario Big Rock (glacial erratic) , Alberta Cypress Hills (Canada) , Saskatchewan Eramosa River , Ontario Eskers Provincial Park , British Columbia Foothills Erratics Train , Alberta Lion's Head Provincial Park , Ontario Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine , Ontario Ovayok Territorial Park , Nunavut United States Lake Bonneville , Utah Lake Lahontan , Nevada Lake Missoula , Montana Glacial Lake Wisconsin , Wisconsin Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area , Wisconsin Coteau des Prairies , South Dakota Devil's Lake State Park , Wisconsin Glacial Lakes State Park , Minnesota Glacial history of Minnesota Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area , Wisconsin Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail , Idaho, Oregon and Washington Ice Age National Scientific Reserve , Wisconsin Ice Age Trail , Wisconsin Interstate State Park , Minnesota and Wisconsin Kelleys Island , Ohio Teays River , Ohio Kettle Moraine State Forest , Wisconsin Mill Bluff State Park , Wisconsin Oneida Lake , New York Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area , Wisconsin Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field , Washington Yosemite National Park , California Greenland ice sheet Canadian Shield Cordilleran ice sheet Laurentide ice sheet Lake Agassiz Lake Chicago Lake Tight Canada Arrowhead Provincial Park , Ontario Big Rock (glacial erratic) , Alberta Cypress Hills (Canada) , Saskatchewan Eramosa River , Ontario Eskers Provincial Park , British Columbia Foothills Erratics Train , Alberta Lion's Head Provincial Park , Ontario Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine , Ontario Ovayok Territorial Park , Nunavut Arrowhead Provincial Park , Ontario Big Rock (glacial erratic) , Alberta Cypress Hills (Canada) , Saskatchewan Eramosa River , Ontario Eskers Provincial Park , British Columbia Foothills Erratics Train , Alberta Lion's Head Provincial Park , Ontario Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine , Ontario Ovayok Territorial Park , Nunavut United States Lake Bonneville , Utah Lake Lahontan , Nevada Lake Missoula , Montana Glacial Lake Wisconsin , Wisconsin Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area , Wisconsin Coteau des Prairies , South Dakota Devil's Lake State Park , Wisconsin Glacial Lakes State Park , Minnesota Glacial history of Minnesota Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area , Wisconsin Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail , Idaho, Oregon and Washington Ice Age National Scientific Reserve , Wisconsin Ice Age Trail , Wisconsin Interstate State Park , Minnesota and Wisconsin Kelleys Island , Ohio Teays River , Ohio Kettle Moraine State Forest , Wisconsin Mill Bluff State Park , Wisconsin Oneida Lake , New York Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area , Wisconsin Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field , Washington Yosemite National Park , California Lake Bonneville , Utah Lake Lahontan , Nevada Lake Missoula , Montana Glacial Lake Wisconsin , Wisconsin Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area , Wisconsin Coteau des Prairies , South Dakota Devil's Lake State Park , Wisconsin Glacial Lakes State Park , Minnesota Glacial history of Minnesota Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area , Wisconsin Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail , Idaho, Oregon and Washington Ice Age National Scientific Reserve , Wisconsin Ice Age Trail , Wisconsin Interstate State Park , Minnesota and Wisconsin Kelleys Island , Ohio Teays River , Ohio Kettle Moraine State Forest , Wisconsin Mill Bluff State Park , Wisconsin Oneida Lake , New York Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area , Wisconsin Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field , Washington Yosemite National Park , California Eurasia Hardangerfjord Killary Harbour Monte Rosa Svalbard Hardangerfjord Killary Harbour Monte Rosa Svalbard Antarctica Antarctic Glaciation Antarctic ice sheet ( East , West ) Lambert Glacier Ross Ice Shelf Antarctic Glaciation Antarctic ice sheet ( East , West ) Lambert Glacier Ross Ice Shelf Category Category v t e Prehistoric technology v t e Prehistory Timeline Outline Stone Age Subdivisions New Stone Age Technology history Glossary Prehistory Timeline Outline Stone Age Subdivisions New Stone Age Timeline Outline Stone Age Subdivisions New Stone Age Technology history history Glossary Tools Farming Neolithic Revolution Founder crops New World crops Ard / plough Celt Digging stick Domestication Goad Irrigation Secondary products Sickle Terracing Food processing ( Paleolithic diet ) Fire Basket Cooking Earth oven Granaries Grinding slab Ground stone Hearth Aşıklı Höyük Qesem Cave Manos Metate Mortar and pestle Pottery Quern-stone Storage pits Hunting Arrow Boomerang throwing stick Bow and arrow history Nets Spear spear-thrower baton harpoon Schöningen woomera Projectile points Arrowhead Transverse Bare Island Cascade Clovis Cresswell Cumberland Eden Folsom Lamoka Manis Mastodon Plano Systems Game drive system Buffalo jump Toolmaking Earliest toolmaking Oldowan Acheulean Mousterian Aurignacian Clovis culture Cupstone Fire hardening Gravettian culture Hafting Hand axe Grooves Langdale axe industry Levallois technique Lithic core Lithic reduction analysis debitage flake Lithic technology Magdalenian culture Metallurgy Microblade technology Mining Prepared-core technique Solutrean industry Striking platform Tool stone Uniface Yubetsu technique Other tools Adze Awl bone Axe Bannerstone Blade prismatic Bone tool Bow drill Burin Canoe Oar Pesse canoe Chopper tool Cleaver Denticulate tool Fire plough Fire-saw Hammerstone Knife Microlith Quern-stone Racloir Rope Scraper side Stone tool Tally stick Weapons Wheel illustration Tools Farming Neolithic Revolution Founder crops New World crops Ard / plough Celt Digging stick Domestication Goad Irrigation Secondary products Sickle Terracing Food processing ( Paleolithic diet ) Fire Basket Cooking Earth oven Granaries Grinding slab Ground stone Hearth Aşıklı Höyük Qesem Cave Manos Metate Mortar and pestle Pottery Quern-stone Storage pits Hunting Arrow Boomerang throwing stick Bow and arrow history Nets Spear spear-thrower baton harpoon Schöningen woomera Projectile points Arrowhead Transverse Bare Island Cascade Clovis Cresswell Cumberland Eden Folsom Lamoka Manis Mastodon Plano Systems Game drive system Buffalo jump Toolmaking Earliest toolmaking Oldowan Acheulean Mousterian Aurignacian Clovis culture Cupstone Fire hardening Gravettian culture Hafting Hand axe Grooves Langdale axe industry Levallois technique Lithic core Lithic reduction analysis debitage flake Lithic technology Magdalenian culture Metallurgy Microblade technology Mining Prepared-core technique Solutrean industry Striking platform Tool stone Uniface Yubetsu technique Other tools Adze Awl bone Axe Bannerstone Blade prismatic Bone tool Bow drill Burin Canoe Oar Pesse canoe Chopper tool Cleaver Denticulate tool Fire plough Fire-saw Hammerstone Knife Microlith Quern-stone Racloir Rope Scraper side Stone tool Tally stick Weapons Wheel illustration Farming Neolithic Revolution Founder crops New World crops Ard / plough Celt Digging stick Domestication Goad Irrigation Secondary products Sickle Terracing Neolithic Revolution Founder crops New World crops Founder crops New World crops Ard / plough Celt Digging stick Domestication Goad Irrigation Secondary products Sickle Terracing Food processing ( Paleolithic diet ) Fire Basket Cooking Earth oven Granaries Grinding slab Ground stone Hearth Aşıklı Höyük Qesem Cave Manos Metate Mortar and pestle Pottery Quern-stone Storage pits Fire Basket Cooking Earth oven Earth oven Granaries Grinding slab Ground stone Hearth Aşıklı Höyük Qesem Cave Aşıklı Höyük Qesem Cave Manos Metate Mortar and pestle Pottery Quern-stone Storage pits Hunting Arrow Boomerang throwing stick Bow and arrow history Nets Spear spear-thrower baton harpoon Schöningen woomera Projectile points Arrowhead Transverse Bare Island Cascade Clovis Cresswell Cumberland Eden Folsom Lamoka Manis Mastodon Plano Systems Game drive system Buffalo jump Arrow Boomerang throwing stick Bow and arrow history Nets Spear spear-thrower baton harpoon Schöningen woomera Arrow Boomerang throwing stick throwing stick Bow and arrow history history Nets Spear spear-thrower baton harpoon Schöningen woomera spear-thrower baton harpoon Schöningen woomera Projectile points Arrowhead Transverse Bare Island Cascade Clovis Cresswell Cumberland Eden Folsom Lamoka Manis Mastodon Plano Arrowhead Transverse Transverse Bare Island Cascade Clovis Cresswell Cumberland Eden Folsom Lamoka Manis Mastodon Plano Systems Game drive system Buffalo jump Game drive system Buffalo jump Buffalo jump Toolmaking Earliest toolmaking Oldowan Acheulean Mousterian Aurignacian Clovis culture Cupstone Fire hardening Gravettian culture Hafting Hand axe Grooves Langdale axe industry Levallois technique Lithic core Lithic reduction analysis debitage flake Lithic technology Magdalenian culture Metallurgy Microblade technology Mining Prepared-core technique Solutrean industry Striking platform Tool stone Uniface Yubetsu technique Earliest toolmaking Oldowan Acheulean Mousterian Oldowan Acheulean Mousterian Aurignacian Clovis culture Cupstone Fire hardening Gravettian culture Hafting Hand axe Grooves Grooves Langdale axe industry Levallois technique Lithic core Lithic reduction analysis debitage flake analysis debitage flake Lithic technology Magdalenian culture Metallurgy Microblade technology Mining Prepared-core technique Solutrean industry Striking platform Tool stone Uniface Yubetsu technique Other tools Adze Awl bone Axe Bannerstone Blade prismatic Bone tool Bow drill Burin Canoe Oar Pesse canoe Chopper tool Cleaver Denticulate tool Fire plough Fire-saw Hammerstone Knife Microlith Quern-stone Racloir Rope Scraper side Stone tool Tally stick Weapons Wheel illustration Adze Awl bone bone Axe Bannerstone Blade prismatic prismatic Bone tool Bow drill Burin Canoe Oar Pesse canoe Oar Pesse canoe Chopper tool tool Cleaver Denticulate tool Fire plough Fire-saw Hammerstone Knife Microlith Quern-stone Racloir Rope Scraper side side Stone tool Tally stick Weapons Wheel illustration illustration Architecture Ceremonial Kiva Pyramid Standing stones megalith row Stonehenge Dwellings Neolithic architecture long house British megalith architecture Nordic megalith architecture Burdei Cave Cliff dwelling Dugout Hut Quiggly hole Jacal Longhouse Mudbrick Mehrgarh Pit-house Pueblitos Pueblo Rock shelter Blombos Cave Abri de la Madeleine Sibudu Cave Roundhouse Stilt house Alp pile dwellings Stone roof Wattle and daub Water management Check dam Cistern Flush toilet Reservoir Well Other architecture Archaeological features Broch Burnt mound fulacht fiadh Causewayed enclosure Tor enclosure Circular enclosure Goseck Cursus Henge Thornborough Megalithic architectural elements Midden Oldest extant buildings Timber circle Timber trackway Sweet Track Architecture Ceremonial Kiva Pyramid Standing stones megalith row Stonehenge Dwellings Neolithic architecture long house British megalith architecture Nordic megalith architecture Burdei Cave Cliff dwelling Dugout Hut Quiggly hole Jacal Longhouse Mudbrick Mehrgarh Pit-house Pueblitos Pueblo Rock shelter Blombos Cave Abri de la Madeleine Sibudu Cave Roundhouse Stilt house Alp pile dwellings Stone roof Wattle and daub Water management Check dam Cistern Flush toilet Reservoir Well Other architecture Archaeological features Broch Burnt mound fulacht fiadh Causewayed enclosure Tor enclosure Circular enclosure Goseck Cursus Henge Thornborough Megalithic architectural elements Midden Oldest extant buildings Timber circle Timber trackway Sweet Track Ceremonial Kiva Pyramid Standing stones megalith row Stonehenge Kiva Pyramid Standing stones megalith row Stonehenge megalith row Stonehenge Dwellings Neolithic architecture long house British megalith architecture Nordic megalith architecture Burdei Cave Cliff dwelling Dugout Hut Quiggly hole Jacal Longhouse Mudbrick Mehrgarh Pit-house Pueblitos Pueblo Rock shelter Blombos Cave Abri de la Madeleine Sibudu Cave Roundhouse Stilt house Alp pile dwellings Stone roof Wattle and daub Neolithic architecture long house long house British megalith architecture Nordic megalith architecture Burdei Cave Cliff dwelling Dugout Hut Quiggly hole Quiggly hole Jacal Longhouse Mudbrick Mehrgarh Mehrgarh Pit-house Pueblitos Pueblo Rock shelter Blombos Cave Abri de la Madeleine Sibudu Cave Blombos Cave Abri de la Madeleine Sibudu Cave Roundhouse Stilt house Alp pile dwellings Alp pile dwellings Stone roof Wattle and daub Water management Check dam Cistern Flush toilet Reservoir Well Check dam Cistern Flush toilet Reservoir Well Other architecture Archaeological features Broch Burnt mound fulacht fiadh Causewayed enclosure Tor enclosure Circular enclosure Goseck Cursus Henge Thornborough Megalithic architectural elements Midden Oldest extant buildings Timber circle Timber trackway Sweet Track Archaeological features Broch Burnt mound fulacht fiadh fulacht fiadh Causewayed enclosure Tor enclosure Tor enclosure Circular enclosure Goseck Goseck Cursus Henge Thornborough Thornborough Megalithic architectural elements Midden Oldest extant buildings Timber circle Timber trackway Sweet Track Sweet Track Arts and culture Material goods Baskets Beadwork Beds Chalcolithic Clothing/textiles timeline Cosmetics Glue Hides shoes Ötzi Jewelry amber use Mirrors Pottery Cardium Cord-marked Grooved ware Jōmon Linear Unstan ware Sewing needle Weaving Wine winery wine press Prehistoric art Art of the Upper Paleolithic Art of the Middle Paleolithic Blombos Cave List of Stone Age art Bird stone Cairn Carved stone balls Cave paintings Cup and ring mark Geoglyph Hill figure Golden hats Guardian stones Gwion Gwion rock paintings painting pigment Megalithic art Petroform Petroglyph Petrosomatoglyph Pictogram Rock art Rock cupule Stone carving Sculpture Statue menhir Stone circle list British Isles and Brittany Venus figurine Prehistoric music Evolutionary musicology music archaeology Alligator drum Paleolithic flute Divje Babe flute Gudi Prehistoric religion Evolutionary origin of religion Paleolithic religion Spiritual drug use Burial Burial mounds Bowl barrow Round barrow Mound Builders culture U.S. sites Chamber tomb Cotswold-Severn Cist Dartmoor kistvaens Clava cairn Court cairn Cremation Dolmen Great dolmen Funeral pyre Gallery grave transepted wedge-shaped Grave goods Jar burial Kuyavian long barrows Long barrow unchambered Grønsalen Megalithic tomb Mummy Passage grave Rectangular dolmen Ring cairn Simple dolmen Stone box grave Tor cairn Unchambered long cairn Other cultural Archaeoastronomy sites lunar calendar Behavioral modernity Origin of language Prehistoric counting Prehistoric medicine trepanning Prehistoric warfare Symbols symbolism Arts and culture Material goods Baskets Beadwork Beds Chalcolithic Clothing/textiles timeline Cosmetics Glue Hides shoes Ötzi Jewelry amber use Mirrors Pottery Cardium Cord-marked Grooved ware Jōmon Linear Unstan ware Sewing needle Weaving Wine winery wine press Prehistoric art Art of the Upper Paleolithic Art of the Middle Paleolithic Blombos Cave List of Stone Age art Bird stone Cairn Carved stone balls Cave paintings Cup and ring mark Geoglyph Hill figure Golden hats Guardian stones Gwion Gwion rock paintings painting pigment Megalithic art Petroform Petroglyph Petrosomatoglyph Pictogram Rock art Rock cupule Stone carving Sculpture Statue menhir Stone circle list British Isles and Brittany Venus figurine Prehistoric music Evolutionary musicology music archaeology Alligator drum Paleolithic flute Divje Babe flute Gudi Prehistoric religion Evolutionary origin of religion Paleolithic religion Spiritual drug use Burial Burial mounds Bowl barrow Round barrow Mound Builders culture U.S. sites Chamber tomb Cotswold-Severn Cist Dartmoor kistvaens Clava cairn Court cairn Cremation Dolmen Great dolmen Funeral pyre Gallery grave transepted wedge-shaped Grave goods Jar burial Kuyavian long barrows Long barrow unchambered Grønsalen Megalithic tomb Mummy Passage grave Rectangular dolmen Ring cairn Simple dolmen Stone box grave Tor cairn Unchambered long cairn Other cultural Archaeoastronomy sites lunar calendar Behavioral modernity Origin of language Prehistoric counting Prehistoric medicine trepanning Prehistoric warfare Symbols symbolism Material goods Baskets Beadwork Beds Chalcolithic Clothing/textiles timeline Cosmetics Glue Hides shoes Ötzi Jewelry amber use Mirrors Pottery Cardium Cord-marked Grooved ware Jōmon Linear Unstan ware Sewing needle Weaving Wine winery wine press Baskets Beadwork Beds Chalcolithic Clothing/textiles timeline timeline Cosmetics Glue Hides shoes Ötzi shoes Ötzi Jewelry amber use amber use Mirrors Pottery Cardium Cord-marked Grooved ware Jōmon Linear Unstan ware Cardium Cord-marked Grooved ware Jōmon Linear Unstan ware Sewing needle Weaving Wine winery wine press winery wine press Prehistoric art Art of the Upper Paleolithic Art of the Middle Paleolithic Blombos Cave List of Stone Age art Bird stone Cairn Carved stone balls Cave paintings Cup and ring mark Geoglyph Hill figure Golden hats Guardian stones Gwion Gwion rock paintings painting pigment Megalithic art Petroform Petroglyph Petrosomatoglyph Pictogram Rock art Rock cupule Stone carving Sculpture Statue menhir Stone circle list British Isles and Brittany Venus figurine Art of the Upper Paleolithic Art of the Middle Paleolithic Blombos Cave Blombos Cave List of Stone Age art Bird stone Cairn Carved stone balls Cave paintings Cup and ring mark Geoglyph Hill figure Hill figure Golden hats Guardian stones Gwion Gwion rock paintings painting pigment painting pigment Megalithic art Petroform Petroglyph Petrosomatoglyph Pictogram Rock art Rock cupule Stone carving Rock cupule Stone carving Sculpture Statue menhir Stone circle list British Isles and Brittany list British Isles and Brittany Venus figurine Prehistoric music Evolutionary musicology music archaeology Alligator drum Paleolithic flute Divje Babe flute Gudi Evolutionary musicology music archaeology music archaeology Alligator drum Paleolithic flute Divje Babe flute Gudi Divje Babe flute Gudi Prehistoric religion Evolutionary origin of religion Paleolithic religion Spiritual drug use Evolutionary origin of religion Paleolithic religion Spiritual drug use Burial Burial mounds Bowl barrow Round barrow Mound Builders culture U.S. sites Chamber tomb Cotswold-Severn Cist Dartmoor kistvaens Clava cairn Court cairn Cremation Dolmen Great dolmen Funeral pyre Gallery grave transepted wedge-shaped Grave goods Jar burial Kuyavian long barrows Long barrow unchambered Grønsalen Megalithic tomb Mummy Passage grave Rectangular dolmen Ring cairn Simple dolmen Stone box grave Tor cairn Unchambered long cairn Burial mounds Bowl barrow Round barrow Bowl barrow Round barrow Mound Builders culture U.S. sites U.S. sites Chamber tomb Cotswold-Severn Cotswold-Severn Cist Dartmoor kistvaens Dartmoor kistvaens Clava cairn Court cairn Cremation Dolmen Great dolmen Great dolmen Funeral pyre Gallery grave transepted wedge-shaped transepted wedge-shaped Grave goods Jar burial Kuyavian long barrows Long barrow unchambered Grønsalen unchambered Grønsalen Megalithic tomb Mummy Passage grave Rectangular dolmen Ring cairn Simple dolmen Stone box grave Tor cairn Unchambered long cairn Other cultural Archaeoastronomy sites lunar calendar Behavioral modernity Origin of language Prehistoric counting Prehistoric medicine trepanning Prehistoric warfare Symbols symbolism Archaeoastronomy sites lunar calendar sites lunar calendar Behavioral modernity Origin of language Prehistoric counting Prehistoric medicine trepanning trepanning Prehistoric warfare Symbols symbolism symbolism Authority control databases International GND GND National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Israel United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Israel Other Yale LUX Yale LUX Pleistocene 1830s neologisms Geological epochs Quaternary geochronology Pages using the EasyTimeline extension CS1 French-language sources (fr) Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use British English from December 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from December 2022 Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles needing additional references from September 2018 All articles needing additional references Pages using 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Palepelo Būbu'a lēmbo'a Boheli loboli'a mola Halaman totonula Tomimbihu Wikipedia Wubodu Baki lo hungayo Waro lo Kopi Mongohi Mohutu akun Tumuwoto log Mongohi Mohutu akun Tumuwoto log Halaman Bungaliyo Halaman bungaliyo Lo'iya Baca Bilohi bungo Bilohi riwayati Baca Bilohi bungo Bilohi riwayati Wumbuta lohihilawo Loboli'o wayitiyo Detohe berkas Wūmbuta kakali Halaman habari Kupe'iya halaman botiye Hamawa limbu'o URL Detohe kode QR Switch to legacy parser Pohutuwa buku Mopohuli persi PDF Persi cetak Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Penjangkauan Wikimedia Wikisumber multibahasa Wikispesies Wikidata Wikifungsi Wikimania Wikikutip Wikikamus Item to Wikidata Sahutu , 10 Januari 2026 · 20.36 WITA · Toduwolo ode Wikipedia Hulontalo Ensiklopedia pereyi bahasa Hulontalo Jumula lo tuladu: 14.950 Agama Bahasa Budaya Geografi Olahraga Politik Sojara Tawu Teknologi Tuladu tulawoto Tomimbihu Wikipedia Tanggomo yito tala tuwawu tradisi lo'u motombīlu to Hulontalo, mohulitayi wungguli u yilowali to masa yilalu mayi. Tanggomo momuwato wungguli u yilowali, wawu wungguli boyito ma tombīluwoliyo mayi motoyunuto monto bungo sambe pulitiyo. Lahu lo tanggomo mohīhede wolo lahu uwēwo odelo lohidu, wawu o rima to bahasa lo lahuliyo. Tuwango tanggomo yito wungguli u banari yilowali, pīlu, wawu mowali olo wungguli u pilohutu lo ta motanggomo. Tanggomo lonto tahe tanggomo, ma'analiyo molanggomo, wonu to delomo bahasa Indonesia, tanggomo yito artiliyo tampung. Tanggomo u yito menampung meyalo tuwa-tuwango wungguli u yilowali. Ta hemotombilu tanggomo tangguliyo Ta Motanggomo meyalo Patanggomo. ( Po'ombuta mobaca... ) Wikipedia yito tuwawu lo ensiklopedia u pereyi tuladulo, boli'olo, meyalo popotayadulo. Masatiya Wikipedia lo bahasa Hulontalo ma otuwa 14.950 tuladu, wawu ma 7.946 ta loluladu. Dulo ito moluladu to delomo Wikipedia bahasa Hulontalo . Toduwōlo ode mongodula'a wawu mongowutato tā motota motombilu wawu moluladu bahasa lo Hulontalo, mongohi mayi tuladu u mopiyohu. Wonu yi'o ma lohutu akun, toduwolo tumuwoto teeya , wonu diipo, mowali mohutu akun teeya . Mohutu tulade bohu, tepuwa to delomo kotak botiya. Gambari tulawoto Modul partisipasi Kembang api (ukuran asli: 6.366 × 3.581 piksel, 13,3 MB) Oleh: Andreas Weith Lisensi: CC-BY 4.0 Toduwolo mohutu tarjamah lo artikel/tuladu botiya ode bahasa Hulontalo. Muhammad Zainuddin Abdul Madjid ( id ) Setiawan Dalimartha ( id ) Ismail Marzuki ( id ) Abdoel Moeis Hassan ( id ) Bagoes Hadikoesoemo ( id ) Mas Mansoer ( id ) Raja Haji Fisabilillah ( id ) Teungku Chik di Tiro ( id ) Raden Kajoran ( id ) Noer Alie ( id , Terjemahkan ) Dulahe botiya to delomo sojara Poroyek Uwewoliyo 10 Januari : Hari Tradisional di Benin 49 SM - Julius Caesar menyeberangi Rubicon yang menjadi pertanda perang sipil. 1927 - Film Metropolis karya Fritz Lang mulai diputar. 1929 - Tintin , tokoh buku komik ciptaan Hergé , memulai debutnya. 1973 - Partai Demokrasi Indonesia yang kemudian menjadi Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan didirikan. Tanggal uwewo: 9 Januari – 10 Januari – 11 Januari Lawola moli email – Daputari lo tanggal Dulahe botiya tanggal 10 Januari 2026 ( UTC ) – Detohe ulangi Wikimedia Commons Gudang media Wiktionary Kamus dan tesaurus Wikisource Perpustakaan Wikiquote Kumpulan kutipan Wikinews Berita Wikibooks Kumpulan buku Wikiversity Materi dan aktivitas pembelajaran Wikispecies Direktori spesies Metawiki Koordinasi proyek Wikimedia Wikidata Kumpulan pengetahuan Wikivoyage Panduan perjalanan Wikimedia Incubator Versi bahasa baru Toduwolo ode Wikipedia Hulontalo Ensiklopedia pereyi bahasa Hulontalo Toduwolo ode Wikipedia Hulontalo Ensiklopedia pereyi bahasa Hulontalo Jumula lo tuladu: 14.950 Jumula lo tuladu: 14.950 Agama Bahasa Budaya Geografi Olahraga Politik Sojara Tawu Teknologi Tuladu tulawoto Tomimbihu Wikipedia Tanggomo yito tala tuwawu tradisi lo'u motombīlu to Hulontalo, mohulitayi wungguli u yilowali to masa yilalu mayi. Tanggomo momuwato wungguli u yilowali, wawu wungguli boyito ma tombīluwoliyo mayi motoyunuto monto bungo sambe pulitiyo. Lahu lo tanggomo mohīhede wolo lahu uwēwo odelo lohidu, wawu o rima to bahasa lo lahuliyo. Tuwango tanggomo yito wungguli u banari yilowali, pīlu, wawu mowali olo wungguli u pilohutu lo ta motanggomo. Tanggomo lonto tahe tanggomo, ma'analiyo molanggomo, wonu to delomo bahasa Indonesia, tanggomo yito artiliyo tampung. Tanggomo u yito menampung meyalo tuwa-tuwango wungguli u yilowali. Ta hemotombilu tanggomo tangguliyo Ta Motanggomo meyalo Patanggomo. ( Po'ombuta mobaca... ) Tanggomo yito tala tuwawu tradisi lo'u motombīlu to Hulontalo, mohulitayi wungguli u yilowali to masa yilalu mayi. Tanggomo momuwato wungguli u yilowali, wawu wungguli boyito ma tombīluwoliyo mayi motoyunuto monto bungo sambe pulitiyo. Lahu lo tanggomo mohīhede wolo lahu uwēwo odelo lohidu, wawu o rima to bahasa lo lahuliyo. Tuwango tanggomo yito wungguli u banari yilowali, pīlu, wawu mowali olo wungguli u pilohutu lo ta motanggomo. Tanggomo lonto tahe tanggomo, ma'analiyo molanggomo, wonu to delomo bahasa Indonesia, tanggomo yito artiliyo tampung. Tanggomo u yito menampung meyalo tuwa-tuwango wungguli u yilowali. Ta hemotombilu tanggomo tangguliyo Ta Motanggomo meyalo Patanggomo. ( Po'ombuta mobaca... ) Wikipedia yito tuwawu lo ensiklopedia u pereyi tuladulo, boli'olo, meyalo popotayadulo. Masatiya Wikipedia lo bahasa Hulontalo ma otuwa 14.950 tuladu, wawu ma 7.946 ta loluladu. Dulo ito moluladu to delomo Wikipedia bahasa Hulontalo . Toduwōlo ode mongodula'a wawu mongowutato tā motota motombilu wawu moluladu bahasa lo Hulontalo, mongohi mayi tuladu u mopiyohu. Wonu yi'o ma lohutu akun, toduwolo tumuwoto teeya , wonu diipo, mowali mohutu akun teeya . Mohutu tulade bohu, tepuwa to delomo kotak botiya. Wikipedia yito tuwawu lo ensiklopedia u pereyi tuladulo, boli'olo, meyalo popotayadulo. 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Muhammad Zainuddin Abdul Madjid ( id ) Setiawan Dalimartha ( id ) Ismail Marzuki ( id ) Abdoel Moeis Hassan ( id ) Bagoes Hadikoesoemo ( id ) Mas Mansoer ( id ) Raja Haji Fisabilillah ( id ) Teungku Chik di Tiro ( id ) Raden Kajoran ( id ) Noer Alie ( id , Terjemahkan ) Toduwolo mohutu tarjamah lo artikel/tuladu botiya ode bahasa Hulontalo. Muhammad Zainuddin Abdul Madjid ( id ) Setiawan Dalimartha ( id ) Ismail Marzuki ( id ) Abdoel Moeis Hassan ( id ) Bagoes Hadikoesoemo ( id ) Mas Mansoer ( id ) Raja Haji Fisabilillah ( id ) Teungku Chik di Tiro ( id ) Raden Kajoran ( id ) Noer Alie ( id , Terjemahkan ) Dulahe botiya to delomo sojara Poroyek Uwewoliyo 10 Januari : Hari Tradisional di Benin 49 SM - Julius Caesar menyeberangi Rubicon yang menjadi pertanda perang sipil. 1927 - Film Metropolis karya Fritz Lang mulai diputar. 1929 - Tintin , tokoh buku komik ciptaan Hergé , memulai debutnya. 1973 - Partai Demokrasi Indonesia yang kemudian menjadi Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan didirikan. Tanggal uwewo: 9 Januari – 10 Januari – 11 Januari Lawola moli email – Daputari lo tanggal Dulahe botiya tanggal 10 Januari 2026 ( UTC ) – Detohe ulangi 10 Januari : Hari Tradisional di Benin 49 SM - Julius Caesar menyeberangi Rubicon yang menjadi pertanda perang sipil. 1927 - Film Metropolis karya Fritz Lang mulai diputar. 1929 - Tintin , tokoh buku komik ciptaan Hergé , memulai debutnya. 1973 - Partai Demokrasi Indonesia yang kemudian menjadi Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan didirikan. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Preceding events 2 Suicide 3 Aftermath Toggle Aftermath subsection 3.1 Further Soviet investigations and disinformation 3.1 Further Soviet investigations and disinformation 4 Legacy 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 Informational notes 8 Citations 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 10.1 Books 10.2 Articles 10.1 Books 10.2 Articles Death of Adolf Hitler العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bikol Central Български Čeština Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Front page of the US Armed Forces newspaper Stars and Stripes on 2 May 1945 Date 30 April 1945 ( 1945-04-30 ) Time c. 15:30–15:50 ( CEST , GMT+2 ) Location Führerbunker , Berlin , Germany Coordinates .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 52°30′45″N 13°22′52″E / 52.5125°N 13.381°E / 52.5125; 13.381 Cause Suicide by gunshot This article is part of a series about Adolf Hitler This article is part of a series about Adolf Hitler Personal Family Military career Political views Religious views Health possible monorchism Psychopathography Sexuality Wealth and income Vegetarianism Bodyguard Private library Columbus Globe for State and Industry Leaders Rise to power Naturalization Beer Hall Putsch Reichstag fire Enabling Act of 1933 Führer of Germany Nazi Germany Cabinet Economy German rearmament World War II Anschluss Occupation of Czechoslovakia Western Front Eastern Front Assassination attempts Death alleged doubles conspiracy theories last will and testament Crimes against humanity Nuremberg Laws The Holocaust Final Solution Romani Holocaust Electoral campaigns 1930 March 1932 July 1932 November 1932 March 1933 November 1933 Works Paintings Mein Kampf Hitlers Zweites Buch Speeches Legacy Bibliography Historiography Nazi salute Oaths Hitler Oath Personal standard Cult of personality In popular culture Eponymous streets Killing baby Hitler " Hitler was right " Reductio ad Hitlerum Family Military career Political views Religious views Health possible monorchism possible monorchism Psychopathography Sexuality Wealth and income Vegetarianism Bodyguard Private library Columbus Globe for State and Industry Leaders Naturalization Beer Hall Putsch Reichstag fire Enabling Act of 1933 Nazi Germany Cabinet Economy German rearmament Anschluss Occupation of Czechoslovakia Western Front Eastern Front Assassination attempts Death alleged doubles conspiracy theories last will and testament alleged doubles conspiracy theories last will and testament Nuremberg Laws The Holocaust Final Solution Romani Holocaust Final Solution Romani Holocaust 1930 March 1932 July 1932 November 1932 March 1933 November 1933 Paintings Mein Kampf Hitlers Zweites Buch Speeches Bibliography Historiography Nazi salute Oaths Hitler Oath Hitler Oath Personal standard Cult of personality In popular culture Eponymous streets Killing baby Hitler " Hitler was right " Reductio ad Hitlerum .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e Adolf Hitler , chancellor and dictator of Germany during the Nazi era from 1933 to 1945, committed suicide by gunshot to the head [ a ] [ b ] on 30 April 1945 in the Führerbunker in Berlin after it became clear that Germany would be defeated during the Battle of Berlin , which led to the end of World War II in Europe . His longtime companion and wife of one day, Eva Braun , committed suicide with him, by cyanide poisoning . [ c ] In accordance with Hitler's prior written and verbal instructions , that afternoon their remains were carried up the stairs and through the bunker's emergency exit to the Reich Chancellery garden, where they were doused in petrol and burned. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The news of Hitler's death was announced on German radio the next day, 1 May. [ 3 ] Eyewitnesses who saw Hitler's body immediately after his suicide testified that he died from a self-inflicted gunshot, presumably to the temple . [ d ] [ e ] [ f ] Otto Günsche , Hitler's personal adjutant, who handled both bodies, testified that while Braun's smelled strongly of burnt almonds – an indication of cyanide poisoning – there was no such odour about Hitler's body, which smelled of gunpowder. [ 4 ] Dental remains found in the Chancellery garden were matched with Hitler's dental records in May 1945 [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ g ] and are the only portion of Hitler's body confirmed to have been found. The Soviet Union restricted the release of information and released many conflicting reports about Hitler's death. Historians have largely rejected these as part of a deliberate disinformation campaign by Joseph Stalin to sow confusion regarding Hitler's death, [ 7 ] [ h ] [ i ] [ b ] or have attempted to reconcile them. [ j ] Soviet records allege that the burnt remains of Hitler and Braun were recovered, [ k ] [ l ] despite eyewitness accounts that they were almost completely reduced to ashes. [ m ] In June 1945, the Soviets began promulgating two contradictory narratives: that Hitler died by cyanide [ n ] or that he had survived and fled to another country. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Following extensive review, West Germany issued a death certificate in 1956. [ 11 ] Conspiracy theories about Hitler's death continue to attract interest. .mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none} Preceding events By early 1945, Nazi Germany was on the verge of total military collapse. Poland had fallen to the advancing Soviet Red Army , which was preparing to cross the Oder between Küstrin and Frankfurt-an-der-Oder with the objective of capturing Berlin 82 kilometres (51 mi) to the west. [ 12 ] German forces had recently lost to the Allies in the Ardennes Offensive , with British and Canadian forces crossing the Rhine into the German industrial heartland of the Ruhr . [ 13 ] US forces in the south had captured Lorraine and were advancing towards Mainz , Mannheim , and the Rhine. [ 13 ] German forces in Italy were withdrawing north, as they were pressed by United States and Commonwealth forces as part of the Spring Offensive to advance across the Po and into the foothills of the Alps . [ 14 ] Hitler retreated to the Führerbunker in Berlin on 16 January 1945. It was clear to the Nazi leadership that the Battle of Berlin would be the final battle of the war in Europe. [ 15 ] Some 325,000 soldiers of Germany's Army Group B were surrounded and captured in the Ruhr Pocket on 18 April, leaving the path open for US forces to reach Berlin. By 11 April, the Americans crossed the Elbe , 100 kilometres (62 mi) to the west of the city. [ 16 ] On 16 April, Soviet forces to the east crossed the Oder and commenced the battle for the Seelow Heights , the last major defensive line protecting Berlin on that side. [ 17 ] By 19 April, the Germans were in full retreat from the Seelow Heights, leaving no front line. Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time on 20 April, Hitler's birthday. By the evening of 21 April, Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of the city. [ 18 ] On 21 April, Hitler ordered a special detachment commanded by SS - Obergruppenführer Felix Steiner to counterattack the Soviets. At the next day's afternoon situation conference, Hitler suffered a nervous collapse when he was informed that these orders had not been obeyed. [ 19 ] He launched into a tirade against his generals, calling them treacherous and incompetent, culminating in a declaration – for the first time – that the war was lost. Hitler announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then shoot himself. [ 20 ] Later that day, he asked SS physician Werner Haase about the most reliable method of suicide. Haase suggested the "pistol-and-poison method" of combining a dose of cyanide with a gunshot to the head. [ 21 ] Luftwaffe chief Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring learned about Hitler's admission of defeat and declaration of his intended suicide and sent a telegram to Hitler , asking for permission to take over the leadership of the Reich in accordance with Hitler's 1941 decree naming him as his successor. [ 22 ] Hitler's secretary Martin Bormann convinced Hitler that the letter from Göring was an attempt to overthrow the dictator. [ 23 ] In response, Hitler informed Göring that he would be executed unless he resigned all of his posts. Later that day, he sacked Göring from all of his offices and ordered his arrest. [ 24 ] Hitler also ordered his chief aide and adjutant, Julius Schaub , to destroy safeguarded documents and his personal train . [ 25 ] [ 26 ] By 27 April, Berlin's communication had been all but cut off from the rest of Germany. Secure radio contact with defending units had been lost; the command staff in the Führerbunker had to depend on telephone lines for passing instructions and orders, and on public radio for news and information. [ 27 ] On 28 April, Hitler received a BBC report originating from Reuters : it stated that Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler had offered to surrender to the western Allies. The offer was declined. Himmler had implied to the Allies that he had the authority to negotiate a surrender, which Hitler considered to be treason. That afternoon, Hitler's anger and bitterness escalated into a rage against Himmler. [ 28 ] He ordered Himmler's arrest and had SS- Gruppenführer Hermann Fegelein (Himmler's SS representative at Hitler's headquarters) shot for desertion. [ 29 ] By this time, the Red Army had advanced to the Potsdamer Platz , roughly a kilometre away from the bunker, and all indications were that they were preparing to storm the Reich Chancellery. This report and Himmler's betrayal prompted Hitler to make the last decisions of his life. [ 30 ] Shortly after midnight on 29 April, [ 31 ] [ 32 ] he married Eva Braun in a small civil ceremony in a map room within the Führerbunker . The two then hosted a modest wedding breakfast, after which Hitler took his secretary Traudl Junge to another room and dictated his last will and testament . It left instructions to be carried out immediately following his death, with Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz and Joseph Goebbels assuming Hitler's roles as head of state and chancellor, respectively. [ 33 ] Hitler signed these documents at 04:00 and then went to bed. Some sources say that he dictated the last will and testament immediately before the wedding, but all agree on the timing of the signing. [ o ] [ p ] On the afternoon of 29 April, Hitler learned that his ally, Benito Mussolini , had been summarily executed by Italian partisans. The bodies of Mussolini and his mistress, Clara Petacci , had been strung up by their heels. The corpses were later cut down and thrown into the gutter, where they were mocked by Italian dissidents. These events may have strengthened Hitler's resolve not to allow himself or his wife to be made a "spectacle" of, as he had earlier recorded in his testament. [ 34 ] [ q ] Hitler had been given some capsules of prussic acid by Himmler through SS physician Ludwig Stumpfegger , and initially had intended to use them for his suicide. When he received the news that Himmler had contacted the Allies through a Swedish diplomat to arrange for an end to the war, Hitler was outraged. With this betrayal in his mind, Hitler began to doubt whether the ampoules would be effective. He ordered Haase to test one on his dog Blondi . The capsule worked – the dog died instantly. [ 35 ] Suicide Hitler and Braun lived together as husband and wife in the bunker for less than 40 hours. By 01:00 on 30 April, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel had reported that all of the forces on which Hitler had been depending to rescue Berlin had either been encircled or forced onto the defensive. [ 36 ] At around 02:30, Hitler appeared in the corridor where about twenty people, mostly women, were assembled to give their farewells. He went down the line, shaking hands and speaking with each of them, before retiring to his quarters. [ 37 ] Late in the morning, with the Soviets less than 500 metres (1,600 ft) from the Führerbunker , Hitler had a meeting with General Helmuth Weidling , the commander of the Berlin Defence Area. Weidling told Hitler that the garrison would likely run out of ammunition that night, and that the fighting in Berlin would inevitably come to an end within the next 24 hours. [ 36 ] Weidling asked for permission for a breakout ; this was a request he had unsuccessfully made before. Hitler did not answer, and Weidling went back to his headquarters in the Bendlerblock . At about 13:00, he received Hitler's permission to attempt a breakout that night. [ 38 ] Hitler, two secretaries, and his personal cook then had lunch, after which Hitler and Braun said goodbye to members of the bunker staff and fellow occupants, including Bormann, Goebbels, the secretaries, and several military officers. At around 14:30 Adolf and Eva Hitler went into his personal study. [ 39 ] Hitler's adjutant SS- Sturmbannführer Otto Günsche stood guard outside the study door. [ 40 ] After some time, Hitler's valet, Heinz Linge , entered the antechamber to Hitler's quarters, where he discovered the door closed and allegedly smelled gunpowder smoke. [ 41 ] Linge went back out to the corridor where Bormann was standing, and the two then entered the study together. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Linge later stated that while in the room he immediately noted a scent of burnt almonds, which is a common observation in the presence of hydrogen cyanide . [ 42 ] Linge saw the bodies of Hitler and Braun sitting upright on the sofa, with Hitler to Braun's right. His head was canted to his right. [ 43 ] Günsche entered the study shortly afterwards, later stating that Hitler "sat... sunken over, with blood dripping out of his right temple. He had shot himself with his own pistol." According to Linge, the 7.65-mm weapon was a Walther PP or PPK , while Günsche specified it was the latter. [ 42 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] The gun lay at his feet. [ 42 ] Hitler's dripping blood had made a large stain on the right arm of the sofa and was pooling on the rug. [ 47 ] According to Linge, Braun's body had no visible wounds, and her face showed how she had died – from cyanide poisoning . [ r ] Günsche and SS- Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke stated "unequivocally" that all outsiders and those performing duties and work in the bunker "did not have any access" to Hitler's private living quarters during the time of death (between 15:00 and 16:00). [ 48 ] Günsche left the study and announced that Hitler was dead to a group in the briefing room, which included Goebbels and Generals Hans Krebs and Wilhelm Burgdorf . [ 49 ] These three, in addition to others including Hitler Youth leader Artur Axmann , viewed the bodies. [ 50 ] Linge and another man rolled up Hitler's body in a blanket, [ 51 ] and then, in accordance with Hitler's prior written and verbal instructions, his and Braun's bodies were carried up the stairs and through the bunker's emergency exit to the garden behind the Reich Chancellery, where they were to be burned with petrol . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Although Hitler's corpse was partially covered by the blanket, numerous witnesses testified to recognising him, as the top of his head was not covered, nor were his lower legs and feet. [ 52 ] The bunker telephone operator SS- Oberscharführer Rochus Misch reported Hitler's death to Führerbegleitkommando ( Führer Escort Command) chief Franz Schädle and returned to the switchboard, later recalling someone shouting that Hitler's body was being burned. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] After the first attempts to ignite the petrol did not work, Linge went back inside the bunker and returned with a thick roll of papers. Bormann lit the papers and threw them onto the bodies. As the two corpses caught fire, a group including Bormann, Günsche, Linge, Goebbels, Erich Kempka , Peter Högl , Ewald Lindloff , and Hans Reisser raised their arms in salute as they stood just inside the bunker doorway. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] At around 16:15, Linge ordered SS- Untersturmführer Heinz Krüger and SS- Oberscharführer Werner Schwiedel to roll up the rug in Hitler's study to burn it. Schwiedel later stated that upon entering the study, he saw a pool of blood the size of a "large dinner plate" by the arm-rest of the sofa. Noticing a spent cartridge case, he bent down and picked it up from where it lay on the rug about 1 metre (3 ft) from a 7.65 pistol. [ 45 ] The two men removed the blood-stained rug and carried it up the stairs and outside to the Chancellery garden, where it was placed on the ground and burned. [ 57 ] The Red Army shelled the area in and around the Reich Chancellery on and off during the afternoon. SS guards brought over additional cans of petrol to further burn the corpses. Although the corpses were being burned in the open, where the distribution of heat varies (as opposed to in a crematorium ), according to eyewitnesses, the copious amount of fuel applied from about 16:00 to 18:30 reduced the remains to something between charred bones and piles of ashes which fell apart to the touch. [ 58 ] [ m ] At approximately 18:30, Lindloff (and perhaps Reisser) covered up the ashen remains in a shallow bomb crater. [ 59 ] The shelling and a fire from napalm incendiary bombs continued until 2 May. During this period it was difficult to spend any time in the garden because of the continuous shelling. [ 60 ] Aftermath Krebs met Soviet general Vasily Chuikov just prior to 04:00 on 1 May, giving him the news of Hitler's death, while attempting to negotiate a ceasefire and open "peace negotiations". [ 61 ] [ 62 ] Joseph Stalin was informed of Hitler's suicide around 04:05 Berlin time, thirteen hours after the event. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] He demanded unconditional surrender , which Krebs lacked authorisation to give. [ 65 ] [ 66 ] Stalin wanted confirmation that Hitler was dead and ordered the Red Army's counterespionage unit, SMERSH , to find his corpse. [ 67 ] The first inkling to the outside world that Hitler was dead came from the Germans themselves. On the night of 1 May, the Reichssender Hamburg radio station interrupted their normal program to announce that Hitler had died that afternoon, [ s ] and introduced his successor, Dönitz. [ 3 ] Dönitz called upon the German people to mourn their Führer , whom he stated had died a hero defending the capital of the Reich. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Hoping to save the army and the nation by negotiating a partial surrender to the British and Americans, Dönitz authorised a fighting withdrawal to the west. His tactic was somewhat successful: it enabled about 1.8 million German soldiers to avoid capture by the Soviets, but came at a high cost in bloodshed, as troops continued to fight until 8 May. [ 70 ] In the early morning hours of 2 May, the Soviets captured the Reich Chancellery. [ 73 ] Inside the Führerbunker , Krebs and Burgdorf shot themselves in the head. [ 74 ] In early May, Hitler's and Braun's dental remains were extracted from the soil. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 75 ] [ t ] Stalin was wary of believing Hitler was dead and restricted the release of information to the public. [ 76 ] [ 77 ] By 11 May, dental assistant Käthe Heusermann and dental technician Fritz Echtmann, both of whom had worked for Hitler's dentist Hugo Blaschke , [ u ] identified the dental remains of Hitler and Braun. [ 78 ] [ 79 ] [ g ] Both would spend years in Soviet prisons. [ 80 ] An alleged Soviet autopsy of Hitler made public in 1968 was used by forensic odontologists Reidar F. Sognnaes and Ferdinand Strøm to confirm the authenticity of Hitler's dental remains in 1972. [ 81 ] In 2017, French forensic pathologist Philippe Charlier also found the dental remains in the Soviet archives, including teeth on part of a jawbone, to be in "perfect agreement" with X-rays taken of Hitler in 1944. [ 82 ] Charlier used electron microscopy to examine the tartar , which contained only plant fibres, a detail consistent with Hitler's vegetarianism . [ 83 ] In May 2018, the European Journal of Internal Medicine published a paper co-authored by Charlier and four other researchers, which concluded that these remains "cannot be a fake", citing their significant wear. [ 72 ] No gunpowder residue was detected, indicating that Hitler did not die by a gunshot wound through the mouth, [ 84 ] as Axmann contended. [ 85 ] [ f ] In early June 1945, SMERSH moved the remains of several individuals, including the Goebbels family (Joseph, Magda , and their children ), from Buch to Finow. Hitler and Braun's remains were alleged to have been moved as well, but this is most likely Soviet disinformation. There is no evidence that any bodily remains of Hitler or Braun – with the exception of the dental remains – were found by the Soviets. [ 7 ] [ 86 ] [ 87 ] The remains of the Goebbels family and others were buried in a forest in Brandenburg on 3 June 1945, then exhumed and moved to SMERSH's new facility in Magdeburg , where they were re-buried in February 1946. [ 78 ] [ 88 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] By 1970, the facility was under KGB control and scheduled to be relinquished to East Germany . Concerned that a known Nazi burial site might become a neo-Nazi shrine, KGB director Yuri Andropov authorised an operation to exhume and destroy the decaying remains. On 4 April 1970, a KGB team thoroughly cremated them and cast the ashes into the Biederitz river, a tributary of the nearby Elbe. [ 91 ] [ v ] For politically motivated reasons, the Soviet Union presented various versions of Hitler's fate. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] On 5 June 1945, the Soviets claimed that his body had been examined and that he had died by cyanide poisoning. [ 92 ] At a press conference on 9 June, the Soviets said they had not actually identified the body and that Hitler had likely escaped. [ 93 ] When asked in July how Hitler had died, Stalin said he was living "in Spain or Argentina". [ 94 ] In the years immediately after the war, the Soviets maintained that Hitler was not dead, but had escaped and was either being sheltered by the former western Allies or was in Francoist Spain or South America. [ 8 ] The contentious 1947 American book Who Killed Hitler? suggests that Soviet leadership "[kept] the ghost of Hitler alive" to motivate its Communist forces to continue fighting against fascism. [ 95 ] In November 1945, Dick White , the head of counter-intelligence in the British sector of Berlin, had their agent Hugh Trevor-Roper investigate. His report was expanded and published in 1947 as The Last Days of Hitler . [ 96 ] Until the mid-1950s, the US Federal Bureau of Investigation and Central Intelligence Agency investigated many claims that Hitler might still be alive, while lending none of them credence. [ 97 ] [ 98 ] The documents remained classified until the early 2010s, as authorised by the 1998 Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act . [ 99 ] [ 100 ] The secrecy in which the investigation was shrouded helped fuel fringe theories asserting Hitler's survival. [ 97 ] Presiding judge at the Einsatzgruppen trial at Nuremberg Michael Musmanno considered all such claims contrary to the evidence. [ 101 ] Between 1948 and 1952, amid denazification proceedings in West Germany , legal disputes over Hitler's former property (including The Art of Painting by Johannes Vermeer ) were hindered by the lack of an official death declaration. Beginning in 1952, a federal court in Berchtesgaden interviewed 42 witnesses about Hitler's suicide – behind closed doors to avoid testimonies influencing one another. After four years of extensive review, Judge Heinrich Stephanus concluded: "There can no longer be the slightest doubt that on 30 April 1945 Adolf Hitler put an end to his life in the Chancellery by his own hand, by means of a shot into his right temple." [ 102 ] A death certificate was issued on 25 February 1956, with an attached report of more than 1,500 pages. An 80-page expert criminological report was prepared in mid-1956, focusing on the "substantial discrepancies" between eyewitness testimonies and serving as a springboard for photographic reconstructions. Ballistic experiments were arranged to determine which interpretation of the fatal gunshot was most likely. [ 103 ] [ w ] The declaration became public and legally binding by the year's end. Hitler's demise was entered as an assumption of death on the basis that none of the witnesses had seen his body, which German historian Anton Joachimsthaler points out is incorrect. [ 102 ] The federal court went on to publish a summary of its findings of fact in a 1958 press release. [ 104 ] Further Soviet investigations and disinformation On 11 December 1945, the Soviets allowed a limited investigation of the bunker complex grounds by the other Allied powers (Britain, France, and the US). Two representatives from each nation watched several Germans dig up soil down to the concrete roof of the bunker; the excavation included the bomb crater where Hitler's burnt remains had been buried. Found during the dig were two hats identified as Hitler's, an undergarment with Braun's initials, and some reports to Hitler from Goebbels. The Soviet People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) barred further excavation on the accusation that the representatives had removed documents from the Reich Chancellery. [ 105 ] At the end of 1945, Stalin ordered the NKVD to form a second commission to investigate Hitler's death. [ 106 ] On 30 May 1946, agents of the NKVD's successor, the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), found part of a skull in the crater where Hitler's remains had been exhumed. [ 107 ] The remnant consists of part of the occipital bone and part of both parietal bones . [ 72 ] The nearly complete left parietal bone has a bullet hole, apparently an exit wound. [ 72 ] [ 107 ] This remained uncatalogued until 1975, [ 108 ] and was rediscovered in the Russian State Archives in 1993. [ 109 ] In 2009, University of Connecticut archaeologist and bone specialist Nick Bellantoni examined the skull fragment, [ 110 ] which Soviet officials believed to be Hitler's. [ 111 ] According to Bellantoni, "The bone seemed very thin" for a male, [ 112 ] [ x ] [ y ] and "the sutures where the skull plates come together seemed to correspond to someone under 40". [ 110 ] A small piece detached from the skull was DNA-tested , as was blood from Hitler's sofa. The skull was determined to be that of a woman, while the blood sample contained male DNA. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] [ 112 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] [ z ] In 2025, blood from the sofa was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to the DNA of a relative with shared paternal ancestry. [ 115 ] On 29 December 1949, a secret dossier on Hitler was presented to Stalin, which was based upon the interrogation of Nazis who had been present in the Führerbunker , including Günsche and Linge. [ 116 ] Western historians were allowed into the archives of the former Soviet Union beginning in 1991, but the dossier remained undiscovered for twelve years; in 2005, it was published as The Hitler Book . [ 116 ] In 1968, Soviet journalist Lev Bezymenski published his book, The Death of Adolf Hitler , [ 81 ] which includes previously unreleased photographs of the dental remains. [ 117 ] The book transcribes a purported Soviet forensic examination led by Faust Shkaravsky , which concluded that Hitler committed cyanide poisoning. [ n ] Bezymenski further theorised that Hitler requested a coup de grâce to ensure his quick death, [ 118 ] but later admitted that his work included "deliberate lies", such as the manner of Hitler's death. [ 8 ] In 1978, American journalist James P. O'Donnell corrected the book's claim that cyanide acts instantaneously, saying Hitler could have taken poison and still had enough time to shoot himself. [ 119 ] The book and alleged autopsy have been widely derided by Western historians. Joachimsthaler, in his extensive analysis of the circumstances surrounding Hitler's death, quotes a German pathologist as saying about the purported autopsy: "Bezemensky's report is ridiculous... Any one of my assistants would have done better... the whole thing is a farce... it is intolerably bad work... the transcript of the post-mortem section of 8 [May] 1945 describes anything but Hitler." [ 120 ] Legacy After Hitler's death and the end of World War II in Europe , the occupying Allies divided Germany into four zones. [ 121 ] This led to the start of the Cold War between the Western Bloc , supported by the US, and the Eastern Bloc , supported by the Soviet Union. [ 122 ] From 1961 until 1989, the divide was physically manifested via the Berlin Wall , [ 123 ] followed by Germany's reunification in 1990 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Following Hitler's death, war veteran and future US president John F. Kennedy wrote in his diary that the dictator "had a mystery about him in the way he lived and in the manner of his death that will live and grow after him". [ 124 ] Historian Joachim Fest opines that the almost "traceless" death of Hitler allowed him to stay in the public eye, granting him a "bizarre afterlife"; conspiracy theories – rooted in Soviet disinformation alleging his survival – bolstered continued doubts and speculation, including outlandish tabloid and journalistic reports published into the late 20th century. [ 125 ] Conspiracy theories about Hitler's death and about the Nazi era as a whole still attract interest, with books, TV shows, and films continuing to be produced on the topic. [ 126 ] [ 127 ] Historian Luke Daly-Groves wrote that Hitler's death is not about the death of one man, but carries a greater significance as to the end of the regime and the ideological impact it left behind. [ 128 ] Gallery Joseph Goebbels, his wife Magda, their six children, and Magda's earlier son, Harald Quandt (the only family member to survive the war) Hitler (right) visiting Berlin defenders in early April 1945 with Hermann Göring (centre) and Chief of the OKW Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel (partially hidden) Heinz Linge , Hitler's valet, was one of the first people into Hitler's study after the suicides. Winston Churchill sitting on a damaged chair from the Führerbunker in July 1945 The demolished emergency exit of the Führerbunker in the Reich Chancellery garden (1947) Eyewitness Artur Axmann providing details of Hitler's death in Nuremberg in 1947 See also Führer Headquarters List of Nazi Party leaders and officials Popular culture representations of Hitler after his death Vorbunker The Bunker (1981 film) The Bunker (book) Downfall (2004 film) Hitler: The Last Ten Days – 1973 film Informational notes ^ "... 30 April ... During the afternoon Hitler shot himself..." ( MI5 staff 2011 ). ^ a b "... most Soviet accounts have held that Hitler also [in addition to Braun] ended his life by poison ... there are contradictions in the Soviet story ... these contradictions tend to indicate that the Soviet version of Hitler's suicide has a political colouration." ( Fest 1974 , p. 749). ^ "... her lips puckered from the poison." ( Beevor 2002 , p. 359). ^ "... Günsche stated he entered the study to inspect the bodies, and observed Hitler ... sat ... sunken over, with blood dripping out of his right temple. He had shot himself with his own pistol, a PPK 7.65." ( Fischer 2008 , p. 47). ^ "... blood dripped from a bullet hole in his right temple ..." ( Kershaw 2008 , p. 955). ^ a b "... the version involving a 'shot in the mouth' with secondary injuries to the temples must be rejected ... the overwhelming majority of witnesses saw an entry wound in the temple ... according to all witnesses... there were allegedly no injuries to the back of Hitler's head." ( Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 166). ^ a b "... the only thing to remain of Hitler was a gold bridge with porcelain facets from his upper jaw and the lower jawbone [fragment] with some teeth and two bridges." ( Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 225). ^ "New versions of Hitler's fate were presented by the Soviet Union according to the political needs of the moment." ( Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 288). ^ "The intentionally misleading account of Hitler's death by cyanide poisoning put about by Soviet historians ... can be dismissed." ( Kershaw 2001 , p. 1037). ^ "... we have a fair answer ... to the version of ... Russian author Lev Bezymenski ... Hitler did shoot himself and did bite into the cyanide capsule, just as Professor Haase had clearly and repeatedly instructed ... " ( O'Donnell 2001 , pp. 322–323). ^ "... [the bodies] were deposited ... in an unmarked grave in a forest far to the west of Berlin, reburied in 1946 in a plot of land in Magdeburg." ( Kershaw 2008 , p. 958). ^ "In 1970, the Kremlin finally decided to dispose of the body in absolute secrecy... the body, which had been concealed beneath a Soviet army parade-ground in Magdeburg, was exhumed at night and burned." ( Beevor 2002 , p. 431). ^ a b According to some early historians, bones do not wholly disintegrate even during indoor cremation. ( Trevor-Roper 2002 , p. 182; Bullock 1962 , p. 800). This same conclusion was reached by certain scientific studies. ( Castillo et al. 2013 ; Benecke 2022 ). Moreover, Hitler's dental remains partially comprise intact bone. ( Charlier et al. 2018 ). ^ a b This cannot be verified because no dissection of internal organs was recorded in the autopsy report. ( Petrova & Watson 1995 , p. 81). ^ Using sources available to Trevor-Roper (a World War II MI5 agent and historian/author of The Last Days of Hitler ), MI5 records the marriage as taking place after Hitler had dictated the last will and testament. ( MI5 staff 2011 ). ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 343 records the marriage as taking place before Hitler had dictated the last will and testament. ^ It is unknown how much of this was communicated to Hitler. ( Shirer 1960 , p. 1131). ^ "Cyanide poisoning. Its 'bite' was marked in her features." ( Linge 2009 , p. 199). ^ Hitler had actually died the previous day. ( Shirer 1960 , p. 1137). ^ According to the Soviets, the discovery of the body of a look-alike of Hitler late on 3 May delayed the purported exhumation of the burnt remains of Hitler and Braun from 4 May to the following day. ( Petrova & Watson 1995 , pp. 52–53). ^ Heusermann helped locate Hitler's X-rays and directed the Soviets to Echtmann, who had made Hitler's bridges. ( Petrova & Watson 1995 , pp. 56–57). ^ Beevor states that "... the ashes were flushed into the town [Magdeburg] sewage system." ( Beevor 2002 , p. 431). ^ German historian Anton Joachimsthaler , who cites some of the testimonies in his book on Hitler's death, mentions the ballistic experiments without detailing their results. ( Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 161). ^ Philippe Charlier later stated, "When doing [an examination] of the skull, you have a 55 per cent chance of getting the sex right." ( Lusher 2018 ). ^ According to a scientific article co-authored by Philippe Charlier, the sex is difficult to determine due to two factors: severe heating from burning, which could have reduced the skull's thickness, and the absence of the nuchal crest . ( Charlier et al. 2018 ). ^ This prompted the vice president of the Russian state archive to say, "No one claimed that was Hitler's skull." ( ABC News 2009 ). Citations ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , pp. 954, 956. ^ a b Linge 2009 , pp. 199, 200. ^ a b Shirer 1960 , p. 1137. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 163, 173. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 29, 231–234. ^ a b Lusher 2018 . ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 215–225. ^ a b c d Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 288. ^ a b Kershaw 2001 , p. 1037. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 22, 23. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 11. ^ Horrabin 1946, Vol. X , p. 51. ^ a b Horrabin 1946, Vol. X , p. 53. ^ Horrabin 1946, Vol. X , p. 43. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 139. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1105. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 209–217. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 255–256, 262. ^ Erickson 1983 , pp. 585–586. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 275. ^ O'Donnell 2001 , pp. 230, 323. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1116. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 289. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1118. ^ Hamilton 1984 , p. 168. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 107, 287. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 323. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 943–946. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 946–947. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1194. ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 821. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 278. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 949–950. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1131. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 951–952. ^ a b Erickson 1983 , pp. 603–604. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1132. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 358. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 358–359. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 955. ^ Brisard & Parshina 2018 , pp. 260–261. ^ a b c d Linge 2009 , p. 199. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 154–155. ^ Fischer 2008 , p. 47. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 162. ^ Fest 2004 , p. 116. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 155, 162, 175–176. ^ Fischer 2008 , pp. 47–48. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 154–156. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 156, 180–182. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 192–193. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 180–182. ^ Rosenberg 2009 . ^ Misch 2014 , p. 173. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 200. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 197, 198. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 162, 175. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 210–215. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 216–220. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 224–225. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 367–368. ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005 , pp. 280, 281. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 368. ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 280. ^ Ryan 1994 , p. 364. ^ Misch 2014 , p. 175. ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 281. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 381. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 959. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 961–963. ^ Bezymenski 1968 , p. 45. ^ a b c d Charlier et al. 2018 . ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 387, 388. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 387. ^ Erickson 1983 , p. 435. ^ Kershaw 2001 , pp. 1038, 1039. ^ Dolezal 2004 , pp. 185–186. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 958. ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 282. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 99, 207, 299, 303. ^ a b Senn & Weems 2013 , p. 19. ^ Brisard & Parshina 2018 , pp. 224, 273–274. ^ Brisard & Parshina 2018 , p. 301. ^ Daley 2018 . ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 164. ^ Fest 2004 , pp. 162–164. ^ Felton 2014 , pp. 162–163. ^ Vinogradov et al. 2005 , pp. 111–116. ^ Halpin & Boyes 2009 . ^ Tkachenko 2009 . ^ Vinogradov et al. 2005 , pp. 333, 335–336. ^ Trevor-Roper 2002 , p. liv. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 22. ^ Beschloss 2002 . ^ Moore & Barrett 1947 , p. 136. ^ MI5 staff 2011 . ^ a b Anderson 2015 . ^ CIA Chief of Station, Caracas 1955 . ^ CIA staff 2013 . ^ FBI Records 2011 . ^ Musmanno 1950 , pp. 231–32, 234, 236, 238–39, 242–43. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 8–13. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 11–12, 159–161. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 12. ^ Musmanno 1950 , pp. 233–234. ^ Petrova & Watson 1995 , pp. 81–82, 84–85. ^ a b Eberle & Uhl 2005 , pp. 287, 288. ^ Brisard & Parshina 2018 , pp. 29, 30, 32. ^ Isachenkov 1993 . ^ a b c Goñi 2009 . ^ a b CNN staff 2009 . ^ a b ABC News 2009 . ^ Brisard & Parshina 2018 , pp. 18–22. ^ Associated Press 2009 . ^ Oltermann 2025 . ^ a b Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. xxvi. ^ Bezymenski 1968 , inside jacket. ^ Bezymenski 1968 , pp. 49, 75. ^ O'Donnell 2001 , pp. 322–323. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 252–253. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 969. ^ Daly-Groves 2019 , pp. 26, 68. ^ CNN Editorial Research 2023 . ^ BBC News 2017 . ^ Fest 2004 , pp. 160, 162, 165. ^ Daly-Groves 2019 , pp. 22–25. ^ Barber 2020 . ^ Daly-Groves 2019 , p. 26. 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Halpin, Tony and Boyes, Roger (9 December 2009). "Battle of Hitler's skull prompts Russia to reveal all" . The Times . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Hamilton, Charles (1984). Leaders and Personalities of the Third Reich: Their Biographies, Portraits, and Autographs . San Jose, CA: R. James Bender Publishing. ISBN 0-912138-27-0 . Horrabin, J.F. (1946). Vol. X: May 1944 – August 1945 . An Atlas-History of the Second Great War. Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson & Sons. OCLC 464378076 . Isachenkov, Vladimir (20 February 1993). "Russians say they have bones from Hitler's skull" . Gadsen Times . The AP . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999) [1995]. The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, The Evidence, The Truth . Translated by Helmut Bölger. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8 . Kershaw, Ian (2001) [2000]. Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis . London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-027239-0 . Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography . New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6 . Linge, Heinz (2009) [1980]. With Hitler to the End . Frontline Books–Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-804-7 . Lusher, Adam (20 May 2018). "Adolf Hitler really is dead: scientific study debunks conspiracy theories that he escaped to South America" . The Independent . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . MI5 staff (2011). "Hitler's last days" . London: The Security Service. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link ) Misch, Rochus (2014) [2008]. Hitler's Last Witness: The Memoirs of Hitler's Bodyguard . London: Frontline Books-Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-1-848-32749-8 . Moore, Herbert; Barrett, James W., eds. (1947). Who Killed Hitler? . W. F. Heimlich (foreword). New York: The Booktab Press. Musmanno, Michael A. (1950). Ten Days to Die . Garden City, NY: Doubleday . O'Donnell, James P. (2001) [1978]. The Bunker . Boston: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80958-3 . Oltermann, Philip (13 November 2025). "Did Hitler really have a 'micropenis'? The dubious documentary analysing the dictator's DNA" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 November 2025 . Petrova, Ada and Watson, Peter (1995). The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives . W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-03914-6 . Rosenberg, Steven (3 September 2009). "I was in Hitler's suicide bunker" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Ryan, Cornelius (1994) [1966]. The Last Battle . New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-439-12701-8 . Senn, David R. and Weems, Richard A. (2013). Manual of Forensic Odontology . Boca Raton: CRC Press . ISBN 978-1-439-85134-0 . Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . New York: Simon & Schuster. LCCN 60-6729 . Tkachenko, Maxim (11 December 2009). "Official: KGB chief ordered Hitler's remains destroyed" . CNN . Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Trevor-Roper, Hugh (2002) [1947]. The Last Days of Hitler (7th ed.). London: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-330-49060-3 . US Federal Bureau of Investigation (10 April 2011). "Adolf Hitler" . FBI Records: The Vault . Archived from the original on 10 April 2011 . Retrieved 8 January 2019 . Vinogradov, V. K.; Pogonyi, J. F.; Teptzov, N. V. (2005). Hitler's Death: Russia's Last Great Secret from the Files of the KGB . London: Chaucer Press. ISBN 978-1-904449-13-3 . Further reading Books Galante, Pierre; Silianoff, Eugene (1989). Voices From the Bunker . New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-3991-3404-3 . Gardner, Dave (2001). The Last of the Hitlers: The story of Adolf Hitler's British Nephew and the Amazing Pact to Make Sure his Genes Die Out . Worcester, UK: BMM. ISBN 978-0-9541544-0-0 . Lehmann, Armin D. (2004). In Hitler's Bunker: A Boy Soldier's Eyewitness Account of the Führer's Last Days . Guilford, CT: Lyon's Press. ISBN 978-1-59228-578-5 . Rzhevskaya, Elena (1965). Берлин, май 1945. Записки военного переводчика [ Berlin 1945: Memoirs of a Wartime Interpreter ] (in Russian). Waite, Robert G. L. (1993) [1977]. The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler . New York: DaCapo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80514-1 . Articles "Russia displays 'Hitler skull fragment' " . BBC News . 26 April 2000. Cosgrove, Ben (15 April 2014). "After the Fall: Photos of Hitler's Bunker and the Ruins of Berlin" . Life . Marchetti, Daniela; Boschi, Ilaria; Polacco, Matteo; Rainio, Juha (2005). "The Death of Adolf Hitler—Forensic Aspects" . Journal of Forensic Sciences . 50 (5): 1147– 1153. doi : 10.1520/JFS2004314 . PMID 16225223 . JFS2004314. Petrova, Ada; Watson, Peter (1995). "The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives" . The Washington Post . Sognnaes, Reidar F. ; Ström, Ferdinand (1973). "The odontological identification of Adolf Hitler" . Acta Odontologica Scandinavica . 31 (1): 47. doi : 10.3109/00016357309004612 . PMID 4575430 . v t e Adolf Hitler v t e Politics Führer Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Führer Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Events Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories conspiracy theories Places of residence Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Personal life Health possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Health possible monorchism possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Personal belongings Hitler's Globe Private library Hitler's Globe Private library Perceptions Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Family Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Other Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Category Category v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) v t e 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller Heinrich Müller Death of Adolf Hitler 1945 deaths 1945 suicides Adolf Hitler April 1945 in Europe Battle of Berlin Deaths by person in Germany Male suicides People declared dead in absentia Suicides by firearm in Germany Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles containing German-language text Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Good articles Use British English from November 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from August 2020 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French-language text CS1 maint: ref duplicates default CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list Commons category link from Wikidata CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) Pages using the Kartographer extension This page was last edited on 15 November 2025, at 15:13 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Overview 2 One-shot manga 3 One-shot Western comics Toggle One-shot Western comics subsection 3.1 The 19th and early 20th century 3.2 Modern era one-shot comics 3.1 The 19th and early 20th century 3.2 Modern era one-shot comics 4 See also 5 References One-shot (comics) العربية Català Dansk الدارجة Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Comics Speech balloon Comics studies Education Glossary History Education Glossary History Methods Cartooning Photo comics Cartooning Photo comics Media formats Comic book Comic strip Digital comic Gag cartoon Trade paperback Graphic novel Light novel Political cartoon Webcomic Webtoon Comic book Comic strip Digital comic Gag cartoon Trade paperback Graphic novel Light novel Political cartoon Webcomic Webtoon Comics by country and culture American Argentine Bande dessinées ( Belgium / France / Quebec ) Australian Brazilian British ( Welsh ) Canadian Croatian Czech Dutch European German Hungarian Indian Irish Italian Malaysian Manga Manhua ( Hong Kong ) Manhwa Mexican Pakistani Philippine Polish Portuguese Serbian South African Spanish Thai Turkish Vietnamese American Argentine Bande dessinées ( Belgium / France / Quebec ) Australian Brazilian British ( Welsh ) Canadian Croatian Czech Dutch European German Hungarian Indian Irish Italian Malaysian Manga Manhua ( Hong Kong ) Manhwa Mexican Pakistani Philippine Polish Portuguese Serbian South African Spanish Thai Turkish Vietnamese Community Awards Cartoonists Collecting Letterer Publishers Sales Writers Awards Cartoonists Collecting Letterer Publishers Sales Writers Comics portal .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e In comics , a one-shot is a work composed of a single standalone issue or chapter, contrasting a limited series or ongoing series , which are composed of multiple issues or chapters. [ 1 ] One-shots date back to the early 19th century, published in newspapers, and today may be in the form of single published comic books , parts of comic magazines / anthologies or published online on websites. [ 2 ] In the marketing industry, some one-shots are used as promotion tools that tie in with existing productions, films, video games or television shows. [ 1 ] Overview In the Japanese manga industry, one-shots are called yomikiri ( 読み切り ) , a term which implies that the comic is presented in its entirety without any continuation. [ 3 ] [ better source needed ] One-shot manga are often written for contests, and sometimes later developed into a full-length series, much like a television pilot . Many popular manga series began as one-shots, such as Dragon Ball , Fist of the North Star , Sailor Moon (whose one-shot would become its sister series, Codename: Sailor V ), Naruto , Bleach , One Piece , Berserk , Kinnikuman , Attack on Titan and Death Note . Rising Stars of Manga was an annual competition for original English-language one-shot manga, many of which have gone on to become full-length manga series. Some noted manga authors, such as Akira Toriyama and Rumiko Takahashi , have worked on numerous one-shot stories in addition to their serialized works. In the United States , one-shots are usually labeled with a "#1" despite there being no following issues, and are sometimes subtitled as "specials". On occasion, a character or concept will appear in a series of one-shots, in cases where the subject matter is not financially lucrative enough to merit an ongoing or limited series , but still popular enough to be published on a regular basis, often annually or quarterly. [ 1 ] A current example of a series of one-shots would be Marvel Comics ' Franklin Richards: Son of a Genius publications. This type of one-shot is not to be confused with a comic book annual , which is typically a companion publication to an established ongoing series. The term has also been borrowed into the Franco-Belgian comics industry, with basically the same meaning, although there it mostly refers to comic albums . [ 4 ] One-shot manga The comic art histories of different countries and regions are following divergent paths. Japanese early comic art or manga took its rise from the 12th century and developed from Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga ("Animal-person Caricatures"), went so far as to ukiyo-e ("floating world") in the 17th century. [ 2 ] [ 5 ] Western-style humour comics and caricatures had been introduced into Japan in the late 19th century and impacted on the styles of comic art. On the other hand, the significant development of modern era Japanese comic art was arising in the aftermath of World War II and further developed into diversified genres. [ 2 ] Nowadays, almost a quarter of all printed materials in Japan are in forms of manga, while the audiences are from all ages. [ 6 ] Most modern era one-shot manga ( yomikiri 読み切り ) have independent settings, characters, and storylines, rather than sharing them with existing works. In Japan and other Asian countries, some one-shot manga are more like takeoff boards to determine the popularity among the audience. The format of a one-shot manga could be changed if it has a broad market prospect, [ 1 ] so that: a one-shot manga could become a serialized continuing manga after adapting; a one-shot manga could develop into a series of one-shot manga or serial manga, which are sharing the same world set and character design, but in different story lines; and side stories could derive from the original one-shot manga, such as a prequel , a sequel , and an antagonist or supporting role 's side story. One-shot Western comics The prototype comic works in Western countries were pamphlets , giveaways, or Sunday newspaper comic sections in the 19th century. These were then developed and published as comic magazines which were distributed with the newspapers sales on newsstands . [ 2 ] On the other hand, graphic books in America were also viewed as developing from pamphlets that sold on newsstands. [ 2 ] Comics were not highly regarded in the early market, for example, during the Depression comics were used to increase the sales of newspapers and some other products in the United States. Most of the comics were one-shot comics before the rise of long continuities in newspaper strips . [ 2 ] After some early developments, weekly comic magazines became the major way of dissemination in European comic markets. [ 2 ] Influenced by the chaos of social revolutions and changings in the 20th century, Western alternative comic art was quickly developed as well as 1970s and 1980s' America. [ 7 ] Also, America has stirred up a spree of superhero comics since 1930s, and this comic form is still dominating the comic market. The 19th and early 20th century In this period, comic strips and magazines were the major reading formats that had been leading the markets. Divergent genres such as humour , caricature , and horror were dominant forms of comics in that time. In the very beginning, magazines were divided from the comic supplements of newspapers within a decade of their first appearance in America. [ 8 ] On the other side of the coin, in Europe, magazine format was developed as a comic supplement of newspapers along European features and never lost the identification. [ 2 ] It is worth mentioning that comic art is developing more rapidly during social revolutions, while comic strips were very topical and aimed at all ages. Modern era one-shot comics Since the 1930s, a specific form of comic, the superhero comic , has been causing a feeding frenzy in America and further impacted on other countries' comic markets. It dominated the publishing industry on comic art, and most of the published comic books were contained one-shot stories rather than serialized stories. [ 2 ] A single popular protagonist always centered all the highlights in a superhero comic story. This best-selling model is still the majority of American comic market. [ 2 ] Around the late 1960s- mid-1970s, due to the dislocations of social developments, alternative comic art traditions were developing under the era. This alternative underground comix movement used the medium as a method for radical changes. [ 2 ] In more recent years, European albums are still the dominant comic format in their own markets, while superhero comic books dominate the American market rather than continued stories. Several large comic book publishers , Entertainments and animation production companies were established such as DC Comics and Marvel Comics . On another note, Japanese comics are increasing in popularity as Japanese-style anthologies are published in America in recent decades. [ 2 ] See also Four Color – an anthology series from Dell Comics (1939–1962) that featured many issues that were designated as "one shots". References ^ a b c d Albert, Aaron. "One Shot Definition" Archived 2012-11-18 at the Wayback Machine About Entertainment . Retrieved July 8, 2016. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Couch, C. (December 2000). "The Publication and Formats of Comics, Graphic Novels, and Tankobon" . Image & Narrative . No. 1. ISSN 1780-678X . Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 2 November 2020 . ^ "What is the purpose of one-shot manga?" . anime.stackexchange.com . ^ Miller, A.; Beaty, B. (2014). The French Comics Theory Reader . Leuven University Press. p. 334. ISBN 9789058679888 . ^ Schodt, F. (1996). Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga . Stone Bridge Press. p. 360. ISBN 9781880656235 . Retrieved 2 November 2020 . ^ Macwilliams, M. (2008). Japanese Visual Culture: Explorations in the World of Manga and Anime . M.E. Sharpe. p. 352. ISBN 9780765633088 . Retrieved 2 November 2020 . ^ William, P.; Lyons, J. (2010). The Rise of the American Comics Artist: Creators and Contexts . University Press of Mississippi. p. 256. ISBN 9781604737936 . JSTOR j.ctt12f4pv . Retrieved 2 November 2020 . ^ Daniels, L. (1971). Comix: a History of Comic Books in America . Outerbridge & Dienstfrey. p. 198. ISBN 9780876900345 . v t e Comics v t e Glossary of comics terminology Formats Comic book Ashcan comic Limited series One-shot Ongoing series Minicomic Trade paperback Comic strip Comic strip formats Daily comic strip Lianhuanhua Sunday comics Topper Yonkoma Digital comics Mobile comic Webcomic Webtoon Gag cartoon Graphic novel Political cartoon Comic book Ashcan comic Limited series One-shot Ongoing series Minicomic Trade paperback Ashcan comic Limited series One-shot Ongoing series Minicomic Trade paperback Comic strip Comic strip formats Daily comic strip Lianhuanhua Sunday comics Topper Yonkoma Comic strip formats Daily comic strip Lianhuanhua Sunday comics Topper Yonkoma Digital comics Mobile comic Webcomic Webtoon Mobile comic Webcomic Webtoon Gag cartoon Graphic novel Political cartoon Techniques Film comic Motion comic Photo comics Silent comics Text comics Film comic Motion comic Photo comics Silent comics Text comics Creators Cartoonists list Colorists Editors Inkers 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Achievement Toggle Achievement subsection 1.1 Art exhibitions 1.1.1 2014/2015 1.1.2 2013/2014 1.1.3 2012/2013 1.1.4 2011 1.2 Fitness and Bodybuilding 1.1 Art exhibitions 1.1.1 2014/2015 1.1.2 2013/2014 1.1.3 2012/2013 1.1.4 2011 1.1.1 2014/2015 1.1.2 2013/2014 1.1.3 2012/2013 1.1.4 2011 1.2 Fitness and Bodybuilding 2 Filmography 3 External links Ofer Samra Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This article includes a list of references , related reading , or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Ofer Samra עופר סמרא Professional bodybuilder Personal info Born ( 1963-03-20 ) 20 March 1963 (age 62) Israel Best statistics Height 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) Weight 208 lb (94 kg) Professional (Pro) career Best win .mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist,.mw-parser-output ul.andlist,.mw-parser-output ul.andlistoxford{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li,.mw-parser-output .andlist li,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .andlist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:last-child:after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .andlist li:nth-last-child(2):after{content:" and "}.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:nth-last-child(2):after{content:", and "} Mr Israel, before 1984 Mr Israel, before 1984 Ofer Samra ( Hebrew : עופר סמרא ) is an artist (painter) and actor who has resided in Venice, California . Samra is also active as a film producer, screenwriter and "Fitness and Lifestyle Coach." He was born in Israel in 1963 and moved to the United States in 1986. Achievement Art exhibitions 2014/2015 QART.Com Gallery Flower+Hewes Gallery 2013/2014 LA Art Show Palm Springs Art Show Ohr HaTorah Synagogue Axiom Gallery /Los Angeles 2012/2013 Art Basel Miami Beach San Francisco International Arts Festival Hampton's Art Show 2011 Soho Gallery, Studio City Affordable Art Fair LA Art Fair (Lurie Gallery) Fitness and Bodybuilding Year Competition Result 1987 Palm Springs Bodybuilding Champion 1st and Overall 1991 Orange County Bodybuilding Classic 3rd Heavy weight 1992 Los Angeles Bodybuilding Champion 2nd Heavyweight 1994 Amateur Grand Prix 2nd Heavyweight 1994 Mr. California 5th Heavyweight Filmography Year Title Role 2005 Two of a Kind Ofer 2005 My Name Is... Jason Scott 2004 Irish Eyes Italian thug 2004 Envy Pete 2002 Live from Baghdad Iraqi Bomb Shelter Guard 2002 Ticker Minion 1 2001 The Guest of Honor Gardener 1999 Three Kings Stunts 1995 Batman Forever Harvey's Thug 1994 True Lies Yusef External links Ofer Samra artist website Ofer Samra artist interview Ofer Samra at IMDb 1963 births Living people Israeli bodybuilders Israeli emigrants to the United States People from Venice, Los Angeles Jewish Israeli male actors Jewish Israeli sportspeople Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles lacking in-text citations from January 2011 All articles lacking in-text citations Articles containing Hebrew-language text This page was last edited on 28 December 2025, at 01:33 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design and effects 3.6 Post-production 3.7 Music 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design and effects 3.6 Post-production 3.7 Music 4 Release Toggle Release subsection 4.1 Context 4.2 Marketing 4.3 Box office 4.1 Context 4.2 Marketing 4.3 Box office 5 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 6 After release Toggle After release subsection 6.1 Performance analysis and aftermath 6.2 Home media 6.3 Other media 6.1 Performance analysis and aftermath 6.2 Home media 6.3 Other media 7 Thematic analysis Toggle Thematic analysis subsection 7.1 Duality and fragmented identity 7.2 The carnivalesque and social critique 7.3 Sexuality and repression 7.4 Power, politics, and ideology 7.5 Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique 7.1 Duality and fragmented identity 7.2 The carnivalesque and social critique 7.3 Sexuality and repression 7.4 Power, politics, and ideology 7.5 Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique 8 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 8.1 Retrospective reception 8.2 Cultural influence 8.1 Retrospective reception 8.2 Cultural influence 9 Sequels 10 Footnotes 11 Notes 12 References Toggle References subsection 12.1 Citations 12.2 Works cited 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 12.1 Citations 12.2 Works cited 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 13 External links Batman Returns العربية Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Batman Returns Theatrical release poster by John Alvin Directed by Tim Burton Screenplay by Daniel Waters Story by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Daniel Waters Sam Hamm Daniel Waters Sam Hamm Based on Batman characters created by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] and published by DC Comics Batman characters created by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] and published by DC Comics Produced by Denise Di Novi Tim Burton Denise Di Novi Tim Burton Starring Michael Keaton Danny DeVito Michelle Pfeiffer Christopher Walken Michael Gough Pat Hingle Michael Murphy Michael Keaton Danny DeVito Michelle Pfeiffer Christopher Walken Michael Gough Pat Hingle Michael Murphy Cinematography Stefan Czapsky Edited by Chris Lebenzon Music by Danny Elfman Production companies Warner Bros. PolyGram Pictures Warner Bros. PolyGram Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Release dates June 16, 1992 ( 1992-06-16 ) (Hollywood, California) June 19, 1992 ( 1992-06-19 ) (United States) June 16, 1992 ( 1992-06-16 ) (Hollywood, California) June 19, 1992 ( 1992-06-19 ) (United States) Running time 126 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $50–80 million Box office $266.8 million Batman Returns is a 1992 American superhero film directed by Tim Burton and written by Daniel Waters . Based on the DC Comics character Batman , it is the sequel to Batman (1989), also directed by Burton, and the second installment in the Batman film series (1989–1997). The cast includes Michael Keaton , Danny DeVito , Michelle Pfeiffer , Christopher Walken , Michael Gough , Pat Hingle , and Michael Murphy . Set during Christmas in Gotham City , the film follows Batman (Keaton) as he confronts corrupt businessman Max Shreck (Walken) and deformed crime boss Oswald Cobblepot / the Penguin (DeVito), whose bid for power threatens the city. Their schemes are further complicated by Shreck's former secretary Selina Kyle (Pfeiffer), who seeks revenge against him as Catwoman. Burton was initially uninterested in directing a sequel to Batman , feeling creatively constrained by Warner Bros. ' expectations. He agreed to return only after being granted greater creative control, which included replacing original writer Sam Hamm with Daniel Waters and reuniting with many of his previous collaborators. Waters's script emphasized characterization over plot, and Wesley Strick was later hired for an uncredited rewrite that added, among other elements, a master plan for the Penguin. Filming took place from September 1991 to February 1992 on a budget of $50–80 million, primarily on sets and soundstages at Warner Bros. Studios and the Universal Studios Lot in California. The film's special effects relied mainly on practical techniques and makeup, supplemented with animatronics, limited computer-generated imagery (CGI), and dozens of live penguins. The film's marketing campaign was extensive, featuring brand tie-ins and merchandise intended to replicate the financial success of Batman . Released on June 19, 1992, Batman Returns broke several box-office records and grossed $266.8 million worldwide, becoming the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1992 , but fell short of Batman in overall success and longevity. The darker tone, along with violent and sexual content, was cited as alienating family audiences and prompted backlash against marketing partners for promoting the film to children. Critical reception was polarized, though most reviewers praised the principal cast. Following the mixed reception of Batman Returns , Burton was replaced as director for its sequel, Batman Forever (1995), which was developed with a more family-friendly tone. Keaton also declined to return. In the years since its release, Batman Returns has been reappraised as one of the strongest Batman films and a pivotal early example of auteur -driven superhero cinema that helped shape the genre's darker, more ambitious direction. The film is also recognized as an alternative Christmas classic due to its winter setting, festive imagery, and themes of loneliness and isolation. Its story was revisited in the comic series Batman '89 (2021), and Keaton later reprised his version of Batman in The Flash (2023). Plot In Gotham City , two wealthy socialites , horrified by the birth of their malformed and feral son Oswald , abandon him in the sewers, where he is taken in by a colony of penguins. Thirty-three years later, during the Christmas season, wealthy industrialist Max Shreck is abducted by the Red Triangle Gang—former circus performers implicated in child disappearances across the country—and taken to their hideout in the abandoned Arctic exhibit at Gotham Zoo. Their leader, Oswald, now known as the Penguin, blackmails Max with evidence of his corruption and murders, coercing him into helping Oswald re-enter Gotham's high society. Max stages the kidnapping of the mayor's infant child, allowing Oswald to "rescue" the child and become a public hero. In return, Oswald requests access to the city's birth records, claiming he seeks to uncover his true identity by investigating Gotham's first-born sons. Max attempts to kill his timid secretary, Selina Kyle , by pushing her out of a window after she discovers his plan to build a power plant that would secretly drain and store Gotham's electricity. Selina survives, returns home, crafts a costume, and adopts the persona of Catwoman . To Max's surprise, she reappears at work with newfound confidence and assertiveness, immediately attracting the attention of visiting billionaire Bruce Wayne . As the vigilante Batman , Bruce begins investigating Oswald, suspecting his ties to the Red Triangle Gang. Seeking to remove opposition to his power plant, Max convinces Oswald to run for mayor and discredit the incumbent by unleashing the gang on Gotham. Batman's efforts to quell the violence bring him into conflict with Catwoman, while in their civilian lives Selina and Bruce begin a romance. Meanwhile, Catwoman allies with Oswald to smear Batman's reputation. During Gotham's Christmas-tree lighting, Oswald and Catwoman kidnap Gotham's beauty queen, the Ice Princess, and lure Batman to a rooftop above the ceremony. Oswald pushes the Ice Princess to her death with a swarm of bats, effectively framing Batman. When Catwoman objects to the murder and rebuffs Oswald's sexual advances, he attacks her, sending her crashing through a glasshouse. Batman escapes in the Batmobile , unaware that the Red Triangle gang has sabotaged it, allowing Oswald to control the vehicle, causing what appears to be a case of road rage . Before regaining control, Batman records Oswald's insulting tirade against Gotham's citizens and later plays it during Oswald's mayoral rally, destroying his public image and forcing him to retreat to Gotham Zoo. There, Oswald renounces his humanity, fully embracing his identity as the Penguin, and sets his plan in motion to abduct and kill Gotham's first-born sons as revenge for his own abandonment and problems. Selina attempts to kill Max at his charity ball, but Bruce intervenes, and the two inadvertently discover each other's secret identities. Penguin crashes the event intending to kidnap Max's son, Chip, but Max offers himself instead. Batman disrupts the Red Triangle gang and halts the kidnappings, prompting the Penguin to unleash his missile-equipped penguin army to destroy Gotham. Batman's ally, Alfred Pennyworth , overrides the control signal, redirecting the penguins back to Gotham Zoo. As the missiles obliterate the zoo, Batman unleashes a swarm of bats, causing the Penguin to fall into the toxic waters of the Arctic exhibit. Catwoman confronts Max, rejecting Batman's plea to abandon her revenge and leave with him. Max shoots Batman, incapacitating him, and then shoots Catwoman multiple times, but she survives, claiming she has two of her nine lives left. Catwoman electrocutes Max with a live cable, causing a power surge that appears to kill them both; however, Batman finds only Max's remains. The Penguin emerges one last time but succumbs to his injuries, with his penguins carrying his body into the water. Sometime later, while traveling home, Bruce spots Selina's silhouette but finds only a cat, which he takes with him. The Bat-Signal shines above the city as Catwoman gazes up at it. Cast Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman : A billionaire businessman who operates as Gotham's vigilante protector [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Danny DeVito as Oswald Cobblepot / Penguin : A malformed crime boss [ 6 ] Michelle Pfeiffer as Selina Kyle / Catwoman : A meek assistant turned vengeful villainess [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Christopher Walken as Max Shreck: A ruthless industrialist [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth : Wayne's butler and surrogate father [ 10 ] Pat Hingle as James Gordon : The Gotham City police commissioner and Batman's ally [ 11 ] Michael Murphy as the Mayor: The city's incumbent mayor [ 5 ] [ 12 ] The cast of Batman Returns includes Andrew Bryniarski as Max's son Charles "Chip" Schreck and Cristi Conaway as the Ice Princess, Gotham's beauty queen-elect. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Paul Reubens and Diane Salinger appear as Tucker and Esther Cobblepot, Oswald's wealthy, elite parents. [ 16 ] Sean Whalen appears as a paperboy; [ 15 ] Jan Hooks and Steve Witting play Jen and Josh, Oswald's mayoral image consultants . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] The Red Triangle gang includes the monkey-toting Organ Grinder ( Vincent Schiavelli ), the Poodle Lady ( Anna Katarina ), the Tattooed Strongman ( Rick Zumwalt ), the Sword Swallower (John Strong), the Knifethrower Dame (Erika Andersch), the Acrobatic Thug (Gregory Scott Cummins), the Terrifying Clown ( Branscombe Richmond ), the Fat Clown (Travis Mckenna), and the Thin Clown ( Doug Jones ). [ 15 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Production Development Following the success of Batman (1989), which became the fifth-highest-grossing film of its time, a sequel was considered inevitable. Warner Bros. Pictures began discussing a follow-up by late 1989, with plans to start filming the next May. [ a ] The studio wanted Robin Williams and Danny DeVito to portray the Riddler and Penguin, respectively, [ 23 ] and invested $2 million in acquiring the Gotham City sets at Pinewood Studios in England, intending to reuse them for at least two sequels. The sets were placed under 24-hour surveillance, as maintaining them was more cost-effective than rebuilding. [ 23 ] Despite Warner Bros.' pressure to secure a script and begin production, director Tim Burton was hesitant to return. [ 23 ] [ 9 ] [ 25 ] He described the idea of a sequel as "dumbfounded", particularly before the first film's box-office performance could be assessed. [ 23 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Burton was skeptical of sequels in general, believing they were only worthwhile if they offered something new and different. [ 23 ] [ 26 ] Batman writer Sam Hamm 's initial story treatment expanded on district attorney Harvey Dent —played by Billy Dee Williams in Batman —and charted his transformation into the supervillain Two-Face . Warner Bros., however, pushed for the Penguin as the primary antagonist, whom Hamm believed the studio regarded as Batman's most recognizable foe after the Joker . Catwoman was also added because Burton and Hamm were interested in the character. [ 25 ] Hamm's drafts followed directly from Batman , continuing Bruce Wayne's relationship with Vicki Vale ( Kim Basinger ) and leading to their engagement. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] His Penguin was depicted as an avian-themed criminal who weaponized birds, while Catwoman was portrayed as more overtly sexual, clad in " bondage " attire, and casually murdering groups of men. [ 25 ] The story paired Penguin and Catwoman in a plot to frame Batman for the murders of Gotham's wealthiest citizens while pursuing a hidden treasure, which ultimately drew them to Wayne Manor and uncovered the Wayne family's secret past. Hamm also introduced the Christmastime setting and included Robin , Batman's sidekick, though his idea of assault rifle -wielding Santas was discarded. In Hamm's drafts, Batman avoided killing and concentrated on protecting Gotham's homeless. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] Ultimately, his two scripts failed to reignite Burton's interest, [ 25 ] [ 26 ] and the director instead focused on Edward Scissorhands (1990) and co-writing The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993). [ 9 ] Burton was confirmed to direct the sequel in January 1991, with filming planned to begin later that year for a 1992 release. [ 27 ] His decision was influenced by the 1989 departure of Batman producers Peter Guber and Jon Peters to Columbia Pictures , as Burton had been frustrated by the level of creative control they exercised over the first film. [ 28 ] He agreed to return only after securing greater creative authority, later admitting that Batman was his least favorite of his films, describing it as "occasionally boring". [ 9 ] [ 25 ] [ 29 ] According to long-time collaborator Denise Di Novi , "Only about 50% of Batman was [Burton]", and Warner Bros. wanted Batman Returns to be "more of a Tim Burton movie ... [a] weirder movie but also more hip and fun". [ 29 ] Burton brought in several long-time collaborators to replace key members of the original Batman crew, including cinematographer Stefan Czapsky , production designer Bo Welch , creature-effects supervisor Stan Winston , makeup artist Ve Neill , and art directors Tom Duffield and Rick Henrichs. [ 30 ] He hired Daniel Waters to replace Hamm, preferring a writer with no emotional attachment to Batman . Burton admired Waters's script for the dark comedy Heathers (1988), which reflected the darker tone and creative direction he envisioned for the sequel. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 29 ] Burton reportedly clashed with Peters, demoting him to executive producer and largely excluding him from the set. [ 9 ] Warner Bros. served as the production company and distributor, with additional support from executive producer Guber and Peters's Polygram Pictures . [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Writing Waters began work on his first draft in mid-1990. [ 33 ] Burton's only guidance was that the script should avoid connections to the previous Batman , aside from a brief reference to Vale as Wayne's former partner, and that Catwoman should be developed with more depth than the typical sexy vixen archetype. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Waters, who disliked the 1989 film, ignored its narrative threads and comic-book history, focusing instead on artistic expression. [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Unlike Hamm, Waters did not object to Batman killing , arguing that the character should reflect darker contemporary sensibilities and that relying on authorities to handle captured villains felt outdated. [ 25 ] Even so, he limited Batman's lethal actions to moments that served the story. He also expressed dissatisfaction with unscripted additions, such as the scene where Batman blows up a Red Triangle gang member. [ 8 ] Keaton had Waters remove jabs at the 1989 film's merchandising, including an opening on a merchandise store, saying, "[This] is very clever. Cut it". [ 36 ] Waters's dialogue for Batman, which he described as "bitter and cynical"—including lines suggesting Gotham City was unworthy of protection—was pared back because Keaton felt Batman should speak as little as possible in costume, and Burton preferred to portray the character as motivated by trauma rather than nihilism . [ 8 ] [ 34 ] [ 37 ] As a result, the script focused on the villains . Burton said he initially struggled to understand the appeal of the Penguin's comic-book counterpart; Batman, Catwoman, and the Joker had clear psychological profiles, but the Penguin was "just this guy with a cigarette and a top hat". [ 25 ] The initial draft portrayed him as a stereotypical DeVito character—an abrasive gangster—but Waters and Burton agreed to make him more "animalistic". [ 33 ] They decided to present the Penguin as a tragic figure, abandoned as an infant by his parents, mirroring Batman's childhood trauma of losing his own parents. [ 25 ] Political and social satire was incorporated, influenced by two episodes of the 1960s television series Batman ("Hizzoner the Penguin" and "Dizhonner the Penguin"), in which the Penguin runs for mayor. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] Waters reimagined Hamm's Catwoman, shifting her from a "fetishy sexual fantasy" femme fatale to a working-class, disenchanted secretary, writing her as an allegory of contemporary feminism. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Waters created Max Shreck—an original character named after actor Max Schreck —to replace Harvey Dent/Two-Face. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Shreck was written satirically, an evil industrialist who orchestrates the Penguin's mayoral campaign, to show that true villains do not always wear costumes. In one draft, he was depicted as the Penguin's favored brother. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] With four central characters to develop, Waters and Burton removed Robin, a garage mechanic who aids Batman after the Penguin crashes the Batmobile, describing the character as "worthless". [ 25 ] [ 30 ] The Red Triangle gang, initially conceived as a troupe of performance artists, was changed to circus clowns at Burton's request. [ 38 ] Waters said his 160-page first draft was too outlandish and would have cost $400 million to produce, prompting him to adopt a more restrained approach. [ 33 ] His fifth and final draft focused on characterization and interactions rather than plot. [ b ] Burton and Waters eventually fell out over disagreements about the script, particularly Waters's refusal to make requested changes. Burton hired Wesley Strick to streamline Waters's lengthy script, condense dialogue, and lighten the tone. [ 37 ] Warner Bros. executives required Strick to include a master plan for the Penguin, leading to the addition of a plot involving the kidnapping of Gotham's first-born sons and the threat of missile attacks. [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 40 ] Strick delivered his draft in August 1991. [ 28 ] Waters described the changes as relatively minor but expressed confusion over the Penguin's master plan. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 37 ] He made a final revision to Strick's shooting script, and although Strick was on set for months and involved in agreed-upon rewrites, Waters was the sole credited screenwriter. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 41 ] Casting Michael Keaton reprised his role as Bruce Wayne / Batman for $10 million, double his salary for Batman . [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 42 ] Burton initially wanted Marlon Brando to play the Penguin, but Warner Bros. preferred Dustin Hoffman . Christopher Lloyd and Robert De Niro were also considered, with Danny DeVito emerging as the frontrunner after Waters reimagined the character as a deformed human-bird hybrid. [ 22 ] [ 26 ] [ 43 ] DeVito was initially hesitant to accept the role until persuaded by his close friend Jack Nicholson , who had portrayed the Joker in Batman . [ 26 ] [ 43 ] To communicate his vision, Burton showed DeVito a painting he had created of a small character sitting on a red-and-white striped ball, captioned: "my name is Jimmy, but my friends call me the hideous penguin boy". [ 8 ] [ 25 ] [ 40 ] Casting Selina Kyle / Catwoman proved challenging. [ 25 ] [ 40 ] Annette Bening was initially cast in the role but had to withdraw due to pregnancy. Other actresses considered included Ellen Barkin , Cher , Bridget Fonda , Jennifer Jason Leigh , Madonna , Julie Newmar , Lena Olin , Susan Sarandon , Raquel Welch , and Kim Basinger. The most notable contender was Sean Young , who had been cast as Vale in Batman before an injury prevented her from performing. [ c ] Young reportedly visited the Warner Bros. lot in a homemade Catwoman costume for an impromptu audition with Burton, who allegedly hid under his desk while Keaton and producer Mark Canton briefly met with her. She also showcased her costume on Entertainment Tonight and pitched it on The Joan Rivers Show . Warner Bros. ultimately decided that Young did not align with their vision for Catwoman. [ d ] The role went to Michelle Pfeiffer , who was regarded as a proven actress and someone who worked well with Burton, although some publications suggested the role would challenge her acting range. [ 8 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] Pfeiffer had also been considered for the role of Vale in Batman , but Keaton vetoed her casting due to their previous romantic relationship, believing her presence could interfere with attempts to reconcile with his wife. [ 47 ] She received a $3 million salary—$2 million more than Bening—plus a share of the film's gross profits. [ e ] Pfeiffer trained for several months in kickboxing with her stunt double, Kathy Long , mastering the whip and becoming skilled enough to perform many of her own stunts with it. [ f ] Shreck's appearance was modeled on Vincent Price in an unspecified older film, while Walken based his performance on moguls such as Sol Hurok and Samuel Goldwyn . [ 5 ] [ 8 ] Walken said, "I tend to play mostly villains and twisted people. Unsavory guys. I think it's my face, the way I look". [ 51 ] Burgess Meredith , who portrayed the Penguin in the 1960s TV series, was originally scheduled to cameo as Penguin's father, Tucker Cobblepot, but became ill during filming. He was replaced by Paul Reubens, while Diane Salinger played Tucker's wife, Esther. Both had previously appeared in Burton's feature-film debut, Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985). [ 9 ] [ 26 ] [ 52 ] Although Robin was removed from the final screenplay, the character's development had progressed far enough that Marlon Wayans had already been cast (Burton had specifically wanted an African-American Robin), and costumes, sets, and action figures were created. In a 1998 interview, Wayans said that he continued to receive residual checks under the two-film contract he had signed. [ g ] Early reports suggested that Nicholson had been asked to return as the Joker, but he allegedly declined to film in England due to foreign salary taxes. Nicholson, however, denied being asked, believing that Warner Bros. would not want to replicate the generous compensation he had received for Batman . [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Filming Principal photography began on September 3, 1991. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 57 ] Burton wanted to film in the United States with American actors, believing that Batman , which had been shot in the United Kingdom, had "suffered from a British subtext". [ h ] Changes in the economics of filming in the UK also made it more cost-effective to remain in the U.S. [ 30 ] This decision required abandoning the Pinewood Studios sets in favor of Burton's new designs. Batman Returns was filmed almost entirely on up to eight soundstages at Warner Bros. Studios, Burbank , California, including Stage 16, which housed the expansive Gotham Plaza set. [ i ] Stage 12 at the Universal Studios Lot was used for the Penguin's Arctic-exhibit lair. [ j ] Warner Bros. maintained a high level of security to avoid details leaking for Batman Returns . Cast and crew wore ID badges branded with the film's working title , Dictel , a word coined by Welch and Burton meaning "dictatorial", as they were unhappy with the studio's "ridiculous gestapo " measures. [ 59 ] Some sets were kept very cold for the live Emperor , black-footed , and King penguins. [ 8 ] [ 22 ] [ 26 ] The birds were transported in a refrigerated airplane for filming, and housed in a chilled waiting area with a swimming pool stocked daily with half a ton of ice and fresh fish. [ 8 ] [ 26 ] DeVito stated that, although he generally enjoyed being on set, he disliked the cold conditions and was the only cast member somewhat comfortable due to the heavy padding in his costume. [ 8 ] The penguin army was created using live penguins supplemented by puppets, forty Emperor-penguin suits worn by little people, and computer-generated imagery (CGI). [ 8 ] [ 22 ] People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) protested the use of real penguins, citing concerns over moving the birds from their natural environment. While the organization later acknowledged that the penguins were not mistreated, it criticized the lack of fresh drinking water, noting they were confined to a small chlorinated pool. [ 22 ] [ 60 ] PETA also objected to the penguins being fitted with prop weapons and gadgets, which Warner Bros. stated were lightweight plastic. [ 61 ] Burton himself expressed a reluctance to use live animals, emphasizing his care and concern for their treatment. [ 62 ] Walken described the filming process as highly collaborative, recalling that his suggestion to add a blueprint for Shreck's power plant led to a model being constructed within hours. [ 8 ] The scene in which Catwoman places a live bird in her mouth was performed live, with no CGI, and Pfeiffer later remarked that she would not perform the stunt again, given the potential risks of injury or disease. [ 8 ] For a sewer scene, handlers positioned above and below guided an organ-grinder monkey carrying a note for the Penguin. When the monkey saw DeVito in full costume and makeup, it lunged at him. DeVito recalled, "The monkey looked at me, froze, and then leapt right at my balls ... Thank god it was a padded costume". [ 63 ] A scene depicting the explosion of Shreck's superstore resulted in minor injuries to four stuntmen. [ 22 ] Principal photography concluded on February 20, 1992, after 170 days. [ 22 ] Design and effects Batman Returns ' production design and visual style were reimagined by Bo Welch, replacing the late Anton Furst and bringing a darker, expressionist aesthetic after collaborating with Burton on Beetlejuice (1988) and Edward Scissorhands . [ 5 ] [ 26 ] [ 35 ] Welch designed key props such as the Batskiboat and Penguin's umbrellas, introduced a "Batmissile" mode for the Batmobile, and oversaw large-scale sets including Gotham Plaza and Penguin's lair. [ 35 ] [ 64 ] Influenced by German Expressionism —a 1920s cinematic style characterized by harsh shadows, distorted architecture, and psychological intensity—Welch also drew from neo-fascist architecture (including Nazi Germany-era styles ), American Precisionist painting, and street-level imagery of homelessness amid affluence. He employed miniatures and exaggerated verticality to evoke a decaying, alienating Gotham. [ 22 ] [ 35 ] [ 65 ] Welch, a trained architect, structured the city on a grid of strong vertical lines, emphasizing huge skyscrapers that transform streets into dark canyons to evoke a sense of victimization and oppression. [ 35 ] [ 66 ] He researched the look by studying fascist architecture from the Third Reich and world's fairs , styles he felt were "evocative of oppressive bureaucracies and dictatorships", to design the monolithic Gotham Plaza. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] Welch further drew upon Precisionism, a movement known for using hard outlines, solid shadows, and slick, impersonal surfaces to lend industrial subjects an epic character, citing the work of Charles Sheeler and Georgia O'Keeffe as specific influences. [ 66 ] He also incorporated Burton's early sketch of Catwoman, with a "very S&M kind of look", by integrating steel and chain elements into the set, creating the impression of a city collapsing in on itself. [ 35 ] [ 22 ] Costume designers Bob Ringwood and Mary Vogt updated the Batsuit with a mechanical look and created a fragile latex Catwoman suit requiring numerous backups. [ 22 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] DeVito's Penguin relied on extensive prosthetics by Stan Winston Studio , including black saliva for grotesque effect, and the team built thirty animatronic penguins supplemented with actors and digital effects. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 22 ] Post-production was intense, with some effects shots conceived just weeks before the June 19, 1992 release. [ 72 ] The visual effects workload ultimately encompassed around 115 shots, employing matte paintings, miniatures, CGI, makeup, puppets, and pyrotechnics, handled by six major effects houses including Stan Winston Studio, Boss Film Studios , and Matte World Digital . [ 72 ] [ 31 ] Post-production Chris Lebenzon edited the 126-minute theatrical cut of Batman Returns . [ 7 ] [ 17 ] [ 73 ] The post-production period was rushed, forcing Burton to present a cut to studio executives only four weeks after filming wrapped—far shorter than his typical editing timelines. [ 74 ] The final scene of Catwoman looking up at the Bat-Signal was filmed during post-production, just two weeks before release. Warner Bros. mandated the scene—showing that Catwoman survived—after test audiences responded positively to Pfeiffer's performance. Pfeiffer was unavailable, so a stand-in was used. [ k ] Although the character draws on feline mythology—such as cats having nine lives—Waters and Burton never intended the supernatural elements to be taken literally, and Catwoman was planned to definitively die alongside Shreck. [ 8 ] [ 78 ] A scene showing Penguin's gang destroying a store filled with Batman merchandise was also removed. [ 25 ] Warner Bros. provided a final budget of $55 million for Batman Returns , though other sources have cited estimates of $50 million, $65 million, $75 million, or $80 million. [ l ] [ ii ] Music Danny Elfman was initially reluctant to score Batman Returns because he was unhappy that his Batman score was supplemented with pop music by Prince . [ 8 ] Elfman built on many of his Batman themes, and said that he enjoyed working on the Penguin's themes the most because of the character's sympathetic aspects, such as his abandonment and death. [ 8 ] [ 83 ] Recorded with a studio orchestra on the Sony Scoring Stage in Los Angeles, Elfman's score includes vocals, harps, bells, xylophones, flutes, pianos, and chimes. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Burton and Elfman fell out during production due to the stress of finishing Batman Returns on time, but reconciled shortly afterward. [ 86 ] The song " Face to Face ", played during the costume-ball scene, was co-written and performed by the British rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees . [ 85 ] Release Context By the summer theatrical season of 1992 (starting the last week of May), the film industry faced low ticket sales, rising production costs, and several box-office failures from the previous year. [ 87 ] Eighty-nine films were scheduled for release, including A League of Their Own , Alien 3 , Encino Man , Far and Away , Patriot Games , and Sister Act . [ 24 ] [ 79 ] [ 87 ] Studios had to carefully plan releases to avoid competition from anticipated blockbusters, such as Lethal Weapon 3 , Batman Returns , and the 1992 Summer Olympics . [ 79 ] Batman Returns was predicted to be the summer's biggest hit, causing other studios to worry about scheduling films even a few weeks from its premiere. [ 79 ] [ 88 ] Paramount Pictures reportedly increased Patriot Games ' budget by $14 million to make it more competitive with Batman Returns and Lethal Weapon 3 . [ 79 ] [ 87 ] Marketing Franchising had not been a major focus for Batman prior to its release, but after merchandise generated roughly $500 million of the film's $1.5 billion total earnings, it became a priority for Batman Returns . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 89 ] A 12-minute promotional reel debuted at WorldCon in September 1991, alongside a black-and-white poster of a silhouetted Batman, which was deemed "mundane" and uninspiring by industry professionals. [ 22 ] [ 65 ] Warner Bros. delayed major promotion until February 1992 to avoid over-saturation and alienating audiences. [ 65 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] A trailer rolled out in 5,000 theaters that month, accompanied by a new poster showing a snow-swept Batman logo. [ 22 ] [ 65 ] The campaign focused on the three central characters—Batman, Penguin, and Catwoman—which Warner Bros. believed would offset the absence of the popular Nicholson. [ 87 ] [ 90 ] Over two-thirds of the 300 public posters were stolen, prompting Warner Bros. to offer 200 limited-edition posters for $250, signed by Keaton, who donated his earnings to charity. [ 22 ] [ 90 ] [ 91 ] Marketing expenditures were expected to exceed $100 million, including $20 million by Warner Bros. for commercials and trailers and $60 million by merchandising partners. These partners—including McDonald's , Ralston Purina , Kmart , Target Corporation , Venture Stores , and Sears —planned roughly 300 in-store Batman shops. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] McDonald's converted 9,000 outlets into Gotham City restaurants, featuring Batman-themed packaging and a cup lid that doubled as a flying disc. [ 89 ] CBS aired the television special The Bat, The Cat, The Penguin ... Batman Returns , while Choice Hotels sponsored the hour-long The Making of Batman Returns . [ 22 ] [ 89 ] TV ads depicted Batman and Catwoman fighting over a can of Diet Coke , with the Penguin (and his penguins) promoting Choice Hotels, and additional advertisements ran on billboards and in print—sometimes across three consecutive newspaper pages—targeting older audiences. [ 90 ] Box office Batman Returns premiered on June 16, 1992, at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood. Two blocks of Hollywood Boulevard were closed for more than 3,000 fans, 33 TV film crews, and 100 photographers. A party followed on the Stage 16 Gotham Plaza set, attended by the cast and crew, as well as Arnold Schwarzenegger , Faye Dunaway , James Caan , Mickey Rooney , Harvey Keitel , Christian Slater , and James Woods , among others. [ 58 ] The film had a limited preview release in the U.S. and Canada on Thursday, June 18, grossing $2 million. [ 8 ] [ 24 ] [ 82 ] It expanded widely the following day, playing on an above-average 3,000 screens across 2,644 theaters. [ 8 ] [ 24 ] [ 92 ] Batman Returns grossed $45.7 million in its opening weekend, breaking the record set by Batman ($42.7 million), and debuted as the number-one film, topping Sister Act ($7.8 million in its fourth weekend) and Patriot Games ($7.7 million in its third). [ 24 ] [ 92 ] [ 93 ] Batman Returns was the first feature film released in Dolby Stereo Digital , in select theaters, marking a milestone in cinema audio technology that later became synonymous with surround sound in theaters. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Early analysis suggested Batman Returns could become one of the highest-grossing films of all time. Warner Bros. executive Robert Friedman noted, "We opened it the first real weekend when kids are out of school. The audience is everybody, but the engine that drives the charge are kids under 20". [ 24 ] Patriot Games producer Mace Neufeld observed that other films benefited from overflow audiences who avoided long lines or sold-out screenings of Batman Returns . [ 24 ] Batman Returns grossed $25.4 million in its second weekend—a 44.3 percent drop—yet remained the number-one film ahead of the debuting Unlawful Entry ($10.1 million) and Sister Act ($7.2 million). [ 96 ] [ 97 ] By its third weekend, it became the second-fastest film to reach $100 million (11 days), behind Batman (10 days). [ 98 ] It held the top spot with $13.8 million (a 45.6 percent drop), narrowly edging out the debuts of A League of Their Own ($13.7 million) and Boomerang ($13.6 million). [ 97 ] [ 99 ] The Washington Post described its steep week-to-week declines as concerning, and industry analysts suggested that Batman Returns would struggle to match the theatrical longevity of Batman . [ 97 ] [ 22 ] The film exited the top ten highest-grossing films by its seventh week and concluded its 18-week run in late October with a total U.S. and Canada gross of $162.8 million. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] This made it the third-highest-grossing film of 1992, behind Home Alone 2: Lost in New York ($173.6 million) and Aladdin ($217.3 million). [ 102 ] Outside the U.S. and Canada, Batman Returns grossed $104 million, [ 103 ] setting U.K. records for the highest-grossing opening weekend (£2.5 million) and single-day gross (£1.1 million). [ 97 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] Worldwide, Batman Returns grossed $266.8 million, [ iii ] making it the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1992, ahead of A Few Good Men ($243.2 million) and behind Lethal Weapon 3 ($321.7 million). [ 103 ] Reception Critical response Batman Returns drew a polarized response from critics and audiences, with its darker tone and mature content proving divisive. [ 5 ] [ 22 ] [ 106 ] CinemaScore polling reported an average grade from audiences of B on an A+-to-F scale. [ 107 ] Some reviewers, including Janet Maslin and Desson Howe , compared the sequel favorably to Batman , citing faster pacing, increased humor, and greater character depth, which avoided the original's "dourness" and "tedium". [ m ] Maslin and Dave Kehr emphasized that Burton's creative control made Batman Returns a more personal and "fearlessly" distinctive work. [ 109 ] [ 112 ] Critics such as Kenneth Turan commended the film's visuals but argued that the emphasis on spectacle sometimes made it feel cheerless and claustrophobic, occasionally at the expense of the plot. [ 7 ] [ 81 ] [ 111 ] Owen Gleiberman suggested that Burton's imaginative flourishes were undermined by a lack of grounding in normality. [ 7 ] The narrative received mixed reactions. Howe and Turan praised the film for adding emotional depth to its characters, particularly Catwoman and the Penguin, though Turan noted a lag in pacing midway. [ 108 ] [ 81 ] In contrast, Todd McCarthy found the story cluttered, with too many plotlines diminishing momentum. [ 110 ] Gleiberman similarly argued that the numerous storylines created a sense of disjointedness. [ 7 ] Critics generally agreed that the first two acts were more compelling than the finale, which they believed struggled to resolve multiple character arcs satisfactorily. [ 108 ] [ 81 ] [ 110 ] Others, including Jonathan Rosenbaum , believed the film lacked suspense and clever writing, overwhelmed by characters and near-constant banter. [ 12 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] Maslin observed that Burton prioritized visuals over plot. [ 109 ] Gene Siskel argued that the sympathetic villains diminished narrative satisfaction, leaving viewers wishing Batman might not prevail. [ 115 ] Critics noted that the film devoted more attention to its villains than to Batman himself. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] [ 116 ] Gleiberman remarked that the villain sequences often overshadowed Keaton's performance. [ 7 ] McCarthy described Batman as a symbolic figure rather than a psychologically complex character, while Ebert viewed being Batman as a curse rather than a heroic fantasy. [ 12 ] [ 110 ] [ 116 ] Conversely, Peter Travers praised Keaton's "manic depressive hero" as a fully realized character. [ 117 ] DeVito was acclaimed by Gleiberman, McCarthy, and Maslin for his energetic and distinctive portrayal, effectively conveying pathos and complexity despite heavy prosthetics. [ 7 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] Howe highlighted Burton's focus on the character as indicative of directorial sympathy, [ 108 ] while Maslin and Caryn James praised DeVito's charm, making the Penguin a compelling and memorable presence. [ 109 ] [ 116 ] McCarthy and Travers described him as fascinating and humorously warped. [ 110 ] [ 117 ] Turan and Rosenbaum, however, felt he did not evoke the same fear or energy as Nicholson's Joker. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] [ 113 ] Turan, Kehr, and Maslin praised Pfeiffer for her passionate, intelligent, and fiercely independent performance, providing energy and levity amid the film's dark tone. [ 81 ] [ 109 ] [ 112 ] Rosenbaum felt she did not match Nicholson's villainy, [ 113 ] though Turan called the Batman–Catwoman scenes the most interesting. [ 81 ] Travers noted that when the characters remove their masks, they appear "lost and touchingly human," and Ty Burr described the ballroom scene as more emotionally resonant than anything in Batman . [ 117 ] [ 111 ] Ebert observed that their sexual tension seemed muted for a younger audience. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] Walken's performance was praised for its combination of charm, wit, and understated authority. Maslin emphasized Walken's debonair and engaging performance as one of the film's highlights, while McCarthy noted his understated, composed delivery. Travers also remarked on his clever and amusing take on the character, describing him as a "fiendishly funny" presence. [ 109 ] [ 110 ] [ 117 ] Bo Welch's production design received acclaim for creating a sleeker, brighter, and more authoritarian Gotham than Furst's "brooding" style. [ 81 ] [ 112 ] [ 118 ] McCarthy lauded Welch's realization of Burton's vision, though Siskel dismissed it as "toy shop window decorating" compared to Furst. [ 110 ] [ 115 ] Costume and makeup design were praised, with Maslin noting their lingering visual impact. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 119 ] Stefan Czapsky's cinematography was well received, lending a "lively" quality to the subterranean sets. [ 109 ] Accolades At the 46th British Academy Film Awards , Batman Returns was nominated for Best Makeup (Ve Neill and Stan Winston) and Best Special Visual Effects (Michael Fink, Craig Barron, John Bruno, and Dennis Skotak). [ 120 ] For the 65th Academy Awards , Batman Returns received two nomations: Best Makeup (Neill, Ronnie Specter, and Winston) and Best Visual Effects (Fink, Barron, Bruno, and Skotak). [ 121 ] Neill and Winston received the Best Make-up award at the 19th Saturn Awards . The film received four other Saturn Award nominations for Best Fantasy Film , Best Supporting Actor (DeVito), Best Director (Burton), and Best Costume Design (Bob Ringwood, Mary Vogt, and Vin Burnham ). [ 122 ] DeVito was nominated for Worst Supporting Actor at the 13th Golden Raspberry Awards , and Pfeiffer for Most Desirable Female at the 1993 MTV Movie Awards . [ 123 ] [ 124 ] Batman Returns was nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. [ 125 ] After release Performance analysis and aftermath The U.S. and Canadian box office underperformed in 1992, with admissions down by up to five percent and about 290 million tickets sold (compared to over 300 million in each of the preceding four years). Industry professionals attributed the decline to a combination of uninspired films, rising ticket prices, competition from the Olympics, and an economic recession . Even financially successful films experienced steep week-to-week drops, particularly among younger audiences, who were vital to box office success. [ 126 ] Despite these challenges, Batman Returns and Lethal Weapon 3 gave Warner Bros. the most profitable first half-year in its history, with the studio expecting returns over $200 million . [ 98 ] However, Batman Returns fell $114.8 million short of Batman ' s $411.6 million gross, and was considered a disappointment as a sequel to the fifth-highest-grossing film of its time. [ 42 ] [ 127 ] [ 128 ] By July 1992, anonymous Warner Bros. executives reportedly said about the film, "It's too dark. It's not a lot of fun". [ 5 ] Although it carried a PG-13 rating —warning that it may contain content unsuitable for children—Warner Bros. received thousands of complaint letters from parents who objected to the film's violent and sexualized content. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 126 ] Waters recalled one screening where "It's like kids crying, people acting like they've been punched in the stomach and like they've been mugged". [ 5 ] He anticipated some backlash but admitted that certain elements may have gone too far. [ 129 ] Burton later said that he preferred Batman Returns to Batman and did not view it as darker. [ 130 ] Sam Hamm defended Burton and Waters, stating that, aside from merchandising, the film had never been intended as child-friendly. [ 129 ] McDonald's was also criticized for its child-centered promotion and toy tie-ins. [ n ] The company subsequently changed its practices, requiring extended previews of films before agreeing to promotional partnerships. [ 132 ] Warner Bros.' hopes that the film might mirror Batman ' s lucrative merchandising campaign were similarly undercut, as demand for licensed products proved far weaker than in 1989. A JCPenney representative reported that only about one-third of stock had sold, with the remainder discounted, while another store described sales as barely a tenth of Batman ' s. [ 132 ] In light of the backlash and merchandising decline, Warner Bros. chose to continue the series without Burton, whom they considered "too dark and odd for them", and hired Joel Schumacher to direct the next installment. [ 42 ] A rival studio executive remarked, "If you bring back Burton and Keaton, you're stuck with their vision. You can't expect Honey, I Shrunk the Batman ", referencing the family-friendly Honey, I Shrunk the Kids (1989). [ 131 ] Around the same time, executive producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael Uslan sued Warner Bros., alleging that the studio had denied them their share of profits from Batman and Batman Returns through Hollywood accounting practices—artificially inflating a film's production costs to make it appear unprofitable and limit payouts. A court ruled in Warner Bros.' favor, citing insufficient evidence. [ 133 ] [ 134 ] Home media Batman Returns was released on VHS and LaserDisc on October 21, 1992. [ 22 ] [ 135 ] [ 136 ] The VHS carried a lower-than-average price to encourage sales and rentals. Although the film was expected to sell millions of copies and perform strongly as a rental, commentators suggested its darker tone would limit appeal among children, the demographic most responsible for driving home-video sales. [ 135 ] Danny Elfman's score was issued on compact disc in 1992, with an expanded edition released in 2010. [ 85 ] The film was first released on DVD in 1997, without additional features. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] In October 2005, Warner Bros. issued an anthology DVD box set containing all four films in the Burton–Schumacher Batman series. The Batman Returns disc included a commentary by Burton, the making-of featurette The Bat, The Cat, and The Penguin , the fourth part of the documentary Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight , featurettes on costumes, make-up, and special effects, and the music video for Face to Face . [ 139 ] The anthology set was reissued on Blu-ray in 2009, alongside a standalone Blu-ray edition of Batman Returns . [ 137 ] [ 140 ] A 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray edition, restored from the original 35mm negative, was released in 2019 with previously available special features. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] A 4K collector's edition followed in 2022, packaged in a SteelBook case with original cover art, character cards, a double-sided poster, and the earlier supplements. [ 143 ] Other media About 120 products were marketed with Batman Returns , including action figures and toys by Kenner Products , Catwoman-themed clothing, toothbrushes, roller skates, T-shirts, underwear, sunglasses, towels, beanbags, mugs, weightlifting gloves, throw pillows, cookie cutters, commemorative coins, playing cards, costume jewelry, cereal, a radio-controlled Batmobile, and even tortilla chips shaped like the Batman logo. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] Although a similar number of products had been marketed for Batman (1989), Warner Bros. used fewer licensees this time to allow greater oversight. To combat counterfeiting, holographic labels developed by American Bank Note Holographics were attached to licensed merchandise. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] The concurrent release of Batman: The Animated Series later in 1992 was expected to extend merchandising success beyond the film's theatrical run. [ 89 ] Other tie-ins included a novelization by Craig Shaw Gardner , published in July 1992, [ 144 ] [ 145 ] and the roller coaster Batman: The Ride at Six Flags Great America , built at a cost of $8 million and later replicated at additional Six Flags parks alongside a Batman stunt show. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] Several video-game adaptations titled Batman Returns were released across nearly all available platforms; [ 146 ] [ 147 ] [ 148 ] the Super Nintendo Entertainment System version was the most successful. [ 149 ] The film's legacy continued in later media. To celebrate the Penguin's 80th anniversary, DeVito wrote the 2021 comic story "Bird Cat Love", in which Penguin and Catwoman fall in love and end the COVID-19 pandemic . [ 150 ] [ 151 ] In 2022, DC Comics launched Batman '89 , a series written by Sam Hamm with art by Joe Quinones, which continues the Burton continuity, following up on Batman Returns by depicting Harvey Dent's transformation into Two-Face and introducing Robin. [ 152 ] The Red Triangle Gang made their first appearance outside the film in Robin #15 (2022). [ 153 ] [ 154 ] That same year, a holiday tie-in book was released, Batman Returns: One Dark Christmas Eve: The Illustrated Holiday Classic , by Ivan Cohen. [ 155 ] In 2023, LEGO released a near 4,000-piece Batcave set inspired by Batman Returns . [ 156 ] Thematic analysis Duality and fragmented identity Critic David Crow identifies duality as a central motif in Batman Returns , noting that Catwoman, Penguin, and Shreck each reflect warped aspects of Batman. [ 157 ] [ 25 ] [ 114 ] English and American studies professor Carol Siegel contends that the film is a neo-gothic fairy tale exploring bodily transformation and fragmented identity, often through the lens of rage against oppressive social structures. [ 158 ] Siegel argues that the film is unique within the Batman mythos because it is "more concerned with Bruce Wayne than his alter ego", resulting in an "almost complete abandonment of the action-adventure aspect of the comic tradition". [ 159 ] The divided selves of Bruce and Selina are central to the narrative, and themes of fractured identity are especially evident in Catwoman's transformation. [ 159 ] [ 160 ] According to author Simon Born, the dual identities constrain both characters, and their fleeting recognition at the masquerade ball is undermined by what he terms their "advanced schizophrenia". [ 161 ] Like Bruce, Selina is driven by trauma and inner conflict; unlike Batman, who seeks justice, she seeks vengeance. [ 6 ] [ 112 ] Although Catwoman acknowledges Batman's assertion that they are "the same, split right down the center", their differences prevent reconciliation. [ 25 ] Critics Darren Mooney and Betsy Sharkey argue that Penguin mirrors Batman's origin, as both lost their parents at an early age. Shreck even notes that, if not for his abandonment, Oswald Cobblepot and Bruce Wayne might have shared social circles. While Batman accepts his solitude, the Penguin craves acceptance, love, and respect, despite his destructive impulses. [ 5 ] [ 35 ] Mooney suggests Batman's conflicts with Penguin are personal rather than moral: Batman, quietly proud of being a "freak", resents the Penguin for mirroring his own abnormality. [ 5 ] Shreck, meanwhile, embodies Bruce's public persona taken to extremes—an industrialist whose greed and populism are masked by cheap gestures toward the public. [ 25 ] Born describes Batman Returns as a highly stylized neo-gothic work in which identity, social critique, and psychological trauma are externalized through an opulent design. [ 157 ] He refers to Gotham as an "insurrection of signs", where established symbols are inverted and notions of good and evil destabilized. [ 162 ] Born further argues that Batman has lost his personal identity to his alter ego: "Bruce Wayne is the mask of Batman". Batman uses this monstrous persona to shield himself from the world. Born notes that the hero's violence is depicted with a "casualness and malice" that is intended to unsettle the audience. [ 160 ] This portrayal implies that Batman is not far removed from the "relentless methods" of the fascistic powers he once opposed in earlier comics. [ 163 ] The carnivalesque and social critique Writer Catherine Mettler describes Batman Returns as a cinematic application of Mikhail Bakhtin 's theory of the carnivalesque , which posits that carnival can invert existing power hierarchies and enable popular renewal. Burton's work is characterized by elements that are "exuberantly colorful, gay, hallucinogenic, childlike, and chaotic", which he applies to films such as Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005). [ 164 ] The Penguin is a key embodiment of the carnivalesque, particularly through the concept of the grotesque body. [ 165 ] Mettler highlights his deformed physicality and excessive appetites as representations of the "unbounded" and "materially linked" body of the common people. [ 165 ] His sewer lair is described as a circus, further emphasizing the visual chaos of his character. [ 166 ] Living among the city's waste, the Penguin's existence underscores the stark divide between the elite and the masses he represents. [ 167 ] As the "least obvious carnivalesque character," Catwoman embodies the theme on a personal level. [ 168 ] Her transformation aligns with Bakhtin's notion of a carnival spirit that liberates a person from "conventions and established truths" and offers entry into "a completely new order of things". [ 168 ] Selina, a victim of a "sexist macho society", is pushed out a window by her boss. [ 169 ] Born argues that Selina empowers herself by adapting the 'symbol of her oppression—the cat—' and reframing it as a 'furious panther' in opposition to the chauvinistic business world. [ 160 ] Her rebellion reflects post-feminist theories linking sexuality, power, and identity. [ 160 ] However, Born argues that her struggle against masculine authority ultimately fails, as her autonomy is continually challenged by male characters, reflecting Hollywood's patriarchal system. [ 160 ] Sexuality and repression Batman Returns is noted for its exploration of sexuality, particularly the relationship between Batman and Catwoman, with critics often citing its S&M undertones and the use of leather fetish suits. [ 170 ] Siegel described the film as an "S&M art film" marketed as a children's summer blockbuster. [ 171 ] She argues that the film's exploration of fetishism, perversity, and eroticism is central to its neo-gothic themes. [ 158 ] According to Siegel, a central theme in Burton's work, including Batman Returns , is the "shared exhilaration and anxiety concerning bodily transformation". [ 172 ] This is most evident in Catwoman, whose transformation is marked by prominent stitches on her homemade patent-leather suit. [ 173 ] These stitches are both literal and symbolic, testifying to her reanimation after her death and revival by alley cats. [ 172 ] Siegel posits that the act of sewing her own suit functions as an ironic mimicry of the oppressive feminine social roles that had previously terrorized her. [ 174 ] Siegel suggests that their consensual S&M-coded relationship is mitigated by their heroic actions, which allow them to channel "both their rage and their perverse desires into their ongoing fight against destructive evil". [ 175 ] She contends this portrayal suggests that S&M can be regarded as "nearly wholesome so long as it is manifested with control and proper purpose". [ 175 ] Other critics interpret Batman and Catwoman's attraction less as sexual perversity and more as a "romance between two schizophrenics," rooted in shared anger and emotional wounds. [ 175 ] Critic Tom Breihan described Catwoman's vinyl catsuit as "pure BDSM ", complete with the whip she wields as a weapon. [ 25 ] [ 176 ] In the climax, she rejects Batman's offer of a happy ending and abandoning her revenge against Shreck; accepting Batman's will would mean allowing another man to control her. [ 25 ] Selina's arc from timid secretary to dominant Catwoman represents liberation from social conventions and established truths. [ 168 ] For Siegel, her stitched-together "Frankensteinean" catsuit is an artistic embodiment of her rage against patriarchal and repressive roles that once defined her. [ 177 ] Her story is one of personal empowerment against male hegemony, culminating in her showdown with Shreck. [ 178 ] Catwoman's overt embrace of sexuality contrasts with Batman's repression, presenting sexuality as dangerous, destabilizing, and incompatible with their vigilante roles. [ 179 ] Her sexuality functions both as empowerment and as a threat to patriarchal structures embodied by Shreck, Batman, and Penguin. [ 179 ] Alongside Catwoman's sexualized persona, Batman Returns continues a tradition in Batman media in which the hero's power stems from sublimating sexuality into violence. [ 179 ] Criminal justice scholar Graeme Newman said that, historically, Batman has been portrayed as asexual, reinforcing his obsessive focus on crime-fighting and echoing a moral stance that renounces "the medieval evil itself: sex". [ 180 ] His "tremendous force" of sexuality is redirected into "unrestrained lust: violence", presenting a distinctly male response to desire. [ 181 ] In Batman , his sexual encounter with Vicki Vale leaves him restless and disturbed, suggesting intimacy conflicts with his crime-fighting obsession. [ 182 ] The avoidance of homosexual themes—such as omitting Robin from the film or killing him in comics—was partly driven by fears that such portrayals would "contradict and divert attention away from the single-minded pursuit of justice". [ 182 ] The dynamic between Batman and Catwoman underscores this tension; both recognize that if they were to be together, they would no longer need to pursue their respective justice obsessions. [ 181 ] Mettler notes that while Catwoman achieves independence from social constraints and male control, she never achieves sexual liberation, observing that despite their attraction, she and Batman never consummate their relationship. [ 183 ] Film analyst Arthur Taussig argues that Catwoman's final decision in Batman Returns to reject the heroic Batman and choose "total freedom, total independence from all men" is a "revolutionary statement" and a "political breakthrough for popular cinema," as it subverts the traditional Hollywood formula of female characters finding fulfillment only through a male partner. [ 184 ] Power, politics, and ideology These tensions between sexuality and repression feed directly into the film's broader exploration of power and ideology, most clearly embodied in the Penguin's mayoral campaign, which Shreck masterminds. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] Selina gains agency by donning the Catwoman costume and embracing her anger and sexuality. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] By contrast, according to Newman, Batman sublimates sexuality into violence, aligning him with a conservative ideology: order requires the denial of personal desire, and strength must be expressed through "good violence" in service of justice. [ 185 ] The film's political themes are interwoven with the machinations of Shreck, a figure who wields wealth to secure influence, declaring, "There's no such thing as too much power; if my life has a meaning that's the meaning". [ 25 ] Born argues that Shreck is arguably the film's only purely evil character; he is more frightening than the "freaks and monsters" because he operates "behind a façade of normalcy" while manipulating, corrupting, and killing others. Born contends that Burton's work suggests the true source of fear is not "the Other" (the outsider) but the "ordinary". [ 186 ] He further explains that Burton portrays the film's "freaks and monsters" as victimized individuals: the Penguin, abandoned by wealthy parents, lashes out at the consumer society that rejected him; Catwoman emerges from a chauvinistic world; and even Batman is a "traumatized individual". [ 187 ] Born concludes that the film ultimately destabilizes the binaries of good and evil, framing them as subjective narrative constructs. [ 188 ] Shreck convinces Penguin to run for mayor to advance his own interests, while Penguin seeks the legitimacy and respect that recognition would bring, echoing Catwoman's struggle. [ 116 ] [ 189 ] Critic Caryn James observed that Batman Returns delivers "sharp political jabs", suggesting that money and image matter more than substance. [ 116 ] Whereas the Joker in Batman won support by throwing money into the crowd, Shreck and Penguin rely on spectacle, pandering, and corporate showmanship. Penguin notes that both he and Shreck are monsters, but only Shreck is "well-respected". James remarked that Penguin does not seek to become lovable, only accepted. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] [ 116 ] When voters turn on him, he retaliates with a plan to kill infants, symbols of the opportunities he never had. Critic John Crow argued that Burton shows greatest sympathy for Penguin, devoting more screen time to his development. [ 25 ] The narrative aligns with Newman's interpretation of the film as delivering a "deeply conservative message". [ 185 ] The ineffectual liberal mayor is outmaneuvered by Shreck, the "evil capitalist", while Gotham's "fickle masses" nearly elect Penguin. [ 185 ] In this reading, "the moral weakness of liberalism is eclipsed by the moral strength of evil", leaving Batman's "good violence" as the only force capable of restoring order. [ 185 ] The interplay of sexuality and politics completes this logic: Catwoman's sexuality threatens male control, Batman's repression channels desire into violence, and Gotham's citizens, manipulated by spectacle, require a morally certain, if brutal, hero to save them from themselves. [ 190 ] These artistic and political strands are closely tied to Burton's personal rebellious impulses. He admitted a desire to vent anger "on such a grand scale," claiming he was "pretty much against society from the beginning". [ 191 ] This resistance to class hierarchy and patriarchy recurs throughout his work. [ 191 ] Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique Crow and Mooney saw Batman Returns as a critique of Batman's real-world cultural popularity and merchandising, particularly following the success of the previous film. Notably, a scene of a store filled with Batman merchandise being destroyed was removed from the final cut. [ 25 ] The film is "saturated with Christmas energy", but rejects conventional holiday norms to function as an anti- Christmas film that critiques commercialism and the absence of true goodwill. Shreck cynically exploits Christmas tropes, falsely portraying himself as selfless and benevolent, while the perversions of Penguin's Red Triangle gang represent a more overt rejection of the holiday. [ 5 ] [ 25 ] Born describes Christmas as a central motif in the film, but it is portrayed as a symbol of "commercial mass deception" and the "tyranny of department stores". [ 162 ] Both Penguin and Catwoman use the festive season to challenge Gotham's established power structures with carnivalesque traits. [ 192 ] Gotham City is dominated by Shreck. [ 193 ] Shreck embodies ruthless capitalism concealed behind the "friendly face of a cartoon animal", a subtle critique by Burton of his own experiences with corporate entities like The Walt Disney Company . [ 193 ] Batman Returns has been described as a neo-gothic fairy tale that is "more Burton than Batman". [ 194 ] Its content was deemed unsuitable for young children, prompting backlash from parents and critics. [ 132 ] An editorial in The New York Times warned that the film was "violent, sexually suggestive", featuring scenes where "kids are abandoned, kidnapped, and threatened with death". [ 132 ] The film includes racy dialogue, such as "just the pussy I've been looking for" and "I'd like to fill her void", which angered many parents. This controversy extended to merchandising, with McDonald's receiving numerous complaints about licensed toys and promotional items tied to the film. The resulting outcry over the film's tone and violence highlighted a clash between its dark themes and its marketing to a younger audience. [ 132 ] The film emphasizes loneliness and isolation during Christmastime: Bruce is first shown sitting alone in his vast mansion, inert until the Bat-Signal shines in the sky. While he forms a connection with Kyle, their differences remain insurmountable, and he ends the film as he began it; alone. [ 5 ] Critic Todd McCarthy noted that isolation is a recurring theme in much of Burton's work, emphasized in the film's three main characters. [ 110 ] Some contemporary critics argue that while the film is not explicitly antisemitic , it utilizes visual and thematic elements associated with historical Jewish stereotypes. [ 195 ] They suggest the Penguin embodies traits such as a "hooked nose, pale face and lust for herring" and is "unathletic and seemingly unthreatening but who, in fact, wants to murder every firstborn child of the gentile community". [ 195 ] The character teams with Shreck (a name the critics describe as 'Jewish-sounding') to disrupt Christmas and Christian traditions. [ 195 ] According to LAist , the Penguin's exaggerated caricature, assault on holiday customs, and overt biblical symbolism create a "perfect storm" of imagery evoking antisemitic tropes. [ 196 ] These critics contend that Burton, in drawing inspiration from the German Expressionist aesthetic, unintentionally referenced a problematic lineage, as some art critics view the Nosferatu (1922) character Count Orlok (portrayed by actor Max Shreck) as an example of a bizarre and monstrous characterization of Jews as the predatory, parasitic "other". [ 195 ] [ 196 ] [ 193 ] Conversely, Melvin Salberg and Abraham H. Foxman of the Anti-Defamation League argued that reading the film as antisemitic is a misinterpretation that overlooks the filmmakers' intent and distracts from real-world antisemitism. [ 197 ] Furthermore, Taussig noted the biblical resonance of the Penguin's infancy, with a baby carriage floating in a river recalling the story of Moses . [ 184 ] Visual effects supervisor Robert Skotak explained that the sequence was conceived as a visual descent into the underworld, portraying a sinister baptism, symbolically paralleling the biblical narrative. [ 198 ] Legacy Retrospective reception Despite a mixed initial reception from critics and audiences, Batman Returns has undergone a critical reappraisal in the years since its release and is now considered a classic of the superhero genre. Several publications, such as Variety and The Hollywood Reporter , now rank it among the best Batman and superhero films, with some calling it "the greatest Batman movie ever made". [ o ] The film is seen as "underrated" and a "series peaking early," with subsequent films failing to live up to its vision. [ 9 ] [ 201 ] Burton's artistic choices, which were criticized at the time, are now seen as prescient and ahead of their time. [ 9 ] The "darker" and more "bleak" aspects of the film have been re-evaluated in the wake of later, more serious superhero films. Burton noted the irony of the film being deemed 'too dark,' given that later films—including The Dark Knight trilogy (2005–2012) and The Batman (2022)—went even darker. [ p ] Burton said that while Batman Returns was seen by some as bleak, for him it was a mixture of gothic, playful, kinky, and experimental tones. [ 202 ] The Hollywood Reporter notes that the film was "truer to Tim Burton's dark vision than its predecessor". [ 205 ] [ 203 ] According to The Ringer , the very "fatalistic and noir elements" that Roger Ebert criticized in 1992 are now "the going currency of event movies". [ 9 ] Critic Brian Tallerico said that the elements which originally upset critics and audiences are what makes it still "revelatory... It's one of the best and strangest movies of its kind ever made". [ 141 ] Writer Daniel Waters recalled being told that Batman Returns was a "great movie for people who don't like Batman". [ 34 ] [ 206 ] While the film received criticism for its depiction of Batman killing, Waters defended the choice, arguing that in a film like The Dark Knight (2008), it was not practical for Batman to let the Joker live, knowing he could escape and cause more harm. [ 8 ] [ 25 ] He believed that the reception to Batman Returns was improving with time, especially after the release of The Batman . [ 34 ] Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes has an 82% approval rating from reviews by 93 critics, with an average score of 6.9/10. According to the website's critical consensus, "Director Tim Burton's dark, brooding atmosphere, Michael Keaton's work as the tormented hero, and the flawless casting of Danny DeVito as The Penguin and Christopher Walken as, well, Christopher Walken make the sequel better than the first". [ 207 ] The film has a score of 68 out of 100 on Metacritic (based on 23 critics), indicating "generally favorable" reviews. [ 208 ] Cultural influence The film is widely regarded as an exemplar of the superhero genre's potential for artistic expression. Variety credits the film with helping to legitimize the genre by pairing Keaton's Batman with Burton's distinct and vivid world-building. [ 199 ] The Burton Batman films are also credited with establishing the darker, more serious tone that would later define the modern superhero genre of the early 21st century. [ 94 ] Publications like Empire and Polygon describe the film as a deeply personal and "unmistakably Burton" work, infused with the same gothic and satirical sensibilities as his earlier films like Beetlejuice and Edward Scissorhands . [ 77 ] [ 202 ] This approach made the film a "bold, auteur-driven detour" in Batman's cinematic history, contrasting sharply with the camp of the 1960s and the later, more grounded style of The Dark Knight trilogy. [ 202 ] Author Jeff Bond called Batman Returns the "first auteur superhero movie" because it allowed Burton to make a film that was his "weird experiment" rather than a strict adaptation. [ 95 ] [ 202 ] This willingness to ignore traditional comic book elements and sequel hooks in favor of his unique vision helped pave the way for other creative directors, such as Christopher Nolan , Peter Jackson , and Sam Raimi , to helm major franchises. [ 9 ] [ 77 ] Director of The Batman Matt Reeves and that film's star Robert Pattinson both called Batman Returns their favorite Batman film. [ 209 ] [ 210 ] Additionally, director Robert Eggers said that it visually inspired his film Nosferatu (2024). [ 211 ] Pfeiffer's portrayal of Catwoman is widely regarded as a definitive big-screen interpretation of the character, praised not only for her iconic costume but for a performance that brought a unique blend of sexuality, danger, outrageousness, and pathos to the role. [ q ] Burton called it one of his favorite performances he has ever worked on. [ 212 ] While initially hailed as the film's "bright spot" amid a mixed critical reception, the performance is now considered one of the greatest in the superhero genre, credited with taking a comic book character and turning her into a complex, contradictory figure that served as a commentary on the portrayal of women in genre fiction. [ r ] The role is seen as a "career-making" one that helped audiences forget previous portrayals and cemented Pfeiffer's as the "definitive big-screen Catwoman". [ 8 ] [ 199 ] [ 205 ] Variety argued that Pfeiffer deserved an Academy Award nomination for her performance, and set a benchmark for future portrayals. [ s ] Burton recalled that by the time of Batman Returns , studios had begun to talk in terms of "franchises" and marketing, concepts that were still relatively new during production of the 1989 film. The Hollywood Reporter notes that while Batman launched the modern superhero movie, Batman Returns marked a more complex stage in that evolution. With its darker tone, bold characterizations, and extensive marketing tie-ins, the film helped pave the way for the genre's later dominance, even if Burton's approach made that progression a more uneven one. [ 8 ] The film's tone and clash with corporate partners like McDonald's, which objected to darker content, prompted Warner Bros. to pivot to the more lighthearted and "campy" style of the Joel Schumacher films. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] While this was an attempt to create films with more broad, family-friendly appeal, The Ringer wrote that the Schumacher films are now seen as "borderline unwatchable", while Batman Returns is seen as a superior and more enduring cinematic work. [ 9 ] [ 224 ] In January 2017, one of the iconic Batsuits worn by Keaton in the film sold at auction for $41,250. [ 225 ] Although a summer blockbuster upon its release, Batman Returns has become a holiday film staple due to its winter setting and Christmas iconography. Several publications have listed it among the best alternative Christmas films, noting its themes of loneliness and isolation. [ t ] It is also identified as the centerpiece of Burton's unofficial Christmas trilogy, bookended by Edward Scissorhands and The Nightmare Before Christmas . [ 5 ] [ 9 ] Sequels Following the reception of Batman Returns , Warner Bros. sought to continue the series without Burton. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 129 ] Although Burton considered making a third film, the studio encouraged him to pursue other projects and he realized they did not want him to return. He was replaced with Joel Schumacher, who was seen as better suited to delivering a more family- and merchandise-friendly sequel. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 129 ] Keaton initially supported the change but eventually left the role, later saying the proposed third film "just wasn't any good, man". [ 42 ] [ 131 ] [ 229 ] Industry reports suggested he also sought a $15 million salary and profit share, though his producing partner Harry Colomby denied money was the issue. [ 129 ] Schumacher's Batman Forever (1995) was financially successful but less well received critically than Batman Returns . [ 230 ] Its sequel, Batman & Robin (1997), was a critical and commercial disappointment, often cited as one of the worst blockbuster films ever made, [ 230 ] [ 231 ] and led to the franchise being placed on hiatus until the reboot Batman Begins (2005). [ 129 ] [ 231 ] [ 131 ] By the mid-1990s, Burton and Waters were attached to a planned Catwoman film starring Pfeiffer. [ 232 ] [ 233 ] Burton and Waters held competing visions for the project: Burton wanted to make an intimate black-and-white drama in homage to Cat People (1942), while Waters's script followed Catwoman, suffering from amnesia after the events of Batman Returns , in the Las Vegas -like Oasisburg, where she confronted corrupt male superheroes. [ 234 ] [ 235 ] The project stalled as Burton and Pfeiffer moved on to other work, and Warner Bros. eventually produced Catwoman (2004), starring Halle Berry , which was widely panned. [ 234 ] [ 236 ] Keaton later reprised his Batman in The Flash (2023), [ 231 ] [ 237 ] and had also filmed scenes for the cancelled Batgirl (2022). [ 238 ] [ 239 ] Footnotes ^ Although Bob Kane received sole credit for Batman and his associated characters in Batman Returns , it was established in 2015 that writer Bill Finger was jointly involved in the creation of Batman as well as The Penguin and Catwoman, among others. He received equal credit to Kane in future adaptations of the Batman comic books. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] ^ The 1992 budget of $50–$80 million is equivalent to $112 million–$202 million in 2024. ^ The 1992 theatrical box office gross of $266.8 million is equivalent to $598 million in 2024. Notes ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 39 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] [ 48 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 22 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 42 ] [ 53 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ 77 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 24 ] [ 35 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] [ 82 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] [ 111 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 5 ] [ 9 ] [ 26 ] [ 131 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 199 ] [ 200 ] [ 201 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 94 ] [ 202 ] [ 203 ] [ 204 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 9 ] [ 212 ] [ 213 ] [ 214 ] [ 215 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 212 ] [ 216 ] [ 217 ] [ 218 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 219 ] [ 220 ] [ 221 ] [ 222 ] [ 223 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 5 ] [ 226 ] [ 227 ] [ 228 ] References Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Meenan, Devin (January 24, 2022). 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"Every Live-action Catwoman, Ranked From Worst To Best" . Variety . Archived from the original on March 17, 2022 . Retrieved July 18, 2022 . ^ Hassenger, Jesse (March 8, 2022). " Batman Movie Villains, Ranked" . Vulture . Archived from the original on April 19, 2022 . Retrieved July 18, 2022 . ^ "13 Things We're Still Mad About: Oscars Edition" . The New York Times . March 9, 2024. Archived from the original on April 4, 2024 . Retrieved September 7, 2025 . ^ Leitch, Will; Grierson, Tim (March 4, 2022). "Every Batman Movie, Ranked" . Vulture . Archived from the original on June 2, 2022 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ Gulino, Elizabeth (January 27, 2017). "Michael Keaton's Batman Returns Suit Brings $41,000 at Auction" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 13, 2025 . Retrieved September 5, 2025 . ^ Franich, Darren; Nashawaty, Chris (July 18, 2018). " The Dark Knight turns 10: EW Critics Revisit Christopher Nolan's Batman Phenomenon" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 21, 2025 . Retrieved December 5, 2024 . ^ "The 25 Best Christmas Movies, From Love Actually To The Muppets Christmas Carol " . The Daily Telegraph . December 24, 2019. Archived from the original on December 26, 2019 . Retrieved November 18, 2023 . ^ Longeretta, Emily; Earl, William; Moreau, Jordan; Kim Murphy, J.; Saperstein, Pat; Shanfeld, Ethan; Shafer, Ellise; Stephan, Katcy; Woerner, Meredith; Zee, Michaela (November 17, 2023). "The 40 Best Christmas Movies Of All Time" . Variety . Archived from the original on November 18, 2023 . Retrieved November 18, 2023 . ^ Freeman, Hadley (September 9, 2017). "Michael Keaton: 'There Was A Lot Of Bad Taste In The 90s And I Contributed To That' " . The Guardian . Archived from the original on August 13, 2025 . Retrieved August 31, 2025 . ^ a b Bailey, Jason (June 23, 2020). "Don't Forget That Joel Schumacher Briefly Saved Batman" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 18, 2022 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ a b c Chitwood, Adam (January 4, 2022). "Michael Keaton Explains Why He Didn't Return for Batman Forever " . TheWrap . Archived from the original on March 12, 2022 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ Fleming, Michael (July 22, 1993). "Another Life At WB For Catwoman And Burton?" . Variety . Archived from the original on October 24, 2012 . Retrieved August 14, 2008 . ^ Fleming, Michael (January 13, 1994). "Seagal on the pulpit may be too much for WB" . Variety . Archived from the original on October 24, 2012 . Retrieved August 14, 2008 . ^ a b Brew, Simon (August 16, 2015). "Whatever Happened To The Tim Burton Catwoman Movie?" . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on June 30, 2022 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ Haring, Bruce (December 29, 2023). " Batman Returns Spinoff Featuring Catwoman Had Two Very Different Takes, Screenwriter Reveals" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 13, 2024 . Retrieved September 6, 2025 . ^ Bergeson, Samantha (July 19, 2024). "Halle Berry: Critics Have 'So Much Power' to Tank Films" . IndieWire . Archived from the original on July 25, 2024 . Retrieved September 7, 2025 . ^ Casey, Henry T. (January 7, 2022). " The Flash Movie Teaser And Everything We Know So Far" . Tom's Guide . Archived from the original on June 14, 2025 . Retrieved August 4, 2022 . ^ Melendez, Marcos (February 13, 2022). " Batgirl Set Photos Reveal First Look at Michael Keaton's Batman" . Collider . Archived from the original on May 8, 2022 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ Gonzalez, Umberto (August 2, 2022). " Batgirl Won't Fly: Warner Bros. Discovery Has No Plans To Release Nearly Finished $90 Million Film" . TheWrap . Archived from the original on August 2, 2022 . Retrieved August 2, 2022 . Works cited Books Proctor, William (2023). "The Darkest Knight: Archaeology of the Batman in Comics and Film". In Guignard, F. (ed.). Reboot Culture – Comics, Film, Transmedia . London : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 195– 258. doi : 10.1007/978-3-031-40912-7_6 . ISBN 978-3-031-40911-0 . Reinhart, Mark S. (2013). "10: Batman Returns ". The Batman Filmography - Second Edition . Jefferson, North Carolina : McFarland & Company . pp. 123– 138. ISBN 978-0-7864-6891-1 . Salisbury, Mark; Burton, Tim (2006). "Batman Returns". Burton on Burton . London : Faber and Faber . pp. 102– 114. ISBN 0-571-22926-3 . Siegel, Carol (2013). "Tim Burton's Popularization of Perversity: Edward Scissorhands , Batman Returns , Sleepy Hollow , and Corpse Bride ". In Weinstock, J.A. (ed.). The Works of Tim Burton - Margins to Mainstream . New York City : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 197– 216. doi : 10.1057/9781137370839_12 . Journals Born, Simon Philipp (2017). "Shadows of the Bat: Constructions of Good and Evil in the Batman Movies of Tim Burton and Christopher Nolan" . Journal for Religion, Film, and Media . 3 (1). Marburg, Germany: Schüren Publishing House. doi : 10.25364/05.3:2017.1.5 . Retrieved August 12, 2025 . Mettler, Catarina (2012). "The Carnevalesque in Tim Burton's Batman and Batman Returns ". Werkstücke . 2 (2): 109– 133. doi : 10.60135/werkstuecke.02.2012.6 . Newman, Graeme (1993). "Batman and Justice: The True Story". Humanity & Society . 17 (3): 297– 320. doi : 10.1177/016059769301700304 . Magazines Cotta Vaz, Mark (August 1992). "A Knight At The Zoo". Cinefex . No. 51. United States. pp. 22– 69. Fennell, Tim (August 1992). "Schwing!". Empire . London . p. 40. Groves, Don (August 2, 1993). " Park Keeps Stomping On World B.O.". Variety . Los Angeles , California. p. 18. Jones, Alan (November 1989). "Batman" . Cinefantastique . Vol. 20, no. 1– 2. Forest Park, Illinois : Fourth Castle Micromedia. pp. 48– 63 . Retrieved July 2, 2022 . McBride, Joseph (July 14, 1992). "Socko Batsequel Rolls To Record B.O. In U.K.". Daily Variety . Los Angeles , California. p. 20. Resner, Jeffrey (August 1992). "Three Go Mad in Gotham". Empire . London . pp. 39– 46. Shapiro, Marc (July 1992). "Darker Knights When Batman Returns". Fangoria . No. 114. Atlanta, Georgia : Fangoria Publishing, LLC. pp. 30– 33. White, Taylor L. (August 1992). "Batman Returns" . Cinefantastique . Vol. 23, no. 1. Forest Park, Illinois : Fourth Castle Micromedia. pp. 8– 11 . Retrieved July 3, 2022 . External links Official website (Warner Bros.) Official website (DC Comics) Batman Returns at IMDb Batman Returns at the TCM Movie Database (archived version) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! 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" " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade 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characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Batwoman episodes characters episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Live-action films Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of 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Death in the Family Novels The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution Podcasts Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Enemies in other media Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Supporting characters in other media Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Live-action films based on DC Comics v t e Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Single films Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Franchises Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) DC Imprints Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) See also DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Imprints v t e Tim Burton v t e Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Director Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Writer Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) TV series created Beetlejuice (1989–91) Beetlejuice (1989–91) v t e Catwoman v t e Bob Kane Bill Finger Bob Kane Bill Finger Incarnations Selina Kyle Holly Robinson Eiko Hasigawa Selina Kyle Holly Robinson Eiko Hasigawa Supporting characters Batgirl Batman Slam Bradley Gotham City Sirens Dick Grayson Huntress Justice League Outsiders Alfred Pennyworth Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Madame Zodiac Leslie Thompkins Wildcat Batgirl Batman Slam Bradley Gotham City Sirens Dick Grayson Huntress Justice League Outsiders Alfred Pennyworth Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Madame Zodiac Leslie Thompkins Wildcat Antagonists Angle Man Bane Black Mask Clayface Film Freak Hush Joker Penguin Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Riddler Scarecrow Snowflame Hugo Strange Two-Face Zeiss Angle Man Bane Black Mask Clayface Film Freak Hush Joker Penguin Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Riddler Scarecrow Snowflame Hugo Strange Two-Face Zeiss Publications Catwoman Catwoman: When in Rome Gotham City Sirens Nine Lives Catwoman Catwoman: When in Rome Gotham City Sirens Nine Lives In other media Catwoman (film) Chase Me DC Showcase: Catwoman Catwoman (video game) Selina Kyle ( Gotham character) "Selina Kyle" ( Gotham episode) Selina Kyle ( Batman Returns ) " The Cat and the Fiddle " " The Cat and the Claw " Catwoman: Soulstealer Catwoman: Hunted Catwoman (film) Chase Me DC Showcase: Catwoman Catwoman (video game) Selina Kyle ( Gotham character) "Selina Kyle" ( Gotham episode) Selina Kyle ( Batman Returns ) " The Cat and the Fiddle " " The Cat and the Claw " Catwoman: Soulstealer Catwoman: Hunted Category Category 1990s Film United States Speculative fiction Media from Commons Data from Wikidata Authority control databases International VIAF VIAF Other MusicBrainz work Yale LUX MusicBrainz work Yale LUX 1992 films 1990s Christmas films 1990s political satire films 1990s superhero films Batman (1989 film series) American Christmas films American films about revenge American neo-noir films American political satire films American sequel films American superhero films Catwoman in other media Films about elections Films adapted into comics Films directed by Tim Burton Films produced by Denise Di Novi Films produced by Tim Burton Films scored by Danny Elfman Films set in zoos Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Los Angeles Films with screenplays by Daniel Waters (screenwriter) Films with screenplays by Sam Hamm Gothic films Penguin (character) in other media Saturn Award–winning films PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films Warner Bros. films 1990s English-language films 1992 American films Rating controversies in film English-language action films English-language Christmas films Dolby Cinema films Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use list-defined references from July 2022 Use American English from July 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from October 2021 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Template film date with 2 release dates Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:27 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History 2 Architecture 3 See also 4 References Mossley Hall Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Mossley Hall The building in 2009 Location Stamford Road, Mossley Coordinates .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 53°30′55″N 2°02′33″W / 53.5152°N 2.0426°W / 53.5152; -2.0426 Built 1864 Architect William Williamson Architectural style Italianate style Listed Building – Grade II Official name Former Mossley Town Hall Designated 22 November 1966 Reference no. 1068044 .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} Shown in Greater Manchester Mossley Hall , formerly known as Mossley Town Hall , is a former municipal building in Stamford Road, Mossley , a town in Greater Manchester in England. The building, which served as the offices and meeting place of Mossley Borough Council, is a grade II listed building . [ 1 ] History The building was commissioned as a private house by a local cotton mill proprietor, George Mayall and his wife, Esther Mayall. The Mayall family owned Bottoms' Mill on Mill Street on the east side of the railway and had installed a large number of new cotton-spinning machines there. [ 2 ] The site they selected for their house was on the west side of Stamford Road, on the site of an old quarry. [ 3 ] Work began on the new building in 1861. It was designed by William Williamson in the Italianate style , built by Edward Marland in ashlar stone at a cost of over £60,000 and was completed in 1864. [ 4 ] The design involved an asymmetric main frontage of eight bays facing Stamford Road. Esther died before the building was completed, and it was instead occupied by their son, Edmund Lees Mayall, and his wife, Martha. Martha lived in the house after Edmund died in 1877. The house had two lodges and was known as Whitehall. [ 5 ] In 1885, the local area was incorporated as a municipal borough and the Mossley local board of health was succeeded by Mossley Borough Council. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] In 1891, the new council purchased the building for just £4,000. [ 8 ] It was refurbished and officially opened by the mayor, Joseph Fearns Lawton, as Mossley Town Hall on 7 May 1892. [ 2 ] A serious accident occurred in Mossley on 20 October 1911, when a tram ran away down Stamford Road, derailed and crashed onto the railway at Mossley railway station , killing the guard and four passengers and seriously injuring four passengers. [ 9 ] The ensuing inquest was held in the town hall. [ 10 ] During the First World War the building was used as a venue to hear appeals against conscription. It was also the meeting place of the Food Control Committee, which organised food rationing in the area. [ 8 ] A memorial, in the form of a female figure sculpted in white marble standing on a pedestal , which was intended to commemorate the lives of local service personnel who had died in the war, was unveiled in front of the town hall by the mayor, John Platt, on 9 October 1920. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The building was grade II listed in 1966. [ 1 ] It continued to serve as the headquarters of the borough council for much of the 20th century, [ 14 ] but ceased to be the local seat of government when the enlarged Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council was formed in 1974. [ 15 ] The building subsequently became disused and, after being declared surplus to requirements by the council, it was eventually sold in 1986. [ 8 ] Many of the lavish interior fittings were removed in 1999, [ 16 ] when it was acquired for residential use by Philip and Carol Wilson. They initiated an extensive refurbishment programme, which was completed in 2015. [ 17 ] Architecture The two-storey building is constructed of stone, with a slate roof. The third bay on the left, which is projected forward, features a tri-partite window on the ground floor, a pedimented sash window on the first floor and a gable above. The second bay on the left features a porch, which is also projected forward and formed by piers supporting arches with keystones . The porch is highly ornamented with various carved panels, a balustrade above, and urns on the corners. [ 1 ] [ 18 ] See also Listed buildings in Mossley References ^ a b c .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Historic England . "Former Mossley Town Hall (1068044)" . National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 25 February 2024 . ^ a b "Mossley" . Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council . Retrieved 25 February 2024 . ^ "Ordnance Survey Map" . 1860 . Retrieved 25 February 2024 . ^ "A Combined Record of St George's Church monumental inscriptions and register of graves" (PDF) . St George's, Mossley. p. 66 . Retrieved 25 February 2024 . ^ "Shirley Visits The Big Houses" . Mossley Civic Society . Retrieved 25 February 2024 . ^ Holt, Alfred (1974) [1926]. The Story of Mossley; Ancient and Modern . Mossley Civic Society. p. 9. ^ Nevell, Michael (1993). "Chapter 2: An Industrial Society". Tameside 1700–1930 . A History and Archaeology of Tameside. Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council. p. 11. ISBN 1-871324-08-4 . OCLC 53181546 . ^ a b c "Mossley WW1 blue plaque trail" (PDF) . Tameside History Forum . Retrieved 24 February 2024 . ^ "Tramcar accident near Manchester". The Times . No. 39722. London. 21 October 1911. col. D, p. 8. ^ The Mossley Accident . Vol. 30. Tramway and Railway World. 1911. p. 392. ^ "Mossley Memorial" . Memorials Online . Retrieved 24 February 2024 . ^ "Mossley" . Imperial War Museum . Retrieved 24 February 2024 . ^ "Mossley War Memorial" . Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council . Retrieved 25 February 2024 . ^ "No. 45941" . The London Gazette . 30 March 1973. p. 4217. ^ Local Government Act 1972. 1972 c.70 . The Stationery Office Ltd. 1997. ISBN 0-10-547072-4 . ^ Raven, Joyce; Sheppard, Mark (2011). Tameside Through Time . Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1445631288 . ^ "A novel way to look at Mossley's history" . Quest Media Network . Retrieved 25 February 2024 . ^ Hartwell, Clare; Hyde, Matthew; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2004). Lancashire: Manchester and the South-East . The Buildings of England. New Haven and London: Yale University Press . p. 526. ISBN 978-0300105834 . City and town halls in Greater Manchester Government buildings completed in 1864 Grade II listed buildings in the Metropolitan Borough of Tameside Mossley Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from February 2024 Use British English from February 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Coordinates on Wikidata This page was last edited on 28 February 2024, at 01:44 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 154 results for author: Cambria, E Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 3 4 arXiv:2601.10416 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI LLMdoctor: Token-Level Flow-Guided Preference Optimization for Efficient Test-Time Alignment of Large Language Models Authors: Tiesunlong Shen , Rui Mao , Jin Wang , Heming Sun , Jian Zhang , Xuejie Zhang , Erik Cambria Abstract : Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences is critical, yet traditional fine-tuning methods are computationally expensive and inflexible. While test-time alignment offers a promising alternative, existing approaches often rely on distorted trajectory-level signals or inefficient sampling, fundamentally capping performance and failing to preserve the generative diversity of the ba… ▽ More Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences is critical, yet traditional fine-tuning methods are computationally expensive and inflexible. While test-time alignment offers a promising alternative, existing approaches often rely on distorted trajectory-level signals or inefficient sampling, fundamentally capping performance and failing to preserve the generative diversity of the base model. This paper introduces LLMdoctor, a novel framework for efficient test-time alignment that operates via a patient-doctor paradigm. It integrates token-level reward acquisition with token-level flow-guided preference optimization (TFPO) to steer a large, frozen patient LLM with a smaller, specialized doctor model. Unlike conventional methods that rely on trajectory-level rewards, LLMdoctor first extracts fine-grained, token-level preference signals from the patient model's behavioral variations. These signals then guide the training of the doctor model via TFPO, which establishes flow consistency across all subtrajectories, enabling precise token-by-token alignment while inherently preserving generation diversity. Extensive experiments demonstrate that LLMdoctor significantly outperforms existing test-time alignment methods and even surpasses the performance of full fine-tuning approaches like DPO. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by AAAI26 arXiv:2601.10416 [ pdf , ps , other ] LLMdoctor: Token-Level Flow-Guided Preference Optimization for Efficient Test-Time Alignment of Large Language Models Authors: Tiesunlong Shen , Rui Mao , Jin Wang , Heming Sun , Jian Zhang , Xuejie Zhang , Erik Cambria Abstract : Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences is critical, yet traditional fine-tuning methods are computationally expensive and inflexible. While test-time alignment offers a promising alternative, existing approaches often rely on distorted trajectory-level signals or inefficient sampling, fundamentally capping performance and failing to preserve the generative diversity of the ba… ▽ More Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences is critical, yet traditional fine-tuning methods are computationally expensive and inflexible. While test-time alignment offers a promising alternative, existing approaches often rely on distorted trajectory-level signals or inefficient sampling, fundamentally capping performance and failing to preserve the generative diversity of the base model. This paper introduces LLMdoctor, a novel framework for efficient test-time alignment that operates via a patient-doctor paradigm. It integrates token-level reward acquisition with token-level flow-guided preference optimization (TFPO) to steer a large, frozen patient LLM with a smaller, specialized doctor model. Unlike conventional methods that rely on trajectory-level rewards, LLMdoctor first extracts fine-grained, token-level preference signals from the patient model's behavioral variations. These signals then guide the training of the doctor model via TFPO, which establishes flow consistency across all subtrajectories, enabling precise token-by-token alignment while inherently preserving generation diversity. Extensive experiments demonstrate that LLMdoctor significantly outperforms existing test-time alignment methods and even surpasses the performance of full fine-tuning approaches like DPO. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by AAAI26 arXiv:2512.15792 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CY cs.AI cs.CL A Systematic Analysis of Biases in Large Language Models Authors: Xulang Zhang , Rui Mao , Erik Cambria Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly become indispensable tools for acquiring information and supporting human decision-making. However, ensuring that these models uphold fairness across varied contexts is critical to their safe and responsible deployment. In this study, we undertake a comprehensive examination of four widely adopted LLMs, probing their underlying biases and inclinations acro… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly become indispensable tools for acquiring information and supporting human decision-making. However, ensuring that these models uphold fairness across varied contexts is critical to their safe and responsible deployment. In this study, we undertake a comprehensive examination of four widely adopted LLMs, probing their underlying biases and inclinations across the dimensions of politics, ideology, alliance, language, and gender. Through a series of carefully designed experiments, we investigate their political neutrality using news summarization, ideological biases through news stance classification, tendencies toward specific geopolitical alliances via United Nations voting patterns, language bias in the context of multilingual story completion, and gender-related affinities as revealed by responses to the World Values Survey. Results indicate that while the LLMs are aligned to be neutral and impartial, they still show biases and affinities of different types. △ Less Submitted 15 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.15792 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Systematic Analysis of Biases in Large Language Models Authors: Xulang Zhang , Rui Mao , Erik Cambria Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly become indispensable tools for acquiring information and supporting human decision-making. However, ensuring that these models uphold fairness across varied contexts is critical to their safe and responsible deployment. In this study, we undertake a comprehensive examination of four widely adopted LLMs, probing their underlying biases and inclinations acro… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly become indispensable tools for acquiring information and supporting human decision-making. However, ensuring that these models uphold fairness across varied contexts is critical to their safe and responsible deployment. In this study, we undertake a comprehensive examination of four widely adopted LLMs, probing their underlying biases and inclinations across the dimensions of politics, ideology, alliance, language, and gender. Through a series of carefully designed experiments, we investigate their political neutrality using news summarization, ideological biases through news stance classification, tendencies toward specific geopolitical alliances via United Nations voting patterns, language bias in the context of multilingual story completion, and gender-related affinities as revealed by responses to the World Values Survey. Results indicate that while the LLMs are aligned to be neutral and impartial, they still show biases and affinities of different types. △ Less Submitted 15 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.04578 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL LexGenius: An Expert-Level Benchmark for Large Language Models in Legal General Intelligence Authors: Wenjin Liu , Haoran Luo , Xin Feng , Xiang Ji , Lijuan Zhou , Rui Mao , Jiapu Wang , Shirui Pan , Erik Cambria Abstract : Legal general intelligence (GI) refers to artificial intelligence (AI) that encompasses legal understanding, reasoning, and decision-making, simulating the expertise of legal experts across domains. However, existing benchmarks are result-oriented and fail to systematically evaluate the legal intelligence of large language models (LLMs), hindering the development of legal GI. To address this, we p… ▽ More Legal general intelligence (GI) refers to artificial intelligence (AI) that encompasses legal understanding, reasoning, and decision-making, simulating the expertise of legal experts across domains. However, existing benchmarks are result-oriented and fail to systematically evaluate the legal intelligence of large language models (LLMs), hindering the development of legal GI. To address this, we propose LexGenius, an expert-level Chinese legal benchmark for evaluating legal GI in LLMs. It follows a Dimension-Task-Ability framework, covering seven dimensions, eleven tasks, and twenty abilities. We use the recent legal cases and exam questions to create multiple-choice questions with a combination of manual and LLM reviews to reduce data leakage risks, ensuring accuracy and reliability through multiple rounds of checks. We evaluate 12 state-of-the-art LLMs using LexGenius and conduct an in-depth analysis. We find significant disparities across legal intelligence abilities for LLMs, with even the best LLMs lagging behind human legal professionals. We believe LexGenius can assess the legal intelligence abilities of LLMs and enhance legal GI development. Our project is available at △ Less Submitted 28 December, 2025; v1 submitted 4 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.04578 [ pdf , ps , other ] LexGenius: An Expert-Level Benchmark for Large Language Models in Legal General Intelligence Authors: Wenjin Liu , Haoran Luo , Xin Feng , Xiang Ji , Lijuan Zhou , Rui Mao , Jiapu Wang , Shirui Pan , Erik Cambria Abstract : Legal general intelligence (GI) refers to artificial intelligence (AI) that encompasses legal understanding, reasoning, and decision-making, simulating the expertise of legal experts across domains. However, existing benchmarks are result-oriented and fail to systematically evaluate the legal intelligence of large language models (LLMs), hindering the development of legal GI. To address this, we p… ▽ More Legal general intelligence (GI) refers to artificial intelligence (AI) that encompasses legal understanding, reasoning, and decision-making, simulating the expertise of legal experts across domains. However, existing benchmarks are result-oriented and fail to systematically evaluate the legal intelligence of large language models (LLMs), hindering the development of legal GI. To address this, we propose LexGenius, an expert-level Chinese legal benchmark for evaluating legal GI in LLMs. It follows a Dimension-Task-Ability framework, covering seven dimensions, eleven tasks, and twenty abilities. We use the recent legal cases and exam questions to create multiple-choice questions with a combination of manual and LLM reviews to reduce data leakage risks, ensuring accuracy and reliability through multiple rounds of checks. We evaluate 12 state-of-the-art LLMs using LexGenius and conduct an in-depth analysis. We find significant disparities across legal intelligence abilities for LLMs, with even the best LLMs lagging behind human legal professionals. We believe LexGenius can assess the legal intelligence abilities of LLMs and enhance legal GI development. Our project is available at △ Less Submitted 28 December, 2025; v1 submitted 4 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2511.20657 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.HC cs.AI Intelligent Agents with Emotional Intelligence: Current Trends, Challenges, and Future Prospects Authors: Raziyeh Zall , Alireza Kheyrkhah , Erik Cambria , Zahra Naseri , M. Reza Kangavari Abstract : The development of agents with emotional intelligence is becoming increasingly vital due to their significant role in human-computer interaction and the growing integration of computer systems across various sectors of society. Affective computing aims to design intelligent systems that can recognize, evoke, and express human emotions, thereby emulating human emotional intelligence. While previous… ▽ More The development of agents with emotional intelligence is becoming increasingly vital due to their significant role in human-computer interaction and the growing integration of computer systems across various sectors of society. Affective computing aims to design intelligent systems that can recognize, evoke, and express human emotions, thereby emulating human emotional intelligence. While previous reviews have focused on specific aspects of this field, there has been limited comprehensive research that encompasses emotion understanding, elicitation, and expression, along with the related challenges. This survey addresses this gap by providing a holistic overview of core components of artificial emotion intelligence. It covers emotion understanding through multimodal data processing, as well as affective cognition, which includes cognitive appraisal, emotion mapping, and adaptive modulation in decision-making, learning, and reasoning. Additionally, it addresses the synthesis of emotional expression across text, speech, and facial modalities to enhance human-agent interaction. This paper identifies and analyzes the key challenges and issues encountered in the development of affective systems, covering state-of-the-art methodologies designed to address them. Finally, we highlight promising future directions, with particular emphasis on the potential of generative technologies to advance affective computing. △ Less Submitted 11 October, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.20657 [ pdf , ps , other ] Intelligent Agents with Emotional Intelligence: Current Trends, Challenges, and Future Prospects Authors: Raziyeh Zall , Alireza Kheyrkhah , Erik Cambria , Zahra Naseri , M. Reza Kangavari Abstract : The development of agents with emotional intelligence is becoming increasingly vital due to their significant role in human-computer interaction and the growing integration of computer systems across various sectors of society. Affective computing aims to design intelligent systems that can recognize, evoke, and express human emotions, thereby emulating human emotional intelligence. While previous… ▽ More The development of agents with emotional intelligence is becoming increasingly vital due to their significant role in human-computer interaction and the growing integration of computer systems across various sectors of society. Affective computing aims to design intelligent systems that can recognize, evoke, and express human emotions, thereby emulating human emotional intelligence. While previous reviews have focused on specific aspects of this field, there has been limited comprehensive research that encompasses emotion understanding, elicitation, and expression, along with the related challenges. This survey addresses this gap by providing a holistic overview of core components of artificial emotion intelligence. It covers emotion understanding through multimodal data processing, as well as affective cognition, which includes cognitive appraisal, emotion mapping, and adaptive modulation in decision-making, learning, and reasoning. Additionally, it addresses the synthesis of emotional expression across text, speech, and facial modalities to enhance human-agent interaction. This paper identifies and analyzes the key challenges and issues encountered in the development of affective systems, covering state-of-the-art methodologies designed to address them. Finally, we highlight promising future directions, with particular emphasis on the potential of generative technologies to advance affective computing. △ Less Submitted 11 October, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.01444 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Robust Multimodal Sentiment Analysis via Double Information Bottleneck Authors: Huiting Huang , Tieliang Gong , Kai He , Jialun Wu , Erik Cambria , Mengling Feng Abstract : Multimodal sentiment analysis has received significant attention across diverse research domains. Despite advancements in algorithm design, existing approaches suffer from two critical limitations: insufficient learning of noise-contaminated unimodal data, leading to corrupted cross-modal interactions, and inadequate fusion of multimodal representations, resulting in discarding discriminative unim… ▽ More Multimodal sentiment analysis has received significant attention across diverse research domains. Despite advancements in algorithm design, existing approaches suffer from two critical limitations: insufficient learning of noise-contaminated unimodal data, leading to corrupted cross-modal interactions, and inadequate fusion of multimodal representations, resulting in discarding discriminative unimodal information while retaining multimodal redundant information. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a Double Information Bottleneck (DIB) strategy to obtain a powerful, unified compact multimodal representation. Implemented within the framework of low-rank Renyi's entropy functional, DIB offers enhanced robustness against diverse noise sources and computational tractability for high-dimensional data, as compared to the conventional Shannon entropy-based methods. The DIB comprises two key modules: 1) learning a sufficient and compressed representation of individual unimodal data by maximizing the task-relevant information and discarding the superfluous information, and 2) ensuring the discriminative ability of multimodal representation through a novel attention bottleneck fusion mechanism. Consequently, DIB yields a multimodal representation that effectively filters out noisy information from unimodal data while capturing inter-modal complementarity. Extensive experiments on CMU-MOSI, CMU-MOSEI, CH-SIMS, and MVSA-Single validate the effectiveness of our method. The model achieves 47.4% accuracy under the Acc-7 metric on CMU-MOSI and 81.63% F1-score on CH-SIMS, outperforming the second-best baseline by 1.19%. Under noise, it shows only 0.36% and 0.29% performance degradation on CMU-MOSI and CMU-MOSEI respectively. △ Less Submitted 3 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.01444 [ pdf , ps , other ] Robust Multimodal Sentiment Analysis via Double Information Bottleneck Authors: Huiting Huang , Tieliang Gong , Kai He , Jialun Wu , Erik Cambria , Mengling Feng Abstract : Multimodal sentiment analysis has received significant attention across diverse research domains. Despite advancements in algorithm design, existing approaches suffer from two critical limitations: insufficient learning of noise-contaminated unimodal data, leading to corrupted cross-modal interactions, and inadequate fusion of multimodal representations, resulting in discarding discriminative unim… ▽ More Multimodal sentiment analysis has received significant attention across diverse research domains. Despite advancements in algorithm design, existing approaches suffer from two critical limitations: insufficient learning of noise-contaminated unimodal data, leading to corrupted cross-modal interactions, and inadequate fusion of multimodal representations, resulting in discarding discriminative unimodal information while retaining multimodal redundant information. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a Double Information Bottleneck (DIB) strategy to obtain a powerful, unified compact multimodal representation. Implemented within the framework of low-rank Renyi's entropy functional, DIB offers enhanced robustness against diverse noise sources and computational tractability for high-dimensional data, as compared to the conventional Shannon entropy-based methods. The DIB comprises two key modules: 1) learning a sufficient and compressed representation of individual unimodal data by maximizing the task-relevant information and discarding the superfluous information, and 2) ensuring the discriminative ability of multimodal representation through a novel attention bottleneck fusion mechanism. Consequently, DIB yields a multimodal representation that effectively filters out noisy information from unimodal data while capturing inter-modal complementarity. Extensive experiments on CMU-MOSI, CMU-MOSEI, CH-SIMS, and MVSA-Single validate the effectiveness of our method. The model achieves 47.4% accuracy under the Acc-7 metric on CMU-MOSI and 81.63% F1-score on CH-SIMS, outperforming the second-best baseline by 1.19%. Under noise, it shows only 0.36% and 0.29% performance degradation on CMU-MOSI and CMU-MOSEI respectively. △ Less Submitted 3 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.01016 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Prompt-R1: Collaborative Automatic Prompting Framework via End-to-end Reinforcement Learning Authors: Wenjin Liu , Haoran Luo , Xueyuan Lin , Haoming Liu , Tiesunlong Shen , Jiapu Wang , Rui Mao , Erik Cambria Abstract : Recently, advanced large language models (LLMs) have emerged at an increasingly rapid pace. However, when faced with complex problems, most users are often unable to provide accurate and effective prompts to interact with LLMs, thus limiting the performance of LLMs. To address this challenge, we propose Prompt-R1, an end-to-end reinforcement learning framework that uses a small-scale LLM to collab… ▽ More Recently, advanced large language models (LLMs) have emerged at an increasingly rapid pace. However, when faced with complex problems, most users are often unable to provide accurate and effective prompts to interact with LLMs, thus limiting the performance of LLMs. To address this challenge, we propose Prompt-R1, an end-to-end reinforcement learning framework that uses a small-scale LLM to collaborate with large-scale LLMs, replacing user interaction to solve problems better. This collaboration is cast as a multi-turn prompt interaction, where the small-scale LLM thinks and generates prompts, and the large-scale LLM performs complex reasoning. A dual-constrained reward is designed to optimize for correctness, generation quality, and reasoning accuracy. Prompt-R1 provides a plug-and-play framework that supports both inference and training with various large-scale LLMs. Experiments on multiple public datasets show that Prompt-R1 significantly outperforms baseline models across tasks. Our code is publicly available at △ Less Submitted 28 December, 2025; v1 submitted 2 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.01016 [ pdf , ps , other ] Prompt-R1: Collaborative Automatic Prompting Framework via End-to-end Reinforcement Learning Authors: Wenjin Liu , Haoran Luo , Xueyuan Lin , Haoming Liu , Tiesunlong Shen , Jiapu Wang , Rui Mao , Erik Cambria Abstract : Recently, advanced large language models (LLMs) have emerged at an increasingly rapid pace. However, when faced with complex problems, most users are often unable to provide accurate and effective prompts to interact with LLMs, thus limiting the performance of LLMs. To address this challenge, we propose Prompt-R1, an end-to-end reinforcement learning framework that uses a small-scale LLM to collab… ▽ More Recently, advanced large language models (LLMs) have emerged at an increasingly rapid pace. However, when faced with complex problems, most users are often unable to provide accurate and effective prompts to interact with LLMs, thus limiting the performance of LLMs. To address this challenge, we propose Prompt-R1, an end-to-end reinforcement learning framework that uses a small-scale LLM to collaborate with large-scale LLMs, replacing user interaction to solve problems better. This collaboration is cast as a multi-turn prompt interaction, where the small-scale LLM thinks and generates prompts, and the large-scale LLM performs complex reasoning. A dual-constrained reward is designed to optimize for correctness, generation quality, and reasoning accuracy. Prompt-R1 provides a plug-and-play framework that supports both inference and training with various large-scale LLMs. Experiments on multiple public datasets show that Prompt-R1 significantly outperforms baseline models across tasks. Our code is publicly available at △ Less Submitted 28 December, 2025; v1 submitted 2 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2510.20252 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Individualized Cognitive Simulation in Large Language Models: Evaluating Different Cognitive Representation Methods Authors: Tianyi Zhang , Xiaolin Zhou , Yunzhe Wang , Erik Cambria , David Traum , Rui Mao Abstract : Individualized cognitive simulation (ICS) aims to build computational models that approximate the thought processes of specific individuals. While large language models (LLMs) convincingly mimic surface-level human behavior such as role-play, their ability to simulate deeper individualized cognitive processes remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we introduce a novel task that evaluates… ▽ More Individualized cognitive simulation (ICS) aims to build computational models that approximate the thought processes of specific individuals. While large language models (LLMs) convincingly mimic surface-level human behavior such as role-play, their ability to simulate deeper individualized cognitive processes remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we introduce a novel task that evaluates different cognitive representation methods in ICS. We construct a dataset from recently published novels (later than the release date of the tested LLMs) and propose an 11-condition cognitive evaluation framework to benchmark seven off-the-shelf LLMs in the context of authorial style emulation. We hypothesize that effective cognitive representations can help LLMs generate storytelling that better mirrors the original author. Thus, we test different cognitive representations, e.g., linguistic features, concept mappings, and profile-based information. Results show that combining conceptual and linguistic features is particularly effective in ICS, outperforming static profile-based cues in overall evaluation. Importantly, LLMs are more effective at mimicking linguistic style than narrative structure, underscoring their limits in deeper cognitive simulation. These findings provide a foundation for developing AI systems that adapt to individual ways of thinking and expression, advancing more personalized and human-aligned creative technologies. △ Less Submitted 23 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.20252 [ pdf , ps , other ] Individualized Cognitive Simulation in Large Language Models: Evaluating Different Cognitive Representation Methods Authors: Tianyi Zhang , Xiaolin Zhou , Yunzhe Wang , Erik Cambria , David Traum , Rui Mao Abstract : Individualized cognitive simulation (ICS) aims to build computational models that approximate the thought processes of specific individuals. While large language models (LLMs) convincingly mimic surface-level human behavior such as role-play, their ability to simulate deeper individualized cognitive processes remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we introduce a novel task that evaluates… ▽ More Individualized cognitive simulation (ICS) aims to build computational models that approximate the thought processes of specific individuals. While large language models (LLMs) convincingly mimic surface-level human behavior such as role-play, their ability to simulate deeper individualized cognitive processes remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we introduce a novel task that evaluates different cognitive representation methods in ICS. We construct a dataset from recently published novels (later than the release date of the tested LLMs) and propose an 11-condition cognitive evaluation framework to benchmark seven off-the-shelf LLMs in the context of authorial style emulation. We hypothesize that effective cognitive representations can help LLMs generate storytelling that better mirrors the original author. Thus, we test different cognitive representations, e.g., linguistic features, concept mappings, and profile-based information. Results show that combining conceptual and linguistic features is particularly effective in ICS, outperforming static profile-based cues in overall evaluation. Importantly, LLMs are more effective at mimicking linguistic style than narrative structure, underscoring their limits in deeper cognitive simulation. These findings provide a foundation for developing AI systems that adapt to individual ways of thinking and expression, advancing more personalized and human-aligned creative technologies. △ Less Submitted 23 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.11119 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.AR cs.DC Improving AI Efficiency in Data Centres by Power Dynamic Response Authors: Andrea Marinoni , Sai Shivareddy , Pietro Lio' , Weisi Lin , Erik Cambria , Clare Grey Abstract : The steady growth of artificial intelligence (AI) has accelerated in the recent years, facilitated by the development of sophisticated models such as large language models and foundation models. Ensuring robust and reliable power infrastructures is fundamental to take advantage of the full potential of AI. However, AI data centres are extremely hungry for power, putting the problem of their power… ▽ More The steady growth of artificial intelligence (AI) has accelerated in the recent years, facilitated by the development of sophisticated models such as large language models and foundation models. Ensuring robust and reliable power infrastructures is fundamental to take advantage of the full potential of AI. However, AI data centres are extremely hungry for power, putting the problem of their power management in the spotlight, especially with respect to their impact on environment and sustainable development. In this work, we investigate the capacity and limits of solutions based on an innovative approach for the power management of AI data centres, i.e., making part of the input power as dynamic as the power used for data-computing functions. The performance of passive and active devices are quantified and compared in terms of computational gain, energy efficiency, reduction of capital expenditure, and management costs by analysing power trends from multiple data platforms worldwide. This strategy, which identifies a paradigm shift in the AI data centre power management, has the potential to strongly improve the sustainability of AI hyperscalers, enhancing their footprint on environmental, financial, and societal fields. △ Less Submitted 13 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.11119 [ pdf , ps , other ] Improving AI Efficiency in Data Centres by Power Dynamic Response Authors: Andrea Marinoni , Sai Shivareddy , Pietro Lio' , Weisi Lin , Erik Cambria , Clare Grey Abstract : The steady growth of artificial intelligence (AI) has accelerated in the recent years, facilitated by the development of sophisticated models such as large language models and foundation models. Ensuring robust and reliable power infrastructures is fundamental to take advantage of the full potential of AI. However, AI data centres are extremely hungry for power, putting the problem of their power… ▽ More The steady growth of artificial intelligence (AI) has accelerated in the recent years, facilitated by the development of sophisticated models such as large language models and foundation models. Ensuring robust and reliable power infrastructures is fundamental to take advantage of the full potential of AI. However, AI data centres are extremely hungry for power, putting the problem of their power management in the spotlight, especially with respect to their impact on environment and sustainable development. In this work, we investigate the capacity and limits of solutions based on an innovative approach for the power management of AI data centres, i.e., making part of the input power as dynamic as the power used for data-computing functions. The performance of passive and active devices are quantified and compared in terms of computational gain, energy efficiency, reduction of capital expenditure, and management costs by analysing power trends from multiple data platforms worldwide. This strategy, which identifies a paradigm shift in the AI data centre power management, has the potential to strongly improve the sustainability of AI hyperscalers, enhancing their footprint on environmental, financial, and societal fields. △ Less Submitted 13 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.04899 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Human Behavior Atlas: Benchmarking Unified Psychological and Social Behavior Understanding Authors: Keane Ong , Wei Dai , Carol Li , Dewei Feng , Hengzhi Li , Jingyao Wu , Jiaee Cheong , Rui Mao , Gianmarco Mengaldo , Erik Cambria , Paul Pu Liang Abstract : Using intelligent systems to perceive psychological and social behaviors, that is, the underlying affective, cognitive, and pathological states that are manifested through observable behaviors and social interactions, remains a challenge due to their complex, multifaceted, and personalized nature. Existing work tackling these dimensions through specialized datasets and single-task systems often mi… ▽ More Using intelligent systems to perceive psychological and social behaviors, that is, the underlying affective, cognitive, and pathological states that are manifested through observable behaviors and social interactions, remains a challenge due to their complex, multifaceted, and personalized nature. Existing work tackling these dimensions through specialized datasets and single-task systems often miss opportunities for scalability, cross-task transfer, and broader generalization. To address this gap, we curate Human Behavior Atlas, a unified benchmark of diverse behavioral tasks designed to support the development of unified models for understanding psychological and social behaviors. Human Behavior Atlas comprises over 100,000 samples spanning text, audio, and visual modalities, covering tasks on affective states, cognitive states, pathologies, and social processes. Our unification efforts can reduce redundancy and cost, enable training to scale efficiently across tasks, and enhance generalization of behavioral features across domains. On Human Behavior Atlas, we train three models: OmniSapiens-7B SFT, OmniSapiens-7B BAM, and OmniSapiens-7B RL. We show that training on Human Behavior Atlas enables models to consistently outperform existing multimodal LLMs across diverse behavioral tasks. Pretraining on Human Behavior Atlas also improves transfer to novel behavioral datasets; with the targeted use of behavioral descriptors yielding meaningful performance gains. △ Less Submitted 6 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.04899 [ pdf , ps , other ] Human Behavior Atlas: Benchmarking Unified Psychological and Social Behavior Understanding Authors: Keane Ong , Wei Dai , Carol Li , Dewei Feng , Hengzhi Li , Jingyao Wu , Jiaee Cheong , Rui Mao , Gianmarco Mengaldo , Erik Cambria , Paul Pu Liang Abstract : Using intelligent systems to perceive psychological and social behaviors, that is, the underlying affective, cognitive, and pathological states that are manifested through observable behaviors and social interactions, remains a challenge due to their complex, multifaceted, and personalized nature. Existing work tackling these dimensions through specialized datasets and single-task systems often mi… ▽ More Using intelligent systems to perceive psychological and social behaviors, that is, the underlying affective, cognitive, and pathological states that are manifested through observable behaviors and social interactions, remains a challenge due to their complex, multifaceted, and personalized nature. Existing work tackling these dimensions through specialized datasets and single-task systems often miss opportunities for scalability, cross-task transfer, and broader generalization. To address this gap, we curate Human Behavior Atlas, a unified benchmark of diverse behavioral tasks designed to support the development of unified models for understanding psychological and social behaviors. Human Behavior Atlas comprises over 100,000 samples spanning text, audio, and visual modalities, covering tasks on affective states, cognitive states, pathologies, and social processes. Our unification efforts can reduce redundancy and cost, enable training to scale efficiently across tasks, and enhance generalization of behavioral features across domains. On Human Behavior Atlas, we train three models: OmniSapiens-7B SFT, OmniSapiens-7B BAM, and OmniSapiens-7B RL. We show that training on Human Behavior Atlas enables models to consistently outperform existing multimodal LLMs across diverse behavioral tasks. Pretraining on Human Behavior Atlas also improves transfer to novel behavioral datasets; with the targeted use of behavioral descriptors yielding meaningful performance gains. △ Less Submitted 6 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2509.09708 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI Beyond I'm Sorry, I Can't: Dissecting Large Language Model Refusal Authors: Nirmalendu Prakash , Yeo Wei Jie , Amir Abdullah , Ranjan Satapathy , Erik Cambria , Roy Ka Wei Lee Abstract : Refusal on harmful prompts is a key safety behaviour in instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs), yet the internal causes of this behaviour remain poorly understood. We study two public instruction-tuned models, Gemma-2-2B-IT and LLaMA-3.1-8B-IT, using sparse autoencoders (SAEs) trained on residual-stream activations. Given a harmful prompt, we search the SAE latent space for feature sets wh… ▽ More Refusal on harmful prompts is a key safety behaviour in instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs), yet the internal causes of this behaviour remain poorly understood. We study two public instruction-tuned models, Gemma-2-2B-IT and LLaMA-3.1-8B-IT, using sparse autoencoders (SAEs) trained on residual-stream activations. Given a harmful prompt, we search the SAE latent space for feature sets whose ablation flips the model from refusal to compliance, demonstrating causal influence and creating a jailbreak. Our search proceeds in three stages: (1) Refusal Direction: find a refusal-mediating direction and collect SAE features near that direction; (2) Greedy Filtering: prune to a minimal set; and (3) Interaction Discovery: fit a factorization machine (FM) that captures nonlinear interactions among the remaining active features and the minimal set. This pipeline yields a broad set of jailbreak-critical features, offering insight into the mechanistic basis of refusal. Moreover, we find evidence of redundant features that remain dormant unless earlier features are suppressed. Our findings highlight the potential for fine-grained auditing and targeted intervention in safety behaviours by manipulating the interpretable latent space. △ Less Submitted 10 October, 2025; v1 submitted 6 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2509.09708 [ pdf , ps , other ] Beyond I'm Sorry, I Can't: Dissecting Large Language Model Refusal Authors: Nirmalendu Prakash , Yeo Wei Jie , Amir Abdullah , Ranjan Satapathy , Erik Cambria , Roy Ka Wei Lee Abstract : Refusal on harmful prompts is a key safety behaviour in instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs), yet the internal causes of this behaviour remain poorly understood. We study two public instruction-tuned models, Gemma-2-2B-IT and LLaMA-3.1-8B-IT, using sparse autoencoders (SAEs) trained on residual-stream activations. Given a harmful prompt, we search the SAE latent space for feature sets wh… ▽ More Refusal on harmful prompts is a key safety behaviour in instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs), yet the internal causes of this behaviour remain poorly understood. We study two public instruction-tuned models, Gemma-2-2B-IT and LLaMA-3.1-8B-IT, using sparse autoencoders (SAEs) trained on residual-stream activations. Given a harmful prompt, we search the SAE latent space for feature sets whose ablation flips the model from refusal to compliance, demonstrating causal influence and creating a jailbreak. Our search proceeds in three stages: (1) Refusal Direction: find a refusal-mediating direction and collect SAE features near that direction; (2) Greedy Filtering: prune to a minimal set; and (3) Interaction Discovery: fit a factorization machine (FM) that captures nonlinear interactions among the remaining active features and the minimal set. This pipeline yields a broad set of jailbreak-critical features, offering insight into the mechanistic basis of refusal. Moreover, we find evidence of redundant features that remain dormant unless earlier features are suppressed. Our findings highlight the potential for fine-grained auditing and targeted intervention in safety behaviours by manipulating the interpretable latent space. △ Less Submitted 10 October, 2025; v1 submitted 6 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2509.09154 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CV Mind Meets Space: Rethinking Agentic Spatial Intelligence from a Neuroscience-inspired Perspective Authors: Bui Duc Manh , Soumyaratna Debnath , Zetong Zhang , Shriram Damodaran , Arvind Kumar , Yueyi Zhang , Lu Mi , Erik Cambria , Lin Wang Abstract : Recent advances in agentic AI have led to systems capable of autonomous task execution and language-based reasoning, yet their spatial reasoning abilities remain limited and underexplored, largely constrained to symbolic and sequential processing. In contrast, human spatial intelligence, rooted in integrated multisensory perception, spatial memory, and cognitive maps, enables flexible, context-awa… ▽ More Recent advances in agentic AI have led to systems capable of autonomous task execution and language-based reasoning, yet their spatial reasoning abilities remain limited and underexplored, largely constrained to symbolic and sequential processing. In contrast, human spatial intelligence, rooted in integrated multisensory perception, spatial memory, and cognitive maps, enables flexible, context-aware decision-making in unstructured environments. Therefore, bridging this gap is critical for advancing Agentic Spatial Intelligence toward better interaction with the physical 3D world. To this end, we first start from scrutinizing the spatial neural models as studied in computational neuroscience, and accordingly introduce a novel computational framework grounded in neuroscience principles. This framework maps core biological functions to six essential computation modules: bio-inspired multimodal sensing, multi-sensory integration, egocentric-allocentric conversion, an artificial cognitive map, spatial memory, and spatial reasoning. Together, these modules form a perspective landscape for agentic spatial reasoning capability across both virtual and physical environments. On top, we conduct a framework-guided analysis of recent methods, evaluating their relevance to each module and identifying critical gaps that hinder the development of more neuroscience-grounded spatial reasoning modules. We further examine emerging benchmarks and datasets and explore potential application domains ranging from virtual to embodied systems, such as robotics. Finally, we outline potential research directions, emphasizing the promising roadmap that can generalize spatial reasoning across dynamic or unstructured environments. We hope this work will benefit the research community with a neuroscience-grounded perspective and a structured pathway. Our project page can be found at Github. △ Less Submitted 11 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. Comments: 54 pages, journal arXiv:2509.09154 [ pdf , ps , other ] Mind Meets Space: Rethinking Agentic Spatial Intelligence from a Neuroscience-inspired Perspective Authors: Bui Duc Manh , Soumyaratna Debnath , Zetong Zhang , Shriram Damodaran , Arvind Kumar , Yueyi Zhang , Lu Mi , Erik Cambria , Lin Wang Abstract : Recent advances in agentic AI have led to systems capable of autonomous task execution and language-based reasoning, yet their spatial reasoning abilities remain limited and underexplored, largely constrained to symbolic and sequential processing. In contrast, human spatial intelligence, rooted in integrated multisensory perception, spatial memory, and cognitive maps, enables flexible, context-awa… ▽ More Recent advances in agentic AI have led to systems capable of autonomous task execution and language-based reasoning, yet their spatial reasoning abilities remain limited and underexplored, largely constrained to symbolic and sequential processing. In contrast, human spatial intelligence, rooted in integrated multisensory perception, spatial memory, and cognitive maps, enables flexible, context-aware decision-making in unstructured environments. Therefore, bridging this gap is critical for advancing Agentic Spatial Intelligence toward better interaction with the physical 3D world. To this end, we first start from scrutinizing the spatial neural models as studied in computational neuroscience, and accordingly introduce a novel computational framework grounded in neuroscience principles. This framework maps core biological functions to six essential computation modules: bio-inspired multimodal sensing, multi-sensory integration, egocentric-allocentric conversion, an artificial cognitive map, spatial memory, and spatial reasoning. Together, these modules form a perspective landscape for agentic spatial reasoning capability across both virtual and physical environments. On top, we conduct a framework-guided analysis of recent methods, evaluating their relevance to each module and identifying critical gaps that hinder the development of more neuroscience-grounded spatial reasoning modules. We further examine emerging benchmarks and datasets and explore potential application domains ranging from virtual to embodied systems, such as robotics. Finally, we outline potential research directions, emphasizing the promising roadmap that can generalize spatial reasoning across dynamic or unstructured environments. We hope this work will benefit the research community with a neuroscience-grounded perspective and a structured pathway. Our project page can be found at Github. △ Less Submitted 11 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. Comments: 54 pages, journal arXiv:2508.21101 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Beyond Prediction: Reinforcement Learning as the Defining Leap in Healthcare AI Authors: Dilruk Perera , Gousia Habib , Qianyi Xu , Daniel J. Tan , Kai He , Erik Cambria , Mengling Feng Abstract : Reinforcement learning (RL) marks a fundamental shift in how artificial intelligence is applied in healthcare. Instead of merely predicting outcomes, RL actively decides interventions with long term goals. Unlike traditional models that operate on fixed associations, RL systems learn through trial, feedback, and long-term reward optimization, introducing transformative possibilities and new risks.… ▽ More Reinforcement learning (RL) marks a fundamental shift in how artificial intelligence is applied in healthcare. Instead of merely predicting outcomes, RL actively decides interventions with long term goals. Unlike traditional models that operate on fixed associations, RL systems learn through trial, feedback, and long-term reward optimization, introducing transformative possibilities and new risks. From an information fusion lens, healthcare RL typically integrates multi-source signals such as vitals, labs clinical notes, imaging and device telemetry using temporal and decision-level mechanisms. These systems can operate within centralized, federated, or edge architectures to meet real-time clinical constraints, and naturally span data, features and decision fusion levels. This survey explore RL's rise in healthcare as more than a set of tools, rather a shift toward agentive intelligence in clinical environments. We first structure the landscape of RL techniques including model-based and model-free methods, offline and batch-constrained approaches, and emerging strategies for reward specification and uncertainty calibration through the lens of healthcare constraints. We then comprehensively analyze RL applications spanning critical care, chronic disease, mental health, diagnostics, and robotic assistance, identifying their trends, gaps, and translational bottlenecks. In contrast to prior reviews, we critically analyze RL's ethical, deployment, and reward design challenges, and synthesize lessons for safe, human-aligned policy learning. This paper serves as both a a technical roadmap and a critical reflection of RL's emerging transformative role in healthcare AI not as prediction machinery, but as agentive clinical intelligence. △ Less Submitted 28 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. Comments: 40 pages in total (including appendix) arXiv:2508.21101 [ pdf , ps , other ] Beyond Prediction: Reinforcement Learning as the Defining Leap in Healthcare AI Authors: Dilruk Perera , Gousia Habib , Qianyi Xu , Daniel J. Tan , Kai He , Erik Cambria , Mengling Feng Abstract : Reinforcement learning (RL) marks a fundamental shift in how artificial intelligence is applied in healthcare. Instead of merely predicting outcomes, RL actively decides interventions with long term goals. Unlike traditional models that operate on fixed associations, RL systems learn through trial, feedback, and long-term reward optimization, introducing transformative possibilities and new risks.… ▽ More Reinforcement learning (RL) marks a fundamental shift in how artificial intelligence is applied in healthcare. Instead of merely predicting outcomes, RL actively decides interventions with long term goals. Unlike traditional models that operate on fixed associations, RL systems learn through trial, feedback, and long-term reward optimization, introducing transformative possibilities and new risks. From an information fusion lens, healthcare RL typically integrates multi-source signals such as vitals, labs clinical notes, imaging and device telemetry using temporal and decision-level mechanisms. These systems can operate within centralized, federated, or edge architectures to meet real-time clinical constraints, and naturally span data, features and decision fusion levels. This survey explore RL's rise in healthcare as more than a set of tools, rather a shift toward agentive intelligence in clinical environments. We first structure the landscape of RL techniques including model-based and model-free methods, offline and batch-constrained approaches, and emerging strategies for reward specification and uncertainty calibration through the lens of healthcare constraints. We then comprehensively analyze RL applications spanning critical care, chronic disease, mental health, diagnostics, and robotic assistance, identifying their trends, gaps, and translational bottlenecks. In contrast to prior reviews, we critically analyze RL's ethical, deployment, and reward design challenges, and synthesize lessons for safe, human-aligned policy learning. This paper serves as both a a technical roadmap and a critical reflection of RL's emerging transformative role in healthcare AI not as prediction machinery, but as agentive clinical intelligence. △ Less Submitted 28 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. Comments: 40 pages in total (including appendix) arXiv:2508.20674 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI q-bio.NC Bridging Minds and Machines: Toward an Integration of AI and Cognitive Science Authors: Rui Mao , Qian Liu , Xiao Li , Erik Cambria , Amir Hussain Abstract : Cognitive Science has profoundly shaped disciplines such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Philosophy, Psychology, Neuroscience, Linguistics, and Culture. Many breakthroughs in AI trace their roots to cognitive theories, while AI itself has become an indispensable tool for advancing cognitive research. This reciprocal relationship motivates a comprehensive review of the intersections between AI and… ▽ More Cognitive Science has profoundly shaped disciplines such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Philosophy, Psychology, Neuroscience, Linguistics, and Culture. Many breakthroughs in AI trace their roots to cognitive theories, while AI itself has become an indispensable tool for advancing cognitive research. This reciprocal relationship motivates a comprehensive review of the intersections between AI and Cognitive Science. By synthesizing key contributions from both perspectives, we observe that AI progress has largely emphasized practical task performance, whereas its cognitive foundations remain conceptually fragmented. We argue that the future of AI within Cognitive Science lies not only in improving performance but also in constructing systems that deepen our understanding of the human mind. Promising directions include aligning AI behaviors with cognitive frameworks, situating AI in embodiment and culture, developing personalized cognitive models, and rethinking AI ethics through cognitive co-evaluation. △ Less Submitted 28 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. arXiv:2508.20674 [ pdf , ps , other ] Bridging Minds and Machines: Toward an Integration of AI and Cognitive Science Authors: Rui Mao , Qian Liu , Xiao Li , Erik Cambria , Amir Hussain Abstract : Cognitive Science has profoundly shaped disciplines such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Philosophy, Psychology, Neuroscience, Linguistics, and Culture. Many breakthroughs in AI trace their roots to cognitive theories, while AI itself has become an indispensable tool for advancing cognitive research. This reciprocal relationship motivates a comprehensive review of the intersections between AI and… ▽ More Cognitive Science has profoundly shaped disciplines such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Philosophy, Psychology, Neuroscience, Linguistics, and Culture. Many breakthroughs in AI trace their roots to cognitive theories, while AI itself has become an indispensable tool for advancing cognitive research. This reciprocal relationship motivates a comprehensive review of the intersections between AI and Cognitive Science. By synthesizing key contributions from both perspectives, we observe that AI progress has largely emphasized practical task performance, whereas its cognitive foundations remain conceptually fragmented. We argue that the future of AI within Cognitive Science lies not only in improving performance but also in constructing systems that deepen our understanding of the human mind. Promising directions include aligning AI behaviors with cognitive frameworks, situating AI in embodiment and culture, developing personalized cognitive models, and rethinking AI ethics through cognitive co-evaluation. △ Less Submitted 28 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. arXiv:2508.12243 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL SEA-BED: Southeast Asia Embedding Benchmark Authors: Wuttikorn Ponwitayarat , Raymond Ng , Jann Railey Montalan , Thura Aung , Jian Gang Ngui , Yosephine Susanto , William Tjhi , Panuthep Tasawong , Erik Cambria , Ekapol Chuangsuwanich , Sarana Nutanong , Peerat Limkonchotiwat Abstract : Sentence embeddings are essential for NLP tasks such as semantic search, re-ranking, and textual similarity. Although multilingual benchmarks like MMTEB broaden coverage, Southeast Asia (SEA) datasets are scarce and often machine-translated, missing native linguistic properties. With nearly 700 million speakers, the SEA region lacks a region-specific embedding benchmark. We introduce SEA-BED, the… ▽ More Sentence embeddings are essential for NLP tasks such as semantic search, re-ranking, and textual similarity. Although multilingual benchmarks like MMTEB broaden coverage, Southeast Asia (SEA) datasets are scarce and often machine-translated, missing native linguistic properties. With nearly 700 million speakers, the SEA region lacks a region-specific embedding benchmark. We introduce SEA-BED, the first large-scale SEA embedding benchmark with 169 datasets across 9 tasks and 10 languages, where 71% are formulated by humans, not machine generation or translation. We address three research questions: (1) which SEA languages and tasks are challenging, (2) whether SEA languages show unique performance gaps globally, and (3) how human vs. machine translations affect evaluation. We evaluate 17 embedding models across six studies, analyzing task and language challenges, cross-benchmark comparisons, and translation trade-offs. Results show sharp ranking shifts, inconsistent model performance among SEA languages, and the importance of human-curated datasets for low-resource languages like Burmese. △ Less Submitted 24 August, 2025; v1 submitted 17 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. arXiv:2508.12243 [ pdf , ps , other ] SEA-BED: Southeast Asia Embedding Benchmark Authors: Wuttikorn Ponwitayarat , Raymond Ng , Jann Railey Montalan , Thura Aung , Jian Gang Ngui , Yosephine Susanto , William Tjhi , Panuthep Tasawong , Erik Cambria , Ekapol Chuangsuwanich , Sarana Nutanong , Peerat Limkonchotiwat Abstract : Sentence embeddings are essential for NLP tasks such as semantic search, re-ranking, and textual similarity. Although multilingual benchmarks like MMTEB broaden coverage, Southeast Asia (SEA) datasets are scarce and often machine-translated, missing native linguistic properties. With nearly 700 million speakers, the SEA region lacks a region-specific embedding benchmark. We introduce SEA-BED, the… ▽ More Sentence embeddings are essential for NLP tasks such as semantic search, re-ranking, and textual similarity. Although multilingual benchmarks like MMTEB broaden coverage, Southeast Asia (SEA) datasets are scarce and often machine-translated, missing native linguistic properties. With nearly 700 million speakers, the SEA region lacks a region-specific embedding benchmark. We introduce SEA-BED, the first large-scale SEA embedding benchmark with 169 datasets across 9 tasks and 10 languages, where 71% are formulated by humans, not machine generation or translation. We address three research questions: (1) which SEA languages and tasks are challenging, (2) whether SEA languages show unique performance gaps globally, and (3) how human vs. machine translations affect evaluation. We evaluate 17 embedding models across six studies, analyzing task and language challenges, cross-benchmark comparisons, and translation trade-offs. Results show sharp ranking shifts, inconsistent model performance among SEA languages, and the importance of human-curated datasets for low-resource languages like Burmese. △ Less Submitted 24 August, 2025; v1 submitted 17 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. arXiv:2508.12072 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.CL Mitigating Jailbreaks with Intent-Aware LLMs Authors: Wei Jie Yeo , Ranjan Satapathy , Erik Cambria Abstract : Despite extensive safety-tuning, large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks via adversarially crafted instructions, reflecting a persistent trade-off between safety and task performance. In this work, we propose Intent-FT, a simple and lightweight fine-tuning approach that explicitly trains LLMs to infer the underlying intent of an instruction before responding. By fine-tu… ▽ More Despite extensive safety-tuning, large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks via adversarially crafted instructions, reflecting a persistent trade-off between safety and task performance. In this work, we propose Intent-FT, a simple and lightweight fine-tuning approach that explicitly trains LLMs to infer the underlying intent of an instruction before responding. By fine-tuning on a targeted set of adversarial instructions, Intent-FT enables LLMs to generalize intent deduction to unseen attacks, thereby substantially improving their robustness. We comprehensively evaluate both parametric and non-parametric attacks across open-source and proprietary models, considering harmfulness from attacks, utility, over-refusal, and impact against white-box threats. Empirically, Intent-FT consistently mitigates all evaluated attack categories, with no single attack exceeding a 50\% success rate -- whereas existing defenses remain only partially effective. Importantly, our method preserves the model's general capabilities and reduces excessive refusals on benign instructions containing superficially harmful keywords. Furthermore, models trained with Intent-FT accurately identify hidden harmful intent in adversarial attacks, and these learned intentions can be effectively transferred to enhance vanilla model defenses. We publicly release our code at △ Less Submitted 23 August, 2025; v1 submitted 16 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. arXiv:2508.12072 [ pdf , ps , other ] Mitigating Jailbreaks with Intent-Aware LLMs Authors: Wei Jie Yeo , Ranjan Satapathy , Erik Cambria Abstract : Despite extensive safety-tuning, large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks via adversarially crafted instructions, reflecting a persistent trade-off between safety and task performance. In this work, we propose Intent-FT, a simple and lightweight fine-tuning approach that explicitly trains LLMs to infer the underlying intent of an instruction before responding. By fine-tu… ▽ More Despite extensive safety-tuning, large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks via adversarially crafted instructions, reflecting a persistent trade-off between safety and task performance. In this work, we propose Intent-FT, a simple and lightweight fine-tuning approach that explicitly trains LLMs to infer the underlying intent of an instruction before responding. By fine-tuning on a targeted set of adversarial instructions, Intent-FT enables LLMs to generalize intent deduction to unseen attacks, thereby substantially improving their robustness. We comprehensively evaluate both parametric and non-parametric attacks across open-source and proprietary models, considering harmfulness from attacks, utility, over-refusal, and impact against white-box threats. Empirically, Intent-FT consistently mitigates all evaluated attack categories, with no single attack exceeding a 50\% success rate -- whereas existing defenses remain only partially effective. Importantly, our method preserves the model's general capabilities and reduces excessive refusals on benign instructions containing superficially harmful keywords. Furthermore, models trained with Intent-FT accurately identify hidden harmful intent in adversarial attacks, and these learned intentions can be effectively transferred to enhance vanilla model defenses. We publicly release our code at △ Less Submitted 23 August, 2025; v1 submitted 16 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. arXiv:2507.03868 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CE cs.CY cs.MM From Query to Explanation: Uni-RAG for Multi-Modal Retrieval-Augmented Learning in STEM Authors: Xinyi Wu , Yanhao Jia , Luwei Xiao , Shuai Zhao , Fengkuang Chiang , Erik Cambria Abstract : In AI-facilitated teaching, leveraging various query styles to interpret abstract educational content is crucial for delivering effective and accessible learning experiences. However, existing retrieval systems predominantly focus on natural text-image matching and lack the capacity to address the diversity and ambiguity inherent in real-world educational scenarios. To address this limitation, we… ▽ More In AI-facilitated teaching, leveraging various query styles to interpret abstract educational content is crucial for delivering effective and accessible learning experiences. However, existing retrieval systems predominantly focus on natural text-image matching and lack the capacity to address the diversity and ambiguity inherent in real-world educational scenarios. To address this limitation, we develop a lightweight and efficient multi-modal retrieval module, named Uni-Retrieval, which extracts query-style prototypes and dynamically matches them with tokens from a continually updated Prompt Bank. This Prompt Bank encodes and stores domain-specific knowledge by leveraging a Mixture-of-Expert Low-Rank Adaptation (MoE-LoRA) module and can be adapted to enhance Uni-Retrieval's capability to accommodate unseen query types at test time. To enable natural language educational content generation, we integrate the original Uni-Retrieval with a compact instruction-tuned language model, forming a complete retrieval-augmented generation pipeline named Uni-RAG. Given a style-conditioned query, Uni-RAG first retrieves relevant educational materials and then generates human-readable explanations, feedback, or instructional content aligned with the learning objective. Experimental results on SER and other multi-modal benchmarks show that Uni-RAG outperforms baseline retrieval and RAG systems in both retrieval accuracy and generation quality, while maintaining low computational cost. Our framework provides a scalable, pedagogically grounded solution for intelligent educational systems, bridging retrieval and generation to support personalized, explainable, and efficient learning assistance across diverse STEM scenarios. △ Less Submitted 4 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. arXiv:2507.03868 [ pdf , ps , other ] From Query to Explanation: Uni-RAG for Multi-Modal Retrieval-Augmented Learning in STEM Authors: Xinyi Wu , Yanhao Jia , Luwei Xiao , Shuai Zhao , Fengkuang Chiang , Erik Cambria Abstract : In AI-facilitated teaching, leveraging various query styles to interpret abstract educational content is crucial for delivering effective and accessible learning experiences. However, existing retrieval systems predominantly focus on natural text-image matching and lack the capacity to address the diversity and ambiguity inherent in real-world educational scenarios. To address this limitation, we… ▽ More In AI-facilitated teaching, leveraging various query styles to interpret abstract educational content is crucial for delivering effective and accessible learning experiences. However, existing retrieval systems predominantly focus on natural text-image matching and lack the capacity to address the diversity and ambiguity inherent in real-world educational scenarios. To address this limitation, we develop a lightweight and efficient multi-modal retrieval module, named Uni-Retrieval, which extracts query-style prototypes and dynamically matches them with tokens from a continually updated Prompt Bank. This Prompt Bank encodes and stores domain-specific knowledge by leveraging a Mixture-of-Expert Low-Rank Adaptation (MoE-LoRA) module and can be adapted to enhance Uni-Retrieval's capability to accommodate unseen query types at test time. To enable natural language educational content generation, we integrate the original Uni-Retrieval with a compact instruction-tuned language model, forming a complete retrieval-augmented generation pipeline named Uni-RAG. Given a style-conditioned query, Uni-RAG first retrieves relevant educational materials and then generates human-readable explanations, feedback, or instructional content aligned with the learning objective. Experimental results on SER and other multi-modal benchmarks show that Uni-RAG outperforms baseline retrieval and RAG systems in both retrieval accuracy and generation quality, while maintaining low computational cost. Our framework provides a scalable, pedagogically grounded solution for intelligent educational systems, bridging retrieval and generation to support personalized, explainable, and efficient learning assistance across diverse STEM scenarios. △ Less Submitted 4 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. arXiv:2507.03697 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Towards Unified Neurosymbolic Reasoning on Knowledge Graphs Authors: Qika Lin , Fangzhi Xu , Hao Lu , Kai He , Rui Mao , Jun Liu , Erik Cambria , Mengling Feng Abstract : Knowledge Graph (KG) reasoning has received significant attention in the fields of artificial intelligence and knowledge engineering, owing to its ability to autonomously deduce new knowledge and consequently enhance the availability and precision of downstream applications. However, current methods predominantly concentrate on a single form of neural or symbolic reasoning, failing to effectively… ▽ More Knowledge Graph (KG) reasoning has received significant attention in the fields of artificial intelligence and knowledge engineering, owing to its ability to autonomously deduce new knowledge and consequently enhance the availability and precision of downstream applications. However, current methods predominantly concentrate on a single form of neural or symbolic reasoning, failing to effectively integrate the inherent strengths of both approaches. Furthermore, the current prevalent methods primarily focus on addressing a single reasoning scenario, presenting limitations in meeting the diverse demands of real-world reasoning tasks. Unifying the neural and symbolic methods, as well as diverse reasoning scenarios in one model is challenging as there is a natural representation gap between symbolic rules and neural networks, and diverse scenarios exhibit distinct knowledge structures and specific reasoning objectives. To address these issues, we propose a unified neurosymbolic reasoning framework, namely Tunsr, for KG reasoning. Tunsr first introduces a consistent structure of reasoning graph that starts from the query entity and constantly expands subsequent nodes by iteratively searching posterior neighbors. Based on it, a forward logic message-passing mechanism is proposed to update both the propositional representations and attentions, as well as first-order logic (FOL) representations and attentions of each node. In this way, Tunsr conducts the transformation of merging multiple rules by merging possible relations at each step. Finally, the FARI algorithm is proposed to induce FOL rules by constantly performing attention calculations over the reasoning graph. Extensive experimental results on 19 datasets of four reasoning scenarios (transductive, inductive, interpolation, and extrapolation) demonstrate the effectiveness of Tunsr. △ Less Submitted 4 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. Comments: 15 pages arXiv:2507.03697 [ pdf , ps , other ] Towards Unified Neurosymbolic Reasoning on Knowledge Graphs Authors: Qika Lin , Fangzhi Xu , Hao Lu , Kai He , Rui Mao , Jun Liu , Erik Cambria , Mengling Feng Abstract : Knowledge Graph (KG) reasoning has received significant attention in the fields of artificial intelligence and knowledge engineering, owing to its ability to autonomously deduce new knowledge and consequently enhance the availability and precision of downstream applications. However, current methods predominantly concentrate on a single form of neural or symbolic reasoning, failing to effectively… ▽ More Knowledge Graph (KG) reasoning has received significant attention in the fields of artificial intelligence and knowledge engineering, owing to its ability to autonomously deduce new knowledge and consequently enhance the availability and precision of downstream applications. However, current methods predominantly concentrate on a single form of neural or symbolic reasoning, failing to effectively integrate the inherent strengths of both approaches. Furthermore, the current prevalent methods primarily focus on addressing a single reasoning scenario, presenting limitations in meeting the diverse demands of real-world reasoning tasks. Unifying the neural and symbolic methods, as well as diverse reasoning scenarios in one model is challenging as there is a natural representation gap between symbolic rules and neural networks, and diverse scenarios exhibit distinct knowledge structures and specific reasoning objectives. To address these issues, we propose a unified neurosymbolic reasoning framework, namely Tunsr, for KG reasoning. Tunsr first introduces a consistent structure of reasoning graph that starts from the query entity and constantly expands subsequent nodes by iteratively searching posterior neighbors. Based on it, a forward logic message-passing mechanism is proposed to update both the propositional representations and attentions, as well as first-order logic (FOL) representations and attentions of each node. In this way, Tunsr conducts the transformation of merging multiple rules by merging possible relations at each step. Finally, the FARI algorithm is proposed to induce FOL rules by constantly performing attention calculations over the reasoning graph. Extensive experimental results on 19 datasets of four reasoning scenarios (transductive, inductive, interpolation, and extrapolation) demonstrate the effectiveness of Tunsr. △ Less Submitted 4 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. Comments: 15 pages arXiv:2506.17951 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL A Comprehensive Graph Framework for Question Answering with Mode-Seeking Preference Alignment Authors: Quanwei Tang , Sophia Yat Mei Lee , Junshuang Wu , Dong Zhang , Shoushan Li , Erik Cambria , Guodong Zhou Abstract : Recent advancements in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) have enhanced large language models in question answering by integrating external knowledge. However, challenges persist in achieving global understanding and aligning responses with human ethical and quality preferences. To address these issues, we propose GraphMPA, a comprehensive graph-based framework with mode-seeking preference align… ▽ More Recent advancements in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) have enhanced large language models in question answering by integrating external knowledge. However, challenges persist in achieving global understanding and aligning responses with human ethical and quality preferences. To address these issues, we propose GraphMPA, a comprehensive graph-based framework with mode-seeking preference alignment. Our approach constructs a hierarchical document graph using a general similarity measurement, mimicking human cognitive processes for information understanding and synthesis. Additionally, we introduce mode-seeking preference optimization to better align model outputs with human preferences through probability-matching constraints. Extensive experiments on six datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our \href{ △ Less Submitted 22 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. Comments: acl 2025 findings arXiv:2506.17951 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Comprehensive Graph Framework for Question Answering with Mode-Seeking Preference Alignment Authors: Quanwei Tang , Sophia Yat Mei Lee , Junshuang Wu , Dong Zhang , Shoushan Li , Erik Cambria , Guodong Zhou Abstract : Recent advancements in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) have enhanced large language models in question answering by integrating external knowledge. However, challenges persist in achieving global understanding and aligning responses with human ethical and quality preferences. To address these issues, we propose GraphMPA, a comprehensive graph-based framework with mode-seeking preference align… ▽ More Recent advancements in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) have enhanced large language models in question answering by integrating external knowledge. However, challenges persist in achieving global understanding and aligning responses with human ethical and quality preferences. To address these issues, we propose GraphMPA, a comprehensive graph-based framework with mode-seeking preference alignment. Our approach constructs a hierarchical document graph using a general similarity measurement, mimicking human cognitive processes for information understanding and synthesis. Additionally, we introduce mode-seeking preference optimization to better align model outputs with human preferences through probability-matching constraints. Extensive experiments on six datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our \href{ △ Less Submitted 22 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. Comments: acl 2025 findings arXiv:2505.24615 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Harnessing Large Language Models for Scientific Novelty Detection Authors: Yan Liu , Zonglin Yang , Soujanya Poria , Thanh-Son Nguyen , Erik Cambria Abstract : In an era of exponential scientific growth, identifying novel research ideas is crucial and challenging in academia. Despite potential, the lack of an appropriate benchmark dataset hinders the research of novelty detection. More importantly, simply adopting existing NLP technologies, e.g., retrieving and then cross-checking, is not a one-size-fits-all solution due to the gap between textual simila… ▽ More In an era of exponential scientific growth, identifying novel research ideas is crucial and challenging in academia. Despite potential, the lack of an appropriate benchmark dataset hinders the research of novelty detection. More importantly, simply adopting existing NLP technologies, e.g., retrieving and then cross-checking, is not a one-size-fits-all solution due to the gap between textual similarity and idea conception. In this paper, we propose to harness large language models (LLMs) for scientific novelty detection (ND), associated with two new datasets in marketing and NLP domains. To construct the considerate datasets for ND, we propose to extract closure sets of papers based on their relationship, and then summarize their main ideas based on LLMs. To capture idea conception, we propose to train a lightweight retriever by distilling the idea-level knowledge from LLMs to align ideas with similar conception, enabling efficient and accurate idea retrieval for LLM novelty detection. Experiments show our method consistently outperforms others on the proposed benchmark datasets for idea retrieval and ND tasks. Codes and data are available at △ Less Submitted 30 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: 15 pages, 3 figures, 3 tables ACM Class: H.4.0 arXiv:2505.24615 [ pdf , ps , other ] Harnessing Large Language Models for Scientific Novelty Detection Authors: Yan Liu , Zonglin Yang , Soujanya Poria , Thanh-Son Nguyen , Erik Cambria Abstract : In an era of exponential scientific growth, identifying novel research ideas is crucial and challenging in academia. Despite potential, the lack of an appropriate benchmark dataset hinders the research of novelty detection. More importantly, simply adopting existing NLP technologies, e.g., retrieving and then cross-checking, is not a one-size-fits-all solution due to the gap between textual simila… ▽ More In an era of exponential scientific growth, identifying novel research ideas is crucial and challenging in academia. Despite potential, the lack of an appropriate benchmark dataset hinders the research of novelty detection. More importantly, simply adopting existing NLP technologies, e.g., retrieving and then cross-checking, is not a one-size-fits-all solution due to the gap between textual similarity and idea conception. In this paper, we propose to harness large language models (LLMs) for scientific novelty detection (ND), associated with two new datasets in marketing and NLP domains. To construct the considerate datasets for ND, we propose to extract closure sets of papers based on their relationship, and then summarize their main ideas based on LLMs. To capture idea conception, we propose to train a lightweight retriever by distilling the idea-level knowledge from LLMs to align ideas with similar conception, enabling efficient and accurate idea retrieval for LLM novelty detection. Experiments show our method consistently outperforms others on the proposed benchmark datasets for idea retrieval and ND tasks. Codes and data are available at △ Less Submitted 30 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: 15 pages, 3 figures, 3 tables ACM Class: H.4.0 arXiv:2505.23556 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL Understanding Refusal in Language Models with Sparse Autoencoders Authors: Wei Jie Yeo , Nirmalendu Prakash , Clement Neo , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Erik Cambria , Ranjan Satapathy Abstract : Refusal is a key safety behavior in aligned language models, yet the internal mechanisms driving refusals remain opaque. In this work, we conduct a mechanistic study of refusal in instruction-tuned LLMs using sparse autoencoders to identify latent features that causally mediate refusal behaviors. We apply our method to two open-source chat models and intervene on refusal-related features to assess… ▽ More Refusal is a key safety behavior in aligned language models, yet the internal mechanisms driving refusals remain opaque. In this work, we conduct a mechanistic study of refusal in instruction-tuned LLMs using sparse autoencoders to identify latent features that causally mediate refusal behaviors. We apply our method to two open-source chat models and intervene on refusal-related features to assess their influence on generation, validating their behavioral impact across multiple harmful datasets. This enables a fine-grained inspection of how refusal manifests at the activation level and addresses key research questions such as investigating upstream-downstream latent relationship and understanding the mechanisms of adversarial jailbreaking techniques. We also establish the usefulness of refusal features in enhancing generalization for linear probes to out-of-distribution adversarial samples in classification tasks. We open source our code in △ Less Submitted 29 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2505.23556 [ pdf , other ] Understanding Refusal in Language Models with Sparse Autoencoders Authors: Wei Jie Yeo , Nirmalendu Prakash , Clement Neo , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Erik Cambria , Ranjan Satapathy Abstract : Refusal is a key safety behavior in aligned language models, yet the internal mechanisms driving refusals remain opaque. In this work, we conduct a mechanistic study of refusal in instruction-tuned LLMs using sparse autoencoders to identify latent features that causally mediate refusal behaviors. We apply our method to two open-source chat models and intervene on refusal-related features to assess… ▽ More Refusal is a key safety behavior in aligned language models, yet the internal mechanisms driving refusals remain opaque. In this work, we conduct a mechanistic study of refusal in instruction-tuned LLMs using sparse autoencoders to identify latent features that causally mediate refusal behaviors. We apply our method to two open-source chat models and intervene on refusal-related features to assess their influence on generation, validating their behavioral impact across multiple harmful datasets. This enables a fine-grained inspection of how refusal manifests at the activation level and addresses key research questions such as investigating upstream-downstream latent relationship and understanding the mechanisms of adversarial jailbreaking techniques. We also establish the usefulness of refusal features in enhancing generalization for linear probes to out-of-distribution adversarial samples in classification tasks. We open source our code in △ Less Submitted 29 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2505.19851 [ pdf ] cs.CL cs.AI Beyond Specialization: Benchmarking LLMs for Transliteration of Indian Languages Authors: Gulfarogh Azam , Mohd Sadique , Saif Ali , Mohammad Nadeem , Erik Cambria , Shahab Saquib Sohail , Mohammad Sultan Alam Abstract : Transliteration, the process of mapping text from one script to another, plays a crucial role in multilingual natural language processing, especially within linguistically diverse contexts such as India. Despite significant advancements through specialized models like IndicXlit, recent developments in large language models suggest a potential for general-purpose models to excel at this task withou… ▽ More Transliteration, the process of mapping text from one script to another, plays a crucial role in multilingual natural language processing, especially within linguistically diverse contexts such as India. Despite significant advancements through specialized models like IndicXlit, recent developments in large language models suggest a potential for general-purpose models to excel at this task without explicit task-specific training. The current work systematically evaluates the performance of prominent LLMs, including GPT-4o, GPT-4.5, GPT-4.1, Gemma-3-27B-it, and Mistral-Large against IndicXlit, a state-of-the-art transliteration model, across ten major Indian languages. Experiments utilized standard benchmarks, including Dakshina and Aksharantar datasets, with performance assessed via Top-1 Accuracy and Character Error Rate. Our findings reveal that while GPT family models generally outperform other LLMs and IndicXlit for most instances. Additionally, fine-tuning GPT-4o improves performance on specific languages notably. An extensive error analysis and robustness testing under noisy conditions further elucidate strengths of LLMs compared to specialized models, highlighting the efficacy of foundational models for a wide spectrum of specialized applications with minimal overhead. △ Less Submitted 26 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2505.19851 [ pdf ] Beyond Specialization: Benchmarking LLMs for Transliteration of Indian Languages Authors: Gulfarogh Azam , Mohd Sadique , Saif Ali , Mohammad Nadeem , Erik Cambria , Shahab Saquib Sohail , Mohammad Sultan Alam Abstract : Transliteration, the process of mapping text from one script to another, plays a crucial role in multilingual natural language processing, especially within linguistically diverse contexts such as India. Despite significant advancements through specialized models like IndicXlit, recent developments in large language models suggest a potential for general-purpose models to excel at this task withou… ▽ More Transliteration, the process of mapping text from one script to another, plays a crucial role in multilingual natural language processing, especially within linguistically diverse contexts such as India. Despite significant advancements through specialized models like IndicXlit, recent developments in large language models suggest a potential for general-purpose models to excel at this task without explicit task-specific training. The current work systematically evaluates the performance of prominent LLMs, including GPT-4o, GPT-4.5, GPT-4.1, Gemma-3-27B-it, and Mistral-Large against IndicXlit, a state-of-the-art transliteration model, across ten major Indian languages. Experiments utilized standard benchmarks, including Dakshina and Aksharantar datasets, with performance assessed via Top-1 Accuracy and Character Error Rate. Our findings reveal that while GPT family models generally outperform other LLMs and IndicXlit for most instances. Additionally, fine-tuning GPT-4o improves performance on specific languages notably. An extensive error analysis and robustness testing under noisy conditions further elucidate strengths of LLMs compared to specialized models, highlighting the efficacy of foundational models for a wide spectrum of specialized applications with minimal overhead. △ Less Submitted 26 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2505.19430 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI Deriving Strategic Market Insights with Large Language Models: A Benchmark for Forward Counterfactual Generation Authors: Keane Ong , Rui Mao , Deeksha Varshney , Paul Pu Liang , Erik Cambria , Gianmarco Mengaldo Abstract : Counterfactual reasoning typically involves considering alternatives to actual events. While often applied to understand past events, a distinct form-forward counterfactual reasoning-focuses on anticipating plausible future developments. This type of reasoning is invaluable in dynamic financial markets, where anticipating market developments can powerfully unveil potential risks and opportunities… ▽ More Counterfactual reasoning typically involves considering alternatives to actual events. While often applied to understand past events, a distinct form-forward counterfactual reasoning-focuses on anticipating plausible future developments. This type of reasoning is invaluable in dynamic financial markets, where anticipating market developments can powerfully unveil potential risks and opportunities for stakeholders, guiding their decision-making. However, performing this at scale is challenging due to the cognitive demands involved, underscoring the need for automated solutions. LLMs offer promise, but remain unexplored for this application. To address this gap, we introduce a novel benchmark, FIN-FORCE-FINancial FORward Counterfactual Evaluation. By curating financial news headlines and providing structured evaluation, FIN-FORCE supports LLM based forward counterfactual generation. This paves the way for scalable and automated solutions for exploring and anticipating future market developments, thereby providing structured insights for decision-making. Through experiments on FIN-FORCE, we evaluate state-of-the-art LLMs and counterfactual generation methods, analyzing their limitations and proposing insights for future research. We release the benchmark, supplementary data and all experimental codes at the following link: △ Less Submitted 1 October, 2025; v1 submitted 25 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: Published at Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing 2025 (Main Conference) (Oral) arXiv:2505.19430 [ pdf , ps , other ] Deriving Strategic Market Insights with Large Language Models: A Benchmark for Forward Counterfactual Generation Authors: Keane Ong , Rui Mao , Deeksha Varshney , Paul Pu Liang , Erik Cambria , Gianmarco Mengaldo Abstract : Counterfactual reasoning typically involves considering alternatives to actual events. While often applied to understand past events, a distinct form-forward counterfactual reasoning-focuses on anticipating plausible future developments. This type of reasoning is invaluable in dynamic financial markets, where anticipating market developments can powerfully unveil potential risks and opportunities… ▽ More Counterfactual reasoning typically involves considering alternatives to actual events. While often applied to understand past events, a distinct form-forward counterfactual reasoning-focuses on anticipating plausible future developments. This type of reasoning is invaluable in dynamic financial markets, where anticipating market developments can powerfully unveil potential risks and opportunities for stakeholders, guiding their decision-making. However, performing this at scale is challenging due to the cognitive demands involved, underscoring the need for automated solutions. LLMs offer promise, but remain unexplored for this application. To address this gap, we introduce a novel benchmark, FIN-FORCE-FINancial FORward Counterfactual Evaluation. By curating financial news headlines and providing structured evaluation, FIN-FORCE supports LLM based forward counterfactual generation. This paves the way for scalable and automated solutions for exploring and anticipating future market developments, thereby providing structured insights for decision-making. Through experiments on FIN-FORCE, we evaluate state-of-the-art LLMs and counterfactual generation methods, analyzing their limitations and proposing insights for future research. We release the benchmark, supplementary data and all experimental codes at the following link: △ Less Submitted 1 October, 2025; v1 submitted 25 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: Published at Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing 2025 (Main Conference) (Oral) arXiv:2505.19209 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.CE stat.ML MOOSE-Chem2: Exploring LLM Limits in Fine-Grained Scientific Hypothesis Discovery via Hierarchical Search Authors: Zonglin Yang , Wanhao Liu , Ben Gao , Yujie Liu , Wei Li , Tong Xie , Lidong Bing , Wanli Ouyang , Erik Cambria , Dongzhan Zhou Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in automating scientific hypothesis generation, yet existing approaches primarily yield coarse-grained hypotheses lacking critical methodological and experimental details. We introduce and formally define the new task of fine-grained scientific hypothesis discovery, which entails generating detailed, experimentally actionable hypotheses from coarse i… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in automating scientific hypothesis generation, yet existing approaches primarily yield coarse-grained hypotheses lacking critical methodological and experimental details. We introduce and formally define the new task of fine-grained scientific hypothesis discovery, which entails generating detailed, experimentally actionable hypotheses from coarse initial research directions. We frame this as a combinatorial optimization problem and investigate the upper limits of LLMs' capacity to solve it when maximally leveraged. Specifically, we explore four foundational questions: (1) how to best harness an LLM's internal heuristics to formulate the fine-grained hypothesis it itself would judge as the most promising among all the possible hypotheses it might generate, based on its own internal scoring-thus defining a latent reward landscape over the hypothesis space; (2) whether such LLM-judged better hypotheses exhibit stronger alignment with ground-truth hypotheses; (3) whether shaping the reward landscape using an ensemble of diverse LLMs of similar capacity yields better outcomes than defining it with repeated instances of the strongest LLM among them; and (4) whether an ensemble of identical LLMs provides a more reliable reward landscape than a single LLM. To address these questions, we propose a hierarchical search method that incrementally proposes and integrates details into the hypothesis, progressing from general concepts to specific experimental configurations. We show that this hierarchical process smooths the reward landscape and enables more effective optimization. Empirical evaluations on a new benchmark of expert-annotated fine-grained hypotheses from recent literature show that our method consistently outperforms strong baselines. △ Less Submitted 27 October, 2025; v1 submitted 25 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: Accepted by NeurIPS 2025 arXiv:2505.19209 [ pdf , ps , other ] MOOSE-Chem2: Exploring LLM Limits in Fine-Grained Scientific Hypothesis Discovery via Hierarchical Search Authors: Zonglin Yang , Wanhao Liu , Ben Gao , Yujie Liu , Wei Li , Tong Xie , Lidong Bing , Wanli Ouyang , Erik Cambria , Dongzhan Zhou Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in automating scientific hypothesis generation, yet existing approaches primarily yield coarse-grained hypotheses lacking critical methodological and experimental details. We introduce and formally define the new task of fine-grained scientific hypothesis discovery, which entails generating detailed, experimentally actionable hypotheses from coarse i… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in automating scientific hypothesis generation, yet existing approaches primarily yield coarse-grained hypotheses lacking critical methodological and experimental details. We introduce and formally define the new task of fine-grained scientific hypothesis discovery, which entails generating detailed, experimentally actionable hypotheses from coarse initial research directions. We frame this as a combinatorial optimization problem and investigate the upper limits of LLMs' capacity to solve it when maximally leveraged. Specifically, we explore four foundational questions: (1) how to best harness an LLM's internal heuristics to formulate the fine-grained hypothesis it itself would judge as the most promising among all the possible hypotheses it might generate, based on its own internal scoring-thus defining a latent reward landscape over the hypothesis space; (2) whether such LLM-judged better hypotheses exhibit stronger alignment with ground-truth hypotheses; (3) whether shaping the reward landscape using an ensemble of diverse LLMs of similar capacity yields better outcomes than defining it with repeated instances of the strongest LLM among them; and (4) whether an ensemble of identical LLMs provides a more reliable reward landscape than a single LLM. To address these questions, we propose a hierarchical search method that incrementally proposes and integrates details into the hypothesis, progressing from general concepts to specific experimental configurations. We show that this hierarchical process smooths the reward landscape and enables more effective optimization. Empirical evaluations on a new benchmark of expert-annotated fine-grained hypotheses from recent literature show that our method consistently outperforms strong baselines. △ Less Submitted 27 October, 2025; v1 submitted 25 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: Accepted by NeurIPS 2025 arXiv:2505.17873 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.CE MOOSE-Chem3: Toward Experiment-Guided Hypothesis Ranking via Simulated Experimental Feedback Authors: Wanhao Liu , Zonglin Yang , Jue Wang , Lidong Bing , Di Zhang , Dongzhan Zhou , Yuqiang Li , Houqiang Li , Erik Cambria , Wanli Ouyang Abstract : Hypothesis ranking is vital for automated scientific discovery, especially in cost-intensive, throughput-limited natural science domains. Current methods focus on pre-experiment ranking, relying solely on language model reasoning without empirical feedback. We introduce experiment-guided ranking, which prioritizes hypotheses based on feedback from prior tests. Due to the impracticality of real exp… ▽ More Hypothesis ranking is vital for automated scientific discovery, especially in cost-intensive, throughput-limited natural science domains. Current methods focus on pre-experiment ranking, relying solely on language model reasoning without empirical feedback. We introduce experiment-guided ranking, which prioritizes hypotheses based on feedback from prior tests. Due to the impracticality of real experiments, we propose a simulator grounded in domain-specific concepts that models hypothesis performance as a function of similarity to a hidden ground truth, perturbed by noise. Validated against 124 hypotheses with experimentally reported outcomes, the simulator approximates real results with consistent trend alignment. Although deviations exist, they mimic wet-lab noise, promoting more robust ranking strategies. We frame experiment-guided ranking as a sequential decision-making problem and propose an in-context reinforcement learning (ICRL) framework. Our LLM-based policy decomposes hypotheses into functional elements, clusters them by mechanistic roles, and prioritizes recombinations based on feedback. Experiments show our approach significantly outperforms pre-experiment baselines and strong ablations. Our toolkit, comprising the simulator and ICRL framework, enables systematic research on experiment-guided ranking, with the policy serving as a strong proof of concept. △ Less Submitted 25 October, 2025; v1 submitted 23 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2505.17873 [ pdf , ps , other ] MOOSE-Chem3: Toward Experiment-Guided Hypothesis Ranking via Simulated Experimental Feedback Authors: Wanhao Liu , Zonglin Yang , Jue Wang , Lidong Bing , Di Zhang , Dongzhan Zhou , Yuqiang Li , Houqiang Li , Erik Cambria , Wanli Ouyang Abstract : Hypothesis ranking is vital for automated scientific discovery, especially in cost-intensive, throughput-limited natural science domains. Current methods focus on pre-experiment ranking, relying solely on language model reasoning without empirical feedback. We introduce experiment-guided ranking, which prioritizes hypotheses based on feedback from prior tests. Due to the impracticality of real exp… ▽ More Hypothesis ranking is vital for automated scientific discovery, especially in cost-intensive, throughput-limited natural science domains. Current methods focus on pre-experiment ranking, relying solely on language model reasoning without empirical feedback. We introduce experiment-guided ranking, which prioritizes hypotheses based on feedback from prior tests. Due to the impracticality of real experiments, we propose a simulator grounded in domain-specific concepts that models hypothesis performance as a function of similarity to a hidden ground truth, perturbed by noise. Validated against 124 hypotheses with experimentally reported outcomes, the simulator approximates real results with consistent trend alignment. Although deviations exist, they mimic wet-lab noise, promoting more robust ranking strategies. We frame experiment-guided ranking as a sequential decision-making problem and propose an in-context reinforcement learning (ICRL) framework. Our LLM-based policy decomposes hypotheses into functional elements, clusters them by mechanistic roles, and prioritizes recombinations based on feedback. Experiments show our approach significantly outperforms pre-experiment baselines and strong ablations. Our toolkit, comprising the simulator and ICRL framework, enables systematic research on experiment-guided ranking, with the policy serving as a strong proof of concept. △ Less Submitted 25 October, 2025; v1 submitted 23 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2505.17425 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV cs.CL Debiasing CLIP: Interpreting and Correcting Bias in Attention Heads Authors: Wei Jie Yeo , Rui Mao , Moloud Abdar , Erik Cambria , Ranjan Satapathy Abstract : Multimodal models like CLIP have gained significant attention due to their remarkable zero-shot performance across various tasks. However, studies have revealed that CLIP can inadvertently learn spurious associations between target variables and confounding factors. To address this, we introduce \textsc{Locate-Then-Correct} (LTC), a contrastive framework that identifies spurious attention heads in… ▽ More Multimodal models like CLIP have gained significant attention due to their remarkable zero-shot performance across various tasks. However, studies have revealed that CLIP can inadvertently learn spurious associations between target variables and confounding factors. To address this, we introduce \textsc{Locate-Then-Correct} (LTC), a contrastive framework that identifies spurious attention heads in Vision Transformers via mechanistic insights and mitigates them through targeted ablation. Furthermore, LTC identifies salient, task-relevant attention heads, enabling the integration of discriminative features through orthogonal projection to improve classification performance. We evaluate LTC on benchmarks with inherent background and gender biases, achieving over a $>50\%$ gain in worst-group accuracy compared to non-training post-hoc baselines. Additionally, we visualize the representation of selected heads and find that the presented interpretation corroborates our contrastive mechanism for identifying both spurious and salient attention heads. Code available at △ Less Submitted 22 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: Under review arXiv:2505.17425 [ pdf , other ] Debiasing CLIP: Interpreting and Correcting Bias in Attention Heads Authors: Wei Jie Yeo , Rui Mao , Moloud Abdar , Erik Cambria , Ranjan Satapathy Abstract : Multimodal models like CLIP have gained significant attention due to their remarkable zero-shot performance across various tasks. However, studies have revealed that CLIP can inadvertently learn spurious associations between target variables and confounding factors. To address this, we introduce \textsc{Locate-Then-Correct} (LTC), a contrastive framework that identifies spurious attention heads in… ▽ More Multimodal models like CLIP have gained significant attention due to their remarkable zero-shot performance across various tasks. However, studies have revealed that CLIP can inadvertently learn spurious associations between target variables and confounding factors. To address this, we introduce \textsc{Locate-Then-Correct} (LTC), a contrastive framework that identifies spurious attention heads in Vision Transformers via mechanistic insights and mitigates them through targeted ablation. Furthermore, LTC identifies salient, task-relevant attention heads, enabling the integration of discriminative features through orthogonal projection to improve classification performance. We evaluate LTC on benchmarks with inherent background and gender biases, achieving over a $>50\%$ gain in worst-group accuracy compared to non-training post-hoc baselines. Additionally, we visualize the representation of selected heads and find that the presented interpretation corroborates our contrastive mechanism for identifying both spurious and salient attention heads. Code available at △ Less Submitted 22 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: Under review arXiv:2505.07634 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO cs.AI cs.CV Neural Brain: A Neuroscience-inspired Framework for Embodied Agents Authors: Jian Liu , Xiongtao Shi , Thai Duy Nguyen , Haitian Zhang , Tianxiang Zhang , Wei Sun , Yanjie Li , Athanasios V. Vasilakos , Giovanni Iacca , Arshad Ali Khan , Arvind Kumar , Jae Won Cho , Ajmal Mian , Lihua Xie , Erik Cambria , Lin Wang Abstract : The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) has shifted from static, data-driven models to dynamic systems capable of perceiving and interacting with real-world environments. Despite advancements in pattern recognition and symbolic reasoning, current AI systems, such as large language models, remain disembodied, unable to physically engage with the world. This limitation has driven the ris… ▽ More The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) has shifted from static, data-driven models to dynamic systems capable of perceiving and interacting with real-world environments. Despite advancements in pattern recognition and symbolic reasoning, current AI systems, such as large language models, remain disembodied, unable to physically engage with the world. This limitation has driven the rise of embodied AI, where autonomous agents, such as humanoid robots, must navigate and manipulate unstructured environments with human-like adaptability. At the core of this challenge lies the concept of Neural Brain, a central intelligence system designed to drive embodied agents with human-like adaptability. A Neural Brain must seamlessly integrate multimodal sensing and perception with cognitive capabilities. Achieving this also requires an adaptive memory system and energy-efficient hardware-software co-design, enabling real-time action in dynamic environments. This paper introduces a unified framework for the Neural Brain of embodied agents, addressing two fundamental challenges: (1) defining the core components of Neural Brain and (2) bridging the gap between static AI models and the dynamic adaptability required for real-world deployment. To this end, we propose a biologically inspired architecture that integrates multimodal active sensing, perception-cognition-action function, neuroplasticity-based memory storage and updating, and neuromorphic hardware/software optimization. Furthermore, we also review the latest research on embodied agents across these four aspects and analyze the gap between current AI systems and human intelligence. By synthesizing insights from neuroscience, we outline a roadmap towards the development of generalizable, autonomous agents capable of human-level intelligence in real-world scenarios. △ Less Submitted 6 October, 2025; v1 submitted 12 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: 51 pages, 17 figures, 9 tables arXiv:2505.07634 [ pdf , ps , other ] Neural Brain: A Neuroscience-inspired Framework for Embodied Agents Authors: Jian Liu , Xiongtao Shi , Thai Duy Nguyen , Haitian Zhang , Tianxiang Zhang , Wei Sun , Yanjie Li , Athanasios V. Vasilakos , Giovanni Iacca , Arshad Ali Khan , Arvind Kumar , Jae Won Cho , Ajmal Mian , Lihua Xie , Erik Cambria , Lin Wang Abstract : The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) has shifted from static, data-driven models to dynamic systems capable of perceiving and interacting with real-world environments. Despite advancements in pattern recognition and symbolic reasoning, current AI systems, such as large language models, remain disembodied, unable to physically engage with the world. This limitation has driven the ris… ▽ More The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) has shifted from static, data-driven models to dynamic systems capable of perceiving and interacting with real-world environments. Despite advancements in pattern recognition and symbolic reasoning, current AI systems, such as large language models, remain disembodied, unable to physically engage with the world. This limitation has driven the rise of embodied AI, where autonomous agents, such as humanoid robots, must navigate and manipulate unstructured environments with human-like adaptability. At the core of this challenge lies the concept of Neural Brain, a central intelligence system designed to drive embodied agents with human-like adaptability. A Neural Brain must seamlessly integrate multimodal sensing and perception with cognitive capabilities. Achieving this also requires an adaptive memory system and energy-efficient hardware-software co-design, enabling real-time action in dynamic environments. This paper introduces a unified framework for the Neural Brain of embodied agents, addressing two fundamental challenges: (1) defining the core components of Neural Brain and (2) bridging the gap between static AI models and the dynamic adaptability required for real-world deployment. To this end, we propose a biologically inspired architecture that integrates multimodal active sensing, perception-cognition-action function, neuroplasticity-based memory storage and updating, and neuromorphic hardware/software optimization. Furthermore, we also review the latest research on embodied agents across these four aspects and analyze the gap between current AI systems and human intelligence. By synthesizing insights from neuroscience, we outline a roadmap towards the development of generalizable, autonomous agents capable of human-level intelligence in real-world scenarios. △ Less Submitted 6 October, 2025; v1 submitted 12 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: 51 pages, 17 figures, 9 tables arXiv:2504.19423 [ pdf , other ] cs.HC MER 2025: When Affective Computing Meets Large Language Models Authors: Zheng Lian , Rui Liu , Kele Xu , Bin Liu , Xuefei Liu , Yazhou Zhang , Xin Liu , Yong Li , Zebang Cheng , Haolin Zuo , Ziyang Ma , Xiaojiang Peng , Xie Chen , Ya Li , Erik Cambria , Guoying Zhao , Björn W. Schuller , Jianhua Tao Abstract : MER2025 is the third year of our MER series of challenges, aiming to bring together researchers in the affective computing community to explore emerging trends and future directions in the field. Previously, MER2023 focused on multi-label learning, noise robustness, and semi-supervised learning, while MER2024 introduced a new track dedicated to open-vocabulary emotion recognition. This year, MER20… ▽ More MER2025 is the third year of our MER series of challenges, aiming to bring together researchers in the affective computing community to explore emerging trends and future directions in the field. Previously, MER2023 focused on multi-label learning, noise robustness, and semi-supervised learning, while MER2024 introduced a new track dedicated to open-vocabulary emotion recognition. This year, MER2025 centers on the theme "When Affective Computing Meets Large Language Models (LLMs)".We aim to shift the paradigm from traditional categorical frameworks reliant on predefined emotion taxonomies to LLM-driven generative methods, offering innovative solutions for more accurate and reliable emotion understanding. The challenge features four tracks: MER-SEMI focuses on fixed categorical emotion recognition enhanced by semi-supervised learning; MER-FG explores fine-grained emotions, expanding recognition from basic to nuanced emotional states; MER-DES incorporates multimodal cues (beyond emotion words) into predictions to enhance model interpretability; MER-PR investigates whether emotion prediction results can improve personality recognition performance. For the first three tracks, baseline code is available at MERTools, and datasets can be accessed via Hugging Face. For the last track, the dataset and baseline code are available on GitHub. △ Less Submitted 29 April, 2025; v1 submitted 27 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. arXiv:2504.19423 [ pdf , other ] MER 2025: When Affective Computing Meets Large Language Models Authors: Zheng Lian , Rui Liu , Kele Xu , Bin Liu , Xuefei Liu , Yazhou Zhang , Xin Liu , Yong Li , Zebang Cheng , Haolin Zuo , Ziyang Ma , Xiaojiang Peng , Xie Chen , Ya Li , Erik Cambria , Guoying Zhao , Björn W. Schuller , Jianhua Tao Abstract : MER2025 is the third year of our MER series of challenges, aiming to bring together researchers in the affective computing community to explore emerging trends and future directions in the field. Previously, MER2023 focused on multi-label learning, noise robustness, and semi-supervised learning, while MER2024 introduced a new track dedicated to open-vocabulary emotion recognition. This year, MER20… ▽ More MER2025 is the third year of our MER series of challenges, aiming to bring together researchers in the affective computing community to explore emerging trends and future directions in the field. Previously, MER2023 focused on multi-label learning, noise robustness, and semi-supervised learning, while MER2024 introduced a new track dedicated to open-vocabulary emotion recognition. This year, MER2025 centers on the theme "When Affective Computing Meets Large Language Models (LLMs)".We aim to shift the paradigm from traditional categorical frameworks reliant on predefined emotion taxonomies to LLM-driven generative methods, offering innovative solutions for more accurate and reliable emotion understanding. The challenge features four tracks: MER-SEMI focuses on fixed categorical emotion recognition enhanced by semi-supervised learning; MER-FG explores fine-grained emotions, expanding recognition from basic to nuanced emotional states; MER-DES incorporates multimodal cues (beyond emotion words) into predictions to enhance model interpretability; MER-PR investigates whether emotion prediction results can improve personality recognition performance. For the first three tracks, baseline code is available at MERTools, and datasets can be accessed via Hugging Face. For the last track, the dataset and baseline code are available on GitHub. △ Less Submitted 29 April, 2025; v1 submitted 27 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. arXiv:2504.19066 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.LG physics.ao-ph ClimaEmpact: Domain-Aligned Small Language Models and Datasets for Extreme Weather Analytics Authors: Deeksha Varshney , Keane Ong , Rui Mao , Erik Cambria , Gianmarco Mengaldo Abstract : Accurate assessments of extreme weather events are vital for research and policy, yet localized and granular data remain scarce in many parts of the world. This data gap limits our ability to analyze potential outcomes and implications of extreme weather events, hindering effective decision-making. Large Language Models (LLMs) can process vast amounts of unstructured text data, extract meaningful… ▽ More Accurate assessments of extreme weather events are vital for research and policy, yet localized and granular data remain scarce in many parts of the world. This data gap limits our ability to analyze potential outcomes and implications of extreme weather events, hindering effective decision-making. Large Language Models (LLMs) can process vast amounts of unstructured text data, extract meaningful insights, and generate detailed assessments by synthesizing information from multiple sources. Furthermore, LLMs can seamlessly transfer their general language understanding to smaller models, enabling these models to retain key knowledge while being fine-tuned for specific tasks. In this paper, we propose Extreme Weather Reasoning-Aware Alignment (EWRA), a method that enhances small language models (SLMs) by incorporating structured reasoning paths derived from LLMs, and ExtremeWeatherNews, a large dataset of extreme weather event-related news articles. EWRA and ExtremeWeatherNews together form the overall framework, ClimaEmpact, that focuses on addressing three critical extreme-weather tasks: categorization of tangible vulnerabilities/impacts, topic labeling, and emotion analysis. By aligning SLMs with advanced reasoning strategies on ExtremeWeatherNews (and its derived dataset ExtremeAlign used specifically for SLM alignment), EWRA improves the SLMs' ability to generate well-grounded and domain-specific responses for extreme weather analytics. Our results show that the approach proposed guides SLMs to output domain-aligned responses, surpassing the performance of task-specific models and offering enhanced real-world applicability for extreme weather analytics. △ Less Submitted 26 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. arXiv:2504.19066 [ pdf , other ] ClimaEmpact: Domain-Aligned Small Language Models and Datasets for Extreme Weather Analytics Authors: Deeksha Varshney , Keane Ong , Rui Mao , Erik Cambria , Gianmarco Mengaldo Abstract : Accurate assessments of extreme weather events are vital for research and policy, yet localized and granular data remain scarce in many parts of the world. This data gap limits our ability to analyze potential outcomes and implications of extreme weather events, hindering effective decision-making. Large Language Models (LLMs) can process vast amounts of unstructured text data, extract meaningful… ▽ More Accurate assessments of extreme weather events are vital for research and policy, yet localized and granular data remain scarce in many parts of the world. This data gap limits our ability to analyze potential outcomes and implications of extreme weather events, hindering effective decision-making. Large Language Models (LLMs) can process vast amounts of unstructured text data, extract meaningful insights, and generate detailed assessments by synthesizing information from multiple sources. Furthermore, LLMs can seamlessly transfer their general language understanding to smaller models, enabling these models to retain key knowledge while being fine-tuned for specific tasks. In this paper, we propose Extreme Weather Reasoning-Aware Alignment (EWRA), a method that enhances small language models (SLMs) by incorporating structured reasoning paths derived from LLMs, and ExtremeWeatherNews, a large dataset of extreme weather event-related news articles. EWRA and ExtremeWeatherNews together form the overall framework, ClimaEmpact, that focuses on addressing three critical extreme-weather tasks: categorization of tangible vulnerabilities/impacts, topic labeling, and emotion analysis. By aligning SLMs with advanced reasoning strategies on ExtremeWeatherNews (and its derived dataset ExtremeAlign used specifically for SLM alignment), EWRA improves the SLMs' ability to generate well-grounded and domain-specific responses for extreme weather analytics. Our results show that the approach proposed guides SLMs to output domain-aligned responses, surpassing the performance of task-specific models and offering enhanced real-world applicability for extreme weather analytics. △ Less Submitted 26 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. arXiv:2504.15848 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL Exploring Cognitive and Aesthetic Causality for Multimodal Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis Authors: Luwei Xiao , Rui Mao , Shuai Zhao , Qika Lin , Yanhao Jia , Liang He , Erik Cambria Abstract : Multimodal aspect-based sentiment classification (MASC) is an emerging task due to an increase in user-generated multimodal content on social platforms, aimed at predicting sentiment polarity toward specific aspect targets (i.e., entities or attributes explicitly mentioned in text-image pairs). Despite extensive efforts and significant achievements in existing MASC, substantial gaps remain in unde… ▽ More Multimodal aspect-based sentiment classification (MASC) is an emerging task due to an increase in user-generated multimodal content on social platforms, aimed at predicting sentiment polarity toward specific aspect targets (i.e., entities or attributes explicitly mentioned in text-image pairs). Despite extensive efforts and significant achievements in existing MASC, substantial gaps remain in understanding fine-grained visual content and the cognitive rationales derived from semantic content and impressions (cognitive interpretations of emotions evoked by image content). In this study, we present Chimera: a cognitive and aesthetic sentiment causality understanding framework to derive fine-grained holistic features of aspects and infer the fundamental drivers of sentiment expression from both semantic perspectives and affective-cognitive resonance (the synergistic effect between emotional responses and cognitive interpretations). Specifically, this framework first incorporates visual patch features for patch-word alignment. Meanwhile, it extracts coarse-grained visual features (e.g., overall image representation) and fine-grained visual regions (e.g., aspect-related regions) and translates them into corresponding textual descriptions (e.g., facial, aesthetic). Finally, we leverage the sentimental causes and impressions generated by a large language model (LLM) to enhance the model's awareness of sentimental cues evoked by semantic content and affective-cognitive resonance. Experimental results on standard MASC datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model, which also exhibits greater flexibility to MASC compared to LLMs such as GPT-4o. We have publicly released the complete implementation and dataset at △ Less Submitted 22 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. Comments: Accepted by TAFFC 2025 arXiv:2504.15848 [ pdf , other ] Exploring Cognitive and Aesthetic Causality for Multimodal Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis Authors: Luwei Xiao , Rui Mao , Shuai Zhao , Qika Lin , Yanhao Jia , Liang He , Erik Cambria Abstract : Multimodal aspect-based sentiment classification (MASC) is an emerging task due to an increase in user-generated multimodal content on social platforms, aimed at predicting sentiment polarity toward specific aspect targets (i.e., entities or attributes explicitly mentioned in text-image pairs). Despite extensive efforts and significant achievements in existing MASC, substantial gaps remain in unde… ▽ More Multimodal aspect-based sentiment classification (MASC) is an emerging task due to an increase in user-generated multimodal content on social platforms, aimed at predicting sentiment polarity toward specific aspect targets (i.e., entities or attributes explicitly mentioned in text-image pairs). Despite extensive efforts and significant achievements in existing MASC, substantial gaps remain in understanding fine-grained visual content and the cognitive rationales derived from semantic content and impressions (cognitive interpretations of emotions evoked by image content). In this study, we present Chimera: a cognitive and aesthetic sentiment causality understanding framework to derive fine-grained holistic features of aspects and infer the fundamental drivers of sentiment expression from both semantic perspectives and affective-cognitive resonance (the synergistic effect between emotional responses and cognitive interpretations). Specifically, this framework first incorporates visual patch features for patch-word alignment. Meanwhile, it extracts coarse-grained visual features (e.g., overall image representation) and fine-grained visual regions (e.g., aspect-related regions) and translates them into corresponding textual descriptions (e.g., facial, aesthetic). Finally, we leverage the sentimental causes and impressions generated by a large language model (LLM) to enhance the model's awareness of sentimental cues evoked by semantic content and affective-cognitive resonance. Experimental results on standard MASC datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model, which also exhibits greater flexibility to MASC compared to LLMs such as GPT-4o. We have publicly released the complete implementation and dataset at △ Less Submitted 22 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. Comments: Accepted by TAFFC 2025 arXiv:2504.05747 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL SEA-LION: Southeast Asian Languages in One Network Authors: Raymond Ng , Thanh Ngan Nguyen , Yuli Huang , Ngee Chia Tai , Wai Yi Leong , Wei Qi Leong , Xianbin Yong , Jian Gang Ngui , Yosephine Susanto , Nicholas Cheng , Hamsawardhini Rengarajan , Peerat Limkonchotiwat , Adithya Venkatadri Hulagadri , Kok Wai Teng , Yeo Yeow Tong , Bryan Siow , Wei Yi Teo , Wayne Lau , Choon Meng Tan , Brandon Ong , Zhi Hao Ong , Jann Railey Montalan , Adwin Chan , Sajeban Antonyrex , Ren Lee , et al. (6 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have dominated much of the artificial intelligence scene with their ability to process and generate natural languages. However, the majority of LLM research and development remains English-centric, leaving low-resource languages such as those in the Southeast Asian (SEA) region under-represented. To address this representation gap, we introduce Llama-SEA-LION… ▽ More Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have dominated much of the artificial intelligence scene with their ability to process and generate natural languages. However, the majority of LLM research and development remains English-centric, leaving low-resource languages such as those in the Southeast Asian (SEA) region under-represented. To address this representation gap, we introduce Llama-SEA-LION-v3-8B-IT and Gemma-SEA-LION-v3-9B-IT, two cutting-edge multilingual LLMs designed for SEA languages. The SEA-LION family of LLMs supports 11 SEA languages, namely English, Chinese, Indonesian, Vietnamese, Malay, Thai, Burmese, Lao, Filipino, Tamil, and Khmer. Our work leverages large-scale multilingual continued pre-training with a comprehensive post-training regime involving multiple stages of instruction fine-tuning, alignment, and model merging. Evaluation results on multilingual benchmarks indicate that our models achieve state-of-the-art performance across LLMs supporting SEA languages. We open-source the models to benefit the wider SEA community. △ Less Submitted 30 October, 2025; v1 submitted 8 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. Comments: Accepted at IJCNLP-AACL 2025 (Main Track). We released our model at arXiv:2504.05747 [ pdf , ps , other ] SEA-LION: Southeast Asian Languages in One Network Authors: Raymond Ng , Thanh Ngan Nguyen , Yuli Huang , Ngee Chia Tai , Wai Yi Leong , Wei Qi Leong , Xianbin Yong , Jian Gang Ngui , Yosephine Susanto , Nicholas Cheng , Hamsawardhini Rengarajan , Peerat Limkonchotiwat , Adithya Venkatadri Hulagadri , Kok Wai Teng , Yeo Yeow Tong , Bryan Siow , Wei Yi Teo , Wayne Lau , Choon Meng Tan , Brandon Ong , Zhi Hao Ong , Jann Railey Montalan , Adwin Chan , Sajeban Antonyrex , Ren Lee , et al. (6 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have dominated much of the artificial intelligence scene with their ability to process and generate natural languages. However, the majority of LLM research and development remains English-centric, leaving low-resource languages such as those in the Southeast Asian (SEA) region under-represented. To address this representation gap, we introduce Llama-SEA-LION… ▽ More Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have dominated much of the artificial intelligence scene with their ability to process and generate natural languages. However, the majority of LLM research and development remains English-centric, leaving low-resource languages such as those in the Southeast Asian (SEA) region under-represented. To address this representation gap, we introduce Llama-SEA-LION-v3-8B-IT and Gemma-SEA-LION-v3-9B-IT, two cutting-edge multilingual LLMs designed for SEA languages. The SEA-LION family of LLMs supports 11 SEA languages, namely English, Chinese, Indonesian, Vietnamese, Malay, Thai, Burmese, Lao, Filipino, Tamil, and Khmer. Our work leverages large-scale multilingual continued pre-training with a comprehensive post-training regime involving multiple stages of instruction fine-tuning, alignment, and model merging. Evaluation results on multilingual benchmarks indicate that our models achieve state-of-the-art performance across LLMs supporting SEA languages. We open-source the models to benefit the wider SEA community. △ Less Submitted 30 October, 2025; v1 submitted 8 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. Comments: Accepted at IJCNLP-AACL 2025 (Main Track). We released our model at arXiv:2503.21248 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.CE ResearchBench: Benchmarking LLMs in Scientific Discovery via Inspiration-Based Task Decomposition Authors: Yujie Liu , Zonglin Yang , Tong Xie , Jinjie Ni , Ben Gao , Yuqiang Li , Shixiang Tang , Wanli Ouyang , Erik Cambria , Dongzhan Zhou Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated potential in assisting scientific research, yet their ability to discover high-quality research hypotheses remains unexamined due to the lack of a dedicated benchmark. To address this gap, we introduce the first large-scale benchmark for evaluating LLMs with a near-sufficient set of sub-tasks of scientific discovery: inspiration retrieval, hypothesis… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated potential in assisting scientific research, yet their ability to discover high-quality research hypotheses remains unexamined due to the lack of a dedicated benchmark. To address this gap, we introduce the first large-scale benchmark for evaluating LLMs with a near-sufficient set of sub-tasks of scientific discovery: inspiration retrieval, hypothesis composition, and hypothesis ranking. We develop an automated framework that extracts critical components - research questions, background surveys, inspirations, and hypotheses - from scientific papers across 12 disciplines, with expert validation confirming its accuracy. To prevent data contamination, we focus exclusively on papers published in 2024, ensuring minimal overlap with LLM pretraining data. Our evaluation reveals that LLMs perform well in retrieving inspirations, an out-of-distribution task, suggesting their ability to surface novel knowledge associations. This positions LLMs as "research hypothesis mines", capable of facilitating automated scientific discovery by generating innovative hypotheses at scale with minimal human intervention. △ Less Submitted 1 July, 2025; v1 submitted 27 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. arXiv:2503.21248 [ pdf , ps , other ] ResearchBench: Benchmarking LLMs in Scientific Discovery via Inspiration-Based Task Decomposition Authors: Yujie Liu , Zonglin Yang , Tong Xie , Jinjie Ni , Ben Gao , Yuqiang Li , Shixiang Tang , Wanli Ouyang , Erik Cambria , Dongzhan Zhou Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated potential in assisting scientific research, yet their ability to discover high-quality research hypotheses remains unexamined due to the lack of a dedicated benchmark. To address this gap, we introduce the first large-scale benchmark for evaluating LLMs with a near-sufficient set of sub-tasks of scientific discovery: inspiration retrieval, hypothesis… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated potential in assisting scientific research, yet their ability to discover high-quality research hypotheses remains unexamined due to the lack of a dedicated benchmark. To address this gap, we introduce the first large-scale benchmark for evaluating LLMs with a near-sufficient set of sub-tasks of scientific discovery: inspiration retrieval, hypothesis composition, and hypothesis ranking. We develop an automated framework that extracts critical components - research questions, background surveys, inspirations, and hypotheses - from scientific papers across 12 disciplines, with expert validation confirming its accuracy. To prevent data contamination, we focus exclusively on papers published in 2024, ensuring minimal overlap with LLM pretraining data. Our evaluation reveals that LLMs perform well in retrieving inspirations, an out-of-distribution task, suggesting their ability to surface novel knowledge associations. This positions LLMs as "research hypothesis mines", capable of facilitating automated scientific discovery by generating innovative hypotheses at scale with minimal human intervention. △ Less Submitted 1 July, 2025; v1 submitted 27 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. arXiv:2503.16905 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI MAPS: Multi-Agent Personality Shaping for Collaborative Reasoning Authors: Jian Zhang , Zhiyuan Wang , Zhangqi Wang , Fangzhi Xu , Qika Lin , Lingling Zhang , Rui Mao , Erik Cambria , Jun Liu Abstract : Collaborative reasoning with multiple agents offers the potential for more robust and diverse problem-solving. However, existing approaches often suffer from homogeneous agent behaviors and lack of reflective and rethinking capabilities. We propose Multi-Agent Personality Shaping (MAPS), a novel framework that enhances reasoning through agent diversity and internal critique. Inspired by the Big Fi… ▽ More Collaborative reasoning with multiple agents offers the potential for more robust and diverse problem-solving. However, existing approaches often suffer from homogeneous agent behaviors and lack of reflective and rethinking capabilities. We propose Multi-Agent Personality Shaping (MAPS), a novel framework that enhances reasoning through agent diversity and internal critique. Inspired by the Big Five personality theory, MAPS assigns distinct personality traits to individual agents, shaping their reasoning styles and promoting heterogeneous collaboration. To enable deeper and more adaptive reasoning, MAPS introduces a Critic agent that reflects on intermediate outputs, revisits flawed steps, and guides iterative refinement. This integration of personality-driven agent design and structured collaboration improves both reasoning depth and flexibility. Empirical evaluations across three benchmarks demonstrate the strong performance of MAPS, with further analysis confirming its generalizability across different large language models and validating the benefits of multi-agent collaboration. △ Less Submitted 12 November, 2025; v1 submitted 21 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. Comments: AAAI 2026 arXiv:2503.16905 [ pdf , ps , other ] MAPS: Multi-Agent Personality Shaping for Collaborative Reasoning Authors: Jian Zhang , Zhiyuan Wang , Zhangqi Wang , Fangzhi Xu , Qika Lin , Lingling Zhang , Rui Mao , Erik Cambria , Jun Liu Abstract : Collaborative reasoning with multiple agents offers the potential for more robust and diverse problem-solving. However, existing approaches often suffer from homogeneous agent behaviors and lack of reflective and rethinking capabilities. We propose Multi-Agent Personality Shaping (MAPS), a novel framework that enhances reasoning through agent diversity and internal critique. Inspired by the Big Fi… ▽ More Collaborative reasoning with multiple agents offers the potential for more robust and diverse problem-solving. However, existing approaches often suffer from homogeneous agent behaviors and lack of reflective and rethinking capabilities. We propose Multi-Agent Personality Shaping (MAPS), a novel framework that enhances reasoning through agent diversity and internal critique. Inspired by the Big Five personality theory, MAPS assigns distinct personality traits to individual agents, shaping their reasoning styles and promoting heterogeneous collaboration. To enable deeper and more adaptive reasoning, MAPS introduces a Critic agent that reflects on intermediate outputs, revisits flawed steps, and guides iterative refinement. This integration of personality-driven agent design and structured collaboration improves both reasoning depth and flexibility. Empirical evaluations across three benchmarks demonstrate the strong performance of MAPS, with further analysis confirming its generalizability across different large language models and validating the benefits of multi-agent collaboration. △ Less Submitted 12 November, 2025; v1 submitted 21 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. Comments: AAAI 2026 arXiv:2503.16874 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI MARS: Multi-Agent Adaptive Reasoning with Socratic Guidance for Automated Prompt Optimization Authors: Jian Zhang , Zhangqi Wang , Haiping Zhu , Kangda Cheng , Kai He , Bo Li , Qika Lin , Jun Liu , Erik Cambria Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) typically operate in a question-answering paradigm, where the quality of the input prompt critically affects the response. Automated Prompt Optimization (APO) aims to overcome the cognitive biases of manually crafted prompts and explore a broader prompt design space. However, existing APO methods often suffer from rigid template structures and inefficient exploration i… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) typically operate in a question-answering paradigm, where the quality of the input prompt critically affects the response. Automated Prompt Optimization (APO) aims to overcome the cognitive biases of manually crafted prompts and explore a broader prompt design space. However, existing APO methods often suffer from rigid template structures and inefficient exploration in the prompt space. To this end, we propose a Multi-Agent Adaptive Reasoning with Socratic guidance framework (MARS) for APO. MARS consists of five complementary agents and formulates the optimization process as a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP), enabling adaptive prompt refinement through explicit state modeling and interactive feedback. Specifically, a Planner agent generates flexible optimization trajectories, a Teacher-Critic-Student triad engages in Socratic-style dialogue to iteratively optimize the prompt based on pseudo-gradient signals in the text space, and a Target agent executes the prompt in downstream tasks to provide performance feedback. MARS integrates reasoning, feedback, and state transition into a unified hidden-state evolution process, improving both the effectiveness and interpretability of optimization. Extensive experiments on multiple datasets demonstrate that MARS outperforms existing APO methods in terms of optimization performance, search efficiency, and interpretability. △ Less Submitted 12 November, 2025; v1 submitted 21 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. Comments: AAAI 2026 arXiv:2503.16874 [ pdf , ps , other ] MARS: Multi-Agent Adaptive Reasoning with Socratic Guidance for Automated Prompt Optimization Authors: Jian Zhang , Zhangqi Wang , Haiping Zhu , Kangda Cheng , Kai He , Bo Li , Qika Lin , Jun Liu , Erik Cambria Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) typically operate in a question-answering paradigm, where the quality of the input prompt critically affects the response. Automated Prompt Optimization (APO) aims to overcome the cognitive biases of manually crafted prompts and explore a broader prompt design space. However, existing APO methods often suffer from rigid template structures and inefficient exploration i… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) typically operate in a question-answering paradigm, where the quality of the input prompt critically affects the response. Automated Prompt Optimization (APO) aims to overcome the cognitive biases of manually crafted prompts and explore a broader prompt design space. However, existing APO methods often suffer from rigid template structures and inefficient exploration in the prompt space. To this end, we propose a Multi-Agent Adaptive Reasoning with Socratic guidance framework (MARS) for APO. MARS consists of five complementary agents and formulates the optimization process as a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP), enabling adaptive prompt refinement through explicit state modeling and interactive feedback. Specifically, a Planner agent generates flexible optimization trajectories, a Teacher-Critic-Student triad engages in Socratic-style dialogue to iteratively optimize the prompt based on pseudo-gradient signals in the text space, and a Target agent executes the prompt in downstream tasks to provide performance feedback. MARS integrates reasoning, feedback, and state transition into a unified hidden-state evolution process, improving both the effectiveness and interpretability of optimization. Extensive experiments on multiple datasets demonstrate that MARS outperforms existing APO methods in terms of optimization performance, search efficiency, and interpretability. △ Less Submitted 12 November, 2025; v1 submitted 21 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. Comments: AAAI 2026 arXiv:2503.09647 [ pdf , other ] cs.CE q-fin.PM Leveraging LLMS for Top-Down Sector Allocation In Automated Trading Authors: Ryan Quek Wei Heng , Edoardo Vittori , Keane Ong , Rui Mao , Erik Cambria , Gianmarco Mengaldo Abstract : This paper introduces a methodology leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) for sector-level portfolio allocation through systematic analysis of macroeconomic conditions and market sentiment. Our framework emphasizes top-down sector allocation by processing multiple data streams simultaneously, including policy documents, economic indicators, and sentiment patterns. Empirical results demonstrate s… ▽ More This paper introduces a methodology leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) for sector-level portfolio allocation through systematic analysis of macroeconomic conditions and market sentiment. Our framework emphasizes top-down sector allocation by processing multiple data streams simultaneously, including policy documents, economic indicators, and sentiment patterns. Empirical results demonstrate superior risk-adjusted returns compared to traditional cross momentum strategies, achieving a Sharpe ratio of 2.51 and portfolio return of 8.79% versus -0.61 and -1.39% respectively. These results suggest that LLM-based systematic macro analysis presents a viable approach for enhancing automated portfolio allocation decisions at the sector level. △ Less Submitted 9 April, 2025; v1 submitted 12 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. arXiv:2503.09647 [ pdf , other ] Leveraging LLMS for Top-Down Sector Allocation In Automated Trading Authors: Ryan Quek Wei Heng , Edoardo Vittori , Keane Ong , Rui Mao , Erik Cambria , Gianmarco Mengaldo Abstract : This paper introduces a methodology leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) for sector-level portfolio allocation through systematic analysis of macroeconomic conditions and market sentiment. Our framework emphasizes top-down sector allocation by processing multiple data streams simultaneously, including policy documents, economic indicators, and sentiment patterns. Empirical results demonstrate s… ▽ More This paper introduces a methodology leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) for sector-level portfolio allocation through systematic analysis of macroeconomic conditions and market sentiment. Our framework emphasizes top-down sector allocation by processing multiple data streams simultaneously, including policy documents, economic indicators, and sentiment patterns. Empirical results demonstrate superior risk-adjusted returns compared to traditional cross momentum strategies, achieving a Sharpe ratio of 2.51 and portfolio return of 8.79% versus -0.61 and -1.39% respectively. These results suggest that LLM-based systematic macro analysis presents a viable approach for enhancing automated portfolio allocation decisions at the sector level. △ Less Submitted 9 April, 2025; v1 submitted 12 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. arXiv:2503.06635 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Deep Cut-informed Graph Embedding and Clustering Authors: Zhiyuan Ning , Zaitian Wang , Ran Zhang , Ping Xu , Kunpeng Liu , Pengyang Wang , Wei Ju , Pengfei Wang , Yuanchun Zhou , Erik Cambria , Chong Chen Abstract : Graph clustering aims to divide the graph into different clusters. The recently emerging deep graph clustering approaches are largely built on graph neural networks (GNN). However, GNN is designed for general graph encoding and there is a common issue of representation collapse in existing GNN-based deep graph clustering algorithms. We attribute two main reasons for such issues: (i) the inductive… ▽ More Graph clustering aims to divide the graph into different clusters. The recently emerging deep graph clustering approaches are largely built on graph neural networks (GNN). However, GNN is designed for general graph encoding and there is a common issue of representation collapse in existing GNN-based deep graph clustering algorithms. We attribute two main reasons for such issues: (i) the inductive bias of GNN models: GNNs tend to generate similar representations for proximal nodes. Since graphs often contain a non-negligible amount of inter-cluster links, the bias results in error message passing and leads to biased clustering; (ii) the clustering guided loss function: most traditional approaches strive to make all samples closer to pre-learned cluster centers, which causes a degenerate solution assigning all data points to a single label thus making all samples similar and less discriminative. To address these challenges, we investigate graph clustering from a graph cut perspective and propose an innovative and non-GNN-based Deep Cut-informed Graph embedding and Clustering framework, namely DCGC. This framework includes two modules: (i) cut-informed graph encoding; (ii) self-supervised graph clustering via optimal transport. For the encoding module, we derive a cut-informed graph embedding objective to fuse graph structure and attributes by minimizing their joint normalized cut. For the clustering module, we utilize the optimal transport theory to obtain the clustering assignments, which can balance the guidance of "proximity to the pre-learned cluster center". With the above two tailored designs, DCGC is more suitable for the graph clustering task, which can effectively alleviate the problem of representation collapse and achieve better performance. We conduct extensive experiments to demonstrate that our method is simple but effective compared with benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 24 April, 2025; v1 submitted 9 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. arXiv:2503.06635 [ pdf , other ] Deep Cut-informed Graph Embedding and Clustering Authors: Zhiyuan Ning , Zaitian Wang , Ran Zhang , Ping Xu , Kunpeng Liu , Pengyang Wang , Wei Ju , Pengfei Wang , Yuanchun Zhou , Erik Cambria , Chong Chen Abstract : Graph clustering aims to divide the graph into different clusters. The recently emerging deep graph clustering approaches are largely built on graph neural networks (GNN). However, GNN is designed for general graph encoding and there is a common issue of representation collapse in existing GNN-based deep graph clustering algorithms. We attribute two main reasons for such issues: (i) the inductive… ▽ More Graph clustering aims to divide the graph into different clusters. The recently emerging deep graph clustering approaches are largely built on graph neural networks (GNN). However, GNN is designed for general graph encoding and there is a common issue of representation collapse in existing GNN-based deep graph clustering algorithms. We attribute two main reasons for such issues: (i) the inductive bias of GNN models: GNNs tend to generate similar representations for proximal nodes. Since graphs often contain a non-negligible amount of inter-cluster links, the bias results in error message passing and leads to biased clustering; (ii) the clustering guided loss function: most traditional approaches strive to make all samples closer to pre-learned cluster centers, which causes a degenerate solution assigning all data points to a single label thus making all samples similar and less discriminative. To address these challenges, we investigate graph clustering from a graph cut perspective and propose an innovative and non-GNN-based Deep Cut-informed Graph embedding and Clustering framework, namely DCGC. This framework includes two modules: (i) cut-informed graph encoding; (ii) self-supervised graph clustering via optimal transport. For the encoding module, we derive a cut-informed graph embedding objective to fuse graph structure and attributes by minimizing their joint normalized cut. For the clustering module, we utilize the optimal transport theory to obtain the clustering assignments, which can balance the guidance of "proximity to the pre-learned cluster center". With the above two tailored designs, DCGC is more suitable for the graph clustering task, which can effectively alleviate the problem of representation collapse and achieve better performance. We conduct extensive experiments to demonstrate that our method is simple but effective compared with benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 24 April, 2025; v1 submitted 9 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. arXiv:2502.15821 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI Towards Robust ESG Analysis Against Greenwashing Risks: Aspect-Action Analysis with Cross-Category Generalization Authors: Keane Ong , Rui Mao , Deeksha Varshney , Erik Cambria , Gianmarco Mengaldo Abstract : Sustainability reports are key for evaluating companies' environmental, social and governance, ESG performance, but their content is increasingly obscured by greenwashing - sustainability claims that are misleading, exaggerated, and fabricated. Yet, existing NLP approaches for ESG analysis lack robustness against greenwashing risks, often extracting insights that reflect misleading or exaggerated… ▽ More Sustainability reports are key for evaluating companies' environmental, social and governance, ESG performance, but their content is increasingly obscured by greenwashing - sustainability claims that are misleading, exaggerated, and fabricated. Yet, existing NLP approaches for ESG analysis lack robustness against greenwashing risks, often extracting insights that reflect misleading or exaggerated sustainability claims rather than objective ESG performance. To bridge this gap, we introduce A3CG - Aspect-Action Analysis with Cross-Category Generalization, as a novel dataset to improve the robustness of ESG analysis amid the prevalence of greenwashing. By explicitly linking sustainability aspects with their associated actions, A3CG facilitates a more fine-grained and transparent evaluation of sustainability claims, ensuring that insights are grounded in verifiable actions rather than vague or misleading rhetoric. Additionally, A3CG emphasizes cross-category generalization. This ensures robust model performance in aspect-action analysis even when companies change their reports to selectively favor certain sustainability areas. Through experiments on A3CG, we analyze state-of-the-art supervised models and LLMs, uncovering their limitations and outlining key directions for future research. △ Less Submitted 5 June, 2025; v1 submitted 19 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. Comments: Proceedings of the Association for Computational Linguistics Main Conference (ACL 2025) arXiv:2502.15821 [ pdf , ps , other ] Towards Robust ESG Analysis Against Greenwashing Risks: Aspect-Action Analysis with Cross-Category Generalization Authors: Keane Ong , Rui Mao , Deeksha Varshney , Erik Cambria , Gianmarco Mengaldo Abstract : Sustainability reports are key for evaluating companies' environmental, social and governance, ESG performance, but their content is increasingly obscured by greenwashing - sustainability claims that are misleading, exaggerated, and fabricated. Yet, existing NLP approaches for ESG analysis lack robustness against greenwashing risks, often extracting insights that reflect misleading or exaggerated… ▽ More Sustainability reports are key for evaluating companies' environmental, social and governance, ESG performance, but their content is increasingly obscured by greenwashing - sustainability claims that are misleading, exaggerated, and fabricated. Yet, existing NLP approaches for ESG analysis lack robustness against greenwashing risks, often extracting insights that reflect misleading or exaggerated sustainability claims rather than objective ESG performance. To bridge this gap, we introduce A3CG - Aspect-Action Analysis with Cross-Category Generalization, as a novel dataset to improve the robustness of ESG analysis amid the prevalence of greenwashing. By explicitly linking sustainability aspects with their associated actions, A3CG facilitates a more fine-grained and transparent evaluation of sustainability claims, ensuring that insights are grounded in verifiable actions rather than vague or misleading rhetoric. Additionally, A3CG emphasizes cross-category generalization. This ensures robust model performance in aspect-action analysis even when companies change their reports to selectively favor certain sustainability areas. Through experiments on A3CG, we analyze state-of-the-art supervised models and LLMs, uncovering their limitations and outlining key directions for future research. △ Less Submitted 5 June, 2025; v1 submitted 19 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. Comments: Proceedings of the Association for Computational Linguistics Main Conference (ACL 2025) arXiv:2502.04976 [ pdf , other ] cs.MM Towards Multimodal Empathetic Response Generation: A Rich Text-Speech-Vision Avatar-based Benchmark Authors: Han Zhang , Zixiang Meng , Meng Luo , Hong Han , Lizi Liao , Erik Cambria , Hao Fei Abstract : Empathetic Response Generation (ERG) is one of the key tasks of the affective computing area, which aims to produce emotionally nuanced and compassionate responses to user's queries. However, existing ERG research is predominantly confined to the singleton text modality, limiting its effectiveness since human emotions are inherently conveyed through multiple modalities. To combat this, we introduc… ▽ More Empathetic Response Generation (ERG) is one of the key tasks of the affective computing area, which aims to produce emotionally nuanced and compassionate responses to user's queries. However, existing ERG research is predominantly confined to the singleton text modality, limiting its effectiveness since human emotions are inherently conveyed through multiple modalities. To combat this, we introduce an avatar-based Multimodal ERG (MERG) task, entailing rich text, speech, and facial vision information. We first present a large-scale high-quality benchmark dataset, \textbf{AvaMERG}, which extends traditional text ERG by incorporating authentic human speech audio and dynamic talking-face avatar videos, encompassing a diverse range of avatar profiles and broadly covering various topics of real-world scenarios. Further, we deliberately tailor a system, named \textbf{Empatheia}, for MERG. Built upon a Multimodal Large Language Model (MLLM) with multimodal encoder, speech and avatar generators, Empatheia performs end-to-end MERG, with Chain-of-Empathetic reasoning mechanism integrated for enhanced empathy understanding and reasoning. Finally, we devise a list of empathetic-enhanced tuning strategies, strengthening the capabilities of emotional accuracy and content, avatar-profile consistency across modalities. Experimental results on AvaMERG data demonstrate that Empatheia consistently shows superior performance than baseline methods on both textual ERG and MERG. Overall, this work is expected to pioneer the MERG research by introducing a novel benchmark and an end-to-end model, laying a solid foundation for future advancements in multimodal empathetic response generation. △ Less Submitted 7 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. Comments: Accepted by TheWebConf (WWW) 2025 arXiv:2502.04976 [ pdf , other ] Towards Multimodal Empathetic Response Generation: A Rich Text-Speech-Vision Avatar-based Benchmark Authors: Han Zhang , Zixiang Meng , Meng Luo , Hong Han , Lizi Liao , Erik Cambria , Hao Fei Abstract : Empathetic Response Generation (ERG) is one of the key tasks of the affective computing area, which aims to produce emotionally nuanced and compassionate responses to user's queries. However, existing ERG research is predominantly confined to the singleton text modality, limiting its effectiveness since human emotions are inherently conveyed through multiple modalities. To combat this, we introduc… ▽ More Empathetic Response Generation (ERG) is one of the key tasks of the affective computing area, which aims to produce emotionally nuanced and compassionate responses to user's queries. However, existing ERG research is predominantly confined to the singleton text modality, limiting its effectiveness since human emotions are inherently conveyed through multiple modalities. To combat this, we introduce an avatar-based Multimodal ERG (MERG) task, entailing rich text, speech, and facial vision information. We first present a large-scale high-quality benchmark dataset, \textbf{AvaMERG}, which extends traditional text ERG by incorporating authentic human speech audio and dynamic talking-face avatar videos, encompassing a diverse range of avatar profiles and broadly covering various topics of real-world scenarios. Further, we deliberately tailor a system, named \textbf{Empatheia}, for MERG. Built upon a Multimodal Large Language Model (MLLM) with multimodal encoder, speech and avatar generators, Empatheia performs end-to-end MERG, with Chain-of-Empathetic reasoning mechanism integrated for enhanced empathy understanding and reasoning. Finally, we devise a list of empathetic-enhanced tuning strategies, strengthening the capabilities of emotional accuracy and content, avatar-profile consistency across modalities. Experimental results on AvaMERG data demonstrate that Empatheia consistently shows superior performance than baseline methods on both textual ERG and MERG. Overall, this work is expected to pioneer the MERG research by introducing a novel benchmark and an end-to-end model, laying a solid foundation for future advancements in multimodal empathetic response generation. △ Less Submitted 7 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. Comments: Accepted by TheWebConf (WWW) 2025 arXiv:2502.00681 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG cs.AI cs.CL A Survey of Quantized Graph Representation Learning: Connecting Graph Structures with Large Language Models Authors: Qika Lin , Zhen Peng , Kaize Shi , Kai He , Yiming Xu , Erik Cambria , Mengling Feng Abstract : Recent years have witnessed rapid advances in graph representation learning, with the continuous embedding approach emerging as the dominant paradigm. However, such methods encounter issues regarding parameter efficiency, interpretability, and robustness. Thus, Quantized Graph Representation (QGR) learning has recently gained increasing interest, which represents the graph structure with discrete… ▽ More Recent years have witnessed rapid advances in graph representation learning, with the continuous embedding approach emerging as the dominant paradigm. However, such methods encounter issues regarding parameter efficiency, interpretability, and robustness. Thus, Quantized Graph Representation (QGR) learning has recently gained increasing interest, which represents the graph structure with discrete codes instead of conventional continuous embeddings. Given its analogous representation form to natural language, QGR also possesses the capability to seamlessly integrate graph structures with large language models (LLMs). As this emerging paradigm is still in its infancy yet holds significant promise, we undertake this thorough survey to promote its rapid future prosperity. We first present the background of the general quantization methods and their merits. Moreover, we provide an in-depth demonstration of current QGR studies from the perspectives of quantized strategies, training objectives, distinctive designs, knowledge graph quantization, and applications. We further explore the strategies for code dependence learning and integration with LLMs. At last, we give discussions and conclude future directions, aiming to provide a comprehensive picture of QGR and inspire future research. △ Less Submitted 2 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. arXiv:2502.00681 [ pdf , other ] A Survey of Quantized Graph Representation Learning: Connecting Graph Structures with Large Language Models Authors: Qika Lin , Zhen Peng , Kaize Shi , Kai He , Yiming Xu , Erik Cambria , Mengling Feng Abstract : Recent years have witnessed rapid advances in graph representation learning, with the continuous embedding approach emerging as the dominant paradigm. However, such methods encounter issues regarding parameter efficiency, interpretability, and robustness. Thus, Quantized Graph Representation (QGR) learning has recently gained increasing interest, which represents the graph structure with discrete… ▽ More Recent years have witnessed rapid advances in graph representation learning, with the continuous embedding approach emerging as the dominant paradigm. However, such methods encounter issues regarding parameter efficiency, interpretability, and robustness. Thus, Quantized Graph Representation (QGR) learning has recently gained increasing interest, which represents the graph structure with discrete codes instead of conventional continuous embeddings. Given its analogous representation form to natural language, QGR also possesses the capability to seamlessly integrate graph structures with large language models (LLMs). As this emerging paradigm is still in its infancy yet holds significant promise, we undertake this thorough survey to promote its rapid future prosperity. We first present the background of the general quantization methods and their merits. Moreover, we provide an in-depth demonstration of current QGR studies from the perspectives of quantized strategies, training objectives, distinctive designs, knowledge graph quantization, and applications. We further explore the strategies for code dependence learning and integration with LLMs. At last, we give discussions and conclude future directions, aiming to provide a comprehensive picture of QGR and inspire future research. △ Less Submitted 2 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. arXiv:2501.15720 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL ESGSenticNet: A Neurosymbolic Knowledge Base for Corporate Sustainability Analysis Authors: Keane Ong , Rui Mao , Deeksha Varshney , Frank Xing , Ranjan Satapathy , Johan Sulaeman , Erik Cambria , Gianmarco Mengaldo Abstract : Evaluating corporate sustainability performance is essential to drive sustainable business practices, amid the need for a more sustainable economy. However, this is hindered by the complexity and volume of corporate sustainability data (i.e. sustainability disclosures), not least by the effectiveness of the NLP tools used to analyse them. To this end, we identify three primary challenges - immater… ▽ More Evaluating corporate sustainability performance is essential to drive sustainable business practices, amid the need for a more sustainable economy. However, this is hindered by the complexity and volume of corporate sustainability data (i.e. sustainability disclosures), not least by the effectiveness of the NLP tools used to analyse them. To this end, we identify three primary challenges - immateriality, complexity, and subjectivity, that exacerbate the difficulty of extracting insights from sustainability disclosures. To address these issues, we introduce ESGSenticNet, a publicly available knowledge base for sustainability analysis. ESGSenticNet is constructed from a neurosymbolic framework that integrates specialised concept parsing, GPT-4o inference, and semi-supervised label propagation, together with a hierarchical taxonomy. This approach culminates in a structured knowledge base of 44k knowledge triplets - ('halve carbon emission', supports, 'emissions control'), for effective sustainability analysis. Experiments indicate that ESGSenticNet, when deployed as a lexical method, more effectively captures relevant and actionable sustainability information from sustainability disclosures compared to state of the art baselines. Besides capturing a high number of unique ESG topic terms, ESGSenticNet outperforms baselines on the ESG relatedness and ESG action orientation of these terms by 26% and 31% respectively. These metrics describe the extent to which topic terms are related to ESG, and depict an action toward ESG. Moreover, when deployed as a lexical method, ESGSenticNet does not require any training, possessing a key advantage in its simplicity for non-technical stakeholders. △ Less Submitted 26 September, 2025; v1 submitted 26 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. arXiv:2501.15720 [ pdf , ps , other ] ESGSenticNet: A Neurosymbolic Knowledge Base for Corporate Sustainability Analysis Authors: Keane Ong , Rui Mao , Deeksha Varshney , Frank Xing , Ranjan Satapathy , Johan Sulaeman , Erik Cambria , Gianmarco Mengaldo Abstract : Evaluating corporate sustainability performance is essential to drive sustainable business practices, amid the need for a more sustainable economy. However, this is hindered by the complexity and volume of corporate sustainability data (i.e. sustainability disclosures), not least by the effectiveness of the NLP tools used to analyse them. To this end, we identify three primary challenges - immater… ▽ More Evaluating corporate sustainability performance is essential to drive sustainable business practices, amid the need for a more sustainable economy. However, this is hindered by the complexity and volume of corporate sustainability data (i.e. sustainability disclosures), not least by the effectiveness of the NLP tools used to analyse them. To this end, we identify three primary challenges - immateriality, complexity, and subjectivity, that exacerbate the difficulty of extracting insights from sustainability disclosures. To address these issues, we introduce ESGSenticNet, a publicly available knowledge base for sustainability analysis. ESGSenticNet is constructed from a neurosymbolic framework that integrates specialised concept parsing, GPT-4o inference, and semi-supervised label propagation, together with a hierarchical taxonomy. This approach culminates in a structured knowledge base of 44k knowledge triplets - ('halve carbon emission', supports, 'emissions control'), for effective sustainability analysis. Experiments indicate that ESGSenticNet, when deployed as a lexical method, more effectively captures relevant and actionable sustainability information from sustainability disclosures compared to state of the art baselines. Besides capturing a high number of unique ESG topic terms, ESGSenticNet outperforms baselines on the ESG relatedness and ESG action orientation of these terms by 26% and 31% respectively. These metrics describe the extent to which topic terms are related to ESG, and depict an action toward ESG. Moreover, when deployed as a lexical method, ESGSenticNet does not require any training, possessing a key advantage in its simplicity for non-technical stakeholders. △ Less Submitted 26 September, 2025; v1 submitted 26 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. arXiv:2501.12433 [ pdf ] cs.CV cs.AI cs.CL Owls are wise and foxes are unfaithful: Uncovering animal stereotypes in vision-language models Authors: Tabinda Aman , Mohammad Nadeem , Shahab Saquib Sohail , Mohammad Anas , Erik Cambria Abstract : Animal stereotypes are deeply embedded in human culture and language. They often shape our perceptions and expectations of various species. Our study investigates how animal stereotypes manifest in vision-language models during the task of image generation. Through targeted prompts, we explore whether DALL-E perpetuates stereotypical representations of animals, such as "owls as wise," "foxes as un… ▽ More Animal stereotypes are deeply embedded in human culture and language. They often shape our perceptions and expectations of various species. Our study investigates how animal stereotypes manifest in vision-language models during the task of image generation. Through targeted prompts, we explore whether DALL-E perpetuates stereotypical representations of animals, such as "owls as wise," "foxes as unfaithful," etc. Our findings reveal significant stereotyped instances where the model consistently generates images aligned with cultural biases. The current work is the first of its kind to examine animal stereotyping in vision-language models systematically and to highlight a critical yet underexplored dimension of bias in AI-generated visual content. △ Less Submitted 29 April, 2025; v1 submitted 21 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. arXiv:2501.12433 [ pdf ] Owls are wise and foxes are unfaithful: Uncovering animal stereotypes in vision-language models Authors: Tabinda Aman , Mohammad Nadeem , Shahab Saquib Sohail , Mohammad Anas , Erik Cambria Abstract : Animal stereotypes are deeply embedded in human culture and language. They often shape our perceptions and expectations of various species. Our study investigates how animal stereotypes manifest in vision-language models during the task of image generation. Through targeted prompts, we explore whether DALL-E perpetuates stereotypical representations of animals, such as "owls as wise," "foxes as un… ▽ More Animal stereotypes are deeply embedded in human culture and language. They often shape our perceptions and expectations of various species. Our study investigates how animal stereotypes manifest in vision-language models during the task of image generation. Through targeted prompts, we explore whether DALL-E perpetuates stereotypical representations of animals, such as "owls as wise," "foxes as unfaithful," etc. Our findings reveal significant stereotyped instances where the model consistently generates images aligned with cultural biases. The current work is the first of its kind to examine animal stereotyping in vision-language models systematically and to highlight a critical yet underexplored dimension of bias in AI-generated visual content. △ Less Submitted 29 April, 2025; v1 submitted 21 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. arXiv:2501.01987 [ pdf ] cs.CV cs.AI cs.CY cs.LG Gender Bias in Text-to-Video Generation Models: A case study of Sora Authors: Mohammad Nadeem , Shahab Saquib Sohail , Erik Cambria , Björn W. Schuller , Amir Hussain Abstract : The advent of text-to-video generation models has revolutionized content creation as it produces high-quality videos from textual prompts. However, concerns regarding inherent biases in such models have prompted scrutiny, particularly regarding gender representation. Our study investigates the presence of gender bias in OpenAI's Sora, a state-of-the-art text-to-video generation model. We uncover s… ▽ More The advent of text-to-video generation models has revolutionized content creation as it produces high-quality videos from textual prompts. However, concerns regarding inherent biases in such models have prompted scrutiny, particularly regarding gender representation. Our study investigates the presence of gender bias in OpenAI's Sora, a state-of-the-art text-to-video generation model. We uncover significant evidence of bias by analyzing the generated videos from a diverse set of gender-neutral and stereotypical prompts. The results indicate that Sora disproportionately associates specific genders with stereotypical behaviors and professions, which reflects societal prejudices embedded in its training data. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2025; v1 submitted 30 December, 2024; originally announced January 2025. Comments: 7 pages, 3 figures arXiv:2501.01987 [ pdf ] Gender Bias in Text-to-Video Generation Models: A case study of Sora Authors: Mohammad Nadeem , Shahab Saquib Sohail , Erik Cambria , Björn W. Schuller , Amir Hussain Abstract : The advent of text-to-video generation models has revolutionized content creation as it produces high-quality videos from textual prompts. However, concerns regarding inherent biases in such models have prompted scrutiny, particularly regarding gender representation. Our study investigates the presence of gender bias in OpenAI's Sora, a state-of-the-art text-to-video generation model. We uncover s… ▽ More The advent of text-to-video generation models has revolutionized content creation as it produces high-quality videos from textual prompts. However, concerns regarding inherent biases in such models have prompted scrutiny, particularly regarding gender representation. Our study investigates the presence of gender bias in OpenAI's Sora, a state-of-the-art text-to-video generation model. We uncover significant evidence of bias by analyzing the generated videos from a diverse set of gender-neutral and stereotypical prompts. The results indicate that Sora disproportionately associates specific genders with stereotypical behaviors and professions, which reflects societal prejudices embedded in its training data. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2025; v1 submitted 30 December, 2024; originally announced January 2025. Comments: 7 pages, 3 figures arXiv:2412.02508 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CV When Words Smile: Generating Diverse Emotional Facial Expressions from Text Authors: Haidong Xu , Meishan Zhang , Hao Ju , Zhedong Zheng , Erik Cambria , Min Zhang , Hao Fei Abstract : Enabling digital humans to express rich emotions has significant applications in dialogue systems, gaming, and other interactive scenarios. While recent advances in talking head synthesis have achieved impressive results in lip synchronization, they tend to overlook the rich and dynamic nature of facial expressions. To fill this critical gap, we introduce an end-to-end text-to-expression model tha… ▽ More Enabling digital humans to express rich emotions has significant applications in dialogue systems, gaming, and other interactive scenarios. While recent advances in talking head synthesis have achieved impressive results in lip synchronization, they tend to overlook the rich and dynamic nature of facial expressions. To fill this critical gap, we introduce an end-to-end text-to-expression model that explicitly focuses on emotional dynamics. Our model learns expressive facial variations in a continuous latent space and generates expressions that are diverse, fluid, and emotionally coherent. To support this task, we introduce EmoAva, a large-scale and high-quality dataset containing 15,000 text-3D expression pairs. Extensive experiments on both existing datasets and EmoAva demonstrate that our method significantly outperforms baselines across multiple evaluation metrics, marking a significant advancement in the field. △ Less Submitted 20 October, 2025; v1 submitted 3 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024. Comments: Accepted by EMNLP 2025 (Oral); Project Page: arXiv:2412.02508 [ pdf , ps , other ] When Words Smile: Generating Diverse Emotional Facial Expressions from Text Authors: Haidong Xu , Meishan Zhang , Hao Ju , Zhedong Zheng , Erik Cambria , Min Zhang , Hao Fei Abstract : Enabling digital humans to express rich emotions has significant applications in dialogue systems, gaming, and other interactive scenarios. While recent advances in talking head synthesis have achieved impressive results in lip synchronization, they tend to overlook the rich and dynamic nature of facial expressions. To fill this critical gap, we introduce an end-to-end text-to-expression model tha… ▽ More Enabling digital humans to express rich emotions has significant applications in dialogue systems, gaming, and other interactive scenarios. While recent advances in talking head synthesis have achieved impressive results in lip synchronization, they tend to overlook the rich and dynamic nature of facial expressions. To fill this critical gap, we introduce an end-to-end text-to-expression model that explicitly focuses on emotional dynamics. Our model learns expressive facial variations in a continuous latent space and generates expressions that are diverse, fluid, and emotionally coherent. To support this task, we introduce EmoAva, a large-scale and high-quality dataset containing 15,000 text-3D expression pairs. Extensive experiments on both existing datasets and EmoAva demonstrate that our method significantly outperforms baselines across multiple evaluation metrics, marking a significant advancement in the field. △ Less Submitted 20 October, 2025; v1 submitted 3 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024. Comments: Accepted by EMNLP 2025 (Oral); Project Page: arXiv:2410.14155 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL Towards Faithful Natural Language Explanations: A Study Using Activation Patching in Large Language Models Authors: Wei Jie Yeo , Ranjan Satapathy , Erik Cambria Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) are capable of generating persuasive Natural Language Explanations (NLEs) to justify their answers. However, the faithfulness of these explanations should not be readily trusted at face value. Recent studies have proposed various methods to measure the faithfulness of NLEs, typically by inserting perturbations at the explanation or feature level. We argue that these ap… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) are capable of generating persuasive Natural Language Explanations (NLEs) to justify their answers. However, the faithfulness of these explanations should not be readily trusted at face value. Recent studies have proposed various methods to measure the faithfulness of NLEs, typically by inserting perturbations at the explanation or feature level. We argue that these approaches are neither comprehensive nor correctly designed according to the established definition of faithfulness. Moreover, we highlight the risks of grounding faithfulness findings on out-of-distribution samples. In this work, we leverage a causal mediation technique called activation patching, to measure the faithfulness of an explanation towards supporting the explained answer. Our proposed metric, Causal Faithfulness quantifies the consistency of causal attributions between explanations and the corresponding model outputs as the indicator of faithfulness. We experimented across models varying from 2B to 27B parameters and found that models that underwent alignment tuning tend to produce more faithful and plausible explanations. We find that Causal Faithfulness is a promising improvement over existing faithfulness tests by taking into account the model's internal computations and avoiding out of distribution concerns that could otherwise undermine the validity of faithfulness assessments. We release the code in \url{ △ Less Submitted 1 November, 2024; v1 submitted 17 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. Comments: Under review arXiv:2410.14155 [ pdf , other ] Towards Faithful Natural Language Explanations: A Study Using Activation Patching in Large Language Models Authors: Wei Jie Yeo , Ranjan Satapathy , Erik Cambria Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) are capable of generating persuasive Natural Language Explanations (NLEs) to justify their answers. However, the faithfulness of these explanations should not be readily trusted at face value. Recent studies have proposed various methods to measure the faithfulness of NLEs, typically by inserting perturbations at the explanation or feature level. We argue that these ap… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) are capable of generating persuasive Natural Language Explanations (NLEs) to justify their answers. However, the faithfulness of these explanations should not be readily trusted at face value. Recent studies have proposed various methods to measure the faithfulness of NLEs, typically by inserting perturbations at the explanation or feature level. We argue that these approaches are neither comprehensive nor correctly designed according to the established definition of faithfulness. Moreover, we highlight the risks of grounding faithfulness findings on out-of-distribution samples. In this work, we leverage a causal mediation technique called activation patching, to measure the faithfulness of an explanation towards supporting the explained answer. Our proposed metric, Causal Faithfulness quantifies the consistency of causal attributions between explanations and the corresponding model outputs as the indicator of faithfulness. We experimented across models varying from 2B to 27B parameters and found that models that underwent alignment tuning tend to produce more faithful and plausible explanations. We find that Causal Faithfulness is a promising improvement over existing faithfulness tests by taking into account the model's internal computations and avoiding out of distribution concerns that could otherwise undermine the validity of faithfulness assessments. We release the code in \url{ △ Less Submitted 1 November, 2024; v1 submitted 17 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. Comments: Under review arXiv:2410.07076 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.LG MOOSE-Chem: Large Language Models for Rediscovering Unseen Chemistry Scientific Hypotheses Authors: Zonglin Yang , Wanhao Liu , Ben Gao , Tong Xie , Yuqiang Li , Wanli Ouyang , Soujanya Poria , Erik Cambria , Dongzhan Zhou Abstract : Scientific discovery plays a pivotal role in advancing human society, and recent progress in large language models (LLMs) suggests their potential to accelerate this process. However, it remains unclear whether LLMs can autonomously generate novel and valid hypotheses in chemistry. In this work, we investigate whether LLMs can discover high-quality chemistry hypotheses given only a research backgr… ▽ More Scientific discovery plays a pivotal role in advancing human society, and recent progress in large language models (LLMs) suggests their potential to accelerate this process. However, it remains unclear whether LLMs can autonomously generate novel and valid hypotheses in chemistry. In this work, we investigate whether LLMs can discover high-quality chemistry hypotheses given only a research background-comprising a question and/or a survey-without restriction on the domain of the question. We begin with the observation that hypothesis discovery is a seemingly intractable task. To address this, we propose a formal mathematical decomposition grounded in a fundamental assumption: that most chemistry hypotheses can be composed from a research background and a set of inspirations. This decomposition leads to three practical subtasks-retrieving inspirations, composing hypotheses with inspirations, and ranking hypotheses - which together constitute a sufficient set of subtasks for the overall scientific discovery task. We further develop an agentic LLM framework, MOOSE-Chem, that is a direct implementation of this mathematical decomposition. To evaluate this framework, we construct a benchmark of 51 high-impact chemistry papers published and online after January 2024, each manually annotated by PhD chemists with background, inspirations, and hypothesis. The framework is able to rediscover many hypotheses with high similarity to the groundtruth, successfully capturing the core innovations-while ensuring no data contamination since it uses an LLM with knowledge cutoff date prior to 2024. Finally, based on LLM's surprisingly high accuracy on inspiration retrieval, a task with inherently out-of-distribution nature, we propose a bold assumption: that LLMs may already encode latent scientific knowledge associations not yet recognized by humans. △ Less Submitted 27 October, 2025; v1 submitted 9 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. Comments: Accepted by ICLR 2025 arXiv:2410.07076 [ pdf , ps , other ] MOOSE-Chem: Large Language Models for Rediscovering Unseen Chemistry Scientific Hypotheses Authors: Zonglin Yang , Wanhao Liu , Ben Gao , Tong Xie , Yuqiang Li , Wanli Ouyang , Soujanya Poria , Erik Cambria , Dongzhan Zhou Abstract : Scientific discovery plays a pivotal role in advancing human society, and recent progress in large language models (LLMs) suggests their potential to accelerate this process. However, it remains unclear whether LLMs can autonomously generate novel and valid hypotheses in chemistry. In this work, we investigate whether LLMs can discover high-quality chemistry hypotheses given only a research backgr… ▽ More Scientific discovery plays a pivotal role in advancing human society, and recent progress in large language models (LLMs) suggests their potential to accelerate this process. However, it remains unclear whether LLMs can autonomously generate novel and valid hypotheses in chemistry. In this work, we investigate whether LLMs can discover high-quality chemistry hypotheses given only a research background-comprising a question and/or a survey-without restriction on the domain of the question. We begin with the observation that hypothesis discovery is a seemingly intractable task. To address this, we propose a formal mathematical decomposition grounded in a fundamental assumption: that most chemistry hypotheses can be composed from a research background and a set of inspirations. This decomposition leads to three practical subtasks-retrieving inspirations, composing hypotheses with inspirations, and ranking hypotheses - which together constitute a sufficient set of subtasks for the overall scientific discovery task. We further develop an agentic LLM framework, MOOSE-Chem, that is a direct implementation of this mathematical decomposition. To evaluate this framework, we construct a benchmark of 51 high-impact chemistry papers published and online after January 2024, each manually annotated by PhD chemists with background, inspirations, and hypothesis. The framework is able to rediscover many hypotheses with high similarity to the groundtruth, successfully capturing the core innovations-while ensuring no data contamination since it uses an LLM with knowledge cutoff date prior to 2024. Finally, based on LLM's surprisingly high accuracy on inspiration retrieval, a task with inherently out-of-distribution nature, we propose a bold assumption: that LLMs may already encode latent scientific knowledge associations not yet recognized by humans. △ Less Submitted 27 October, 2025; v1 submitted 9 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. Comments: Accepted by ICLR 2025 arXiv:2409.07388 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL Recent Trends of Multimodal Affective Computing: A Survey from NLP Perspective Authors: Guimin Hu , Yi Xin , Weimin Lyu , Haojian Huang , Chang Sun , Zhihong Zhu , Lin Gui , Ruichu Cai , Erik Cambria , Hasti Seifi Abstract : Multimodal affective computing (MAC) has garnered increasing attention due to its broad applications in analyzing human behaviors and intentions, especially in text-dominated multimodal affective computing field. This survey presents the recent trends of multimodal affective computing from NLP perspective through four hot tasks: multimodal sentiment analysis, multimodal emotion recognition in conv… ▽ More Multimodal affective computing (MAC) has garnered increasing attention due to its broad applications in analyzing human behaviors and intentions, especially in text-dominated multimodal affective computing field. This survey presents the recent trends of multimodal affective computing from NLP perspective through four hot tasks: multimodal sentiment analysis, multimodal emotion recognition in conversation, multimodal aspect-based sentiment analysis and multimodal multi-label emotion recognition. The goal of this survey is to explore the current landscape of multimodal affective research, identify development trends, and highlight the similarities and differences across various tasks, offering a comprehensive report on the recent progress in multimodal affective computing from an NLP perspective. This survey covers the formalization of tasks, provides an overview of relevant works, describes benchmark datasets, and details the evaluation metrics for each task. Additionally, it briefly discusses research in multimodal affective computing involving facial expressions, acoustic signals, physiological signals, and emotion causes. Additionally, we discuss the technical approaches, challenges, and future directions in multimodal affective computing. To support further research, we released a repository that compiles related works in multimodal affective computing, providing detailed resources and references for the community. △ Less Submitted 30 October, 2024; v1 submitted 11 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024. arXiv:2409.07388 [ pdf , other ] Recent Trends of Multimodal Affective Computing: A Survey from NLP Perspective Authors: Guimin Hu , Yi Xin , Weimin Lyu , Haojian Huang , Chang Sun , Zhihong Zhu , Lin Gui , Ruichu Cai , Erik Cambria , Hasti Seifi Abstract : Multimodal affective computing (MAC) has garnered increasing attention due to its broad applications in analyzing human behaviors and intentions, especially in text-dominated multimodal affective computing field. This survey presents the recent trends of multimodal affective computing from NLP perspective through four hot tasks: multimodal sentiment analysis, multimodal emotion recognition in conv… ▽ More Multimodal affective computing (MAC) has garnered increasing attention due to its broad applications in analyzing human behaviors and intentions, especially in text-dominated multimodal affective computing field. This survey presents the recent trends of multimodal affective computing from NLP perspective through four hot tasks: multimodal sentiment analysis, multimodal emotion recognition in conversation, multimodal aspect-based sentiment analysis and multimodal multi-label emotion recognition. The goal of this survey is to explore the current landscape of multimodal affective research, identify development trends, and highlight the similarities and differences across various tasks, offering a comprehensive report on the recent progress in multimodal affective computing from an NLP perspective. This survey covers the formalization of tasks, provides an overview of relevant works, describes benchmark datasets, and details the evaluation metrics for each task. Additionally, it briefly discusses research in multimodal affective computing involving facial expressions, acoustic signals, physiological signals, and emotion causes. Additionally, we discuss the technical approaches, challenges, and future directions in multimodal affective computing. To support further research, we released a repository that compiles related works in multimodal affective computing, providing detailed resources and references for the community. △ Less Submitted 30 October, 2024; v1 submitted 11 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024. arXiv:2409.00105 [ pdf ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.LG Negation Blindness in Large Language Models: Unveiling the NO Syndrome in Image Generation Authors: Mohammad Nadeem , Shahab Saquib Sohail , Erik Cambria , Björn W. Schuller , Amir Hussain Abstract : Foundational Large Language Models (LLMs) have changed the way we perceive technology. They have been shown to excel in tasks ranging from poem writing and coding to essay generation and puzzle solving. With the incorporation of image generation capability, they have become more comprehensive and versatile AI tools. At the same time, researchers are striving to identify the limitations of these to… ▽ More Foundational Large Language Models (LLMs) have changed the way we perceive technology. They have been shown to excel in tasks ranging from poem writing and coding to essay generation and puzzle solving. With the incorporation of image generation capability, they have become more comprehensive and versatile AI tools. At the same time, researchers are striving to identify the limitations of these tools to improve them further. Currently identified flaws include hallucination, biases, and bypassing restricted commands to generate harmful content. In the present work, we have identified a fundamental limitation related to the image generation ability of LLMs, and termed it The NO Syndrome. This negation blindness refers to LLMs inability to correctly comprehend NO related natural language prompts to generate the desired images. Interestingly, all tested LLMs including GPT-4, Gemini, and Copilot were found to be suffering from this syndrome. To demonstrate the generalization of this limitation, we carried out simulation experiments and conducted entropy-based and benchmark statistical analysis tests on various LLMs in multiple languages, including English, Hindi, and French. We conclude that the NO syndrome is a significant flaw in current LLMs that needs to be addressed. A related finding of this study showed a consistent discrepancy between image and textual responses as a result of this NO syndrome. We posit that the introduction of a negation context-aware reinforcement learning based feedback loop between the LLMs textual response and generated image could help ensure the generated text is based on both the LLMs correct contextual understanding of the negation query and the generated visual output. △ Less Submitted 4 September, 2024; v1 submitted 27 August, 2024; originally announced September 2024. Comments: 15 pages, 7 figures arXiv:2409.00105 [ pdf ] Negation Blindness in Large Language Models: Unveiling the NO Syndrome in Image Generation Authors: Mohammad Nadeem , Shahab Saquib Sohail , Erik Cambria , Björn W. Schuller , Amir Hussain Abstract : Foundational Large Language Models (LLMs) have changed the way we perceive technology. They have been shown to excel in tasks ranging from poem writing and coding to essay generation and puzzle solving. With the incorporation of image generation capability, they have become more comprehensive and versatile AI tools. At the same time, researchers are striving to identify the limitations of these to… ▽ More Foundational Large Language Models (LLMs) have changed the way we perceive technology. They have been shown to excel in tasks ranging from poem writing and coding to essay generation and puzzle solving. With the incorporation of image generation capability, they have become more comprehensive and versatile AI tools. At the same time, researchers are striving to identify the limitations of these tools to improve them further. Currently identified flaws include hallucination, biases, and bypassing restricted commands to generate harmful content. In the present work, we have identified a fundamental limitation related to the image generation ability of LLMs, and termed it The NO Syndrome. This negation blindness refers to LLMs inability to correctly comprehend NO related natural language prompts to generate the desired images. Interestingly, all tested LLMs including GPT-4, Gemini, and Copilot were found to be suffering from this syndrome. To demonstrate the generalization of this limitation, we carried out simulation experiments and conducted entropy-based and benchmark statistical analysis tests on various LLMs in multiple languages, including English, Hindi, and French. We conclude that the NO syndrome is a significant flaw in current LLMs that needs to be addressed. A related finding of this study showed a consistent discrepancy between image and textual responses as a result of this NO syndrome. We posit that the introduction of a negation context-aware reinforcement learning based feedback loop between the LLMs textual response and generated image could help ensure the generated text is based on both the LLMs correct contextual understanding of the negation query and the generated visual output. △ Less Submitted 4 September, 2024; v1 submitted 27 August, 2024; originally announced September 2024. Comments: 15 pages, 7 figures arXiv:2408.12880 [ pdf , other ] cs.AI Has Multimodal Learning Delivered Universal Intelligence in Healthcare? A Comprehensive Survey Authors: Qika Lin , Yifan Zhu , Xin Mei , Ling Huang , Jingying Ma , Kai He , Zhen Peng , Erik Cambria , Mengling Feng Abstract : The rapid development of artificial intelligence has constantly reshaped the field of intelligent healthcare and medicine. As a vital technology, multimodal learning has increasingly garnered interest due to data complementarity, comprehensive modeling form, and great application potential. Currently, numerous researchers are dedicating their attention to this field, conducting extensive studies a… ▽ More The rapid development of artificial intelligence has constantly reshaped the field of intelligent healthcare and medicine. As a vital technology, multimodal learning has increasingly garnered interest due to data complementarity, comprehensive modeling form, and great application potential. Currently, numerous researchers are dedicating their attention to this field, conducting extensive studies and constructing abundant intelligent systems. Naturally, an open question arises that has multimodal learning delivered universal intelligence in healthcare? To answer the question, we adopt three unique viewpoints for a holistic analysis. Firstly, we conduct a comprehensive survey of the current progress of medical multimodal learning from the perspectives of datasets, task-oriented methods, and universal foundation models. Based on them, we further discuss the proposed question from five issues to explore the real impacts of advanced techniques in healthcare, from data and technologies to performance and ethics. The answer is that current technologies have NOT achieved universal intelligence and there remains a significant journey to undertake. Finally, in light of the above reviews and discussions, we point out ten potential directions for exploration towards the goal of universal intelligence in healthcare. △ Less Submitted 23 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024. Comments: 21 pages, 6 figures arXiv:2408.12880 [ pdf , other ] Has Multimodal Learning Delivered Universal Intelligence in Healthcare? A Comprehensive Survey Authors: Qika Lin , Yifan Zhu , Xin Mei , Ling Huang , Jingying Ma , Kai He , Zhen Peng , Erik Cambria , Mengling Feng Abstract : The rapid development of artificial intelligence has constantly reshaped the field of intelligent healthcare and medicine. As a vital technology, multimodal learning has increasingly garnered interest due to data complementarity, comprehensive modeling form, and great application potential. Currently, numerous researchers are dedicating their attention to this field, conducting extensive studies a… ▽ More The rapid development of artificial intelligence has constantly reshaped the field of intelligent healthcare and medicine. As a vital technology, multimodal learning has increasingly garnered interest due to data complementarity, comprehensive modeling form, and great application potential. Currently, numerous researchers are dedicating their attention to this field, conducting extensive studies and constructing abundant intelligent systems. Naturally, an open question arises that has multimodal learning delivered universal intelligence in healthcare? To answer the question, we adopt three unique viewpoints for a holistic analysis. Firstly, we conduct a comprehensive survey of the current progress of medical multimodal learning from the perspectives of datasets, task-oriented methods, and universal foundation models. Based on them, we further discuss the proposed question from five issues to explore the real impacts of advanced techniques in healthcare, from data and technologies to performance and ethics. The answer is that current technologies have NOT achieved universal intelligence and there remains a significant journey to undertake. Finally, in light of the above reviews and discussions, we point out ten potential directions for exploration towards the goal of universal intelligence in healthcare. △ Less Submitted 23 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024. Comments: 21 pages, 6 figures arXiv:2408.09481 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL cs.AI PanoSent: A Panoptic Sextuple Extraction Benchmark for Multimodal Conversational Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis Authors: Meng Luo , Hao Fei , Bobo Li , Shengqiong Wu , Qian Liu , Soujanya Poria , Erik Cambria , Mong-Li Lee , Wynne Hsu Abstract : While existing Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) has received extensive effort and advancement, there are still gaps in defining a more holistic research target seamlessly integrating multimodality, conversation context, fine-granularity, and also covering the changing sentiment dynamics as well as cognitive causal rationales. This paper bridges the gaps by introducing a multimodal conversati… ▽ More While existing Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) has received extensive effort and advancement, there are still gaps in defining a more holistic research target seamlessly integrating multimodality, conversation context, fine-granularity, and also covering the changing sentiment dynamics as well as cognitive causal rationales. This paper bridges the gaps by introducing a multimodal conversational ABSA, where two novel subtasks are proposed: 1) Panoptic Sentiment Sextuple Extraction, panoramically recognizing holder, target, aspect, opinion, sentiment, rationale from multi-turn multi-party multimodal dialogue. 2) Sentiment Flipping Analysis, detecting the dynamic sentiment transformation throughout the conversation with the causal reasons. To benchmark the tasks, we construct PanoSent, a dataset annotated both manually and automatically, featuring high quality, large scale, multimodality, multilingualism, multi-scenarios, and covering both implicit and explicit sentiment elements. To effectively address the tasks, we devise a novel Chain-of-Sentiment reasoning framework, together with a novel multimodal large language model (namely Sentica) and a paraphrase-based verification mechanism. Extensive evaluations demonstrate the superiority of our methods over strong baselines, validating the efficacy of all our proposed methods. The work is expected to open up a new era for the ABSA community, and thus all our codes and data are open at △ Less Submitted 9 September, 2024; v1 submitted 18 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024. Comments: Accepted by ACM MM 2024 (Oral) arXiv:2408.09481 [ pdf , other ] PanoSent: A Panoptic Sextuple Extraction Benchmark for Multimodal Conversational Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis Authors: Meng Luo , Hao Fei , Bobo Li , Shengqiong Wu , Qian Liu , Soujanya Poria , Erik Cambria , Mong-Li Lee , Wynne Hsu Abstract : While existing Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) has received extensive effort and advancement, there are still gaps in defining a more holistic research target seamlessly integrating multimodality, conversation context, fine-granularity, and also covering the changing sentiment dynamics as well as cognitive causal rationales. This paper bridges the gaps by introducing a multimodal conversati… ▽ More While existing Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) has received extensive effort and advancement, there are still gaps in defining a more holistic research target seamlessly integrating multimodality, conversation context, fine-granularity, and also covering the changing sentiment dynamics as well as cognitive causal rationales. This paper bridges the gaps by introducing a multimodal conversational ABSA, where two novel subtasks are proposed: 1) Panoptic Sentiment Sextuple Extraction, panoramically recognizing holder, target, aspect, opinion, sentiment, rationale from multi-turn multi-party multimodal dialogue. 2) Sentiment Flipping Analysis, detecting the dynamic sentiment transformation throughout the conversation with the causal reasons. To benchmark the tasks, we construct PanoSent, a dataset annotated both manually and automatically, featuring high quality, large scale, multimodality, multilingualism, multi-scenarios, and covering both implicit and explicit sentiment elements. To effectively address the tasks, we devise a novel Chain-of-Sentiment reasoning framework, together with a novel multimodal large language model (namely Sentica) and a paraphrase-based verification mechanism. Extensive evaluations demonstrate the superiority of our methods over strong baselines, validating the efficacy of all our proposed methods. The work is expected to open up a new era for the ABSA community, and thus all our codes and data are open at △ Less Submitted 9 September, 2024; v1 submitted 18 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024. Comments: Accepted by ACM MM 2024 (Oral) arXiv:2407.17487 [ pdf , other ] cs.CY cs.CL doi 10.1016/j.inffus.2024.102726 Explainable Natural Language Processing for Corporate Sustainability Analysis Authors: Keane Ong , Rui Mao , Ranjan Satapathy , Ricardo Shirota Filho , Erik Cambria , Johan Sulaeman , Gianmarco Mengaldo Abstract : Sustainability commonly refers to entities, such as individuals, companies, and institutions, having a non-detrimental (or even positive) impact on the environment, society, and the economy. With sustainability becoming a synonym of acceptable and legitimate behaviour, it is being increasingly demanded and regulated. Several frameworks and standards have been proposed to measure the sustainability… ▽ More Sustainability commonly refers to entities, such as individuals, companies, and institutions, having a non-detrimental (or even positive) impact on the environment, society, and the economy. With sustainability becoming a synonym of acceptable and legitimate behaviour, it is being increasingly demanded and regulated. Several frameworks and standards have been proposed to measure the sustainability impact of corporations, including United Nations' sustainable development goals and the recently introduced global sustainability reporting framework, amongst others. However, the concept of corporate sustainability is complex due to the diverse and intricate nature of firm operations (i.e. geography, size, business activities, interlinks with other stakeholders). As a result, corporate sustainability assessments are plagued by subjectivity both within data that reflect corporate sustainability efforts (i.e. corporate sustainability disclosures) and the analysts evaluating them. This subjectivity can be distilled into distinct challenges, such as incompleteness, ambiguity, unreliability and sophistication on the data dimension, as well as limited resources and potential bias on the analyst dimension. Put together, subjectivity hinders effective cost attribution to entities non-compliant with prevailing sustainability expectations, potentially rendering sustainability efforts and its associated regulations futile. To this end, we argue that Explainable Natural Language Processing (XNLP) can significantly enhance corporate sustainability analysis. Specifically, linguistic understanding algorithms (lexical, semantic, syntactic), integrated with XAI capabilities (interpretability, explainability, faithfulness), can bridge gaps in analyst resources and mitigate subjectivity problems within data. △ Less Submitted 16 October, 2024; v1 submitted 3 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024. Journal ref: Information Fusion.115 (2025) 102726 arXiv:2407.17487 [ pdf , other ] Explainable Natural Language Processing for Corporate Sustainability Analysis Authors: Keane Ong , Rui Mao , Ranjan Satapathy , Ricardo Shirota Filho , Erik Cambria , Johan Sulaeman , Gianmarco Mengaldo Abstract : Sustainability commonly refers to entities, such as individuals, companies, and institutions, having a non-detrimental (or even positive) impact on the environment, society, and the economy. With sustainability becoming a synonym of acceptable and legitimate behaviour, it is being increasingly demanded and regulated. Several frameworks and standards have been proposed to measure the sustainability… ▽ More Sustainability commonly refers to entities, such as individuals, companies, and institutions, having a non-detrimental (or even positive) impact on the environment, society, and the economy. With sustainability becoming a synonym of acceptable and legitimate behaviour, it is being increasingly demanded and regulated. Several frameworks and standards have been proposed to measure the sustainability impact of corporations, including United Nations' sustainable development goals and the recently introduced global sustainability reporting framework, amongst others. However, the concept of corporate sustainability is complex due to the diverse and intricate nature of firm operations (i.e. geography, size, business activities, interlinks with other stakeholders). As a result, corporate sustainability assessments are plagued by subjectivity both within data that reflect corporate sustainability efforts (i.e. corporate sustainability disclosures) and the analysts evaluating them. This subjectivity can be distilled into distinct challenges, such as incompleteness, ambiguity, unreliability and sophistication on the data dimension, as well as limited resources and potential bias on the analyst dimension. Put together, subjectivity hinders effective cost attribution to entities non-compliant with prevailing sustainability expectations, potentially rendering sustainability efforts and its associated regulations futile. To this end, we argue that Explainable Natural Language Processing (XNLP) can significantly enhance corporate sustainability analysis. Specifically, linguistic understanding algorithms (lexical, semantic, syntactic), integrated with XAI capabilities (interpretability, explainability, faithfulness), can bridge gaps in analyst resources and mitigate subjectivity problems within data. △ Less Submitted 16 October, 2024; v1 submitted 3 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024. Journal ref: Information Fusion.115 (2025) 102726 arXiv:2407.15248 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL XAI meets LLMs: A Survey of the Relation between Explainable AI and Large Language Models Authors: Erik Cambria , Lorenzo Malandri , Fabio Mercorio , Navid Nobani , Andrea Seveso Abstract : In this survey, we address the key challenges in Large Language Models (LLM) research, focusing on the importance of interpretability. Driven by increasing interest from AI and business sectors, we highlight the need for transparency in LLMs. We examine the dual paths in current LLM research and eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): enhancing performance through XAI and the emerging focus on… ▽ More In this survey, we address the key challenges in Large Language Models (LLM) research, focusing on the importance of interpretability. Driven by increasing interest from AI and business sectors, we highlight the need for transparency in LLMs. We examine the dual paths in current LLM research and eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): enhancing performance through XAI and the emerging focus on model interpretability. Our paper advocates for a balanced approach that values interpretability equally with functional advancements. Recognizing the rapid development in LLM research, our survey includes both peer-reviewed and preprint (arXiv) papers, offering a comprehensive overview of XAI's role in LLM research. We conclude by urging the research community to advance both LLM and XAI fields together. △ Less Submitted 21 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024. arXiv:2407.15248 [ pdf , other ] XAI meets LLMs: A Survey of the Relation between Explainable AI and Large Language Models Authors: Erik Cambria , Lorenzo Malandri , Fabio Mercorio , Navid Nobani , Andrea Seveso Abstract : In this survey, we address the key challenges in Large Language Models (LLM) research, focusing on the importance of interpretability. Driven by increasing interest from AI and business sectors, we highlight the need for transparency in LLMs. We examine the dual paths in current LLM research and eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): enhancing performance through XAI and the emerging focus on… ▽ More In this survey, we address the key challenges in Large Language Models (LLM) research, focusing on the importance of interpretability. Driven by increasing interest from AI and business sectors, we highlight the need for transparency in LLMs. We examine the dual paths in current LLM research and eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): enhancing performance through XAI and the emerging focus on model interpretability. Our paper advocates for a balanced approach that values interpretability equally with functional advancements. Recognizing the rapid development in LLM research, our survey includes both peer-reviewed and preprint (arXiv) papers, offering a comprehensive overview of XAI's role in LLM research. We conclude by urging the research community to advance both LLM and XAI fields together. △ Less Submitted 21 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024. 1 2 3 4 About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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대문 최근 바뀜 요즘 화제 임의의 문서로 사랑방 사용자 모임 관리 요청 소개 도움말 정책과 지침 질문방 기부 계정 만들기 로그인 기부 계정 만들기 로그인 목차 처음 위치 1 사건 사건 하위섹션 토글하기 1.1 1월 1.2 2월 1.3 3월 1.4 4월 1.5 5월 1.6 6월 1.7 7월 1.8 8월 1.9 9월 1.10 10월 1.11 11월 1.12 12월 1.1 1월 1.2 2월 1.3 3월 1.4 4월 1.5 5월 1.6 6월 1.7 7월 1.8 8월 1.9 9월 1.10 10월 1.11 11월 1.12 12월 2 문화 3 탄생 탄생 하위섹션 토글하기 3.1 미상 3.1 미상 4 사망 사망 하위섹션 토글하기 4.1 1월 4.2 2월 4.3 3월 4.4 4월 4.5 5월 4.6 6월 4.7 7월 4.8 8월 4.9 9월 4.10 10월 4.11 11월 4.12 12월 4.1 1월 4.2 2월 4.3 3월 4.4 4월 4.5 5월 4.6 6월 4.7 7월 4.8 8월 4.9 9월 4.10 10월 4.11 11월 4.12 12월 5 노벨상 6 달력 달력 하위섹션 토글하기 6.1 음양력 대조 일람 6.2 연휴 6.1 음양력 대조 일람 6.2 연휴 7 각주 2016년 Аԥсшәа Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés العربية الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Kotava Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Bikol Central Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български भोजपुरी Banjar বাংলা བོད་ཡིག Brezhoneg Bosanski Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano کوردی Corsu Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Zazaki Dolnoserbski ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Suomi Võro Føroyskt Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego Avañe'ẽ Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Interlingua Bahasa Indonesia Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай-малкъар Kurdî Коми Kernowek Latina Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála Lietuvių Latviešu मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол मराठी Bahasa Melayu Malti မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Occitan Livvinkarjala Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu Polski پښتو Português Runa Simi Română Tarandíne Русский Русиньскый Саха тыла Sardu Sicilianu سنڌي Davvisámegiella Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Seeltersk Svenska Kiswahili Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Türkçe Татарча / tatarça Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray 吴语 მარგალური ייִדיש Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 문서 토론 읽기 편집 역사 보기 읽기 편집 역사 보기 여기를 가리키는 문서 가리키는 글의 최근 바뀜 파일 올리기 고유 링크 문서 정보 이 문서 인용하기 축약된 URL 얻기 QR코드 다운로드 기존 파서로 전환 책 만들기 PDF로 다운로드 인쇄용 판 위키미디어 공용 위키뉴스 위키데이터 항목 해 2013년 2014년 2015년 - 2016년 - 2017년 2018년 2019년 연대 1990년대 2000년대 - 2010년대 - 2020년대 2030년대 세기 19세기 20세기 - 21세기 - 22세기 23세기 2016년 달 1월 – 2월 – 3월 – 4월 – 5월 – 6월 7월 – 8월 – 9월 – 10월 – 11월 – 12월 문화 건축 – 미술 – 만화 – 영화 – 애니메이션 - 드라마 – 텔레비전 – 음악 – 라디오 - 소설 - 게임 정치 경제 - 선거 – 국가 지도자 - 나라 과학과 기술 고고학 – 교통 – 항공 – 철도 - 과학 스포츠 육상 – 축구 – 야구 – 수영 – 테니스 지역별 대한민국 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 - 일본 - 중화민국 - 중화인민공화국 - 미국 - 영국 서기 2016년의 다른 기년법 간지 을미 년~ 병신 년 단기 4349년 그레고리력 2016년 MMXVI 불기 2560년 이슬람력 1437–1438 일본 헤이세이 ( 平成 ) 28년 황기 2676년 민국 105년 주체 105년 히브리력 5776~5777 아시리아력 6766년 에티오피아력 2010~2011 포덕 157년 원기 101년 릿쿄(立敎) 179년 매월 요즘 화제 1월 - 2월 - 3월 - 4월 - 5월 - 6월 7월 - 8월 - 9월 - 10월 - 11월 - 12월 2016년 은 금요일로 시작하는 윤년 이다. 해 2013년 2014년 2015년 - 2016년 - 2017년 2018년 2019년 연대 1990년대 2000년대 - 2010년대 - 2020년대 2030년대 세기 19세기 20세기 - 21세기 - 22세기 23세기 2016년 달 1월 – 2월 – 3월 – 4월 – 5월 – 6월 7월 – 8월 – 9월 – 10월 – 11월 – 12월 문화 건축 – 미술 – 만화 – 영화 – 애니메이션 - 드라마 – 텔레비전 – 음악 – 라디오 - 소설 - 게임 정치 경제 - 선거 – 국가 지도자 - 나라 과학과 기술 고고학 – 교통 – 항공 – 철도 - 과학 스포츠 육상 – 축구 – 야구 – 수영 – 테니스 지역별 대한민국 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 - 일본 - 중화민국 - 중화인민공화국 - 미국 - 영국 간지 을미 년~ 병신 년 단기 4349년 그레고리력 2016년 MMXVI 불기 2560년 이슬람력 1437–1438 일본 헤이세이 ( 平成 ) 28년 황기 2676년 민국 105년 주체 105년 히브리력 5776~5777 아시리아력 6766년 에티오피아력 2010~2011 포덕 157년 원기 101년 릿쿄(立敎) 179년 매월 요즘 화제 1월 - 2월 - 3월 - 4월 - 5월 - 6월 7월 - 8월 - 9월 - 10월 - 11월 - 12월 2016년 은 금요일로 시작하는 윤년 이다. 사건 [ 편집 ] 1월 [ 편집 ] 1월 1일 박근혜 대통령 은 신년사에서 경제혁신과 창조경제, 문화융성을 통한 경제활성화에 주력하겠다고 밝혔다. 1월 2일 중화인민공화국 헤이룽장성 에서 규모 6.4의 지진이 발생하였다. 사우디아라비아 에서 시아파 지도자인 님르 바크르 알님르 를 비롯한 47명의 사형수를 처형하였다. 1월 3일 서해안고속도로 에서 안개로 인해 17중 추돌사고가 발생하였다. 사우디아라비아 가 이란 과의 국교를 단절하였다. 1월 6일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 이 낮 12시 30분 수소탄 핵 실험 을 했다고 발표하였다. 1월 12일 - 튀르키예 이스탄불 술탄마흐메트 인근 광장에서 폭탄테러 가 발생하여 10명이 사망하고 15명이 부상을 입었다. 1월 14일 인도네시아 자카르타 도심에서 폭탄테러 가 발생하여 7명이 사망하고 24명이 부상을 입었다. 사건 직후 이슬람국가(IS)가 자신들의 소행이라고 밝혔다. 세계보건기구 가 라이베리아의 에볼라 발병 종식을 선언하였다. 1월 15일 경기도 부천시 에서 초등학생 을 살해하고, 시신을 토막내 훼손한 부모들이 긴급체포 되었다. 부르키나파소 와가두구 에 있는 고급호텔에서 알카에다 인질극이 벌어져 20명이 사망하였다. 1월 16일 - 2016년 중화민국 총통 선거 에서 차이잉원 (蔡英文)이 당선되었다. 이는 신해혁명 이후 중화민국 105년 역사상 첫 여성 국가원수이다. 1월 28일 - 모기 를 매개로 한 지카 바이러스 가 급속히 확산되고 있다고 세계 보건 기구 가 밝혔다. 1월 30일 - 전라북도 김제시 금산면 금산사 모악랜드 뒷산 중턱에 산불진화용 Bo-105 헬리콥터가 추락, 조종사 1명이 사망하였다. 신분당선 정자에서 광교 구간이 개통되었다. 2월 [ 편집 ] 2월 2일 대한민국 의 야당 국민의당 이 창당되었다. 세계보건기구 가 지카 바이러스 에 대해 국제보건 비상사태를 선포하였다. 2월 4일 2015년 3월 부터 장기 결석하던 여중생이 백골상태의 시신으로 발견되었고, 아동학대와 살인혐의 로 목사와 계모가 긴급체포되었다. 뉴질랜드 오클랜드 에서 환태평양경제동반자협정 (TPP) 서명식이 열렸다. 2월 6일 - 중화민국 타이난 동남쪽으로 36 km 떨어진 곳에서 규모 6.4의 지진 이 발생하였다. 2월 7일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 이 오전 9시 (한국 시각 오전 9시 30분) 평안북도 철산군 동창리 미사일 기지 에서 장거리 발사체 에 실린 인공위성 ( 광명성 4호 )을 발사하였다. 2월 9일 - 독일 바이에른주 바트아이블링 에서 통근열차가 정면 충돌 하여 10명이 사망하고 150명이 부상을 입었다. 2월 10일 - 대한민국 이 조선민주주의인민공화국 의 개성공업지구 의 가동을 전면중단하였다. 2월 11일 - 충청남도 금산군 북쪽 12 km 지점에서 규모 3.1의 지진이 발생하였다. 2월 12일 - 레이저 간섭계 중력파 관측소 연구진은 지난 2015년 9월 14일 검출된 신호가 중력파 임을 확정, 최초로 중력파 관측 에 성공했음을 발표하였다. 2월 13일 - 로마 가톨릭교회 와 동방 정교회 가 쿠바 아바나 에서 962년만에 처음으로 만나 기독교 의 통합을 다짐하는 공동선언문을 발표하였다. 2월 17일 - 튀르키예 앙카라 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생하여 28명이 사망하고 61명이 부상을 입었다. 2월 23일 - 이날부터 대한민국 국회의사당 본회의장에서 테러방지법 을 직권상정하자, 더불어민주당 과 정의당 을 주도로 필리버스터 가 시작되었다. 2월 24일 - 네팔 에서 소형 여객기 추락사고가 발생하여 23명이 사망하였다. 2월 26일 - 소말리아 모가디슈 한 호텔에서 폭탄, 총격 테러가 발생해 22명이 사망하고 30여명이 부상을 입었다. 2월 27일 아일랜드 총선에서 집권 연정 과반이 붕괴되어 패배하였다. 시리아 곳곳에서 폭탄 테러와 포탄 공격이 발생해 시민 10명이 사망하였다. 수인선 ( 송도 - 인천 )이 개통되었다. 2월 28일 - 김포공항 에서 세스나 172 ( Cessna 172 ) 경비행기 가 이륙직후 추락해 기장 등 2명이 사망하였다. 3월 [ 편집 ] 3월 1일 - 미국 대선 민주당의 힐러리 클린턴 과 공화당의 도널드 트럼프 가 슈퍼 화요일 경선대회에서 사실상 압승하였다. 3월 2일 더불어민주당 이종걸 원내대표의 연설을 끝으로 192시간 25분의 필리버스터 가 종료되었다. 충청남도 공주시 남동쪽 12 km 지점에서 규모 2.4의 지진이 발생하였다. 인도네시아 수마트라섬 남서쪽 660 km 떨어진 해상에서 규모 7.8의 강진이 발생하였다. 3월 4일 - 예멘 남부 아덴 에서 테레사 수녀 가 설립한 양로원서 총격전이 발생해 16명이 사망하였다. 3월 8일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 이 대한민국 외교 안보 책임자 40여명의 휴대전화를 해킹하고 음성과 문자 등 정보를 빼돌리는 사건이 일어났다. 3월 13일 코트디부아르 해변 휴양지에서 알카에다 소속으로 추정되는 무장 괴한이 총기를 난사 해 22명이 사망하였다. 튀르키예 앙카라 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생하여 34명이 사망하고 125명이 부상을 입었다. 3월 16일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 평양직할시 남동쪽 34 km 지점에서 규모 2.2의 인공지진이 발생하였다. 3월 17일 - 일본 히로시마현 히가시히로시마시 산요 고속도로 터널에서 차량 12대가 잇따라 추돌하는 사고가 발생해 2명이 사망하고 68명이 부상을 입었다. 3월 18일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 평안남도 숙천군 에서 노동 미사일 을 발사하였다. 이 탄도미사일은 일본 방공식별구역에 떨어졌다. 3월 19일 러시아 와 우크라이나 국경에 가까운 흑해 연안 로스토프나도누 공항 에서 플라이두바이 항공 981편 추락 사고 가 발생하여 승객과 승무원 62명이 전원 앙아이스티 충청북도 청주시 에서 4년 3개월전 아동학대로 사망케한 30대 아버지가 체포되고 공범 부인은 스스로 목숨을 끊었다. 튀르키예 이스탄불 도심에서 폭탄테러 가 발생하여 5명이 사망하고 36명이 부상을 입었다. 3월 20일 - 오바마 미국 대통령이 쿠바 를 방문하였다. 미국 대통령으로써는 88년만에 처음 있는 일이다. 3월 21일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 함경남도 함흥시 북방 일대에서 단거리 미사일을 5발 동해 로 발사하였다. 3월 22일 벨기에 브뤼셀 국제공항 에서 두 차례 자살 폭탄 테러 가 발생하여 34명이 사망하고 250명이 부상을 입었다. 브라질 에 다녀온 40대 남성 환자가 한국인으로서는 최초 감염자로 지카 바이러스 양성 판정을 받았다. 3월 24일 - 네덜란드 의 축구선수이자 감독 요한 크라위프 가 폐암 투병 끝에 타계하였다. 3월 27일 경기도 화성시 장안면 석포리 한 야산 근처 공터에서 산불진화용 Bo-105 헬기가 추락해 조종사 1명이 사망하였다. 파키스탄 라호르 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생하여 72명이 사망하고 300명이 부상을 입었다. 3월 28일 미국 국회의사당 에서 총격이 발생하여 1명이 다치고 용의자 2명이 긴급체포되었다. 또 한시적으로 미국 백악관과 국회의사당이 폐쇄되었다. 중화민국 타이베이시 지하철역 근처에서 33살 남성이 3살배기 여자아이의 머리를 식칼로 베어 살해하였다. 3월 29일 이집트 알렉산드리아 에서 카이로 로 가는 이집트 항공 181편 이 공중 납치되어서 키프로스 에 강제 착륙하였다. 이 과정에서 승객과 승무원의 부상은 없었다. 조선민주주의인민공화국 강원도 원산시 에서 단거리 발사체 1발을 발사하였다. 3월 30일 - 대한민국 공군 의 F-16D 전투기가 경북 청송군 부남면 화장리 야산에 추락했다. 3월 31일 - 인도 콜카타 에서 고가도로 건설도중 붕괴되어 22명이 사망하였다. 4월 [ 편집 ] 4월 1일 - 충청북도 단양군 단양읍 소백산 국립공원 에서 산불이 나서 다음날에 완전 진화되었다. 4월 4일 - 국제탐사보도언론인협회 (ICIJ)가 사상 최대 조세회피 자료인 파나마 페이퍼스 가 공개되면서 논란이 확산되었다. 전 세계 유명인 및 한국인 195명도 연루되었다. 4월 5일 - 7급 공무원 시험을 본 응시생이 정부서울청사 인사혁신처에 침입해 자신의 필기시험 성적을 조작하는 사건이 발생하였다. 4월 7일 - 시귀르뒤르 잉기 요한손 이 아이슬란드의 총리 로 취임하였다. 4월 8일 ~ 4월 9일 - 대한민국 제20대 국회의원 선거 의 사전 투표 가 실시되었다. 4월 9일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 출신의 해외식당 종업원 13명이 집단으로 탈북하여 대한민국 에 입국하였다. 4월 10일 - 인도 남부 케랄라주 콜람 에 있는 힌두교 사원 에서 불꽃놀이 하던 중 폭죽 에서 폭발사고 가 발생해 최소 112명이 사망하고 380명이 부상을 입었다. 4월 13일 미얀마 수도 네피도 북서쪽 396 km 지점에서 규모 6.9의 지진이 발생하였다. 이 지진은 인도 와 방글라데시 로 퍼졌으며 각국에서 130명이 부상을 입었다. 대한민국 제20대 국회의원 선거 가 실시되었다. 새누리당 이 참패하고 더불어민주당 이 승리, 국민의당 이 약진하여 3당 체제가 되었다. 4월 14일 일본 구마모토현 에서 규모 7.3의 지진 이 발생해 66명이 사망하고 1277명이 부상을 입었다. 볼로디미르 흐로이스만 이 우크라이나의 총리 로 취임하였다. 4월 15일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 이 태양절 을 맞아 무수단 미사일 을 동해로 발사하였으나 도중에 공중 폭발하였다. 4월 16일 에콰도르 에서 규모 7.8의 지진 이 발생해 660명이 사망하고 4605명이 부상을 입었다. 중화민국 타이둥현 동부 해역에서 규모 4.4의 지진이 발생하였다. 4월 17일 브라질 하원의원이 지우마 호세프 대통령에 대한 탄핵안을 통과시켰다. 바누아투 에서 규모 6.4의 지진이 발생하였다. 또 이웃 통가 에서도 규모 6.1의 지진이 발생하였다. 4월 18일 - 일본 오이타현 에서 규모 5.8의 지진이 발생하였다. 4월 19일 아프가니스탄 카불 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 28명이 사망하고 327명이 부상을 입었다. 멕시코 중남부에 있는 포포카테페틀 화산 이 지난 4월 3일에 이어 4월 18일(현지시간) 또 다시 분화하였다. 4월 20일 필리핀 에서 규모 5.0의 지진이 발생하였다. 일본 후쿠시마현 에서 규모 5.6의 지진이 발생하였다. 전국경제인연합회 가 어버이연합 단체에게 자금을 지원 했다는 의혹이 제기되었다. 4월 22일 전라선 율촌역 에서 성산역 방향 전방 200m 지점에서 여수엑스포역 방향으로 운행중이던 무궁화호 열차가 탈선 사고가 발생하였다. 이 사고로 1명이 사망하고 8명이 부상을 입었다. 4월 25일 - 경상북도 포항시 남구 장기면 에서 해병대 자주포 전복 사고가 발생해 2명이 사망하고 5명이 부상을 입었다. 4월 26일 - 지난 2011년 의 가습기 살균제 사건 과 관련하여 옥시 의 전 대표가 검찰에 소환되었다. 4월 27일 - CJ 와 SK하이닉스 가 어버이연합 에게 송금한 사실 이 드러나 파문이 일었다. 5월 [ 편집 ] 5월 1일 - 충청남도 천안시 논산천안고속도로 천안 방향 차령터널에서 20중 추돌사고가 발생해 4명이 경상을 입었다. 5월 3일 - 전라남도 고흥군 나로우주센터 에서 한국형발사체 75톤 엔진 첫 연소시험에 성공하였다. 5월 5일 - 경기도 안산시 대부도 토막살인 사건의 30대 용의자 조성호가 긴급 체포되었다. 5월 6일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 평양 에서 36년만에 제7차 노동당 대회 가 개막되었다. 5월 7일 - 베트남 에서 근무하고 돌아온 20대 여성이 지카 바이러스 에 감염되어서 4번째 감염자가 발생하였다. 5월 10일 - 필리핀 대통령 선거에서 로드리고 두테르테 다바오 시 시장이 당선되었다. 5월 11일 호주 웨스턴 오스트레일리아 주 에서 44,000 ~ 49,000년전의 것으로 추정되는 돌도끼의 조각이 발견되었다. 이탈리아 가 유럽연합 28개 회원국 중 마지막으로 동성커플의 결혼, 입양을 제외한 법적 결합을 허용했다. 5월 12일 중화민국 타이베이시 에서 규모 5.8의 지진이 발생하였다. 지우마 호세프 브라질 대통령이 대한 탄핵심판 절차가 시작돼 직무가 정지됐다. 5월 13일 - 한진해운 이 글로벌 해운동맹 THE 얼라이언스 에 합류하였다. 하지만 현대상선 은 일단 제외되었다. 5월 14일 제주특별자치도 제주시 산간에서 피살된 중국인 여성을 살해한 용의자가 체포되었다. 2011년 사태가 발생한지 5년만에 가습기 살균제 사건 의 주범인 옥시 신현우 전 대표 등 4명을 검찰이 처음으로 구속하였다. 5월 17일 - 강남역 화장실 살인사건 이 발생하였다. 5월 18일 - 에콰도르 에서 1달만에 또 규모 6.7의 지진이 발생하였다. 5월 19일 - 파리 샤를 드 골 공항 에서 출발해 카이로 국제공항 으로 향하던 도중 이집트 항공 804편 이 지중해 상공에서 실종 사건이 발생해 66명이 사망하였다. 5월 20일 차이잉원 이 중화민국의 총통 으로 취임하였다. 미국 워싱턴주 백악관 검문소에서 용의자가 총기를 꺼내들었으나 비밀경호국에 의해 피격되었다. 부산광역시 중구 에서 광복로 흉기난동 사건 이 발생됐다. 5월 22일 오스트리아 넨징에 있는 콘서트장에서 총기난사가 발생해 3명이 사망하고 11명이 부상을 입었다. 타이 치앙라이 위앙파파우에 있는 '피타끼앗 위따야 학교'의 기숙사에서 화재가 발생하여 잠자고 있던 여학생 18명이 사망하였다. 5월 23일 독일 의 제약·화학 회사인 바이엘 이 미국 의 대형 농업회사 몬산토 를 73조원에 인수하겠다는 제안을 내놓았다. 미국 이 베트남 에 대한 무기 수출 금지를 전면 해제하였다. 시리아 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 184명이 사망하고 200명이 부상을 입었다. 일본 미에현 가시코지마에서 G7 정상회의가 열렸다. 이 날 정상회의에서 북한 핵문제 를 강력하게 규탄하였다. 5월 24일 - 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 에서 제작한 1인칭 FPS 게임인 오버워치 가 오후 4시 전세계에 서비스를 시작하였다. 5월 27일 - 일본 도쿄 하네다 국제공항 에서 출발해 서울 김포국제공항 으로 향하던 대한항공 2708편 화재 사고 가 이륙 직전에 왼쪽 날개 엔진에서 화재가 발생하였으나, 다행히도 승객과 승무원 319명 모두 대피를 해 인명 피해가 나지 않았다. 5월 28일 - 서울 지하철 2호선 구의역 에서 구의역 스크린도어 사망 사고 가 발생해 김모(19)씨가 사망하였다. 5월 29일 - 대한민국 제19대 국회 임기 종료. 5월 30일 - 대한민국 제20대 국회 임기 시작. 6월 [ 편집 ] 6월 1일 - 경기도 남양주시 진접읍 금곡리 수도권 전철 4호선 진접선 지하철 공사현장에서 붕괴사고가 발생해 4명이 사망하고 10명이 부상을 입었다. 6월 3일 그리스 크레타섬 남부 인근 해상서 700명이 탑승한 난민선이 전복되어서 340명이 구조되었고, 4명이 사망하고, 350명이 실종되었다. 6월 4일 - 베트남 중부 다낭 시 한강에서 46명이 탑승한 유람선이 전복되어서 43명이 구조되었고, 3명이 실종되었다. 6월 5일 - 인천광역시 옹진군 연평도 NLL 해상에서 불법 조업을 하던 중국어선 2척을 연평도 어민들이 직접 나포하였다. 6월 6일 - 인천국제공항 에서 출발해 미국 앵커리지 로 향하던 UPS 5X061편이 제1활주로에서 이륙 도중 활주로를 이탈하는 사고가 발생하였다. 이 사고로 4명이 타고 있었으나 전원 무사하였고, 인천국제공항 제1활주로가 일주일 동안 폐쇄되었다. 6월 7일 튀르키예 이스탄불 도심 베야지트 근처에서 폭탄테러 발생해 11명이 사망하고 36명이 부상을 입었다. 멕시코 서부 할리스코 해안에서 규모 6.1의 지진이 발생하였다. 6월 8일 - 전라남도 고흥군 나로우주센터 에서 75톤 한국형 발사체 엔진을 75초동안 연소시키는데 성공하였다. 6월 10일 미국 캘리포니아주 에서 규모 5.2의 지진이 발생하였다. 미국 플로리다주 올랜도 의 플라자 라이브 극장에서 크리스티나 그리미 가 사인회 도중 총격으로 사망하였다. 6월 11일 - 프랑스 마르세유 에서 유로 2016 잉글랜드와 러시아의 경기에서 훌리건들의 폭력으로 16명이 부상을 입었다. 대한민국의 5인조 걸그룹 포미닛이 해체하였다. 6월 12일 - 미국 플로리다주 올랜도 나이트클럽에서 총기 난사 사건 이 발생해 50명이 사망하고 53명이 부상을 입었다. 6월 16일 - 일본 홋카이도 에서 규모 5.3의 지진이 발생하였다. 6월 17일 - 전라남도 무안군 현경면 에서 美 시러스( Cirrus ) 사의 SR20 교육훈련용 경비행기 가 추락해 3명이 사망하였다. 6월 18일 튀르키예 이스탄불 베이글루 구에서 한인 레코드숍이 피습당하였다. 이 사고로 운영하는 한국인은 부상을 입었지만 크게 다치지는 않았다. 멕시코 누에보 레온 주 의 기아자동차 공장에서 밀폐된 하수구 가스로 인해 질식 사고가 발생해 3명이 부상을 입었다. 6월 20일 - 인도양 세이셸 군도 해상에서 조업 중인 부산 광동해운 소속 참치연승 원양어선 광현 803호 에서 살인 사건이 발생하였다. 이 사고로 한국인 선장과 기관장 2명이 사망하였다. 6월 21일 - 대한민국 정부세종청사 에서 국토교통부 는 영남권 신공항 건설을 부산광역시 가덕도 와 경상남도 밀양시 후보가 아닌 김해국제공항 확장하는 걸로 결론지었다. 6월 22일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 은 원산 일대에서 무수단 미사일 2기를 발사하였으나 1기는 공중 폭발하였고, 1기는 약 400km를 비행, 성공하였다. 6월 24일 - 영국 에서 실시된 유럽 연합 (EU) 잔류에 대한 찬반투표에서 반대(브렉시트)가 찬성보다 많은 결과가 나옴으로써 EU의 전신인 유럽 경제 공동체 (EEC)에 가입한 이후 43년만에 영국이 유럽연합에서 공식 탈퇴하였다. 6월 28일 - 튀르키예 이스탄불 아타튀르크 공항 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 45명이 사망하고 239명이 부상을 입었다. 6월 30일 - 로드리고 두테르테 가 필리핀의 대통령 으로 공식 취임하였다. 7월 [ 편집 ] 7월 1일 - 방글라데시 다카 의 한 식당에서 IS 가 인질극을 벌여서 24명이 사망하고 13명은 구출되었다. 7월 4일 - 경기도 부천시 가 일반구 3개를 폐지하고 행정복지센터 10개로 개편했다. 7월 5일 - 울산광역시 동구 동쪽 52 km 해상에서 규모 5.0의 지진 이 발생하였다. 7월 8일 - 대한민국 과 미국 이 조선민주주의인민공화국 의 핵과 미사일 도발에 맞서 고고도미사일방어체계 배치를 결정지었다. 7월 9일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 이 함경남도 신포군 동남쪽 해상에서 잠수함탄도미사일 을 발사하였다. 7월 10일 - 일본 참의원 선거 에서 과반수 획득은 물론 개헌 발의선을 확보하였다. 7월 11일 - 영국 의 새 총리를 뽑는 경선에서 테리사 메이 영국 외무장관이 후임 총리로 당선되었다. 7월 12일 - 네덜란드 헤이그 중재재판소에서 중화인민공화국 의 남중국해 대부분의 영유권을 주장한다는 것은 법적 근거가 없다고 패소 판결을 내렸다. 7월 14일 - 프랑스 니스 에서 바스티유의 날 축제 때 대형 트럭 한 대가 군중을 덮쳐 84명이 사망하고 202명이 부상을 입었다. 7월 15일 네이버 라인 이 뉴욕 증시 와 도쿄 증시 에 상장되었다. 튀르키예 에서 군부가 쿠데타 를 일으켰으나 실패하였다. 이 과정에서 265명이 사망하고 1440여명이 부상을 당했으며, 1500여명이 체포되었다. 7월 17일 - 강원도 평창군 봉평면 영동고속도로 봉평터널 입구에서 5중 추돌사고가 발생해 4명이 사망하고 37명이 부상을 입었다. 7월 19일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 이 황해북도 황주군 일대에서 탄도미사일 3발을 발사하였다. 7월 21일 - 국제스포츠중재재판소 는 러시아 가 국제육상경기연맹 을 상대로 낸 리우올림픽 출전 금지 취소소송을 기각하였다. 7월 22일 고려항공 JS 151편 여객기가 기내 화재로 인해 중화인민공화국 선양시 에서 긴급 착륙하였으나, 승객과 승무원 75명이 무사하였다. 독일 바이에른주 뮌헨 에서 총기 난사 사건 이 발생해 9명이 사망하고 16명이 부상을 입었다. 용의자는 스스로 목숨을 끊었다. 7월 23일 - 아프가니스탄 카불 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 80명이 사망하고 260명이 부상을 입었다. 7월 25일 - 미국 플로리다주 포트마이어스 의 한 나이트클럽에서 총기 난사 사건 이 발생하여 2명이 사망하고 14명에서 17명이 부상을 입었다. 7월 26일 '놀라워씨'와 '굉장해양'이 출판하다. 일본 가나가와현 사가미하라 시의 한 장애인 시설에서 칼부림 사건 이 발생하여 19명이 사망하고 45명이 부상을 입었다. 프랑스 센마리팀주 의 셍테티엔 뒤 루브래의 성당 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 성당의 신부님과 인질극 2명이 사망하였다. 7월 31일 - 미국 텍사스주 오스틴 중심가에서 총격사건이 발생해 1명이 사망하고 3명이 부상을 입었다. 8월 [ 편집 ] 8월 2일 - 템펠 1 혜성 이 접근함 8월 5일 - 브라질 리우데자네이루 에서 제31회 하계 올림픽 개최. (~ 8월 21일 ) 8월 8일 - 파키스탄 퀘타 의 한 병원에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 77명이 사망하고 100명이 부상을 입었다. 8월 9일 - 새누리당 대회에서 당 대표로 호남 출신 이정현 (정치인) 이 당선되었다. 8월 12일 - 경상북도 경산시 하양읍의 기온이 40.3 °C까지 올라 기상 관측 사상 최고 기온을 기록됐다. 8월 20일 튀르키예 가지안테프 의 결혼식장에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 51명이 사망하고 94명이 부상을 입었다. 중화인민공화국 티베트에 큰 용이 떨어졌다. 8월 24일 이탈리아 중부에 있는 움브리아주 노르차 남서쪽 10 km 부근에서 규모 6.2의 지진 이 발생해 298명이 사망하고 387명이 부상을 입었다. 미얀마 중부의 차우크 서쪽 25 km 지점에서 규모 6.8의 지진 이 발생해 4명이 사망하고 20명이 부상을 입었다. 8월 26일 - SBS TV 의 예능 프로그램 ' 미운 우리 새끼 '가 첫방송을 개시하였다. 9월 [ 편집 ] 9월 2일 - 필리핀 다바오 의 한 야시장에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 15명이 사망하고 71명이 부상을 입었다. 9월 5일 - 아프가니스탄 카불 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 25명이 사망하고 97명이 부상을 입었다. 9월 7일 - 브라질 리우데자네이루 에서 2016년 하계 패럴림픽 개최. (~ 9월 18일 ) 9월 12일 - 경상북도 경주시 남남서쪽 8 km 지점에서 각각 규모 5.1의 전진과 규모 5.8의 지진 이 발생해 23명이 부상을 입었다. 이는 국내에서 관측된 지진 중 가장 규모가 큰 지진이었다. 9월 19일 - 경상북도 경주시 남남서쪽 11 km 지점에서 규모 4.5의 지진이 발생하였다. 9월 21일 - 일본 가나가와현 요코하마 남남동쪽 603 km 해역에서 규모 6.3의 지진이 발생하였다. 10월 [ 편집 ] 10월 4일 - '모험씨'와 '반짝반짝양'이 출판하다. 10월 13일 경부고속도로 에서 관광버스 화재가 발생해 13명이 사망하고 2명이 부상을 입었다. 태국 의 국왕 라마 9세가 세상을 떠났다. 10월 19일 - 서울특별시 강북구 미아동 과 번동 을 연결하는 오패산터널에서 한 40대 남성과 경찰 간의 총격전이 벌어져 경찰관 1명이 사망하고 시민 2명이 부상을 입었다. 10월 21일 - 일본 돗토리현 에서 서남서쪽 32 km 지점에서 규모 6.6의 지진이 발생해 16명이 부상을 입었다. 10월 24일 - 파키스탄 퀘타 의 한 경찰학교에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 61명이 사망하고 118명이 부상을 입었다. 10월 29일 - 대한민국 에서 박근혜 대통령 퇴진 운동 이 시작되었다. 11월 [ 편집 ] 11월 1일 - 순창군 출신의 한 40대 남성이 포크레인을 몰고 대한민국 검찰청 청사로 돌진해왔다. 이로 인해 현관 유리창이 부서지고 대검찰청 민원실 쪽 출입문이 손상되었으며 차량 차단기가 부서지고 계단에 설치된 난간이 엿가락처럼 휘는 등 약간의 재산 피해가 났다. 그리고 포크레인 저지 과정에서 청사 경비원과 경찰관 1명이 다쳐 병원 치료를 받았다. 11월 9일 - 미국 대통령 선거에서 공화당의 후보였던 도널드 트럼프 가 민주당의 힐러리 클린턴 후보를 선거인단 수 306대 232로 누르고 제45대 미국 대통령에 선출되었다. 11월 13일 뉴질랜드 앰벌리 북북동쪽 46 km 지역에서 규모 7.4의 지진이 발생하였다. 뉴질랜드 카이코우라 북서쪽 28 km 지역에서 규모 6.2의 지진이 발생하였다. 아르헨티나 칠레시토 북쪽 26 km 지역에서 규모 6.2의 지진이 발생하였다. 11월 25일 - 엘살바도르 산살바도르 남남동쪽 196 km 해역에서 규모 7.2의 지진이 발생하였다. 11월 29일 - 브라질 상파울루 에서 출발해 볼리비아 산타크루스 를 경유하여 콜롬비아 메데인 으로 가던 도중에 기상 악화 및 연료 부족, 전기 결함 등으로 인하여 콜롬비아 북부 산악지대에 라미아 항공 2933편 추락 사고 가 발생해 71명이 사망하였다. 11월 30일 - 대구광역시 중구 서문시장 에서 화재 가 발생하였다. 12월 [ 편집 ] 12월 2일 - 페루 아레키파 북동쪽 143 km 지역에서 규모 6.3의 지진이 발생하였다. 12월 7일 - 인도네시아 아체주 에서 규모 6.5의 지진 이 발생해 최소 97명이 사망하고 600여명이 부상을 입었다. 12월 9일 박근혜 대통령 탄핵 소추안이 가 234표, 부 56표, 기권 2표, 무효 7표로 국회를 통과하였다. 헌법재판소의 탄핵 심판이 접수되어 오후 7시 3분부터 대통령의 직무가 정지되었다. 솔로몬 제도 키라키라 서남서쪽 63 km 해역에서 규모 8.0의 지진이 발생하였다. 이로 인해 솔로몬 제도에 쓰나미 경보가 내려졌다. 감비아 에서 헌정위기 가 발생하였다. 12월 10일 - 튀르키예 이스탄불 축구장에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 46명이 사망하고 155명이 부상을 입었다. 12월 17일 - 파푸아뉴기니 타론 동쪽 60 km 해역에서 규모 8.0의 지진이 발생하였다. 12월 19일 독일 베를린 의 한 크리스마스 시장 에서 사람이 탄 트럭이 돌진하였다. 폭탄테러 가 발생해 총 12명이 사망하고 48명이 부상을 입었다. 한 남성이 1톤 트럭을 몰고 JTBC 사옥으로 돌진하였다. 다행히 다친 사람은 없었지만, 1층 정문이 파손됐다. 튀르키예 앙카라 의 현대 미술 센터에서 열린 예술 전시회에 참석 중이던 주 튀르키예 러시아 대사 안드레이 카를로프가 현지 경찰관에게 총으로 암살당했다. 범인은 몇 분 후 다른 경찰관들에게 사살됐다. 12월 25일 - 칠레 푸에르토 퀠론 서남서쪽 77 km 해역에서 규모 7.7의 지진이 발생하였다. 사건 1월 [ 편집 ] 1월 1일 박근혜 대통령 은 신년사에서 경제혁신과 창조경제, 문화융성을 통한 경제활성화에 주력하겠다고 밝혔다. 1월 2일 중화인민공화국 헤이룽장성 에서 규모 6.4의 지진이 발생하였다. 사우디아라비아 에서 시아파 지도자인 님르 바크르 알님르 를 비롯한 47명의 사형수를 처형하였다. 1월 3일 서해안고속도로 에서 안개로 인해 17중 추돌사고가 발생하였다. 사우디아라비아 가 이란 과의 국교를 단절하였다. 1월 6일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 이 낮 12시 30분 수소탄 핵 실험 을 했다고 발표하였다. 1월 12일 - 튀르키예 이스탄불 술탄마흐메트 인근 광장에서 폭탄테러 가 발생하여 10명이 사망하고 15명이 부상을 입었다. 1월 14일 인도네시아 자카르타 도심에서 폭탄테러 가 발생하여 7명이 사망하고 24명이 부상을 입었다. 사건 직후 이슬람국가(IS)가 자신들의 소행이라고 밝혔다. 세계보건기구 가 라이베리아의 에볼라 발병 종식을 선언하였다. 1월 15일 경기도 부천시 에서 초등학생 을 살해하고, 시신을 토막내 훼손한 부모들이 긴급체포 되었다. 부르키나파소 와가두구 에 있는 고급호텔에서 알카에다 인질극이 벌어져 20명이 사망하였다. 1월 16일 - 2016년 중화민국 총통 선거 에서 차이잉원 (蔡英文)이 당선되었다. 이는 신해혁명 이후 중화민국 105년 역사상 첫 여성 국가원수이다. 1월 28일 - 모기 를 매개로 한 지카 바이러스 가 급속히 확산되고 있다고 세계 보건 기구 가 밝혔다. 1월 30일 - 전라북도 김제시 금산면 금산사 모악랜드 뒷산 중턱에 산불진화용 Bo-105 헬리콥터가 추락, 조종사 1명이 사망하였다. 신분당선 정자에서 광교 구간이 개통되었다. 1월 1월 1일 박근혜 대통령 은 신년사에서 경제혁신과 창조경제, 문화융성을 통한 경제활성화에 주력하겠다고 밝혔다. 박근혜 대통령 은 신년사에서 경제혁신과 창조경제, 문화융성을 통한 경제활성화에 주력하겠다고 밝혔다. 1월 2일 중화인민공화국 헤이룽장성 에서 규모 6.4의 지진이 발생하였다. 사우디아라비아 에서 시아파 지도자인 님르 바크르 알님르 를 비롯한 47명의 사형수를 처형하였다. 중화인민공화국 헤이룽장성 에서 규모 6.4의 지진이 발생하였다. 사우디아라비아 에서 시아파 지도자인 님르 바크르 알님르 를 비롯한 47명의 사형수를 처형하였다. 1월 3일 서해안고속도로 에서 안개로 인해 17중 추돌사고가 발생하였다. 사우디아라비아 가 이란 과의 국교를 단절하였다. 서해안고속도로 에서 안개로 인해 17중 추돌사고가 발생하였다. 사우디아라비아 가 이란 과의 국교를 단절하였다. 1월 6일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 이 낮 12시 30분 수소탄 핵 실험 을 했다고 발표하였다. 1월 12일 - 튀르키예 이스탄불 술탄마흐메트 인근 광장에서 폭탄테러 가 발생하여 10명이 사망하고 15명이 부상을 입었다. 1월 14일 인도네시아 자카르타 도심에서 폭탄테러 가 발생하여 7명이 사망하고 24명이 부상을 입었다. 사건 직후 이슬람국가(IS)가 자신들의 소행이라고 밝혔다. 세계보건기구 가 라이베리아의 에볼라 발병 종식을 선언하였다. 인도네시아 자카르타 도심에서 폭탄테러 가 발생하여 7명이 사망하고 24명이 부상을 입었다. 사건 직후 이슬람국가(IS)가 자신들의 소행이라고 밝혔다. 세계보건기구 가 라이베리아의 에볼라 발병 종식을 선언하였다. 1월 15일 경기도 부천시 에서 초등학생 을 살해하고, 시신을 토막내 훼손한 부모들이 긴급체포 되었다. 부르키나파소 와가두구 에 있는 고급호텔에서 알카에다 인질극이 벌어져 20명이 사망하였다. 경기도 부천시 에서 초등학생 을 살해하고, 시신을 토막내 훼손한 부모들이 긴급체포 되었다. 부르키나파소 와가두구 에 있는 고급호텔에서 알카에다 인질극이 벌어져 20명이 사망하였다. 1월 16일 - 2016년 중화민국 총통 선거 에서 차이잉원 (蔡英文)이 당선되었다. 이는 신해혁명 이후 중화민국 105년 역사상 첫 여성 국가원수이다. 1월 28일 - 모기 를 매개로 한 지카 바이러스 가 급속히 확산되고 있다고 세계 보건 기구 가 밝혔다. 1월 30일 - 전라북도 김제시 금산면 금산사 모악랜드 뒷산 중턱에 산불진화용 Bo-105 헬리콥터가 추락, 조종사 1명이 사망하였다. 신분당선 정자에서 광교 구간이 개통되었다. 2월 [ 편집 ] 2월 2일 대한민국 의 야당 국민의당 이 창당되었다. 세계보건기구 가 지카 바이러스 에 대해 국제보건 비상사태를 선포하였다. 2월 4일 2015년 3월 부터 장기 결석하던 여중생이 백골상태의 시신으로 발견되었고, 아동학대와 살인혐의 로 목사와 계모가 긴급체포되었다. 뉴질랜드 오클랜드 에서 환태평양경제동반자협정 (TPP) 서명식이 열렸다. 2월 6일 - 중화민국 타이난 동남쪽으로 36 km 떨어진 곳에서 규모 6.4의 지진 이 발생하였다. 2월 7일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 이 오전 9시 (한국 시각 오전 9시 30분) 평안북도 철산군 동창리 미사일 기지 에서 장거리 발사체 에 실린 인공위성 ( 광명성 4호 )을 발사하였다. 2월 9일 - 독일 바이에른주 바트아이블링 에서 통근열차가 정면 충돌 하여 10명이 사망하고 150명이 부상을 입었다. 2월 10일 - 대한민국 이 조선민주주의인민공화국 의 개성공업지구 의 가동을 전면중단하였다. 2월 11일 - 충청남도 금산군 북쪽 12 km 지점에서 규모 3.1의 지진이 발생하였다. 2월 12일 - 레이저 간섭계 중력파 관측소 연구진은 지난 2015년 9월 14일 검출된 신호가 중력파 임을 확정, 최초로 중력파 관측 에 성공했음을 발표하였다. 2월 13일 - 로마 가톨릭교회 와 동방 정교회 가 쿠바 아바나 에서 962년만에 처음으로 만나 기독교 의 통합을 다짐하는 공동선언문을 발표하였다. 2월 17일 - 튀르키예 앙카라 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생하여 28명이 사망하고 61명이 부상을 입었다. 2월 23일 - 이날부터 대한민국 국회의사당 본회의장에서 테러방지법 을 직권상정하자, 더불어민주당 과 정의당 을 주도로 필리버스터 가 시작되었다. 2월 24일 - 네팔 에서 소형 여객기 추락사고가 발생하여 23명이 사망하였다. 2월 26일 - 소말리아 모가디슈 한 호텔에서 폭탄, 총격 테러가 발생해 22명이 사망하고 30여명이 부상을 입었다. 2월 27일 아일랜드 총선에서 집권 연정 과반이 붕괴되어 패배하였다. 시리아 곳곳에서 폭탄 테러와 포탄 공격이 발생해 시민 10명이 사망하였다. 수인선 ( 송도 - 인천 )이 개통되었다. 2월 28일 - 김포공항 에서 세스나 172 ( Cessna 172 ) 경비행기 가 이륙직후 추락해 기장 등 2명이 사망하였다. 2월 2월 2일 대한민국 의 야당 국민의당 이 창당되었다. 세계보건기구 가 지카 바이러스 에 대해 국제보건 비상사태를 선포하였다. 대한민국 의 야당 국민의당 이 창당되었다. 세계보건기구 가 지카 바이러스 에 대해 국제보건 비상사태를 선포하였다. 2월 4일 2015년 3월 부터 장기 결석하던 여중생이 백골상태의 시신으로 발견되었고, 아동학대와 살인혐의 로 목사와 계모가 긴급체포되었다. 뉴질랜드 오클랜드 에서 환태평양경제동반자협정 (TPP) 서명식이 열렸다. 2015년 3월 부터 장기 결석하던 여중생이 백골상태의 시신으로 발견되었고, 아동학대와 살인혐의 로 목사와 계모가 긴급체포되었다. 뉴질랜드 오클랜드 에서 환태평양경제동반자협정 (TPP) 서명식이 열렸다. 2월 6일 - 중화민국 타이난 동남쪽으로 36 km 떨어진 곳에서 규모 6.4의 지진 이 발생하였다. 2월 7일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 이 오전 9시 (한국 시각 오전 9시 30분) 평안북도 철산군 동창리 미사일 기지 에서 장거리 발사체 에 실린 인공위성 ( 광명성 4호 )을 발사하였다. 2월 9일 - 독일 바이에른주 바트아이블링 에서 통근열차가 정면 충돌 하여 10명이 사망하고 150명이 부상을 입었다. 2월 10일 - 대한민국 이 조선민주주의인민공화국 의 개성공업지구 의 가동을 전면중단하였다. 2월 11일 - 충청남도 금산군 북쪽 12 km 지점에서 규모 3.1의 지진이 발생하였다. 2월 12일 - 레이저 간섭계 중력파 관측소 연구진은 지난 2015년 9월 14일 검출된 신호가 중력파 임을 확정, 최초로 중력파 관측 에 성공했음을 발표하였다. 2월 13일 - 로마 가톨릭교회 와 동방 정교회 가 쿠바 아바나 에서 962년만에 처음으로 만나 기독교 의 통합을 다짐하는 공동선언문을 발표하였다. 2월 17일 - 튀르키예 앙카라 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생하여 28명이 사망하고 61명이 부상을 입었다. 2월 23일 - 이날부터 대한민국 국회의사당 본회의장에서 테러방지법 을 직권상정하자, 더불어민주당 과 정의당 을 주도로 필리버스터 가 시작되었다. 2월 24일 - 네팔 에서 소형 여객기 추락사고가 발생하여 23명이 사망하였다. 2월 26일 - 소말리아 모가디슈 한 호텔에서 폭탄, 총격 테러가 발생해 22명이 사망하고 30여명이 부상을 입었다. 2월 27일 아일랜드 총선에서 집권 연정 과반이 붕괴되어 패배하였다. 시리아 곳곳에서 폭탄 테러와 포탄 공격이 발생해 시민 10명이 사망하였다. 수인선 ( 송도 - 인천 )이 개통되었다. 아일랜드 총선에서 집권 연정 과반이 붕괴되어 패배하였다. 시리아 곳곳에서 폭탄 테러와 포탄 공격이 발생해 시민 10명이 사망하였다. 수인선 ( 송도 - 인천 )이 개통되었다. 2월 28일 - 김포공항 에서 세스나 172 ( Cessna 172 ) 경비행기 가 이륙직후 추락해 기장 등 2명이 사망하였다. 3월 [ 편집 ] 3월 1일 - 미국 대선 민주당의 힐러리 클린턴 과 공화당의 도널드 트럼프 가 슈퍼 화요일 경선대회에서 사실상 압승하였다. 3월 2일 더불어민주당 이종걸 원내대표의 연설을 끝으로 192시간 25분의 필리버스터 가 종료되었다. 충청남도 공주시 남동쪽 12 km 지점에서 규모 2.4의 지진이 발생하였다. 인도네시아 수마트라섬 남서쪽 660 km 떨어진 해상에서 규모 7.8의 강진이 발생하였다. 3월 4일 - 예멘 남부 아덴 에서 테레사 수녀 가 설립한 양로원서 총격전이 발생해 16명이 사망하였다. 3월 8일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 이 대한민국 외교 안보 책임자 40여명의 휴대전화를 해킹하고 음성과 문자 등 정보를 빼돌리는 사건이 일어났다. 3월 13일 코트디부아르 해변 휴양지에서 알카에다 소속으로 추정되는 무장 괴한이 총기를 난사 해 22명이 사망하였다. 튀르키예 앙카라 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생하여 34명이 사망하고 125명이 부상을 입었다. 3월 16일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 평양직할시 남동쪽 34 km 지점에서 규모 2.2의 인공지진이 발생하였다. 3월 17일 - 일본 히로시마현 히가시히로시마시 산요 고속도로 터널에서 차량 12대가 잇따라 추돌하는 사고가 발생해 2명이 사망하고 68명이 부상을 입었다. 3월 18일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 평안남도 숙천군 에서 노동 미사일 을 발사하였다. 이 탄도미사일은 일본 방공식별구역에 떨어졌다. 3월 19일 러시아 와 우크라이나 국경에 가까운 흑해 연안 로스토프나도누 공항 에서 플라이두바이 항공 981편 추락 사고 가 발생하여 승객과 승무원 62명이 전원 앙아이스티 충청북도 청주시 에서 4년 3개월전 아동학대로 사망케한 30대 아버지가 체포되고 공범 부인은 스스로 목숨을 끊었다. 튀르키예 이스탄불 도심에서 폭탄테러 가 발생하여 5명이 사망하고 36명이 부상을 입었다. 3월 20일 - 오바마 미국 대통령이 쿠바 를 방문하였다. 미국 대통령으로써는 88년만에 처음 있는 일이다. 3월 21일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 함경남도 함흥시 북방 일대에서 단거리 미사일을 5발 동해 로 발사하였다. 3월 22일 벨기에 브뤼셀 국제공항 에서 두 차례 자살 폭탄 테러 가 발생하여 34명이 사망하고 250명이 부상을 입었다. 브라질 에 다녀온 40대 남성 환자가 한국인으로서는 최초 감염자로 지카 바이러스 양성 판정을 받았다. 3월 24일 - 네덜란드 의 축구선수이자 감독 요한 크라위프 가 폐암 투병 끝에 타계하였다. 3월 27일 경기도 화성시 장안면 석포리 한 야산 근처 공터에서 산불진화용 Bo-105 헬기가 추락해 조종사 1명이 사망하였다. 파키스탄 라호르 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생하여 72명이 사망하고 300명이 부상을 입었다. 3월 28일 미국 국회의사당 에서 총격이 발생하여 1명이 다치고 용의자 2명이 긴급체포되었다. 또 한시적으로 미국 백악관과 국회의사당이 폐쇄되었다. 중화민국 타이베이시 지하철역 근처에서 33살 남성이 3살배기 여자아이의 머리를 식칼로 베어 살해하였다. 3월 29일 이집트 알렉산드리아 에서 카이로 로 가는 이집트 항공 181편 이 공중 납치되어서 키프로스 에 강제 착륙하였다. 이 과정에서 승객과 승무원의 부상은 없었다. 조선민주주의인민공화국 강원도 원산시 에서 단거리 발사체 1발을 발사하였다. 3월 30일 - 대한민국 공군 의 F-16D 전투기가 경북 청송군 부남면 화장리 야산에 추락했다. 3월 31일 - 인도 콜카타 에서 고가도로 건설도중 붕괴되어 22명이 사망하였다. 3월 3월 1일 - 미국 대선 민주당의 힐러리 클린턴 과 공화당의 도널드 트럼프 가 슈퍼 화요일 경선대회에서 사실상 압승하였다. 3월 2일 더불어민주당 이종걸 원내대표의 연설을 끝으로 192시간 25분의 필리버스터 가 종료되었다. 충청남도 공주시 남동쪽 12 km 지점에서 규모 2.4의 지진이 발생하였다. 인도네시아 수마트라섬 남서쪽 660 km 떨어진 해상에서 규모 7.8의 강진이 발생하였다. 더불어민주당 이종걸 원내대표의 연설을 끝으로 192시간 25분의 필리버스터 가 종료되었다. 충청남도 공주시 남동쪽 12 km 지점에서 규모 2.4의 지진이 발생하였다. 인도네시아 수마트라섬 남서쪽 660 km 떨어진 해상에서 규모 7.8의 강진이 발생하였다. 3월 4일 - 예멘 남부 아덴 에서 테레사 수녀 가 설립한 양로원서 총격전이 발생해 16명이 사망하였다. 3월 8일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 이 대한민국 외교 안보 책임자 40여명의 휴대전화를 해킹하고 음성과 문자 등 정보를 빼돌리는 사건이 일어났다. 3월 13일 코트디부아르 해변 휴양지에서 알카에다 소속으로 추정되는 무장 괴한이 총기를 난사 해 22명이 사망하였다. 튀르키예 앙카라 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생하여 34명이 사망하고 125명이 부상을 입었다. 코트디부아르 해변 휴양지에서 알카에다 소속으로 추정되는 무장 괴한이 총기를 난사 해 22명이 사망하였다. 튀르키예 앙카라 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생하여 34명이 사망하고 125명이 부상을 입었다. 3월 16일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 평양직할시 남동쪽 34 km 지점에서 규모 2.2의 인공지진이 발생하였다. 3월 17일 - 일본 히로시마현 히가시히로시마시 산요 고속도로 터널에서 차량 12대가 잇따라 추돌하는 사고가 발생해 2명이 사망하고 68명이 부상을 입었다. 3월 18일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 평안남도 숙천군 에서 노동 미사일 을 발사하였다. 이 탄도미사일은 일본 방공식별구역에 떨어졌다. 3월 19일 러시아 와 우크라이나 국경에 가까운 흑해 연안 로스토프나도누 공항 에서 플라이두바이 항공 981편 추락 사고 가 발생하여 승객과 승무원 62명이 전원 앙아이스티 충청북도 청주시 에서 4년 3개월전 아동학대로 사망케한 30대 아버지가 체포되고 공범 부인은 스스로 목숨을 끊었다. 튀르키예 이스탄불 도심에서 폭탄테러 가 발생하여 5명이 사망하고 36명이 부상을 입었다. 러시아 와 우크라이나 국경에 가까운 흑해 연안 로스토프나도누 공항 에서 플라이두바이 항공 981편 추락 사고 가 발생하여 승객과 승무원 62명이 전원 앙아이스티 충청북도 청주시 에서 4년 3개월전 아동학대로 사망케한 30대 아버지가 체포되고 공범 부인은 스스로 목숨을 끊었다. 튀르키예 이스탄불 도심에서 폭탄테러 가 발생하여 5명이 사망하고 36명이 부상을 입었다. 3월 20일 - 오바마 미국 대통령이 쿠바 를 방문하였다. 미국 대통령으로써는 88년만에 처음 있는 일이다. 3월 21일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 함경남도 함흥시 북방 일대에서 단거리 미사일을 5발 동해 로 발사하였다. 3월 22일 벨기에 브뤼셀 국제공항 에서 두 차례 자살 폭탄 테러 가 발생하여 34명이 사망하고 250명이 부상을 입었다. 브라질 에 다녀온 40대 남성 환자가 한국인으로서는 최초 감염자로 지카 바이러스 양성 판정을 받았다. 벨기에 브뤼셀 국제공항 에서 두 차례 자살 폭탄 테러 가 발생하여 34명이 사망하고 250명이 부상을 입었다. 브라질 에 다녀온 40대 남성 환자가 한국인으로서는 최초 감염자로 지카 바이러스 양성 판정을 받았다. 3월 24일 - 네덜란드 의 축구선수이자 감독 요한 크라위프 가 폐암 투병 끝에 타계하였다. 3월 27일 경기도 화성시 장안면 석포리 한 야산 근처 공터에서 산불진화용 Bo-105 헬기가 추락해 조종사 1명이 사망하였다. 파키스탄 라호르 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생하여 72명이 사망하고 300명이 부상을 입었다. 경기도 화성시 장안면 석포리 한 야산 근처 공터에서 산불진화용 Bo-105 헬기가 추락해 조종사 1명이 사망하였다. 파키스탄 라호르 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생하여 72명이 사망하고 300명이 부상을 입었다. 3월 28일 미국 국회의사당 에서 총격이 발생하여 1명이 다치고 용의자 2명이 긴급체포되었다. 또 한시적으로 미국 백악관과 국회의사당이 폐쇄되었다. 중화민국 타이베이시 지하철역 근처에서 33살 남성이 3살배기 여자아이의 머리를 식칼로 베어 살해하였다. 미국 국회의사당 에서 총격이 발생하여 1명이 다치고 용의자 2명이 긴급체포되었다. 또 한시적으로 미국 백악관과 국회의사당이 폐쇄되었다. 중화민국 타이베이시 지하철역 근처에서 33살 남성이 3살배기 여자아이의 머리를 식칼로 베어 살해하였다. 3월 29일 이집트 알렉산드리아 에서 카이로 로 가는 이집트 항공 181편 이 공중 납치되어서 키프로스 에 강제 착륙하였다. 이 과정에서 승객과 승무원의 부상은 없었다. 조선민주주의인민공화국 강원도 원산시 에서 단거리 발사체 1발을 발사하였다. 이집트 알렉산드리아 에서 카이로 로 가는 이집트 항공 181편 이 공중 납치되어서 키프로스 에 강제 착륙하였다. 이 과정에서 승객과 승무원의 부상은 없었다. 조선민주주의인민공화국 강원도 원산시 에서 단거리 발사체 1발을 발사하였다. 3월 30일 - 대한민국 공군 의 F-16D 전투기가 경북 청송군 부남면 화장리 야산에 추락했다. 3월 31일 - 인도 콜카타 에서 고가도로 건설도중 붕괴되어 22명이 사망하였다. 4월 [ 편집 ] 4월 1일 - 충청북도 단양군 단양읍 소백산 국립공원 에서 산불이 나서 다음날에 완전 진화되었다. 4월 4일 - 국제탐사보도언론인협회 (ICIJ)가 사상 최대 조세회피 자료인 파나마 페이퍼스 가 공개되면서 논란이 확산되었다. 전 세계 유명인 및 한국인 195명도 연루되었다. 4월 5일 - 7급 공무원 시험을 본 응시생이 정부서울청사 인사혁신처에 침입해 자신의 필기시험 성적을 조작하는 사건이 발생하였다. 4월 7일 - 시귀르뒤르 잉기 요한손 이 아이슬란드의 총리 로 취임하였다. 4월 8일 ~ 4월 9일 - 대한민국 제20대 국회의원 선거 의 사전 투표 가 실시되었다. 4월 9일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 출신의 해외식당 종업원 13명이 집단으로 탈북하여 대한민국 에 입국하였다. 4월 10일 - 인도 남부 케랄라주 콜람 에 있는 힌두교 사원 에서 불꽃놀이 하던 중 폭죽 에서 폭발사고 가 발생해 최소 112명이 사망하고 380명이 부상을 입었다. 4월 13일 미얀마 수도 네피도 북서쪽 396 km 지점에서 규모 6.9의 지진이 발생하였다. 이 지진은 인도 와 방글라데시 로 퍼졌으며 각국에서 130명이 부상을 입었다. 대한민국 제20대 국회의원 선거 가 실시되었다. 새누리당 이 참패하고 더불어민주당 이 승리, 국민의당 이 약진하여 3당 체제가 되었다. 4월 14일 일본 구마모토현 에서 규모 7.3의 지진 이 발생해 66명이 사망하고 1277명이 부상을 입었다. 볼로디미르 흐로이스만 이 우크라이나의 총리 로 취임하였다. 4월 15일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 이 태양절 을 맞아 무수단 미사일 을 동해로 발사하였으나 도중에 공중 폭발하였다. 4월 16일 에콰도르 에서 규모 7.8의 지진 이 발생해 660명이 사망하고 4605명이 부상을 입었다. 중화민국 타이둥현 동부 해역에서 규모 4.4의 지진이 발생하였다. 4월 17일 브라질 하원의원이 지우마 호세프 대통령에 대한 탄핵안을 통과시켰다. 바누아투 에서 규모 6.4의 지진이 발생하였다. 또 이웃 통가 에서도 규모 6.1의 지진이 발생하였다. 4월 18일 - 일본 오이타현 에서 규모 5.8의 지진이 발생하였다. 4월 19일 아프가니스탄 카불 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 28명이 사망하고 327명이 부상을 입었다. 멕시코 중남부에 있는 포포카테페틀 화산 이 지난 4월 3일에 이어 4월 18일(현지시간) 또 다시 분화하였다. 4월 20일 필리핀 에서 규모 5.0의 지진이 발생하였다. 일본 후쿠시마현 에서 규모 5.6의 지진이 발생하였다. 전국경제인연합회 가 어버이연합 단체에게 자금을 지원 했다는 의혹이 제기되었다. 4월 22일 전라선 율촌역 에서 성산역 방향 전방 200m 지점에서 여수엑스포역 방향으로 운행중이던 무궁화호 열차가 탈선 사고가 발생하였다. 이 사고로 1명이 사망하고 8명이 부상을 입었다. 4월 25일 - 경상북도 포항시 남구 장기면 에서 해병대 자주포 전복 사고가 발생해 2명이 사망하고 5명이 부상을 입었다. 4월 26일 - 지난 2011년 의 가습기 살균제 사건 과 관련하여 옥시 의 전 대표가 검찰에 소환되었다. 4월 27일 - CJ 와 SK하이닉스 가 어버이연합 에게 송금한 사실 이 드러나 파문이 일었다. 4월 4월 1일 - 충청북도 단양군 단양읍 소백산 국립공원 에서 산불이 나서 다음날에 완전 진화되었다. 4월 4일 - 국제탐사보도언론인협회 (ICIJ)가 사상 최대 조세회피 자료인 파나마 페이퍼스 가 공개되면서 논란이 확산되었다. 전 세계 유명인 및 한국인 195명도 연루되었다. 4월 5일 - 7급 공무원 시험을 본 응시생이 정부서울청사 인사혁신처에 침입해 자신의 필기시험 성적을 조작하는 사건이 발생하였다. 4월 7일 - 시귀르뒤르 잉기 요한손 이 아이슬란드의 총리 로 취임하였다. 4월 8일 ~ 4월 9일 - 대한민국 제20대 국회의원 선거 의 사전 투표 가 실시되었다. 4월 9일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 출신의 해외식당 종업원 13명이 집단으로 탈북하여 대한민국 에 입국하였다. 4월 10일 - 인도 남부 케랄라주 콜람 에 있는 힌두교 사원 에서 불꽃놀이 하던 중 폭죽 에서 폭발사고 가 발생해 최소 112명이 사망하고 380명이 부상을 입었다. 4월 13일 미얀마 수도 네피도 북서쪽 396 km 지점에서 규모 6.9의 지진이 발생하였다. 이 지진은 인도 와 방글라데시 로 퍼졌으며 각국에서 130명이 부상을 입었다. 대한민국 제20대 국회의원 선거 가 실시되었다. 새누리당 이 참패하고 더불어민주당 이 승리, 국민의당 이 약진하여 3당 체제가 되었다. 미얀마 수도 네피도 북서쪽 396 km 지점에서 규모 6.9의 지진이 발생하였다. 이 지진은 인도 와 방글라데시 로 퍼졌으며 각국에서 130명이 부상을 입었다. 대한민국 제20대 국회의원 선거 가 실시되었다. 새누리당 이 참패하고 더불어민주당 이 승리, 국민의당 이 약진하여 3당 체제가 되었다. 4월 14일 일본 구마모토현 에서 규모 7.3의 지진 이 발생해 66명이 사망하고 1277명이 부상을 입었다. 볼로디미르 흐로이스만 이 우크라이나의 총리 로 취임하였다. 일본 구마모토현 에서 규모 7.3의 지진 이 발생해 66명이 사망하고 1277명이 부상을 입었다. 볼로디미르 흐로이스만 이 우크라이나의 총리 로 취임하였다. 4월 15일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 이 태양절 을 맞아 무수단 미사일 을 동해로 발사하였으나 도중에 공중 폭발하였다. 4월 16일 에콰도르 에서 규모 7.8의 지진 이 발생해 660명이 사망하고 4605명이 부상을 입었다. 중화민국 타이둥현 동부 해역에서 규모 4.4의 지진이 발생하였다. 에콰도르 에서 규모 7.8의 지진 이 발생해 660명이 사망하고 4605명이 부상을 입었다. 중화민국 타이둥현 동부 해역에서 규모 4.4의 지진이 발생하였다. 4월 17일 브라질 하원의원이 지우마 호세프 대통령에 대한 탄핵안을 통과시켰다. 바누아투 에서 규모 6.4의 지진이 발생하였다. 또 이웃 통가 에서도 규모 6.1의 지진이 발생하였다. 브라질 하원의원이 지우마 호세프 대통령에 대한 탄핵안을 통과시켰다. 바누아투 에서 규모 6.4의 지진이 발생하였다. 또 이웃 통가 에서도 규모 6.1의 지진이 발생하였다. 4월 18일 - 일본 오이타현 에서 규모 5.8의 지진이 발생하였다. 4월 19일 아프가니스탄 카불 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 28명이 사망하고 327명이 부상을 입었다. 멕시코 중남부에 있는 포포카테페틀 화산 이 지난 4월 3일에 이어 4월 18일(현지시간) 또 다시 분화하였다. 아프가니스탄 카불 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 28명이 사망하고 327명이 부상을 입었다. 멕시코 중남부에 있는 포포카테페틀 화산 이 지난 4월 3일에 이어 4월 18일(현지시간) 또 다시 분화하였다. 4월 20일 필리핀 에서 규모 5.0의 지진이 발생하였다. 일본 후쿠시마현 에서 규모 5.6의 지진이 발생하였다. 전국경제인연합회 가 어버이연합 단체에게 자금을 지원 했다는 의혹이 제기되었다. 필리핀 에서 규모 5.0의 지진이 발생하였다. 일본 후쿠시마현 에서 규모 5.6의 지진이 발생하였다. 전국경제인연합회 가 어버이연합 단체에게 자금을 지원 했다는 의혹이 제기되었다. 4월 22일 전라선 율촌역 에서 성산역 방향 전방 200m 지점에서 여수엑스포역 방향으로 운행중이던 무궁화호 열차가 탈선 사고가 발생하였다. 이 사고로 1명이 사망하고 8명이 부상을 입었다. 전라선 율촌역 에서 성산역 방향 전방 200m 지점에서 여수엑스포역 방향으로 운행중이던 무궁화호 열차가 탈선 사고가 발생하였다. 이 사고로 1명이 사망하고 8명이 부상을 입었다. 4월 25일 - 경상북도 포항시 남구 장기면 에서 해병대 자주포 전복 사고가 발생해 2명이 사망하고 5명이 부상을 입었다. 4월 26일 - 지난 2011년 의 가습기 살균제 사건 과 관련하여 옥시 의 전 대표가 검찰에 소환되었다. 4월 27일 - CJ 와 SK하이닉스 가 어버이연합 에게 송금한 사실 이 드러나 파문이 일었다. 5월 [ 편집 ] 5월 1일 - 충청남도 천안시 논산천안고속도로 천안 방향 차령터널에서 20중 추돌사고가 발생해 4명이 경상을 입었다. 5월 3일 - 전라남도 고흥군 나로우주센터 에서 한국형발사체 75톤 엔진 첫 연소시험에 성공하였다. 5월 5일 - 경기도 안산시 대부도 토막살인 사건의 30대 용의자 조성호가 긴급 체포되었다. 5월 6일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 평양 에서 36년만에 제7차 노동당 대회 가 개막되었다. 5월 7일 - 베트남 에서 근무하고 돌아온 20대 여성이 지카 바이러스 에 감염되어서 4번째 감염자가 발생하였다. 5월 10일 - 필리핀 대통령 선거에서 로드리고 두테르테 다바오 시 시장이 당선되었다. 5월 11일 호주 웨스턴 오스트레일리아 주 에서 44,000 ~ 49,000년전의 것으로 추정되는 돌도끼의 조각이 발견되었다. 이탈리아 가 유럽연합 28개 회원국 중 마지막으로 동성커플의 결혼, 입양을 제외한 법적 결합을 허용했다. 5월 12일 중화민국 타이베이시 에서 규모 5.8의 지진이 발생하였다. 지우마 호세프 브라질 대통령이 대한 탄핵심판 절차가 시작돼 직무가 정지됐다. 5월 13일 - 한진해운 이 글로벌 해운동맹 THE 얼라이언스 에 합류하였다. 하지만 현대상선 은 일단 제외되었다. 5월 14일 제주특별자치도 제주시 산간에서 피살된 중국인 여성을 살해한 용의자가 체포되었다. 2011년 사태가 발생한지 5년만에 가습기 살균제 사건 의 주범인 옥시 신현우 전 대표 등 4명을 검찰이 처음으로 구속하였다. 5월 17일 - 강남역 화장실 살인사건 이 발생하였다. 5월 18일 - 에콰도르 에서 1달만에 또 규모 6.7의 지진이 발생하였다. 5월 19일 - 파리 샤를 드 골 공항 에서 출발해 카이로 국제공항 으로 향하던 도중 이집트 항공 804편 이 지중해 상공에서 실종 사건이 발생해 66명이 사망하였다. 5월 20일 차이잉원 이 중화민국의 총통 으로 취임하였다. 미국 워싱턴주 백악관 검문소에서 용의자가 총기를 꺼내들었으나 비밀경호국에 의해 피격되었다. 부산광역시 중구 에서 광복로 흉기난동 사건 이 발생됐다. 5월 22일 오스트리아 넨징에 있는 콘서트장에서 총기난사가 발생해 3명이 사망하고 11명이 부상을 입었다. 타이 치앙라이 위앙파파우에 있는 '피타끼앗 위따야 학교'의 기숙사에서 화재가 발생하여 잠자고 있던 여학생 18명이 사망하였다. 5월 23일 독일 의 제약·화학 회사인 바이엘 이 미국 의 대형 농업회사 몬산토 를 73조원에 인수하겠다는 제안을 내놓았다. 미국 이 베트남 에 대한 무기 수출 금지를 전면 해제하였다. 시리아 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 184명이 사망하고 200명이 부상을 입었다. 일본 미에현 가시코지마에서 G7 정상회의가 열렸다. 이 날 정상회의에서 북한 핵문제 를 강력하게 규탄하였다. 5월 24일 - 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 에서 제작한 1인칭 FPS 게임인 오버워치 가 오후 4시 전세계에 서비스를 시작하였다. 5월 27일 - 일본 도쿄 하네다 국제공항 에서 출발해 서울 김포국제공항 으로 향하던 대한항공 2708편 화재 사고 가 이륙 직전에 왼쪽 날개 엔진에서 화재가 발생하였으나, 다행히도 승객과 승무원 319명 모두 대피를 해 인명 피해가 나지 않았다. 5월 28일 - 서울 지하철 2호선 구의역 에서 구의역 스크린도어 사망 사고 가 발생해 김모(19)씨가 사망하였다. 5월 29일 - 대한민국 제19대 국회 임기 종료. 5월 30일 - 대한민국 제20대 국회 임기 시작. 5월 5월 1일 - 충청남도 천안시 논산천안고속도로 천안 방향 차령터널에서 20중 추돌사고가 발생해 4명이 경상을 입었다. 5월 3일 - 전라남도 고흥군 나로우주센터 에서 한국형발사체 75톤 엔진 첫 연소시험에 성공하였다. 5월 5일 - 경기도 안산시 대부도 토막살인 사건의 30대 용의자 조성호가 긴급 체포되었다. 5월 6일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 평양 에서 36년만에 제7차 노동당 대회 가 개막되었다. 5월 7일 - 베트남 에서 근무하고 돌아온 20대 여성이 지카 바이러스 에 감염되어서 4번째 감염자가 발생하였다. 5월 10일 - 필리핀 대통령 선거에서 로드리고 두테르테 다바오 시 시장이 당선되었다. 5월 11일 호주 웨스턴 오스트레일리아 주 에서 44,000 ~ 49,000년전의 것으로 추정되는 돌도끼의 조각이 발견되었다. 이탈리아 가 유럽연합 28개 회원국 중 마지막으로 동성커플의 결혼, 입양을 제외한 법적 결합을 허용했다. 호주 웨스턴 오스트레일리아 주 에서 44,000 ~ 49,000년전의 것으로 추정되는 돌도끼의 조각이 발견되었다. 이탈리아 가 유럽연합 28개 회원국 중 마지막으로 동성커플의 결혼, 입양을 제외한 법적 결합을 허용했다. 5월 12일 중화민국 타이베이시 에서 규모 5.8의 지진이 발생하였다. 지우마 호세프 브라질 대통령이 대한 탄핵심판 절차가 시작돼 직무가 정지됐다. 중화민국 타이베이시 에서 규모 5.8의 지진이 발생하였다. 지우마 호세프 브라질 대통령이 대한 탄핵심판 절차가 시작돼 직무가 정지됐다. 5월 13일 - 한진해운 이 글로벌 해운동맹 THE 얼라이언스 에 합류하였다. 하지만 현대상선 은 일단 제외되었다. 5월 14일 제주특별자치도 제주시 산간에서 피살된 중국인 여성을 살해한 용의자가 체포되었다. 2011년 사태가 발생한지 5년만에 가습기 살균제 사건 의 주범인 옥시 신현우 전 대표 등 4명을 검찰이 처음으로 구속하였다. 제주특별자치도 제주시 산간에서 피살된 중국인 여성을 살해한 용의자가 체포되었다. 2011년 사태가 발생한지 5년만에 가습기 살균제 사건 의 주범인 옥시 신현우 전 대표 등 4명을 검찰이 처음으로 구속하였다. 5월 17일 - 강남역 화장실 살인사건 이 발생하였다. 5월 18일 - 에콰도르 에서 1달만에 또 규모 6.7의 지진이 발생하였다. 5월 19일 - 파리 샤를 드 골 공항 에서 출발해 카이로 국제공항 으로 향하던 도중 이집트 항공 804편 이 지중해 상공에서 실종 사건이 발생해 66명이 사망하였다. 5월 20일 차이잉원 이 중화민국의 총통 으로 취임하였다. 미국 워싱턴주 백악관 검문소에서 용의자가 총기를 꺼내들었으나 비밀경호국에 의해 피격되었다. 부산광역시 중구 에서 광복로 흉기난동 사건 이 발생됐다. 차이잉원 이 중화민국의 총통 으로 취임하였다. 미국 워싱턴주 백악관 검문소에서 용의자가 총기를 꺼내들었으나 비밀경호국에 의해 피격되었다. 부산광역시 중구 에서 광복로 흉기난동 사건 이 발생됐다. 5월 22일 오스트리아 넨징에 있는 콘서트장에서 총기난사가 발생해 3명이 사망하고 11명이 부상을 입었다. 타이 치앙라이 위앙파파우에 있는 '피타끼앗 위따야 학교'의 기숙사에서 화재가 발생하여 잠자고 있던 여학생 18명이 사망하였다. 오스트리아 넨징에 있는 콘서트장에서 총기난사가 발생해 3명이 사망하고 11명이 부상을 입었다. 타이 치앙라이 위앙파파우에 있는 '피타끼앗 위따야 학교'의 기숙사에서 화재가 발생하여 잠자고 있던 여학생 18명이 사망하였다. 5월 23일 독일 의 제약·화학 회사인 바이엘 이 미국 의 대형 농업회사 몬산토 를 73조원에 인수하겠다는 제안을 내놓았다. 미국 이 베트남 에 대한 무기 수출 금지를 전면 해제하였다. 시리아 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 184명이 사망하고 200명이 부상을 입었다. 일본 미에현 가시코지마에서 G7 정상회의가 열렸다. 이 날 정상회의에서 북한 핵문제 를 강력하게 규탄하였다. 독일 의 제약·화학 회사인 바이엘 이 미국 의 대형 농업회사 몬산토 를 73조원에 인수하겠다는 제안을 내놓았다. 미국 이 베트남 에 대한 무기 수출 금지를 전면 해제하였다. 시리아 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 184명이 사망하고 200명이 부상을 입었다. 일본 미에현 가시코지마에서 G7 정상회의가 열렸다. 이 날 정상회의에서 북한 핵문제 를 강력하게 규탄하였다. 5월 24일 - 블리자드 엔터테인먼트 에서 제작한 1인칭 FPS 게임인 오버워치 가 오후 4시 전세계에 서비스를 시작하였다. 5월 27일 - 일본 도쿄 하네다 국제공항 에서 출발해 서울 김포국제공항 으로 향하던 대한항공 2708편 화재 사고 가 이륙 직전에 왼쪽 날개 엔진에서 화재가 발생하였으나, 다행히도 승객과 승무원 319명 모두 대피를 해 인명 피해가 나지 않았다. 5월 28일 - 서울 지하철 2호선 구의역 에서 구의역 스크린도어 사망 사고 가 발생해 김모(19)씨가 사망하였다. 5월 29일 - 대한민국 제19대 국회 임기 종료. 5월 30일 - 대한민국 제20대 국회 임기 시작. 6월 [ 편집 ] 6월 1일 - 경기도 남양주시 진접읍 금곡리 수도권 전철 4호선 진접선 지하철 공사현장에서 붕괴사고가 발생해 4명이 사망하고 10명이 부상을 입었다. 6월 3일 그리스 크레타섬 남부 인근 해상서 700명이 탑승한 난민선이 전복되어서 340명이 구조되었고, 4명이 사망하고, 350명이 실종되었다. 6월 4일 - 베트남 중부 다낭 시 한강에서 46명이 탑승한 유람선이 전복되어서 43명이 구조되었고, 3명이 실종되었다. 6월 5일 - 인천광역시 옹진군 연평도 NLL 해상에서 불법 조업을 하던 중국어선 2척을 연평도 어민들이 직접 나포하였다. 6월 6일 - 인천국제공항 에서 출발해 미국 앵커리지 로 향하던 UPS 5X061편이 제1활주로에서 이륙 도중 활주로를 이탈하는 사고가 발생하였다. 이 사고로 4명이 타고 있었으나 전원 무사하였고, 인천국제공항 제1활주로가 일주일 동안 폐쇄되었다. 6월 7일 튀르키예 이스탄불 도심 베야지트 근처에서 폭탄테러 발생해 11명이 사망하고 36명이 부상을 입었다. 멕시코 서부 할리스코 해안에서 규모 6.1의 지진이 발생하였다. 6월 8일 - 전라남도 고흥군 나로우주센터 에서 75톤 한국형 발사체 엔진을 75초동안 연소시키는데 성공하였다. 6월 10일 미국 캘리포니아주 에서 규모 5.2의 지진이 발생하였다. 미국 플로리다주 올랜도 의 플라자 라이브 극장에서 크리스티나 그리미 가 사인회 도중 총격으로 사망하였다. 6월 11일 - 프랑스 마르세유 에서 유로 2016 잉글랜드와 러시아의 경기에서 훌리건들의 폭력으로 16명이 부상을 입었다. 대한민국의 5인조 걸그룹 포미닛이 해체하였다. 6월 12일 - 미국 플로리다주 올랜도 나이트클럽에서 총기 난사 사건 이 발생해 50명이 사망하고 53명이 부상을 입었다. 6월 16일 - 일본 홋카이도 에서 규모 5.3의 지진이 발생하였다. 6월 17일 - 전라남도 무안군 현경면 에서 美 시러스( Cirrus ) 사의 SR20 교육훈련용 경비행기 가 추락해 3명이 사망하였다. 6월 18일 튀르키예 이스탄불 베이글루 구에서 한인 레코드숍이 피습당하였다. 이 사고로 운영하는 한국인은 부상을 입었지만 크게 다치지는 않았다. 멕시코 누에보 레온 주 의 기아자동차 공장에서 밀폐된 하수구 가스로 인해 질식 사고가 발생해 3명이 부상을 입었다. 6월 20일 - 인도양 세이셸 군도 해상에서 조업 중인 부산 광동해운 소속 참치연승 원양어선 광현 803호 에서 살인 사건이 발생하였다. 이 사고로 한국인 선장과 기관장 2명이 사망하였다. 6월 21일 - 대한민국 정부세종청사 에서 국토교통부 는 영남권 신공항 건설을 부산광역시 가덕도 와 경상남도 밀양시 후보가 아닌 김해국제공항 확장하는 걸로 결론지었다. 6월 22일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 은 원산 일대에서 무수단 미사일 2기를 발사하였으나 1기는 공중 폭발하였고, 1기는 약 400km를 비행, 성공하였다. 6월 24일 - 영국 에서 실시된 유럽 연합 (EU) 잔류에 대한 찬반투표에서 반대(브렉시트)가 찬성보다 많은 결과가 나옴으로써 EU의 전신인 유럽 경제 공동체 (EEC)에 가입한 이후 43년만에 영국이 유럽연합에서 공식 탈퇴하였다. 6월 28일 - 튀르키예 이스탄불 아타튀르크 공항 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 45명이 사망하고 239명이 부상을 입었다. 6월 30일 - 로드리고 두테르테 가 필리핀의 대통령 으로 공식 취임하였다. 6월 6월 1일 - 경기도 남양주시 진접읍 금곡리 수도권 전철 4호선 진접선 지하철 공사현장에서 붕괴사고가 발생해 4명이 사망하고 10명이 부상을 입었다. 6월 3일 그리스 크레타섬 남부 인근 해상서 700명이 탑승한 난민선이 전복되어서 340명이 구조되었고, 4명이 사망하고, 350명이 실종되었다. 그리스 크레타섬 남부 인근 해상서 700명이 탑승한 난민선이 전복되어서 340명이 구조되었고, 4명이 사망하고, 350명이 실종되었다. 6월 4일 - 베트남 중부 다낭 시 한강에서 46명이 탑승한 유람선이 전복되어서 43명이 구조되었고, 3명이 실종되었다. 6월 5일 - 인천광역시 옹진군 연평도 NLL 해상에서 불법 조업을 하던 중국어선 2척을 연평도 어민들이 직접 나포하였다. 6월 6일 - 인천국제공항 에서 출발해 미국 앵커리지 로 향하던 UPS 5X061편이 제1활주로에서 이륙 도중 활주로를 이탈하는 사고가 발생하였다. 이 사고로 4명이 타고 있었으나 전원 무사하였고, 인천국제공항 제1활주로가 일주일 동안 폐쇄되었다. 6월 7일 튀르키예 이스탄불 도심 베야지트 근처에서 폭탄테러 발생해 11명이 사망하고 36명이 부상을 입었다. 멕시코 서부 할리스코 해안에서 규모 6.1의 지진이 발생하였다. 튀르키예 이스탄불 도심 베야지트 근처에서 폭탄테러 발생해 11명이 사망하고 36명이 부상을 입었다. 멕시코 서부 할리스코 해안에서 규모 6.1의 지진이 발생하였다. 6월 8일 - 전라남도 고흥군 나로우주센터 에서 75톤 한국형 발사체 엔진을 75초동안 연소시키는데 성공하였다. 6월 10일 미국 캘리포니아주 에서 규모 5.2의 지진이 발생하였다. 미국 플로리다주 올랜도 의 플라자 라이브 극장에서 크리스티나 그리미 가 사인회 도중 총격으로 사망하였다. 미국 캘리포니아주 에서 규모 5.2의 지진이 발생하였다. 미국 플로리다주 올랜도 의 플라자 라이브 극장에서 크리스티나 그리미 가 사인회 도중 총격으로 사망하였다. 6월 11일 - 프랑스 마르세유 에서 유로 2016 잉글랜드와 러시아의 경기에서 훌리건들의 폭력으로 16명이 부상을 입었다. 대한민국의 5인조 걸그룹 포미닛이 해체하였다. 6월 12일 - 미국 플로리다주 올랜도 나이트클럽에서 총기 난사 사건 이 발생해 50명이 사망하고 53명이 부상을 입었다. 6월 16일 - 일본 홋카이도 에서 규모 5.3의 지진이 발생하였다. 6월 17일 - 전라남도 무안군 현경면 에서 美 시러스( Cirrus ) 사의 SR20 교육훈련용 경비행기 가 추락해 3명이 사망하였다. 6월 18일 튀르키예 이스탄불 베이글루 구에서 한인 레코드숍이 피습당하였다. 이 사고로 운영하는 한국인은 부상을 입었지만 크게 다치지는 않았다. 멕시코 누에보 레온 주 의 기아자동차 공장에서 밀폐된 하수구 가스로 인해 질식 사고가 발생해 3명이 부상을 입었다. 튀르키예 이스탄불 베이글루 구에서 한인 레코드숍이 피습당하였다. 이 사고로 운영하는 한국인은 부상을 입었지만 크게 다치지는 않았다. 멕시코 누에보 레온 주 의 기아자동차 공장에서 밀폐된 하수구 가스로 인해 질식 사고가 발생해 3명이 부상을 입었다. 6월 20일 - 인도양 세이셸 군도 해상에서 조업 중인 부산 광동해운 소속 참치연승 원양어선 광현 803호 에서 살인 사건이 발생하였다. 이 사고로 한국인 선장과 기관장 2명이 사망하였다. 6월 21일 - 대한민국 정부세종청사 에서 국토교통부 는 영남권 신공항 건설을 부산광역시 가덕도 와 경상남도 밀양시 후보가 아닌 김해국제공항 확장하는 걸로 결론지었다. 6월 22일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 은 원산 일대에서 무수단 미사일 2기를 발사하였으나 1기는 공중 폭발하였고, 1기는 약 400km를 비행, 성공하였다. 6월 24일 - 영국 에서 실시된 유럽 연합 (EU) 잔류에 대한 찬반투표에서 반대(브렉시트)가 찬성보다 많은 결과가 나옴으로써 EU의 전신인 유럽 경제 공동체 (EEC)에 가입한 이후 43년만에 영국이 유럽연합에서 공식 탈퇴하였다. 6월 28일 - 튀르키예 이스탄불 아타튀르크 공항 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 45명이 사망하고 239명이 부상을 입었다. 6월 30일 - 로드리고 두테르테 가 필리핀의 대통령 으로 공식 취임하였다. 7월 [ 편집 ] 7월 1일 - 방글라데시 다카 의 한 식당에서 IS 가 인질극을 벌여서 24명이 사망하고 13명은 구출되었다. 7월 4일 - 경기도 부천시 가 일반구 3개를 폐지하고 행정복지센터 10개로 개편했다. 7월 5일 - 울산광역시 동구 동쪽 52 km 해상에서 규모 5.0의 지진 이 발생하였다. 7월 8일 - 대한민국 과 미국 이 조선민주주의인민공화국 의 핵과 미사일 도발에 맞서 고고도미사일방어체계 배치를 결정지었다. 7월 9일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 이 함경남도 신포군 동남쪽 해상에서 잠수함탄도미사일 을 발사하였다. 7월 10일 - 일본 참의원 선거 에서 과반수 획득은 물론 개헌 발의선을 확보하였다. 7월 11일 - 영국 의 새 총리를 뽑는 경선에서 테리사 메이 영국 외무장관이 후임 총리로 당선되었다. 7월 12일 - 네덜란드 헤이그 중재재판소에서 중화인민공화국 의 남중국해 대부분의 영유권을 주장한다는 것은 법적 근거가 없다고 패소 판결을 내렸다. 7월 14일 - 프랑스 니스 에서 바스티유의 날 축제 때 대형 트럭 한 대가 군중을 덮쳐 84명이 사망하고 202명이 부상을 입었다. 7월 15일 네이버 라인 이 뉴욕 증시 와 도쿄 증시 에 상장되었다. 튀르키예 에서 군부가 쿠데타 를 일으켰으나 실패하였다. 이 과정에서 265명이 사망하고 1440여명이 부상을 당했으며, 1500여명이 체포되었다. 7월 17일 - 강원도 평창군 봉평면 영동고속도로 봉평터널 입구에서 5중 추돌사고가 발생해 4명이 사망하고 37명이 부상을 입었다. 7월 19일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 이 황해북도 황주군 일대에서 탄도미사일 3발을 발사하였다. 7월 21일 - 국제스포츠중재재판소 는 러시아 가 국제육상경기연맹 을 상대로 낸 리우올림픽 출전 금지 취소소송을 기각하였다. 7월 22일 고려항공 JS 151편 여객기가 기내 화재로 인해 중화인민공화국 선양시 에서 긴급 착륙하였으나, 승객과 승무원 75명이 무사하였다. 독일 바이에른주 뮌헨 에서 총기 난사 사건 이 발생해 9명이 사망하고 16명이 부상을 입었다. 용의자는 스스로 목숨을 끊었다. 7월 23일 - 아프가니스탄 카불 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 80명이 사망하고 260명이 부상을 입었다. 7월 25일 - 미국 플로리다주 포트마이어스 의 한 나이트클럽에서 총기 난사 사건 이 발생하여 2명이 사망하고 14명에서 17명이 부상을 입었다. 7월 26일 '놀라워씨'와 '굉장해양'이 출판하다. 일본 가나가와현 사가미하라 시의 한 장애인 시설에서 칼부림 사건 이 발생하여 19명이 사망하고 45명이 부상을 입었다. 프랑스 센마리팀주 의 셍테티엔 뒤 루브래의 성당 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 성당의 신부님과 인질극 2명이 사망하였다. 7월 31일 - 미국 텍사스주 오스틴 중심가에서 총격사건이 발생해 1명이 사망하고 3명이 부상을 입었다. 7월 7월 1일 - 방글라데시 다카 의 한 식당에서 IS 가 인질극을 벌여서 24명이 사망하고 13명은 구출되었다. 7월 4일 - 경기도 부천시 가 일반구 3개를 폐지하고 행정복지센터 10개로 개편했다. 7월 5일 - 울산광역시 동구 동쪽 52 km 해상에서 규모 5.0의 지진 이 발생하였다. 7월 8일 - 대한민국 과 미국 이 조선민주주의인민공화국 의 핵과 미사일 도발에 맞서 고고도미사일방어체계 배치를 결정지었다. 7월 9일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 이 함경남도 신포군 동남쪽 해상에서 잠수함탄도미사일 을 발사하였다. 7월 10일 - 일본 참의원 선거 에서 과반수 획득은 물론 개헌 발의선을 확보하였다. 7월 11일 - 영국 의 새 총리를 뽑는 경선에서 테리사 메이 영국 외무장관이 후임 총리로 당선되었다. 7월 12일 - 네덜란드 헤이그 중재재판소에서 중화인민공화국 의 남중국해 대부분의 영유권을 주장한다는 것은 법적 근거가 없다고 패소 판결을 내렸다. 7월 14일 - 프랑스 니스 에서 바스티유의 날 축제 때 대형 트럭 한 대가 군중을 덮쳐 84명이 사망하고 202명이 부상을 입었다. 7월 15일 네이버 라인 이 뉴욕 증시 와 도쿄 증시 에 상장되었다. 튀르키예 에서 군부가 쿠데타 를 일으켰으나 실패하였다. 이 과정에서 265명이 사망하고 1440여명이 부상을 당했으며, 1500여명이 체포되었다. 네이버 라인 이 뉴욕 증시 와 도쿄 증시 에 상장되었다. 튀르키예 에서 군부가 쿠데타 를 일으켰으나 실패하였다. 이 과정에서 265명이 사망하고 1440여명이 부상을 당했으며, 1500여명이 체포되었다. 7월 17일 - 강원도 평창군 봉평면 영동고속도로 봉평터널 입구에서 5중 추돌사고가 발생해 4명이 사망하고 37명이 부상을 입었다. 7월 19일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국 이 황해북도 황주군 일대에서 탄도미사일 3발을 발사하였다. 7월 21일 - 국제스포츠중재재판소 는 러시아 가 국제육상경기연맹 을 상대로 낸 리우올림픽 출전 금지 취소소송을 기각하였다. 7월 22일 고려항공 JS 151편 여객기가 기내 화재로 인해 중화인민공화국 선양시 에서 긴급 착륙하였으나, 승객과 승무원 75명이 무사하였다. 독일 바이에른주 뮌헨 에서 총기 난사 사건 이 발생해 9명이 사망하고 16명이 부상을 입었다. 용의자는 스스로 목숨을 끊었다. 고려항공 JS 151편 여객기가 기내 화재로 인해 중화인민공화국 선양시 에서 긴급 착륙하였으나, 승객과 승무원 75명이 무사하였다. 독일 바이에른주 뮌헨 에서 총기 난사 사건 이 발생해 9명이 사망하고 16명이 부상을 입었다. 용의자는 스스로 목숨을 끊었다. 7월 23일 - 아프가니스탄 카불 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 80명이 사망하고 260명이 부상을 입었다. 7월 25일 - 미국 플로리다주 포트마이어스 의 한 나이트클럽에서 총기 난사 사건 이 발생하여 2명이 사망하고 14명에서 17명이 부상을 입었다. 7월 26일 '놀라워씨'와 '굉장해양'이 출판하다. 일본 가나가와현 사가미하라 시의 한 장애인 시설에서 칼부림 사건 이 발생하여 19명이 사망하고 45명이 부상을 입었다. 프랑스 센마리팀주 의 셍테티엔 뒤 루브래의 성당 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 성당의 신부님과 인질극 2명이 사망하였다. '놀라워씨'와 '굉장해양'이 출판하다. 일본 가나가와현 사가미하라 시의 한 장애인 시설에서 칼부림 사건 이 발생하여 19명이 사망하고 45명이 부상을 입었다. 프랑스 센마리팀주 의 셍테티엔 뒤 루브래의 성당 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 성당의 신부님과 인질극 2명이 사망하였다. 7월 31일 - 미국 텍사스주 오스틴 중심가에서 총격사건이 발생해 1명이 사망하고 3명이 부상을 입었다. 8월 [ 편집 ] 8월 2일 - 템펠 1 혜성 이 접근함 8월 5일 - 브라질 리우데자네이루 에서 제31회 하계 올림픽 개최. (~ 8월 21일 ) 8월 8일 - 파키스탄 퀘타 의 한 병원에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 77명이 사망하고 100명이 부상을 입었다. 8월 9일 - 새누리당 대회에서 당 대표로 호남 출신 이정현 (정치인) 이 당선되었다. 8월 12일 - 경상북도 경산시 하양읍의 기온이 40.3 °C까지 올라 기상 관측 사상 최고 기온을 기록됐다. 8월 20일 튀르키예 가지안테프 의 결혼식장에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 51명이 사망하고 94명이 부상을 입었다. 중화인민공화국 티베트에 큰 용이 떨어졌다. 8월 24일 이탈리아 중부에 있는 움브리아주 노르차 남서쪽 10 km 부근에서 규모 6.2의 지진 이 발생해 298명이 사망하고 387명이 부상을 입었다. 미얀마 중부의 차우크 서쪽 25 km 지점에서 규모 6.8의 지진 이 발생해 4명이 사망하고 20명이 부상을 입었다. 8월 26일 - SBS TV 의 예능 프로그램 ' 미운 우리 새끼 '가 첫방송을 개시하였다. 8월 8월 2일 - 템펠 1 혜성 이 접근함 8월 5일 - 브라질 리우데자네이루 에서 제31회 하계 올림픽 개최. (~ 8월 21일 ) 8월 8일 - 파키스탄 퀘타 의 한 병원에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 77명이 사망하고 100명이 부상을 입었다. 8월 9일 - 새누리당 대회에서 당 대표로 호남 출신 이정현 (정치인) 이 당선되었다. 8월 12일 - 경상북도 경산시 하양읍의 기온이 40.3 °C까지 올라 기상 관측 사상 최고 기온을 기록됐다. 8월 20일 튀르키예 가지안테프 의 결혼식장에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 51명이 사망하고 94명이 부상을 입었다. 중화인민공화국 티베트에 큰 용이 떨어졌다. 튀르키예 가지안테프 의 결혼식장에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 51명이 사망하고 94명이 부상을 입었다. 중화인민공화국 티베트에 큰 용이 떨어졌다. 8월 24일 이탈리아 중부에 있는 움브리아주 노르차 남서쪽 10 km 부근에서 규모 6.2의 지진 이 발생해 298명이 사망하고 387명이 부상을 입었다. 미얀마 중부의 차우크 서쪽 25 km 지점에서 규모 6.8의 지진 이 발생해 4명이 사망하고 20명이 부상을 입었다. 이탈리아 중부에 있는 움브리아주 노르차 남서쪽 10 km 부근에서 규모 6.2의 지진 이 발생해 298명이 사망하고 387명이 부상을 입었다. 미얀마 중부의 차우크 서쪽 25 km 지점에서 규모 6.8의 지진 이 발생해 4명이 사망하고 20명이 부상을 입었다. 8월 26일 - SBS TV 의 예능 프로그램 ' 미운 우리 새끼 '가 첫방송을 개시하였다. 9월 [ 편집 ] 9월 2일 - 필리핀 다바오 의 한 야시장에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 15명이 사망하고 71명이 부상을 입었다. 9월 5일 - 아프가니스탄 카불 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 25명이 사망하고 97명이 부상을 입었다. 9월 7일 - 브라질 리우데자네이루 에서 2016년 하계 패럴림픽 개최. (~ 9월 18일 ) 9월 12일 - 경상북도 경주시 남남서쪽 8 km 지점에서 각각 규모 5.1의 전진과 규모 5.8의 지진 이 발생해 23명이 부상을 입었다. 이는 국내에서 관측된 지진 중 가장 규모가 큰 지진이었다. 9월 19일 - 경상북도 경주시 남남서쪽 11 km 지점에서 규모 4.5의 지진이 발생하였다. 9월 21일 - 일본 가나가와현 요코하마 남남동쪽 603 km 해역에서 규모 6.3의 지진이 발생하였다. 9월 9월 2일 - 필리핀 다바오 의 한 야시장에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 15명이 사망하고 71명이 부상을 입었다. 9월 5일 - 아프가니스탄 카불 에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 25명이 사망하고 97명이 부상을 입었다. 9월 7일 - 브라질 리우데자네이루 에서 2016년 하계 패럴림픽 개최. (~ 9월 18일 ) 9월 12일 - 경상북도 경주시 남남서쪽 8 km 지점에서 각각 규모 5.1의 전진과 규모 5.8의 지진 이 발생해 23명이 부상을 입었다. 이는 국내에서 관측된 지진 중 가장 규모가 큰 지진이었다. 9월 19일 - 경상북도 경주시 남남서쪽 11 km 지점에서 규모 4.5의 지진이 발생하였다. 9월 21일 - 일본 가나가와현 요코하마 남남동쪽 603 km 해역에서 규모 6.3의 지진이 발생하였다. 10월 [ 편집 ] 10월 4일 - '모험씨'와 '반짝반짝양'이 출판하다. 10월 13일 경부고속도로 에서 관광버스 화재가 발생해 13명이 사망하고 2명이 부상을 입었다. 태국 의 국왕 라마 9세가 세상을 떠났다. 10월 19일 - 서울특별시 강북구 미아동 과 번동 을 연결하는 오패산터널에서 한 40대 남성과 경찰 간의 총격전이 벌어져 경찰관 1명이 사망하고 시민 2명이 부상을 입었다. 10월 21일 - 일본 돗토리현 에서 서남서쪽 32 km 지점에서 규모 6.6의 지진이 발생해 16명이 부상을 입었다. 10월 24일 - 파키스탄 퀘타 의 한 경찰학교에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 61명이 사망하고 118명이 부상을 입었다. 10월 29일 - 대한민국 에서 박근혜 대통령 퇴진 운동 이 시작되었다. 10월 10월 4일 - '모험씨'와 '반짝반짝양'이 출판하다. 10월 13일 경부고속도로 에서 관광버스 화재가 발생해 13명이 사망하고 2명이 부상을 입었다. 태국 의 국왕 라마 9세가 세상을 떠났다. 경부고속도로 에서 관광버스 화재가 발생해 13명이 사망하고 2명이 부상을 입었다. 태국 의 국왕 라마 9세가 세상을 떠났다. 10월 19일 - 서울특별시 강북구 미아동 과 번동 을 연결하는 오패산터널에서 한 40대 남성과 경찰 간의 총격전이 벌어져 경찰관 1명이 사망하고 시민 2명이 부상을 입었다. 10월 21일 - 일본 돗토리현 에서 서남서쪽 32 km 지점에서 규모 6.6의 지진이 발생해 16명이 부상을 입었다. 10월 24일 - 파키스탄 퀘타 의 한 경찰학교에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 61명이 사망하고 118명이 부상을 입었다. 10월 29일 - 대한민국 에서 박근혜 대통령 퇴진 운동 이 시작되었다. 11월 [ 편집 ] 11월 1일 - 순창군 출신의 한 40대 남성이 포크레인을 몰고 대한민국 검찰청 청사로 돌진해왔다. 이로 인해 현관 유리창이 부서지고 대검찰청 민원실 쪽 출입문이 손상되었으며 차량 차단기가 부서지고 계단에 설치된 난간이 엿가락처럼 휘는 등 약간의 재산 피해가 났다. 그리고 포크레인 저지 과정에서 청사 경비원과 경찰관 1명이 다쳐 병원 치료를 받았다. 11월 9일 - 미국 대통령 선거에서 공화당의 후보였던 도널드 트럼프 가 민주당의 힐러리 클린턴 후보를 선거인단 수 306대 232로 누르고 제45대 미국 대통령에 선출되었다. 11월 13일 뉴질랜드 앰벌리 북북동쪽 46 km 지역에서 규모 7.4의 지진이 발생하였다. 뉴질랜드 카이코우라 북서쪽 28 km 지역에서 규모 6.2의 지진이 발생하였다. 아르헨티나 칠레시토 북쪽 26 km 지역에서 규모 6.2의 지진이 발생하였다. 11월 25일 - 엘살바도르 산살바도르 남남동쪽 196 km 해역에서 규모 7.2의 지진이 발생하였다. 11월 29일 - 브라질 상파울루 에서 출발해 볼리비아 산타크루스 를 경유하여 콜롬비아 메데인 으로 가던 도중에 기상 악화 및 연료 부족, 전기 결함 등으로 인하여 콜롬비아 북부 산악지대에 라미아 항공 2933편 추락 사고 가 발생해 71명이 사망하였다. 11월 30일 - 대구광역시 중구 서문시장 에서 화재 가 발생하였다. 11월 11월 1일 - 순창군 출신의 한 40대 남성이 포크레인을 몰고 대한민국 검찰청 청사로 돌진해왔다. 이로 인해 현관 유리창이 부서지고 대검찰청 민원실 쪽 출입문이 손상되었으며 차량 차단기가 부서지고 계단에 설치된 난간이 엿가락처럼 휘는 등 약간의 재산 피해가 났다. 그리고 포크레인 저지 과정에서 청사 경비원과 경찰관 1명이 다쳐 병원 치료를 받았다. 11월 9일 - 미국 대통령 선거에서 공화당의 후보였던 도널드 트럼프 가 민주당의 힐러리 클린턴 후보를 선거인단 수 306대 232로 누르고 제45대 미국 대통령에 선출되었다. 11월 13일 뉴질랜드 앰벌리 북북동쪽 46 km 지역에서 규모 7.4의 지진이 발생하였다. 뉴질랜드 카이코우라 북서쪽 28 km 지역에서 규모 6.2의 지진이 발생하였다. 아르헨티나 칠레시토 북쪽 26 km 지역에서 규모 6.2의 지진이 발생하였다. 뉴질랜드 앰벌리 북북동쪽 46 km 지역에서 규모 7.4의 지진이 발생하였다. 뉴질랜드 카이코우라 북서쪽 28 km 지역에서 규모 6.2의 지진이 발생하였다. 아르헨티나 칠레시토 북쪽 26 km 지역에서 규모 6.2의 지진이 발생하였다. 11월 25일 - 엘살바도르 산살바도르 남남동쪽 196 km 해역에서 규모 7.2의 지진이 발생하였다. 11월 29일 - 브라질 상파울루 에서 출발해 볼리비아 산타크루스 를 경유하여 콜롬비아 메데인 으로 가던 도중에 기상 악화 및 연료 부족, 전기 결함 등으로 인하여 콜롬비아 북부 산악지대에 라미아 항공 2933편 추락 사고 가 발생해 71명이 사망하였다. 11월 30일 - 대구광역시 중구 서문시장 에서 화재 가 발생하였다. 12월 [ 편집 ] 12월 2일 - 페루 아레키파 북동쪽 143 km 지역에서 규모 6.3의 지진이 발생하였다. 12월 7일 - 인도네시아 아체주 에서 규모 6.5의 지진 이 발생해 최소 97명이 사망하고 600여명이 부상을 입었다. 12월 9일 박근혜 대통령 탄핵 소추안이 가 234표, 부 56표, 기권 2표, 무효 7표로 국회를 통과하였다. 헌법재판소의 탄핵 심판이 접수되어 오후 7시 3분부터 대통령의 직무가 정지되었다. 솔로몬 제도 키라키라 서남서쪽 63 km 해역에서 규모 8.0의 지진이 발생하였다. 이로 인해 솔로몬 제도에 쓰나미 경보가 내려졌다. 감비아 에서 헌정위기 가 발생하였다. 12월 10일 - 튀르키예 이스탄불 축구장에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 46명이 사망하고 155명이 부상을 입었다. 12월 17일 - 파푸아뉴기니 타론 동쪽 60 km 해역에서 규모 8.0의 지진이 발생하였다. 12월 19일 독일 베를린 의 한 크리스마스 시장 에서 사람이 탄 트럭이 돌진하였다. 폭탄테러 가 발생해 총 12명이 사망하고 48명이 부상을 입었다. 한 남성이 1톤 트럭을 몰고 JTBC 사옥으로 돌진하였다. 다행히 다친 사람은 없었지만, 1층 정문이 파손됐다. 튀르키예 앙카라 의 현대 미술 센터에서 열린 예술 전시회에 참석 중이던 주 튀르키예 러시아 대사 안드레이 카를로프가 현지 경찰관에게 총으로 암살당했다. 범인은 몇 분 후 다른 경찰관들에게 사살됐다. 12월 25일 - 칠레 푸에르토 퀠론 서남서쪽 77 km 해역에서 규모 7.7의 지진이 발생하였다. 12월 12월 2일 - 페루 아레키파 북동쪽 143 km 지역에서 규모 6.3의 지진이 발생하였다. 12월 7일 - 인도네시아 아체주 에서 규모 6.5의 지진 이 발생해 최소 97명이 사망하고 600여명이 부상을 입었다. 12월 9일 박근혜 대통령 탄핵 소추안이 가 234표, 부 56표, 기권 2표, 무효 7표로 국회를 통과하였다. 헌법재판소의 탄핵 심판이 접수되어 오후 7시 3분부터 대통령의 직무가 정지되었다. 솔로몬 제도 키라키라 서남서쪽 63 km 해역에서 규모 8.0의 지진이 발생하였다. 이로 인해 솔로몬 제도에 쓰나미 경보가 내려졌다. 감비아 에서 헌정위기 가 발생하였다. 박근혜 대통령 탄핵 소추안이 가 234표, 부 56표, 기권 2표, 무효 7표로 국회를 통과하였다. 헌법재판소의 탄핵 심판이 접수되어 오후 7시 3분부터 대통령의 직무가 정지되었다. 솔로몬 제도 키라키라 서남서쪽 63 km 해역에서 규모 8.0의 지진이 발생하였다. 이로 인해 솔로몬 제도에 쓰나미 경보가 내려졌다. 감비아 에서 헌정위기 가 발생하였다. 12월 10일 - 튀르키예 이스탄불 축구장에서 폭탄테러 가 발생해 46명이 사망하고 155명이 부상을 입었다. 12월 17일 - 파푸아뉴기니 타론 동쪽 60 km 해역에서 규모 8.0의 지진이 발생하였다. 12월 19일 독일 베를린 의 한 크리스마스 시장 에서 사람이 탄 트럭이 돌진하였다. 폭탄테러 가 발생해 총 12명이 사망하고 48명이 부상을 입었다. 한 남성이 1톤 트럭을 몰고 JTBC 사옥으로 돌진하였다. 다행히 다친 사람은 없었지만, 1층 정문이 파손됐다. 튀르키예 앙카라 의 현대 미술 센터에서 열린 예술 전시회에 참석 중이던 주 튀르키예 러시아 대사 안드레이 카를로프가 현지 경찰관에게 총으로 암살당했다. 범인은 몇 분 후 다른 경찰관들에게 사살됐다. 독일 베를린 의 한 크리스마스 시장 에서 사람이 탄 트럭이 돌진하였다. 폭탄테러 가 발생해 총 12명이 사망하고 48명이 부상을 입었다. 한 남성이 1톤 트럭을 몰고 JTBC 사옥으로 돌진하였다. 다행히 다친 사람은 없었지만, 1층 정문이 파손됐다. 튀르키예 앙카라 의 현대 미술 센터에서 열린 예술 전시회에 참석 중이던 주 튀르키예 러시아 대사 안드레이 카를로프가 현지 경찰관에게 총으로 암살당했다. 범인은 몇 분 후 다른 경찰관들에게 사살됐다. 12월 25일 - 칠레 푸에르토 퀠론 서남서쪽 77 km 해역에서 규모 7.7의 지진이 발생하였다. 문화 [ 편집 ] 1월 12일 - 마이크로소프트 에서 윈도우 XP 임베디드 , 윈도우 8 , 인터넷 익스플로러 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 의 모든 지원을 중단하였다. [ 1 ] 1월 15일 - 걸그룹 카라 가 해체됐다. 1월 30일 - 신분당선 정자~광교 구간 개통. 2월 12일 - 2회 동계 청소년 올림픽 이 노르웨이 릴레함메르 에서 개막하였다. 2월 14일 - 교황 프란치스코 와 러시아 정교회 의 모스크바 총대주교 키릴 이 쿠바에서 만나 공동 선언에 서명하였다. 2월 20일 - 경상북도청 이 경상북도 안동시 풍천면 갈전리 신청사로 이전하였다. 2월 21일 2015-2016년 KCC 프로 농구 정규리그 마지막 경기에서 전주 KCC 이지스 프로농구단이 정규리그 우승을 차지하였다. [ 2 ] 2회 동계 청소년 올림픽 이 노르웨이 릴레함메르 에서 폐막하였다. 삼성전자 의 갤럭시 S7 과 LG전자 의 LG G5 가 스페인 바르셀로나 가전박람회에서 처음 공개되었다. 2월 26일 - 제주특별자치도 서귀포시 강정마을 에서 제주 해군기지 가 완공되었다. 2월 28일 제88회 아카데미상 시상식이 캘리포니아주 로스앤젤레스 할리우드 의 돌비 극장 에서 열렸다. 제88회 아카데미상 에서 《 스포트라이트 》가 작품상, 알레한드로 곤살레스 이냐리투 가 감독상, 레오나르도 디카프리오 가 남우주연상, 브리 라슨 이 여우주연상을 수상하였으며, 《 매드 맥스: 분노의 도로 》는 최다 수상인 6개 부문에서 수상하였다. 3월 1일 - 대한민국 JTBC2 개국. 3월 4일 - 월트 디즈니 픽처스 의 영화 주토피아 가 개봉되었다. 3월 8일 - 2016년 KBO 리그 의 시범경기가 개막하였다. 3월 9일 오전 10시 10분부터 오전 11시 24분까지 일식 이 진행되었다. 반대로 태평양과 인도양에서는 개기 일식 이 진행되었다. 이세돌 9단과 인공지능 알파고 와의 바둑대결이 1주일간의 일정으로 시작되었다. 바둑 대결에서 알파고가 1번째 대국에서 처음으로 승리하였다. 3월 11일 - 미국 과 캐나다 가 19년만에 정상회담을 개최했다. 3월 15일 - 이세돌 9단과 알파고 와의 5번째 바둑대결에서 알파고가 승리했다. 이로써 이세돌은 1승 4패, 알파고는 4승 1패로 알파고의 최종 우승이 확정되었다. 3월 19일 - 대구삼성라이온즈파크 개장. 3월 26일 - 홋카이도 신칸센 신아오모리역 에서 신하코다테호쿠토역 구간이 개통되었다. 3월 29일 - 한국프로농구 KBL 챔피언결정전 6차전에서 고양 오리온 오리온스 가 전주 KCC 이지스 를 120대 86으로 꺾고 시리즈 전적 4승 2패로 2002년 이후 14년만에 통산 2번째 우승을 달성하였다. 4월 1일 - 2016년 KBO 리그 가 개막하였다. 4월 12일 - 플라이강원 설립 4월 14일 - 1세대 아이돌 그룹 젝스키스 가 16년만에 재결합하였다. 4월 22일 - 볼빨간사춘기 가 데뷔하였다. 4월 27일 - 대한민국의 MBN플러스 개국. 4월 30일 - 로또 6/45 가 700회를 맞이했다. 5월 - 에어로케이항공 설립 5월 3일 - 축구 리그인 프리미어리그 에서 레스터 시티 FC 가 창가 16만에 단 132년만에 첫 우승을 하였다. 5월 4일 - 《 Mnet PRODUCE 101 》을 통해 탄생한 걸그룹 아이오아이 가 데뷔하였다. 5월 9일 - 수성 일면통과 가 발생하였다. 남아메리카, 북아메리카 동부, 서유럽에서 전 과정을 볼 수 있고 오스트레일리아와 동아시아를 제외한 모든 지역에서 일부 과정을 볼 수 있게 되었다. 5월 10일 - KNN 러브FM 개국. 5월 25일 - 제3대 천주교 원주교구장 조규만 주교의 착좌식이 거행되었다. 6월 1일 - 세계에서 가장 길고 깊은 교통 터널인 고트하르트 베이스 터널 ( GBT )이 개통되었다. 6월 3일 - 2016년 코파 아메리카 가 미국 에서 개막하였다. 6월 8일 - 천주교 마산교구 제5대 교구장 배기현 주교의 주교 서품식과 교구장 착좌식이 거행되었다. 6월 10일 - UEFA 유로 2016 이 프랑스 에서 개막하였다. 6월 16일 - 상하이 디즈니랜드 개장. 6월 26일 2016년 코파 아메리카 가 미국 에서 폐막하였다. 파나마 운하 가 102년만에 확장 개통되었다. 7월 10일 - 포르투갈이 사상 첫 우승을 차지하면서 UEFA 유로 2016 이 프랑스 에서 폐막하였다. 7월 19일 - 전미 농구 협회 소속인 클리블랜드 캐벌리어스 가 골든스테이트 워리어스 를 꺾고 창단 이래 처음으로 우승을 차지하였다. [ 3 ] 7월 26일 - 제31차 세계 청년 대회 가 폴란드 크라쿠프 에서 개막하였다. 7월 28일 - 재건축·재개발 사업 시행자가 기부채납 토지의 50%까지를 부동산이 아닌 현금으로 납부할 수 있게 규정한 도시정비법(도시 및 주거환경 정비법) 시행령 개정안이 개정, 발효되었다. 7월 29일 - 마이크로소프트 에서 윈도우 10 무료 업그레이드 지원을 종료하였다. 7월 30일 - 인천 도시철도 2호선 이 개통되다. 7월 31일 제31차 세계 청년 대회 가 폴란드 크라쿠프 에서 폐막하였다. 해리 포터와 저주받은 아이 가 출판되었다. 8월 2일 삼성전자 가 미국 뉴욕에서 삼성 갤럭시 언팩 2016을 열고 갤럭시 노트7 을 공개했다. 윈도우 10 레드스톤 업데이트의 배포가 시작되었다. 8월 5일 - 2016년 하계 올림픽 이 브라질 리우데자네이루 에서 개막하였다. 8월 8일 - YG 엔터테인먼트 소속 걸그룹 블랙핑크 가 데뷔하였다. 8월 18일 - 대한민국 제주특별자치도 에서 TBN제주교통방송 개국이다. 8월 19일 - 삼성 이 삼성갤럭시노트7 을 출시했다. 8월 21일 - 2016년 하계 올림픽 이 브라질 리우데자네이루 에서 폐막하였다. 9월 7일 - 2016년 하계 패럴림픽 이 브라질 리우데자네이루 에서 개막하였다. 9월 8일 - 대구 도시철도 1호선 설화명곡역 ~ 대곡역 구간이 개통되었다. 9월 18일 - 2016년 하계 패럴림픽 이 브라질 리우데자네이루 에서 폐막하였다. 9월 24일 - 2016 하계 패럴림픽의 폐막 이후에는 수도권 전철 경강선 이 판교~여주 복선전철 전 구간이 개통되었다. 10월 1일 청주문화방송 과 충주문화방송 이 통합되면서 MBC충북 으로 출범되었다. 케세이퍼시픽 항공 이 하네다 국제공항 ~ 홍콩 국제공항 간의 운항을 마지막으로 보잉 747-400 을 퇴역시켰다. 10월 26일 - 쿠키런 오븐브레이크 가 출시되다. 10월 29일 - 일본 프로 야구 일본 시리즈 6차전에서 홋카이도 닛폰햄 파이터스 가 히로시마 도요 카프 를 10대 4로 꺾고 시리즈 전적 4승 2패로 2006년 이후 10년만에 통산 3번째 우승을 달성하였다. 10월 31일 - 마이크로소프트 에서 윈도우 7 , 윈도우 8.1 판매가 단종되었다. 11월 2일 - KBO 리그 한국시리즈 4차전에서 두산 베어스 가 NC 다이노스 를 8대 1로 꺾고 시리즈 전적 4승으로 통산 5번째 우승을 달성하였다. 2015년 한국시리즈 에 이은 2연패이다. 11월 3일 - 메이저 리그 베이스볼 월드 시리즈 7차전에서 시카고 컵스 가 클리블랜드 가디언즈 를 8대 7로 꺾고 시리즈 전적 4승 3패로 1908년 이후 108년만에 통산 3번째 우승을 달성하고 폐막하였다. 11월 11일 - 광주원주고속도로 가 개통되었다. 11월 14일 - 1948년 이후 68년만에 슈퍼문 이 뜨다. ( 1948년 이후 68년만에 달과 지구 사이의 거리가 가장 가까워지다. 근지점 참조) 11월 17일 - 2017학년도 대학수학능력시험 이 시행되었다. 12월 9일 - 수서고속철도 가 개통되었다. 12월 12일 - 동대구복합환승센터 개장. 12월 27일 - 천주교 인천교구 제3대 교구장 정신철 주교의 착좌 미사가 거행되었다. 12월 24일 - KBS 연예대상 에서 김종민 이 대상수상 하였다.또한 일본의 한 서일본 여객철도 323계 전동차 가 운행 개시 했다. 12월 25일 - SBS 연예대상 에서 신동엽 이 대상수상 하였다. 12월 26일 하이패스 전용 나들목 경부고속도로 옥산IC 의 서울방향 진출입로가 개통됐다. 서산영덕고속도로 낙동JC ~ 영덕IC 구간이 개통됐다. 12월 29일 - MBC 방송연예대상 에서 유재석 이 대상수상 하였다. 12월 30일 MBC 연기대상 에서 이종석 이 대상수상 하였다. 부산권 전철 동해선 부전역 ~ 일광역 8구간 개통. 12월 31일 - CGTN 가 정식 방송을 시작했다. 문화 1월 12일 - 마이크로소프트 에서 윈도우 XP 임베디드 , 윈도우 8 , 인터넷 익스플로러 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 의 모든 지원을 중단하였다. [ 1 ] 1월 15일 - 걸그룹 카라 가 해체됐다. 1월 30일 - 신분당선 정자~광교 구간 개통. 2월 12일 - 2회 동계 청소년 올림픽 이 노르웨이 릴레함메르 에서 개막하였다. 2월 14일 - 교황 프란치스코 와 러시아 정교회 의 모스크바 총대주교 키릴 이 쿠바에서 만나 공동 선언에 서명하였다. 2월 20일 - 경상북도청 이 경상북도 안동시 풍천면 갈전리 신청사로 이전하였다. 2월 21일 2015-2016년 KCC 프로 농구 정규리그 마지막 경기에서 전주 KCC 이지스 프로농구단이 정규리그 우승을 차지하였다. [ 2 ] 2회 동계 청소년 올림픽 이 노르웨이 릴레함메르 에서 폐막하였다. 삼성전자 의 갤럭시 S7 과 LG전자 의 LG G5 가 스페인 바르셀로나 가전박람회에서 처음 공개되었다. 2015-2016년 KCC 프로 농구 정규리그 마지막 경기에서 전주 KCC 이지스 프로농구단이 정규리그 우승을 차지하였다. [ 2 ] 2회 동계 청소년 올림픽 이 노르웨이 릴레함메르 에서 폐막하였다. 삼성전자 의 갤럭시 S7 과 LG전자 의 LG G5 가 스페인 바르셀로나 가전박람회에서 처음 공개되었다. 2월 26일 - 제주특별자치도 서귀포시 강정마을 에서 제주 해군기지 가 완공되었다. 2월 28일 제88회 아카데미상 시상식이 캘리포니아주 로스앤젤레스 할리우드 의 돌비 극장 에서 열렸다. 제88회 아카데미상 에서 《 스포트라이트 》가 작품상, 알레한드로 곤살레스 이냐리투 가 감독상, 레오나르도 디카프리오 가 남우주연상, 브리 라슨 이 여우주연상을 수상하였으며, 《 매드 맥스: 분노의 도로 》는 최다 수상인 6개 부문에서 수상하였다. 제88회 아카데미상 시상식이 캘리포니아주 로스앤젤레스 할리우드 의 돌비 극장 에서 열렸다. 제88회 아카데미상 에서 《 스포트라이트 》가 작품상, 알레한드로 곤살레스 이냐리투 가 감독상, 레오나르도 디카프리오 가 남우주연상, 브리 라슨 이 여우주연상을 수상하였으며, 《 매드 맥스: 분노의 도로 》는 최다 수상인 6개 부문에서 수상하였다. 3월 1일 - 대한민국 JTBC2 개국. 3월 4일 - 월트 디즈니 픽처스 의 영화 주토피아 가 개봉되었다. 3월 8일 - 2016년 KBO 리그 의 시범경기가 개막하였다. 3월 9일 오전 10시 10분부터 오전 11시 24분까지 일식 이 진행되었다. 반대로 태평양과 인도양에서는 개기 일식 이 진행되었다. 이세돌 9단과 인공지능 알파고 와의 바둑대결이 1주일간의 일정으로 시작되었다. 바둑 대결에서 알파고가 1번째 대국에서 처음으로 승리하였다. 오전 10시 10분부터 오전 11시 24분까지 일식 이 진행되었다. 반대로 태평양과 인도양에서는 개기 일식 이 진행되었다. 이세돌 9단과 인공지능 알파고 와의 바둑대결이 1주일간의 일정으로 시작되었다. 바둑 대결에서 알파고가 1번째 대국에서 처음으로 승리하였다. 3월 11일 - 미국 과 캐나다 가 19년만에 정상회담을 개최했다. 3월 15일 - 이세돌 9단과 알파고 와의 5번째 바둑대결에서 알파고가 승리했다. 이로써 이세돌은 1승 4패, 알파고는 4승 1패로 알파고의 최종 우승이 확정되었다. 3월 19일 - 대구삼성라이온즈파크 개장. 3월 26일 - 홋카이도 신칸센 신아오모리역 에서 신하코다테호쿠토역 구간이 개통되었다. 3월 29일 - 한국프로농구 KBL 챔피언결정전 6차전에서 고양 오리온 오리온스 가 전주 KCC 이지스 를 120대 86으로 꺾고 시리즈 전적 4승 2패로 2002년 이후 14년만에 통산 2번째 우승을 달성하였다. 4월 1일 - 2016년 KBO 리그 가 개막하였다. 4월 12일 - 플라이강원 설립 4월 14일 - 1세대 아이돌 그룹 젝스키스 가 16년만에 재결합하였다. 4월 22일 - 볼빨간사춘기 가 데뷔하였다. 4월 27일 - 대한민국의 MBN플러스 개국. 4월 30일 - 로또 6/45 가 700회를 맞이했다. 5월 - 에어로케이항공 설립 5월 3일 - 축구 리그인 프리미어리그 에서 레스터 시티 FC 가 창가 16만에 단 132년만에 첫 우승을 하였다. 5월 4일 - 《 Mnet PRODUCE 101 》을 통해 탄생한 걸그룹 아이오아이 가 데뷔하였다. 5월 9일 - 수성 일면통과 가 발생하였다. 남아메리카, 북아메리카 동부, 서유럽에서 전 과정을 볼 수 있고 오스트레일리아와 동아시아를 제외한 모든 지역에서 일부 과정을 볼 수 있게 되었다. 5월 10일 - KNN 러브FM 개국. 5월 25일 - 제3대 천주교 원주교구장 조규만 주교의 착좌식이 거행되었다. 6월 1일 - 세계에서 가장 길고 깊은 교통 터널인 고트하르트 베이스 터널 ( GBT )이 개통되었다. 6월 3일 - 2016년 코파 아메리카 가 미국 에서 개막하였다. 6월 8일 - 천주교 마산교구 제5대 교구장 배기현 주교의 주교 서품식과 교구장 착좌식이 거행되었다. 6월 10일 - UEFA 유로 2016 이 프랑스 에서 개막하였다. 6월 16일 - 상하이 디즈니랜드 개장. 6월 26일 2016년 코파 아메리카 가 미국 에서 폐막하였다. 파나마 운하 가 102년만에 확장 개통되었다. 2016년 코파 아메리카 가 미국 에서 폐막하였다. 파나마 운하 가 102년만에 확장 개통되었다. 7월 10일 - 포르투갈이 사상 첫 우승을 차지하면서 UEFA 유로 2016 이 프랑스 에서 폐막하였다. 7월 19일 - 전미 농구 협회 소속인 클리블랜드 캐벌리어스 가 골든스테이트 워리어스 를 꺾고 창단 이래 처음으로 우승을 차지하였다. [ 3 ] 7월 26일 - 제31차 세계 청년 대회 가 폴란드 크라쿠프 에서 개막하였다. 7월 28일 - 재건축·재개발 사업 시행자가 기부채납 토지의 50%까지를 부동산이 아닌 현금으로 납부할 수 있게 규정한 도시정비법(도시 및 주거환경 정비법) 시행령 개정안이 개정, 발효되었다. 7월 29일 - 마이크로소프트 에서 윈도우 10 무료 업그레이드 지원을 종료하였다. 7월 30일 - 인천 도시철도 2호선 이 개통되다. 7월 31일 제31차 세계 청년 대회 가 폴란드 크라쿠프 에서 폐막하였다. 해리 포터와 저주받은 아이 가 출판되었다. 제31차 세계 청년 대회 가 폴란드 크라쿠프 에서 폐막하였다. 해리 포터와 저주받은 아이 가 출판되었다. 8월 2일 삼성전자 가 미국 뉴욕에서 삼성 갤럭시 언팩 2016을 열고 갤럭시 노트7 을 공개했다. 윈도우 10 레드스톤 업데이트의 배포가 시작되었다. 삼성전자 가 미국 뉴욕에서 삼성 갤럭시 언팩 2016을 열고 갤럭시 노트7 을 공개했다. 윈도우 10 레드스톤 업데이트의 배포가 시작되었다. 8월 5일 - 2016년 하계 올림픽 이 브라질 리우데자네이루 에서 개막하였다. 8월 8일 - YG 엔터테인먼트 소속 걸그룹 블랙핑크 가 데뷔하였다. 8월 18일 - 대한민국 제주특별자치도 에서 TBN제주교통방송 개국이다. 8월 19일 - 삼성 이 삼성갤럭시노트7 을 출시했다. 8월 21일 - 2016년 하계 올림픽 이 브라질 리우데자네이루 에서 폐막하였다. 9월 7일 - 2016년 하계 패럴림픽 이 브라질 리우데자네이루 에서 개막하였다. 9월 8일 - 대구 도시철도 1호선 설화명곡역 ~ 대곡역 구간이 개통되었다. 9월 18일 - 2016년 하계 패럴림픽 이 브라질 리우데자네이루 에서 폐막하였다. 9월 24일 - 2016 하계 패럴림픽의 폐막 이후에는 수도권 전철 경강선 이 판교~여주 복선전철 전 구간이 개통되었다. 10월 1일 청주문화방송 과 충주문화방송 이 통합되면서 MBC충북 으로 출범되었다. 케세이퍼시픽 항공 이 하네다 국제공항 ~ 홍콩 국제공항 간의 운항을 마지막으로 보잉 747-400 을 퇴역시켰다. 청주문화방송 과 충주문화방송 이 통합되면서 MBC충북 으로 출범되었다. 케세이퍼시픽 항공 이 하네다 국제공항 ~ 홍콩 국제공항 간의 운항을 마지막으로 보잉 747-400 을 퇴역시켰다. 10월 26일 - 쿠키런 오븐브레이크 가 출시되다. 10월 29일 - 일본 프로 야구 일본 시리즈 6차전에서 홋카이도 닛폰햄 파이터스 가 히로시마 도요 카프 를 10대 4로 꺾고 시리즈 전적 4승 2패로 2006년 이후 10년만에 통산 3번째 우승을 달성하였다. 10월 31일 - 마이크로소프트 에서 윈도우 7 , 윈도우 8.1 판매가 단종되었다. 11월 2일 - KBO 리그 한국시리즈 4차전에서 두산 베어스 가 NC 다이노스 를 8대 1로 꺾고 시리즈 전적 4승으로 통산 5번째 우승을 달성하였다. 2015년 한국시리즈 에 이은 2연패이다. 11월 3일 - 메이저 리그 베이스볼 월드 시리즈 7차전에서 시카고 컵스 가 클리블랜드 가디언즈 를 8대 7로 꺾고 시리즈 전적 4승 3패로 1908년 이후 108년만에 통산 3번째 우승을 달성하고 폐막하였다. 11월 11일 - 광주원주고속도로 가 개통되었다. 11월 14일 - 1948년 이후 68년만에 슈퍼문 이 뜨다. ( 1948년 이후 68년만에 달과 지구 사이의 거리가 가장 가까워지다. 근지점 참조) 11월 17일 - 2017학년도 대학수학능력시험 이 시행되었다. 12월 9일 - 수서고속철도 가 개통되었다. 12월 12일 - 동대구복합환승센터 개장. 12월 27일 - 천주교 인천교구 제3대 교구장 정신철 주교의 착좌 미사가 거행되었다. 12월 24일 - KBS 연예대상 에서 김종민 이 대상수상 하였다.또한 일본의 한 서일본 여객철도 323계 전동차 가 운행 개시 했다. 12월 25일 - SBS 연예대상 에서 신동엽 이 대상수상 하였다. 12월 26일 하이패스 전용 나들목 경부고속도로 옥산IC 의 서울방향 진출입로가 개통됐다. 서산영덕고속도로 낙동JC ~ 영덕IC 구간이 개통됐다. 12월 29일 - MBC 방송연예대상 에서 유재석 이 대상수상 하였다. 12월 30일 MBC 연기대상 에서 이종석 이 대상수상 하였다. 부산권 전철 동해선 부전역 ~ 일광역 8구간 개통. MBC 연기대상 에서 이종석 이 대상수상 하였다. 부산권 전철 동해선 부전역 ~ 일광역 8구간 개통. 12월 31일 - CGTN 가 정식 방송을 시작했다. 탄생 [ 편집 ] .mw-parser-output .hatnote{}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em} 다음 분류도 참고하십시오: 분류:2016년 출생 1월 4일 - 대한민국의 아역 배우 정민준 . 1월 29일 - 대한민국의 유튜버 김승리. 2월 5일 - 부탄의 왕태자 지그메 남기엘 왕축 . 3월 2일 - 스웨덴의 왕자 스코네 공작 오스카르 왕자 . 3월 3일 - 대한민국의 배우 김태연. 4월 27일 - 대한민국의 아역 배우 윤채나 . 6월 1일 - 대한민국의 아역 배우, 모델 한주현 . 6월 11일 - 대한민국의 아역배우 신수아 . 미상 [ 편집 ] 대한민국의 배우 강혜원 . 탄생 1월 4일 - 대한민국의 아역 배우 정민준 . 1월 29일 - 대한민국의 유튜버 김승리. 2월 5일 - 부탄의 왕태자 지그메 남기엘 왕축 . 3월 2일 - 스웨덴의 왕자 스코네 공작 오스카르 왕자 . 3월 3일 - 대한민국의 배우 김태연. 4월 27일 - 대한민국의 아역 배우 윤채나 . 6월 1일 - 대한민국의 아역 배우, 모델 한주현 . 6월 11일 - 대한민국의 아역배우 신수아 . 미상 [ 편집 ] 대한민국의 배우 강혜원 . 미상 대한민국의 배우 강혜원 . 사망 [ 편집 ] 이 부분의 본문은 분류:2016년 사망 및 2016년 죽음 입니다. 데이비드 보위 앨런 릭먼 부트로스 부트로스갈리 하퍼 리 낸시 레이건 요한 크라위프 한스디트리히 겐셔 프린스 무하마드 알리 S. R. 나산 발터 셸 카를로 아첼리오 참피 시몬 페레스 푸미폰 아둔야뎃 카를루스 아우베르투 토히스 레너드 코언 피델 카스트로 존 글렌 조지 마이클 라트나시리 위크레마나야케 데비 레이놀즈 1월 [ 편집 ] 이 부분의 본문은 2016년 1월 죽음 입니다. 1월 2일 - 사우디아라비아의 시아파 지도자 님르 알님르 . ( 1959년 ~) 1월 3일 대한민국의 만화가 이상무 . ( 1946년 ~) 미국의 외교관 스티븐 보즈워스 . ( 1939년 ~) 1월 5일 - 프랑스의 지휘자, 작곡가 피에르 불레즈 . ( 1925년 ~) 1월 8일 - 대한민국의 연극배우 백성희 . ( 1925년 ~) 1월 10일 - 영국의 가수 데이비드 보위 . ( 1947년 ~) 1월 14일 - 영국의 배우 앨런 릭먼 . ( 1946년 ~) 1월 15일 - 대한민국의 경제학자 신영복 . ( 1941년 ~) 1월 18일 대한민국의 야구 선수 황규봉 . ( 1953년 ~) 미국의 가수 글렌 프라이 . ( 1948년 ~) 1월 19일 - 이탈리아의 영화 감독 에토레 스콜라 . ( 1931년 ~) 1월 21일 - 대한민국의 무용가 강선영 . ( 1925년 ~) 1월 25일 - 독일의 기자, 언론인 위르겐 힌츠페터 . ( 1937년 ~) 1월 27일 - 대한민국의 종교인 이상훈. ( 1924년 ~) 1월 28일 - 미국의 가수 폴 캔트너 . ( 1941년 ~) 1월 29일 - 프랑스의 영화감독 자크 리베트 . ( 1928년 ~) 2월 [ 편집 ] 이 부분의 본문은 2016년 2월 죽음 입니다. 2월 1일 대한민국의 정치인 김명윤 . ( 1924년 ~) 과테말라의 군인, 정치인 오스카르 움베르토 메히아 빅토레스 . ( 1930년 ~) 2월 3일 - 미국의 가수 모리스 화이트 . ( 1941년 ~) 2월 10일 - 대한민국의 축구 선수, 축구 감독 정병탁 . ( 1942년 ~) 2월 13일 - 미국의 대법관 앤터닌 스컬리아 . ( 1936년 ~) 2월 16일 - 이집트의 정치인, 유엔 사무총장 부트로스 부트로스갈리 . ( 1922년 ~) 2월 17일 - 폴란드의 영화 감독 안제이 주와프스키 . ( 1940년 ~) 2월 18일 - 일본의 소설가 쓰시마 유코 . (1947년~) 2월 19일 미국의 소설가 하퍼 리 . ( 1926년 ~) 이탈리아의 학자, 소설가 움베르토 에코 . ( 1932년 ~) 2월 20일 대한민국의 정치인 이기택 . ( 1937년 ~) 대한민국의 역도 선수 김성집 . ( 1919년 ~) 2월 27일 - 대한민국의 정치인 이철승 . ( 1922년 ~) 2월 28일 - 미국의 배우 조지 케네디 . ( 1925년 ~) 3월 [ 편집 ] 이 부분의 본문은 2016년 3월 죽음 입니다. 3월 5일 대한민국의 언론인, 정치인 허문도 . (1940년~) 오스트리아의 지휘자 니콜라우스 아르농쿠르 . (1929년~) 3월 6일 - 미국의 배우, 영부인 낸시 레이건 . ( 1921년 ~) 3월 8일 - 영국의 음악 프로듀서 조지 마틴 . ( 1926년 ~) 3월 12일 - 미국의 수학자이자 경제학자 로이드 섀플리 . ( 1923년 ~) 3월 14일 - 영국의 작곡가, 지휘자 피터 맥스웰 데이비스 . ( 1934년 ~) 3월 18일 - 독일의 정치인 기도 베스터벨레 . ( 1961년 ~) 3월 23일 - 대한민국의 정치인, 언론인 강인섭 . ( 1936년 ~) 3월 24일 대한민국의 정치인 곽정숙 . ( 1960년 ~) 미국의 기업인, 공학자 앤디 그로브 . ( 1936년 ~) 네덜란드의 축구 선수, 축구 감독 요한 크라위프 . ( 1947년 ~) 3월 26일 - 미국의 배우 켄 하워드 . ( 1944년 ~) 3월 27일 - 미국의 배우, 희극인 게리 샌들링 . ( 1949년 ~) 3월 29일 - 미국의 영화배우 패티 듀크 . ( 1946년 ~) 3월 31일 영국의 건축가 자하 하디드 . ( 1950년 ~) 독일의 정치인 한스디트리히 겐셔 . ( 1927년 ~) 4월 [ 편집 ] 이 부분의 본문은 2016년 4월 죽음 입니다. 4월 3일 대한민국의 쇼트트랙 선수 노진규 . ( 1992년 ~) 일본의 가수 와다 코지 . ( 1974년 ~) 이탈리아의 축구 선수이자 축구 감독 체사레 말디니 . (1932년~) 4월 4일 - 대한민국의 시인 송수권 . ( 1940년 ~) 4월 5일 - 대한민국의 기업인 임대홍 . ( 1920년 ~) 4월 6일 대한민국의 변호사 김창국 . ( 1940년 ~) 대한민국의 배우 김진구 . ( 1945년 ~) 미국의 가수 멀 해거드 . ( 1937년 ~) 4월 17일 - 미국의 배우 도리스 로버츠 . (1929년~) 4월 19일 대한민국의 작가 신봉승 . ( 1933년 ~) 칠레의 제36대 대통령 파트리시오 아일윈 . ( 1918년 ~) 4월 20일 - 미국의 프로레슬링 선수 차이나 . ( 1969년 ~) 4월 24일 - 대한민국의 모델 허경식. ( 1986년 ~) 4월 21일 - 미국의 가수 프린스 . ( 1958년 ~) 4월 30일 - 캐나다의 경제학자 스탠리 웡 . ( 1947년 ~) 5월 [ 편집 ] 이 부분의 본문은 2016년 5월 죽음 입니다. 5월 5일 - 대한민국의 만화가 오세영 . ( 1955년 ~) 5월 7일 - 대한민국의 기업인 구태회 . ( 1923년 ~) 5월 8일 - 대한민국의 언론인, 기업인 방우영 . ( 1928년 ~) 5월 10일 - 대한민국의 군인, 정치인 강영훈 . ( 1922년 ~) 5월 17일 대한민국의 국회의장 김재순 . ( 1923년 ~) 대한민국의 목사 엄두섭 . (1919년~) 5월 19일 - 대한민국의 독립운동가, 군인 겸 정치인 김신 . ( 1922년 ~) 5월 20일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국의 외교관이자 정치가 강석주 . ( 1939년 ~) 5월 30일 - 대한민국의 천주교 인천교구 교구장인 최기산 . (1948년~) 6월 [ 편집 ] 이 부분의 본문은 2016년 6월 죽음 입니다. 6월 2일 - 대한민국의 배우 정진 . ( 1941년 ~) 6월 3일 - 미국의 권투 선수 무하마드 알리 . (1942년~) 6월 11일 - 영국의 극작가 피터 섀퍼 . (1926년~) 6월 13일 - 미국의 가수 크리스티나 그리미 . (1994년~) 6월 16일 - 대한민국의 공학자이자 정치인 김기형 . (1925년~) 6월 19일 - 미국의 배우 안톤 옐친 . (1989년~) 6월 26일 - 대한민국의 배우 김성민 . (1973년~) 6월 27일 대한민국의 쇼트트랙선수 오세종 . (1982년~) 미국의 미래학자 앨빈 토플러 . (1928년~) 7월 [ 편집 ] 이 부분의 본문은 2016년 7월 죽음 입니다. 7월 2일 미국의 작가 엘리 위젤 . (1928년~) 미국의 영화감독 마이클 치미노 . (1939년~) 프랑스의 정치인 미셸 로카르 . (1928년~) 7월 3일 대한민국의 군인이자 정치인 박준병 . (1933년~) 대한민국의 작곡가 전오승 . (1923년~) 7월 4일 - 이란의 영화감독 아바스 키아로스타미 . (1940년~) 7월 16일 - 대한민국의 가수 손인호 . (1926년~) 7월 19일 - 미국의 영화감독 게리 마셜 . (1934년~) 7월 24일 - 미국의 가수 마니 닉슨 . (1930년~) 7월 31일 - 대한민국의 농학자 이춘녕 . (1917년~) 8월 [ 편집 ] 이 부분의 본문은 2016년 8월 죽음 입니다. 8월 1일 - 루마니아 왕국 미하이 1세 의 왕비 안 드 부르봉파르므 . (1923년~) 8월 2일 미국의 과학자 아메드 즈웨일 . ( 1946년 ~) 미국의 영화배우 데이비드 허들스턴 . (1930년~) 8월 13일 대한민국의 작사가 정두수 . ( 1937년 ~) 영국의 배우 케니 베이커 . (1934년~) 8월 14일 - 일본의 야구 선수, 해설가 도요다 야스미쓰 . (1920년~) 8월 15일 대한민국의 만화가 백무현 . (1964년~) 잉글랜드의 축구 선수 데일리언 앳킨슨 . (1968년~) 일본의 성인 비디오 배우 아카네 호타루 . (1983년~) 8월 17일 - 캐나다의 영화감독 아서 힐러 . (1923년~) 8월 22일 - 싱가포르의 제6대 대통령 S. R. 나산 . ( 1924년 ~) 8월 24일 - 독일의 제4대 대통령 발터 셸 . (1919년~) 8월 26일 - 대한민국의 기업인 이인원 . (1947년~) 8월 27일 대한민국의 희극인, 영화배우 구봉서 . (1926년~) 대한민국의 시인 정완영 . (1919년~) 대한민국의 기초자치단체장 정장식 . (1950년~) 8월 28일 - 미국의 프로레슬링 선수 미스터 후지 . (1935년~) 8월 29일 - 미국의 배우 진 와일더 . (1933년~) 9월 [ 편집 ] 이 부분의 본문은 2016년 9월 죽음 입니다. 9월 1일 - 대한민국의 전 야구 선수 유두열 . (1956년~) 9월 2일 - 우즈베키스탄의 제1대 대통령 이슬람 카리모프 . (1938년~) 9월 5일 - 미국의 보수주의 운동가 필리스 슐래플리 . ( 1924년 ~) 9월 8일 - 대한민국의 야구 해설가 하일성 . (1949년~) 9월 11일 - 미국의 배우 알렉시스 아켓 . (1969년~) 9월 12일 - 대한민국의 기업인 함태호 . (1930년~) 9월 16일 이탈리아의 제10대 대통령 카를로 아첼리오 참피 . (1920년~) 미국의 극작가 에드워드 올비 . (1969년~) 9월 17일 - 미국의 배우 차미언 카 . (1930년~) 9월 18일 - 대한민국의 소설가 이호철 . (1932년~) 9월 23일 - 대한민국의 신부 조비오 . (1938년~) 9월 25일 대한민국의 농민운동가 백남기 . (1947년~) 미국의 야구 선수 호세 페르난데스 . (1992년~) 미국의 골프 선수 아널드 파머 . ( 1929년 ~) 9월 26일 - 대한민국의 축구 선수, 축구 감독 이광종 . (1964년~) 9월 28일 - 이스라엘의 제9대 대통령 시몬 페레스 . (1923년~) 10월 [ 편집 ] 이 부분의 본문은 2016년 10월 죽음 입니다. 10월 2일 대한민국의 가수 백야성 . (1934년~) 영국의 지휘자, 바이올리니스트 네빌 마리너 . ( 1924년 ~) 10월 9일 - 폴란드의 영화감독 안제이 바이다 . (1926년~) 10월 12일 - 대한민국의 바이올리니스트 권혁주 . (1955년~) 10월 13일 이탈리아의 극작가 다리오 포 . (1926년~) 태국의 국왕 라마 9세 . (1927년~) 10월 14일 - 대한민국의 소설가 송영 . (1940년~) 10월 20일 - 대한민국의 법학자 이영희 . (1943년~) 10월 22일 영국의 만화가 스티브 딜런 . (1962년~) 대한민국의 저자와 작가 김광희. (1986년~) 10월 24일 - 대한민국의 목포시장 권이담 . ( 1929년 ~) 10월 25일 대한민국의 군인이자 정치인 서종표 . (1945년~) 브라질의 축구 선수 카를루스 아우베르투 토히스 . (1944년~) 10월 27일 - 일본의 친왕 미카사노미야 다카히토 친왕 . (1915년~) 11월 [ 편집 ] 이 부분의 본문은 2016년 11월 죽음 입니다. 11월 7일 - 캐나다의 가수 레너드 코언 . (1934년~) 11월 11일 - 미국의 배우 로버트 본 . (1932년~) 11월 13일 - 미국의 가수 리언 러셀 . (1942년~) 11월 14일 - 대한민국의 가수 조덕환 . (1953년~) 11월 15일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국의 정치인 변영립 . (1953년~) 11월 17일 - 대한민국의 가수 이영숙 . ( 1949년 ~) 11월 20일 - 그리스의 제6대 대통령 콘스탄티노스 스테파노풀로스 . (1949년~) 11월 25일 대한민국의 희극인 이하원 . (1956년~) 쿠바의 정치가 피델 카스트로 . (1926년~) 11월 28일 조선민주주의인민공화국의 정치인 김명국 . (1940년~) 브라질의 축구ㅍ선수 클레베르 산타나 . (1981년~) 12월 [ 편집 ] 이 부분의 본문은 2016년 12월 죽음 입니다. 12월 2일 - 미국의 다이빙 선수 새미 리 . (1920년~) 12월 3일 - 대한민국의 군인이자 대통령 비서실장 김계원 . (1923년~) 12월 8일 - 미국의 우주비행사 존 글렌 . (1921년~) 12월 10일 - 대한민국의 배우 정후 . (1984년~) 12월 11일 - 일본의 전 야구 선수, 야구 해설가 가토 하지메 . (1949년~) 12월 13일 - 미국의 경제학자 토머스 셸링 . (1921년~) 12월 18일 - 미국의 배우 자 자 가보르 . (1917년~) 12월 24일 - 영국의 가수 릭 파핏 . (1948년~) 12월 25일 - 영국의 가수 조지 마이클 . (1963년~) 12월 26일 - 대한민국의 축구 선수 박재완 . (1987년~) 12월 27일 미국의 배우 캐리 피셔 . (1956년~) 스리랑카의 14대 총리 라트나시리 위크레마나야케 . (1933년~) 12월 28일 - 미국의 배우 데비 레이놀즈 . (1932년~) 12월 29일 - 대한민국의 언론인 최창봉 . ( 1925년 ~) 사망 1월 [ 편집 ] 이 부분의 본문은 2016년 1월 죽음 입니다. 1월 2일 - 사우디아라비아의 시아파 지도자 님르 알님르 . ( 1959년 ~) 1월 3일 대한민국의 만화가 이상무 . ( 1946년 ~) 미국의 외교관 스티븐 보즈워스 . ( 1939년 ~) 1월 5일 - 프랑스의 지휘자, 작곡가 피에르 불레즈 . ( 1925년 ~) 1월 8일 - 대한민국의 연극배우 백성희 . ( 1925년 ~) 1월 10일 - 영국의 가수 데이비드 보위 . ( 1947년 ~) 1월 14일 - 영국의 배우 앨런 릭먼 . ( 1946년 ~) 1월 15일 - 대한민국의 경제학자 신영복 . ( 1941년 ~) 1월 18일 대한민국의 야구 선수 황규봉 . ( 1953년 ~) 미국의 가수 글렌 프라이 . ( 1948년 ~) 1월 19일 - 이탈리아의 영화 감독 에토레 스콜라 . ( 1931년 ~) 1월 21일 - 대한민국의 무용가 강선영 . ( 1925년 ~) 1월 25일 - 독일의 기자, 언론인 위르겐 힌츠페터 . ( 1937년 ~) 1월 27일 - 대한민국의 종교인 이상훈. ( 1924년 ~) 1월 28일 - 미국의 가수 폴 캔트너 . ( 1941년 ~) 1월 29일 - 프랑스의 영화감독 자크 리베트 . ( 1928년 ~) 1월 1월 2일 - 사우디아라비아의 시아파 지도자 님르 알님르 . ( 1959년 ~) 1월 3일 대한민국의 만화가 이상무 . ( 1946년 ~) 미국의 외교관 스티븐 보즈워스 . ( 1939년 ~) 대한민국의 만화가 이상무 . ( 1946년 ~) 미국의 외교관 스티븐 보즈워스 . ( 1939년 ~) 1월 5일 - 프랑스의 지휘자, 작곡가 피에르 불레즈 . ( 1925년 ~) 1월 8일 - 대한민국의 연극배우 백성희 . ( 1925년 ~) 1월 10일 - 영국의 가수 데이비드 보위 . ( 1947년 ~) 1월 14일 - 영국의 배우 앨런 릭먼 . ( 1946년 ~) 1월 15일 - 대한민국의 경제학자 신영복 . ( 1941년 ~) 1월 18일 대한민국의 야구 선수 황규봉 . ( 1953년 ~) 미국의 가수 글렌 프라이 . ( 1948년 ~) 대한민국의 야구 선수 황규봉 . ( 1953년 ~) 미국의 가수 글렌 프라이 . ( 1948년 ~) 1월 19일 - 이탈리아의 영화 감독 에토레 스콜라 . ( 1931년 ~) 1월 21일 - 대한민국의 무용가 강선영 . ( 1925년 ~) 1월 25일 - 독일의 기자, 언론인 위르겐 힌츠페터 . ( 1937년 ~) 1월 27일 - 대한민국의 종교인 이상훈. ( 1924년 ~) 1월 28일 - 미국의 가수 폴 캔트너 . ( 1941년 ~) 1월 29일 - 프랑스의 영화감독 자크 리베트 . ( 1928년 ~) 2월 [ 편집 ] 이 부분의 본문은 2016년 2월 죽음 입니다. 2월 1일 대한민국의 정치인 김명윤 . ( 1924년 ~) 과테말라의 군인, 정치인 오스카르 움베르토 메히아 빅토레스 . ( 1930년 ~) 2월 3일 - 미국의 가수 모리스 화이트 . ( 1941년 ~) 2월 10일 - 대한민국의 축구 선수, 축구 감독 정병탁 . ( 1942년 ~) 2월 13일 - 미국의 대법관 앤터닌 스컬리아 . ( 1936년 ~) 2월 16일 - 이집트의 정치인, 유엔 사무총장 부트로스 부트로스갈리 . ( 1922년 ~) 2월 17일 - 폴란드의 영화 감독 안제이 주와프스키 . ( 1940년 ~) 2월 18일 - 일본의 소설가 쓰시마 유코 . (1947년~) 2월 19일 미국의 소설가 하퍼 리 . ( 1926년 ~) 이탈리아의 학자, 소설가 움베르토 에코 . ( 1932년 ~) 2월 20일 대한민국의 정치인 이기택 . ( 1937년 ~) 대한민국의 역도 선수 김성집 . ( 1919년 ~) 2월 27일 - 대한민국의 정치인 이철승 . ( 1922년 ~) 2월 28일 - 미국의 배우 조지 케네디 . ( 1925년 ~) 2월 2월 1일 대한민국의 정치인 김명윤 . ( 1924년 ~) 과테말라의 군인, 정치인 오스카르 움베르토 메히아 빅토레스 . ( 1930년 ~) 대한민국의 정치인 김명윤 . ( 1924년 ~) 과테말라의 군인, 정치인 오스카르 움베르토 메히아 빅토레스 . ( 1930년 ~) 2월 3일 - 미국의 가수 모리스 화이트 . ( 1941년 ~) 2월 10일 - 대한민국의 축구 선수, 축구 감독 정병탁 . ( 1942년 ~) 2월 13일 - 미국의 대법관 앤터닌 스컬리아 . ( 1936년 ~) 2월 16일 - 이집트의 정치인, 유엔 사무총장 부트로스 부트로스갈리 . ( 1922년 ~) 2월 17일 - 폴란드의 영화 감독 안제이 주와프스키 . ( 1940년 ~) 2월 18일 - 일본의 소설가 쓰시마 유코 . (1947년~) 2월 19일 미국의 소설가 하퍼 리 . ( 1926년 ~) 이탈리아의 학자, 소설가 움베르토 에코 . ( 1932년 ~) 미국의 소설가 하퍼 리 . ( 1926년 ~) 이탈리아의 학자, 소설가 움베르토 에코 . ( 1932년 ~) 2월 20일 대한민국의 정치인 이기택 . ( 1937년 ~) 대한민국의 역도 선수 김성집 . ( 1919년 ~) 대한민국의 정치인 이기택 . ( 1937년 ~) 대한민국의 역도 선수 김성집 . ( 1919년 ~) 2월 27일 - 대한민국의 정치인 이철승 . ( 1922년 ~) 2월 28일 - 미국의 배우 조지 케네디 . ( 1925년 ~) 3월 [ 편집 ] 이 부분의 본문은 2016년 3월 죽음 입니다. 3월 5일 대한민국의 언론인, 정치인 허문도 . (1940년~) 오스트리아의 지휘자 니콜라우스 아르농쿠르 . (1929년~) 3월 6일 - 미국의 배우, 영부인 낸시 레이건 . ( 1921년 ~) 3월 8일 - 영국의 음악 프로듀서 조지 마틴 . ( 1926년 ~) 3월 12일 - 미국의 수학자이자 경제학자 로이드 섀플리 . ( 1923년 ~) 3월 14일 - 영국의 작곡가, 지휘자 피터 맥스웰 데이비스 . ( 1934년 ~) 3월 18일 - 독일의 정치인 기도 베스터벨레 . ( 1961년 ~) 3월 23일 - 대한민국의 정치인, 언론인 강인섭 . ( 1936년 ~) 3월 24일 대한민국의 정치인 곽정숙 . ( 1960년 ~) 미국의 기업인, 공학자 앤디 그로브 . ( 1936년 ~) 네덜란드의 축구 선수, 축구 감독 요한 크라위프 . ( 1947년 ~) 3월 26일 - 미국의 배우 켄 하워드 . ( 1944년 ~) 3월 27일 - 미국의 배우, 희극인 게리 샌들링 . ( 1949년 ~) 3월 29일 - 미국의 영화배우 패티 듀크 . ( 1946년 ~) 3월 31일 영국의 건축가 자하 하디드 . ( 1950년 ~) 독일의 정치인 한스디트리히 겐셔 . ( 1927년 ~) 3월 3월 5일 대한민국의 언론인, 정치인 허문도 . (1940년~) 오스트리아의 지휘자 니콜라우스 아르농쿠르 . (1929년~) 대한민국의 언론인, 정치인 허문도 . (1940년~) 오스트리아의 지휘자 니콜라우스 아르농쿠르 . (1929년~) 3월 6일 - 미국의 배우, 영부인 낸시 레이건 . ( 1921년 ~) 3월 8일 - 영국의 음악 프로듀서 조지 마틴 . ( 1926년 ~) 3월 12일 - 미국의 수학자이자 경제학자 로이드 섀플리 . ( 1923년 ~) 3월 14일 - 영국의 작곡가, 지휘자 피터 맥스웰 데이비스 . ( 1934년 ~) 3월 18일 - 독일의 정치인 기도 베스터벨레 . ( 1961년 ~) 3월 23일 - 대한민국의 정치인, 언론인 강인섭 . ( 1936년 ~) 3월 24일 대한민국의 정치인 곽정숙 . ( 1960년 ~) 미국의 기업인, 공학자 앤디 그로브 . ( 1936년 ~) 네덜란드의 축구 선수, 축구 감독 요한 크라위프 . ( 1947년 ~) 대한민국의 정치인 곽정숙 . ( 1960년 ~) 미국의 기업인, 공학자 앤디 그로브 . ( 1936년 ~) 네덜란드의 축구 선수, 축구 감독 요한 크라위프 . ( 1947년 ~) 3월 26일 - 미국의 배우 켄 하워드 . ( 1944년 ~) 3월 27일 - 미국의 배우, 희극인 게리 샌들링 . ( 1949년 ~) 3월 29일 - 미국의 영화배우 패티 듀크 . ( 1946년 ~) 3월 31일 영국의 건축가 자하 하디드 . ( 1950년 ~) 독일의 정치인 한스디트리히 겐셔 . ( 1927년 ~) 영국의 건축가 자하 하디드 . ( 1950년 ~) 독일의 정치인 한스디트리히 겐셔 . ( 1927년 ~) 4월 [ 편집 ] 이 부분의 본문은 2016년 4월 죽음 입니다. 4월 3일 대한민국의 쇼트트랙 선수 노진규 . ( 1992년 ~) 일본의 가수 와다 코지 . ( 1974년 ~) 이탈리아의 축구 선수이자 축구 감독 체사레 말디니 . (1932년~) 4월 4일 - 대한민국의 시인 송수권 . ( 1940년 ~) 4월 5일 - 대한민국의 기업인 임대홍 . ( 1920년 ~) 4월 6일 대한민국의 변호사 김창국 . ( 1940년 ~) 대한민국의 배우 김진구 . ( 1945년 ~) 미국의 가수 멀 해거드 . ( 1937년 ~) 4월 17일 - 미국의 배우 도리스 로버츠 . (1929년~) 4월 19일 대한민국의 작가 신봉승 . ( 1933년 ~) 칠레의 제36대 대통령 파트리시오 아일윈 . ( 1918년 ~) 4월 20일 - 미국의 프로레슬링 선수 차이나 . ( 1969년 ~) 4월 24일 - 대한민국의 모델 허경식. ( 1986년 ~) 4월 21일 - 미국의 가수 프린스 . ( 1958년 ~) 4월 30일 - 캐나다의 경제학자 스탠리 웡 . ( 1947년 ~) 4월 4월 3일 대한민국의 쇼트트랙 선수 노진규 . ( 1992년 ~) 일본의 가수 와다 코지 . ( 1974년 ~) 이탈리아의 축구 선수이자 축구 감독 체사레 말디니 . (1932년~) 대한민국의 쇼트트랙 선수 노진규 . ( 1992년 ~) 일본의 가수 와다 코지 . ( 1974년 ~) 이탈리아의 축구 선수이자 축구 감독 체사레 말디니 . (1932년~) 4월 4일 - 대한민국의 시인 송수권 . ( 1940년 ~) 4월 5일 - 대한민국의 기업인 임대홍 . ( 1920년 ~) 4월 6일 대한민국의 변호사 김창국 . ( 1940년 ~) 대한민국의 배우 김진구 . ( 1945년 ~) 미국의 가수 멀 해거드 . ( 1937년 ~) 대한민국의 변호사 김창국 . ( 1940년 ~) 대한민국의 배우 김진구 . ( 1945년 ~) 미국의 가수 멀 해거드 . ( 1937년 ~) 4월 17일 - 미국의 배우 도리스 로버츠 . (1929년~) 4월 19일 대한민국의 작가 신봉승 . ( 1933년 ~) 칠레의 제36대 대통령 파트리시오 아일윈 . ( 1918년 ~) 대한민국의 작가 신봉승 . ( 1933년 ~) 칠레의 제36대 대통령 파트리시오 아일윈 . ( 1918년 ~) 4월 20일 - 미국의 프로레슬링 선수 차이나 . ( 1969년 ~) 4월 24일 - 대한민국의 모델 허경식. ( 1986년 ~) 4월 21일 - 미국의 가수 프린스 . ( 1958년 ~) 4월 30일 - 캐나다의 경제학자 스탠리 웡 . ( 1947년 ~) 5월 [ 편집 ] 이 부분의 본문은 2016년 5월 죽음 입니다. 5월 5일 - 대한민국의 만화가 오세영 . ( 1955년 ~) 5월 7일 - 대한민국의 기업인 구태회 . ( 1923년 ~) 5월 8일 - 대한민국의 언론인, 기업인 방우영 . ( 1928년 ~) 5월 10일 - 대한민국의 군인, 정치인 강영훈 . ( 1922년 ~) 5월 17일 대한민국의 국회의장 김재순 . ( 1923년 ~) 대한민국의 목사 엄두섭 . (1919년~) 5월 19일 - 대한민국의 독립운동가, 군인 겸 정치인 김신 . ( 1922년 ~) 5월 20일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국의 외교관이자 정치가 강석주 . ( 1939년 ~) 5월 30일 - 대한민국의 천주교 인천교구 교구장인 최기산 . (1948년~) 5월 5월 5일 - 대한민국의 만화가 오세영 . ( 1955년 ~) 5월 7일 - 대한민국의 기업인 구태회 . ( 1923년 ~) 5월 8일 - 대한민국의 언론인, 기업인 방우영 . ( 1928년 ~) 5월 10일 - 대한민국의 군인, 정치인 강영훈 . ( 1922년 ~) 5월 17일 대한민국의 국회의장 김재순 . ( 1923년 ~) 대한민국의 목사 엄두섭 . (1919년~) 대한민국의 국회의장 김재순 . ( 1923년 ~) 대한민국의 목사 엄두섭 . (1919년~) 5월 19일 - 대한민국의 독립운동가, 군인 겸 정치인 김신 . ( 1922년 ~) 5월 20일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국의 외교관이자 정치가 강석주 . ( 1939년 ~) 5월 30일 - 대한민국의 천주교 인천교구 교구장인 최기산 . (1948년~) 6월 [ 편집 ] 이 부분의 본문은 2016년 6월 죽음 입니다. 6월 2일 - 대한민국의 배우 정진 . ( 1941년 ~) 6월 3일 - 미국의 권투 선수 무하마드 알리 . (1942년~) 6월 11일 - 영국의 극작가 피터 섀퍼 . (1926년~) 6월 13일 - 미국의 가수 크리스티나 그리미 . (1994년~) 6월 16일 - 대한민국의 공학자이자 정치인 김기형 . (1925년~) 6월 19일 - 미국의 배우 안톤 옐친 . (1989년~) 6월 26일 - 대한민국의 배우 김성민 . (1973년~) 6월 27일 대한민국의 쇼트트랙선수 오세종 . (1982년~) 미국의 미래학자 앨빈 토플러 . (1928년~) 6월 6월 2일 - 대한민국의 배우 정진 . ( 1941년 ~) 6월 3일 - 미국의 권투 선수 무하마드 알리 . (1942년~) 6월 11일 - 영국의 극작가 피터 섀퍼 . (1926년~) 6월 13일 - 미국의 가수 크리스티나 그리미 . (1994년~) 6월 16일 - 대한민국의 공학자이자 정치인 김기형 . (1925년~) 6월 19일 - 미국의 배우 안톤 옐친 . (1989년~) 6월 26일 - 대한민국의 배우 김성민 . (1973년~) 6월 27일 대한민국의 쇼트트랙선수 오세종 . (1982년~) 미국의 미래학자 앨빈 토플러 . (1928년~) 대한민국의 쇼트트랙선수 오세종 . (1982년~) 미국의 미래학자 앨빈 토플러 . (1928년~) 7월 [ 편집 ] 이 부분의 본문은 2016년 7월 죽음 입니다. 7월 2일 미국의 작가 엘리 위젤 . (1928년~) 미국의 영화감독 마이클 치미노 . (1939년~) 프랑스의 정치인 미셸 로카르 . (1928년~) 7월 3일 대한민국의 군인이자 정치인 박준병 . (1933년~) 대한민국의 작곡가 전오승 . (1923년~) 7월 4일 - 이란의 영화감독 아바스 키아로스타미 . (1940년~) 7월 16일 - 대한민국의 가수 손인호 . (1926년~) 7월 19일 - 미국의 영화감독 게리 마셜 . (1934년~) 7월 24일 - 미국의 가수 마니 닉슨 . (1930년~) 7월 31일 - 대한민국의 농학자 이춘녕 . (1917년~) 7월 7월 2일 미국의 작가 엘리 위젤 . (1928년~) 미국의 영화감독 마이클 치미노 . (1939년~) 프랑스의 정치인 미셸 로카르 . (1928년~) 미국의 작가 엘리 위젤 . (1928년~) 미국의 영화감독 마이클 치미노 . (1939년~) 프랑스의 정치인 미셸 로카르 . (1928년~) 7월 3일 대한민국의 군인이자 정치인 박준병 . (1933년~) 대한민국의 작곡가 전오승 . (1923년~) 대한민국의 군인이자 정치인 박준병 . (1933년~) 대한민국의 작곡가 전오승 . (1923년~) 7월 4일 - 이란의 영화감독 아바스 키아로스타미 . (1940년~) 7월 16일 - 대한민국의 가수 손인호 . (1926년~) 7월 19일 - 미국의 영화감독 게리 마셜 . (1934년~) 7월 24일 - 미국의 가수 마니 닉슨 . (1930년~) 7월 31일 - 대한민국의 농학자 이춘녕 . (1917년~) 8월 [ 편집 ] 이 부분의 본문은 2016년 8월 죽음 입니다. 8월 1일 - 루마니아 왕국 미하이 1세 의 왕비 안 드 부르봉파르므 . (1923년~) 8월 2일 미국의 과학자 아메드 즈웨일 . ( 1946년 ~) 미국의 영화배우 데이비드 허들스턴 . (1930년~) 8월 13일 대한민국의 작사가 정두수 . ( 1937년 ~) 영국의 배우 케니 베이커 . (1934년~) 8월 14일 - 일본의 야구 선수, 해설가 도요다 야스미쓰 . (1920년~) 8월 15일 대한민국의 만화가 백무현 . (1964년~) 잉글랜드의 축구 선수 데일리언 앳킨슨 . (1968년~) 일본의 성인 비디오 배우 아카네 호타루 . (1983년~) 8월 17일 - 캐나다의 영화감독 아서 힐러 . (1923년~) 8월 22일 - 싱가포르의 제6대 대통령 S. R. 나산 . ( 1924년 ~) 8월 24일 - 독일의 제4대 대통령 발터 셸 . (1919년~) 8월 26일 - 대한민국의 기업인 이인원 . (1947년~) 8월 27일 대한민국의 희극인, 영화배우 구봉서 . (1926년~) 대한민국의 시인 정완영 . (1919년~) 대한민국의 기초자치단체장 정장식 . (1950년~) 8월 28일 - 미국의 프로레슬링 선수 미스터 후지 . (1935년~) 8월 29일 - 미국의 배우 진 와일더 . (1933년~) 8월 8월 1일 - 루마니아 왕국 미하이 1세 의 왕비 안 드 부르봉파르므 . (1923년~) 8월 2일 미국의 과학자 아메드 즈웨일 . ( 1946년 ~) 미국의 영화배우 데이비드 허들스턴 . (1930년~) 미국의 과학자 아메드 즈웨일 . ( 1946년 ~) 미국의 영화배우 데이비드 허들스턴 . (1930년~) 8월 13일 대한민국의 작사가 정두수 . ( 1937년 ~) 영국의 배우 케니 베이커 . (1934년~) 대한민국의 작사가 정두수 . ( 1937년 ~) 영국의 배우 케니 베이커 . (1934년~) 8월 14일 - 일본의 야구 선수, 해설가 도요다 야스미쓰 . (1920년~) 8월 15일 대한민국의 만화가 백무현 . (1964년~) 잉글랜드의 축구 선수 데일리언 앳킨슨 . (1968년~) 일본의 성인 비디오 배우 아카네 호타루 . (1983년~) 대한민국의 만화가 백무현 . (1964년~) 잉글랜드의 축구 선수 데일리언 앳킨슨 . (1968년~) 일본의 성인 비디오 배우 아카네 호타루 . (1983년~) 8월 17일 - 캐나다의 영화감독 아서 힐러 . (1923년~) 8월 22일 - 싱가포르의 제6대 대통령 S. R. 나산 . ( 1924년 ~) 8월 24일 - 독일의 제4대 대통령 발터 셸 . (1919년~) 8월 26일 - 대한민국의 기업인 이인원 . (1947년~) 8월 27일 대한민국의 희극인, 영화배우 구봉서 . (1926년~) 대한민국의 시인 정완영 . (1919년~) 대한민국의 기초자치단체장 정장식 . (1950년~) 대한민국의 희극인, 영화배우 구봉서 . (1926년~) 대한민국의 시인 정완영 . (1919년~) 대한민국의 기초자치단체장 정장식 . (1950년~) 8월 28일 - 미국의 프로레슬링 선수 미스터 후지 . (1935년~) 8월 29일 - 미국의 배우 진 와일더 . (1933년~) 9월 [ 편집 ] 이 부분의 본문은 2016년 9월 죽음 입니다. 9월 1일 - 대한민국의 전 야구 선수 유두열 . (1956년~) 9월 2일 - 우즈베키스탄의 제1대 대통령 이슬람 카리모프 . (1938년~) 9월 5일 - 미국의 보수주의 운동가 필리스 슐래플리 . ( 1924년 ~) 9월 8일 - 대한민국의 야구 해설가 하일성 . (1949년~) 9월 11일 - 미국의 배우 알렉시스 아켓 . (1969년~) 9월 12일 - 대한민국의 기업인 함태호 . (1930년~) 9월 16일 이탈리아의 제10대 대통령 카를로 아첼리오 참피 . (1920년~) 미국의 극작가 에드워드 올비 . (1969년~) 9월 17일 - 미국의 배우 차미언 카 . (1930년~) 9월 18일 - 대한민국의 소설가 이호철 . (1932년~) 9월 23일 - 대한민국의 신부 조비오 . (1938년~) 9월 25일 대한민국의 농민운동가 백남기 . (1947년~) 미국의 야구 선수 호세 페르난데스 . (1992년~) 미국의 골프 선수 아널드 파머 . ( 1929년 ~) 9월 26일 - 대한민국의 축구 선수, 축구 감독 이광종 . (1964년~) 9월 28일 - 이스라엘의 제9대 대통령 시몬 페레스 . (1923년~) 9월 9월 1일 - 대한민국의 전 야구 선수 유두열 . (1956년~) 9월 2일 - 우즈베키스탄의 제1대 대통령 이슬람 카리모프 . (1938년~) 9월 5일 - 미국의 보수주의 운동가 필리스 슐래플리 . ( 1924년 ~) 9월 8일 - 대한민국의 야구 해설가 하일성 . (1949년~) 9월 11일 - 미국의 배우 알렉시스 아켓 . (1969년~) 9월 12일 - 대한민국의 기업인 함태호 . (1930년~) 9월 16일 이탈리아의 제10대 대통령 카를로 아첼리오 참피 . (1920년~) 미국의 극작가 에드워드 올비 . (1969년~) 이탈리아의 제10대 대통령 카를로 아첼리오 참피 . (1920년~) 미국의 극작가 에드워드 올비 . (1969년~) 9월 17일 - 미국의 배우 차미언 카 . (1930년~) 9월 18일 - 대한민국의 소설가 이호철 . (1932년~) 9월 23일 - 대한민국의 신부 조비오 . (1938년~) 9월 25일 대한민국의 농민운동가 백남기 . (1947년~) 미국의 야구 선수 호세 페르난데스 . (1992년~) 미국의 골프 선수 아널드 파머 . ( 1929년 ~) 대한민국의 농민운동가 백남기 . (1947년~) 미국의 야구 선수 호세 페르난데스 . (1992년~) 미국의 골프 선수 아널드 파머 . ( 1929년 ~) 9월 26일 - 대한민국의 축구 선수, 축구 감독 이광종 . (1964년~) 9월 28일 - 이스라엘의 제9대 대통령 시몬 페레스 . (1923년~) 10월 [ 편집 ] 이 부분의 본문은 2016년 10월 죽음 입니다. 10월 2일 대한민국의 가수 백야성 . (1934년~) 영국의 지휘자, 바이올리니스트 네빌 마리너 . ( 1924년 ~) 10월 9일 - 폴란드의 영화감독 안제이 바이다 . (1926년~) 10월 12일 - 대한민국의 바이올리니스트 권혁주 . (1955년~) 10월 13일 이탈리아의 극작가 다리오 포 . (1926년~) 태국의 국왕 라마 9세 . (1927년~) 10월 14일 - 대한민국의 소설가 송영 . (1940년~) 10월 20일 - 대한민국의 법학자 이영희 . (1943년~) 10월 22일 영국의 만화가 스티브 딜런 . (1962년~) 대한민국의 저자와 작가 김광희. (1986년~) 10월 24일 - 대한민국의 목포시장 권이담 . ( 1929년 ~) 10월 25일 대한민국의 군인이자 정치인 서종표 . (1945년~) 브라질의 축구 선수 카를루스 아우베르투 토히스 . (1944년~) 10월 27일 - 일본의 친왕 미카사노미야 다카히토 친왕 . (1915년~) 10월 10월 2일 대한민국의 가수 백야성 . (1934년~) 영국의 지휘자, 바이올리니스트 네빌 마리너 . ( 1924년 ~) 대한민국의 가수 백야성 . (1934년~) 영국의 지휘자, 바이올리니스트 네빌 마리너 . ( 1924년 ~) 10월 9일 - 폴란드의 영화감독 안제이 바이다 . (1926년~) 10월 12일 - 대한민국의 바이올리니스트 권혁주 . (1955년~) 10월 13일 이탈리아의 극작가 다리오 포 . (1926년~) 태국의 국왕 라마 9세 . (1927년~) 이탈리아의 극작가 다리오 포 . (1926년~) 태국의 국왕 라마 9세 . (1927년~) 10월 14일 - 대한민국의 소설가 송영 . (1940년~) 10월 20일 - 대한민국의 법학자 이영희 . (1943년~) 10월 22일 영국의 만화가 스티브 딜런 . (1962년~) 대한민국의 저자와 작가 김광희. (1986년~) 영국의 만화가 스티브 딜런 . (1962년~) 대한민국의 저자와 작가 김광희. (1986년~) 10월 24일 - 대한민국의 목포시장 권이담 . ( 1929년 ~) 10월 25일 대한민국의 군인이자 정치인 서종표 . (1945년~) 브라질의 축구 선수 카를루스 아우베르투 토히스 . (1944년~) 대한민국의 군인이자 정치인 서종표 . (1945년~) 브라질의 축구 선수 카를루스 아우베르투 토히스 . (1944년~) 10월 27일 - 일본의 친왕 미카사노미야 다카히토 친왕 . (1915년~) 11월 [ 편집 ] 이 부분의 본문은 2016년 11월 죽음 입니다. 11월 7일 - 캐나다의 가수 레너드 코언 . (1934년~) 11월 11일 - 미국의 배우 로버트 본 . (1932년~) 11월 13일 - 미국의 가수 리언 러셀 . (1942년~) 11월 14일 - 대한민국의 가수 조덕환 . (1953년~) 11월 15일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국의 정치인 변영립 . (1953년~) 11월 17일 - 대한민국의 가수 이영숙 . ( 1949년 ~) 11월 20일 - 그리스의 제6대 대통령 콘스탄티노스 스테파노풀로스 . (1949년~) 11월 25일 대한민국의 희극인 이하원 . (1956년~) 쿠바의 정치가 피델 카스트로 . (1926년~) 11월 28일 조선민주주의인민공화국의 정치인 김명국 . (1940년~) 브라질의 축구ㅍ선수 클레베르 산타나 . (1981년~) 11월 11월 7일 - 캐나다의 가수 레너드 코언 . (1934년~) 11월 11일 - 미국의 배우 로버트 본 . (1932년~) 11월 13일 - 미국의 가수 리언 러셀 . (1942년~) 11월 14일 - 대한민국의 가수 조덕환 . (1953년~) 11월 15일 - 조선민주주의인민공화국의 정치인 변영립 . (1953년~) 11월 17일 - 대한민국의 가수 이영숙 . ( 1949년 ~) 11월 20일 - 그리스의 제6대 대통령 콘스탄티노스 스테파노풀로스 . (1949년~) 11월 25일 대한민국의 희극인 이하원 . (1956년~) 쿠바의 정치가 피델 카스트로 . (1926년~) 대한민국의 희극인 이하원 . (1956년~) 쿠바의 정치가 피델 카스트로 . (1926년~) 11월 28일 조선민주주의인민공화국의 정치인 김명국 . (1940년~) 브라질의 축구ㅍ선수 클레베르 산타나 . (1981년~) 조선민주주의인민공화국의 정치인 김명국 . (1940년~) 브라질의 축구ㅍ선수 클레베르 산타나 . (1981년~) 12월 [ 편집 ] 이 부분의 본문은 2016년 12월 죽음 입니다. 12월 2일 - 미국의 다이빙 선수 새미 리 . (1920년~) 12월 3일 - 대한민국의 군인이자 대통령 비서실장 김계원 . (1923년~) 12월 8일 - 미국의 우주비행사 존 글렌 . (1921년~) 12월 10일 - 대한민국의 배우 정후 . (1984년~) 12월 11일 - 일본의 전 야구 선수, 야구 해설가 가토 하지메 . (1949년~) 12월 13일 - 미국의 경제학자 토머스 셸링 . (1921년~) 12월 18일 - 미국의 배우 자 자 가보르 . (1917년~) 12월 24일 - 영국의 가수 릭 파핏 . (1948년~) 12월 25일 - 영국의 가수 조지 마이클 . (1963년~) 12월 26일 - 대한민국의 축구 선수 박재완 . (1987년~) 12월 27일 미국의 배우 캐리 피셔 . (1956년~) 스리랑카의 14대 총리 라트나시리 위크레마나야케 . (1933년~) 12월 28일 - 미국의 배우 데비 레이놀즈 . (1932년~) 12월 29일 - 대한민국의 언론인 최창봉 . ( 1925년 ~) 12월 12월 2일 - 미국의 다이빙 선수 새미 리 . (1920년~) 12월 3일 - 대한민국의 군인이자 대통령 비서실장 김계원 . (1923년~) 12월 8일 - 미국의 우주비행사 존 글렌 . (1921년~) 12월 10일 - 대한민국의 배우 정후 . (1984년~) 12월 11일 - 일본의 전 야구 선수, 야구 해설가 가토 하지메 . (1949년~) 12월 13일 - 미국의 경제학자 토머스 셸링 . (1921년~) 12월 18일 - 미국의 배우 자 자 가보르 . (1917년~) 12월 24일 - 영국의 가수 릭 파핏 . (1948년~) 12월 25일 - 영국의 가수 조지 마이클 . (1963년~) 12월 26일 - 대한민국의 축구 선수 박재완 . (1987년~) 12월 27일 미국의 배우 캐리 피셔 . (1956년~) 스리랑카의 14대 총리 라트나시리 위크레마나야케 . (1933년~) 미국의 배우 캐리 피셔 . (1956년~) 스리랑카의 14대 총리 라트나시리 위크레마나야케 . (1933년~) 12월 28일 - 미국의 배우 데비 레이놀즈 . (1932년~) 12월 29일 - 대한민국의 언론인 최창봉 . ( 1925년 ~) 노벨상 [ 편집 ] 경제학상 : 올리버 하트 , 벵트 홀름스트룀 문학상 : 밥 딜런 물리학상 : 데이비드 사울레스 , 던컨 홀데인 , 마이클 코스털리츠 생리학 및 의학상 : 오스미 요시노리 평화상 : 후안 마누엘 산토스 화학상 : 장피에르 소바주 , 프레이저 스토더트 , 베르나르트 페링하 노벨상 경제학상 : 올리버 하트 , 벵트 홀름스트룀 문학상 : 밥 딜런 물리학상 : 데이비드 사울레스 , 던컨 홀데인 , 마이클 코스털리츠 생리학 및 의학상 : 오스미 요시노리 평화상 : 후안 마누엘 산토스 화학상 : 장피에르 소바주 , 프레이저 스토더트 , 베르나르트 페링하 달력 [ 편집 ] 1월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 3월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 4월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 5월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 6월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 7월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 8월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 9월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 10월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 11월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 12월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 음양력 대조 일람 [ 편집 ] 음력월 월건 대소 음력 1일의 양력 월일 음력 1일 간지 1월 경인 대 2월 8일 경신 2월 신묘 소 3월 9일 경인 3월 임진 대 4월 7일 기미 4월 계사 소 5월 7일 기축 5월 갑오 소 6월 5일 무오 6월 을미 대 7월 4일 정해 7월 병신 소 8월 3일 정사 8월 정유 대 9월 1일 병술 9월 무술 대 10월 1일 병진 10월 기해 소 10월 31일 병술 11월 경자 대 11월 29일 을묘 12월 신축 대 12월 29일 을유 연휴 [ 편집 ] 1월 1일 (금) ~ 1월 3일 (일) - 새해 첫날 연휴 (3일) 2월 6일 (토) ~ 2월 10일 (수) - 설날 연휴 (5일) 2월 27일 (토) ~ 3월 1일 (화) - 삼일절 징검다리 연휴 (4일) 5월 5일 (목) ~ 5월 8일 (일) - 어린이날 징검다리 연휴 (4일) 6월 4일 (토) ~ 6월 6일 (월) - 현충일 연휴 (3일) 8월 13일 (토) ~ 8월 15일 (월) - 광복절 연휴 (3일) 9월 14일 (수) ~ 9월 18일 (일) - 추석 연휴 (5일) 10월 1일 (토) ~ 10월 3일 (월) - 개천절 연휴 (3일) 달력 1월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 2월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 3월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 3월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 4월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 4월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 5월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 5월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 6월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 6월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 7월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 7월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 8월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 8월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 9월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 9월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 10월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 10월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 11월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 11월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 12월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 12월 일 월 화 수 목 금 토 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 음양력 대조 일람 [ 편집 ] 음력월 월건 대소 음력 1일의 양력 월일 음력 1일 간지 1월 경인 대 2월 8일 경신 2월 신묘 소 3월 9일 경인 3월 임진 대 4월 7일 기미 4월 계사 소 5월 7일 기축 5월 갑오 소 6월 5일 무오 6월 을미 대 7월 4일 정해 7월 병신 소 8월 3일 정사 8월 정유 대 9월 1일 병술 9월 무술 대 10월 1일 병진 10월 기해 소 10월 31일 병술 11월 경자 대 11월 29일 을묘 12월 신축 대 12월 29일 을유 음양력 대조 일람 음력월 월건 대소 음력 1일의 양력 월일 음력 1일 간지 1월 경인 대 2월 8일 경신 2월 신묘 소 3월 9일 경인 3월 임진 대 4월 7일 기미 4월 계사 소 5월 7일 기축 5월 갑오 소 6월 5일 무오 6월 을미 대 7월 4일 정해 7월 병신 소 8월 3일 정사 8월 정유 대 9월 1일 병술 9월 무술 대 10월 1일 병진 10월 기해 소 10월 31일 병술 11월 경자 대 11월 29일 을묘 12월 신축 대 12월 29일 을유 연휴 [ 편집 ] 1월 1일 (금) ~ 1월 3일 (일) - 새해 첫날 연휴 (3일) 2월 6일 (토) ~ 2월 10일 (수) - 설날 연휴 (5일) 2월 27일 (토) ~ 3월 1일 (화) - 삼일절 징검다리 연휴 (4일) 5월 5일 (목) ~ 5월 8일 (일) - 어린이날 징검다리 연휴 (4일) 6월 4일 (토) ~ 6월 6일 (월) - 현충일 연휴 (3일) 8월 13일 (토) ~ 8월 15일 (월) - 광복절 연휴 (3일) 9월 14일 (수) ~ 9월 18일 (일) - 추석 연휴 (5일) 10월 1일 (토) ~ 10월 3일 (월) - 개천절 연휴 (3일) 연휴 1월 1일 (금) ~ 1월 3일 (일) - 새해 첫날 연휴 (3일) 2월 6일 (토) ~ 2월 10일 (수) - 설날 연휴 (5일) 2월 27일 (토) ~ 3월 1일 (화) - 삼일절 징검다리 연휴 (4일) 5월 5일 (목) ~ 5월 8일 (일) - 어린이날 징검다리 연휴 (4일) 6월 4일 (토) ~ 6월 6일 (월) - 현충일 연휴 (3일) 8월 13일 (토) ~ 8월 15일 (월) - 광복절 연휴 (3일) 9월 14일 (수) ~ 9월 18일 (일) - 추석 연휴 (5일) 10월 1일 (토) ~ 10월 3일 (월) - 개천절 연휴 (3일) 각주 [ 편집 ] .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} ↑ 일부 임베디드 윈도우 제외. ↑ 전주 KCC 이지스로서는 창단후 처음으로 정규리그 우승을 차지하였다. ↑ 같은 연고지를 둔 클리블랜드 브라운스의 우승이후 52년 만이다. .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li:after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li:after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li:after{content:", ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-slash dd:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-slash li:after{content:" / ";font-weight:normal} .mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}} 전거 통제 : 국가 미국 체코 이스라엘 각주 ↑ 일부 임베디드 윈도우 제외. ↑ 전주 KCC 이지스로서는 창단후 처음으로 정규리그 우승을 차지하였다. ↑ 같은 연고지를 둔 클리블랜드 브라운스의 우승이후 52년 만이다. 전거 통제 : 국가 미국 체코 이스라엘 미국 체코 이스라엘 2016년 일본어 표기를 포함한 문서 위키데이터 속성 P18을 사용하는 문서 위키데이터 속성 P154를 사용하는 문서 위키데이터 속성 P244를 사용하는 문서 위키데이터 속성 P373을 사용하는 문서 위키데이터 속성 P691을 사용하는 문서 위키데이터 속성 P8189를 사용하는 문서 이 문서는 2025년 12월 31일 (수) 07:55에 마지막으로 편집되었습니다. 이 문서는 Parsoid 로 렌더링되었습니다. 모든 문서는 크리에이티브 커먼즈 저작자표시-동일조건변경허락 4.0 에 따라 사용할 수 있으며, 추가적인 조건이 적용될 수 있습니다. 자세한 내용은 이용 약관 을 참고하십시오. Wikipedia®는 미국 및 다른 국가에 등록되어 있는 Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 소유의 등록 상표입니다. 개인정보처리방침 위키백과 소개 면책 조항 행동 강령 개발자 통계 쿠키 정책 모바일 보기
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https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%EB%85%84
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Vöärblad Oaver Wikipedia Lätste wysigingen Nye artikels Tovallige syde Speciale syden Gemeynskapsportaal De pråthook Hülpe en kontakt Skenkingen Inskryven Anmelden Skenkingen Inskryven Anmelden Vöärblad Vöärblad Oaverleg Leasen Brontekst bekijken Geskydenisse bekyken Leasen Brontekst bekijken Geskydenisse bekyken Verwysingen hyrhinne Volg verwysingen Bestand upladen Vaste verwysing Sydgegeavens Disse syde citeren Verkorte URL verkrygen QR-kode daleladen Book maken Daleladen as PDF Afdrükbåre versy Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia-vöärlichting Meyrspråkige Wikisource Wikisoorten Wikidata Wikifunktys Wikimania Wikidata-objekt Wikipedia De vrye encyklopedy wår ydereyne an midwarken kan Informaty vöär ny volk Gemeynskapsportaal Nye artikels skryven Kwaliteitsartikels Plat, ho skryv ik dat? Oaverleg en vrågen Wat is neadersassisk? Et neadersassisk , kortweg sassisk, is en westgermaanske språke dee vöäral spröäken wördt in et noordousten van Neaderland en et noorden van Düütskland. Skattingen van et antal spreakers loupet uuteyne van 5-10 miljoon, afhangelik van de måte van beheyrsking. Der is geen officiele, standardiseerde form: sassisk besteyt uut verskillende dialekten dee samen en dialektkontinuum formet. In Neaderland wördt sassisk spröäken in de provinsys Grönningen , Drente en Oaveryssel ; up de Veluwe en in de Achterhook ( Gelderland ); in de Stellingwarven ( Freeslaand ); en up Urk ( Flevoland ). Ouk buten Europa bint der formen van sassisk; de belangrykste bint plautdietsch (heyl Amerika ) en pomerano ( Brasilie ). De språke kan underverdeyld wörden in wat höyvddialektgruppen: grönningsk-oustfreesk , noordsassisk , veluwsk - drentsk , westfålsk , oustfålsk , meakelenbörgsk-vöärpommersk en marksk-brandenbörgsk . Der bint meyrdere skryvwysen . Wikipedia in et: düütsk-sassisk (plattdüütsch) plautdietsch Nye syde upstellen En nye syde upstellen kan up verskillende wysen. Eyne is: de titel van et te skryven artikel invoren in de söökbalke boavenan in juw skarm. Jy kommet dan up de sööksyde terechte. Kyk good of et artikel wat jy skryven willet dår neet al tüsken steyt. Klik dan up de roude verwysing en begin mid skryven. Direkt beginnen? Voor de name in van et nye artikel in en drük up de knoppe: Artikels up dialektgrup Achterhookske artikels (882) Twentske artikels (1.574) Eamslandske artikels (1) Drentske artikels (783) Urker artikels (27) Gråvskapper artikels (2) Grönningske artikels (571) Oustveluwske artikels (232) Holsteynske artikels (12) Sallandske artikels (450) Westveluwske artikels (785) Oustfreeske artikels (10) Stellingwarver artikels (582) Wikipedia Welkom by de neadersassiske uutgåve van Wikipedia . Wikipedia is en internetencyklopedy dee döär vrywilligers maked wördt en under vrye licensy uutgeaven wördt. Dit beteykent dat de inhold anderweagens ouk gebruked mag wörden. Ydereyne kan sik inskryven en midwarken. Et projekt is beskikbår in ruum 300 språken , en et antal språken groit noch altyd. Disse wiki besteyt sinds 24 määrt 2006 . Sinds dee tyd kün jy hyr al artikels leasen en skryven in de neadersassiske dialekten uut Neaderland. Vöär de neadersassiske dialekten uut Düütskland kün jy terechte up de düütsk-sassiske wiki , of up disse wiki in de Nysassiske Skryvwyse . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life and education 2 Early political career 3 Head of government of Mexico City Toggle Head of government of Mexico City subsection 3.1 2012 elections 3.2 First year 3.3 Second year 3.4 Third year 3.5 Fourth year 3.6 Fifth year 3.7 Sixth year 3.8 Investigations of Miguel Ángel Mancera's administration 3.1 2012 elections 3.2 First year 3.3 Second year 3.4 Third year 3.5 Fourth year 3.6 Fifth year 3.7 Sixth year 3.8 Investigations of Miguel Ángel Mancera's administration 4 Senator of the Republic 5 Personal life Toggle Personal life subsection 5.1 Awards 5.1 Awards 6 Bibliography 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Miguel Ángel Mancera Español فارسی Français مصرى Simple English Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Miguel Ángel Mancera Mancera in 2022 Senator of the Republic ( proportional representation ) In office 1 September 2018 ( 2018-09-01 ) – 31 August 2024 ( 2024-08-31 ) 6th head of government of Mexico City In office 5 December 2012 ( 2012-12-05 ) – 29 March 2018 ( 2018-03-29 ) Preceded by Marcelo Ebrard Succeeded by José Ramón Amieva (acting) National Conference of Governors In office 3 May 2017 ( 2017-05-03 ) – 13 December 2017 ( 2017-12-13 ) Preceded by Graco Ramírez Succeeded by Arturo Núñez Jiménez Attorney General of Justice of Mexico City In office 8 July 2008 ( 2008-07-08 ) – 6 January 2012 ( 2012-01-06 ) Governor Marcelo Ebrard Preceded by Rodolfo Félix Cárdenas Succeeded by Jesús Rodríguez Almeida Personal details Born Miguel Ángel Mancera Espinosa ( 1966-01-16 ) 16 January 1966 (age 60) Miguel Hidalgo , Mexico City , Mexico Party Independent [ a ] Children 3 Residence(s) Mexico City, Mexico Alma mater National Autonomous University of Mexico Miguel Ángel Mancera Espinosa ( .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} Spanish: [miˌɣeˈlaŋxel manˈseɾa] ; born 16 January 1966) is a Mexican lawyer and politician who has represented the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). [ a ] He served as the head of government of Mexico City from 2012 to 2018. Mancera earned his law degree from the Faculty of Law at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) in 1989 and received the Gabino Barreda Medal in 1991 for academic excellence. He holds a master's degree from both the University of Barcelona and the Metropolitan Autonomous University , as well as a Juris Doctor from UNAM. Mancera has taught at several universities, including the UNAM, the Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico and the University of the Valley of Mexico . In 2002, he began working in public service when Marcelo Ebrard , then Secretary of Public Security of Mexico City, invited him to serve as an adviser. In 2006, Mancera was appointed Assistant Attorney General, and from 2008 to 2012, he served as the city's Attorney General. In early 2012, Mancera was selected as the candidate for Head of Government of the Federal District by the Progressive Movement coalition, which included the PRD, the Labor Party , and the Citizens' Movement . In the election held on 1 July 2012, he won with over 66 percent of the vote. He took office on 5 December 2012. During his mandate, Mancera faced the increase of the Mexico City Metro fare, the first closure of Metro Line 12 due to construction issues, the introduction of the city's constitution, the implementation of new driving regulations, and the 2017 Puebla earthquake . He resigned on 29 March 2018, to run for the Senate , leaving office with the lowest approval rating for a head of government. His administration was scrutinized by his successor, Claudia Sheinbaum , who prosecuted multiple crimes allegedly committed during his tenure. Ultimately, Mancera was sanctioned with a one-year disqualification from holding any public office in the city after promoting a presidential candidate while serving as head of government. He served as proportional-representation senator from 2018 to 2024. Early life and education Miguel Ángel Mancera Espinosa was born on 16 January 1966, in the colonia (neighborhood) of Anáhuac, [ 3 ] in the Miguel Hidalgo borough of the Federal District (later known as Mexico City ). His father founded the restaurant chain Bisquets Obregón . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Mancera has four half-siblings. [ 5 ] When he was four, he lived in the colonia of Tacuba , [ 6 ] where he attended kindergarten. [ 5 ] He later studied at Miguel Alemán Primary School and Secondary School No. 45, both located in the Benito Juárez borough. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] For high school, he enrolled at Preparatoria 6 , part of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). [ 5 ] [ 6 ] As a teenager, Mancera was involved in a car accident in whicht in which the vehicle he was riding in was hit by another. The public prosecutor's office asked him to sign a document absolving the driver of liability . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Mancera refused and took the case to Victoria Adato Green, then-Attorney General of the Federal District. With the help of legal advisor Diego Ramudia, he succeeded in having the driver fined. [ 6 ] The experience led him to change his career path from a science-related field to law. He studied at the Faculty of Law [ es ] of the UNAM from 1985 to 1989. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] His thesis, " La libertad por desvanecimiento de datos en el Proceso Penal y la Absolución de la Instancia " ("The progressive release of public data on criminal prosecutions and acquittals") earned him the Diario de México Medal " Los Mejores Estudiantes de México " in November 1990. [ 7 ] A year later, in November 1991, he received the Gabino Barreda Medal from the UNAM Faculty of Law for graduating at the top of his 1989 class. [ 4 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Mancera went on to earn a master's degree from both the University of Barcelona and the Metropolitan Autonomous University, Azcapotzalco campus , [ 6 ] [ 8 ] and later obtained a Juris Doctor from UNAM, with honors. [ 9 ] His doctoral thesis was titled " El injusto en la tentativa y la graduación de su pena en el derecho penal mexicano " ("Injustice and disparity in Mexican criminal sentencing"). [ 6 ] He also pursued specialized studies in criminal law at the University of Salamanca and the University of Castile-La Mancha , Spain, [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] under the auspices of the Panamerican University , Mexico. [ 9 ] [ 11 ] Early political career Mancera has worked as a candidate attorney, lawyer, and adviser at several law firms, including García Cordero y Asociados and Grupo de Abogados Consultores. [ 5 ] [ 12 ] He has also been a professor at various Mexican universities, including the UNAM, the Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico , the University of the Valley of Mexico , the Panamerican University , the Autonomous University of Aguascalientes , and the Autonomous University of Baja California . [ 4 ] [ 6 ] [ 9 ] In 2002, Mancera served as a member of the review committee for the Criminal Procedure Code for the Federal District. [ 9 ] Around the same time, he began working in government when Marcelo Ebrard , then Secretary of Public Security of Mexico City, invited him to serve as an adviser. [ 1 ] [ 10 ] When Ebrard was later appointed Secretary of Social Development by the head of government Andrés Manuel López Obrador , Mancera was named Legal Director of the Social Development Secretariat. [ 10 ] In 2006, he was appointed Assistant Attorney General of Mexico City. [ 10 ] Mancera was appointed Attorney General of Mexico City [ es ] on 8 July 2008, following the dismissal of Rodolfo Félix Cárdenas due to the New's Divine nightclub tragedy , [ 13 ] [ 14 ] in which nine teenagers and three police officers died during a failed police operation. [ 3 ] [ 15 ] According to official reports, [ 16 ] crime in Mexico City decreased by 12 percent from 2010 to 2011, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 16 ] while the national crime rate rose by 10.4 percent. [ 3 ] During this period, 179 street gangs comprising 706 members were dismantled, [ 17 ] and kidnappings dropped by 61 percent. [ 18 ] Head of government of Mexico City 2012 elections On 6 January 2012, Mancera resigned as Attorney General to run for Head of Government in the 1 July 2012 election . Jesús Rodríguez Almeida succeeded him in the role. [ 19 ] Two days later, on 8 January, Mancera registered as a Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) precandidate for head of government of Mexico City. [ 20 ] On 19 January, he was named the official candidate, representing the leftist Progressive Movement coalition, which also included the Labor Party , and the Citizen's Movement . He ran against Alejandra Barrales , Gerardo Fernández Noroña , Martí Batres , and Joel Ortega Cuevas. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Mancera's opponents were Beatriz Paredes Rangel , representing the Institutional Revolutionary Party – Ecologist Green Party of Mexico coalition Commitment to Mexico ; Isabel Miranda de Wallace , for the National Action Party (PAN); and Rosario Guerra for the New Alliance Party . [ 23 ] Late-January polls showed Mancera leading Paredes by 18 to 30 points, though his support dropped nine points the following month. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] According to El Universal , his favorability rose from 36 percent in March to 41 percent in April, and to 57.5 percent in May. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] That same month, Adolfo Hellmund, Luis Mandoki , and Costa Bonino allegedly borrowed six million dollars on behalf of Mancera and López Obrador at the home of Luis Creel. Both politicians denied involvement, and Mancera filed a complaint with the Attorney General of Mexico City for unauthorized use of his name. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] As candidate, the proposals of Mancera included continuing Ebrard's policies, [ 30 ] increasing the number of security cameras from 13,000 to 20,000, [ 31 ] reducing car travel times, expanding Mexico City Metro Line 12 , addressing solid waste management, removing minibuses from circulation, building 18 water purification plants, implementing a Green Plan , and replacing garbage trucks to enable the separation of organic and inorganic waste, among other initiatives. [ 32 ] On 1 July 2012, exit polls indicated Mancera as the likely winner of the election, with an estimated vote share of 59.5–64.5 percent, [ 33 ] placing him roughly 40 percentage points ahead of the second-place candidate, Paredes. [ 1 ] On 7 July, the Federal District Electoral Institute (IEDF) declared Mancera the Head of Government-elect and issued him a certificate of majority after he secured 3,031,156 votes (66.56 percent of the total) in a landslide victory , [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] which he received on 8 October 2012. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] First year Mancera assumed office on 5 December 2012, [ 38 ] as the sixth head of government of the Federal District. [ 39 ] On 24 December of the same year, he launched a voluntary disarmament campaign in the borough of Iztapalapa . In exchange for turning in firearms and grenades, participants received money, tablet computers , or home appliances. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] The program was later implemented across all Mexico City boroughs in the following years. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] City Mayors Foundation named Mancera the mayor of June 2013. [ 45 ] In November 2013, Mancera opened Line 5 of the Mexico City Metrobús running along northeastern Mexico City from Río de los Remedios to San Lázaro metro station . [ 46 ] In the same month, Mancera announced the increase of the Mexico City Metro fare, raising the price from three to five pesos per ride. According to the Metro operator, Sistema Transporte Colectivo, the additional revenue would be used to improve infrastructure and maintain the system's twelve lines and its stations . [ 47 ] The fare increase drew criticism from parts of the city's population, who viewed it as a strain on household finances, especially given that the minimum wage in Mexico City was 64.76 pesos as of January 2013. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] In response, Mancera stated that three polling companies would conduct surveys with 7,200 Metro riders between 29 November and 2 December to gather public opinion—the sample represented less than one percent of the system's 5.5 million daily users. [ 50 ] [ 51 ] According to polling company results, over 50 percent of respondents supported the fare increase. The new fare was approved to take effect on 13 December. [ 52 ] Due to this, through the short-lived Movimiento Pos Me Salto , users called to civil disobedience protests by jumping over the turnstiles . [ 53 ] [ 54 ] However, Mexico City Government announced they would take legal actions against those who skip them. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Second year On 11 March 2014, Mancera's administration closed twelve metro stations on Line 12 of the Metro due to construction-related issues. Metro authorities stated the shutdown would last at least six months, or until "the necessary studies, corrections, and maintenance are carried out to ensure user safety". The line had been inaugurated just a few months earlier, on 30 October 2012, by Ebrard. [ 57 ] Twelve curves suffered significant damage in their tracks, and there was wear on the rails due to incompatibility with the FE-10 model trains. ICA , Grupo Carso and Alstom , the consortium that built the line, denied any wrongdoing. Bernardo Quintana, president of ICA, described the closure as "arbitrary" and stated that proper maintenance and measures to address the incompatibilities were necessary for the line to function correctly. [ 58 ] In addition, the Superior Auditor of the Federation detected a diversion of 7.5 billion pesos from the Secretariat of Communications and Transportation during the construction of the line. [ 59 ] Thirty-three officials and former officials, including Enrique Horcasitas, the director of the Line 12 project, were sanctioned with disqualifications from public service, fines, or both, due to project failures and cost overruns. The relationship between Mancera and Ebrard became strained amid efforts to investigate Ebrard for possible corruption, which he described as a smear campaign . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] The administration introduced a basic driving test for all new driver's license applicants. Previously, individuals only needed to present identification, proof of residence, and pay a fee, without having to demonstrate any driving knowledge or skill. [ 62 ] The environmental program Hoy No Circula , which restricts certain vehicles from circulating in the city one day a week based on their license plate number, [ 62 ] was expanded to two days per week over the course of the year. [ 63 ] Third year Mexico City's taxis had their traditional green color replaced with a white-and- Mexican-pink color scheme. [ 64 ] In May 2015, Mancera signed a law granting universal access to individuals accompanied by assistance dogs . [ 65 ] In July, Mancera reshuffled his cabinet, reassigning several secretaries to different positions. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] In the same month, Mancera's administration announced a major urban development project: the Corredor Cultural Creativo Chapultepec-Zona Rosa (Creative Cultural Corridor, or CCC), aimed at revitalizing Chapultepec Avenue [ es ] , a thoroughfare connecting Chapultepec Park to the Zona Rosa neighborhood. [ 68 ] Mexican architect Fernando Romero was appointed to lead the design team, alongside architects Juan Pablo Maza and Ruysdael Vivanco. [ 69 ] [ 70 ] The plan included preserving the avenue's trees and the Chapultepec aqueduct , while prioritizing pedestrian and cyclist access. [ 71 ] The project later received the International Architecture Award in the Urban Planning category. [ 70 ] On 19 September, Mancera commemorated the 30th anniversary of the 1985 earthquake with a tribute that included a concert by Plácido Domingo , who had lost four relatives in a building collapse in Tlatelolco . [ 72 ] On 29 November, the government reopened all the Line 12 stations that had been closed in 2014. [ 73 ] In December, following a public consultation with residents of Cuauhtémoc , the borough where Chapultepec is located, 63 percent voted against the CCC project, leading to its official cancellation. [ 74 ] Fourth year Mancera inaugurated Line 6 of the Mexico City Metrobús on 21 January 2016, serving northern Mexico City from El Rosario metro station to Villa de Aragón metro station . [ 75 ] That same month, on 29 January, following a political reform, Mexico City, then officially known as the Federal District, was renamed Ciudad de México (City of Mexico), and commonly abbreviated as CDMX. [ 76 ] According to a March poll by El Universal , Mancera's approval rating had dropped to 24 percent and 57 percent of disapproval. Survey respondents identified insecurity, corruption, unemployment, and poverty as the most pressing issues. [ 77 ] Mancera announced that for the first time since 2004, a Major League Baseball game would be held in Mexico City, as the Houston Astros and San Diego Padres played two exhibition games at Alfredo Harp Helú Stadium on 26 and 27 March. [ 78 ] In April, construction began on the westbound expansion of Line 12. The project included plans to build two additional stations and to extend the line's terminal at Observatorio metro station . [ 79 ] In July, the city distributed plastic whistles as a means of defense against sexual harassment targeting women, a measure that was criticized as ineffective. [ 80 ] In August, the city's public markets were designated intangible cultural heritage as a way to ensure their preservation. [ 81 ] Fifth year The city's constitution was enacted on 5 February 2017, and was set to take effect on 17 September 2018. [ 82 ] Mancera served as president of the National Conference of Governors from 3 May to 13 December 2017. [ 83 ] [ 84 ] On 19 September 2017, a 7.1 '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-000000A0-QINU`"' M w earthquake hit Mexico City at 13:14 CDT (18:14 UTC ). He led the annual national drill commemorating the 1985 earthquake, held two hours earlier. [ 85 ] In the city, over 220 people died, at least 44 buildings collapsed, and over 3,000 others were evicted. There were nearly 6,000 complaints regarding construction violations since 2012. In 2016, Mancera had halted the law that allowed city departments to penalize Directors Responsible for Construction, the officials in charge of overseeing earthquake resilience. Critics like Josefina MacGregor from the association Suma Urbana, saw it as a way to prioritize urban development over safety. Mancera stated that new regulations were not a factor in the collapse, as many buildings had been constructed before 1985 and were not required to meet the updated standards. However, pre-1985 buildings with newer additions were required to comply with these regulations. [ 86 ] [ 87 ] Sixth year Line 7 of the Metrobús system opened on 5 March 2018, running along Paseo de la Reforma . [ 88 ] On 29 March of that year, Mancera left the post of city head after requesting leave to run as a proportional-representation Senate candidate for the PAN in the July elections . José Ramón Amieva succeeded him as interim head of government. [ 89 ] Mancera left office with the lowest approval rating in 20 years, facing criticism over rising insecurity and affected by internal conflicts within the PRD. [ 90 ] Investigations of Miguel Ángel Mancera's administration When Claudia Sheinbaum took office as Mancera's successor as head of government of Mexico City, the city's Attorney General's Office launched several investigations. These focused on prosecuting various crimes and administrative offenses allegedly committed during Mancera's administration, including actions involving some of his close collaborators. [ 91 ] In 2020, 1,680 public servants were sanctioned by Mexico City Comptroller Office. [ 92 ] On 5 October 2020, the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary sanctioned Mancera with a one-year disqualification to any public role in Mexico City after determining that he promoted a presidential candidate, Ricardo Anaya , in 2018, while being head of government, and sanctioned by Mexican electoral laws. [ 93 ] Senator of the Republic Mancera was elected as a senator and led the PRD's legislative caucus, despite having been elected through the PAN party. [ 94 ] On 6 March 2024, he was elected president of the Tourism Commission of the Senate. [ 95 ] Personal life Mancera has been married twice. His first marriage was to a woman named Martha in the early 1990s, with whom he lived in civil union for one year. [ 5 ] They divorced two years later. Six years later, Mancera married Magnolia, with whom he had two children. [ 5 ] [ 10 ] After about a decade, he divorced Magnolia. [ 5 ] Mancera also has a daughter out of wedlock, but he has said the child's mother does not want him to have contact with her. [ 5 ] From 2008 to 2009, Mancera dated Alejandra Barrales , [ 5 ] [ 10 ] who was then president of the PRD party, [ 96 ] and who sought to become the PRD candidate for Mayor of Mexico City in 2012. [ 22 ] In September 2007, two assailants on a motorcycle intercepted and attempted to rob Mancera while he was driving his BMW on Periférico Sur . His bodyguard intervened and shot one of the robbers, killing him. [ 10 ] In his spare time, he practices various sports, including Krav Maga , indoor cycling , strength training , hunting and aviation. [ 97 ] On 31 October 2014, he underwent cardiac surgery after a cardiac arrhythmia was detected three months earlier. [ 98 ] During the surgery, he experienced a cardiac perforation. [ 98 ] [ 99 ] He recovered two weeks later. [ 100 ] Awards In 2008, Mancera received the Alfonso Caso Award from the UNAM Faculty of Law, recognizing him as the most distinguished graduate of the doctoral program. [ 101 ] In September 2011, he was awarded the Latin American Prize for Life and Security of Women and Girls in Latin America and the Caribbean. [ 102 ] In February 2012, UNAM's Faculty of Law awarded Mancera the Raúl Carrancá y Trujillo Medal for his "academic and professional trajectory". [ 103 ] Bibliography La Tentativa en el Código Penal para el Distrito Federal, una Nueva Propuesta (2003) [ 104 ] La Comisión por Omisión en el Nuevo Código Penal para el Distrito Federal (2003) [ 105 ] López Obrador Caso el Encino. Implicaciones Constitucionales, Penales y de Procedimiento Penal (2005) [ 101 ] Caso el Encino ¿Delito? (2005) [ 101 ] Nuevo Código para el Distrito Federal Comentado, Tomo III (2006) [ 106 ] Estudios Jurídicos en Homenaje a Olga Islas de González Mariscal, Tomo II (2007) [ 107 ] Estudios Jurídicos en Homenaje al Dr. Ricardo Franco Guzmán (2008) [ 101 ] Derecho Penal, Especialidad y Orgullo Universitario Papel del Abogado (2011) [ 101 ] Derecho Penal del enemigo (2011) [ 101 ] El Tipo de la Tentativa: Teoría y Práctica (2012) [ 108 ] See also Ministry of Public Security (Mexico City) Notes ^ a b Although Mancera has worked in PRD-led administrations, he has never been a member of the party. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] References ^ a b c .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Ventaja histórica de Mancera en el DF" [Historic lead for Mancera in the Federal District]. 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Retrieved 28 November 2013 . ^ "Inicia encuesta sobre incremento a tarifa del Metro" [Survey begins on Metro fare increase]. Milenio (in Spanish). Mexico City. Notimex. 29 November 2013. Archived from the original on 8 August 2025 . Retrieved 31 July 2025 . ^ Hernández, Enrique (30 November 2013). "Consideran una burla que 7,200 decidan por más de 5.5 millones" [Considered an insult that 7,200 people should decide for more than 5.5 million]. La Prensa (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . ^ "El viaje en el Metro del DF costará 5 pesos a partir del 13 de diciembre" [The Mexico City Metro fare will cost 5 pesos starting 13 December]. Expansión (in Spanish). 6 December 2013. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017 . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . ^ Adrián, Jazmín (7 December 2013). "Civil disobedience over Metro price hike in Mexico City" . Demotix . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . 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"Conoce el Proyecto del Parque Elevado en Avenida Chapultepec" [Explore the elevated park project on Avenida Chapultepec]. Chilango (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 21 October 2015. ^ Quesada, Juan Diego (27 August 2015). "Romero: 'El Corredor de Chapultepec es una oportunidad única' " [Romero: 'The Chapultepec Corridor is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity']. El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 9 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . ^ Altamirano, Claudia (19 September 2015). " 'Todo está tan vivo': Plácido Domingo vuelve a Tlatelolco" ['Everything is so alive': Plácido Domingo returns to Tlatelolco]. Nexos (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 8 August 2025 . Retrieved 5 August 2025 . ^ Martínez Brooks, Darío (29 November 2015). "Línea 12 del Metro reabre todas sus estaciones tras 20 meses" [Line 12 reopens all its stations after 20 months]. Expansión (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 29 April 2016 . Retrieved 5 August 2025 . ^ Cruz, Daniela (10 December 2015). "Cancelan oficialmente proyecto propuesto para el Corredor Cultural Chapultepec en México" [Proposed project Chapultepec Cultural Corridor in Mexico officially canceled]. ArchDaily (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 29 October 2021 . Retrieved 5 August 2025 . ^ Rodea, Felipe (21 January 2025). "Mancera inaugura Línea 6 del Metrobús" [Mancera inaugurates Mexico City Metrobús Line 6]. El Financiero . Archived from the original on 25 January 2025 . Retrieved 5 August 2025 . ^ "¡Adiós DF, bienvenida CdMx!: Mancera" [Mancera: Farewell Federal District, welcome Mexico City!]. Milenio (in Spanish). 29 January 2016. Archived from the original on 18 November 2024 . Retrieved 5 August 2025 . ^ "Baja popularidad de Miguel Ángel Mancera" [Public support for Mancera falls]. López-Dóriga Digital (in Spanish). 14 March 2016. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016 . Retrieved 5 August 2025 . ^ "Major League Baseball to return to Mexico City in March" . Fox News . 14 January 2016. Archived from the original on 1 August 2021 . Retrieved 5 August 2025 . ^ Sarabia, Dalila (7 July 2021). " 'Dañaron casas y familias': Desde hace 5 años, ampliación de Línea 12 trastorna Álvaro Obregón" ['Homes and families are affected': For 5 years, Line 12 expansion has disrupted Álvaro Obregón]. Animal Político (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 July 2021 . Retrieved 5 August 2025 . ^ Estrella, Alferdo (8 July 2016). "Mexico City's weapon against sexual assault: whistles" . The Peninsula . Agence France-Presse . Archived from the original on 8 August 2025 . Retrieved 5 August 2025 . ^ "Los Mercados son declarados Patrimonio Cultural Intangible" [Markets are designated Intangible Cultural Heritage]. El Universal (in Spanish). Notimex. 16 August 2016. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016 . 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Retrieved 7 August 2025 . ^ Pskowski, Martha; Adler, David (12 October 2017). "6,000 complaints ... then the quake: the scandal behind Mexico City's 225 dead" . The Guardian . Mexico City, London. Archived from the original on 14 March 2025 . Retrieved 7 August 2025 . ^ Linthicum, Kate (12 September 2018). "Corruption caused the collapse of buildings in 2017 Mexico City earthquake, a new report finds" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 1 December 2024 . Retrieved 7 August 2025 . ^ "La accidentada primera semana de la L7 del Metrobús" [A bumpy start for Metrobús Line 7]. Milenio (in Spanish). Mexico City. 13 March 2018. Archived from the original on 27 January 2019 . Retrieved 7 August 2025 . ^ Álvarez Acevedo, Carlos (29 March 2018). "Miguel Ángel Mancera pide licencia como jefe de Gobierno de la Ciudad de México; será candidato a senador" [Miguel Ángel Mancera requests leave as head of government of Mexico City; will run for senate]. Zeta (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 August 2025 . ^ "Los claroscuros de Miguel Ángel Mancera en la CDMX" [The highs and lows of Miguel Ángel Mancera in Mexico City]. Expansión (in Spanish). 8 April 2018. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022 . Retrieved 7 August 2025 . ^ Pantoja, Sara. "Sheinbaum pide dar seguimiento a investigación por corrupción en gobierno de Mancera" [Sheinbaum asks to follow up on corruption investigation in Mancera government]. Proceso (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 26 October 2020 . Retrieved 22 October 2020 . ^ Cruz Flores, Alejandro (12 August 2020). "Sancionó Contraloría local a mil 680 servidores de esta gestión y anterior" [The local Comptroller sanctioned 1,680 public servants from this and the previous administration]. La Jornada (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 8 March 2025 . Retrieved 22 October 2020 . ^ Robles, Johana (22 October 2020). "Inhabilitan a Mancera por un año en la CDMX" [Mancera is disqualified for a year in Mexico City]. El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 October 2020 . Retrieved 22 October 2020 . ^ Teposteco, Miguel (15 August 2018). "Ya es oficial: 'el independiente' Mancera lidera PRD en Senado" [It's official: 'the independent' Mancera leads the PRD in the Senate]. La Hoguera (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 July 2025 . Retrieved 7 August 2025 . ^ "Asume el senador Miguel Ángel Mancera, presidencia de la Comisión de Turismo" [Senator Miguel Ángel Mancera assumes presidency of the Tourism Commission] (in Spanish). LXIV Legislature of the Mexican Congress . 6 March 2024. Archived from the original on 26 December 2025 . Retrieved 7 August 2025 . ^ "Confirman que Alejandra Barrales dejará la dirigencia del PRD en el DF" [Confirmed that Alejandra Barrales to step down as head of the PRD in Mexico City]. esmas.com (in Spanish). 29 January 2012. Archived from the original on 3 August 2019 . Retrieved 27 November 2012 . ^ "10 facetas desconocidas de Miguel Ángel Mancera" [10 lesser-known facets of Miguel Ángel Mancera]. ADNPolítico (in Spanish). 20 January 2012. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . ^ a b Navarro, Israel; Domínguez, Pedro (1 November 2015). "Perforación cardiaca ocasionó cirugía de Mancera" [Cardiac perforation led to Mancera’s surgery]. Excélsior (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . ^ Ramírez, Kenya; Pazos, Francisco (1 November 2015). "Se complica operación de Mancera" [Mancera's surgery complicates]. Milenio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . ^ Montes, Rafael (18 November 2014). "Mancera reaparece en evento público tras operación de corazón" [Mancera reappears at public event after heart surgery]. El Financiero (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 December 2024 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . ^ a b c d e f "Miguel Ángel Mancera Espinosa" . Red Politica (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 27 August 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . ^ "Por la vida y la seguridad de las mujeres y las niñas en AL" [For the life and safety of women and girls in Latin America] (in Spanish). Mexico: Comunicación e Información de la Mujer AC. 24 September 2010. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . ^ Cruz Monroy, Filiberto (9 February 2012). "Condecoran a Miguel Ángel Mancera en la UNAM" [Miguel Ángel Mancera honored at UNAM]. Excélsior (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . ^ García Ramírez, Sergio; Vargas Casillas, Leticia A.; et al. (2003). Proyectos legislativos y otros temas penales: Segundas Jornadas sobre Justicia Penal . Doctrína jurídica (in Spanish). Vol. VIII (I ed.). Mexico: National Autonomous University of Mexico. pp. 115– 124. ISBN 970-32-0313-2 . OCLC 52004788 . No. 129. ^ García Ramírez, Sergio; Islas de González Mariscal, Olga; et al. (2003). Análisis del Nuevo Código Penal Para el Distrito Federal: Terceras Jornadas sobre Justicia Penal "Fernando Castellanos Tena" . Doctrína jurídica (in Spanish) (I ed.). Mexico: National Autonomous University of Mexico . ISBN 970-32-0568-2 . OCLC 53836151 . No. 144. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . ^ García Ramírez, Sergio; Islas de González Mariscal, Olga; et al. (2006). Nuevo Código para el Distrito Federal Comentado. Libro Segundo (Artículos 250 al 365 y Transitorios) Tomo III . Doctrína jurídica (in Spanish). Vol. XIX (I ed.). Mexico City: National Autonomous University of Mexico. Editorial Porrúa . ISBN 9700766799 . OCLC 254345014 . No. 348. ^ García Ramírez, Sergio; et al. (2007). Estudios Jurídicos en Homenaje a Olga Islas de González Mariscal, Tomo II . Doctrína jurídica (in Spanish) (I ed.). Mexico: National Autonomous University of Mexico. ISBN 978-970-32-439-14 . OCLC 166310075 . No. 129. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . ^ "Presentan libro de Mancera" [Mancera's book unveiled]. La Razón (in Spanish). 4 April 2012. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . External links Mayor of the Month for June 2013 by the City Mayors Foundation Profile of Miguel Ángel Mancera by the Barcelona Centre for International Affairs (in Spanish) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Heads of government of Mexico City v t e 1824–1917 Before the formal declaration Melchor Múzquiz Manuel Gómez Pedraza Governors of the Federal District Jose María Mendivil Juan Manuel de Elizalde Francisco Molinos del Campo Juan Manuel de Elizalde José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel José Ignacio Esteva Augustine of F. Lebrija Miguel Cervantes Francisco Fagoaga Ignacio Martínez José Joaquín de Herrera Ignacio Martínez José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel Ramón Rayón José Gómez de la Cortina Manuel Fernández Madrid Francisco García Conde Luis G. Vieyra Governors of the Department of Mexico Agustín Vicente Eguia José María Icaza José Fernando de Peredo Luis G. Vieyra Miguel González Calderón Luis G. Vieyra José María Barrera Luis G. Vieyra Francis O. Zarate Luis G. Vieyra Valentín Canalizo Manuel Rincón Ignacio Inclán Governors of the Federal District ( reinstatement ) José Guadalupe Covarrubias Vicente Romero Juan José Baz Jose Ramon Malo Governors of the City Council of Mexico ( U.S. Invasion ) Manuel Reyes Veramendi Francisco Juárez Iriarte John M. Flores y Terán José Ramón Malo Head of the Federal District (American) Winfield Scott William Orlando Butler Stephen W. Kearny Governors of the Federal District ( second reinstatement ) Pedro Torrín Pedro María de Anaya Miguel Azcarate Antonio Díaz Bonilla Juan José Baz Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1857 ) Augustine Alcerreca Justin Fernández Juan José Baz Anastasio Parrodi Ángel Frías José María González de Mendoza Joseph S. Aramberri Manuel Terreros Ponciano Arriaga José María González de Mendoza John J. of the Heron John H. Mateos Joaquin Mayor Manuel Ramos Miguel Maria Azcarate Manuel Garcia Aguirre Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Reform War ) Rómulo Díaz de la Vega Francis G. Casanova Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Second Empire ) José del Villar Bocanegra Manuel Campero Mariano Icaza Thomas O'Hora Governors of the Federal District ( Restored Republic ) Porfirio Díaz Juan José Baz Francis H. Velez Francisco Paz Gabino Bustamante Alfredo Chavero José María Castro Tiburcio Montiel Joaquín A. Pérez Protasio G. Tagle Agustín del Rio Juan Crisostomo Bonilla Luis C. Curiel Carlos Pacheco Villalobos Ramón Fernández Carlos Rivas José Ceballos Manuel Domínguez Manuel Terreros Pedro Rincón Gallardo Nicolás Island and Bustamante Rafael Rebollar Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Ramón Corral Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Samuel García Cuellar Governors of the Federal District ( Madero Revolution ) Alberto García Granados Ignacio Rivero Federico González Garza Governors of the Federal District ( Government of Victoriano Huerta ) Alberto Yarza Samuel García Cuellar Ramón Corona Eduardo Iturbide Governors of the Federal District ( Constitutionalist Revolution ) Alfredo Robles Domínguez Heriberto Jara Corona Juan Gutiérrez R. Governors of the Federal District ( Conventional Government ) Vicente Navarro Manuel Chao Vito Alessio Robles Magana Cerda Governor of Valley of Mexico ( Constitutional Government ) César López de Lara 1824–1917 Before the formal declaration Melchor Múzquiz Manuel Gómez Pedraza Governors of the Federal District Jose María Mendivil Juan Manuel de Elizalde Francisco Molinos del Campo Juan Manuel de Elizalde José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel José Ignacio Esteva Augustine of F. Lebrija Miguel Cervantes Francisco Fagoaga Ignacio Martínez José Joaquín de Herrera Ignacio Martínez José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel Ramón Rayón José Gómez de la Cortina Manuel Fernández Madrid Francisco García Conde Luis G. Vieyra Governors of the Department of Mexico Agustín Vicente Eguia José María Icaza José Fernando de Peredo Luis G. Vieyra Miguel González Calderón Luis G. Vieyra José María Barrera Luis G. Vieyra Francis O. Zarate Luis G. Vieyra Valentín Canalizo Manuel Rincón Ignacio Inclán Governors of the Federal District ( reinstatement ) José Guadalupe Covarrubias Vicente Romero Juan José Baz Jose Ramon Malo Governors of the City Council of Mexico ( U.S. Invasion ) Manuel Reyes Veramendi Francisco Juárez Iriarte John M. Flores y Terán José Ramón Malo Head of the Federal District (American) Winfield Scott William Orlando Butler Stephen W. Kearny Governors of the Federal District ( second reinstatement ) Pedro Torrín Pedro María de Anaya Miguel Azcarate Antonio Díaz Bonilla Juan José Baz Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1857 ) Augustine Alcerreca Justin Fernández Juan José Baz Anastasio Parrodi Ángel Frías José María González de Mendoza Joseph S. Aramberri Manuel Terreros Ponciano Arriaga José María González de Mendoza John J. of the Heron John H. Mateos Joaquin Mayor Manuel Ramos Miguel Maria Azcarate Manuel Garcia Aguirre Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Reform War ) Rómulo Díaz de la Vega Francis G. Casanova Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Second Empire ) José del Villar Bocanegra Manuel Campero Mariano Icaza Thomas O'Hora Governors of the Federal District ( Restored Republic ) Porfirio Díaz Juan José Baz Francis H. Velez Francisco Paz Gabino Bustamante Alfredo Chavero José María Castro Tiburcio Montiel Joaquín A. Pérez Protasio G. Tagle Agustín del Rio Juan Crisostomo Bonilla Luis C. Curiel Carlos Pacheco Villalobos Ramón Fernández Carlos Rivas José Ceballos Manuel Domínguez Manuel Terreros Pedro Rincón Gallardo Nicolás Island and Bustamante Rafael Rebollar Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Ramón Corral Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Samuel García Cuellar Governors of the Federal District ( Madero Revolution ) Alberto García Granados Ignacio Rivero Federico González Garza Governors of the Federal District ( Government of Victoriano Huerta ) Alberto Yarza Samuel García Cuellar Ramón Corona Eduardo Iturbide Governors of the Federal District ( Constitutionalist Revolution ) Alfredo Robles Domínguez Heriberto Jara Corona Juan Gutiérrez R. Governors of the Federal District ( Conventional Government ) Vicente Navarro Manuel Chao Vito Alessio Robles Magana Cerda Governor of Valley of Mexico ( Constitutional Government ) César López de Lara Before the formal declaration Melchor Múzquiz Manuel Gómez Pedraza Melchor Múzquiz Manuel Gómez Pedraza Governors of the Federal District Jose María Mendivil Juan Manuel de Elizalde Francisco Molinos del Campo Juan Manuel de Elizalde José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel José Ignacio Esteva Augustine of F. Lebrija Miguel Cervantes Francisco Fagoaga Ignacio Martínez José Joaquín de Herrera Ignacio Martínez José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel Ramón Rayón José Gómez de la Cortina Manuel Fernández Madrid Francisco García Conde Luis G. Vieyra Jose María Mendivil Juan Manuel de Elizalde Francisco Molinos del Campo Juan Manuel de Elizalde José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel José Ignacio Esteva Augustine of F. Lebrija Miguel Cervantes Francisco Fagoaga Ignacio Martínez José Joaquín de Herrera Ignacio Martínez José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel Ramón Rayón José Gómez de la Cortina Manuel Fernández Madrid Francisco García Conde Luis G. Vieyra Governors of the Department of Mexico Agustín Vicente Eguia José María Icaza José Fernando de Peredo Luis G. Vieyra Miguel González Calderón Luis G. Vieyra José María Barrera Luis G. Vieyra Francis O. Zarate Luis G. Vieyra Valentín Canalizo Manuel Rincón Ignacio Inclán Agustín Vicente Eguia José María Icaza José Fernando de Peredo Luis G. Vieyra Miguel González Calderón Luis G. Vieyra José María Barrera Luis G. Vieyra Francis O. Zarate Luis G. Vieyra Valentín Canalizo Manuel Rincón Ignacio Inclán Governors of the Federal District ( reinstatement ) José Guadalupe Covarrubias Vicente Romero Juan José Baz Jose Ramon Malo José Guadalupe Covarrubias Vicente Romero Juan José Baz Jose Ramon Malo Governors of the City Council of Mexico ( U.S. Invasion ) Manuel Reyes Veramendi Francisco Juárez Iriarte John M. Flores y Terán José Ramón Malo Manuel Reyes Veramendi Francisco Juárez Iriarte John M. Flores y Terán José Ramón Malo Head of the Federal District (American) Winfield Scott William Orlando Butler Stephen W. Kearny Winfield Scott William Orlando Butler Stephen W. Kearny Governors of the Federal District ( second reinstatement ) Pedro Torrín Pedro María de Anaya Miguel Azcarate Antonio Díaz Bonilla Juan José Baz Pedro Torrín Pedro María de Anaya Miguel Azcarate Antonio Díaz Bonilla Juan José Baz Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1857 ) Augustine Alcerreca Justin Fernández Juan José Baz Anastasio Parrodi Ángel Frías José María González de Mendoza Joseph S. Aramberri Manuel Terreros Ponciano Arriaga José María González de Mendoza John J. of the Heron John H. Mateos Joaquin Mayor Manuel Ramos Miguel Maria Azcarate Manuel Garcia Aguirre Augustine Alcerreca Justin Fernández Juan José Baz Anastasio Parrodi Ángel Frías José María González de Mendoza Joseph S. Aramberri Manuel Terreros Ponciano Arriaga José María González de Mendoza John J. of the Heron John H. Mateos Joaquin Mayor Manuel Ramos Miguel Maria Azcarate Manuel Garcia Aguirre Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Reform War ) Rómulo Díaz de la Vega Francis G. Casanova Rómulo Díaz de la Vega Francis G. Casanova Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Second Empire ) José del Villar Bocanegra Manuel Campero Mariano Icaza Thomas O'Hora José del Villar Bocanegra Manuel Campero Mariano Icaza Thomas O'Hora Governors of the Federal District ( Restored Republic ) Porfirio Díaz Juan José Baz Francis H. Velez Francisco Paz Gabino Bustamante Alfredo Chavero José María Castro Tiburcio Montiel Joaquín A. Pérez Protasio G. Tagle Agustín del Rio Juan Crisostomo Bonilla Luis C. Curiel Carlos Pacheco Villalobos Ramón Fernández Carlos Rivas José Ceballos Manuel Domínguez Manuel Terreros Pedro Rincón Gallardo Nicolás Island and Bustamante Rafael Rebollar Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Ramón Corral Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Samuel García Cuellar Porfirio Díaz Juan José Baz Francis H. Velez Francisco Paz Gabino Bustamante Alfredo Chavero José María Castro Tiburcio Montiel Joaquín A. Pérez Protasio G. Tagle Agustín del Rio Juan Crisostomo Bonilla Luis C. Curiel Carlos Pacheco Villalobos Ramón Fernández Carlos Rivas José Ceballos Manuel Domínguez Manuel Terreros Pedro Rincón Gallardo Nicolás Island and Bustamante Rafael Rebollar Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Ramón Corral Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Samuel García Cuellar Governors of the Federal District ( Madero Revolution ) Alberto García Granados Ignacio Rivero Federico González Garza Alberto García Granados Ignacio Rivero Federico González Garza Governors of the Federal District ( Government of Victoriano Huerta ) Alberto Yarza Samuel García Cuellar Ramón Corona Eduardo Iturbide Alberto Yarza Samuel García Cuellar Ramón Corona Eduardo Iturbide Governors of the Federal District ( Constitutionalist Revolution ) Alfredo Robles Domínguez Heriberto Jara Corona Juan Gutiérrez R. Alfredo Robles Domínguez Heriberto Jara Corona Juan Gutiérrez R. Governors of the Federal District ( Conventional Government ) Vicente Navarro Manuel Chao Vito Alessio Robles Magana Cerda Vicente Navarro Manuel Chao Vito Alessio Robles Magana Cerda Governor of Valley of Mexico ( Constitutional Government ) César López de Lara César López de Lara 1917–present Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1917 ) Gonzalo de la Mata César López de Lara Governors of the Federal District ( Carrancistas ) Alfredo Breceda Arnulfo González Alfredo Breceda Benito Flores Manuel Rueda Magro Governors of the Federal District ( Obregón ) Manuel Gómez Noriega Celestino Gasca Jorge Prieto Laurens Ramón Ross Abel Rodríguez Ramón Ross Francisco Serrano Primo Villa Michel Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) José Manuel Puig Casauranc Crisóforo Ibáñez Lamberto Hernández Enrique Romero Courtade Lorenzo Hernandez Vicente Estrada Cajigal Manuel Padilla John G. Cabral Aarón Sáenz Garza Cosme Hinojosa José Siurob Ramírez Governor of Federal District ( Regents ) Javier Rojo Gómez Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) Fernando Casas Germán Ernesto Uruchurtu Alfonso Corona del Rosal Alfonso Martínez Domínguez Octavio Gómez Senties Carlos Hank González Ramón Aguirre Velázquez Manuel Camacho Solís Manuel Aguilera Gómez Óscar Espinosa Villarreal Heads of Government of the Federal District (1997–2015) Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Rosario Robles (interim) Andrés Manuel López Obrador Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez (interim) Marcelo Ebrard Miguel Ángel Mancera Heads of Government of Mexico City ( since 2015 ) Miguel Ángel Mancera José Ramón Amieva (interim) Claudia Sheinbaum Martí Batres (interim) Clara Brugada 1917–present Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1917 ) Gonzalo de la Mata César López de Lara Governors of the Federal District ( Carrancistas ) Alfredo Breceda Arnulfo González Alfredo Breceda Benito Flores Manuel Rueda Magro Governors of the Federal District ( Obregón ) Manuel Gómez Noriega Celestino Gasca Jorge Prieto Laurens Ramón Ross Abel Rodríguez Ramón Ross Francisco Serrano Primo Villa Michel Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) José Manuel Puig Casauranc Crisóforo Ibáñez Lamberto Hernández Enrique Romero Courtade Lorenzo Hernandez Vicente Estrada Cajigal Manuel Padilla John G. Cabral Aarón Sáenz Garza Cosme Hinojosa José Siurob Ramírez Governor of Federal District ( Regents ) Javier Rojo Gómez Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) Fernando Casas Germán Ernesto Uruchurtu Alfonso Corona del Rosal Alfonso Martínez Domínguez Octavio Gómez Senties Carlos Hank González Ramón Aguirre Velázquez Manuel Camacho Solís Manuel Aguilera Gómez Óscar Espinosa Villarreal Heads of Government of the Federal District (1997–2015) Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Rosario Robles (interim) Andrés Manuel López Obrador Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez (interim) Marcelo Ebrard Miguel Ángel Mancera Heads of Government of Mexico City ( since 2015 ) Miguel Ángel Mancera José Ramón Amieva (interim) Claudia Sheinbaum Martí Batres (interim) Clara Brugada Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1917 ) Gonzalo de la Mata César López de Lara Gonzalo de la Mata César López de Lara Governors of the Federal District ( Carrancistas ) Alfredo Breceda Arnulfo González Alfredo Breceda Benito Flores Manuel Rueda Magro Alfredo Breceda Arnulfo González Alfredo Breceda Benito Flores Manuel Rueda Magro Governors of the Federal District ( Obregón ) Manuel Gómez Noriega Celestino Gasca Jorge Prieto Laurens Ramón Ross Abel Rodríguez Ramón Ross Francisco Serrano Primo Villa Michel Manuel Gómez Noriega Celestino Gasca Jorge Prieto Laurens Ramón Ross Abel Rodríguez Ramón Ross Francisco Serrano Primo Villa Michel Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) José Manuel Puig Casauranc Crisóforo Ibáñez Lamberto Hernández Enrique Romero Courtade Lorenzo Hernandez Vicente Estrada Cajigal Manuel Padilla John G. Cabral Aarón Sáenz Garza Cosme Hinojosa José Siurob Ramírez José Manuel Puig Casauranc Crisóforo Ibáñez Lamberto Hernández Enrique Romero Courtade Lorenzo Hernandez Vicente Estrada Cajigal Manuel Padilla John G. Cabral Aarón Sáenz Garza Cosme Hinojosa José Siurob Ramírez Governor of Federal District ( Regents ) Javier Rojo Gómez Javier Rojo Gómez Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) Fernando Casas Germán Ernesto Uruchurtu Alfonso Corona del Rosal Alfonso Martínez Domínguez Octavio Gómez Senties Carlos Hank González Ramón Aguirre Velázquez Manuel Camacho Solís Manuel Aguilera Gómez Óscar Espinosa Villarreal Fernando Casas Germán Ernesto Uruchurtu Alfonso Corona del Rosal Alfonso Martínez Domínguez Octavio Gómez Senties Carlos Hank González Ramón Aguirre Velázquez Manuel Camacho Solís Manuel Aguilera Gómez Óscar Espinosa Villarreal Heads of Government of the Federal District (1997–2015) Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Rosario Robles (interim) Andrés Manuel López Obrador Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez (interim) Marcelo Ebrard Miguel Ángel Mancera Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Rosario Robles (interim) Andrés Manuel López Obrador Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez (interim) Marcelo Ebrard Miguel Ángel Mancera Heads of Government of Mexico City ( since 2015 ) Miguel Ángel Mancera José Ramón Amieva (interim) Claudia Sheinbaum Martí Batres (interim) Clara Brugada Miguel Ángel Mancera José Ramón Amieva (interim) Claudia Sheinbaum Martí Batres (interim) Clara Brugada v t e National Autonomous University of Mexico v t e Faculties Engineering Accounting and Administration Architecture Chemistry Economics Law Medicine Odontology Philosophy and Letters Political and Social Sciences Psychology Sciences Veterinarian Medicine Engineering Accounting and Administration Architecture Chemistry Economics Law Medicine Odontology Philosophy and Letters Political and Social Sciences Psychology Sciences Veterinarian Medicine FES Acatlán Aragón Cuautitlán Iztacala Zaragoza Acatlán Aragón Cuautitlán Iztacala Zaragoza Schools Arts and Design Music Nursery and Obstetrics Social Work National Preparatory School Arts and Design Music Nursery and Obstetrics Social Work National Preparatory School Centres Cinematographic Studies DGSCA Centro de Relaciones Internacionales (CRI) Cinematographic Studies DGSCA Centro de Relaciones Internacionales (CRI) Institutes Applied Mathematics and Systems Research Institute Aesthetics Research Institute Engineering Institute Applied Mathematics and Systems Research Institute Aesthetics Research Institute Engineering Institute Buildings Central Library National Library of Mexico Central Library National Library of Mexico Facilities Ciudad Universitaria (Main Campus) Olympic Stadium Radio UNAM ( AM , FM ) TV UNAM Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo (MUAC) National Observatory Kan Balam (Super Computer) Ciudad Universitaria (Main Campus) Olympic Stadium Radio UNAM ( AM , FM ) TV UNAM Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo (MUAC) National Observatory Kan Balam (Super Computer) History 1999 students' strike 2018 students' protests National Autonomous University of Mexico Okupa Che Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico 1999 students' strike 2018 students' protests National Autonomous University of Mexico Okupa Che Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico Alumni Alumni Astronomical Society Alumni Astronomical Society Professors and researchers Axel Didriksson Luis E. Miramontes Francisco Gil Villegas Miguel Ángel Mancera Arturo Zaldívar Lelo de Larrea Fernando Quevedo Francisco González de la Vega Antonio Lazcano Axel Didriksson Luis E. Miramontes Francisco Gil Villegas Miguel Ángel Mancera Arturo Zaldívar Lelo de Larrea Fernando Quevedo Francisco González de la Vega Antonio Lazcano Sports Football club Pumas Dorados de la UNAM Football club Pumas Dorados de la UNAM v t e Senators of the LXIV Legislature of the Mexican Congress v t e PRI Aceves del Olmo Anaya Añorve Ávila Beltrones García Yáñez Martínez García Mayorga Delgado Osorio Chong Paredes Rangel Ramírez Marín Rubio Márquez Ruiz Massieu Salinas Zamora Gastélum Aceves del Olmo Anaya Añorve Ávila Beltrones García Yáñez Martínez García Mayorga Delgado Osorio Chong Paredes Rangel Ramírez Marín Rubio Márquez Ruiz Massieu Salinas Zamora Gastélum PAN Bermúdez Méndez Cruz Blackledge Fuentes Solís Gálvez Ruiz Gama Basarte García Cabeza de Vaca Hernández Ramos Kuri González López Rabadán Madero Muñoz Márquez Alvarado Martín del Campo Martínez Simón Moya Clemente * Murguía Gutiérrez Navarro Acevedo Paz Alonzo Rementería del Puerto Reynoso Sánchez Rosales San Román Saldaña Cisneros Vázquez Mota Zepeda Vidales Bermúdez Méndez Cruz Blackledge Fuentes Solís Gálvez Ruiz Gama Basarte García Cabeza de Vaca Hernández Ramos Kuri González López Rabadán Madero Muñoz Márquez Alvarado Martín del Campo Martínez Simón Moya Clemente * Murguía Gutiérrez Navarro Acevedo Paz Alonzo Rementería del Puerto Reynoso Sánchez Rosales San Román Saldaña Cisneros Vázquez Mota Zepeda Vidales PRD Fócil Pérez García Conejo Mancera Fócil Pérez García Conejo Mancera PVEM Benavides Cobos Bolaños Camino Farjat Lagunes Noyola Cervantes Velasco Coello Zamora Guzmán * Benavides Cobos Bolaños Camino Farjat Lagunes Noyola Cervantes Velasco Coello Zamora Guzmán * PT de la Sierra Arámburo León Gastélum Lucero Olivas * Padilla Peña Pinedo Alonso de la Sierra Arámburo León Gastélum Lucero Olivas * Padilla Peña Pinedo Alonso MC Castañeda Hoeflich Castañón Ramírez * Delgadillo García Delgado Rannauro García Sepúlveda Kempis Martínez Mercado Castro Núñez Sánchez Quiñonez Ruiz * Zepeda Hernández Castañeda Hoeflich Castañón Ramírez * Delgadillo García Delgado Rannauro García Sepúlveda Kempis Martínez Mercado Castro Núñez Sánchez Quiñonez Ruiz * Zepeda Hernández MORENA Abreu Artiñano Arias Solís Armenta Mier Balderas Espinoza Batres Bours Griffith * Caraveo Camarena Cárdenas Mariscal Castro Covarrubias Dothé Mata Fernández Balboa Galaz Caletti Gómez Urrutia González González * Guadiana Tijerina Guerrero Sánchez * Gutiérrez Castorena Harp Hernández Mora Jara Cruz Jiménez Yáñez * Luévano Cantú Martínez Cázares Martínez y Hernández Menchaca Salazar Méndez Ortiz Meza Guzmán Micher Camarena Molina Ramírez * Monreal Moreno Bastida * Narro Navarro Quintero Novelo Osuna * Ostoa Ortega Pech Várguez Peña Villa * Peralta Suárez * Pérez Astorga * Pérez Cuellar Piña Gudiño Ramírez Aguilar Rivera Rivera Rocha Moya Rodríguez Ramírez * Salazar Solorio Salgado García Salgado Macedonio Sánchez García Sánchez Hernández * Téllez Trasviña Valdez Martínez Valencia de la Mora Vasconcelos y Cruz * Vázquez Alatorre * Velázquez Meza * Villarreal Anaya Villegas Canché Abreu Artiñano Arias Solís Armenta Mier Balderas Espinoza Batres Bours Griffith * Caraveo Camarena Cárdenas Mariscal Castro Covarrubias Dothé Mata Fernández Balboa Galaz Caletti Gómez Urrutia González González * Guadiana Tijerina Guerrero Sánchez * Gutiérrez Castorena Harp Hernández Mora Jara Cruz Jiménez Yáñez * Luévano Cantú Martínez Cázares Martínez y Hernández Menchaca Salazar Méndez Ortiz Meza Guzmán Micher Camarena Molina Ramírez * Monreal Moreno Bastida * Narro Navarro Quintero Novelo Osuna * Ostoa Ortega Pech Várguez Peña Villa * Peralta Suárez * Pérez Astorga * Pérez Cuellar Piña Gudiño Ramírez Aguilar Rivera Rivera Rocha Moya Rodríguez Ramírez * Salazar Solorio Salgado García Salgado Macedonio Sánchez García Sánchez Hernández * Téllez Trasviña Valdez Martínez Valencia de la Mora Vasconcelos y Cruz * Vázquez Alatorre * Velázquez Meza * Villarreal Anaya Villegas Canché PES Ávila Vázquez de León Villard Mora 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background 2 Attacks and sieges Toggle Attacks and sieges subsection 2.1 Cappuccino and Splendid Hotel 2.1.1 Counter-attack 2.2 YIBI hotel 2.1 Cappuccino and Splendid Hotel 2.1.1 Counter-attack 2.1.1 Counter-attack 2.2 YIBI hotel 3 Casualties 4 Responsibility 5 Reactions Toggle Reactions subsection 5.1 Domestic 5.2 International 5.1 Domestic 5.2 International 6 See also 7 References 2016 Ouagadougou attacks العربية Català Eesti Español Français 한국어 Hausa Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item 2016 Ouagadougou Islamic terrorist attacks Part of the Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso , the War in the Sahel , and the Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) The Splendid Hotel in 2008 .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} The Splendid Hotel Show map of Burkina Faso The Splendid Hotel Show map of Africa Location .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 12°21′40″N 1°31′05″W / 12.36111°N 1.51806°W / 12.36111; -1.51806 Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso Date 15–16 January 2016 19:30 – ~next morning ( GMT ) Target Cappuccino restaurant, Splendid Hotel and Yibi hotel with Westerners ( Alleged ) Attack type Mass shooting , arson , hostage-taking , sieges , counter-attack Deaths 34 (including four attackers) [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Injured 56+ [ 3 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] (including some hostages during the rescue) [ 8 ] Victims 176 hostages (rescued) Perpetrators Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb Al-Mourabitoun No. of participants 6–7 (4 dead, 2–3 on the run) Motive Islamic terrorism .mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso v t e Battles and operations Samorogouan Intangom Nassoumbou Ariel 1st Inata Loroni 1st Arbinda Gorom-Gorom Koutougou Bourgou IV 2nd Arbinda Madjoari Markoye Department Dounkoun Boukouma 2nd Inata Titao Laabingol Ouahigouya Djibo Natiaboani Namissiguima Bourzanga Bam Boala Kikideni Falagountou Tin-Ediar Tin-Akoff Zorkoum Kapidougou Ougarou Namsiguia Noaka Koumbri Tawori Mansila Nassougou Diapaga Terrorist attacks and massacres 1st Ouagadougou 2nd Ouagadougou 3rd Ouagadougou 2019 Yirgou Gasseliki Kaïn 2nd Arbinda Belehede Dibilou Sanmatenga Salmossi Dolmane Pobé Mengao Fada N'Gourma Toeni Nagraogo Pansi Barsalogho convoy Djibo 2020 Fada N'Gourma Yattakou Kodyel Solhan & Tadaryat Goulgountou Gorgadji Singou Seytenga Bourasso & Namissiguima Namsiguia Silgadji Gaskinde Bougui Nouna 3rd Arbinda Linguekoro 1st Aorema Kourakou & Tondobi 2nd Aorema Karma Diapaga Essakane Nondin & Soro Bibgou & Soualimou Military convoys Barsalogho Solenzo Tafagou and Nobiol Inter-government conflict January 2022 coup d'état September 2022 coup d'état 2023 coup attempt Inter-ethnic conflict Fulani-Mossi conflict Samorogouan Intangom Nassoumbou Ariel 1st Inata Loroni 1st Arbinda Gorom-Gorom Koutougou Bourgou IV 2nd Arbinda Madjoari Markoye Department Dounkoun Boukouma 2nd Inata Titao Laabingol Ouahigouya Djibo Natiaboani Namissiguima Bourzanga Bam Boala Kikideni Falagountou Tin-Ediar Tin-Akoff Zorkoum Kapidougou Ougarou Namsiguia Noaka Koumbri Tawori Mansila Nassougou Diapaga 1st Ouagadougou 2nd Ouagadougou 3rd Ouagadougou 2019 Yirgou Gasseliki Kaïn 2nd Arbinda Belehede Dibilou Sanmatenga Salmossi Dolmane Pobé Mengao Fada N'Gourma Yirgou Gasseliki Kaïn 2nd Arbinda Belehede Dibilou Sanmatenga Salmossi Dolmane Pobé Mengao Fada N'Gourma Toeni Nagraogo Pansi Barsalogho convoy Djibo 2020 Fada N'Gourma Yattakou Kodyel Solhan & Tadaryat Goulgountou Gorgadji Singou Seytenga Bourasso & Namissiguima Namsiguia Silgadji Gaskinde Bougui Nouna 3rd Arbinda Linguekoro 1st Aorema Kourakou & Tondobi 2nd Aorema Karma Diapaga Essakane Nondin & Soro Bibgou & Soualimou Military convoys Barsalogho Solenzo Tafagou and Nobiol January 2022 coup d'état September 2022 coup d'état 2023 coup attempt Fulani-Mossi conflict v t e Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) v t e Maghreb (since 2002) 2002 Djerba 2003 Sahara Casablanca Sétif 2004 El-Kseur 2005 El Mreiti Tidjelabine 2006–2007 Tidjelabine Boudouaou Tunisia Soliman OEF Trans Sahara (since 2007) 2007 Souk El Had Casablanca Algiers (Apr) Batna Dellys Algiers (Dec) Aleg 2008 Naciria Thénia Beni Amrane Israeli embassy Zemmouri Issers 2009 Garn-Akassa Bordj Bou Arréridj Araouane Nouakchott 2010 Tidjelabine Ammal Akla Baghlia Areich Hind Bordj Menaïel 2011 Marrakesh Wagadou Forest Bassikounou Timbuktu 2012 Thénia Baghlia 2013 In Amenas Agadez & Arlit 2017 Tongo Tongo Ayorou 2019 Inates 2020 Chinagodrar Tillabéri (May) Kouré Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014) Benghazi (2012) Benghazi (2013) Mali War (since 2012) 2012 Tuareg rebellion Azawad 2013 Serval AFISMA EUTM MINUSMA 2015 Bamako (Mar) Bamako (Nov) Kidal 2016 Bamako Nampala 2017 In-Delimane Gao Bamako Inkadogotane Timbuktu 2018 Mopti Araouane MINUSMA camp Ménaka (Apr) Talataye Tabarde Amalaoulaou Ménaka (Dec) 2019 Kidal Ogossagou Sobane Da Indelimane Ménaka 2020 Talahandak N'daw coup Boulikessi Tadamakat 2021 Bounti Goïta coup Mopti 2022 Danguèrè Wotoro Mondoro Moura Hombori 2nd Andéramboukane Bankass 3rd Tessit Talataye Bandiagara Tadjalalt and Haroum Chaambi Operations (2012–2019) 2014 Chaambi Mountains Barkhane (2014–2022) 2016 Ouagadougou Grand-Bassam Nassoumbou 2017 Ouagadougou 2018 Ouagadougou 2nd Tongo-Tongo 2019 Gorom-Gorom Sanmatenga Dolmane Oudalan Pobé Mengao Fada N'gourma Arbinda 2020 Pansi Fada N'gourma Talahandak Boulikessi Toumour 2021 Kodyel Solhan and Tadaryat Inata Seytenga Namssiguia 2022 Djibo Bam Second Libyan Civil War (2014–2020) 2014 3rd Benghazi Derna 4th Benghazi 2015 Nofaliya Copts 1st Tripoli (Corinthia Hotel) Al Qubbah Egyptian airstrikes 1st Sirte 2016 Bin Jawad Zliten Misrata 2nd Sirte Derna 2018 2nd Tripoli (HNEC) 2nd Derna 3rd Tripoli (NOC) 2019 Western Libya offensive Tunisia (2015–2022) 2015 1st Tunis Sousse 2nd Tunis 2016 Ben Guerdane 2019 3rd Tunis 2002 Djerba Djerba 2003 Sahara Casablanca Sétif Sahara Casablanca Sétif 2004 El-Kseur El-Kseur 2005 El Mreiti Tidjelabine El Mreiti Tidjelabine 2006–2007 Tidjelabine Boudouaou Tunisia Soliman Tidjelabine Boudouaou Tunisia Soliman 2007 Souk El Had Casablanca Algiers (Apr) Batna Dellys Algiers (Dec) Aleg Souk El Had Casablanca Algiers (Apr) Batna Dellys Algiers (Dec) Aleg 2008 Naciria Thénia Beni Amrane Israeli embassy Zemmouri Issers Naciria Thénia Beni Amrane Israeli embassy Zemmouri Issers 2009 Garn-Akassa Bordj Bou Arréridj Araouane Nouakchott Garn-Akassa Bordj Bou Arréridj Araouane Nouakchott 2010 Tidjelabine Ammal Akla Baghlia Areich Hind Bordj Menaïel Tidjelabine Ammal Akla Baghlia Areich Hind Bordj Menaïel 2011 Marrakesh Wagadou Forest Bassikounou Timbuktu Marrakesh Wagadou Forest Bassikounou Timbuktu 2012 Thénia Baghlia Thénia Baghlia 2013 In Amenas Agadez & Arlit In Amenas Agadez & Arlit 2017 Tongo Tongo Ayorou Tongo Tongo Ayorou 2019 Inates Inates 2020 Chinagodrar Tillabéri (May) Kouré Chinagodrar Tillabéri (May) Kouré Benghazi (2012) Benghazi (2013) 2012 Tuareg rebellion Azawad Tuareg rebellion Azawad 2013 Serval AFISMA EUTM MINUSMA Serval AFISMA EUTM MINUSMA 2015 Bamako (Mar) Bamako (Nov) Kidal Bamako (Mar) Bamako (Nov) Kidal 2016 Bamako Nampala Bamako Nampala 2017 In-Delimane Gao Bamako Inkadogotane Timbuktu In-Delimane Gao Bamako Inkadogotane Timbuktu 2018 Mopti Araouane MINUSMA camp Ménaka (Apr) Talataye Tabarde Amalaoulaou Ménaka (Dec) Mopti Araouane MINUSMA camp Ménaka (Apr) Talataye Tabarde Amalaoulaou Ménaka (Dec) 2019 Kidal Ogossagou Sobane Da Indelimane Ménaka Kidal Ogossagou Sobane 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Bam 2014 3rd Benghazi Derna 4th Benghazi 3rd Benghazi Derna 4th Benghazi 2015 Nofaliya Copts 1st Tripoli (Corinthia Hotel) Al Qubbah Egyptian airstrikes 1st Sirte Nofaliya Copts 1st Tripoli (Corinthia Hotel) Al Qubbah Egyptian airstrikes 1st Sirte 2016 Bin Jawad Zliten Misrata 2nd Sirte Derna Bin Jawad Zliten Misrata 2nd Sirte Derna 2018 2nd Tripoli (HNEC) 2nd Derna 3rd Tripoli (NOC) 2nd Tripoli (HNEC) 2nd Derna 3rd Tripoli (NOC) 2019 Western Libya offensive Western Libya offensive 2015 1st Tunis Sousse 2nd Tunis 1st Tunis Sousse 2nd Tunis 2016 Ben Guerdane Ben Guerdane 2019 3rd Tunis 3rd Tunis On 15 January 2016, gunmen armed with heavy weapons attacked the Cappuccino restaurant and the Splendid Hotel in the heart of Ouagadougou , the capital of Burkina Faso . At least 30 people were killed, [ 1 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] and 56 wounded; a total of 176 hostages were released [ 3 ] [ 11 ] after a government counter-attack into the next morning as the siege ended. Three perpetrators were also killed. [ 4 ] The nearby YIBI hotel was then under siege, where another attacker was killed. Notably, former Swiss MPs Jean-Noël Rey and Georgie Lamon were killed at a restaurant during the attack. Responsibility for the attack was claimed by Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and Al-Mourabitoun . Background Following the Libyan Civil War , neighboring Mali was wracked by instability, including Islamist attacks, in the Northern Mali conflict . Neighboring countries also experienced a Boko Haram insurgency. In Burkina Faso, the 2014 Burkinabé uprising ousted President Blaise Compaoré , while the consequent 2015 Burkinabe coup d'état , in relation to the electoral process, was eventually put down under pressure from the African Union . The November 2015 general election resulted in Roch Marc Christian Kaboré becoming president of Burkina Faso . Burkina Faso is part of the G5 Sahel countries formed to counter insurgent attacks. [ 6 ] The Splendid Hotel was sometimes used by French troops who were part of the Chad-based Operation Barkhane . [ 12 ] The United States had approximately 75 military personnel in the country, including 15 assigned to the embassy and about 60 who provide "security assistance" – training, advising and assisting. [ 13 ] Earlier in the day, at about 14:00 local time, approximately 20 "heavily-armed unidentified individuals" attacked gendarmerie in the village of Tin Abao, near the border with Mali, according to the army. [ 6 ] The Security Ministry's Spokeswoman Abi Ouattara also announced that an Austrian couple were kidnapped in the night in northern Burkina Faso near the border with Mali in the Baraboulé area's [ 8 ] village of Djibo. [ 14 ] Austrian Foreign Ministry Spokesman Thomas Schnoell added that more information was not known but they were "looking into the matter as quickly as possible." [ 8 ] However, the couple were later said to be Australian. [ 3 ] Attacks and sieges Cappuccino and Splendid Hotel On 15 January 2016 at 19:30, [ 15 ] according to Communications Minister Remi Dandjinou, six or seven [ 3 ] turbaned gunmen, [ 15 ] reportedly arrived in four-wheel drive cars and burnt ten vehicles. [ 10 ] They attacked the Cappuccino restaurant, which had about 100 guests, according to RTB , [ 14 ] and then took hostages [ 16 ] at the 147-room [ 17 ] four-star [ 8 ] Splendid Hotel in the heart of Ouagadougou on Avenue Kwame Nkrumah. [ 16 ] Both places are frequented by businessmen and foreigners. A dinner of the ASECNA , which was attended by 200 people, was taking place in the hotel. [ 18 ] Some of the perpetrators arrived at the hotel during the day and mingled with guests, while others joined them after nightfall. [ 14 ] As Ouagadougou Airport is about 1.5 kilometres (1 mi) from the attack site, Air France and Turkish Airlines flights were diverted to Niamey , Niger. [ 19 ] Foreign Minister Alpha Barry said: "We know that there are victims and there are hostages. Currently the area is blocked by security forces waiting for an assault to free the hostages." According to the head of the city's main hospital there were 20 confirmed deaths, while an unnamed Cappuccino staff member said several people had been killed at the restaurant. [ 6 ] At least 20 people were wounded. [ 20 ] Robert Sangare, director of Ouagadougou's university hospital centre, said that one European woman being treated at the hospital had said that the perpetrators appeared to target white people. [ 12 ] [ 21 ] Other survivors, including a Slovenian social anthropologist and a French architect, also reported witnessing white people being "singled out" and double tapped by the attackers. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] About 10 ambulances were used to ferry the wounded to the hospital through the night. [ 2 ] Counter-attack At 01:00 the next day, the hall was set on fire [ 24 ] as commandos tried to free an unknown number of hostages, using explosives to enter the building. Two groups of security forces entered the main lobby five hours after the siege began, as gunfire was reported. [ 25 ] RTB reported intense gunfire for 40 minutes in the direction of the hotel. [ 13 ] It further noted that about 33 hostages had been freed [ 4 ] [ 26 ] by security forces, including Minister of Public Services, [ 13 ] Labour and Social Security Clément Sawadogo , according to Dandjinou. [ 26 ] Gunfire reportedly subsided after an hour of the counter-attack, while bodies were seen outside the hotel. [ 20 ] The Splendid Hotel siege ended in the morning [ 4 ] with the release of 176 hostages, according to Compoare, [ 3 ] almost half of whom were injured in the process. [ 8 ] A group of U.S. and French soldiers came to the site, while a curfew was instated from 23:00 to 06:00. [ 15 ] An unnamed U.S. Defence Department official said that France had requested its intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance support in the city and that at least one military member in the country was giving "advice and assistance" to French forces at the hotel. [ 12 ] Dozens of the French forces came in from neighbouring Mali. [ 17 ] French medical teams were sent to provide support, while forensic officers were also sent to the city. [ 3 ] YIBI hotel Following the end of the siege at the Splendid Hotel, the Yibi hotel, located next to Cappuccino, [ 8 ] was under attack, according to Interior Minister [ 27 ] Simon Compaoré . [ 28 ] It followed him saying that nearby hotels were being checked to make sure attackers were not hiding there. [ 17 ] At about 07:30, government forces entered the hotel on foot, while sharp shooters were reportedly on the roofs of nearby buildings. Radio Omega reported that a fourth attacker had been killed after seeking refuge at the hotel. [ 8 ] Casualties Country Number Note Burkina Faso 10 [ 29 ] Canada 6 [ 29 ] Ukraine 4 [ 29 ] France 2 [ 29 ] Switzerland 2 [ 29 ] Italy 1 [ 30 ] Portugal 1 [ 29 ] France/ Morocco 1 [ 29 ] United States 1 [ 29 ] Netherlands 1 [ 29 ] Libya 1 [ 29 ] Total 30 [ 29 ] The gunmen were initially reported to have killed 20 people, [ 5 ] but this number was later revised upward to a total of 30 people [ 1 ] with one death in the second hotel; at least 56 other people were injured. [ 3 ] Three militants were also killed at the first hotel [ 4 ] and one in the second hotel. [ 31 ] Ten bodies were found at the Cappuccino across the street from the hotel [ 32 ] by firefighters. [ 8 ] One of the hostages was an Indian citizen, [ 4 ] while at least one of the other wounded was French [ 3 ] and another was from the U.S. [ 33 ] The dead were initially reported to be from 18 countries. [ 8 ] These included: eight people from Burkina Faso, [ 3 ] six Canadians, four of whom were members of the same family from Lac-Beauport, Quebec , another family friend and a member of their visiting party, [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] four Ukrainians of the same family, [ 37 ] two each from Switzerland [ 38 ] and France, [ 3 ] and one each from Portugal, [ 39 ] the Netherlands, Italy, Libya and the United States. [ 3 ] The latter was working for the Christian group Sheltering Wings . [ 40 ] A dual French-Moroccan victim, who was shot multiple times, died in an Ouagadougou hospital three days later. [ 1 ] She was Leila Alaoui , a photographer on assignment for Amnesty International . [ 41 ] The two Swiss dead were Georgie Lamon , a former cantonal member of parliament, [ 42 ] and Jean-Noël Rey , a former Swiss member of parliament and head of the Swiss post and telecommunications service . Both had been visiting a school created by an association to which they belonged. [ 2 ] [ 40 ] Responsibility Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb , an Islamist militant organization whose ultimate goal is to overthrow the Algerian government and create an Islamic State in its place, [ 43 ] claimed responsibility for the attack. [ 44 ] SITE Intelligence Group translated a document that outlined the reason for the attack "revenge against France and the disbelieving West" and that the militants were part of the Mali-based Al-Mourabitoun group. [ 8 ] It also quoted a statement from the group as reading: "[The] mujahideen brothers...broke into a restaurant of one of the biggest hotels in the capital of Burkina Faso, and are now entrenched and the clashes are continuing with the enemies of the religion." [ 6 ] The group also "asserted the fall of many dead Crusaders." Eyewitnesses said the perpetrators were "light-skinned" and spoke a language not native to the country. [ 13 ] Later, two of the attackers were found to be black and one Arab. [ 8 ] Of the initially reported six gunmen, [ 15 ] at least two of the four perpetrators found were women, according to an announcement by Kaboré. [ 8 ] Compoare added that the bodies of three "very young" attackers were found [ 3 ] and that they were no older than 26 years old. [ 2 ] It was reported on 22 January that three of the six attackers were still on the run. [ 45 ] Reactions Domestic President Roch Marc Christian Kaboré presided over an emergency cabinet meeting and then, along with Prime Minister Paul Kaba Thieba arrived at the attack scene at about lunchtime. Kaboré said it was "a barbaric attack that we must fight." [ 8 ] National mourning was observed for 72 hours. [ 3 ] International The French embassy announced that a "terrorist attack" was underway and urged its citizens to avoid the area. [ 6 ] It added that it had no idea if there were any French citizens inside the hotel. The U.S. embassy issued a statement on Twitter indicating that while it was aware of the situation, there was no indication of any citizens inside the hotel and also urged its citizens to avoid the downtown area of Ouagadougou. [ 13 ] The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office issued a similar advisory. [ 3 ] French President François Hollande issued a statement early in the morning of 16 January that read: "The President of the Republic expresses his total support for President Kaboré and for the people of Burkina Faso in the face of this odious and cowardly attack which has struck Ouagadougou." Prime Minister Manuel Valls added on Twitter: "By striking Burkina Faso, terrorists have again struck the world. Together we will respond and we will overcome. #JeSuisOuaga" [ 8 ] President of the National Assembly of Ivory Coast Guillaume Soro expressed his "compassion and solidarity" to the "government and people." [ 46 ] Russia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs condemned the attacks. [ citation needed ] In announcing the deaths of his fellow citizens, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau condemned "these senseless acts of violence on innocent civilians." [ 3 ] Reporting that Ukrainians were killed, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine Pavlo Klimkin stated that he was "shocked by the attack" that was "a tragedy for all of us..." [ 47 ] U.S. State Department Spokesman John Kirby later offered condolences on the death of his fellow citizen and added that his family "are with all those affected by this brutality." The U.S. embassy called it a "senseless assault on innocent people." [ 14 ] Regional neighbor Algeria's Foreign Minister Ramtane Lamamra also condemned the attacks and expressed its solidarity with the families of the victims, the government and the Burkinabé people. [ 48 ] Ghana's President John Mahama appointed his former chief of staff, Prosper Douglas Bani , as interior minister to reinforce domestic security following the attacks. [ 49 ] See also 2008 Mumbai attacks 2015 Corinthia Hotel attack 2015 Bamako hotel attack Garissa University College attack List of Islamist terrorist attacks List of terrorist incidents, January–June 2016 Westgate shopping mall attack 2016 Bamako attack References ^ a b c d .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "French-Moroccan photographer Leila Alaoui dies after Burkina Faso attacks" . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Ouagadougou_attacks#cite_ref-tele_8-7
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Hovudside Arbeidskontoret Samfunnshuset Siste endringar Tilfeldig side Hjelp Kontakt Wikimedia Commons Meta-Wiki Wikidata-element Gåver Opprett konto Logg inn Gåver Opprett konto Logg inn Innhald Byrjinga 1 Spørsmål 2 Innhald i artiklar 3 Opphavsrett 4 Wikipediabrukarar 5 Ansvarlege Vis/skjul underseksjonen Ansvarlege 5.1 Wikimedia 5.2 Wikipedia i Noreg 5.1 Wikimedia 5.2 Wikipedia i Noreg Wikipedia : Kontakt Norsk bokmål Svenska Dansk Alemannisch अंगिका العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Cymraeg الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά English Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Jawa ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Malti Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Tagalog Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Prosjektside Diskusjon Les Endre wikiteksten Sjå historikken Les Endre wikiteksten Sjå historikken Lenkjer hit Relaterte endringar Last opp fil Fast lenkje Sideinformasjon Spesialsider Hent kort URL Last ned QR-kode Byt til den gamle parseren Opprett ei bok Last ned som PDF Utskriftsversjon Spørsmål [ endre wikiteksten ] Wikipedia:Spørsmål har svar på mange vanlege spørsmål om Wikipedia . Kvar artikkel, wikipedia- og brukarside i Wikipedia har òg ei diskusjonsside, og der kan du òg gjerne spørja og få svar på spørsmål som har med dette emnet å gjera. I tillegg kan du gå til samfunnshuset og starta eller delta i ein generell diskusjon. Spørsmål Wikipedia:Spørsmål har svar på mange vanlege spørsmål om Wikipedia . Kvar artikkel, wikipedia- og brukarside i Wikipedia har òg ei diskusjonsside, og der kan du òg gjerne spørja og få svar på spørsmål som har med dette emnet å gjera. I tillegg kan du gå til samfunnshuset og starta eller delta i ein generell diskusjon. Innhald i artiklar [ endre wikiteksten ] Alle kan redigera artiklar og anna innhald på Wikipedia. Viss du ser noko som er feil på ei side, kan du berre klikka på «endre» og retta det. For å diskutera vidare korleis ein artikkel kan bli betre kan du bruka diskusjonssida som høyrer til artikkelen. Lenkja til denne finn du øvst i artikkelen. Innhald i artiklar Alle kan redigera artiklar og anna innhald på Wikipedia. Viss du ser noko som er feil på ei side, kan du berre klikka på «endre» og retta det. For å diskutera vidare korleis ein artikkel kan bli betre kan du bruka diskusjonssida som høyrer til artikkelen. Lenkja til denne finn du øvst i artikkelen. Opphavsrett [ endre wikiteksten ] Dersom du har opphavsretten til innhald som er brukt på Wikipedia utan løyve, kan du kontakta ein administrator , og innhaldet vil bli fjerna så fort som råd. Dersom du berre trur at nokon sin opphavsrett er blitt krenka kan du starta ein diskusjon om dette på diskusjonssida til artikkelen eller fila. Viss du gjerne vil bruka innhald frå Wikipedia, har allereie løyve. GFDL-lisensen gjev alle lov til dette, også kommersielt, men du må følgja reglane i lisensen. Opphavsrett Dersom du har opphavsretten til innhald som er brukt på Wikipedia utan løyve, kan du kontakta ein administrator , og innhaldet vil bli fjerna så fort som råd. Dersom du berre trur at nokon sin opphavsrett er blitt krenka kan du starta ein diskusjon om dette på diskusjonssida til artikkelen eller fila. Viss du gjerne vil bruka innhald frå Wikipedia, har allereie løyve. GFDL-lisensen gjev alle lov til dette, også kommersielt, men du må følgja reglane i lisensen. Wikipediabrukarar [ endre wikiteksten ] For å læra meir om bidragsytarar på Wikipedia kan du trykka på brukarnamna deira og sjå brukarsidene deira. Alle brukarane har òg kvar si diskusjonsside der du kan skriva meldingar til dei, og mange har òg ei lenkje som gjer at du kan senda e-post til dei. Sjå òg kategori:Wikipedantar Wikipediabrukarar For å læra meir om bidragsytarar på Wikipedia kan du trykka på brukarnamna deira og sjå brukarsidene deira. Alle brukarane har òg kvar si diskusjonsside der du kan skriva meldingar til dei, og mange har òg ei lenkje som gjer at du kan senda e-post til dei. Sjå òg kategori:Wikipedantar Ansvarlege [ endre wikiteksten ] Wikimedia [ endre wikiteksten ] Stiftinga Wikimedia driv wikipediaprosjekta. Ein kan nå dei på telefonnummer i USA 310-474-3223 for pressekontakt, og board@wikimedia.org for andre spørsmål. Wikipedia i Noreg [ endre wikiteksten ] Presseinformasjon står under Wikipedia:Presse og Wikipedia:Omtale . Administrative spørsmål kan takast opp på Wikipedia:Administratorar . For bokmålswikipediaen sjå no:Wikipedia:Presse . Ansvarlege Wikimedia [ endre wikiteksten ] Stiftinga Wikimedia driv wikipediaprosjekta. Ein kan nå dei på telefonnummer i USA 310-474-3223 for pressekontakt, og board@wikimedia.org for andre spørsmål. Wikimedia Stiftinga Wikimedia driv wikipediaprosjekta. Ein kan nå dei på telefonnummer i USA 310-474-3223 for pressekontakt, og board@wikimedia.org for andre spørsmål. Wikipedia i Noreg [ endre wikiteksten ] Presseinformasjon står under Wikipedia:Presse og Wikipedia:Omtale . Administrative spørsmål kan takast opp på Wikipedia:Administratorar . For bokmålswikipediaen sjå no:Wikipedia:Presse . Wikipedia i Noreg Presseinformasjon står under Wikipedia:Presse og Wikipedia:Omtale . Administrative spørsmål kan takast opp på Wikipedia:Administratorar . For bokmålswikipediaen sjå no:Wikipedia:Presse . Wikipediahjelp Denne sida vart sist endra den 9. oktober 2023 kl. 06:04. Sida vart teikna med Parsoid . All tekst er tilgjengeleg under Creative Commons-lisensen Namngjeving/Del på same vilkåra . Sjå Vilkår for detaljar. Personvern Om Wikipedia Atterhald Retningsliner for åtferd Utviklarar Statistikk Fråsegn om informasjonskapslar For mobil
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https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontakt
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Mwanzo Jumuiya Mabadiliko ya karibuni Ukurasa wa bahati Msaada Kurasa maalumu Michango Unda akaunti Ingia Michango Unda akaunti Ingia Mwanzo Ukurasa mkuu Majadiliano Soma Angalia chanzo Fungua historia Soma Angalia chanzo Fungua historia Viungo viungavyo ukurasa huu Mabadiliko husika Pakia faili Kiungo cha daima Maelezo ya ukurasa Taja ukurasa huu Pata URL iliyofupishwa Pakua msimbo wa QR Switch to legacy parser Tunga kitabu Pakua kama PDF Ukurasa wa kuchapika Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wiktionary Wikidata kifungu Karibu kwenye Wikipedia , kamusi elezo huru , kila mtu anaweza kuihariri ! Hadi leo tuna makala takriban 104,183 kwa Kiswahili Je unapenda kuona Wikipedia yetu kama kitabu? Bofya hapa ! Biografia Dini Hisabati Historia Jiografia Jamii Jumuiya Lugha Sanaa Sayansi Teknolojia Tiba Ujenzi Kamusi Elezo ya Kiswahili Karibu kwenye Wikipedia ya Kiswahili! Wikipedia ni mradi wa kuandika kamusi elezo kamili na sahihi ya maandishi huru. Kila mtu anaweza kuhariri makala yoyote, kutoa makosa ya lugha, kutohoa maneno na kuendeleza na kukuza makala, kwa kuandika kwa ufupi au kwa urefu. Tunakushauri ujiandikishe na kufungua akaunti . Angalia Wikipedia:Mwongozo ili ujifunze unavyoweza kuhariri au kusanifisha ukurasa. Usisite kushiriki; kwa sababu huu ni mradi wa ushirikiano, na hautaisha kamwe. Kamusi elezo itaimarika vizuri zaidi kila wakati. Angalia ukurasa wa jumuia , ukurasa wa jamii , na ule wa makala za msingi za kamusi elezo ili kung'amua unaweza kufanya kazi zipi ili kuboresha Wikipedia. Je, wajua... Kutoka kwenye mkusanyiko wa makala za Wikipedia: ... kwamba Hifadhi ya Ngorongoro imepokewa katika orodha ya urithi wa dunia ya UNESCO ? ... kwamba Asha-Rose Mtengeti Migiro ni mwanasiasa wa kwanza kutoka nchini Tanzania aliyepata kuwa Naibu Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa ? ... kwamba eneo la Afrika ya Mashariki ndilo ambalo lina uchumi unaokua kwa kasi zaidi katika bara la Afrika! ... kwamba Samia Hassan Suluhu ni rais wa kwanza mwanamke Afrika ya Mashariki ? Aliapishwa kuwa rais mara baada ya kifo cha mtangulizi wake, John Pombe Magufuli . Hifadhi – Jifunze kuanzisha makala – Teua makala Makala ya wiki B. J. Vorster Balthazar Johannes "B. J." Vorster (13 December 1915 – 10 September 1983) alikuwa mwanasiasa kutoka Afrika Kusini na kiongozi wa chama cha National Party ambaye alihudumu kama Rais wa Afrika Kusini kutoka 1966 hadi 1978. Vorster alizaliwa mjini Hartenbos , Afrika Kusini, na alikulia katika familia ya wakulima. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch na alianza kujihusisha na siasa akiwa na umri mdogo, akijiunga na chama cha National Party. Alikuwa mfuasi mzito wa sera za ubaguzi wa rangi ( Apartheid ) na alishirikiana na viongozi wengine wa chama hicho kuendeleza utawala wa wazungu nchini Afrika Kusini. Kwa kipindi cha miaka kadhaa, Vorster alihudumu kama Waziri wa Usalama wa Ndani, ambapo aliwezesha kuimarisha sheria kali dhidi ya wapinzani wa serikali na kuendeleza sera za ubaguzi wa rangi. Alihusika katika utawala wa kihalifu dhidi ya makundi ya upinzani kama vile African National Congress (ANC), na alikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika kupambana na harakati za kupigania haki za kiraia za watu weusi. ►Soma zaidi Picha nzuri ya wiki Ziara ya Mwalimu Nyerere wa Tanzania mnamo Machi 12, 1985; Rais Nyerere akisikiliza maswali. Julius Nyerere (Butiama, 13 Aprili 1922 - London, 14 Oktoba 1999) alikuwa Rais wa kwanza wa Tanzania na Baba wa Taifa. Aliongoza Tanganyika tangu uhuru mwaka 1961 kama Waziri Mkuu, kisha baada ya Muungano wa Tanganyika na Zanzibar mwaka 1964, aliongoza Tanzania kama Rais hadi 1985. Aliunda sera ya Ujamaa na Kujitegemea ambayo iliweka msisitizo kwenye usawa wa kijamii, elimu kwa wote na umoja wa kitaifa. Baada ya kustaafu urais, aliendelea kuishi kwa kuendeleza shughuli za kijamii na kilimo, na alifariki dunia kutokana na saratani ya damu tarehe 14 Oktoba 1999 akiwa London, na kuzikwa Butiama. Je ungependa kusoma zaidi kuhusu Mtu huyu? au ungependa kuchangia zaidi kuhusu mtu huyu? fungua Hapa Takwimu ya Wikipedia ya Kiswahili Idadi ya makala: 104,183 Idadi ya kurasa zote: 209,463 (pamoja na kurasa za watumiaji, majadiliano, msaada n.k.) Idadi ya hariri: 1,477,526 Idadi ya watumiaji waliojiandikisha: 85,423 Idadi ya wakabidhi : 14 Idadi ya watumiaji hai: 506 (Watumiaji waliojiandikisha na kuchangia katika muda wa siku 30 zilizopita) Bofya hapa kwa kupata namba za sasa Takwimu ya WIkipedia ya Kiswahili kwa jumla Katika mwezi wa Agosti 2025 wikipedia ya Kiswahili iliangaliwa mara milioni 7.79 hivi, ambayo ni sawa na mara 251,607 kwa siku au mara 10,483 kila saa ambalo ni ongezeko la mara 4.5 ukilinganisha na mwaka 2024 mwezi wa Agosti. Asilimia 52 za wasomaji wetu wako Tanzania, asilimia 13 wako Kenya, asilimia 18 wako Marekani na mnamo asilimia 10 wako Ulaya. Angalia idadi ya wasomaji kwa makala mbalimbali hapa kwenye takwimu za makala (fungua anwani kwa browser yako, ondoa majina yaliyopo na ingiza jina la makala (hadi makala 10) unayopenda. Unaweza kubadilisha kipindi cha taarifa utakachoona; takwimu kabla ya 2015 hapa ) na makala 100 zilizotazamiwa zaidi "Topviews" kwa kipindi fulani. (unachagua kati ya makala 100 kwa mwezi au kwa siku) Michango ya wanawiki: angalia hapa michango ya mtumiaji kwenye kila mradi wa Wikimedia ( andika jina la mtumiaji kwenye sanduku ) Jumuia za Wikimedia Kamusi elezo ya Wiki ni kamusi elezo huru iliyo chini ya Shirika Lisilo la Kiserikali la Wikimedia Foundation , ambalo linasimamia miradi mingine mbalimbali ambayo imeorodheshwa hapo chini. Mpaka sasa miradi inayopatikana Kiswahili ni Wikipedia na Wikamusi. Wikitabu imewekwa Kiswahili lakini bado ni tupu. Mengine inapatikana Kiingereza pamoja na lugha tofauti. Commons Ghala ya Nyaraka za Picha na Sauti Meta-Wiki Uratibu wa Miradi yote ya Wikimedia Wikamusi Kamusi na Tesauri Wikitabu Vitabu vya bure na Miongozo ya Kufundishia Wikidondoo Mkusanyiko wa Nukuu Huria Wikichanzo (Wikisource) Matini za vyanzo asilia kwa Kiswahili Wikispishi Kamusi ya Spishi Wikichuo Jumuia ya elimu Wikihabari Habari Huru na Bure Wikipedia kwa lugha nyingine Wikipedia kwa lugha nyingine Wikipedia ipo katika lugha zaidi ya 340. Bofya hapa kuona orodha kamili ya lugha zote za Wikipedia . Baadhi ya lugha zenye makala zaidi ya 1,000,000 : Kiarabu cha Misri - Deutsch (Kijerumani) - English (Kiingereza) - Español (Kihispania) - Français (Kifaransa) - Italiano (Kiitalia) - 日本語 (Kijapani) - Nederlands (Kiholanzi) - Polski (Kipolishi) - Português (Kireno) - Русский (Kirusi) - Svenska (Kiswidi) - Українська (Kiukraina) - Tiếng Việt (Kivietinamu) - 中文 (Kichina) Baadhi ya lugha zenye makala zaidi ya 500,000 : Català (Kikatalunya) - Česky (Kicheki) - Bahasa Indonesia (Kiindonesia) - Suomi (Kifini) - Magyar (Kihungaria) - Norsk bokmål (Kinorway) - Română (Kiromania) - Türkçe (Kituruki) - Baadhi ya lugha zenye makala zaidi ya 250,000 : Dansk (Kidenmark) - Esperanto (Kiesperanto) - Slovenčina (Kislovakia) - Baadhi ya lugha zenye makala zaidi ya 100,000 : Afrikaans (Kiafrikana) · Malagasy (Kimalagasi) - Swahili (Kiswahili) - Baadhi ya lugha nyingine za Afrika: አማርኛ · Bamanankan · Chi-Chewa · chiShona · chiTumbuka · Ɛʋɛ · Fulfude · Gĩkũyũ · Hausa · Ìgbo · isiXhosa · isiZulu · Taqbaylit · Kikongo · Kinyarwanda · Kirundi · Lingala · Luganda · Oromoo · Oshiwambo · Sängö · seSotho · Setswana · SiSwati · Soomaaliga · ትግርኛ · Tshivenda · Twi · Wolof · Xitsonga · Yorùbá · Jinsi ya kuanzisha Wikipedia kwa lugha mpya Karibu kwenye Wikipedia , kamusi elezo huru , kila mtu anaweza kuihariri ! Hadi leo tuna makala takriban 104,183 kwa Kiswahili Je unapenda kuona Wikipedia yetu kama kitabu? Bofya hapa ! Karibu kwenye Wikipedia , kamusi elezo huru , kila mtu anaweza kuihariri ! Hadi leo tuna makala takriban 104,183 kwa Kiswahili Je unapenda kuona Wikipedia yetu kama kitabu? Bofya hapa ! Biografia Dini Hisabati Biografia Dini Hisabati Historia Jiografia Jamii Historia Jiografia Jamii Jumuiya Lugha Sanaa Jumuiya Lugha Sanaa Sayansi Teknolojia Tiba Ujenzi Sayansi Teknolojia Tiba Ujenzi Kamusi Elezo ya Kiswahili Karibu kwenye Wikipedia ya Kiswahili! Wikipedia ni mradi wa kuandika kamusi elezo kamili na sahihi ya maandishi huru. Kila mtu anaweza kuhariri makala yoyote, kutoa makosa ya lugha, kutohoa maneno na kuendeleza na kukuza makala, kwa kuandika kwa ufupi au kwa urefu. Tunakushauri ujiandikishe na kufungua akaunti . Angalia Wikipedia:Mwongozo ili ujifunze unavyoweza kuhariri au kusanifisha ukurasa. Usisite kushiriki; kwa sababu huu ni mradi wa ushirikiano, na hautaisha kamwe. Kamusi elezo itaimarika vizuri zaidi kila wakati. Angalia ukurasa wa jumuia , ukurasa wa jamii , na ule wa makala za msingi za kamusi elezo ili kung'amua unaweza kufanya kazi zipi ili kuboresha Wikipedia. Je, wajua... Kutoka kwenye mkusanyiko wa makala za Wikipedia: ... kwamba Hifadhi ya Ngorongoro imepokewa katika orodha ya urithi wa dunia ya UNESCO ? ... kwamba Asha-Rose Mtengeti Migiro ni mwanasiasa wa kwanza kutoka nchini Tanzania aliyepata kuwa Naibu Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa ? ... kwamba eneo la Afrika ya Mashariki ndilo ambalo lina uchumi unaokua kwa kasi zaidi katika bara la Afrika! ... kwamba Samia Hassan Suluhu ni rais wa kwanza mwanamke Afrika ya Mashariki ? Aliapishwa kuwa rais mara baada ya kifo cha mtangulizi wake, John Pombe Magufuli . Hifadhi – Jifunze kuanzisha makala – Teua makala Kamusi Elezo ya Kiswahili Kamusi Elezo ya Kiswahili Kamusi Elezo ya Kiswahili Karibu kwenye Wikipedia ya Kiswahili! Wikipedia ni mradi wa kuandika kamusi elezo kamili na sahihi ya maandishi huru. Kila mtu anaweza kuhariri makala yoyote, kutoa makosa ya lugha, kutohoa maneno na kuendeleza na kukuza makala, kwa kuandika kwa ufupi au kwa urefu. Tunakushauri ujiandikishe na kufungua akaunti . Angalia Wikipedia:Mwongozo ili ujifunze unavyoweza kuhariri au kusanifisha ukurasa. Usisite kushiriki; kwa sababu huu ni mradi wa ushirikiano, na hautaisha kamwe. Kamusi elezo itaimarika vizuri zaidi kila wakati. Angalia ukurasa wa jumuia , ukurasa wa jamii , na ule wa makala za msingi za kamusi elezo ili kung'amua unaweza kufanya kazi zipi ili kuboresha Wikipedia. Wikipedia ni mradi wa kuandika kamusi elezo kamili na sahihi ya maandishi huru. Kila mtu anaweza kuhariri makala yoyote, kutoa makosa ya lugha, kutohoa maneno na kuendeleza na kukuza makala, kwa kuandika kwa ufupi au kwa urefu. Tunakushauri ujiandikishe na kufungua akaunti . Angalia Wikipedia:Mwongozo ili ujifunze unavyoweza kuhariri au kusanifisha ukurasa. Usisite kushiriki; kwa sababu huu ni mradi wa ushirikiano, na hautaisha kamwe. Kamusi elezo itaimarika vizuri zaidi kila wakati. Angalia ukurasa wa jumuia , ukurasa wa jamii , na ule wa makala za msingi za kamusi elezo ili kung'amua unaweza kufanya kazi zipi ili kuboresha Wikipedia. Je, wajua... Je, wajua... Je, wajua... Kutoka kwenye mkusanyiko wa makala za Wikipedia: ... kwamba Hifadhi ya Ngorongoro imepokewa katika orodha ya urithi wa dunia ya UNESCO ? ... kwamba Asha-Rose Mtengeti Migiro ni mwanasiasa wa kwanza kutoka nchini Tanzania aliyepata kuwa Naibu Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa ? ... kwamba eneo la Afrika ya Mashariki ndilo ambalo lina uchumi unaokua kwa kasi zaidi katika bara la Afrika! ... kwamba Samia Hassan Suluhu ni rais wa kwanza mwanamke Afrika ya Mashariki ? Aliapishwa kuwa rais mara baada ya kifo cha mtangulizi wake, John Pombe Magufuli . Hifadhi – Jifunze kuanzisha makala – Teua makala Kutoka kwenye mkusanyiko wa makala za Wikipedia: ... kwamba Hifadhi ya Ngorongoro imepokewa katika orodha ya urithi wa dunia ya UNESCO ? ... kwamba Asha-Rose Mtengeti Migiro ni mwanasiasa wa kwanza kutoka nchini Tanzania aliyepata kuwa Naibu Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa ? ... kwamba eneo la Afrika ya Mashariki ndilo ambalo lina uchumi unaokua kwa kasi zaidi katika bara la Afrika! ... kwamba Samia Hassan Suluhu ni rais wa kwanza mwanamke Afrika ya Mashariki ? Aliapishwa kuwa rais mara baada ya kifo cha mtangulizi wake, John Pombe Magufuli . Makala ya wiki B. J. Vorster Balthazar Johannes "B. J." Vorster (13 December 1915 – 10 September 1983) alikuwa mwanasiasa kutoka Afrika Kusini na kiongozi wa chama cha National Party ambaye alihudumu kama Rais wa Afrika Kusini kutoka 1966 hadi 1978. Vorster alizaliwa mjini Hartenbos , Afrika Kusini, na alikulia katika familia ya wakulima. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch na alianza kujihusisha na siasa akiwa na umri mdogo, akijiunga na chama cha National Party. Alikuwa mfuasi mzito wa sera za ubaguzi wa rangi ( Apartheid ) na alishirikiana na viongozi wengine wa chama hicho kuendeleza utawala wa wazungu nchini Afrika Kusini. Kwa kipindi cha miaka kadhaa, Vorster alihudumu kama Waziri wa Usalama wa Ndani, ambapo aliwezesha kuimarisha sheria kali dhidi ya wapinzani wa serikali na kuendeleza sera za ubaguzi wa rangi. Alihusika katika utawala wa kihalifu dhidi ya makundi ya upinzani kama vile African National Congress (ANC), na alikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika kupambana na harakati za kupigania haki za kiraia za watu weusi. ►Soma zaidi Makala ya wiki Makala ya wiki Makala ya wiki B. J. Vorster Balthazar Johannes "B. J." Vorster (13 December 1915 – 10 September 1983) alikuwa mwanasiasa kutoka Afrika Kusini na kiongozi wa chama cha National Party ambaye alihudumu kama Rais wa Afrika Kusini kutoka 1966 hadi 1978. Vorster alizaliwa mjini Hartenbos , Afrika Kusini, na alikulia katika familia ya wakulima. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch na alianza kujihusisha na siasa akiwa na umri mdogo, akijiunga na chama cha National Party. Alikuwa mfuasi mzito wa sera za ubaguzi wa rangi ( Apartheid ) na alishirikiana na viongozi wengine wa chama hicho kuendeleza utawala wa wazungu nchini Afrika Kusini. Kwa kipindi cha miaka kadhaa, Vorster alihudumu kama Waziri wa Usalama wa Ndani, ambapo aliwezesha kuimarisha sheria kali dhidi ya wapinzani wa serikali na kuendeleza sera za ubaguzi wa rangi. Alihusika katika utawala wa kihalifu dhidi ya makundi ya upinzani kama vile African National Congress (ANC), na alikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika kupambana na harakati za kupigania haki za kiraia za watu weusi. ►Soma zaidi B. J. Vorster Balthazar Johannes "B. J." Vorster (13 December 1915 – 10 September 1983) alikuwa mwanasiasa kutoka Afrika Kusini na kiongozi wa chama cha National Party ambaye alihudumu kama Rais wa Afrika Kusini kutoka 1966 hadi 1978. Vorster alizaliwa mjini Hartenbos , Afrika Kusini, na alikulia katika familia ya wakulima. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch na alianza kujihusisha na siasa akiwa na umri mdogo, akijiunga na chama cha National Party. Alikuwa mfuasi mzito wa sera za ubaguzi wa rangi ( Apartheid ) na alishirikiana na viongozi wengine wa chama hicho kuendeleza utawala wa wazungu nchini Afrika Kusini. Kwa kipindi cha miaka kadhaa, Vorster alihudumu kama Waziri wa Usalama wa Ndani, ambapo aliwezesha kuimarisha sheria kali dhidi ya wapinzani wa serikali na kuendeleza sera za ubaguzi wa rangi. Alihusika katika utawala wa kihalifu dhidi ya makundi ya upinzani kama vile African National Congress (ANC), na alikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika kupambana na harakati za kupigania haki za kiraia za watu weusi. ►Soma zaidi Picha nzuri ya wiki Ziara ya Mwalimu Nyerere wa Tanzania mnamo Machi 12, 1985; Rais Nyerere akisikiliza maswali. Julius Nyerere (Butiama, 13 Aprili 1922 - London, 14 Oktoba 1999) alikuwa Rais wa kwanza wa Tanzania na Baba wa Taifa. Aliongoza Tanganyika tangu uhuru mwaka 1961 kama Waziri Mkuu, kisha baada ya Muungano wa Tanganyika na Zanzibar mwaka 1964, aliongoza Tanzania kama Rais hadi 1985. Aliunda sera ya Ujamaa na Kujitegemea ambayo iliweka msisitizo kwenye usawa wa kijamii, elimu kwa wote na umoja wa kitaifa. Baada ya kustaafu urais, aliendelea kuishi kwa kuendeleza shughuli za kijamii na kilimo, na alifariki dunia kutokana na saratani ya damu tarehe 14 Oktoba 1999 akiwa London, na kuzikwa Butiama. Je ungependa kusoma zaidi kuhusu Mtu huyu? au ungependa kuchangia zaidi kuhusu mtu huyu? fungua Hapa Picha nzuri ya wiki Picha nzuri ya wiki Picha nzuri ya wiki Ziara ya Mwalimu Nyerere wa Tanzania mnamo Machi 12, 1985; Rais Nyerere akisikiliza maswali. Julius Nyerere (Butiama, 13 Aprili 1922 - London, 14 Oktoba 1999) alikuwa Rais wa kwanza wa Tanzania na Baba wa Taifa. Aliongoza Tanganyika tangu uhuru mwaka 1961 kama Waziri Mkuu, kisha baada ya Muungano wa Tanganyika na Zanzibar mwaka 1964, aliongoza Tanzania kama Rais hadi 1985. Aliunda sera ya Ujamaa na Kujitegemea ambayo iliweka msisitizo kwenye usawa wa kijamii, elimu kwa wote na umoja wa kitaifa. Baada ya kustaafu urais, aliendelea kuishi kwa kuendeleza shughuli za kijamii na kilimo, na alifariki dunia kutokana na saratani ya damu tarehe 14 Oktoba 1999 akiwa London, na kuzikwa Butiama. Je ungependa kusoma zaidi kuhusu Mtu huyu? au ungependa kuchangia zaidi kuhusu mtu huyu? fungua Hapa Julius Nyerere (Butiama, 13 Aprili 1922 - London, 14 Oktoba 1999) alikuwa Rais wa kwanza wa Tanzania na Baba wa Taifa. Aliongoza Tanganyika tangu uhuru mwaka 1961 kama Waziri Mkuu, kisha baada ya Muungano wa Tanganyika na Zanzibar mwaka 1964, aliongoza Tanzania kama Rais hadi 1985. Aliunda sera ya Ujamaa na Kujitegemea ambayo iliweka msisitizo kwenye usawa wa kijamii, elimu kwa wote na umoja wa kitaifa. Baada ya kustaafu urais, aliendelea kuishi kwa kuendeleza shughuli za kijamii na kilimo, na alifariki dunia kutokana na saratani ya damu tarehe 14 Oktoba 1999 akiwa London, na kuzikwa Butiama. Je ungependa kusoma zaidi kuhusu Mtu huyu? au ungependa kuchangia zaidi kuhusu mtu huyu? fungua Hapa Takwimu ya Wikipedia ya Kiswahili Takwimu ya Wikipedia ya Kiswahili Idadi ya makala: 104,183 Idadi ya kurasa zote: 209,463 (pamoja na kurasa za watumiaji, majadiliano, msaada n.k.) Idadi ya hariri: 1,477,526 Idadi ya watumiaji waliojiandikisha: 85,423 Idadi ya wakabidhi : 14 Idadi ya watumiaji hai: 506 (Watumiaji waliojiandikisha na kuchangia katika muda wa siku 30 zilizopita) Bofya hapa kwa kupata namba za sasa Takwimu ya WIkipedia ya Kiswahili kwa jumla Katika mwezi wa Agosti 2025 wikipedia ya Kiswahili iliangaliwa mara milioni 7.79 hivi, ambayo ni sawa na mara 251,607 kwa siku au mara 10,483 kila saa ambalo ni ongezeko la mara 4.5 ukilinganisha na mwaka 2024 mwezi wa Agosti. Asilimia 52 za wasomaji wetu wako Tanzania, asilimia 13 wako Kenya, asilimia 18 wako Marekani na mnamo asilimia 10 wako Ulaya. Angalia idadi ya wasomaji kwa makala mbalimbali hapa kwenye takwimu za makala (fungua anwani kwa browser yako, ondoa majina yaliyopo na ingiza jina la makala (hadi makala 10) unayopenda. Unaweza kubadilisha kipindi cha taarifa utakachoona; takwimu kabla ya 2015 hapa ) na makala 100 zilizotazamiwa zaidi "Topviews" kwa kipindi fulani. (unachagua kati ya makala 100 kwa mwezi au kwa siku) Michango ya wanawiki: angalia hapa michango ya mtumiaji kwenye kila mradi wa Wikimedia ( andika jina la mtumiaji kwenye sanduku ) Jumuia za Wikimedia Kamusi elezo ya Wiki ni kamusi elezo huru iliyo chini ya Shirika Lisilo la Kiserikali la Wikimedia Foundation , ambalo linasimamia miradi mingine mbalimbali ambayo imeorodheshwa hapo chini. Mpaka sasa miradi inayopatikana Kiswahili ni Wikipedia na Wikamusi. Wikitabu imewekwa Kiswahili lakini bado ni tupu. Mengine inapatikana Kiingereza pamoja na lugha tofauti. Commons Ghala ya Nyaraka za Picha na Sauti Meta-Wiki Uratibu wa Miradi yote ya Wikimedia Wikamusi Kamusi na Tesauri Wikitabu Vitabu vya bure na Miongozo ya Kufundishia Wikidondoo Mkusanyiko wa Nukuu Huria Wikichanzo (Wikisource) Matini za vyanzo asilia kwa Kiswahili Wikispishi Kamusi ya Spishi Wikichuo Jumuia ya elimu Wikihabari Habari Huru na Bure Idadi ya makala: 104,183 Idadi ya kurasa zote: 209,463 (pamoja na kurasa za watumiaji, majadiliano, msaada n.k.) Idadi ya hariri: 1,477,526 Idadi ya watumiaji waliojiandikisha: 85,423 Idadi ya wakabidhi : 14 Idadi ya watumiaji hai: 506 (Watumiaji waliojiandikisha na kuchangia katika muda wa siku 30 zilizopita) Takwimu ya WIkipedia ya Kiswahili kwa jumla hapa kwenye takwimu za makala na makala 100 zilizotazamiwa zaidi "Topviews" kwa kipindi fulani. Michango ya wanawiki: angalia hapa michango ya mtumiaji kwenye kila mradi wa Wikimedia ( andika jina la mtumiaji kwenye sanduku ) Jumuia za Wikimedia Kamusi elezo ya Wiki ni kamusi elezo huru iliyo chini ya Shirika Lisilo la Kiserikali la Wikimedia Foundation , ambalo linasimamia miradi mingine mbalimbali ambayo imeorodheshwa hapo chini. Mpaka sasa miradi inayopatikana Kiswahili ni Wikipedia na Wikamusi. Wikitabu imewekwa Kiswahili lakini bado ni tupu. Mengine inapatikana Kiingereza pamoja na lugha tofauti. Commons Ghala ya Nyaraka za Picha na Sauti Meta-Wiki Uratibu wa Miradi yote ya Wikimedia Wikamusi Kamusi na Tesauri Wikitabu Vitabu vya bure na Miongozo ya Kufundishia Wikidondoo Mkusanyiko wa Nukuu Huria Wikichanzo (Wikisource) Matini za vyanzo asilia kwa Kiswahili Wikispishi Kamusi ya Spishi Wikichuo Jumuia ya elimu Wikihabari Habari Huru na Bure Jumuia za Wikimedia Commons Ghala ya Nyaraka za Picha na Sauti Meta-Wiki Uratibu wa Miradi yote ya Wikimedia Wikamusi Kamusi na Tesauri Wikitabu Vitabu vya bure na Miongozo ya Kufundishia Wikidondoo Mkusanyiko wa Nukuu Huria Wikichanzo (Wikisource) Matini za vyanzo asilia kwa Kiswahili Wikispishi Kamusi ya Spishi Wikichuo Jumuia ya elimu Wikihabari Habari Huru na Bure Wikipedia kwa lugha nyingine Wikipedia kwa lugha nyingine Wikipedia ipo katika lugha zaidi ya 340. Bofya hapa kuona orodha kamili ya lugha zote za Wikipedia . Baadhi ya lugha zenye makala zaidi ya 1,000,000 : Kiarabu cha Misri - Deutsch (Kijerumani) - English (Kiingereza) - Español (Kihispania) - Français (Kifaransa) - Italiano (Kiitalia) - 日本語 (Kijapani) - Nederlands (Kiholanzi) - Polski (Kipolishi) - Português (Kireno) - Русский (Kirusi) - Svenska (Kiswidi) - Українська (Kiukraina) - Tiếng Việt (Kivietinamu) - 中文 (Kichina) Baadhi ya lugha zenye makala zaidi ya 500,000 : Català (Kikatalunya) - Česky (Kicheki) - Bahasa Indonesia (Kiindonesia) - Suomi (Kifini) - Magyar (Kihungaria) - Norsk bokmål (Kinorway) - Română (Kiromania) - Türkçe (Kituruki) - Baadhi ya lugha zenye makala zaidi ya 250,000 : Dansk (Kidenmark) - Esperanto (Kiesperanto) - Slovenčina (Kislovakia) - Baadhi ya lugha zenye makala zaidi ya 100,000 : Afrikaans (Kiafrikana) · Malagasy (Kimalagasi) - Swahili (Kiswahili) - Baadhi ya lugha nyingine za Afrika: አማርኛ · Bamanankan · Chi-Chewa · chiShona · chiTumbuka · Ɛʋɛ · Fulfude · Gĩkũyũ · Hausa · Ìgbo · isiXhosa · isiZulu · Taqbaylit · Kikongo · Kinyarwanda · Kirundi · Lingala · Luganda · Oromoo · Oshiwambo · Sängö · seSotho · Setswana · SiSwati · Soomaaliga · ትግርኛ · Tshivenda · Twi · Wolof · Xitsonga · Yorùbá · Jinsi ya kuanzisha Wikipedia kwa lugha mpya Wikipedia kwa lugha nyingine Wikipedia kwa lugha nyingine Wikipedia ipo katika lugha zaidi ya 340. Bofya hapa kuona orodha kamili ya lugha zote za Wikipedia . Baadhi ya lugha zenye makala zaidi ya 1,000,000 : Kiarabu cha Misri - Deutsch (Kijerumani) - English (Kiingereza) - Español (Kihispania) - Français (Kifaransa) - Italiano (Kiitalia) - 日本語 (Kijapani) - Nederlands (Kiholanzi) - Polski (Kipolishi) - Português (Kireno) - Русский (Kirusi) - Svenska (Kiswidi) - Українська (Kiukraina) - Tiếng Việt (Kivietinamu) - 中文 (Kichina) Baadhi ya lugha zenye makala zaidi ya 500,000 : Català (Kikatalunya) - Česky (Kicheki) - Bahasa Indonesia (Kiindonesia) - Suomi (Kifini) - Magyar (Kihungaria) - Norsk bokmål (Kinorway) - Română (Kiromania) - Türkçe (Kituruki) - Baadhi ya lugha zenye makala zaidi ya 250,000 : Dansk (Kidenmark) - Esperanto (Kiesperanto) - Slovenčina (Kislovakia) - Baadhi ya lugha zenye makala zaidi ya 100,000 : Afrikaans (Kiafrikana) · Malagasy (Kimalagasi) - Swahili (Kiswahili) - Baadhi ya lugha nyingine za Afrika: አማርኛ · Bamanankan · Chi-Chewa · chiShona · chiTumbuka · Ɛʋɛ · Fulfude · Gĩkũyũ · Hausa · Ìgbo · isiXhosa · isiZulu · Taqbaylit · Kikongo · Kinyarwanda · Kirundi · Lingala · Luganda · Oromoo · Oshiwambo · Sängö · seSotho · Setswana · SiSwati · Soomaaliga · ትግርኛ · Tshivenda · Twi · Wolof · Xitsonga · Yorùbá · Jinsi ya kuanzisha Wikipedia kwa lugha mpya Wikipedia ipo katika lugha zaidi ya 340. Bofya hapa kuona orodha kamili ya lugha zote za Wikipedia . Makala ya wiki Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Gĩkũyũ Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kʋsaal Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi ရခိုင် Rumantsch Romani čhib Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Руски Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ ትግሬ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Ukurasa huu umebadilishwa kwa mara ya mwisho tarehe 18 Septemba 2025, saa 17:28. Ukurasa ulitolewa kwa Parsoid . Maandishi yanapatikana chini ya leseni ya Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; matakwa mengine yanaweza kutakiwa. Tazama maelezo zaidi ya Matakwa ya Utumiaji . Sera ya faragha Kuhusu Wikipedia Kanusho Kanuni ya Maadili Watengenezaji takwimu Taarifa ya kuki Mtazamo wa rununu
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https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanzo
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Etymology 2 Characteristics Toggle Characteristics subsection 2.1 Four major elements 2.2 Encyclopedic dictionaries 2.3 Differences between encyclopedias and dictionaries 2.1 Four major elements 2.2 Encyclopedic dictionaries 2.3 Differences between encyclopedias and dictionaries 3 Pre-modern encyclopedias 4 Printed encyclopedias Toggle Printed encyclopedias subsection 4.1 Encyclopédie 4.2 Encyclopædia Britannica 4.3 Brockhaus Enzyklopädie 4.4 Encyclopedias in the United States 4.1 Encyclopédie 4.2 Encyclopædia Britannica 4.3 Brockhaus Enzyklopädie 4.4 Encyclopedias in the United States 5 Digital encyclopedias Toggle Digital encyclopedias subsection 5.1 Physical media 5.2 Online 5.2.1 Free encyclopedias 5.1 Physical media 5.2 Online 5.2.1 Free encyclopedias 5.2.1 Free encyclopedias 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Toggle References subsection 8.1 Cited works 8.1 Cited works 9 External links Encyclopedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chi-Chewa ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski डोटेली Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай 贛語 ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Iñupiatun Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лакку ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ سرائیکی Sardu Scots Seeltersk Setswana Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Walon 文言 Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Obolo Batak Toba Betawi Kadazandusun Jaku Iban Kumoring ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Tolışi Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item An encyclopedia [ a ] is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge , either general or special, in a particular field or discipline. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries that are arranged alphabetically by article name [ 3 ] or by thematic categories, or, on online encyclopedias , are hyperlinked and searchable. [ 4 ] Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most dictionaries . [ 3 ] [ 5 ] Generally speaking, encyclopedia articles focus on factual information concerning the subject named in the article's title; [ 5 ] this is unlike dictionary entries, which focus on linguistic information about words , such as their etymology , meaning, pronunciation , use, and grammatical forms. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Encyclopedias have existed for around 2,000 years [ 10 ] and have evolved considerably during that time as regards language (written in a major international or a vernacular language), size (few or many volumes), intent (presentation of a global or a limited range of knowledge), cultural perspective (authoritative, ideological, didactic, utilitarian), authorship (qualifications, style), readership (education level, background, interests, capabilities), and the technologies available for their production and distribution (hand-written manuscripts, small or large print runs, Internet). As a valued source of reliable information compiled by experts, printed versions found a prominent place in libraries , schools , and other educational institutions. [ 11 ] In the 21st century, the appearance of digital and open-source versions such as Wikipedia (together with the wiki website format) has vastly expanded the accessibility, authorship, readership, and variety of encyclopedia entries. [ 12 ] Etymology The word encyclopedia comes from the Koine Greek ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία , [ 13 ] transliterated enkúklios paideía ' general education ' , from enkúklios ( ἐγκύκλιος ) ' circular, recurrent, required regularly, general ' [ 5 ] [ 14 ] and paideía ( παιδεία ) ' education, rearing of a child ' ; together, the phrase literally translates as ' complete instruction, complete knowledge ' . [ 15 ] However, the two separate words were reduced to a single word due to a scribal error [ 16 ] by copyists of a Latin manuscript edition of Quintillian in 1470. [ 17 ] The copyists took this phrase to be a single Greek word, enkuklopaideía , with the same meaning, and this spurious Greek word became the Neo-Latin word encyclopaedia , which was in turn borrowed into English. Because of this compounded word, readers since the fifteenth century have often, and incorrectly, thought that the Roman authors Quintillian and Pliny described an ancient genre. [ 18 ] Following Noah Webster 's spelling reform , [ 19 ] the spelling of the word varies between encyclopedia in American English, encyclopaedia in British English (although the spelling encyclopedia is increasingly gaining acceptance), and encyclopædia in certain specialized cases. [ 20 ] Characteristics The modern encyclopedia evolved from the dictionary in the 18th century; this lineage can be seen in the alphabetical order of print encyclopedias. [ 21 ] Historically, both encyclopedias and dictionaries have been compiled by well-educated authors, but they are significantly different in structure. A dictionary is a linguistic work that primarily focuses on an alphabetical listing of words and their definitions . Synonymous words and those related by the subject matter are to be found scattered around the dictionary, giving no obvious place for in-depth treatment. Thus, a dictionary typically provides limited information , analysis or background for the word defined. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] While it may offer a definition, it may leave the reader lacking in understanding the meaning, significance or limitations of a term , and how the term relates to a broader field of knowledge. [ 24 ] To address those needs, an encyclopedia article is typically not limited to simple definitions, and is not limited to defining an individual word, but provides a more extensive meaning for a subject or discipline . The Merriam-Webster definition of encyclopedia states that it is "a work that contains information on all branches of knowledge or treats comprehensively a particular branch of knowledge usually in articles arranged alphabetically often by subject". [ 25 ] In addition to defining and listing synonymous terms for the topic, the article can treat the topic's more extensive meaning in more depth and convey the most relevant accumulated knowledge on that subject. An encyclopedia article also often includes many maps and illustrations , as well as bibliography and statistics . [ 5 ] In addition, sometimes books or reading lists are compiled from a compendium of articles (either wholly or partially taken) from a specific encyclopedia. [ 26 ] Four major elements Four major elements define an encyclopedia: its subject matter, its scope, its method of organization, and its method of production: Encyclopedias can be general, containing articles on topics in every field [ 27 ] (the English-language Encyclopædia Britannica and German Brockhaus are well-known examples). [ 2 ] General encyclopedias may contain guides on how to do a variety of things, as well as embedded dictionaries and gazetteers . [ 27 ] There are also encyclopedias that cover a wide variety of topics from a particular cultural, ethnic, or national perspective, such as the Great Soviet Encyclopedia or Encyclopaedia Judaica . [ 24 ] Works of encyclopedic scope aim to convey the important accumulated knowledge for their subject domain, such as an encyclopedia of medicine , philosophy or law . Works vary in the breadth of material and the depth of discussion, depending on the target audience . Some systematic methods of organization are essential to making an encyclopedia usable for reference. There have historically been two main methods of organizing printed encyclopedias: the alphabetical method (consisting of several separate articles, organized in alphabetical order) and organization by hierarchical categories. [ 4 ] The former method is today the more common, especially for general works. The fluidity of electronic media , however, allows new possibilities for multiple methods of organization of the same content. Further, electronic media offer new capabilities for search, indexing and cross reference . The epigraph from Horace on the title page of the 18th century Encyclopédie suggests the importance of the structure of an encyclopedia: "What grace may be added to commonplace matters by the power of order and connection." [ 28 ] As modern multimedia and the information age have evolved, new methods have emerged for the collection, verification, summation, and presentation of information of all kinds. [ 29 ] Projects such as Interpedia , Everything2 , Microsoft Encarta , h2g2 , and Wikipedia are examples of new forms of the encyclopedia as information retrieval becomes simpler. The method of production for an encyclopedia historically has been supported in both for-profit and non-profit contexts; such was the case of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia mentioned above which was entirely state-sponsored, [ 30 ] while the Britannica was supported as a for-profit institution. Encyclopedic dictionaries Some works entitled "dictionaries" are similar to encyclopedias, especially those concerned with a particular field (such as the Dictionary of the Middle Ages , the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships , and Black's Law Dictionary ). The Macquarie Dictionary , Australia's national dictionary, became an encyclopedic dictionary after its first edition in recognition of the use of proper nouns in common communication, and the words derived from such proper nouns. Differences between encyclopedias and dictionaries There are some broad differences between encyclopedias and dictionaries. Most noticeably, encyclopedia articles are longer, fuller and more thorough than entries in most general-purpose dictionaries. [ 3 ] [ 31 ] There are differences in content as well. Generally speaking, dictionaries provide linguistic information about words themselves, while encyclopedias focus more on the things for which those words stand. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Thus, while dictionary entries are inextricably fixed to the word described, encyclopedia articles can be given a different entry name. As such, dictionary entries are not fully translatable into other languages, but encyclopedia articles can be. [ 6 ] In practice, however, the distinction is not concrete, as there is no clear-cut difference between factual, "encyclopedic" information and linguistic information such as appear in dictionaries. [ 8 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Thus encyclopedias may contain material that is also found in dictionaries, and vice versa. [ 32 ] In particular, dictionary entries often contain factual information about the thing named by the word. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Pre-modern encyclopedias The earliest encyclopedic work to have survived to modern times is the Natural History of Pliny the Elder , a Roman statesman living in the 1st century AD, [ 5 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] a work indebted to Varro (1st century BCE). [ 36 ] He compiled a work of 37 chapters covering natural history , architecture, medicine, geography , geology, and all aspects of the world around him. [ 35 ] This work became very popular in antiquity , was one of the first classical manuscripts to be printed in 1470, and has remained popular ever since as a source of information on the Roman world, and especially Roman art , Roman technology and Roman engineering . The Spanish scholar Isidore of Seville was the first Christian writer to try to compile a summa of universal knowledge, the Etymologiae ( c. 600–625 ), also known by classicists as the Origines (abbreviated Orig .). This encyclopedia—the first such Christian epitome —formed a huge compilation of 448 chapters in 20 books [ 37 ] based on hundreds of classical sources, including the Naturalis Historia . Of the Etymologiae in its time it was said quaecunque fere sciri debentur , "practically everything that it is necessary to know". [ 38 ] [ 34 ] Among the areas covered were: grammar , rhetoric , mathematics , geometry , music , astronomy , medicine , law , the Catholic Church and heretical sects, pagan philosophers , languages , cities , animals and birds , the physical world , geography , public buildings , roads , metals , rocks , agriculture , ships , clothes , food , and tools . Another Christian encyclopedia was the Institutiones divinarum et saecularium litterarum of Cassiodorus (543–560) dedicated to the Christian divinity and the seven liberal arts. [ 34 ] [ 5 ] The encyclopedia of Suda , a massive 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia, had 30,000 entries (broadly alphabetically arranged), many drawing from ancient sources that have since been lost, and often derived from medieval Christian compilers. [ 34 ] From India, the Siribhoovalaya (Kannada: ಸಿರಿಭೂವಲಯ), variously dated to c. 800 AD, the 15th century, [ 39 ] or an even more recent time, is a work of Kannada literature written by Kumudendu Muni , a Jain monk. [ 40 ] It is unique because rather than employing alphabets, it is composed entirely in Kannada numerals . Many philosophies which existed in the Jain classics are eloquently and skillfully interpreted in the work. The 2nd century BC reference work Shiben has been described as a Chinese encyclopedia of genealogies, while the Huanglan , completed in the 220s, was an early leishu encyclopedia. The Yiwen Leiju , completed in 624, was a landmark literature encyclopedia of the early Tang dynasty . The Tongdian , Tongzhi and Wenxian Tongkao were three comprehensive encyclopedias of the Tang, Song and Yuan dynasties, and were collectively referred to as the Three Tongs ( Santong ). The enormous encyclopedic works of the Four Great Books of Song , compiled by the 11th century during the early Song dynasty (960–1279), was a massive literary undertaking for the time. The last encyclopedia of the four, the Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau , amounted to 9.4 million Chinese characters in 1,000 written volumes. The Yongle Encyclopedia (completed 1408) comprised 11,095 volumes, making it the largest paper encyclopedia in world history. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] There were many great encyclopedists throughout Chinese history, including the scientist and statesman Shen Kuo (1031–1095) with his Dream Pool Essays of 1088; the statesman, inventor, and agronomist Wang Zhen (active 1290–1333) with his Nong Shu of 1313; and Song Yingxing (1587–1666) with his Tiangong Kaiwu . Song Yingxing was termed the " Diderot of China" by British historian Joseph Needham . [ 43 ] Printed encyclopedias This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Encyclopedia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( July 2025 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Before the advent of the printing press, encyclopedic works were all hand-copied and thus rarely available, beyond wealthy patrons or monastic men of learning: they were expensive, and usually written for those extending knowledge rather than those using it. The introduction of printing from Asia allowed a wider diffusion of encyclopedias and every scholar could have his or her copy. Nuremberg Chronicle from 1493 is one of the best-documented early printed books—an incunabulum —and one of the first to successfully integrate illustrations and text. Both Latin and German editions were printed by Anton Koberger in Nuremberg. [ 44 ] The De expetendis et fugiendis rebus by Giorgio Valla was posthumously printed in 1501 by Aldo Manuzio in Venice . This work followed the traditional scheme of liberal arts. However, Valla added the translation of ancient Greek works on mathematics (firstly by Archimedes ), newly discovered and translated. The Margarita Philosophica by Gregor Reisch , printed in 1503, was a complete encyclopedia explaining the seven liberal arts . Financial, commercial, legal, and intellectual factors changed the size of encyclopedias. Middle classes had more time to read and encyclopedias helped them to learn more. Publishers wanted to increase their output so some countries like Germany started selling books missing alphabetical sections, to publish faster. Also, publishers could not afford all the resources by themselves, so multiple publishers would come together with their resources to create better encyclopedias. Later, rivalry grew, causing copyright to occur due to weak underdeveloped laws. John Harris is often credited with introducing the now-familiar alphabetic format in 1704 with his English Lexicon Technicum: Or, A Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences: Explaining not only the Terms of Art, but the Arts Themselves – to give its full title. Organized alphabetically, its content does indeed contain an explanation not merely of the terms used in the arts and sciences, but of the arts and sciences themselves. Sir Isaac Newton contributed his only published work on chemistry to the second volume of 1710. Encyclopédie Indeed, the purpose of an encyclopedia is to collect knowledge disseminated around the globe; to set forth its general system to the men with whom we live, and transmit it to those who will come after us, so that the work of preceding centuries will not become useless to the centuries to come; and so that our offspring, becoming better instructed, will at the same time become more virtuous and happy, and that we should not die without having rendered a service to the human race in the future years to come. Indeed, the purpose of an encyclopedia is to collect knowledge disseminated around the globe; to set forth its general system to the men with whom we live, and transmit it to those who will come after us, so that the work of preceding centuries will not become useless to the centuries to come; and so that our offspring, becoming better instructed, will at the same time become more virtuous and happy, and that we should not die without having rendered a service to the human race in the future years to come. The Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers ( French for 'Encyclopedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts'), better known as the Encyclopédie ( .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} French: [ɑ̃siklɔpedi] ), was a general encyclopedia published in France between 1751 and 1772, with later supplements, revised editions, an index, and translations. It had many contributors, known among contemporaries as the Encyclopédistes . It was edited by Denis Diderot and, until 1759, co-edited by Jean le Rond d'Alembert . [ 46 ] The Encyclopédie is most famous for representing the thought of the Enlightenment . According to Diderot in the article "Encyclopédie", the Encyclopédie 's aim was "to change the way people think" and to allow people to inform themselves. [ 47 ] Diderot hoped the Encyclopédie would disseminate a vast amount of knowledge to the present and future generations. [ 48 ] Thus, it is an example of democratization of knowledge , though the high price of the first edition especially (980 livres) prevented it from being bought by much of the middle class. [ 49 ] The Encyclopédie was also the first encyclopedia to include contributions from many named contributors, and it was the first general encyclopedia to describe the mechanical arts in much detail. In the first edition, seventeen folio volumes of text were accompanied by eleven volumes of engravings. Later editions were published in smaller formats and with fewer engravings in order to reach a wider audience within Europe. [ 50 ] Encyclopædia Britannica The Encyclopædia Britannica ( Latin for 'British Encyclopaedia') is a general-knowledge English-language encyclopaedia . It has been published since 1768, and after several ownership changes is currently owned by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The 2010 version of the 15th edition, which spans 32 volumes and 32,640 pages, was the last printed edition. [ 51 ] Since 2016, it has been published exclusively as an online encyclopaedia at the website Britannica.com . Printed for 245 years, the Britannica was the longest-running in-print encyclopaedia in the English language. It was first published between 1768 and 1771 in Edinburgh , Scotland, in weekly instalments that came together to form three volumes. At first, the encyclopaedia, from edition to edition, grew quickly in size. The second edition was extended to 10 volumes, and by its fourth edition (1801–1810), the Britannica had expanded to 20 volumes. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, its size (at least in terms of total word length) has remained roughly steady, at about 40 million words. [ 52 ] The Britannica 's rising stature as an authoritative and scholarly work helped recruit eminent contributors , and the 9th (1875–1889) and 11th editions (1911) are landmark encyclopaedias for scholarship and literary style. Starting with the 11th edition and following its acquisition by an American firm, the Britannica shortened and simplified articles to broaden its appeal to the North American market. Though published in the United States since 1901, the Britannica has for the most part maintained British English spelling . In 1932, the Britannica adopted a policy of "continuous revision," in which the encyclopaedia is continually revised and reprinted, with every article updated on a schedule. [ 53 ] The publishers of Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia had already pioneered such a policy. [ 54 ] The 15th edition (1974–2010) has a three-part structure: a 12-volume Micropædia of short articles (generally fewer than 750 words), a 17-volume Macropædia of long articles (two to 310 pages), and a single Propædia volume to give a hierarchical outline of knowledge. The Micropædia was meant for quick fact-checking and as a guide to the Macropædia ; readers are advised to study the Propædia outline to understand a subject's context and to find more detailed articles. In the 21st century, the Britannica faced strong competition: in particular from the digital and multimedia encyclopaedia Microsoft Encarta , [ 55 ] and later from the online peer-produced encyclopaedia Wikipedia . [ 56 ] [ 57 ] [ 58 ] Despite (or perhaps because of) such competition, Britannica retained its reputation for authoritative, comprehensive, structured, and scholarly treatments of included subjects. [ 59 ] While it continued to score well in assessments of its overall quality, [ 60 ] as compared to its competitors, it could not (as an expert-authored compilation of a limited number of articles on only important subjects), match their breadth of coverage and continuous updating. [ 57 ] In March 2012, it announced it would no longer publish printed editions and would focus instead on the online version. [ 57 ] [ 61 ] Brockhaus Enzyklopädie The Brockhaus Enzyklopädie ( German for Brockhaus Encyclopedia ) is a German-language encyclopedia which until 2009 was published by the F. A. Brockhaus printing house. The first edition originated in the Conversations-Lexikon published by Renatus Gotthelf Löbel and Franke in Leipzig 1796–1808. Renamed Der Große Brockhaus in 1928 and Brockhaus Enzyklopädie from 1966, the current [update] 21st thirty-volume edition contains about 300,000 entries on about 24,000 pages, with about 40,000 maps, graphics and tables. It is the largest German-language printed encyclopedia in the 21st century. In February 2008, F. A. Brockhaus announced the changeover to an online encyclopedia and the discontinuation of the printed editions. The rights to the Brockhaus trademark were purchased by Arvato services , a subsidiary of the Bertelsmann media group. After more than 200 years, the distribution of the Brockhaus encyclopedia ceased completely in 2014. Encyclopedias in the United States In the United States, the 1950s and 1960s saw the introduction of several large popular encyclopedias, often sold on installment plans. The best known of these were World Book and Funk and Wagnalls . As many as 90% were sold door to door . [ 33 ] Jack Lynch says in his book You Could Look It Up that encyclopedia salespeople were so common that they became the butt of jokes. He describes their sales pitch saying, "They were selling not books but a lifestyle, a future, a promise of social mobility." A 1961 World Book ad said, "You are holding your family's future in your hands right now," while showing a feminine hand holding an order form. [ 62 ] As of the 1990s, two of the most prominent encyclopedias published in the United States were Collier's Encyclopedia and Encyclopedia Americana . [ 63 ] Digital encyclopedias Physical media By the late 20th century, encyclopedias were being published on CD-ROMs for use with personal computers . This was the usual way computer users accessed encyclopedic knowledge from the 1980s and 1990s. Later, DVD discs replaced CD-ROMs, and by the mid-2000s, internet encyclopedias were dominant and replaced disc-based software encyclopedias. [ 5 ] CD-ROM encyclopedias were usually a macOS or Microsoft Windows (3.0, 3.1 or 95/98) application on a CD-ROM disc. The user would execute the encyclopedia's software program to see a menu that allowed them to start browsing the encyclopedia's articles, and most encyclopedias also supported a way to search the contents of the encyclopedia. The article text was usually hyperlinked and also included photographs , audio clips (for example in articles about historical speeches or musical instruments), and video clips . In the CD-ROM age, the video clips usually had a low resolution, often 160x120 or 320x240 pixels. Such encyclopedias which made use of photos, audio and video were also called multimedia encyclopedias . Microsoft 's Encarta , launched in 1993, was a landmark example as it had no printed equivalent. It featured around 25,000 articles, supplemented with 7,000 high-quality images, 9 hours of audio files, and 30 videos. After sixteen years, Microsoft discontinued the Encarta line of products in 2009 with the rise of the Internet. [ 64 ] Other examples of CD-ROM encyclopedia are Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia and Britannica . Digital encyclopedias enable "Encyclopedia Services" (such as Wikimedia Enterprise ) to facilitate programmatic access to the content. [ 65 ] Online An online encyclopedia , also called an Internet encyclopedia, is a digital encyclopedia accessible through the Internet . Some examples include pre- World Wide Web services that offered the Academic American Encyclopedia beginning in 1980, [ 66 ] Encyclopedia.com since 1998, Encarta from 2000 to 2009, Wikipedia since 2001, and Encyclopædia Britannica since 2016. Free encyclopedias The concept of a free encyclopedia began with the Interpedia proposal on Usenet in 1993, which outlined an Internet-based online encyclopedia to which anyone could submit content that would be freely accessible. Early projects in this vein included Everything2 and Open Site . In 1999, Richard Stallman proposed the GNUPedia , an online encyclopedia which, similar to the GNU operating system , would be a "generic" resource. The concept was very similar to Interpedia, but more in line with Stallman's GNU philosophy. It was not until Nupedia and later Wikipedia that a stable free encyclopedia project could be established on the Internet. The English Wikipedia , which was started in 2001, became the world's largest encyclopedia in 2004 at the 300,000 article stage. [ 67 ] By late 2005, Wikipedia had produced over two million articles in more than 80 languages with content licensed under the copyleft GNU Free Documentation License . As of August 2009, [update] Wikipedia had over 3 million articles in English and well over 10 million combined articles in over 250 languages. Today, Wikipedia has 7,122,673 articles in English, over 60 million combined articles in over 300 languages, and over 250 million combined pages including project and discussion pages. [ 68 ] Since 2002, other free encyclopedias appeared, including Hudong (2005–) and Baidu Baike (2006–) in Chinese, and Google's Knol (2008–2012) in English. Some MediaWiki-based encyclopedias have appeared, usually under a license compatible with Wikipedia, including the Spanish encyclopedia Enciclopedia Libre (2002–2021) and the English encyclopedias Conservapedia (2006–), Scholarpedia (2006–), and Citizendium (2007–). See also Literature portal Education portal Bibliography of encyclopedias Biographical dictionary Encyclopedic knowledge Encyclopedism Fictitious entry History of science and technology Lexicography Library science Lists of encyclopedias Thesaurus Speculum literature Notes ^ Also spelled encyclopaedia in British English ; from Ancient Greek : ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία , romanized : enkyklios paideia References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Encyclopedia" . Archived from the original on August 3, 2007. Glossary of Library Terms. Riverside City College, Digital Library/Learning Resource Center. Retrieved on: November 17, 2007. ^ a b "What are Reference Resources?" . Eastern Illinois University. Archived from the original on November 22, 2022 . Retrieved December 17, 2022 . ^ a b c Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). Dictionary of Lexicography . Routledge. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved July 27, 2010 . ^ a b "Encyclopedia" . Merriam-Webster . Archived from the original on September 29, 2022 . Retrieved December 17, 2022 . ^ a b c d e f g h Bocco, Diana (August 30, 2022). "What is an Encyclopedia?" . Language Humanities . Archived from the original on September 27, 2022 . Retrieved January 24, 2023 . ^ a b c Béjoint, Henri (2000). Modern Lexicography Archived December 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , pp. 30–31. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829951-6 ^ a b "Encyclopaedia" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on December 16, 2010 . Retrieved July 27, 2010 . An English lexicographer, H.W. Fowler, wrote in the preface to the first edition (1911) of The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English language that a dictionary is concerned with the uses of words and phrases and with giving information about the things for which they stand only so far as current use of the words depends upon knowledge of those things. The emphasis in an encyclopedia is much more on the nature of the things for which the words and phrases stand. ^ a b c Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). Dictionary of Lexicography . Routledge. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved July 27, 2010 . In contrast with linguistic information, encyclopedia material is more concerned with the description of objective realities than the words or phrases that refer to them. In practice, however, there is no hard and fast boundary between factual and lexical knowledge. ^ a b Cowie, Anthony Paul (2009). The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I . Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7 . Archived from the original on April 15, 2021 . Retrieved August 17, 2010 . An 'encyclopedia' (encyclopaedia) usually gives more information than a dictionary; it explains not only the words but also the things and concepts referred to by the words. ^ "A Short History of the Greatest Encyclopedias of Past and Present" . www.publishinghistory.com . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ "250 Years of the Encyclopaedia Britannica – And Chicago's Role in Its Success" . WTTW Chicago . December 6, 2018 . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ Hunter, Dan; Lobato, Ramon; Richardson, Megan; Thomas, Julian (2013). Amateur Media: Social, Cultural and Legal Perspectives . Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-78265-4 . ^ Ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία Archived February 9, 2021, at the Wayback Machine , Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria , 1.10.1, at Perseus Project ^ ἐγκύκλιος Archived March 8, 2021, at the Wayback Machine , Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon , at Perseus Project ^ παιδεία Archived March 8, 2021, at the Wayback Machine , Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon , at Perseus Project ^ According to some accounts, such as the American Heritage Dictionary Archived August 19, 2017, at the Wayback Machine , copyists of Latin manuscripts took this phrase to be a single Greek word, ἐγκυκλοπαιδεία enkuklopaideía . ^ Franklin-Brown, Mary (2012). Reading the world: encyclopedic writing in the scholastic age . Chicago London: The University of Chicago Press. p. 8. ISBN 9780226260709 . ^ König, Jason (2013). Encyclopaedism from antiquity to the Renaissance . New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-107-03823-3 . ^ Cook & Ryan 2016 , p. 418. ^ Cook & Ryan 2016 , p. 121. ^ As explained by Richard Yeo, Encyclopaedic Visions: Scientific Dictionaries and Enlightenment Culture (Cambridge: University Press, 2001 ISBN 978-0-521-15292-1 ^ "Dictionary vs. Encyclopedia - What's the Difference?" . This vs. That . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ curious, Patrick FROMAGET I. am very; web, I. love to learn about all types of subjects Thanks to my experience on the; site :), I. share my discoveries with you on this. "Differences Between Encyclopedia and Dictionary – AllDifferences" . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ a b "Encyclopedias" . Oregon School Library Information System . Archived from the original on April 25, 2025 . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ "Definition of ENCYCLOPEDIA" . www.merriam-webster.com . May 31, 2025 . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ "Definition of COMPENDIUM" . www.merriam-webster.com . June 1, 2025 . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ a b Wilkins, Paige. "Guides: Types of Sources: Encyclopedias" . libguides.wpi.edu . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ Allan, David (2003). "Some Methods and Problems in the History of Reading: Georgian England and the Scottish Enlightenme" . Journal of Historical Society . 3 : 91– 124. doi : 10.1111/1540-5923.00048 – via ResearchGate. ^ Miza, Jessica (February 4, 2025). "Clarifying the Role of Encyclopedias in Research" . www.atlas.org . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ Great Soviet encyclopedia . Internet Archive. New York, Macmillan. 1973. {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: others ( link ) ^ a b c Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). Dictionary of Lexicography . Routledge. pp. 48– 49. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved July 27, 2010 . Usually these two aspects overlap – encyclopedic information being difficult to distinguish from linguistic information – and dictionaries attempt to capture both in the explanation of a meaning ... ^ a b c Béjoint, Henri (2000). Modern Lexicography . Oxford University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-19-829951-6 . The two types, as we have seen, are not easily differentiated; encyclopedias contain information that is also to be found in dictionaries, and vice versa. ^ a b Grossman, Ron (December 7, 2017). "Long before Google, there was the encyclopedia" . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on October 22, 2022 . Retrieved December 9, 2022 . ^ a b c d "History of Encyclopaedias" . Britannica . Archived from the original on October 6, 2022 . Retrieved December 9, 2022 . ^ a b Nobel, Justin (December 9, 2015). "Encyclopedias Are Time Capsules" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on December 5, 2022 . Retrieved December 17, 2022 . ^ Sordet, Yann (2021). Histoire du livre et de l'édition (in French). Paris: Albin Michel. p. 36. ISBN 978-2-226-45767-7 . ^ MacFarlane 1980:4; MacFarlane translates Etymologiae viii. ^ Braulio, Elogium of Isidore appended to Isidore's De viris illustribus , heavily indebted itself to Jerome . ^ Sheth, Dr. Chayya. "SIRIBHOOVALAYA" (PDF) . Sarcouncil Journal of Arts and Literature . 2 (3): 1– 5 – via sarcouncil.com. ^ "The Ancient Science of Kannada" . Project Shivoham . October 7, 2024 . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ Fu & Cao 2019 , p. 297. ^ Ditmanson 2018 , p. 255. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 102. ^ Cambridge Digital Library, University of Cambridge, Archived 2012-12-06 at the Wayback Machine ^ Denis Diderot; Jean le Rond d'Alembert. Encyclopédie . Archived April 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine . University of Michigan Library: Scholarly Publishing Office and DLXS. Retrieved on: November 17, 2007. ^ Birn, " Encyclopédie ." ^ Diderot, as quoted in Hunt, 611. ^ Diderot, as quoted in Kramnick, 17. ^ Darnton, 33. ^ Birn, "Mots." ^ Bosman, Julie (March 13, 2012). "After 244 Years, Encyclopædia Britannica Stops the Presses" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 14, 2012 . Retrieved March 13, 2012 . ^ Jeff Loveland, "Why Encyclopedias Got Bigger ... and Smaller," Information and Culture 47 (2012): 244. ^ Paul Kruse, "The Story of the Encyclopaedia Britannica , 1768-1943," PhD dissertation (University of Chicago, 1958), 389. ^ M. A. Khan, The Principles and Practice of Library Science (New Delhi: Sarup and Sons, 1996), 281. ^ Carmody, Tim (March 14, 2012). "Wikipedia Didn't Kill Britannica. Windows Did" . Wired . ISSN 1059-1028 . Retrieved July 15, 2023 . Note that in 1985 Microsoft approached Encyclopaedia Britannica to collaborate on digitizing and releasing Britannica's material on CD-ROM; this collaboration did not eventuate, and Microsoft then pursued deals with other encyclopaedia companies (including Funk and Wagnalls ) instead. ^ Cooke, Richard (February 17, 2020). "Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet" . Wired . Retrieved March 30, 2021 . ^ a b c Bosman, Julie (March 13, 2012). "After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses" . The New York Times . Retrieved June 7, 2023 . ^ McArdle, Megan (March 15, 2012). "Encyclopaedia Britannica Goes Out of Print, Won't Be Missed" . The Atlantic . Retrieved June 7, 2023 . ^ "Britannica sold by Benton Foundation" . University of Chicago Chronicle . 15 (8). January 4, 1996. ^ Thomas, Gillian (1992). A Position to Command Respect: Women and the Eleventh Britannica . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978-0-8108-2567-3 . ^ Kearney, Christine (March 14, 2012). "Encyclopaedia Britannica: After 244 years in print, only digital copies sold" . The Christian Science Monitor . Reuters . Archived from the original on May 31, 2019 . Retrieved May 31, 2019 . ^ Onion, Rebecca (June 3, 2016). "How Two Artists Turn Old Encyclopedias Into Beautiful, Melancholy Art" . Slate . Archived from the original on September 23, 2019 . Retrieved September 23, 2019 . ^ Kister, K. F. (1994). Kister's Best Encyclopedias: A Comparative Guide to General and Specialized Encyclopedias (2nd ed.). Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-89774-744-5 . ^ "Qué fue de Microsoft Encarta y por qué desapareció la legendaria enciclopedia digital" . MundoBytes . AB Internet Networks. ^ "Encyclopedia Service Are About To Become A Huge Market" . www.stillwatercurrent.com . Archived from the original on September 27, 2021 . Retrieved September 27, 2021 . ^ Roncaglia, Gino (2021). "Encyclopedias and encyclopedism in the era of the Web" . JLIS.it . 12 (3): 69– 90. doi : 10.4403/jlis.it-12757 . ^ "Wikipedia Passes 300,000 Articles making it the worlds largest encyclopedia" Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine , Linux Reviews , 2004 Julich y 7. ^ "List of Wikipedias - Meta" . meta.wikimedia.org . Retrieved August 20, 2023 . Cited works "encyclopedia" . Online Etymology Dictionary . Archived from the original on March 8, 2021 . Retrieved May 13, 2020 . "Encyclopaedia" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on December 16, 2010 . Retrieved July 27, 2010 . Béjoint, Henri (2000). Modern Lexicography . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-829951-6 . C. Codoner, S. Louis, M. Paulmier-Foucart, D. Hüe, M. Salvat, A. Llinares, L'Encyclopédisme. Actes du Colloque de Caen , A. Becq (dir.), Paris, 1991. Bergenholtz, H.; Nielsen, S.; Tarp, S., eds. (2009). Lexicography at a Crossroads: Dictionaries and Encyclopedias Today, Lexicographical Tools Tomorrow . Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-03911-799-4 . Blom, Phillip (2004). Enlightening the World: Encyclopédie, the Book that Changed the Course of History . New York; Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-6895-1 . OCLC 57669780 . Collison, Robert Lewis (1966). Encyclopaedias: Their History Throughout the Ages (2nd ed.). New York, London: Hafner. OCLC 220101699 . Cook, Vivian; Ryan, Des, eds. (July 15, 2016). The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System (1 ed.). Routledge. doi : 10.4324/9781315670003 . ISBN 978-1-317-36581-5 . Cowie, Anthony Paul (2009). The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7 . Archived from the original on April 15, 2021 . Retrieved August 17, 2010 . Darnton, Robert (1979). The business of enlightenment: a publishing history of the Encyclopédie, 1775–1800 . Cambridge: Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0-674-08785-9 . Ditmanson, Peter (September 17, 2018). "The Ming dynasty (pre-1521)". In Xiong, Victor Cunrui; Hammond, Kenneth (eds.). Routledge Handbook of Imperial Chinese History . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-53822-6 . Fu, Chonglan; Cao, Wenming (July 25, 2019). Introduction to the Urban History of China . Springer. ISBN 978-981-13-8207-9 . Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). Dictionary of Lexicography . Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved July 27, 2010 . Kafker, Frank A., ed. (1981). Notable encyclopedias of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: nine predecessors of the Encyclopédie . Oxford: Voltaire Foundation. ISBN 978-0-7294-0256-9 . OCLC 10645788 . Kafker, Frank A., ed. (1994). Notable encyclopedias of the late eighteenth century: eleven successors of the Encyclopédie . Oxford: Voltaire Foundation. ISBN 978-0-7294-0467-9 . OCLC 30787125 . Needham, Joseph (1986). "Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic". Science and Civilization in China . Vol. 5 – Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-521-30358-3 . OCLC 59245877 . Rosenzweig, Roy (June 2006). "Can History Be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past" . Journal of American History . 93 (1): 117– 46. doi : 10.2307/4486062 . ISSN 1945-2314 . JSTOR 4486062 . Archived from the original on April 25, 2010. Ioannides, Marinos (2006). The e-volution of information communication technology in cultural heritage: where hi-tech touches the past: risks and challenges for the 21st century . Budapest: Archaeolingua. ISBN 963-8046-73-2 . OCLC 218599120 . Walsh, S. Padraig (1968). Anglo-American general encyclopedias: a historical bibliography, 1703–1967 . New York: Bowker. p. 270. OCLC 577541 . Yeo, Richard R. (2001). Encyclopaedic visions: scientific dictionaries and enlightenment culture . Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65191-2 . OCLC 45828872 . Archived from the original on April 16, 2014 . Retrieved April 15, 2014 . External links Encyclopaedia and Hypertext Internet Accuracy Project – Biographical errors in encyclopedias and almanacs "Encyclopedia" – Diderot's article on the Encyclopedia from the original Encyclopédie . De expetendis et fugiendis rebus – First Renaissance encyclopedia Errors and inconsistencies in several printed reference books and encyclopedias ; Archived July 18, 2001, at the Wayback Machine "Digital encyclopedias put the world at your fingertips" – CNET article Encyclopedias online University of Wisconsin – Stout listing by category Chambers' Cyclopaedia , 1728, with the 1753 supplement Encyclopædia Americana , 1851, Francis Lieber ed. (Boston: Mussey & Co.) at the University of Michigan Making of America site Encyclopædia Britannica , articles and illustrations from 9th ed., 1875–89, and 10th ed., 1902–03. 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Congo Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Eswatini Equatorial Guinea Fiji Finland France Gabon The Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Libya Lithuania Luxembourg Macau Madagascar Marshall Islands Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Nauru Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Korea North Macedonia Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Somalia Somaliland South Africa Solomon Islands South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe European Union United Nations Categories Births Deaths Establishments Disestablishments Works Introductions Works entering the public domain Births Deaths Establishments Disestablishments Works Introductions Works entering the public domain v t e v t e Gregorian calendar 2020 MMXX Ab urbe condita 2773 Armenian calendar 1469 ԹՎ ՌՆԿԹ Assyrian calendar 6770 Baháʼí calendar 176–177 Balinese saka calendar 1941–1942 Bengali calendar 1426–1427 Berber calendar 2970 British Regnal year 68 Eliz. 2 – 69 Eliz. 2 Buddhist calendar 2564 Burmese calendar 1382 Byzantine calendar 7528–7529 Chinese calendar 己亥 年 (Earth Pig ) 4717 or 4510 — to — 庚子年 (Metal Rat ) 4718 or 4511 Coptic calendar 1736–1737 Discordian calendar 3186 Ethiopian calendar 2012–2013 Hebrew calendar 5780–5781 Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat 2076–2077 - Shaka Samvat 1941–1942 - Kali Yuga 5120–5121 Holocene calendar 12020 Igbo calendar 1020–1021 Iranian calendar 1398–1399 Islamic calendar 1441–1442 Japanese calendar Reiwa 2 (令和２年) Javanese calendar 1953–1954 Juche calendar 109 Julian calendar Gregorian minus 13 days Korean calendar 4353 Minguo calendar ROC 109 民國109年 Nanakshahi calendar 552 Thai solar calendar 2563 Tibetan calendar ས་མོ་ཕག་ལོ་ (female Earth- Boar ) 2146 or 1765 or 993 — to — ལྕགས་ཕོ་བྱི་བ་ལོ་ (male Iron- Rat ) 2147 or 1766 or 994 Unix time 1577836800 – 1609459199 2020 ( MMXX ) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar , the 2020th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 20th year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century , and the 1st year of the 2020s decade. 2020 saw the decade begin with the COVID-19 pandemic , which led to global social and economic disruption, mass cancellations and postponements of events, worldwide lockdowns , and the largest economic recession since the Great Depression in the 1930s. [ 1 ] Geospatial World also called 2020 "the worst year in terms of climate change " in part due to major climate disasters worldwide, including major bushfires in Australia and the western United States , as well as extreme tropical cyclone activity affecting large parts of North America . [ 2 ] A United Nations progress report published in December 2020 indicated that none of the international Sustainable Development Goals for 2020 were achieved. [ 3 ] The year also saw the rise of social protests and activism amidst the ongoing pandemic. The murder of George Floyd was widely condemned and lead to worldwide protests and unrest that lasted until 2023 . In addition, elections commenced in numerous nations in 2020. Most notably, the United States Presidential election where Democrat and eventual 46th president Joe Biden won against incumbent Republican Donald Trump , who refused to concede the presidency, leading directly into an attack on the US capitol early the following year . Time magazine used its sixth ever X cover to declare 2020 "the worst year ever," although the cover article itself did not go as far, instead saying, "There have been worse years in U.S. history, and certainly worse years in world history, but most of us alive today have seen nothing like this one." [ 4 ] Health The outbreak of COVID-19 began in Wuhan , China, in December 2019. It spread to other areas of Asia, and then worldwide in early 2020. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) on 30 January, and assessed the outbreak had become a pandemic on 11 March. [ 5 ] Events January January 1 Croatia begins its term in the presidency of the European Union . [ 6 ] Flash floods struck Jakarta , Indonesia , killing 66 people in the worst flooding in over a decade. [ 7 ] Croatia begins its term in the presidency of the European Union . [ 6 ] Flash floods struck Jakarta , Indonesia , killing 66 people in the worst flooding in over a decade. [ 7 ] January 2 – The Royal Australian Air Force and Navy are deployed to New South Wales and Victoria to assist mass evacuation efforts amidst the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] January 3 – A United States drone strike at Baghdad International Airport kills ten people, including the intended target, an Iranian general Qasem Soleimani and Iraqi paramilitary leader Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis . [ 10 ] January 5 Second Libyan Civil War : President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announces the deployment of Turkish troops to Libya on behalf of the United Nations -backed Government of National Accord . [ 11 ] 2019–20 Croatian presidential election : The second round of voting is held, and Zoran Milanović of the Social Democratic Party of Croatia defeats incumbent president Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović . [ 12 ] Second Libyan Civil War : President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announces the deployment of Turkish troops to Libya on behalf of the United Nations -backed Government of National Accord . [ 11 ] 2019–20 Croatian presidential election : The second round of voting is held, and Zoran Milanović of the Social Democratic Party of Croatia defeats incumbent president Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović . [ 12 ] January 8 Iran launches ballistic missiles at two Iraqi military bases hosting U.S. soldiers , injuring over 100 personnel. [ 13 ] Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 was shot down by Iranian forces shortly after takeoff from Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport , killing all 176 people on board. [ 14 ] Iran launches ballistic missiles at two Iraqi military bases hosting U.S. soldiers , injuring over 100 personnel. [ 13 ] Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 was shot down by Iranian forces shortly after takeoff from Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport , killing all 176 people on board. [ 14 ] January 9 A rare, circumbinary planet called TOI 1338-b is discovered. [ 15 ] Islamic State militants in the Greater Sahara assaulted a Nigerien military base in the battle of Chinagodrar , killing at least 89 Nigerien soldiers . [ 16 ] A rare, circumbinary planet called TOI 1338-b is discovered. [ 15 ] Islamic State militants in the Greater Sahara assaulted a Nigerien military base in the battle of Chinagodrar , killing at least 89 Nigerien soldiers . [ 16 ] January 10 – Haitham bin Tariq succeeds Qaboos bin Said as the Sultan of Oman . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] January 11 – Presidential and legislative elections are held in Taiwan . Incumbent president Tsai Ing-wen is reelected, and the Democratic Progressive Party wins a majority of 67 out of 113 seats in the Legislative Yuan . [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] January 12 – The Taal Volcano in the Philippines has had its first major eruption since 1977. [ 22 ] January 16 – The first impeachment trial of the President of the United States , Donald Trump , begins in the U.S. Senate . He was acquitted on February 5 . [ 23 ] January 18 – Yemeni Civil War : 111 Yemeni soldiers and five civilians are killed in a drone and missile attack on a military camp near Maʼrib . [ 24 ] January 20 – COVID-19 pandemic : Chinese authorities publicly confirm human-to-human transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 . [ 25 ] January 22 – The Hellenic Parliament elects Katerina Sakellaropoulou as president of Greece . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] January 23 – COVID-19 pandemic : The Chinese city of Wuhan , the epicenter of the initial COVID-19 outbreak , is quarantined , with all scheduled public transport services and intercity flights halted. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] January 26 The 2020 Peruvian parliamentary election is held to elect all 130 members of the Congress of the Republic of Peru . [ 30 ] 2020 Calabasas helicopter crash : Nine people killed in accident in Calabasas, California , including retired basketball player Kobe Bryant and his daughter Gianna ; cause later attributed to heavy fog. [ 31 ] The 2020 Peruvian parliamentary election is held to elect all 130 members of the Congress of the Republic of Peru . [ 30 ] 2020 Calabasas helicopter crash : Nine people killed in accident in Calabasas, California , including retired basketball player Kobe Bryant and his daughter Gianna ; cause later attributed to heavy fog. [ 31 ] January 29 – U.S. President Donald Trump signs the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement , a North American trade agreement set to replace NAFTA . [ 32 ] January 30 – COVID-19 pandemic : The World Health Organization (WHO) declares the outbreak of the disease a public health emergency of international concern , the sixth time that this measure has been invoked since 2009 . [ 33 ] January 31 – The United Kingdom and Gibraltar formally withdraw from the European Union , beginning an 11-month transition period . [ 34 ] February February 6 – Livraga derailment : A Frecciarossa high-speed train traveling from Milan to Salerno derailed in Livraga , Lombardy , Italy . Two people were killed, and 31 were injured. [ 35 ] February 8 – The 2020 Irish general election is held to elect 160 members of the 33rd Dáil , the lower house of the Oireachtas . [ 36 ] [ 37 ] February 11 – The COVID-19 pandemic : The World Health Organization (WHO) names the disease COVID-19 . [ 38 ] February 13 – NASA publishes a detailed study of Arrokoth , the most distant body ever explored by a spacecraft. [ 39 ] February 19 – Hanau shootings : Eleven people are killed and five injured in a terrorist shooting spree by a far-right extremist targeting shisha bars in Hanau, near Frankfurt, Germany. [ 40 ] February 24 – The Pakatan Harapan coalition government of Malaysia collapses and is replaced by the Perikatan Nasional coalition. Muhyiddin Yassin becomes the eighth Prime Minister of Malaysia on March 1. [ 41 ] February 27 – 2020 stock market crash : Triggered by fears of the spreading of COVID-19, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) plunges by 1,190.95 points, or 4.4%, to close at 25,766.64, its largest one-day point decline at the time. This follows several days of large falls, marking the worst week for the index since the 2008 financial crisis . [ 42 ] February 28 – Syrian Civil War : NATO expresses solidarity with Turkey after 34 Turkish soldiers were killed in an airstrike by pro- Syrian government forces. [ 43 ] February 29 A conditional peace agreement is signed between the United States and the Taliban . The U.S. begins gradually withdrawing combat troops from Afghanistan on March 10. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] Barquisimeto shooting : During a demonstration, pro-government colectivos shoot at disputed President and Speaker of the National Assembly Juan Guaidó and his supporters in Barquisimeto , Venezuela , leaving five injured. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] A conditional peace agreement is signed between the United States and the Taliban . The U.S. begins gradually withdrawing combat troops from Afghanistan on March 10. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] Barquisimeto shooting : During a demonstration, pro-government colectivos shoot at disputed President and Speaker of the National Assembly Juan Guaidó and his supporters in Barquisimeto , Venezuela , leaving five injured. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] March March 2 – The Yahoo! Time capsule , dating from 2006, is opened. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] March 5 – The International Criminal Court authorizes the Afghanistan War Crimes inquiry to proceed, reportedly allowing for the first time for U.S. citizens to be investigated. [ 50 ] March 9 COVID-19 pandemic : Italy becomes the first country to implement a nationwide quarantine in response to the COVID-19 outbreak. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] International share prices fall sharply in response to a Russo-Saudi oil price war and the impact of COVID-19 . The DJIA plunges more than 2,000 points, the largest fall in its history up to that point. [ 53 ] Oil prices also plunged by as much as 30% in early trading, the biggest fall since 1991 . [ 54 ] [ 55 ] COVID-19 pandemic : Italy becomes the first country to implement a nationwide quarantine in response to the COVID-19 outbreak. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] International share prices fall sharply in response to a Russo-Saudi oil price war and the impact of COVID-19 . The DJIA plunges more than 2,000 points, the largest fall in its history up to that point. [ 53 ] Oil prices also plunged by as much as 30% in early trading, the biggest fall since 1991 . [ 54 ] [ 55 ] March 11 COVID-19 pandemic : The World Health Organization declares the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic . [ 56 ] COVID-19 pandemic : The World Health Organization declares the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic . [ 56 ] March 12 – Global stock markets crashed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the United States travel ban on the Schengen Area . The DJIA goes into free fall, closing at over −2,300 points, the worst loss for the index since 1987 . [ 57 ] March 13 – COVID-19 pandemic : The government of Nepal announces that Mount Everest will be closed to climbers and the public for the rest of the season due to concerns about the COVID-19 pandemic in Asia . [ 58 ] March 16 – The DJIA falls by 2,997.10 , the single largest point drop in history and the second-largest percentage drop ever at 12.93%, an even greater crash than Black Monday (1929) . This follows the U.S. Federal Reserve announcing that it will cut its target interest rate to 0–0.25%. [ 59 ] March 17 COVID-19 pandemic : The European Union 's external and Schengen borders are closed for at least 30 days in an effort to curb the COVID-19 pandemic. [ 60 ] The Euro 2020 and 2020 Copa América association football tournaments are postponed until the summer of 2021 by UEFA and CONMEBOL , respectively. [ 61 ] [ 62 ] COVID-19 pandemic : The European Union 's external and Schengen borders are closed for at least 30 days in an effort to curb the COVID-19 pandemic. [ 60 ] The Euro 2020 and 2020 Copa América association football tournaments are postponed until the summer of 2021 by UEFA and CONMEBOL , respectively. [ 61 ] [ 62 ] The European Union 's external and Schengen borders are closed for at least 30 days in an effort to curb the COVID-19 pandemic. [ 60 ] The Euro 2020 and 2020 Copa América association football tournaments are postponed until the summer of 2021 by UEFA and CONMEBOL , respectively. [ 61 ] [ 62 ] March 18 COVID-19 pandemic : The Eurovision Song Contest 2020 is cancelled due to the spread of COVID-19 in Europe , the first cancellation in the contest's 64-year history. [ 63 ] The Solidarity Trial , a WHO -sponsored clinical trial dedicated to finding a cure against COVID-19, is announced. [ 64 ] COVID-19 pandemic : The Eurovision Song Contest 2020 is cancelled due to the spread of COVID-19 in Europe , the first cancellation in the contest's 64-year history. [ 63 ] The Solidarity Trial , a WHO -sponsored clinical trial dedicated to finding a cure against COVID-19, is announced. [ 64 ] The Eurovision Song Contest 2020 is cancelled due to the spread of COVID-19 in Europe , the first cancellation in the contest's 64-year history. [ 63 ] The Solidarity Trial , a WHO -sponsored clinical trial dedicated to finding a cure against COVID-19, is announced. [ 64 ] March 20 COVID-19 pandemic: The worldwide death toll from COVID-19 surpasses 10,000 as the total number of cases reaches a quarter of a million. [ 65 ] The Bhadla Solar Park is commissioned and becomes the world's largest solar park. [ 66 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The worldwide death toll from COVID-19 surpasses 10,000 as the total number of cases reaches a quarter of a million. [ 65 ] The Bhadla Solar Park is commissioned and becomes the world's largest solar park. [ 66 ] March 24 COVID-19 pandemic: India and the United Kingdom go into lockdown to contain COVID-19. The total number of people in the world facing some form of pandemic-related movement restriction now exceeds 2.6 billion, a third of the global population . [ 67 ] Chinese Premier Li Keqiang reports that the domestically transmitted epidemic is now under control. [ 68 ] Two days later, China temporarily suspends entry for foreign nationals with visas or residence permits , effective midnight on March 28. [ 69 ] The International Olympic Committee and Japan postpone the 2020 Summer Olympics to 2021 . On March 30, the Summer Olympics will be rescheduled from July 23 to August 8, 2021. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] COVID-19 pandemic: India and the United Kingdom go into lockdown to contain COVID-19. The total number of people in the world facing some form of pandemic-related movement restriction now exceeds 2.6 billion, a third of the global population . [ 67 ] Chinese Premier Li Keqiang reports that the domestically transmitted epidemic is now under control. [ 68 ] Two days later, China temporarily suspends entry for foreign nationals with visas or residence permits , effective midnight on March 28. [ 69 ] The International Olympic Committee and Japan postpone the 2020 Summer Olympics to 2021 . On March 30, the Summer Olympics will be rescheduled from July 23 to August 8, 2021. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] India and the United Kingdom go into lockdown to contain COVID-19. The total number of people in the world facing some form of pandemic-related movement restriction now exceeds 2.6 billion, a third of the global population . [ 67 ] Chinese Premier Li Keqiang reports that the domestically transmitted epidemic is now under control. [ 68 ] Two days later, China temporarily suspends entry for foreign nationals with visas or residence permits , effective midnight on March 28. [ 69 ] The International Olympic Committee and Japan postpone the 2020 Summer Olympics to 2021 . On March 30, the Summer Olympics will be rescheduled from July 23 to August 8, 2021. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] March 26 COVID-19 pandemic: Global COVID-19 cases reach 500,000, with nearly 23,000 deaths confirmed. [ 72 ] The U.S. surpasses China and Italy in the total number of known COVID-19 cases, with at least 81,321 cases and more than 1,000 deaths. [ 73 ] Militants in the Philippines , Syria , Yemen , and Libya agree to U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres ' call for a ceasefire ; some accept medical aid for themselves and civilians in their communities. Colombia and Venezuela discuss a common response to the global pandemic, and the UAE airlifts aid to Iran . [ 74 ] COVID-19 pandemic: Global COVID-19 cases reach 500,000, with nearly 23,000 deaths confirmed. [ 72 ] The U.S. surpasses China and Italy in the total number of known COVID-19 cases, with at least 81,321 cases and more than 1,000 deaths. [ 73 ] Militants in the Philippines , Syria , Yemen , and Libya agree to U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres ' call for a ceasefire ; some accept medical aid for themselves and civilians in their communities. Colombia and Venezuela discuss a common response to the global pandemic, and the UAE airlifts aid to Iran . [ 74 ] Global COVID-19 cases reach 500,000, with nearly 23,000 deaths confirmed. [ 72 ] The U.S. surpasses China and Italy in the total number of known COVID-19 cases, with at least 81,321 cases and more than 1,000 deaths. [ 73 ] Militants in the Philippines , Syria , Yemen , and Libya agree to U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres ' call for a ceasefire ; some accept medical aid for themselves and civilians in their communities. Colombia and Venezuela discuss a common response to the global pandemic, and the UAE airlifts aid to Iran . [ 74 ] March 27 – North Macedonia becomes the 30th country to join NATO . [ 75 ] March 30 – 2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war : The price of Brent Crude falls 9% to $23 per barrel, the lowest level since November 2002. [ 76 ] April April 1 COVID-19 pandemic: China reports 130 asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 , its first reported asymptomatic cases. [ 77 ] Yemen 's internationally recognised government releases more than 470 of its prisoners amid concerns of the spread of the virus in Yemen's overcrowded jails. The United Nations Human Rights Council has called for the release of all political prisoners. [ 78 ] COVID-19 pandemic: China reports 130 asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 , its first reported asymptomatic cases. [ 77 ] Yemen 's internationally recognised government releases more than 470 of its prisoners amid concerns of the spread of the virus in Yemen's overcrowded jails. The United Nations Human Rights Council has called for the release of all political prisoners. [ 78 ] China reports 130 asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 , its first reported asymptomatic cases. [ 77 ] Yemen 's internationally recognised government releases more than 470 of its prisoners amid concerns of the spread of the virus in Yemen's overcrowded jails. The United Nations Human Rights Council has called for the release of all political prisoners. [ 78 ] April 2 – COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 1 million worldwide. [ 79 ] April 5 – COVID-19 pandemic: The first case of COVID-19 in a zoo animal is reported: a four-year-old female Malayan tiger at the Bronx Zoo in New York City . [ 80 ] April 6 – The United States designates the Russian Imperial Movement as a terrorist organization and imposes sanctions on its leaders; it is the first white supremacist group the U.S. has designated as a terrorist organization. [ 81 ] April 7 – COVID-19 pandemic: Japan declares a state of emergency in response to COVID-19 and finalises a stimulus package worth 108 trillion yen (US$990 billion), equal to 20% of the country's GDP . [ 82 ] April 8 – COVID-19 pandemic: The Saudi–led coalition declares a unilateral ceasefire in its operations against Houthi forces in Yemen in accordance with United Nations -led efforts. [ 83 ] April 10 Kivu Ebola epidemic : The Democratic Republic of the Congo reports the first case of Ebola since February 2020. The outbreak has killed more than 2,200 people since August 2018. [ 84 ] The ESA / JAXA space probe BepiColombo makes its final gravity assist around Earth and begins to depart for Venus , where it will make several gravity assist maneuvers before finally arriving at Mercury in 2025 . [ 85 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The death toll from COVID-19 exceeds 100,000 globally, a ten-fold increase from March 20. [ 86 ] EU finance ministers agree on a €540 billion loan package to alleviate the economic fallout of the coronavirus pandemic . [ 87 ] Kivu Ebola epidemic : The Democratic Republic of the Congo reports the first case of Ebola since February 2020. The outbreak has killed more than 2,200 people since August 2018. [ 84 ] The ESA / JAXA space probe BepiColombo makes its final gravity assist around Earth and begins to depart for Venus , where it will make several gravity assist maneuvers before finally arriving at Mercury in 2025 . [ 85 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The death toll from COVID-19 exceeds 100,000 globally, a ten-fold increase from March 20. [ 86 ] EU finance ministers agree on a €540 billion loan package to alleviate the economic fallout of the coronavirus pandemic . [ 87 ] The death toll from COVID-19 exceeds 100,000 globally, a ten-fold increase from March 20. [ 86 ] EU finance ministers agree on a €540 billion loan package to alleviate the economic fallout of the coronavirus pandemic . [ 87 ] April 12 COVID-19 pandemic: Pope Francis livestreams the Urbi et Orbi blessing for Easter ; it is the second blessing in a month, with the first taking place on March 27 during a special prayer service for the end of the pandemic. [ 88 ] OPEC and allies strike a deal to cut oil production by 9.7 million barrels per day, the largest such cut agreed upon, starting May 1. [ 89 ] COVID-19 pandemic: Pope Francis livestreams the Urbi et Orbi blessing for Easter ; it is the second blessing in a month, with the first taking place on March 27 during a special prayer service for the end of the pandemic. [ 88 ] OPEC and allies strike a deal to cut oil production by 9.7 million barrels per day, the largest such cut agreed upon, starting May 1. [ 89 ] April 14 COVID-19 pandemic The International Monetary Fund (IMF) says it expects the world economy to shrink 3%, the worst contraction since the Great Depression of the 1930s . [ 90 ] U.S. president Donald Trump announces that the U.S. will suspend funding towards the World Health Organization (WHO) pending an investigation of its handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and its relationship with China. [ 91 ] COVID-19 pandemic The International Monetary Fund (IMF) says it expects the world economy to shrink 3%, the worst contraction since the Great Depression of the 1930s . [ 90 ] U.S. president Donald Trump announces that the U.S. will suspend funding towards the World Health Organization (WHO) pending an investigation of its handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and its relationship with China. [ 91 ] The International Monetary Fund (IMF) says it expects the world economy to shrink 3%, the worst contraction since the Great Depression of the 1930s . [ 90 ] U.S. president Donald Trump announces that the U.S. will suspend funding towards the World Health Organization (WHO) pending an investigation of its handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and its relationship with China. [ 91 ] April 15 COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 2 million worldwide. [ 92 ] The 2020 Tour de France is delayed until August 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. [ 93 ] The 2020 South Korean legislative election is held to elect all 300 members of the National Assembly of South Korea and the Democratic Party of Korea - Platform Party alliance wins 180 out of 300 seats. [ 94 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 2 million worldwide. [ 92 ] The 2020 Tour de France is delayed until August 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. [ 93 ] The 2020 South Korean legislative election is held to elect all 300 members of the National Assembly of South Korea and the Democratic Party of Korea - Platform Party alliance wins 180 out of 300 seats. [ 94 ] The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 2 million worldwide. [ 92 ] The 2020 Tour de France is delayed until August 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. [ 93 ] The 2020 South Korean legislative election is held to elect all 300 members of the National Assembly of South Korea and the Democratic Party of Korea - Platform Party alliance wins 180 out of 300 seats. [ 94 ] April 17 The China Securities Regulatory Commission approves a transaction in which Switzerland 's Credit Suisse will take a majority interest in a China securities firm, making Credit Suisse the first foreign bank to own a majority of such a company since the easing of foreign ownership rules in 2018 . [ 95 ] COVID-19 pandemic: China revises the COVID-19 death toll in Wuhan upward, adding 1,290 more fatalities to bring the country 's reported COVID-19 deaths to 4,632. [ 96 ] Europe surpasses 100,000 COVID-19-related deaths. [ 97 ] The U.N. Human Rights Office accuses Myanmar of carrying out daily airstrikes in the Rakhine and Chin states and that at least 32 civilians have been killed since March 23. The separatist Arakan Army unilaterally declared a month-long ceasefire to fight the pandemic , but the military rejected the ceasefire claiming a previous ceasefire had been reneged by the insurgents. [ 98 ] The China Securities Regulatory Commission approves a transaction in which Switzerland 's Credit Suisse will take a majority interest in a China securities firm, making Credit Suisse the first foreign bank to own a majority of such a company since the easing of foreign ownership rules in 2018 . [ 95 ] COVID-19 pandemic: China revises the COVID-19 death toll in Wuhan upward, adding 1,290 more fatalities to bring the country 's reported COVID-19 deaths to 4,632. [ 96 ] Europe surpasses 100,000 COVID-19-related deaths. [ 97 ] The U.N. Human Rights Office accuses Myanmar of carrying out daily airstrikes in the Rakhine and Chin states and that at least 32 civilians have been killed since March 23. The separatist Arakan Army unilaterally declared a month-long ceasefire to fight the pandemic , but the military rejected the ceasefire claiming a previous ceasefire had been reneged by the insurgents. [ 98 ] China revises the COVID-19 death toll in Wuhan upward, adding 1,290 more fatalities to bring the country 's reported COVID-19 deaths to 4,632. [ 96 ] Europe surpasses 100,000 COVID-19-related deaths. [ 97 ] The U.N. Human Rights Office accuses Myanmar of carrying out daily airstrikes in the Rakhine and Chin states and that at least 32 civilians have been killed since March 23. The separatist Arakan Army unilaterally declared a month-long ceasefire to fight the pandemic , but the military rejected the ceasefire claiming a previous ceasefire had been reneged by the insurgents. [ 98 ] April 18 – 44 suspected Boko Haram members are found dead, apparently due to poisoning, inside a prison in N'Djamena , Chad . [ 99 ] April 19 – COVID-19 pandemic: Unrest breaks out in Paris , Berlin and Vladikavkaz as opposition to COVID-19 lockdowns continues. [ 100 ] April 20 Oil prices reach a record low, with West Texas Intermediate falling into negative values. [ 101 ] The Industrial Bank of Korea agrees to pay US$ 86 million and will enter a two-year deferred prosecution agreement to settle lawsuits with the U.S. Department of Justice and the state of New York over a 2011 scheme to help transfer US$1 billion to Iran . [ 102 ] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Blue and White Alliance leader Benny Gantz agree on a deal to form a unity government , thus ending more than a year of political deadlock . As part of the deal, Netanyahu will hold onto his position for 18 more months, with Gantz replacing him afterwards. [ 103 ] Oil prices reach a record low, with West Texas Intermediate falling into negative values. [ 101 ] The Industrial Bank of Korea agrees to pay US$ 86 million and will enter a two-year deferred prosecution agreement to settle lawsuits with the U.S. Department of Justice and the state of New York over a 2011 scheme to help transfer US$1 billion to Iran . [ 102 ] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Blue and White Alliance leader Benny Gantz agree on a deal to form a unity government , thus ending more than a year of political deadlock . As part of the deal, Netanyahu will hold onto his position for 18 more months, with Gantz replacing him afterwards. [ 103 ] April 21 – Mozambique police say 52 male villagers were killed by Islamist militants earlier this month in Muidumbe District , Cabo Delgado Province , after they refused to join their ranks. [ 104 ] April 22 – Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps deploys the country's first military satellite , using a new satellite carrier called " Ghased " ("Messenger"). [ 105 ] April 23 Syrian Civil War : Two former high-ranking members of the Syrian Army go on trial in Koblenz , Germany , for alleged war crimes committed during the civil war. It is the first time that Syrian military officials are prosecuted for their roles in the conflict. [ 106 ] COVID-19 pandemic: Facebook removes " pseudoscience " and " conspiracy theory " as options for targeted ads as criticism mounts against social media for its role in spreading misinformation about COVID-19 . [ 107 ] Syrian Civil War : Two former high-ranking members of the Syrian Army go on trial in Koblenz , Germany , for alleged war crimes committed during the civil war. It is the first time that Syrian military officials are prosecuted for their roles in the conflict. [ 106 ] COVID-19 pandemic: Facebook removes " pseudoscience " and " conspiracy theory " as options for targeted ads as criticism mounts against social media for its role in spreading misinformation about COVID-19 . [ 107 ] April 25 Yemeni Civil War : The Southern Transitional Council (STC) announces the establishment of a self-rule administration in southern Yemen and deploys forces in Aden . [ 108 ] Governors of multiple southern Yemeni Governorates and Socotra island reject the STC's claim to self-rule and declare their loyalty to President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi . [ 109 ] Months later on July 19, the STC accepts a Saudi-brokered peace deal and abandons its self-rule aspirations. [ 110 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The global death toll from COVID-19 exceeds 200,000. [ 111 ] The UK becomes the fifth country to report 20,000 deaths. [ 112 ] Yemeni Civil War : The Southern Transitional Council (STC) announces the establishment of a self-rule administration in southern Yemen and deploys forces in Aden . [ 108 ] Governors of multiple southern Yemeni Governorates and Socotra island reject the STC's claim to self-rule and declare their loyalty to President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi . [ 109 ] Months later on July 19, the STC accepts a Saudi-brokered peace deal and abandons its self-rule aspirations. [ 110 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The global death toll from COVID-19 exceeds 200,000. [ 111 ] The UK becomes the fifth country to report 20,000 deaths. [ 112 ] April 26 – King Salman issues a royal decree, declaring that people will no longer be executed in Saudi Arabia for crimes they were convicted of when they were minors. [ 113 ] April 27 – COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases passes 3 million worldwide, while the number of confirmed cases in the U.S. passes 1 million. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] April 28 A fast radio burst is detected from the Magnetar SGR 1935+2154 , the first ever detected inside the Milky Way , and the first to be linked to a known source. [ 116 ] Colombia formalizes its membership with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), becoming the 37th nation of the organization. [ 117 ] The Indian Ministry of External Affairs condemns the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom after its annual report recommends placing India on the "countries of particular concern" blacklist over the Citizenship Amendment Act , the revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status , and controversial comments made by Home Minister Amit Shah , among others. [ 118 ] A fast radio burst is detected from the Magnetar SGR 1935+2154 , the first ever detected inside the Milky Way , and the first to be linked to a known source. [ 116 ] Colombia formalizes its membership with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), becoming the 37th nation of the organization. [ 117 ] The Indian Ministry of External Affairs condemns the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom after its annual report recommends placing India on the "countries of particular concern" blacklist over the Citizenship Amendment Act , the revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status , and controversial comments made by Home Minister Amit Shah , among others. [ 118 ] April 29 – (52768) 1998 OR2 , a near-Earth asteroid that is 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) wide, makes a close approach of 0.042 AU (6.3 million km ; 16 LD ) to Earth . It will not approach closer than this until 2079 . [ 119 ] April 30 NASA officially selects SpaceX , Blue Origin , and Dynetics to build its next-generation lunar lander to carry American astronauts to the Moon by 2024 . [ 120 ] Bulgaria applies for ERM II (the "waiting room" for the Eurozone ), due to join along with Croatia in July 2020. [ 121 ] NASA officially selects SpaceX , Blue Origin , and Dynetics to build its next-generation lunar lander to carry American astronauts to the Moon by 2024 . [ 120 ] Bulgaria applies for ERM II (the "waiting room" for the Eurozone ), due to join along with Croatia in July 2020. [ 121 ] May May 1 COVID-19 pandemic: The total number of recovered COVID-19 patients reaches 1 million worldwide, according to data from The Johns Hopkins University . [ 122 ] Guanare prison riot : A riot and attempted escape attempt leaves 47 dead and 75 injured in the Centro Penitenciario de los Llanos in Guanare , Venezuela . [ 123 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The total number of recovered COVID-19 patients reaches 1 million worldwide, according to data from The Johns Hopkins University . [ 122 ] Guanare prison riot : A riot and attempted escape attempt leaves 47 dead and 75 injured in the Centro Penitenciario de los Llanos in Guanare , Venezuela . [ 123 ] May 2 – The United Nations publishes a report stating that Russia's indiscriminate bombing of civilians in Syria constitutes a war crime. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] [ 126 ] May 3 – 4 – Venezuelan dissidents and a North American-based private military company, Silvercorp USA , unsuccessfully attempt to infiltrate Venezuela and forcibly remove President Nicolás Maduro from office. [ 127 ] May 4 – A team of British and Kenyan scientists announce the discovery of Microsporidia MB, a parasitic microbe in the Microsporidia fungi group that blocks mosquitos from carrying malaria , potentially paving the way for the control of malaria. [ 128 ] May 5 COVID-19 pandemic: The U.K. death toll from COVID-19 becomes the highest in Europe at 32,313 after exceeding the death toll of 29,029 in Italy . [ 129 ] The biggest television network in the Philippines, ABS-CBN , ceased operations for the first time in almost five decades because of the loss of its franchise . [ 130 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The U.K. death toll from COVID-19 becomes the highest in Europe at 32,313 after exceeding the death toll of 29,029 in Italy . [ 129 ] The biggest television network in the Philippines, ABS-CBN , ceased operations for the first time in almost five decades because of the loss of its franchise . [ 130 ] May 6 Astronomers announce the discovery of the first black hole located in a star system visible to the naked eye . [ 131 ] COVID-19 pandemic: New evidence indicates that an Algerian -born French fishmonger, who had not traveled to China and did not have contact with any Chinese nationals , was treated for pneumonia from an unknown source on December 27, 2019, now identified as COVID-19 . [ 132 ] Astronomers announce the discovery of the first black hole located in a star system visible to the naked eye . [ 131 ] COVID-19 pandemic: New evidence indicates that an Algerian -born French fishmonger, who had not traveled to China and did not have contact with any Chinese nationals , was treated for pneumonia from an unknown source on December 27, 2019, now identified as COVID-19 . [ 132 ] May 8 – The Aurangabad railway accident occurred in India. 17 migrants were sleeping on the trains when a freight train collided and killed 16 people and injured 1. [ 133 ] May 9 – Several Chinese and Indian soldiers are injured in a cross-border clash at the Nathu La crossing. About 150 troops participated in the face-off, which involved fistfights and stone-throwing. [ 134 ] May 10 The Iranian Navy frigate Jamaran accidentally strikes the Iranian support vessel Konarak with a missile, killing nineteen sailors. This is the first friendly fire incident since February 2019, when an Indian Mil Mi-17 helicopter was mistakenly shot down by Indian air defense forces. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] COVID-19 pandemic: Wuhan reports its first coronavirus cases in more than a month. An 89-year-old man is confirmed positive, but his wife and several members of the community are recorded as asymptomatic cases. [ 137 ] The Iranian Navy frigate Jamaran accidentally strikes the Iranian support vessel Konarak with a missile, killing nineteen sailors. This is the first friendly fire incident since February 2019, when an Indian Mil Mi-17 helicopter was mistakenly shot down by Indian air defense forces. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] COVID-19 pandemic: Wuhan reports its first coronavirus cases in more than a month. An 89-year-old man is confirmed positive, but his wife and several members of the community are recorded as asymptomatic cases. [ 137 ] May 11 – The Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology publishes the result of radiocarbon and DNA analysis from the fossils that has been found in the Bacho Kiro cave , Bulgaria . The result, showing that the fossils belong to Homo sapiens instead of Neanderthal , indicates that modern humans may have arrived in Europe thousands of years earlier than previously thought. [ 138 ] May 12 – Gunmen storm a maternity hospital and kill 24 people, including two newborn babies, in Dashte Barchi , a majority- Shia neighborhood of Kabul , Afghanistan . In a separate incident in Kuz Kunar , 32 people are killed at a funeral by a suicide bomber . [ 139 ] May 14 COVID-19 pandemic: The global death toll from COVID-19 exceeds 300,000. [ 140 ] The UN warns of a global mental health crisis caused by isolation, fear, uncertainty and economic turmoil. [ 141 ] NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg says the military alliance is "ready to support" the UN -recognized Government of National Accord in Libya while Greece , a member state of NATO, strongly criticizes Stoltenberg's remarks, saying his recognition of the " Muslim Brotherhood government" does not reflect the positions of the military alliance. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The global death toll from COVID-19 exceeds 300,000. [ 140 ] The UN warns of a global mental health crisis caused by isolation, fear, uncertainty and economic turmoil. [ 141 ] The global death toll from COVID-19 exceeds 300,000. [ 140 ] The UN warns of a global mental health crisis caused by isolation, fear, uncertainty and economic turmoil. [ 141 ] NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg says the military alliance is "ready to support" the UN -recognized Government of National Accord in Libya while Greece , a member state of NATO, strongly criticizes Stoltenberg's remarks, saying his recognition of the " Muslim Brotherhood government" does not reflect the positions of the military alliance. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] May 15 – Researchers announce a 2.5 cm millipede fossil belonging to the Kampecaris genus, discovered on the island of Kerrera in the Scottish Inner Hebrides , is the world's oldest-known land animal, which lived 425 million years ago in the Silurian period. [ 144 ] May 16 – Félicien Kabuga , a Rwandan businessman responsible for supporting the Rwandan genocide , is arrested in Asnières-sur-Seine , France , after 26 years as a fugitive. [ 145 ] May 18 The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs announces that nearly 1 million people are affected and at least 24 people have died in flash floods that have hit Beledweyne and Jowhar , Somalia . [ 146 ] In a historic move, the World Health Organization holds its annual World Health Assembly using video conferencing instead of in-person meetings. [ 147 ] The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs announces that nearly 1 million people are affected and at least 24 people have died in flash floods that have hit Beledweyne and Jowhar , Somalia . [ 146 ] In a historic move, the World Health Organization holds its annual World Health Assembly using video conferencing instead of in-person meetings. [ 147 ] May 19 – Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas announces the termination of all agreements, including security ones, with Israel and the United States in response to Israel's plans to annex the Jordan Valley . [ 148 ] May 21 Cyclone Amphan makes landfall in eastern India and Bangladesh , killing over 100 people and forcing the evacuation of more than 4 million others. It causes over US$13 billion in damage, making it the costliest cyclone ever recorded in the North Indian Ocean , shattering the record previously held by Nargis . [ 149 ] The U.S. announces it will withdraw from the Open Skies Treaty within six months, alleging continuous violations by Russia . [ 150 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 5 million worldwide, with 106,000 new cases recorded over the past 24 hours, the highest single-day figure so far. [ 151 ] Cyclone Amphan makes landfall in eastern India and Bangladesh , killing over 100 people and forcing the evacuation of more than 4 million others. It causes over US$13 billion in damage, making it the costliest cyclone ever recorded in the North Indian Ocean , shattering the record previously held by Nargis . [ 149 ] The U.S. announces it will withdraw from the Open Skies Treaty within six months, alleging continuous violations by Russia . [ 150 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 5 million worldwide, with 106,000 new cases recorded over the past 24 hours, the highest single-day figure so far. [ 151 ] May 22 Flight PK8303 , a Pakistan International Airlines passenger aircraft, crashes in a residential area near Karachi , in Pakistan, killing 97 of the 99 total people on board and injuring dozens on the ground. [ 152 ] COVID-19 pandemic: Brazil overtakes Russia to become the country with the second highest number of COVID-19 cases, with over 330,000 reported. President Jair Bolsonaro continues to dismiss the threat of the virus. [ 153 ] Flight PK8303 , a Pakistan International Airlines passenger aircraft, crashes in a residential area near Karachi , in Pakistan, killing 97 of the 99 total people on board and injuring dozens on the ground. [ 152 ] COVID-19 pandemic: Brazil overtakes Russia to become the country with the second highest number of COVID-19 cases, with over 330,000 reported. President Jair Bolsonaro continues to dismiss the threat of the virus. [ 153 ] May 23 – COVID-19 pandemic: China reports no new cases for the first time since the pandemic began, according to the National Health Commission . [ 154 ] May 24 Mining corporation Rio Tinto admits to blowing up the 46,000-year-old Juukan Gorge caves in the Pilbara area of Western Australia . The firm later issues an apology to the two Aboriginal peoples who are the traditional owners of the site. [ 155 ] Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi pardons 3,157 prisoners to celebrate Eid al-Fitr and, two days later, President of Zambia Edgar Lungu pardons nearly 3,000 inmates to commemorate Africa Freedom Day . [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Mining corporation Rio Tinto admits to blowing up the 46,000-year-old Juukan Gorge caves in the Pilbara area of Western Australia . The firm later issues an apology to the two Aboriginal peoples who are the traditional owners of the site. [ 155 ] Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi pardons 3,157 prisoners to celebrate Eid al-Fitr and, two days later, President of Zambia Edgar Lungu pardons nearly 3,000 inmates to commemorate Africa Freedom Day . [ 156 ] [ 157 ] May 25 The 2020 Surinamese general election is held to elect all 51 members of the National Assembly of Suriname . [ 158 ] Euroleague Basketball announces that it has cancelled the 2019-20 Turkish Airlines EuroLeague and 7DAYS EuroCup seasons due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2020 Surinamese general election is held to elect all 51 members of the National Assembly of Suriname . [ 158 ] Euroleague Basketball announces that it has cancelled the 2019-20 Turkish Airlines EuroLeague and 7DAYS EuroCup seasons due to the COVID-19 pandemic. May 26 Protests caused by the murder of George Floyd break out across hundreds of cities in the U.S. [ 159 ] and around the world . [ 160 ] These are followed by further protests and rallies on June 6 against racism and police brutality around the world . [ 161 ] Costa Rica becomes the first Central American country to legalise same-sex marriage . [ 162 ] LATAM Airlines , the largest air carrier in Latin America , files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy . [ 163 ] Protests caused by the murder of George Floyd break out across hundreds of cities in the U.S. [ 159 ] and around the world . [ 160 ] These are followed by further protests and rallies on June 6 against racism and police brutality around the world . [ 161 ] Costa Rica becomes the first Central American country to legalise same-sex marriage . [ 162 ] LATAM Airlines , the largest air carrier in Latin America , files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy . [ 163 ] May 27 The Chinese National People's Congress votes in favour of national security legislation that criminalizes " secession ", " subversion ", " terrorism " and foreign interference in Hong Kong ; [ 164 ] the legislation grants sweeping powers to the Chinese central government to suppress the Hong Kong democracy movement , including banning activist groups and curtailing civil liberties . [ 165 ] The U.S. government responds by declaring Hong Kong is "no longer autonomous" under the United States-Hong Kong Policy Act . [ 166 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The U.S. death toll passes 100,000 – more Americans than were killed in the Vietnam War and Korean War combined, and approaching that of the First World War , where 116,000 Americans died in combat. [ 167 ] The total number of cases continues to rise, although the rate is slowing. [ 168 ] The Chinese National People's Congress votes in favour of national security legislation that criminalizes " secession ", " subversion ", " terrorism " and foreign interference in Hong Kong ; [ 164 ] the legislation grants sweeping powers to the Chinese central government to suppress the Hong Kong democracy movement , including banning activist groups and curtailing civil liberties . [ 165 ] The U.S. government responds by declaring Hong Kong is "no longer autonomous" under the United States-Hong Kong Policy Act . [ 166 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The U.S. death toll passes 100,000 – more Americans than were killed in the Vietnam War and Korean War combined, and approaching that of the First World War , where 116,000 Americans died in combat. [ 167 ] The total number of cases continues to rise, although the rate is slowing. [ 168 ] May 30 – The first crewed flight of the SpaceX Dragon 2 (initially scheduled for May 27 but delayed due to weather) is launched from Cape Canaveral , Florida , the first crewed spacecraft to take off from U.S. soil since the retirement of the Space Shuttle in 2011 . [ 169 ] June June 1 – Kivu Ebola epidemic: The World Health Organization reports six new cases of Ebola , and UNICEF reports five deaths, in a renewed outbreak of the disease in Mbandaka , Équateur Province , Democratic Republic of the Congo . [ 170 ] June 2 – A US$ 5 billion class action lawsuit is filed against Alphabet Inc. and Google , alleging the company violates users' right to privacy by tracking them in Chrome 's incognito mode . [ 171 ] June 3 Prime Minister Boris Johnson says the UK will change immigration laws to offer a pathway to UK citizenship for all Hong Kong citizens who are eligible for BN(O) status if the government of China imposes new security laws on the territory. [ 172 ] SpaceX successfully launches and deploys 60 Starlink satellites into a low Earth orbit from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station , bringing the total number of Starlink satellites in orbit to 482. [ 173 ] Russian President Vladimir Putin declares a state of emergency after 20,000 tons of oil leaked into the Ambarnaya River near the Siberian city of Norilsk within the Arctic Circle on May 26, 2020. The World Wildlife Fund said the accident is believed to be the second-largest in modern Russian history . [ 174 ] Prime Minister Boris Johnson says the UK will change immigration laws to offer a pathway to UK citizenship for all Hong Kong citizens who are eligible for BN(O) status if the government of China imposes new security laws on the territory. [ 172 ] SpaceX successfully launches and deploys 60 Starlink satellites into a low Earth orbit from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station , bringing the total number of Starlink satellites in orbit to 482. [ 173 ] Russian President Vladimir Putin declares a state of emergency after 20,000 tons of oil leaked into the Ambarnaya River near the Siberian city of Norilsk within the Arctic Circle on May 26, 2020. The World Wildlife Fund said the accident is believed to be the second-largest in modern Russian history . [ 174 ] June 4 Libya's Government of National Accord (GNA) says they are in full control of the capital, Tripoli , after forces of the Libyan National Army (LNA) retreat from the territory following months of intense fighting in the city. [ 175 ] Hong Kong 's legislative council passes the controversial National Anthem Ordinance . [ 176 ] Libya's Government of National Accord (GNA) says they are in full control of the capital, Tripoli , after forces of the Libyan National Army (LNA) retreat from the territory following months of intense fighting in the city. [ 175 ] Hong Kong 's legislative council passes the controversial National Anthem Ordinance . [ 176 ] June 5 – The 2020 Saint Kitts and Nevis general election is held to elect 11 members of the National Assembly of Saint Kitts and Nevis . [ 177 ] June 7 – COVID-19 pandemic: The global death toll from COVID-19 exceeds 400,000. [ 178 ] June 8 – COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 7 million worldwide. [ 179 ] June 9 – COVID-19 pandemic: A Harvard University study suggests that COVID-19 may have been spreading in China as early as August 2019 , based on hospital car park usage and web search trends. [ 180 ] June 15 At least 20 Indian soldiers and over 40 Chinese forces are killed or injured in skirmishes in the disputed Galwan Valley , the largest escalation along the Sino-Indian border in five decades. [ 181 ] Turkish and Iranian forces commence air and artillery strikes against Kurdistan Workers' Party forces in Iraqi Kurdistan . Turkey launches a land operation in the region on June 17. [ 182 ] At least 20 Indian soldiers and over 40 Chinese forces are killed or injured in skirmishes in the disputed Galwan Valley , the largest escalation along the Sino-Indian border in five decades. [ 181 ] Turkish and Iranian forces commence air and artillery strikes against Kurdistan Workers' Party forces in Iraqi Kurdistan . Turkey launches a land operation in the region on June 17. [ 182 ] June 16 COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 8 million worldwide. [ 183 ] North Korea demolishes the Inter-Korean Liaison Office in Kaesong , established in 2018 to improve relations. [ 184 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 8 million worldwide. [ 183 ] North Korea demolishes the Inter-Korean Liaison Office in Kaesong , established in 2018 to improve relations. [ 184 ] June 21 An annular solar eclipse occurs. [ 185 ] The 2020 Serbian parliamentary election is held to elect all 250 members of the National Assembly of Serbia . The ruling For Our Children coalition wins 188 out of 250 seats. [ 186 ] [ 187 ] An annular solar eclipse occurs. [ 185 ] The 2020 Serbian parliamentary election is held to elect all 250 members of the National Assembly of Serbia . The ruling For Our Children coalition wins 188 out of 250 seats. [ 186 ] [ 187 ] June 22 COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 9 million worldwide. [ 188 ] The 2020 Kiribati presidential election is held and incumbent president Taneti Maamau is reelected. [ 189 ] [ 190 ] The 2020 Malawian presidential election is held and Lazarus Chakwera of the Malawi Congress Party is elected president . [ 191 ] [ 192 ] [ 193 ] [ 194 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 9 million worldwide. [ 188 ] The 2020 Kiribati presidential election is held and incumbent president Taneti Maamau is reelected. [ 189 ] [ 190 ] The 2020 Malawian presidential election is held and Lazarus Chakwera of the Malawi Congress Party is elected president . [ 191 ] [ 192 ] [ 193 ] [ 194 ] June 24 – The 2020 Mongolian legislative election is held to elect the State Great Khural and the ruling Mongolian People's Party wins 62 out of 76 seats. [ 195 ] [ 196 ] [ 197 ] [ 198 ] June 27 Micheál Martin succeeds Leo Varadkar as Taoiseach of Ireland, with Varadkar becoming Tánaiste in a historic three-party coalition government. [ 199 ] The 2020 Icelandic presidential election is held and incumbent president Guðni Th. Jóhannesson is reelected. [ 200 ] [ 201 ] Micheál Martin succeeds Leo Varadkar as Taoiseach of Ireland, with Varadkar becoming Tánaiste in a historic three-party coalition government. [ 199 ] The 2020 Icelandic presidential election is held and incumbent president Guðni Th. Jóhannesson is reelected. [ 200 ] [ 201 ] June 28 COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 10 million worldwide. [ 202 ] The U.S. continues to report the highest number of any country as it reaches 2.5 million, a quarter of all cases globally. [ 203 ] The global death toll from COVID-19 exceeds 500,000. [ 204 ] The first round of voting of the 2020 Polish presidential election is held. [ 205 ] [ 206 ] [ 207 ] [ 208 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 10 million worldwide. [ 202 ] The U.S. continues to report the highest number of any country as it reaches 2.5 million, a quarter of all cases globally. [ 203 ] The global death toll from COVID-19 exceeds 500,000. [ 204 ] The first round of voting of the 2020 Polish presidential election is held. [ 205 ] [ 206 ] [ 207 ] [ 208 ] The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 10 million worldwide. [ 202 ] The U.S. continues to report the highest number of any country as it reaches 2.5 million, a quarter of all cases globally. [ 203 ] The global death toll from COVID-19 exceeds 500,000. [ 204 ] The first round of voting of the 2020 Polish presidential election is held. [ 205 ] [ 206 ] [ 207 ] [ 208 ] June 30 – China passes the controversial Hong Kong national security law , allowing China to crack down on opposition to Beijing at home or abroad. [ 209 ] July July 1 – Russian voters back a constitutional amendment that, among other things, enables Vladimir Putin to seek two further six-year terms when his current term ends in 2024, potentially allowing him to remain in power until 2036. [ 210 ] July 5 The 2020 Croatian parliamentary election is held to elect all 151 members of the Croatian Parliament . [ 211 ] [ 212 ] [ 213 ] [ 214 ] 2020 Dominican Republic general election : Modern Revolutionary Party candidate Luis Abinader is elected president of the Dominican Republic , the Modern Revolutionary Party wins 17 out of 32 seats in the Senate and 86 out of 190 seats in the Chamber of Deputies . [ 215 ] [ 216 ] [ 217 ] [ 218 ] The 2020 Croatian parliamentary election is held to elect all 151 members of the Croatian Parliament . [ 211 ] [ 212 ] [ 213 ] [ 214 ] 2020 Dominican Republic general election : Modern Revolutionary Party candidate Luis Abinader is elected president of the Dominican Republic , the Modern Revolutionary Party wins 17 out of 32 seats in the Senate and 86 out of 190 seats in the Chamber of Deputies . [ 215 ] [ 216 ] [ 217 ] [ 218 ] July 7 Protests begin throughout Bulgaria with the goal of removing Borisov's cabinet and Chief Prosecutor Ivan Geshev from office. [ 219 ] COVID-19 pandemic: Thousands of people rally outside the House of the National Assembly of Serbia in Belgrade in response to stricter lockdown measures proposed by President Aleksandar Vučić following an increase of cases in the city . [ 220 ] Protests begin throughout Bulgaria with the goal of removing Borisov's cabinet and Chief Prosecutor Ivan Geshev from office. [ 219 ] COVID-19 pandemic: Thousands of people rally outside the House of the National Assembly of Serbia in Belgrade in response to stricter lockdown measures proposed by President Aleksandar Vučić following an increase of cases in the city . [ 220 ] July 8 – At least 180 bodies are found in mass graves in Djibo , Burkina Faso , where soldiers are fighting jihadists . It is suspected that government forces were involved in mass extrajudicial executions . [ 221 ] July 10 The ECB accepts Bulgaria and Croatia into ERM II , a mandatory stage for countries wishing to adopt the euro . This is the currency union 's first major expansion in half a decade . [ 222 ] Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan orders the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul to be reverted to a mosque following a supreme court annulment of a 1934 presidential decree that made it into a museum. [ 223 ] The 2020 Singaporean general election is held to elect all 93 members of the Parliament of Singapore and the People's Action Party , led by prime minister Lee Hsien Loong wins 83 out of 93 seats. [ 224 ] [ 225 ] [ 226 ] The ECB accepts Bulgaria and Croatia into ERM II , a mandatory stage for countries wishing to adopt the euro . This is the currency union 's first major expansion in half a decade . [ 222 ] Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan orders the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul to be reverted to a mosque following a supreme court annulment of a 1934 presidential decree that made it into a museum. [ 223 ] The 2020 Singaporean general election is held to elect all 93 members of the Parliament of Singapore and the People's Action Party , led by prime minister Lee Hsien Loong wins 83 out of 93 seats. [ 224 ] [ 225 ] [ 226 ] July 12 – The second round of voting for the 2020 Polish presidential election is held and incumbent president Andrzej Duda is reelected. [ 227 ] [ 228 ] [ 229 ] July 15 – The Twitter accounts of prominent political figures, CEOs, and celebrities are hacked to promote a bitcoin scam. [ 230 ] July 19 – Flooding of the Brahmaputra River kills 189 and leaves 4 million homeless in India and Nepal. [ 231 ] July 21 – COVID-19 pandemic: European leaders agree to create a €750 billion (US$858 billion) recovery fund to rebuild EU economies impacted by the pandemic . [ 232 ] July 22 – COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 15 million worldwide. [ 233 ] July 25 – COVID-19 pandemic: North Korean leader Kim Jong-un convenes an emergency meeting, declares a state of emergency , and orders the lockdown of Kaesong after a person suspected of having COVID-19 returned from South Korea . If confirmed, it would be the first case to be officially acknowledged by North Korea . [ 234 ] 28 July – Former Prime Minister of Malaysia Najib Razak is found guilty of all seven charges in the first of five trials on the 1MDB scandal , being jailed 12 years and fined RM 210 million as a result. [ 235 ] July 30 – NASA successfully launches its Mars 2020 rover mission to search for signs of ancient life and collect samples for return to Earth. The mission includes technology demonstrations to prepare for future human missions . [ 236 ] August August 1 – The Barakah nuclear power plant in the UAE becomes operational following delays since 2017. It is the first commercial nuclear power station in the Arab world . [ 237 ] August 2 – COVID-19 pandemic: In rare talks, Emirati Foreign Minister Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan and Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif hold a video call to discuss various regional issues, including combating COVID-19 in their respective countries. [ 238 ] August 4 – An explosion caused by unsafely stored ammonium nitrate kills at least 218 people, injures thousands, and severely damages the port in Beirut , Lebanon . Damage is estimated at $10–15 billion, and an estimated 300,000 people are left homeless. The following day, the Lebanese government declares a two-week state of emergency . [ 239 ] [ 240 ] [ 241 ] August 5 – U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services Alex Azar travels to Taiwan , the highest U.S. official visit to the country in 40 years. The PRC condemns the visit. [ 242 ] August 7 – Air India Express Flight 1344 crashes after overrunning the runway at Calicut International Airport in Kerala , India , killing 19 of the 191 people on board. August 9 – A presidential election in Belarus which led to incumbent Alexander Lukashenko 's reelection sparks protests throughout the country after major opposition candidate Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya rejected the results. Seven days later, the largest political march in Belarusian history takes place, with an estimated 300,000 people in Minsk and 200,000 in other Belarusian cities and towns . [ 243 ] August 10 An intense derecho kills 4 and brings widespread damaging wind to much of the Midwestern United States in what becomes the costliest thunderstorm event in US history. [ 244 ] [ 245 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 20 million worldwide. [ 246 ] The 2020 Trinidad and Tobago general election is held to elect all 41 members of the House of Representatives of Trinidad and Tobago , the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago and the People's National Movement party, led by prime minister Keith Rowley won 22 out of 41 seats. [ 247 ] [ 248 ] [ 249 ] An intense derecho kills 4 and brings widespread damaging wind to much of the Midwestern United States in what becomes the costliest thunderstorm event in US history. [ 244 ] [ 245 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 20 million worldwide. [ 246 ] The 2020 Trinidad and Tobago general election is held to elect all 41 members of the House of Representatives of Trinidad and Tobago , the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago and the People's National Movement party, led by prime minister Keith Rowley won 22 out of 41 seats. [ 247 ] [ 248 ] [ 249 ] August 11 – COVID-19 pandemic: Russian President Vladimir Putin announces that Russia has approved the world's first COVID-19 vaccine . [ 250 ] August 13 – Israel and the UAE agree to normalise relations , marking the third Israel–Arab peace deal . [ 251 ] August 15 – The Japanese bulk carrier Wakashio , which stranded on a reef in Mauritius last month, breaks in half. Approximately 1,000 tonnes of oil are spilled into the ocean , becoming the largest environmental disaster in the history of Mauritius . [ 252 ] August 18 – A mutiny in a military base by soldiers of the Malian Armed Forces develops into a coup d'état . President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta and Prime Minister Boubou Cissé , among other senior governmental and military officers, are arrested. The next day, Keïta announces his resignation on state television. [ 253 ] [ 254 ] [ 255 ] August 19 – The Special Tribunal for Lebanon convicts in absentia Salim Ayyash , a senior member of Hezbollah , for the 2005 assassination of former Prime Minister Rafic Hariri . [ 256 ] August 22 – COVID-19 pandemic: The worldwide death toll from COVID-19 exceeds 800,000. [ 257 ] August 23 – Bayern Munich wins the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League by beating Paris Saint-Germain in the final 1–0. [ 258 ] August 25 – Africa is declared free of wild polio , the second virus to be eradicated from the continent since smallpox 40 years previously . [ 259 ] [ 260 ] August 26 – Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos becomes the first person in history to have a net worth exceeding US$200 billion, according to Forbes . [ 261 ] August 27 – Hurricane Laura makes landfall in Lake Charles , Louisiana with winds of 150 mph, making it the strongest hurricane to ever strike the state in terms of windspeed, tied with the 1856 Last Island Hurricane . [ 262 ] [ 263 ] August 28 – Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe , the longest-serving prime minister in the history of Japan , announces his resignation from office, citing ill health. [ 264 ] August 30 – COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 25 million worldwide. India continues to record the highest daily increase of cases . [ 265 ] September September 2 Intel introduces a new logo and its slogan "What's inside has never mattered more.", which was later changed to "Do something wonderful.". Intel introduces a new logo and its slogan "What's inside has never mattered more.", which was later changed to "Do something wonderful.". September 3 Sudanese Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok and Abdelaziz al-Hilu , the leader of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North (SPLM–N), sign an agreement to transition the country into a secular state . The agreement comes three days after the signing of a peace deal between Sudan's transitional government and the Sudan Revolutionary Front , which the SPLM–N opted out of. Weeks later on October 3, the transitional government signed a peace deal with the main rebel groups, including the SPLM–N , which had refused to engage in previous talks. [ 266 ] [ 267 ] The skeletons of 200 mammoths and 30 other animals are unearthed at a construction site for the Mexico City Santa Lucía Airport . It is the largest find of mammoth bones to date, surpassing The Mammoth Site in the U.S. which had 61 skeletons. [ 268 ] Sudanese Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok and Abdelaziz al-Hilu , the leader of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North (SPLM–N), sign an agreement to transition the country into a secular state . The agreement comes three days after the signing of a peace deal between Sudan's transitional government and the Sudan Revolutionary Front , which the SPLM–N opted out of. Weeks later on October 3, the transitional government signed a peace deal with the main rebel groups, including the SPLM–N , which had refused to engage in previous talks. [ 266 ] [ 267 ] The skeletons of 200 mammoths and 30 other animals are unearthed at a construction site for the Mexico City Santa Lucía Airport . It is the largest find of mammoth bones to date, surpassing The Mammoth Site in the U.S. which had 61 skeletons. [ 268 ] September 4 Pope Benedict XVI becomes the longest-lived pope at 93 years, 4 months, and 16 days, surpassing Pope Leo XIII , who died in 1903. [ 269 ] The La Línea highway tunnel, the longest road tunnel in South America at a length of 8.65 kilometres (5.37 mi), is opened in Colombia after 14 years of construction and several delays. [ 270 ] Kosovo and Serbia announce that they will normalize economic relations . The two countries will also move their Israeli embassies to Jerusalem, becoming the third and fourth countries to recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital . [ 271 ] [ 272 ] Bahrain and Israel agree to normalise relations , marking the fourth Israel–Arab peace deal . [ 273 ] Pope Benedict XVI becomes the longest-lived pope at 93 years, 4 months, and 16 days, surpassing Pope Leo XIII , who died in 1903. [ 269 ] The La Línea highway tunnel, the longest road tunnel in South America at a length of 8.65 kilometres (5.37 mi), is opened in Colombia after 14 years of construction and several delays. [ 270 ] Kosovo and Serbia announce that they will normalize economic relations . The two countries will also move their Israeli embassies to Jerusalem, becoming the third and fourth countries to recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital . [ 271 ] [ 272 ] Bahrain and Israel agree to normalise relations , marking the fourth Israel–Arab peace deal . [ 273 ] September 6 – Typhoon Haishen makes landfall on Japan and then South Korea as a strong category 2-equivalent typhoon. [ 274 ] It later makes landfall on North Korea where widespread flooding occurs. [ 275 ] September 14 Former Prime Minister of Malaysia Najib Razak is listed on the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) online database of corruption offenders convicted locally. His name at the top of the first page of the MACC Corruption Offenders Database. [ 276 ] The Royal Astronomical Society announces the detection of phosphine in Venus ' atmosphere, which is known to be a strong predictor for the presence of microbial life. [ 277 ] The first discovery of the perfectly preserved remains of a cave bear , believed to be 22,000 to 39,500 years old ( Late Pleistocene ), is made in Lyakhovsky Islands , Siberia in the thawing permafrost . [ 278 ] Former Prime Minister of Malaysia Najib Razak is listed on the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) online database of corruption offenders convicted locally. His name at the top of the first page of the MACC Corruption Offenders Database. [ 276 ] The Royal Astronomical Society announces the detection of phosphine in Venus ' atmosphere, which is known to be a strong predictor for the presence of microbial life. [ 277 ] The first discovery of the perfectly preserved remains of a cave bear , believed to be 22,000 to 39,500 years old ( Late Pleistocene ), is made in Lyakhovsky Islands , Siberia in the thawing permafrost . [ 278 ] September 16 A United Nations Human Rights Council fact-finding mission formally accuses the Venezuelan government of crimes against humanity , including cases of killings, torture, violence against political opposition and disappearances since 2014. President Nicolás Maduro and other senior Venezuelan officials are among those implicated in the charges. [ 279 ] Yoshihide Suga becomes the new Prime Minister of Japan , replacing Shinzo Abe . [ 280 ] Hurricane Sally makes landfall on the Alabama coast as a high-end Category 2 hurricane, causing over $8 billion in damages and killing 8 people. A United Nations Human Rights Council fact-finding mission formally accuses the Venezuelan government of crimes against humanity , including cases of killings, torture, violence against political opposition and disappearances since 2014. President Nicolás Maduro and other senior Venezuelan officials are among those implicated in the charges. [ 279 ] Yoshihide Suga becomes the new Prime Minister of Japan , replacing Shinzo Abe . [ 280 ] Hurricane Sally makes landfall on the Alabama coast as a high-end Category 2 hurricane, causing over $8 billion in damages and killing 8 people. September 17 France , Germany , and the United Kingdom issue a joint note verbale to the United Nations rejecting China's claims to the South China Sea , and supporting the ruling in Philippines v. China that said the historic rights per the nine-dash line ran counter to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea . However, the statement says that on "territorial sovereignty" they "take no position". [ 281 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 30 million worldwide. [ 282 ] France , Germany , and the United Kingdom issue a joint note verbale to the United Nations rejecting China's claims to the South China Sea , and supporting the ruling in Philippines v. China that said the historic rights per the nine-dash line ran counter to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea . However, the statement says that on "territorial sovereignty" they "take no position". [ 281 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 30 million worldwide. [ 282 ] September 19 – A 1634 edition of The Two Noble Kinsmen , the last play by English playwright William Shakespeare , is discovered at the Royal Scots College 's library in Salamanca , Spain . It is believed to be the oldest copy of any of his works in the country. [ 283 ] September 20 – BuzzFeed News and the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) release the FinCEN Files , a collection of 2,657 documents relating to the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network describing over 200,000 suspicious transactions valued at over US$ 2 trillion that occurred from 1999 to 2017 across multiple global financial institutions. [ 284 ] September 21 – Microsoft agrees to buy video game holding company ZeniMax Media , including Bethesda Softworks and their following subsidiaries for US$7.5 billion, in what was the biggest and most expensive takeover in the history of the video game industry . [ 285 ] September 27 – Beginning of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War : deadly clashes erupt in Nagorno-Karabakh between Armenian and Azerbaijani forces. Armenia, Azerbaijan, and the Republic of Artsakh introduce martial law and mobilize forces. [ 286 ] September 29 COVID-19 pandemic: The worldwide death toll from COVID-19 exceeds one million. [ 287 ] The Emir of Kuwait Sheikh Sabah Al-Sabah dies at the age of 91. Crown Prince Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah is named his successor. [ 288 ] [ 289 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The worldwide death toll from COVID-19 exceeds one million. [ 287 ] The Emir of Kuwait Sheikh Sabah Al-Sabah dies at the age of 91. Crown Prince Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah is named his successor. [ 288 ] [ 289 ] October October 1 – The EU began legal proceedings against the UK after it ignored their deadline to drop controversial sections from its internal market Bill . [ 290 ] October 5 – COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 35 million worldwide. The news coincides with the World Health Organization estimating that total worldwide cases may be around 760 million; roughly a tenth of the global population. [ 291 ] [ 292 ] October 6 – Serious floods affected in Central Vietnam , lasted nearly 3 months and killed at least 249 people. October 15 2020 Thai protests : The Government of Thailand declares a "severe" state of emergency banning gatherings of five or more people, initiating a crackdown on demonstrations and imposing media censorship. [ 293 ] President of Kyrgyzstan Sooronbay Jeenbekov resigns from office after weeks of massive protests in the wake of the October 2020 parliamentary election ; opposition leader Sadyr Japarov assumes office as both the acting president and Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan . [ 294 ] 2020 Thai protests : The Government of Thailand declares a "severe" state of emergency banning gatherings of five or more people, initiating a crackdown on demonstrations and imposing media censorship. [ 293 ] President of Kyrgyzstan Sooronbay Jeenbekov resigns from office after weeks of massive protests in the wake of the October 2020 parliamentary election ; opposition leader Sadyr Japarov assumes office as both the acting president and Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan . [ 294 ] October 17 – 2020 New Zealand general election : Jacinda Ardern 's Labour Party wins a landslide second term in office, defeating the National Party led by Judith Collins and gaining the country's first parliamentary majority since the introduction of the MMP voting system. [ 295 ] October 19 – COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 40 million worldwide. [ 296 ] October 20 – NASA's OSIRIS-REx spacecraft briefly touches down on Bennu , becoming the agency's first probe to retrieve samples from an asteroid, with its cargo later successfully returning to Earth on September 24, 2023. [ 297 ] [ 298 ] October 21 – Heavy rains brought by tropical storm Linfa caused landslides at the Rao Trang 3 hydroelectric plant in Thua Thien Hue , Vietnam , killing 17 construction workers and 13 soldiers who were on a rescue mission. [ 299 ] [ 300 ] October 22 – The Geneva Consensus Declaration on Promoting Women's Health and Strengthening the Family is signed by government representatives from 34 countries. [ 301 ] October 23 At the end of an 11-year demining process, the Falkland Islands are declared free of land mines , 38 years after the end of the 1982 war . [ 302 ] Israel and Sudan agree to normalise relations , marking the fifth Israel–Arab peace deal . [ 273 ] [ 303 ] [ 304 ] At the end of an 11-year demining process, the Falkland Islands are declared free of land mines , 38 years after the end of the 1982 war . [ 302 ] Israel and Sudan agree to normalise relations , marking the fifth Israel–Arab peace deal . [ 273 ] [ 303 ] [ 304 ] October 26 – NASA confirms the existence of molecular water on the sunlit side of the Moon , near Clavius crater , at concentrations of up to 412 parts per million. [ 305 ] October 29 – The International Organization for Migration (IOM) confirms the death of at least 140 migrants who drowned off the coast of Senegal on a vessel bound for the Spanish Canary Islands , making it the deadliest shipwreck of 2020. [ 306 ] October 30 2020 Aegean Sea earthquake : A magnitude 7.0 earthquake hits Turkey and Greece, killing 119 people and injuring over 1,000. [ 307 ] [ 308 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 45 million worldwide. [ 309 ] 2020 Aegean Sea earthquake : A magnitude 7.0 earthquake hits Turkey and Greece, killing 119 people and injuring over 1,000. [ 307 ] [ 308 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 45 million worldwide. [ 309 ] October 31 – Typhoon Goni makes landfall in the Philippines, becoming the strongest landfalling tropical cyclone in history, displacing hundreds of thousands of people and killing dozens of people in the region. [ 310 ] November November 1 – 2020 Moldovan presidential election : Former Prime Minister and Minister of Education Maia Sandu is elected as the 6th President of Moldova , becoming the first woman to ever hold the post. [ 311 ] November 3 – 4 2020 United States presidential election : The election of Joe Biden as the 46th President of the United States is called by many news media organizations after remaining vote counts (November 7) come in from key states delayed by an influx of mail-in ballots caused by the pandemic, defeating incumbent President Donald Trump . [ 312 ] [ 313 ] 2020 United States elections take place, ending in an overall success for the Democratic Party and securing a trifecta. [ 314 ] The United States formally exits the Paris Agreement on climate change . [ 315 ] Beginning of the Tigray War : Ethiopia launches an offensive in Tigray following an attack on Ethiopian military bases by the Tigray People's Liberation Front . [ 316 ] 2020 United States presidential election : The election of Joe Biden as the 46th President of the United States is called by many news media organizations after remaining vote counts (November 7) come in from key states delayed by an influx of mail-in ballots caused by the pandemic, defeating incumbent President Donald Trump . [ 312 ] [ 313 ] 2020 United States elections take place, ending in an overall success for the Democratic Party and securing a trifecta. [ 314 ] The United States formally exits the Paris Agreement on climate change . [ 315 ] Beginning of the Tigray War : Ethiopia launches an offensive in Tigray following an attack on Ethiopian military bases by the Tigray People's Liberation Front . [ 316 ] November 7 – Hurricane Eta makes landfall in Nicaragua , killing over 100 people in Central America as a category 4. [ 317 ] November 8 – COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 50 million worldwide. [ 318 ] November 9 Second Nagorno-Karabakh War: Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia sign a ceasefire agreement , formally ending the war. [ 319 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The first successful phase III trial of a COVID-19 vaccine is announced by drug companies Pfizer and BioNTech , which is 90% effective according to interim results. [ 320 ] Second Nagorno-Karabakh War: Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia sign a ceasefire agreement , formally ending the war. [ 319 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The first successful phase III trial of a COVID-19 vaccine is announced by drug companies Pfizer and BioNTech , which is 90% effective according to interim results. [ 320 ] November 10 – Apple releases the first Mac computers (a new MacBook Air , Mac mini and MacBook Pro ) powered by Apple silicon chips. [ 321 ] November 11 – COVID-19 pandemic: The Sputnik V vaccine is proven to be 92% effective against COVID-19 according to interim results. [ 322 ] November 12 – 13 Hong Kong pro-democracy lawmakers resign en masse, in response to four lawmakers' disqualification made by the government. [ 323 ] Typhoon Vamco makes landfall in Vietnam , after crossing the Philippines and killing at least 69 people. The storm causes the worst floods in the region since Typhoon Ketsana in 2009 . [ 324 ] [ 325 ] Western Sahara conflict : fighting erupts between Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic when Moroccan forces launch a military operation to capture the town of Guerguerat , located in a UN-monitored buffer zone. [ 326 ] [ 327 ] Hong Kong pro-democracy lawmakers resign en masse, in response to four lawmakers' disqualification made by the government. [ 323 ] Typhoon Vamco makes landfall in Vietnam , after crossing the Philippines and killing at least 69 people. The storm causes the worst floods in the region since Typhoon Ketsana in 2009 . [ 324 ] [ 325 ] Western Sahara conflict : fighting erupts between Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic when Moroccan forces launch a military operation to capture the town of Guerguerat , located in a UN-monitored buffer zone. [ 326 ] [ 327 ] November 15 The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is signed by 15 Asia-Pacific countries to form the world's largest free-trade bloc, covering a third of the world's population. [ 328 ] NASA and SpaceX launch the SpaceX Crew-1 mission from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A to the ISS , the first operational flight of the Crew Dragon capsule. [ 329 ] Lewis Hamilton wins his seventh Formula One World Drivers' Championship at the 2020 Turkish Grand Prix , equalling the record set by Michael Schumacher in 2004 . The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is signed by 15 Asia-Pacific countries to form the world's largest free-trade bloc, covering a third of the world's population. [ 328 ] NASA and SpaceX launch the SpaceX Crew-1 mission from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A to the ISS , the first operational flight of the Crew Dragon capsule. [ 329 ] Lewis Hamilton wins his seventh Formula One World Drivers' Championship at the 2020 Turkish Grand Prix , equalling the record set by Michael Schumacher in 2004 . November 16 COVID-19 pandemic: The Moderna COVID-19 vaccine is proven to be 94.5% effective against COVID-19 based on interim results, including severe illnesses. The vaccine has been cited as being among those that are easier to distribute as no ultra-cold storage is required. [ 330 ] Hurricane Iota makes landfall in Nicaragua as a Category 4 hurricane just two weeks after Hurricane Eta made landfall, devastating the same areas. [ 331 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The Moderna COVID-19 vaccine is proven to be 94.5% effective against COVID-19 based on interim results, including severe illnesses. The vaccine has been cited as being among those that are easier to distribute as no ultra-cold storage is required. [ 330 ] Hurricane Iota makes landfall in Nicaragua as a Category 4 hurricane just two weeks after Hurricane Eta made landfall, devastating the same areas. [ 331 ] November 17 – COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 55 million worldwide, with around a million cases recorded every two days on average. [ 332 ] November 18 – COVID-19 pandemic: Pfizer and BioNTech complete trials on their COVID-19 vaccine , with an overall effectiveness rate of 95% without adverse events. [ 333 ] November 19 The Brereton Report into Australian war crimes during the War in Afghanistan is released. [ 334 ] Shuggie Bain by Douglas Stuart wins the 2020 Booker Prize . [ 335 ] The PlayStation 5 is released worldwide. [ 336 ] The Brereton Report into Australian war crimes during the War in Afghanistan is released. [ 334 ] Shuggie Bain by Douglas Stuart wins the 2020 Booker Prize . [ 335 ] The PlayStation 5 is released worldwide. [ 336 ] November 22 – The United States withdraws from the Treaty on Open Skies . [ 337 ] November 23 – COVID-19 pandemic: AstraZeneca 's AZD1222 vaccine, developed in collaboration with Oxford University , is shown to be 70% effective in protecting against COVID-19. The efficacy can be raised to 90% if an initial half dose is followed by a full dose a month later, based on interim data. [ 338 ] [ 339 ] November 25 – COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 60 million worldwide. [ 340 ] November 27 – Iran's top nuclear scientist, Mohsen Fakhrizadeh , is assassinated near Tehran . [ 341 ] [ 342 ] November 28 – Koshobe massacre : Boko Haram terrorists attack a village in Borno , Nigeria , killing 110 people and wounding 6 people. [ 343 ] November 30 A penumbral lunar eclipse occurs; the last of four lunar eclipses in 2020. [ 344 ] Protein folding , one of the biggest mysteries in biology, [ 345 ] is solved by AlphaFold , an artificial intelligence algorithm developed by DeepMind . [ 346 ] [ 347 ] COVID-19 pandemic: Moderna files an application for Emergency Use Authorization in the United States after its vaccine achieved an efficacy of 94.1% from full trials without safety concerns. It also plans to do the same in EU soon. [ 348 ] A penumbral lunar eclipse occurs; the last of four lunar eclipses in 2020. [ 344 ] Protein folding , one of the biggest mysteries in biology, [ 345 ] is solved by AlphaFold , an artificial intelligence algorithm developed by DeepMind . [ 346 ] [ 347 ] COVID-19 pandemic: Moderna files an application for Emergency Use Authorization in the United States after its vaccine achieved an efficacy of 94.1% from full trials without safety concerns. It also plans to do the same in EU soon. [ 348 ] December December 1 COVID-19 pandemic: Pfizer and BioNTech announced an Emergency Use Authorization application to the European Medicines Agency . [ 349 ] The Arecibo Telescope of the Arecibo Observatory collapses, just weeks after the announcement of its planned demolition. [ 350 ] COVID-19 pandemic: Pfizer and BioNTech announced an Emergency Use Authorization application to the European Medicines Agency . [ 349 ] The Arecibo Telescope of the Arecibo Observatory collapses, just weeks after the announcement of its planned demolition. [ 350 ] December 2 COVID-19 pandemic: The United Kingdom approves Pfizer - BioNTech 's BNT162b2 vaccine, being the first country in the world to do so. [ 351 ] Three activists in Hong Kong were jailed for their roles in the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests , with Joshua Wong getting the heaviest at 13.5 months. [ 352 ] The United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs votes to remove cannabis from the treaty list of dangerous drugs in recognition of its medical value , although some controls will remain. [ 353 ] [ 354 ] [ 355 ] [ 356 ] [ 357 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The United Kingdom approves Pfizer - BioNTech 's BNT162b2 vaccine, being the first country in the world to do so. [ 351 ] Three activists in Hong Kong were jailed for their roles in the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests , with Joshua Wong getting the heaviest at 13.5 months. [ 352 ] The United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs votes to remove cannabis from the treaty list of dangerous drugs in recognition of its medical value , although some controls will remain. [ 353 ] [ 354 ] [ 355 ] [ 356 ] [ 357 ] December 4 COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 65 million worldwide, with the global death toll exceeding 1.5 million. Figures reflect that, in the last week, over 10,000 people worldwide have died on average every day, with one death every nine seconds. According to the World Health Organization , COVID-19 had caused more deaths in 2020 than tuberculosis in 2019, as well as four times the number of deaths than malaria . [ 358 ] [ 359 ] Somali Civil War : The United States announces its withdrawal from the conflict over the next month. [ 360 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 65 million worldwide, with the global death toll exceeding 1.5 million. Figures reflect that, in the last week, over 10,000 people worldwide have died on average every day, with one death every nine seconds. According to the World Health Organization , COVID-19 had caused more deaths in 2020 than tuberculosis in 2019, as well as four times the number of deaths than malaria . [ 358 ] [ 359 ] Somali Civil War : The United States announces its withdrawal from the conflict over the next month. [ 360 ] December 5 – COVID-19 pandemic: Russia begins mass vaccination against COVID-19 with the Sputnik V candidate. [ 361 ] December 6 – The 2020 Venezuelan parliamentary election takes place. [ 362 ] December 8 COVID-19 pandemic: The United Kingdom becomes the first nation to begin a mass inoculation campaign using a clinically authorised, fully tested vaccine, Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine . [ 363 ] [ 364 ] [ 365 ] Margaret Keenan, 90, becomes the first person in the world to receive the Pfizer vaccine after trials. Nepal and China officially agree on Mount Everest 's actual height, which is 8,848.86m. [ 366 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The United Kingdom becomes the first nation to begin a mass inoculation campaign using a clinically authorised, fully tested vaccine, Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine . [ 363 ] [ 364 ] [ 365 ] Margaret Keenan, 90, becomes the first person in the world to receive the Pfizer vaccine after trials. Nepal and China officially agree on Mount Everest 's actual height, which is 8,848.86m. [ 366 ] December 10 COVID-19 pandemic: The United States and Saudi Arabia approve the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use, while Argentina approves Sputnik V. [ 367 ] [ 368 ] [ 369 ] Western Sahara conflict, Arab–Israeli conflict : Israel and Morocco normalise diplomatic relations. Simultaneously, the United States reaffirms its previous recognition of Moroccan sovereignty over the Western Sahara and announces plans to build a consulate there. [ 370 ] The Nicolas Sarkozy corruption trial concludes in France. [ 371 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The United States and Saudi Arabia approve the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use, while Argentina approves Sputnik V. [ 367 ] [ 368 ] [ 369 ] Western Sahara conflict, Arab–Israeli conflict : Israel and Morocco normalise diplomatic relations. Simultaneously, the United States reaffirms its previous recognition of Moroccan sovereignty over the Western Sahara and announces plans to build a consulate there. [ 370 ] The Nicolas Sarkozy corruption trial concludes in France. [ 371 ] December 11 – The European Union agrees to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 55% over the next decade. [ 372 ] December 12 COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 70 million worldwide. [ 373 ] Bhutan and Israel normalise diplomatic relations. [ 374 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 70 million worldwide. [ 373 ] Bhutan and Israel normalise diplomatic relations. [ 374 ] December 14 COVID-19 pandemic: The United States and Canada begin mass vaccination with the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. [ 375 ] [ 376 ] In addition, Singapore approves the Pfizer – BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, with other companies to provide vaccines progressively. [ 377 ] Sudan–United States relations : The United States removes Sudan from its list of state sponsors of terrorism . [ 378 ] Turkey–United States relations : The United States places sanctions on Turkey in retaliation for their purchase of a S-400 missile system from Russia, marking the first time they have sanctioned a NATO ally. [ 379 ] A total solar eclipse is visible from parts of the South Pacific Ocean, southern South America, and the South Atlantic Ocean. [ 380 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The United States and Canada begin mass vaccination with the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. [ 375 ] [ 376 ] In addition, Singapore approves the Pfizer – BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, with other companies to provide vaccines progressively. [ 377 ] Sudan–United States relations : The United States removes Sudan from its list of state sponsors of terrorism . [ 378 ] Turkey–United States relations : The United States places sanctions on Turkey in retaliation for their purchase of a S-400 missile system from Russia, marking the first time they have sanctioned a NATO ally. [ 379 ] A total solar eclipse is visible from parts of the South Pacific Ocean, southern South America, and the South Atlantic Ocean. [ 380 ] December 18 Media outlets report that astronomers have detected a radio signal, BLC1 , apparently from the direction of Proxima Centauri , the closest star to the Sun. Astronomers have stated that this and other, yet unpublished, signals, are thought to likely be "interference that we cannot fully explain" and that it appears to be among the two strongest candidates for a radio signal humanity received from extraterrestrial intelligence so far. [ 381 ] [ 382 ] [ 383 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 75 million worldwide. [ 384 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The United States approves Moderna 's vaccine for emergency use, the second brand available there. [ 385 ] Media outlets report that astronomers have detected a radio signal, BLC1 , apparently from the direction of Proxima Centauri , the closest star to the Sun. Astronomers have stated that this and other, yet unpublished, signals, are thought to likely be "interference that we cannot fully explain" and that it appears to be among the two strongest candidates for a radio signal humanity received from extraterrestrial intelligence so far. [ 381 ] [ 382 ] [ 383 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 75 million worldwide. [ 384 ] COVID-19 pandemic: The United States approves Moderna 's vaccine for emergency use, the second brand available there. [ 385 ] December 20 – COVID-19 pandemic: A highly infectious new strain of SARS-CoV-2 spreading in Europe and Australia provokes international border closures. [ 386 ] December 21 COVID-19 pandemic: 36 cases are reported on the Base General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme in the Chilean Antarctic Territory , marking the first infections in Antarctica , the last continent to report infections. [ 387 ] A great conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn occurs, with the two planets separated in the sky by 0.1 degrees. This is the closest conjunction between the two planets since 1623 . [ 388 ] COVID-19 pandemic: 36 cases are reported on the Base General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme in the Chilean Antarctic Territory , marking the first infections in Antarctica , the last continent to report infections. [ 387 ] A great conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn occurs, with the two planets separated in the sky by 0.1 degrees. This is the closest conjunction between the two planets since 1623 . [ 388 ] December 24 The United Kingdom and the European Union agree to a comprehensive free trade agreement prior to the end of the transition period . [ 389 ] COVID-19 pandemic: Sinovac 's vaccine reached a rate of 91.25% efficacy in trials in Turkey. [ 390 ] The United Kingdom and the European Union agree to a comprehensive free trade agreement prior to the end of the transition period . [ 389 ] COVID-19 pandemic: Sinovac 's vaccine reached a rate of 91.25% efficacy in trials in Turkey. [ 390 ] December 27 – COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 80 million worldwide. [ 391 ] December 29 – The 2020 Petrinja earthquake with a magnitude of 6.4 strikes Croatia, killing seven and injuring more than 20. [ 392 ] December 30 – COVID-19 pandemic: The United Kingdom approves AstraZeneca - Oxford 's vaccine , the second one available. The vaccine is easier to store as it only requires normal fridge temperatures, making distribution easier. [ 393 ] December 31 – The transition period following the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union on January 31, 2020, expires. [ 394 ] Births and deaths Nobel Prizes Chemistry – Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna [ 395 ] Economics – Paul Milgrom and Robert B. Wilson [ 396 ] Literature – Louise Glück [ 397 ] Peace – World Food Programme [ 398 ] Physics – Roger Penrose , Reinhard Genzel and Andrea M. Ghez [ 399 ] Physiology or Medicine – Harvey J. Alter , Michael Houghton and Charles M. 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Retrieved October 6, 2020 . ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020" , The Nobel Prize , retrieved October 5, 2020 External links Current events Modern history v t e Events by month v t e 2024 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2023 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2022 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2021 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2020 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2019 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2018 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2017 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Pendleton law 1.2 Official Register 1.3 1953 Executive Order 1.4 1978 reorganization 1.1 Pendleton law 1.2 Official Register 1.3 1953 Executive Order 1.4 1978 reorganization 2 Chairmen of the commission 3 See also 4 References 5 External links United States Civil Service Commission فارسی 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Official seal Agency overview Formed March 3, 1871 ; 154 years ago ( 1871-03-03 ) Dissolved January 1, 1978 ; 48 years ago ( 1978-01-01 ) Superseding agencies .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Office of Personnel Management Merit Systems Protection Board Office of Personnel Management Merit Systems Protection Board Jurisdiction U.S. federal government The United States Civil Service Commission was a government agency of the federal government of the United States . It was created to select employees of federal government on merit rather than relationships. In 1979, it was dissolved as part of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 ; the Office of Personnel Management and the Merit Systems Protection Board are the successor agencies. History On March 3, 1871, President Ulysses S. Grant signed into law the first U.S. civil service reform legislation, which had been passed by Congress. [ 1 ] The act created the United States Civil Service Commission , that was implemented by President Grant and funded for two years by Congress lasting until 1874. However, Congress which relied heavily on patronage, especially the Senate, did not renew funding of the Civil Service Commission. [ 2 ] President Grant's successor, President Rutherford B. Hayes requested a renewal of funding but none was granted. President Hayes' successor, James A. Garfield , advocated Civil Service reform. His efforts against the spoils system , also known as patronage, were cut short after he was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau . Pendleton law President Garfield's successor, President Chester A. Arthur , took up the cause of Civil Service reform and was able to lobby Congress to pass the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act in 1883. The Pendleton law was passed in part following a public outcry over the assassination of President Garfield. The Pendleton Act renewed funding for the Civil Service Commission and established a three-man commission to run Civil Service whose commissioners were chosen by President Arthur. The Civil Service Commission administered the civil service of the United States federal government . [ 3 ] The Pendleton law required certain applicants to take the civil service exam in order to be given certain jobs; it also prevented elected officials and political appointees from firing civil servants, removing civil servants from the influences of political patronage and partisan behavior. [ 4 ] President Arthur and succeeding Presidents continued to expand the authority of the Civil Service Commission and federal departments that the Civil Service was covered. The Civil Service Commission, in addition to reducing patronage, also alleviated the burdensome task of the president of the United States in appointing federal office seekers. Under the Commission Model, policy making and administrative powers were given to semi-independent commission rather than to the president. Reformers believed that a commission formed outside of the president’s chain of command would ensure that civil servants would be selected on the basis of merit system and the career service would operate in a politically neutral fashion. Civil Service Commissions typically consisted of three to seven individuals appointed by the chief executive on a bipartisan basis and for limited terms. Commissioners were responsible for direct administration of personnel system, including rule-making authority, administration of merit examinations, and enforcement of merit rules. Official Register In 1933, the Commission assumed responsibility for the Official Register , the annual list of federal employees. This lasted until 1959, when the Register ceased publication. 1953 Executive Order On April 27, 1953, President Eisenhower issued Executive Order 10450 , which banned gay men and lesbians from working for any agency of the federal government, including the United States Civil Service Commission. [ 5 ] It was not until 1973 that a federal judge ruled that a person's sexual orientation alone could not be the sole reason for termination from federal employment, [ 6 ] and not until 1975 that the United States Civil Service Commission announced that they would consider applications by gays and lesbians on a case by case basis. [ 7 ] 1978 reorganization Effective January 1, 1978, functions of the commission were split between the Office of Personnel Management and the Merit Systems Protection Board under the provisions of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1978 (43 F.R. 36037, 92 Stat. 3783) and the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 . In addition, other functions were placed under jurisdiction of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA) and the Office of Special Counsel (OSC). Chairmen of the commission This list is incomplete ; you can help by adding missing items . ( February 2011 ) Image Name From Until George W. Curtis [ 8 ] January 1, 1872 January 1, 1874 Dorman B. Eaton Mar 9, 1883 [ 9 ] Nov 1, 1885 (resigned) [ 10 ] Alfred P. Edgerton Nov 9, 1885 [ 11 ] Feb 9, 1889 (removed) [ 11 ] Charles Lyman May 13, 1889 [ 13 ] Dec 15, 1893 (resigned) [ 14 ] John R. Procter Dec 15, 1893 [ 14 ] Dec 12, 1903 (died) [ 15 ] John C. Black Jan 17, 1904 [ 16 ] Jun 10, 1913 (resigned) [ 17 ] John A. McIlhenny Jun 12, 1913 [ 18 ] Feb 28, 1919 (resigned) [ 19 ] Martin A. Morrison Mar 13, 1919 [ 19 ] Jul 14, 1921 (resigned) [ 20 ] John H. Bartlett Jul 15, 1921 [ 20 ] Mar 12, 1922 (resigned) [ 20 ] William C. Deming Mar 1, 1923 [ 21 ] Feb 6, 1930 (resigned) [ 22 ] Thomas E. Campbell Jul 11, 1930 [ 23 ] c. 1933 (resigned) Harry B. Mitchell May 19, 1933 [ 24 ] Feb 26, 1951 (resigned) [ 25 ] Robert Ramspeck Mar 16, 1951 [ 26 ] Dec 31, 1952 (resigned) [ 27 ] Philip Young Mar 23, 1953 [ 28 ] Feb 11, 1957 (resigned) [ 29 ] Harris Ellsworth Apr 18, 1957 [ 30 ] Feb 28, 1959 (resigned) [ 30 ] Roger W. Jones Mar 10, 1959 [ 31 ] Jan 4, 1961 (resigned) [ 32 ] John W. Macy Mar 6, 1961 [ 33 ] Jan 18, 1969 (resigned) [ 34 ] Robert E. Hampton Jan 18, 1969 [ 34 ] c. 1977 [ 35 ] Alan K. Campbell January 2, 1979 January 20, 1981 See also United States civil service References ^ "Civil Service Commission", in Landmark Legislation, 1774-2002: Major U.S. Acts and Treaties , ed. by Stephen W. Stathis (Congressional Quarterly Press, 2003) p107 ^ Brands (2012), pp. 543-544 ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "American President: Key Events in the Presidency of Chester A. Arthur" . Archived from the original on December 17, 2010. ^ Creating America: A History of the United States, Rand McNally, p 238 (2003) ^ Howard, Josh (April 27, 2012). "April 27, 1953: For LGBT Americans, a Day That Lives in Infamy" . HuffPost . Retrieved September 8, 2025 . ^ "The "Lavender Scare": Homosexuals at the State Department – Association for Diplomatic Studies & Training" . adst.org . Retrieved September 25, 2024 . ^ "Cold War, Lavender Scare, and LGBTQ+ Activism" . National Park Service . US Department of the Interior . Retrieved January 2, 2023 . ^ Smith (2001), p. 589 ^ Foulke, W. D. Fighting the spoilsmen: reminiscences of the civil service reform movement (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1919), p.8 ^ Cleveland, Grover. Accepting Letter of Resignation of Dorman B. Eaton in The Writings and Speeches of Grover Cleveland , ed. George F. Parker (New York: Cassell Publishing Company, 1892), p.46 ^ a b Fourth Report of the United States Civil Service Commission (Washington: Government Printing Office. 1888) pp. 120-121 ^ R.P. van Riper, 1958. History of the United States Civil Service, Row, Peterson & Co., 1958 ^ Trying The Charleston , "New York Times", May 14, 1889 ^ a b Procter Succeeds Lyman , "The Daily Argus News" (Crawfordsville, Indiana), Dec 15 1893 ^ '' Twentieth Annual Report of the United States Civil Service Commission (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904) p. 7. ^ Gen. Black Takes The Oath , "New York Times", Jan 17, 1904 ^ Thirty-First Annual Report of the United States Civil Service Commission (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1915) p. 116. ^ McIlhenny Heads Civil Service , "New York Times", Jun 13, 1913 ^ a b Thirty-Sixth Annual Report of the United States Civil Service Commission (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1919) p. xxvii ^ a b c Thirty-Ninth Annual Report of the United States Civil Service Commission (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1922) p. 121 ^ The U.S. Civil Service Commission , " Congressional Digest ", Vol II. No. 7 (April 1923), p. 198 ^ Hoover, Herbert. Letter Accepting the Resignation of William C. Deming as President of the Civil Service Commission in "Public Papers Of The Presidents Of The United States" (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1976) ^ Civil Service Head Takes Oath , "The Hartford Courant" (Hartford, Connecticut), Jul 11, 1930 ^ Politics And Politicians , "Gazette And Bulletin" (Williamsport, Pennsylvania), May 20, 1933 ^ Ramspeck Is Named Civil Service Head , "The Day" (New London, Connecticut), Feb 27, 1951 ^ Ramspeck Takes Oath For Commission Post , "The Spokesman-Review" (Spokane, Washington), Mar 17, 1951 ^ Civil Service Chief Quits, Wins Praise , "Toledo Blade" (Toledo, Ohio), Jan 1, 1953 ^ Eisenhower Pledges To Rid Civil Service Of All Incompetents , "Florence Times" (Florence, Alabama), Mar 23, 1953 ^ Two Quit CSC , "Reading Eagle" (Reading, Pennsylvania), Feb 11, 1957 ^ a b "Ellsworth, Matthew Harris" . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Senate Historical office and House Legislative Resource Center. ^ Roger Jones Becomes Head of Civil Service , "The Hartford Courant" (Hartford, Connecticut), Mar 10, 1959 ^ Kennedy, Farm Bosses Tackle Issue , "The Miami News" (Miami, Florida), Jan 5, 1961 ^ Macy Serves First Month In Federal Post for Free , "The Hartford Courant" (Hartford, Connecticut), Mar 5, 1961 ^ a b Nixon Names Three to Policy Positions , "The Los Angeles Times" (Los Angeles, California), Jan 18, 1969 ^ "Robert E. Hampton, Member and Chairman, U.S. Civil Service Commission; Member and Chairman, Federal Labor Relations Council: Papers 1960-77" . Gerald R. Ford Library-Guides. June 1989. Archived from the original on July 1, 2011 . Retrieved February 9, 2011 . External links Guide to the United States Civil Service Commission Announcements and Other Papers 1949-1950 .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Ulysses S. Grant v t e 18th President of the United States (1869–1877) Military career Grant and the American Civil War Fort Donelson Shiloh Vicksburg Chattanooga Overland Richmond–Petersburg Appomattox Commanding generalship Grant and the American Civil War Fort Donelson Shiloh Vicksburg Chattanooga Overland Richmond–Petersburg Appomattox Fort Donelson Shiloh Vicksburg Chattanooga Overland Richmond–Petersburg Appomattox Commanding generalship Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Scandals Grantism Pardons Cabinet Judicial appointments State of the Union addresses 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 Foreign policy Treaty of Washington Alabama Claims Korean Expedition Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo Economic policy Public Credit Act of 1869 Copyright Act of 1870 Currency Act of 1870 Funding Act of 1870 General Mining Act of 1872 Timber Culture Act Specie Payment Resumption Act Desert Land Act Government reforms Judiciary Act of 1869 U.S. Department of Justice District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 Civil Service Commission Yellowstone National Park Protection Act Yellowstone National Park Post Office Consolidation Act Jurisdiction and Removal Act of 1875 Electoral Commission Act Social policy Reconstruction Amnesty Act Native American policy "Peace Policy" Modoc War Great Sioux War Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 Enforcement Acts Enforcement Act of 1870 Second Enforcement Act Ku Klux Klan Act Naturalization Act of 1870 Comstock Act Poland Act Civil Rights Act of 1875 Page Act of 1875 First inauguration Second inauguration Scandals Grantism Grantism Pardons Cabinet Judicial appointments State of the Union addresses 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 Foreign policy Treaty of Washington Alabama Claims Korean Expedition Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo Treaty of Washington Alabama Claims Alabama Claims Korean Expedition Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo Economic policy Public Credit Act of 1869 Copyright Act of 1870 Currency Act of 1870 Funding Act of 1870 General Mining Act of 1872 Timber Culture Act Specie Payment Resumption Act Desert Land Act Public Credit Act of 1869 Copyright Act of 1870 Currency Act of 1870 Funding Act of 1870 General Mining Act of 1872 Timber Culture Act Specie Payment Resumption Act Desert Land Act Government reforms Judiciary Act of 1869 U.S. Department of Justice District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 Civil Service Commission Yellowstone National Park Protection Act Yellowstone National Park Post Office Consolidation Act Jurisdiction and Removal Act of 1875 Electoral Commission Act Judiciary Act of 1869 U.S. Department of Justice District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 Civil Service Commission Yellowstone National Park Protection Act Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park Post Office Consolidation Act Jurisdiction and Removal Act of 1875 Electoral Commission Act Social policy Reconstruction Amnesty Act Native American policy "Peace Policy" Modoc War Great Sioux War Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 Enforcement Acts Enforcement Act of 1870 Second Enforcement Act Ku Klux Klan Act Naturalization Act of 1870 Comstock Act Poland Act Civil Rights Act of 1875 Page Act of 1875 Reconstruction Amnesty Act Amnesty Act Native American policy "Peace Policy" Modoc War Great Sioux War Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 "Peace Policy" Modoc War Great Sioux War Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 Enforcement Acts Enforcement Act of 1870 Second Enforcement Act Ku Klux Klan Act Enforcement Act of 1870 Second Enforcement Act Ku Klux Klan Act Naturalization Act of 1870 Comstock Act Poland Act Civil Rights Act of 1875 Page Act of 1875 Post-presidency Bid for a third term World tour Bid for a third term World tour Books Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant Life Early life Birthplace Boyhood home Schoolhouse White Haven home farm Ulysses S. Grant Cottage Galena home Horsemanship speeding arrests Death and state funeral Grant's Tomb Early life Birthplace Boyhood home Schoolhouse White Haven home farm farm Ulysses S. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Development 2 Design Toggle Design subsection 2.1 Cockpit 2.2 Avionics 2.1 Cockpit 2.2 Avionics 3 Operational history Toggle Operational history subsection 3.1 Soviet–Afghan War 3.2 Iran–Iraq War 3.3 Gulf War 3.4 Abkhazian War 3.5 First Chechen War 3.6 Second Chechen War 3.7 Ethiopian–Eritrean War 3.8 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia 3.9 War in Darfur 3.10 Ivorian-French clashes 3.11 2008 Russia–Georgia war 3.12 Iran 3.13 War in Donbas 3.14 2014 Northern Iraq offensive 3.15 Russian military intervention in Syria 3.16 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War 3.17 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 3.17.1 Russian service 3.17.2 Ukrainian service 3.1 Soviet–Afghan War 3.2 Iran–Iraq War 3.3 Gulf War 3.4 Abkhazian War 3.5 First Chechen War 3.6 Second Chechen War 3.7 Ethiopian–Eritrean War 3.8 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia 3.9 War in Darfur 3.10 Ivorian-French clashes 3.11 2008 Russia–Georgia war 3.12 Iran 3.13 War in Donbas 3.14 2014 Northern Iraq offensive 3.15 Russian military intervention in Syria 3.16 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War 3.17 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 3.17.1 Russian service 3.17.2 Ukrainian service 3.17.1 Russian service 3.17.2 Ukrainian service 4 Variants Toggle Variants subsection 4.1 Su-25 4.1.1 Su-25K 4.2 Su-25UB 4.2.1 Su-25UBK 4.2.2 Su-25UBM 4.2.3 Su-25UTG 4.3 Su-25BM 4.4 Su-25T 4.5 Su-25TM (Su-39) 4.6 Su-25SM 4.7 Su-25KM 4.8 Su-28 4.9 Other 4.1 Su-25 4.1.1 Su-25K 4.1.1 Su-25K 4.2 Su-25UB 4.2.1 Su-25UBK 4.2.2 Su-25UBM 4.2.3 Su-25UTG 4.2.1 Su-25UBK 4.2.2 Su-25UBM 4.2.3 Su-25UTG 4.3 Su-25BM 4.4 Su-25T 4.5 Su-25TM (Su-39) 4.6 Su-25SM 4.7 Su-25KM 4.8 Su-28 4.9 Other 5 Operators 6 Notable accidents 7 Specifications (Su-25/Su-25K, late production) 8 See also 9 References Toggle References subsection 9.1 Notes 9.2 Citations 9.3 Bibliography 9.1 Notes 9.2 Citations 9.3 Bibliography 10 External links Sukhoi Su-25 Afrikaans العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Su-25 A Russian Air Force Su-25 General information Type Attack aircraft / close air support National origin Soviet Union / Russia / Georgia Designer Sukhoi Built by TAM Management Tbilisi Aircraft Manufacturing Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant Status In service Primary users Russian Aerospace Forces Ukrainian Air Force Korean People's Army Air Force Peruvian Air Force See Operators for others Number built Over 1,000 History Manufactured 1978–2017 Introduction date 19 July 1981 First flight 22 February 1975 ; 50 years ago ( 1975-02-22 ) Variant Sukhoi Su-28 The Sukhoi Su-25 Grach ( Russian : Грач ( rook ); NATO reporting name : Frogfoot ) is a subsonic , single-seat, twin-engine jet aircraft developed in the Soviet Union by Sukhoi . It was designed to provide close air support for Soviet Ground Forces . The first prototype made its maiden flight on 22 February 1975. After testing, the aircraft went into series production in 1978 in Tbilisi in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic . Early variants included the Su-25UB two-seat trainer , the Su-25BM for target-towing , and the Su-25K for export customers. Some aircraft were upgraded to the Su-25SM standard in 2012. The Su-25T and the Su-25TM (also known as the Su-39) were further developments, not produced in significant numbers. The Su-25, and the Su-34 , were the only armoured, fixed-wing aircraft in production in 2007. [ 1 ] Su-25s are in service with Russia, other CIS members, and export customers. Production of the Su-25 ended in 2010 in Georgia. [ 2 ] Attempts continue to be made to restart production in Georgia using partially completed airframes, [ 3 ] but as of June 2022 no new deliveries have been reported. Since entering service more than 44 years ago, the Su-25 has seen combat in several conflicts. The type was heavily involved in the Soviet–Afghan War , flying counter-insurgency missions against the Afghan Mujahideen . The Iraqi Air Force employed it against Iran during the 1980–88 Iran–Iraq War . Most Iraqi examples were later destroyed or flown to Iran in the 1991 Persian Gulf War . The Georgian Air Force used Su-25s during the Abkhazian war from 1992 to 1993. The Macedonian Air Force used Su-25s against Albanian insurgents in the 2001 Macedonian conflict and, in 2008, Georgia and Russia both used Su-25s in the Russo-Georgian War . African states, including the Ivory Coast , Chad , and Sudan have used the Su-25 in local insurgencies and civil wars. Recently, the Su-25 has seen service in the Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war , the clashes of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War , and on both sides in the Russian invasion of Ukraine . [ 4 ] Development In early 1968, the Soviet Ministry of Defence decided to develop a specialised shturmovik armoured assault aircraft in order to provide close air support for the Soviet Ground Forces . The idea of creating a ground-support aircraft came about after analysing the experience of ground-attack ( shturmovaya ) aviation during the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. [ 5 ] The Soviet fighter-bombers in service or under development at the time ( Su-7 , Su-17 , MiG-21 and MiG-23 ) did not meet the requirements for close air support of the army. [ 5 ] They lacked essential armour plating to protect the pilot and vital equipment from ground fire and missile hits, and their high flight speeds made it difficult for the pilot to maintain visual contact with a target. Having taken into account these problems, Pavel Sukhoi and a group of leading specialists in the Sukhoi Design Bureau started preliminary design work in a comparatively short period of time, with the assistance of leading institutes of the Ministry of the Aviation Industry and the Ministry of Defence. [ 6 ] In March 1969, a competition was announced by the Soviet Air Force that called for designs for a new battlefield close-support aircraft. Participants in the competition were the Sukhoi design bureau and the design bureaus of Yakovlev , Ilyushin and Mikoyan . [ 7 ] Sukhoi finalised its "T-8" design in late 1968, and began work on the first two prototypes (T8-1 and T8-2) in January 1972. The T8-1, the first airframe to be assembled, was completed on 9 May 1974. Another source says November 1974. However, it did not make its first flight until 22 February 1975, after a long series of test flights by Vladimir Ilyushin [ citation needed ] . The Su-25 surpassed its main competitor in the Soviet Air Force competition, the Ilyushin Il-102 , and series production was announced by the Ministry of Defence. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] During flight-testing phases of the T8-1 and T8-2 prototypes' development, the Sukhoi Design Bureau's management proposed that the series production of the Su-25 should start at Factory No. 31 in Tbilisi , Soviet Republic of Georgia , which at that time was the major manufacturing base for the MiG-21 UM "Mongol-B" trainer. After negotiations and completion of all stages of the state trials, the Soviet Ministry of Aircraft Production authorised manufacture of the Su-25 at Tbilisi, allowing series production to start in 1978. [ 10 ] In the late 1980s and early 1990s, several Su-25 variants appeared, including modernised versions, and variants for specialised roles. The most significant designs were the Su-25UB dual-seat trainer, the Su-25BM target-towing variant, and the Su-25T for antitank missions. In addition, an Su-25KM prototype was developed by Georgia in co-operation with Israeli company Elbit Systems in 2001, but so far this variant has not achieved much commercial success. As of 2007 [update] , the Su-25 was the only armoured aircraft still in production. [ 1 ] The Russian Aerospace Forces , which operates the largest number of Su-25s, planned to upgrade older aircraft to the Su-25SM variant, but funding shortfalls had slowed the progress; by early 2007 only seven aircraft had been modified. [ 11 ] Design The Su-25 has a conventional aerodynamic layout with a shoulder-mounted trapezoidal wing and a traditional tailplane and rudder . Several metals are used in the construction of the airframe : 60% aluminium , 19% steel , 13.5% titanium , 2% magnesium alloy and 5.5% other materials. [ 12 ] All versions of the Su-25 have a metal cantilever wing , of moderate sweep , high aspect ratio and equipped with high-lift devices. The wing consists of two cantilever sections attached to a central torsion box , forming a single unit with the fuselage. The air brakes are housed in fairings at the tip of each wing. Each wing has five hardpoints for weapons carriage, with the attachment points mounted on load-bearing ribs and spars. [ 13 ] Each wing also features a five-section leading edge slat , a two-section flap and an aileron . The flaps are mounted by steel sliders and rollers, attached to brackets on the rear spar. The trapezoidal ailerons are near the wingtips . [ 14 ] The fuselage of the Su-25 has an ellipsoidal section and is of semi- monocoque , stressed-skin construction, arranged as a longitudinal load-bearing framework of longerons , beams and stringers, with a transverse load-bearing assembly of frames. [ 12 ] The one-piece horizontal tailplane is attached to the load-bearing frame at two mounting points. [ 14 ] Early versions of the Su-25 were equipped with two R-95Sh non-afterburning turbojets , in compartments on either side of the rear fuselage. The engines, sub-assemblies and surrounding fuselage are cooled by air provided by the cold air intakes on top of the engine nacelles. A drainage system collects oil, hydraulic fluid residues and fuel from the engines after flight or after an unsuccessful start. The engine control systems allows independent operation of each engine. [ 14 ] The latest versions (Su-25T and TM) are equipped with improved R-195 engines. [ 15 ] The autocannon is in a compartment beneath the cockpit, mounted on a load-bearing beam attached to the cockpit floor and the forward fuselage support structure. The nose is fitted with distinctive twin pitot probes and hinges up for service access. [ 12 ] Cockpit The pilot flies the aircraft by means of a centre stick and left hand throttles . The pilot sits on a Zvezda K-36 ejection seat (similar to the Sukhoi Su-27 ) and has standard flight instruments . At the rear of the cockpit is a six-millimetre-thick (0.24 in) steel headrest, mounted on the rear bulkhead. The cockpit has a bathtub-shaped armoured enclosure of welded titanium sheets, with transit ports in the walls. Guide rails for the ejection seat are mounted on the rear wall of the cockpit. [ 12 ] The canopy hinges open to the right and the pilot enters using the flip-down ladder. Once inside, the pilot sits low in the cockpit, protected by the bathtub assembly, which makes for a cramped cockpit. Visibility from the cockpit is limited, being a trade-off for improved pilot protection. Rearwards visibility is poor and a periscope is fitted on top of the canopy to compensate. [ 16 ] A folding ladder built into the left fuselage provides access to the cockpit as well as to the top of the aircraft. Avionics The base model Su-25 incorporates a number of key avionics systems. It has no TV guidance but includes a distinctive nose-mounted laser rangefinder that is thought to provide for laser-based target finding. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] A DISS-7 doppler radar is used for navigation; the Su-25 can fly at night, in visual and instrument meteorological conditions . The Su-25 often has radios installed for air-to-ground and air-to-air communications, including an SO-69 identification-friend-or-foe ( IFF ) transponder. The aircraft's self-defence suite includes various measures, such as flare and chaff dispensers capable of launching up to 250 flares and dipole chaff. Hostile radar uses are guarded against via an SPO-15 radar warning receiver . An airtight avionics compartment is behind the cockpit and in front of the forward fuel tank. The newer Su-25TM and Su-25SM models have an upgraded avionics and weapons suite, resulting in improved survivability and combat capability. [ 18 ] Operational history Soviet–Afghan War The first Soviet Air Force Su-25 unit was the 80th Assault Aviation Regiment, formed in February 1981 based at Sitalcay air base in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic . [ 19 ] The first eleven aircraft arrived at Sitalchay in May 1981. [ 20 ] The 200th Independent Assault Aviation Squadron was then formed within the regiment to go to Afghanistan. On 19 July 1981, the 200th Independent Attack Squadron was reassigned to Shindand Airbase in western Afghanistan , becoming the first Su-25 unit deployed to that country. Its main task was to conduct air strikes against mountain military positions and structures controlled by the Afghan rebels. [ 21 ] Another Soviet Su-25 unit was the 368th Assault Aviation Regiment , which was formed on 12 July 1984, at Zhovtneve in Ukraine. [ 22 ] It was soon also moved east to conduct operations over Afghanistan. Over the course of the Soviet–Afghan War , Su-25s launched 139 guided missiles of all types against Mujahideen positions. On average, each aircraft performed 360 sorties a year, a total considerably higher than that of any other combat aircraft in Afghanistan. By the end of the war, nearly 50 Su-25s were deployed at Afghan airbases, carrying out a total of 60,000 sorties. Between the first deployment in 1981 and the end of the war in 1989, 21–23 aircraft were lost in combat operations, with up to nine destroyed on the ground while parked. [ 21 ] [ 23 ] Iran–Iraq War The Su-25 also saw combat during the Iran–Iraq War of 1980–88. The first Su-25s were commissioned by the Iraqi Air Force in 1987 and performed approximately 900 combat sorties towards the end of the war, carrying out the bulk of Iraqi air attack missions. During the most intense combat of the war, Iraqi Su-25s performed up to 15 sorties per day, each. In one recorded incident, an Iraqi Su-25 was shot down by an Iranian, Hawk surface-to-air missile , but the pilot managed to eject. This was the only confirmed, successful Iranian shootdown of an Iraqi Su-25. After the war, Saddam Hussein decorated all of the Iraqi Air Force's Su-25 pilots with the country's highest military decoration . [ 21 ] Gulf War During the Gulf War of 1991, the air superiority of the coalition forces was so great that the majority of Iraqi Su-25s did not even manage to get airborne. On 25 January 1991, seven Iraqi Air Force Su-25s fled from Iraq and landed in Iran. [ 24 ] On the evening of 6 February 1991, two US Air Force F-15C Eagle fighters of the 53rd Tactical Fighter Squadron, operating from Al Kharj Air Base in Saudi Arabia , intercepted a pair of Iraqi MiG-21s and a pair of Su-25s. All four Iraqi aircraft were shot down, with both Su-25s coming down in the desert not far from the Iraqi border with Iran. This was the Iraqi Su-25s' only air combat of the war. [ 21 ] Abkhazian War The Georgian government used Su-25s in 1992–93 against Abkhaz separatists during the First Abkhazian War . [ 25 ] A Georgian Air Force Su-25 was shot down over Nizhnaya Eshera on 4 July 1993 by an 9K34 Strela-3 MANPADS. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Another Georgian Su-25 was shot down on 13 July 1993 with a 9K32 Strela-2 MANPADS , [ 28 ] while another Su-25 was downed by friendly fire by a ZU-23-2 on 4 July. [ 28 ] The Russian Air Force also lost an Su-25 during war, the aircraft crashed due to a pilot's mistake while providing CAS for Abkhaz forces. [ 28 ] First Chechen War Russian Su-25s were employed during the First Chechen War. Together with other Russian Air Force air assets, they achieved air supremacy for Russian Forces. On 29 November 1994, attacking all four Chechen military bases, Russian Su-25 from the 368th Assault Aviation Regiment (OShAP) destroyed up to 266 Chechen aircraft on the ground, mostly not airworthy. [ 29 ] The Air Force's deployed assets performed around 9,000 air sorties, with around 5,300 being strike sorties during the Chechen campaign between 1994 and 1996. The Russian 4th Air Army had 140 Sukhoi Su-17Ms, Su-24s and Su-25s in the war zone supported by an A-50 AWACS aircraft. The employed munitions were generally unguided S-5, S-8, and S-24 rockets, as well as FAB-250 and FAB-500 bombs, while only 2.3% of the strikes used precision-guided Kh-25 ML missiles, KAB-500L and KAB-500KR smart bombs when weather conditions were suitable. [ 30 ] Russian forces were not able to properly take advantage of the air supremacy due to obsolete air tactics that focused the Air Force on useless tasks in this type of war such as Combat Air Patrols. [ 31 ] The Russian air losses were low since no integrated air defense was fielded by the Chechens. [ 32 ] On 4 February 1995, a Russian Su-25 was shot down by ZSU-23-4 Shilka antiaircraft fire over Belgatoi Gekhi, five kilometers southeast of Grozny. The pilot, Maj. Nikolay Bairov, ejected but died impacting the ground as his parachute did not deploy on time. Another Su-25 piloted by Lt. Col. Evgeny Derkulsky was damaged by ground fire on the same day, but managed to land at Mozdok air base, where the aircraft was repaired. [ 29 ] On 5 May 1995, another Russian Su-25 was downed near Serzhen-Yurt by 12.7 mm fire while on a low-altitude patrol. The pilot, Col. Vladimir Sarabeyev, was killed. [ 33 ] On 4 April 1996, another Su-25 fell either to ZU-23-2 fire while either making a reconnaissance flight or attacking the village of Goiskoye. The pilot, Maj. Alexander Matvienko, ejected and was recovered by a friendly helicopter returning to the airbase in Khankala , Grozny. [ 34 ] On 5 May 1996, a two-seat Su-25UB was downed with an 9K34 Strela-3 MANPADS near the village of Mairtup while on reconnaissance. Both pilots, Col. Igor Sviryidov and Maj. Oleg Isayev, were killed in the crash. It was the fourth Su-25 shot down and fifth Russian fixed wing aircraft lost, since the start of the war in December 1994. [ 32 ] [ 35 ] Second Chechen War Russian Air Force Su-25s were extensively used during the Second Chechen War in particular during the first phase when Russian forces were invading the self-proclaimed Chechen Republic of Ichkeria . [ 36 ] Up to seven Russian Su-25s were lost, [ 32 ] one to hostile fire: on 4 October 1999, a Su-25 was shot down by a MANPADS during a reconnaissance mission over the village of Tolstoy-Yurt killing its pilot. The wings of the aircraft were put on a pedestal in the central square in Grozny. [ 34 ] [ 37 ] Ethiopian–Eritrean War Su-25 attack aircraft were used by the Ethiopian Air Force to strike Eritrean targets. On 15 May 2000, An Ethiopian Su-25 was shot down by an Eritrean Air Force MiG-29 , killing the pilot. [ 38 ] 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia Su-25s were used by the Macedonian Air Force but flown by Ukrainian pilots during the conflict against Albanian separatists. Beginning on 24 June 2001, the aircraft made multiple attack runs against separatist positions. The Su-25s were only used during the Battle of Raduša on the last day. [ 39 ] War in Darfur Sudan has used Su-25s in attacks on rebel targets and possibly civilians in Darfur . [ 40 ] Ivorian-French clashes During the Ivorian Civil War , Su-25s were used by government forces to attack rebel targets. On 6 November 2004, at least one Ivorian Sukhoi Su-25 attacked a unit of France's Unicorn peacekeeping forces stationed in Bouaké , killing nine soldiers, a U.S. development worker and wounding 37 soldiers. [ 41 ] Shortly afterwards, the French military retaliated by attacking the air base in Yamoussoukro and destroyed the Ivorian air force, heavily damaging the two Su-25s responsible for the attack. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] 2008 Russia–Georgia war In August 2008, Su-25s were used by both Georgia and Russia during the 2008 Russia–Georgia war. Su-25s of the Georgian Air Force participated in providing air support for troops during Battle of Tskhinvali and launched bombing raids on targets in South Ossetia . [ 44 ] Russian military Su-25s struck Georgian forces in South Ossetia, and undertook air raids on targets in Georgia. [ 45 ] The Russian military officially confirmed the loss of three Su-25 aircraft to the Georgian air defense, though the Moscow Defense Brief suggests four. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] The three Russian aircraft were reportedly downed by Georgian Buk-M1 air defence units. [ 48 ] Georgian Su-25s were able to operate at night. [ 48 ] In early August 2008, Russian Su-25s attacked the Tbilisi Aircraft Manufacturing plant, where the Su-25 is produced, dropping bombs on the factory's airfield. [ 49 ] Iran On 1 November 2012, two Iranian Su-25s fired cannon bursts at a USAF MQ-1 Predator drone 30 km (19 mi; 16 nmi) off the Iranian coast. The Iranian government has claimed that the drone violated its airspace. [ 50 ] [ 51 ] [ 52 ] War in Donbas Ukrainian armed forces deployed aircraft over insurgent Eastern regions starting in spring 2014. On 26 May 2014, Ukrainian Su-25s supported Mi-24 helicopters during a military operation to regain control over the airport in Donetsk , during which the Su-25s fired air to ground rockets. [ 53 ] On 2 July 2014, one Ukrainian Su-25 crashed due to a technical fault. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] On 16 July 2014, an Su-25 was shot down, with Ukrainian officials stating that a Russian MiG-29 shot it down using a R-27T missile. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] Russia denied these allegations. [ 58 ] On 23 July 2014, two Su-25s were shot down in the Donetsk region of Ukraine. A spokesperson for the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine said the aircraft were shot down by missiles fired from Russia. [ 59 ] On 29 August 2014, a Ukrainian Su-25 was shot down by pro-Russian rebels. The Ukrainian authorities said the downing was due to a Russian missile without clarifying if they mean Russian made or fired by Russian forces. The pilot managed to eject safely. On the same day, pro-Russian rebels claimed the downing of up to four Su-25s. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] On 9 February 2015, the pro-Russian forces indirectly acknowledged, for the first time, with a reference to a Ukrainian media source, their use of Su-25 against Ukrainian forces during the fighting near Debaltsevo . [ 62 ] 2014 Northern Iraq offensive On 29 June 2014, it was reported that Iraq claimed to have received the first batch of second hand Su-25s ordered from Russia in order to fight Islamic State forces. An Iraqi defense ministry source claimed the aircraft would be in service "within three to four days", despite the fact that the Iraqis require technical help and parts to make them operational, and the fact that the Russian made aircraft are incompatible with the Iraqi Air force's inventory of American made Hellfire missiles. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] The Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps Air Force delivered seven Su-25s on 1 July 2014, the majority of which were ex-Iraqi aircraft from the Gulf War. [ 65 ] They were quickly pushed into combat, performing air raids as early as the beginning of August 2014 and later expanding their area of operation. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] Iraqi Su-25s flew the bulk of the sorties against the Islamic State, with 3562 missions between June 2014 and December 2017, by which time ISIS had lost control of all the territory it formerly controlled in Iraq. That compares to 514 sorties flown by the Iraqi fleet of F-16IQ fighters. [ 68 ] Russian military intervention in Syria In September 2015, it was reported that at least a dozen Su-25 were deployed by Russia to an airfield near Latakia , Syria, to support the Russian forces there who were taking part in the Syrian offensive against ISIL . [ 69 ] On 2 October 2015, Russian Su-24M and Su-25 attack aircraft destroyed an ISIL command post in the Idlib province, while Su-34 and Su-25 aircraft eliminated an ISIL fortified bunker in the Hama province. [ citation needed ] By 15 March 2016, with the scaling down of Russian presence in Syria, Russian Su-25s had performed over 1,600 sorties in Syria while dropping 6,000 bombs. [ 70 ] On 3 February 2018 a Russian Su-25 was shot down over Idlib by rebel fighters who used a MANPADS . A Syrian militant said that the pilot, Roman Filipov , ejected safely but killed himself with a grenade to avoid capture. [ 71 ] [ 72 ] [ 73 ] [ 74 ] 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War On 29 September 2020, Armenian Defense Ministry claimed that an Armenian Air Force Su-25 was shot down by a Turkish Air Force F-16 , killing the pilot. However Turkey denied the allegation. [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ 77 ] On 4 October 2020, an Azerbaijani Air force Su-25 aircraft was shot down, by Armenian forces, probably with a 9K33 Osa while targeting Armenian positions in Fuzuli. The pilot, Col. Zaur Nudiraliyev died in the crash. Azerbaijani officials acknowledged the loss in December 2020, [ 78 ] [ 79 ] while disclosing a major role of crewed aviation being hidden during the active phase of the conflict with more than 600 airstrikes by crewed aviation from 27 September 2020 to 9 November 2020, with the Su-25 fleet, tasked with the critical role of suppression and destruction of the enemy air defense among others. [ 80 ] 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Russian service On 24 February 2022, Russia reported the loss of an Su-25 due to "pilot error." [ 81 ] On 1 March, a Russian Su-25SM was lost over Ukraine. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] The next day, another Russian Su-25SM, registration number RF-91961 - Red 07, was shot down in Makariv, Ukraine. [ 84 ] On 4 March, two Russian Su-25SMs, the first with registration number RF-93026 , were lost over Volnovakha, Ukraine. The second, with callsign Red 04 , was lost along with its pilot. [ 85 ] Images of the aircraft wrecks were displayed on social media. [ 86 ] On 7 March, an Su-25 was lost during a combat mission in Ukraine. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] On 10 March, one Su-25 with registration number RF-91969 was shot down near Kyiv and the pilot killed. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] On 14 March, a Russian Su-25 was damaged by enemy fire, likely MANPADs, but managed to return to its base. [ 91 ] On 24 May Ukraine claimed to have shot down retired Major General Kanamat Botashev flying an Su-25 using a Stinger missile. It was unknown if he was in service, or a private military contractor. [ 92 ] On 22 October 2023, Ukraine claimed to have shot down five Russian Su-25s, over the preceding ten days, during fighting in Donetsk. [ 93 ] In late April 2024, Su-25s were flying unimpeded over Chasiv Yar , which, according to military analyst Rob Lee, indicated “a clear sign of a lack of Ukrainian air defense ammunition.” [ 94 ] On 4 May 2024, the 110th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine) claimed to have shot down a Su-25 over Donetsk Oblast. [ 95 ] As of October 24, 2025, Russia has been visually confirmed to have lost at least 40 Su-25s (38 destroyed, 2 damaged). [ 96 ] On June 13, 2025, an Su-25 was captured on video using unguided rocket to get the type's first air-to-air kill, another Su-25, flown by the pilot's wingman in the friendly fire accident [ 97 ] Ukrainian service The Ukrainian Air force also operates Su-25s. On 26 February 2022 three Su-25s from the 299th Tactical Aviation Brigade were lost. "Blue 19" and "Blue 30" were shot down over the Kherson region. [ 98 ] The pilots were presumed dead. Photos of the wrecks of the two Ukrainian aircraft were published. [ 99 ] [ 100 ] [ 101 ] A third aircraft from the 299th was lost, but the pilot was captured by Russian forces. [ 102 ] Ukrainian media acknowledged that the pilot was Ukrainian. [ 103 ] The next day another Su-25, "Blue 39", was shot down near Hlibivka Vyshgorod, Kyiv region. [ 104 ] [ 105 ] On 2 March, one Su-25 from 299th Tactical Aviation Brigade piloted by Oleksandr Korpan was lost over Starokostiantyniv, Khmelnytskyi Oblast. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] [ 108 ] On 10 March one Su-25, "Blue 31" was shot down near Nova Kakhovka, Kherson. [ 109 ] [ 110 ] [ 111 ] On 14 March another Su-25 was shot down by Russian forces in Volnovakha , Donbas region. The pilot was captured by Russian forces and later released on 24 April, in a Russo-Ukrainian prisoner swap. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] On 22 March, a Ukrainian Su-25, heavily damaged in combat was recorded in video. [ 114 ] On 15 April, a Ukrainian Su-25 was reportedly shot down by Russian forces in Izyum. [ 115 ] The downing of the aircraft was recorded by a military camera in thermographic mode. [ 116 ] The pilot, Captain Yegor Seredyuk, was reported as being killed near Izyum on 15 April. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] Seredyuk was awarded the Hero of Ukraine order. [ 119 ] On 14 May a Su-25 from 299th Tactical Aviation Brigade was shot down in Huliaipole , Zaporizhzhia Oblast and the pilot killed. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] On 14 March 2023, the Minister of Defense of North Macedonia , Slavjanka Petrovska , confirmed the transfer of four non-airworthy Su-25s to Ukraine. [ 122 ] On 2 January 2025, Forbes reported that Ukraine apparently managed to overhaul its remaining Su-25s to carry Western glide bombs such as the French AASM Hammer in 2024, allowing them to operate outside of Russian air defenses range. [ 123 ] Variants Su-25 The basic version of the aircraft was produced at Factory 31, at Tbilisi, in the Soviet Republic of Georgia. Between 1978 and 1989, 582 single-seat Su-25s were produced in Georgia, not including aircraft produced under the Su-25K export program. This variant of the aircraft represents the backbone of the Russian Aerospace Forces' Su-25 fleet, currently the largest in the world. [ 10 ] The aircraft experienced a number of accidents in operational service caused by system failures attributed to salvo firing of weapons. In the wake of these incidents, use of its main armament, the 240 mm S-24 rocket , was prohibited. In its place, the FAB-500 500 kg (1,100 lb) general-purpose high-explosive bomb became the primary armament. [ 10 ] Su-25K The basic Su-25 model was used as the basis for a commercial export variant, known as the Su-25K ( Komercheskiy ). This model was also built at Factory 31 in Tbilisi, Georgia. The aircraft differed from the Soviet Air Force version in certain minor details concerning internal equipment. A total of 180 Su-25K aircraft were built between 1984 and 1989. [ 10 ] Su-25UB The Su-25UB trainer ( Uchebno-Boyevoy ) was drawn up in 1977. The first prototype, called "T-8UB-1", was rolled out in July 1985 and its maiden flight was carried out at the Ulan-Ude factory airfield on 12 August of that year. [ 10 ] By the end of 1986, 25 Su-25UBs had been produced at Ulan-Ude before the twin-seater completed its State trials and officially cleared for service with the Soviet Air Force. [ 124 ] [ clarification needed ] It was intended for training and evaluation flights of active-duty pilots, and for training pilot cadets at Soviet Air Force flying schools . The performance did not differ substantially from that of the single-seater. The navigation, attack, sighting devices and weapons-control systems of the two-seater enabled it to be used for both routine training and weapons-training missions. [ 125 ] Su-25UBK From 1986 to 1989, in parallel with the construction of the main Su-25UB combat training variant, the Ulan-Ude plant produced the so-called "commercial" Su-25UBK, intended for export to countries that bought the Su-25K, and with similar modifications to that aircraft. [ 126 ] Su-25UBM The Su-25UBM is a twin seat variant that can be used as an operational trainer, but also has attack capabilities, and can be used for reconnaissance, target designation and airborne control. Its first flight was on 6 December 2008 and it was certified in December 2010. It will enter operational use with the Russian Aerospace Forces later. The variant has a Phazotron NIIR Kopyo radar and Bars-2 equipment on board. Su-25UBM's range is believed to be 1,300 km (810 mi) and it may have protection against infra-red guided missiles (IRGM), a minimal requirement on today's battle fields where IRGMs proliferate. [ 127 ] Su-25UTG The Su-25UTG ( Uchebno-Trenirovochnyy s Gakom ) is a variant of the Su-25UB designed to train pilots in takeoff and landing on a land-based simulated carrier deck, with a sloping ski-jump section and arrester wires . The first one flew in September 1988, and approximately 10 were produced. [ 128 ] About half remained in Russian service after 1991; they were used on Russia's sole aircraft carrier , Admiral Kuznetsov . This small number of aircraft were insufficient to meet the training needs of Russia's carrier air group, so a number of Su-25UBs were converted into Su-25UTGs. These aircraft being distinguished by the alternative designation Su-25UBP ( Uchebno-Boyevoy Palubny )—the adjective palubnyy meaning "deck", indicating that these aircraft have a naval function. [ 129 ] As of 2007, approximately 10 of these aircraft were operational in the Russian Navy as part of the 279th Naval Aviation Regiment of the Northern Fleet . [ 130 ] In 2021, Su-25 aircraft were also reported deployed with the 100th Independent Shipborne Fighter Aviation Regiment of the same fleet. [ 131 ] Su-25BM The Su-25BM ( Buksirovshchik Misheney ) is a target-towing variant of the Su-25 whose development began in 1986. The prototype, designated T-8BM1, successfully flew for the first time on 22 March 1990, at Tbilisi. After completion of the test phase, the aircraft was put into production. [ 129 ] The Su-25BM target-tower was designed to provide towed target facilities for training ground forces and naval personnel in ground-to-air or naval surface-to-air missile systems. It is powered by R-195 engines and equipped with an RSDN-10 long-range navigation system , an analogue of the Western LORAN system. [ 129 ] Su-25T The Su-25T ( Tankovy ) is a dedicated antitank version, which has been combat-tested with notable success in Chechnya . [ 18 ] The design of the aircraft is similar to the Su-25UB. The variant was converted to one-seater, with the rear seat replaced by additional avionics. [ 132 ] It has all-weather and night attack capability. In addition to the full arsenal of weapons of the standard Su-25, the Su-25T can employ the KAB-500Kr TV-guided bomb and the semi-active laser-guided Kh-25ML. [ 18 ] Its enlarged nosecone houses the Shkval optical TV and aiming system with the Prichal laser rangefinder and target designator. It can also carry Vikhr laser-guided, tube-launched missiles, which is its main antitank armament. For night operations, the low-light TV Merkuriy pod system can be carried under the fuselage. Three Su-25Ts prototypes were built in 1983–86 and 8 production aircraft were built in 1990. [ 133 ] With the introduction of a definitive Russian Air Force Su-25 upgrade programme, in the form of Stroyevoy Modernizirovannyi , the Su-25T programme was officially canceled in 2000. [ 134 ] Su-25TM (Su-39) A second-generation Su-25T, the Su-25TM (also designated Su-39 ), has been developed with improved navigation and attack systems, and better survivability. While retaining the built-in Shkval of Su-25T, it may carry Kopyo (rus. "Spear") radar in an under fuselage container, which is used for engaging air targets (with RVV-AE/R-77 missiles) as well as ships (with Kh-31 and Kh-35 antiship missiles). The Russian Air Force has received 8 aircraft as of 2008. [ 132 ] Some of the improved avionics systems designed for T and TM variants have been included in the Su-25SM , an interim upgrade of the operational Russian Air Force Su-25, for improved survivability and combat capability. [ 18 ] The Su-25TM, as an all-inclusive upgrade programme has been replaced with the "affordable" Su-25SM programme. [ 134 ] Su-25SM The Su-25SM ( Stroyevoy Modernizirovannyi ) is an "affordable" upgrade programme for the Su-25, conceived by the Russian Air Force in 2000. The programme stems from the attempted Su-25T and Su-25TM upgrades, which were evaluated and labeled as over-sophisticated and expensive. The SM upgrade incorporates avionics enhancements and airframe refurbishment to extend the Frogfoot's service life by up to 500 flight hours or 5 years. [ 134 ] The Su-25SM's all-new PRnK-25SM "Bars" navigation/attack suite is built around the BTsVM-90 digital computer system, originally planned for the Su-25TM upgrade programme. Navigation and attack precision provided by the new suite is three times better of the baseline Su-25 and is reported to be within 15 m (50 ft) using satellite correction and 200 m (660 ft) without it. [ 134 ] A new KA1-1-01 Head-Up Display (HUD) was added providing, among other things, double the field of view of the original ASP-17BTs-8 electro-optical sight. Other systems and components incorporated during the upgrade include a Multi-Function Display (MFD), RSBN-85 Short Range Aid to Navigation (SHORAN), ARK-35-1 Automatic Direction Finder (ADF), A-737-01 GPS/GLONASS Receiver, Karat-B-25 Flight Data Recorder (FDR), Berkut-1 Video Recording System (VRS), Banker-2 UHF/VHF communication radio, SO-96 Transponder and a L150 "Pastel" Radar Warning Receiver (RWR). [ 134 ] The R-95sh engines have been overhauled and modified with an anti-surge system installed. The system is designed to improve the resistance of the engine to ingested powders and gases during gun and rocket salvo firing. [ 134 ] The combination of reconditioned and new equipment, with increased automation and self-test capability has allowed for a reduction of pre- and post-flight maintenance by some 25 to 30%. Overall weight savings are around 300 kg (660 lb). [ 134 ] Su-25SM weapon suite has been expanded with the addition of the Vympel R-73 highly agile air-to-air missile (albeit without helmet mounted cueing and only the traditional longitudinal seeker mode) and the S-13T 130 mm rockets (carried in five-round B-13 pods) with blast-fragmentation and armour-piercing warheads. Further, the Kh-25ML and Kh-29 L Weapon Employment Profiles have been significantly improved, permitting some complex missile launch scenarios to be executed, such as: firing two consecutive missiles on two different targets in a single attack pass. The GSh-30-2 autocannon (250-round magazine) has received three new reduced rate-of-fire modes: 750, 375 and 188 rounds per minute. The Su-25SM was also given new BD3-25 under-wing pylons. [ 134 ] The eventual procurement programme is expected to include between 100 and 130 kits, covering 60 to 70 percent of the Russian Air Force active single-seat fleet, as operated in the early 2000s. [ 134 ] On 2012, the Russian Aerospace Forces had over 30 Su-25SMs in service with plans to modernize about 80 Su-25s to the improved standard. [ 135 ] By March 2013, over 60 aircraft are to be upgraded. [ 136 ] In February 2013, ten new Su-25SMs were delivered to the Air Force southern base, [ 137 ] [ 138 ] where operational training is being conducted. [ 139 ] During the period 2005–2015, more than 80 aircraft were upgraded. [ 140 ] Since early 2014, the 368th Assault Aviation Regiment of the 4th Air and Air Defence Forces Army at Budyonnovsk has received advanced Su-25SMs [ 141 ] (probably 16 aircraft). Nine more were delivered in 2018, [ 142 ] [ 143 ] [ 144 ] eight more in early 2019 [ 145 ] [ 146 ] [ 147 ] and four more in early 2020 plus one more in early 2021. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] [ 150 ] Since 2018, the Aerospace Forces [VKS] have been receiving Su-25SM3s, and a total of 25 aircraft have already been delivered as of June 2019. Unlike the baseline Su-25 and its incrementally upgraded variant, the Su-25SM, both of which have a rather outdated Klen-PS laser target designator in the nose, the Su-25SM3 has been upgraded with the new SOLT-25 electro-optics nose module. The SOLT-25 provides 16× zoom and features a laser range finder and target designator, thermal imager, TV channels, and the ability to track moving targets in all weather up to 8 km away. In addition, the Su-25SM3 comes with the Vitebsk-25 protection suite, which integrates a set of Zakhvat forward and rearward facing missile approach warning ultraviolet sensors, the L-150-16M Pastel radar homing and warning system, two UV-26M 50 mm chaff dispensers, and a pair of wing-mounted L-370-3S radar jamming pods. Furthermore, the Su-25SM3 has been upgraded with the new PrNK-25SM-1 Bars targeting-and-navigation system and the KSS-25 communication system with Banker-8-TM-1 antenna. [ 151 ] As a result from combat experience in Syria the Su-25SM3 has been equipped with SVP-24 navigation and bombing aids that improve the accuracy of unguided bombs. [ 152 ] Su-25KM The Su-25KM ( Komercheski, Modernized ), [ 153 ] nicknamed "Scorpion", is an Su-25 upgrade programme announced in early 2001 by the original manufacturer, Tbilisi Aircraft Manufacturing in Georgia, in partnership with Elbit Systems of Israel. The prototype aircraft made its maiden flight on 18 April 2001 at Tbilisi in full Georgian Air Force markings. [ 154 ] The aircraft uses a standard Su-25 airframe, enhanced with advanced avionics including a glass cockpit , digital map generator, helmet-mounted display , computerised weapons system, complete mission pre-plan capability, and fully redundant backup modes. Performance enhancements include a highly accurate navigation system, pinpoint weapon delivery systems, all-weather and day/night performance, NATO compatibility, state-of-the art safety and survivability features, and advanced onboard debriefing capabilities complying with international requirements. [ 154 ] It has the ability to use Israeli Opher infrared-guided bombs and Lizard laser-guided bombs, as well as the Vympel R-73 infrared-guided missile. [ 155 ] Su-28 The Sukhoi Su-28 (also designated Su-25UT – Uchebno-Trenirovochnyy ) is an advanced basic jet trainer, built on the basis of the Su-25UB as a private initiative by the Sukhoi Design Bureau. The Su-28 is a light aircraft designed to replace the Czechoslovak Aero L-39 Albatros . Unlike the basic Su-25UB, it lacks a weapons-control system, built-in cannon, weapons hardpoints, and engine armour. [ 156 ] Other Su-25R ( Razvedchik ) – a tactical reconnaissance variant designed in 1978, but never built. [ 157 ] Su-25U3 ( Uchebnyy 3-myestny ) – also known as the "Russian Troika", was a three-seat basic trainer aircraft. The project was suspended in 1991 due to lack of funding. [ 157 ] Su-25U ( Uchebnyy ) – a trainer variant of Su-25s produced in Georgia between 1996 and 1998. Three aircraft were built in total, all for the Georgian Air Force. [ 157 ] Su-25M1/Su-25UBM1 – Su-25 and Su-25UB aircraft modernized by the Ukrainian company MiGremont for the Ukrainian Air Force . Ten modernized as of 2013 (seven single-seat and three trainers). Upgrades include a new GPS receiver , a new radio, more accurate weapon delivery thanks to a new sight, and a new digital flight data recorder . Additionally, upgraded aircraft can use S-13 rockets . [ 158 ] Ge-31 is an ongoing Georgian program of Tbilisi Aircraft Manufacturing aiming at producing a renewed version of Su-25 without Russian components and parts. [ 159 ] T-12 ("Shturmovik-90") – a proposed successor to the Su-25. It would have utilized a twin fuselage with two cockpits; one would carry the pilot, who would also operate the plane's radar, while the other would operate the plane's weapons and fire control. The T-12's design also included a forward-swept wing and V-tail. [ 160 ] Operators Notable accidents The Su-25 has been involved in the following notable aviation accidents . An Su-25K of the Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo disappeared in December 2006 during a routine rebasing operation and no wreckage was ever found. [ 161 ] Another Congolese Su-25K crashed on 30 June 2007 during an Independence Day display, near the city of Kisangani , killing the pilot. Investigations revealed that the crash was due to an engine failure. [ 161 ] An Su-25 of the Russian Air Force exploded in mid-air on 20 March 2008 during a live firing exercise over the Primorsky Krai , 143 km (89 mi) from Vladivostok , killing the pilot. Further investigations revealed that the aircraft was downed by a missile accidentally launched by a wingman. After the accident, all Russian Su-25s were grounded until the investigation was concluded. [ citation needed ] Specifications (Su-25/Su-25K, late production) 1: SPM-17A cannon 2: Air brakes 3: Electronic countermeasures 4: Laser Station Maple-PS 5: Avionics 6: Identification friend or foe system 7: Pitot tube 8: Drogue parachute 9: Fuel tanks 10: Main landing gear 11: K-36L ejection seat 12: Bulletproof glass 13: Periscope 14: Turbojet 15: Air intake 16: RSBN Short Range Navigation System 17: PA-7 Pitot tube 18: Front landing gear 19: Canopy 20: TSA-17 Sight 21: Hinged ladder 22: Longeron 23: Flaps 24: Leading edge slats 25: Empennage, including rudder 26: Aileron 27: ASO-2V infrared countermeasures 28: SPO-15 radar warning receiver 29: Tail flaps 30: CDD-25 hardpoints 31: AAP-60 Starter engines [ 162 ] Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004, [ 163 ] General characteristics Crew: 1 Length: 15.53 m (50 ft 11 in) (including nose probe) Wingspan: 14.36 m (47 ft 1 in) Height: 4.80 m (15 ft 9 in) Wing area: 33.7 m 2 (363 sq ft) Empty weight: 9,800 kg (21,605 lb) Gross weight: 14,600 kg (32,187 lb) Max takeoff weight: 19,300 kg (42,549 lb) [ 164 ] Fuel capacity: 3,200 L (850 US gal; 700 imp gal) Powerplant: 2 × Soyuz/Tumansky R-195 turbojet engine, 44.18 kN (9,930 lbf) thrust each Performance Maximum speed: 975 km/h (606 mph, 526 kn) at sea level Range: 1,000 km (620 mi, 540 nmi) at altitude [ 164 ] Combat range: 750 km (470 mi, 400 nmi) at sea level with 4,400 kg (9,700 lb) of ordnance and two external fuel tanks Service ceiling: 7,000 m (23,000 ft) g limits: + 6.5 Rate of climb: 58 m/s (11,400 ft/min) Armament Guns: 1 × 30 mm Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-30-2 autocannon with 250 rounds SPPU-22 gun pods for 2 × 23 mm Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23 autocannons with 260 rounds 1 × 30 mm Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-30-2 autocannon with 250 rounds SPPU-22 gun pods for 2 × 23 mm Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23 autocannons with 260 rounds Hardpoints: 11 hardpoints with a capacity of up to 4,000 kg (8,800 lb) of stores, with provisions to carry combinations of: Rockets: UB-16 rocket pods for S-5 rockets [ 165 ] UB-32 A rocket pods for S-5 rockets B-8M 1 rocket pods for S-8 rockets S-24 S-25 Missiles: Air-to-air missiles : K-13 A R-60 R-73 E [ 165 ] Air-to-surface missiles : Kh-23 Kh-25 ML Kh-29 L 9K121 Vikhr [ citation needed ] Anti-radiation missiles : Kh-28 [ citation needed ] Bombs: BETAB-500 concrete-penetrating bomb [ 166 ] FAB-250 general-purpose bomb FAB-500 GP bomb FAN-500 bomb [ 166 ] KAB-500KR TV-guided bomb [ 167 ] ZAB-500 incendiary bomb [ 166 ] Other: ASO-2V decoy dispensers (chaff and flare): Su-25s in Syria have been pictured with four rows of ASO-2V decoy dispensers (chaff and flare) along the tailcone's upper surface aft of the vertical stabiliser. [ 168 ] [ 169 ] Geran-5 drone [ 170 ] Rockets: UB-16 rocket pods for S-5 rockets [ 165 ] UB-32 A rocket pods for S-5 rockets B-8M 1 rocket pods for S-8 rockets S-24 S-25 UB-16 rocket pods for S-5 rockets [ 165 ] UB-32 A rocket pods for S-5 rockets B-8M 1 rocket pods for S-8 rockets S-24 S-25 Missiles: Air-to-air missiles : K-13 A R-60 R-73 E [ 165 ] Air-to-surface missiles : Kh-23 Kh-25 ML Kh-29 L 9K121 Vikhr [ citation needed ] Anti-radiation missiles : Kh-28 [ citation needed ] Air-to-air missiles : K-13 A R-60 R-73 E [ 165 ] K-13 A R-60 R-73 E [ 165 ] Air-to-surface missiles : Kh-23 Kh-25 ML Kh-29 L 9K121 Vikhr [ citation needed ] Kh-23 Kh-25 ML Kh-29 L 9K121 Vikhr [ citation needed ] Anti-radiation missiles : Kh-28 [ citation needed ] Kh-28 [ citation needed ] Bombs: BETAB-500 concrete-penetrating bomb [ 166 ] FAB-250 general-purpose bomb FAB-500 GP bomb FAN-500 bomb [ 166 ] KAB-500KR TV-guided bomb [ 167 ] ZAB-500 incendiary bomb [ 166 ] BETAB-500 concrete-penetrating bomb [ 166 ] FAB-250 general-purpose bomb FAB-500 GP bomb FAN-500 bomb [ 166 ] KAB-500KR TV-guided bomb [ 167 ] ZAB-500 incendiary bomb [ 166 ] Other: ASO-2V decoy dispensers (chaff and flare): Su-25s in Syria have been pictured with four rows of ASO-2V decoy dispensers (chaff and flare) along the tailcone's upper surface aft of the vertical stabiliser. [ 168 ] [ 169 ] Geran-5 drone [ 170 ] ASO-2V decoy dispensers (chaff and flare): Su-25s in Syria have been pictured with four rows of ASO-2V decoy dispensers (chaff and flare) along the tailcone's upper surface aft of the vertical stabiliser. [ 168 ] [ 169 ] Geran-5 drone [ 170 ] Avionics Phazotron Kopyo radar [ citation needed ] See also Aviation portal Related development Sukhoi Su-28 Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II – ( .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} United States ) Ilyushin Il-102 – ( Soviet Union, Russia ) Northrop YA-9 – ( United States ) IAR 93 – ( Romania, Yugoslavia ) / Soko J-22 Orao – ( Yugoslavia, Romania ) Nanchang Q-5 – ( China ) References Notes Citations ^ a b Gordon and Dawes 2004. ^ Article title Military Aircraft Today website, 1 July 2011. ^ "Georgia announced the restart of production of the Su-25" , scramble.nl website, 24 February 2021. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Russia Says Destroyed Over 70 Ukraine Military Targets" . 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The Pocket Guide to Military Aircraft and the World's Airforces. Archived 18 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine London: Hamlyn, 2004. ISBN 978-0-681-03185-2 . Donald, David and Daniel J. March. "Sukhoi Su-25 'Frogfoot'." Modern Battlefield Warplanes . London: AIRtime Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1-880588-76-5 . Eden, Paul, ed. (July 2006). The Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft . London: Amber Books, 2004. ISBN 1-904687-84-9 . Frawley, Gerald. "Sukhoi_Su-25". The International Directory of Military Aircraft, 2002/2003 . Fishwick, Act: Aerospace Publications, 2002. ISBN 1-875671-55-2 . Gordon, Yefim (2003). Sukhoi Su-25 . New York: IP Media, Inc., 2005. ISBN 1-932525-02-5 . Gordon, Yefim (July 2007). Sukhoi Su-25: The Soviet Union's Tank-Buster . Midland Publishing, 2008. ISBN 978-1-85780-254-2 . Gordon, Yefim and Alan Dawes. Sukhoi Su-25 Frogfoot: Close Air Support Aircraft . London: Airlife, 2004. ISBN 1-84037-353-9 . Jackson, Paul. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004 . Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Information Group, 2003. ISBN 0-7106-2537-5 . Mladenov, Alexander (2013a). Sukhoi Su-25 Frogfoot . Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-359-5 . Wilson, Stewart. Combat Aircraft since 1945 . Fyshwick, Australia: Aerospace Publications, 2000. ISBN 1-875671-50-1 . External links Su-25К at Sukhoi.org .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Sukhoi aircraft v t e Fighters / interceptors Su-9 Su-11 Su-15 Su-27 Su-30 MKA MKI MKK MKM Su-33 Su-35 Su-57 Su-75 Su-9 Su-11 Su-15 Su-27 Su-30 MKA MKI MKK MKM MKA MKI MKK MKM Su-33 Su-35 Su-57 Su-75 Bombers / attack Su-2 Su-4 Su-7 Su-17 Su-20 Su-22 Su-24 Su-25 Su-34 Su-39 S-70 Okhotnik Su-2 Su-4 Su-7 Su-17 Su-20 Su-22 Su-24 Su-25 Su-34 Su-39 S-70 Okhotnik Reconnaissance Su-12 Su-12 Competitive aerobatic Su-26 Su-29 Su-31 Su-26 Su-29 Su-31 Trainers Su-28 Su-29 Su-28 Su-29 Transports Su-80 Superjet 100 Su-80 Superjet 100 Experimental Su-1 Su-3 Su-5 Su-6 Su-7 (1944) Su-8 Su-9 (1946) Su-10 Su-11 (1946) Su-13 Su-15 (1949) Su-17 (1949) Su-37 Su-47 P-1 T-3 T-4 T-49 T-405 T-431 Su-1 Su-3 Su-5 Su-6 Su-7 (1944) Su-8 Su-9 (1946) Su-10 Su-11 (1946) Su-13 Su-15 (1949) Su-17 (1949) Su-37 Su-47 P-1 T-3 T-4 T-49 T-405 T-431 Agricultural Su-38 Su-38 Cancelled projects KR-860 S-6 S-21 T-60S T-12 Shturmovik-90 Sukhoi Shkval KR-860 S-6 S-21 T-60S T-12 Shturmovik-90 Sukhoi Shkval List of Sukhoi aircraft List of Sukhoi aircraft v t e USAF/DoD reporting names for Soviet and Chinese aircraft and missiles v t e Type numbers (1947–1955) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 2 14 15 16 17 1 17 2 18 1 18 2 19 1 19 2 20 1,4 20 2 21 22 1 22 2 23 24 1 24 2 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 1 38 2 39 40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 2 14 15 16 17 1 17 2 18 1 18 2 19 1 19 2 20 1,4 20 2 21 22 1 22 2 23 24 1 24 2 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 1 38 2 39 40 Research/prototype aircraft Caspian Sea CASP-A CASP-B Kazan KAZ-A Novosibirsk NOVO-A 3 NOVO-B 3 NOVO-C GFRI RAM-A 3 RAM-B 3 RAM-C 3 RAM-D 3 RAM-E 3 RAM-F 3 RAM-G RAM-H RAM-J RAM-K RAM-L RAM-M RAM-N RAM-P RAM-Q 3 RAM-R R2 RAM-S 3 RAM-T SibNIA SIB-A Taganrog TAG-A TAG-B 3 TAG-C 3 TAG-D Harbin HARB-A Nanchang NAN-A 3 NAN-B 3 Xi'an XIAN-A Caspian Sea CASP-A CASP-B CASP-A CASP-B Kazan KAZ-A KAZ-A Novosibirsk NOVO-A 3 NOVO-B 3 NOVO-C NOVO-A 3 NOVO-B 3 NOVO-C GFRI RAM-A 3 RAM-B 3 RAM-C 3 RAM-D 3 RAM-E 3 RAM-F 3 RAM-G RAM-H RAM-J RAM-K RAM-L RAM-M RAM-N RAM-P RAM-Q 3 RAM-R R2 RAM-S 3 RAM-T RAM-A 3 RAM-B 3 RAM-C 3 RAM-D 3 RAM-E 3 RAM-F 3 RAM-G RAM-H RAM-J RAM-K RAM-L RAM-M RAM-N RAM-P RAM-Q 3 RAM-R R2 R2 RAM-S 3 RAM-T SibNIA SIB-A SIB-A Taganrog TAG-A TAG-B 3 TAG-C 3 TAG-D TAG-A TAG-B 3 TAG-C 3 TAG-D Harbin HARB-A HARB-A Nanchang NAN-A 3 NAN-B 3 NAN-A 3 NAN-B 3 Xi'an XIAN-A XIAN-A Research/prototype missiles Barnaul BL-01 3 BL-02 3 BL-03 3 BL-04 3 BL-05 3 BL-06 3 BL-07 3 BL-08 3 BL-09 3 BL-10 Embi-5 EM-01 3 Kapustin Yar KY-01 5 KY-02 I 5 II 5 III 5 KY-03 KY-04 5 KY-05 5 KY-06 5 KY-07 5 KY-08 3 KY-09 3 KY-10 3 KY-11 5 KY-12 Nyonoksa NE-01 3 NE-02 3 NE-03 3 NE-04 Plesetsk PL-01 PL-02 3 PL-03 3 PL-04 PL-05 Sary Shagan SH-01 SH-02 3 SH-03 3 SH-04 4 SH-05 3 SH-06 3 SH-07 3 SH-08 SH-09 3 SH-10 3 SH-11 Töretam TT-01 3 TT-02 3 TT-03 3 TT-04 3 TT-05 TT-06 3 TT-07 3 TT-08 3 TT-09 Vladimirovska VA-01 3 VA-02 3 VA-03 3 VA-04 3 VA-05 3 VA-06 3 VA-07 5 VA-08 3 Barnaul BL-01 3 BL-02 3 BL-03 3 BL-04 3 BL-05 3 BL-06 3 BL-07 3 BL-08 3 BL-09 3 BL-10 BL-01 3 BL-02 3 BL-03 3 BL-04 3 BL-05 3 BL-06 3 BL-07 3 BL-08 3 BL-09 3 BL-10 Embi-5 EM-01 3 EM-01 3 Kapustin Yar KY-01 5 KY-02 I 5 II 5 III 5 KY-03 KY-04 5 KY-05 5 KY-06 5 KY-07 5 KY-08 3 KY-09 3 KY-10 3 KY-11 5 KY-12 KY-01 5 KY-02 I 5 II 5 III 5 I 5 II 5 III 5 KY-03 KY-04 5 KY-05 5 KY-06 5 KY-07 5 KY-08 3 KY-09 3 KY-10 3 KY-11 5 KY-12 Nyonoksa NE-01 3 NE-02 3 NE-03 3 NE-04 NE-01 3 NE-02 3 NE-03 3 NE-04 Plesetsk PL-01 PL-02 3 PL-03 3 PL-04 PL-05 PL-01 PL-02 3 PL-03 3 PL-04 PL-05 Sary Shagan SH-01 SH-02 3 SH-03 3 SH-04 4 SH-05 3 SH-06 3 SH-07 3 SH-08 SH-09 3 SH-10 3 SH-11 SH-01 SH-02 3 SH-03 3 SH-04 4 SH-05 3 SH-06 3 SH-07 3 SH-08 SH-09 3 SH-10 3 SH-11 Töretam TT-01 3 TT-02 3 TT-03 3 TT-04 3 TT-05 TT-06 3 TT-07 3 TT-08 3 TT-09 TT-01 3 TT-02 3 TT-03 3 TT-04 3 TT-05 TT-06 3 TT-07 3 TT-08 3 TT-09 Vladimirovska VA-01 3 VA-02 3 VA-03 3 VA-04 3 VA-05 3 VA-06 3 VA-07 5 VA-08 3 VA-01 3 VA-02 3 VA-03 3 VA-04 3 VA-05 3 VA-06 3 VA-07 5 VA-08 3 1 Listed in contemporary sources • 2 Bergander list ( details ) • 3 Unknown/no details • 4 Possible error • 5 Unconfirmed Sukhoi aircraft Anti-tank aircraft 1970s Soviet attack aircraft Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear Aircraft first flown in 1975 Twinjets Shoulder-wing aircraft Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown CS1: unfit URL CS1 Azerbaijani-language sources (az) CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk) CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2024 Articles containing Russian-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2025 This page was last edited on 13 January 2026, at 16:58 (UTC) . 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Mobile access – explains how to access Wikipedia from mobile devices. Navigation – explains how to get around Wikipedia. Other languages – explains how to deal with other languages. Page name – explains how to deal with page titles. Redirect – explains how to direct pages to the proper place. References – explains how to make those complicated sources work. Citation Style – explains some of the different reference styles. Cite errors – explains how to deal with errors in references. Citation Style – explains some of the different reference styles. Cite errors – explains how to deal with errors in references. Rename – explains how to change your user name. Password – explains how to change your personal password. Reverting – explains how to roll back edits. Searching – explains how to use Wikipedia more effectively. Section – explains how to edit just portions of a page. Talk pages – explains the basics of what to do on talk pages. Students – explains the basics for students. URLs – explains how to add and deal with external links. User contributions – explains how to view editors additions. Watching pages – explains how to track pages. Technical help Multilingual support – explains how articles may contain words or texts written in different languages and scripts Special Characters – contains recommendations for which characters are safe to use and how to enter them. Entering – explains how special characters (those not on the standard computer keyboard) are useful—and sometimes necessary. Entering – explains how special characters (those not on the standard computer keyboard) are useful—and sometimes necessary. Troubleshooting Bypass cache Mobile access Printing Keyboard shortcuts Editing Edit toolbar CharInsert Edit conflict Reverting Edit toolbar CharInsert Edit conflict Reverting VisualEditor User guide User guide User access levels Software notices Editnotice Editnotice IRC Tutorial Tutorial Create a page Page history Page information Page name Introduction Introduction Special pages Special page help Searching Advanced search Linksearch Advanced search Linksearch Logging in Reset passwords Reset passwords Notifications/Echo FAQ FAQ Moving a page Fixing cut-and-paste moves Fixing cut-and-paste moves Watching pages User contributions Emailing users Random pages Logs What links here Related changes Recent changes Pending changes Page Curation Page import Edit filter Tags Links and diffs URLs Links Permanent link Interwikimedia links Interlanguage links Link color Pipe trick Colon trick Diffs Simplest diff guide Simple diff and link guide Complete diff and link guide Simplest diff guide Simple diff and link guide Complete diff and link guide Media files: images, videos and sounds * Media help Options to hide an image Uploading images Introduction Introduction Files Creation and usage Moving files to Commons Creation and usage Moving files to Commons Visual file markup Images Preparing images for upload Picture tutorial Extended image syntax Preparing images for upload Picture tutorial Extended image syntax Gallery tag Graphics tutorials Basic bitmap image editing How to improve image quality Basic bitmap image editing How to improve image quality Graphics Lab resources Sound file markup SVG help Other graphics Family trees Graphs and charts Barcharts Barcharts Math formula Math symbols Rendering math LaTeX symbols Math symbols Rendering math LaTeX symbols Musical scores Musical symbols Musical symbols Timeline EasyTimeline syntax EasyTimeline syntax WikiHiero syntax Namespaces Namespace structure Main/Article Talk namespaces Archiving Archiving (plain and simple) Archiving Archiving (plain and simple) User User page design User page design Project/Wikipedia File MediaWiki Bug reports and feature requests System message Bug reports and feature requests System message Template Help Category Portal Draft TimedText Module/Lua Special Media Customisation and tools * Customisation Preferences Skins Customizing watchlists Hide pages Hide pages Gadgets Beta Features User scripts Guide Techniques Guide Techniques IRC Scripts User styles Tools Navigation shortcuts Browser tools Alternative browsing Editing tools Optimum tool set Navigation shortcuts Browser tools Alternative browsing Editing tools Optimum tool set Cleaning up vandalism tools Citation tools Wikimedia Labs Automating editing Bots Creating Creating Twinkle HotCat WPCleaner AutoWikiBrowser Navigation popups AfC helper script Huggle Navigation Administrators Templates Referencing Citation metadata Citation metadata Accessibility Bots User scripts Coding (Wiki markup) Wiki markup – explains the coding used by text, links, & talk pages Cheat-sheet – basic coding used by Wikipedia, Cheat-sheet – basic coding used by Wikipedia, Barchart – explains how to make charts. Calculations – explains how to make complicated calculations. Characters – explains how to add special characters. Citations quick! – simplistic examples of two preferred ways of doing footnotes (reference). Citation templates – list of reference templates. Citation templates – list of reference templates. Columns – explains how to make columns. HTML – explains how to use HTML in text. Musical symbols – explains the basic coding of music symbols. Sound files – explains the basic coding sound files. Tables – explains the basic coding for making tables. Wiki table – more advanced coding information on tables. Wiki table – more advanced coding information on tables. Templates – explains the basic for templates. Documentation – explains the basic of how to properly document template information. Documentation – explains the basic of how to properly document template information. Visual files – explains the basic of coding for visual media. Wiki tools – various tools and tutorials intended to simplify, make more efficient, or provide additional functionality. HTML and CSS HTML in wikitext Markup validation Span tags Cascading Style Sheets Catalogue of CSS classes Useful styles Classes used in microformats Ambox classes Common.js and common.css Templates and Lua Templates Template messages Citation templates Transclusion Labeled section Labeled section Substitution Advanced template coding Template limits Template sandbox and test cases Template documentation Purge Lua help Lua project To do Resources To do Resources Guide to Scribbling Tutorials Main tutorial – will help anyone become a Wikipedia contributor. Editing – almost every page has an "Edit" tab. Formatting – the basics on coding. Links – the basics on internal links. Sources – the basics on adding references. Talk pages – the basics on how to communicate with others. Policies – there are some things to keep in mind when editing Wikipedia. Registration – registering a username is optional, but encouraged. Editing – almost every page has an "Edit" tab. Formatting – the basics on coding. Links – the basics on internal links. Sources – the basics on adding references. Talk pages – the basics on how to communicate with others. Policies – there are some things to keep in mind when editing Wikipedia. Registration – registering a username is optional, but encouraged. Graphics – the basics on how to use graphics. Images – the basics on how to use images. IRC (live chat) – to access the freenode IRC servers , you'll first need to. VisualEditor user guide – a guide that gives illustrated, step-by-step instructions about VisualEditor features. Introductions Wiki Markup Main introduction – quick overview of what Wikipedia is all about. Editing – the basic pages on how to contribute to Wikipedia. Images – introduction to adding images to Wikipedia. Manual of Style – introduction to the style guide for articles. Media – how to add media to Wikipedia. Navigating – Wikipedia is a big place. Policies – how to apply policies and guidelines. Sourcing – why references are so important. Tables – how an where tables are used and how to make them. Talk pages – how to communicate within Wikipedia. VisualEditor Editing with VisualEditor – a five part introduction to editing with VisualEditor. Opening the editor. Toolbar basics. Links and Wikilinks. Saving your changes. Summary Referencing with VisualEditor – a five part introduction to referencing. Verifiability. Inline citations. RefToolbar. Reliable sources. Summary. Uploading images with VisualEditor – a six part guide on uploading images. Introduction. Free content. Non-free content. Wikimedia Commons. Using an image. Summary. Training modules Training for students – four-part orientation intended for students doing Wikipedia assignments for class . Training for educators – four-part orientation for professors and other educators running assignments for class. Training for Wikipedia Ambassadors – four-part orientation for Campus and Online Ambassadors . MediaWiki training – learn about editing and formatting content using MediaWiki , the software that powers Wikipedia. The Wikipedia Adventure – Wikipedia is not a game, but learning it should still be fun. Help Guided tours – providing tooltip-like tours of the Wikipedia experience. The Missing Manual The Missing Manual – comprehensive how-to guide (book) that explains everything about contributing for novice to expert editors. Introduction – originally written in 2008 by John Broughto, the Manual has since been expanded and updated by many others. Part I – Editing and Creating Articles First edit – explains what you see when you look at an article in Wikipedia's editing window and how to practice. Sourcing – you will need to learn some technical matters. Account setup & personal space – having an account actually protects your privacy better than editing while logged out. Creating articles – get a much better sense of what articles in Wikipedia should be like. Page history & reverting – as an editor you're likely to want to see what other editors do to articles you've edited. Monitoring changes – experienced editors monitor articles they've edited. Vandalism & spam – explains in detail what you, a Wikipedia editor, can do in terms of spotting and fixing vandalism and spam. Part II – Collaborating with Other Editors Communicating with others – you will need to know how to use the pages where editors interact and collaborate with each other. WikiProjects – many editors at Wikipedia work together in groups, formal or informal. Content disputes – if you find yourself involved in a content dispute ... Incivility – shows you helpful ways to respond to incivility and personal attacks directed against you or other editors. Helping others – shows you all the places and ways you can lend other editors a hand. Part III – Formatting and Illustrating Articles Sections – shows you how to effectively use sections in an article. Lists & tables – shows you how to create and edit both lists and tables. Images – shows you how to place an image in an article, after you or someone else has uploaded it. Part IV – Building a Stronger Encyclopedia Naming, redirects & disambiguation – helping people to navigate Wikipedia. Categorizing – adding categories to articles is easy. Better articles – serve as a detailed checklist for improving articles. Deletions – some editors abuse the privilege, creating nonsense articles, attack articles, or promotional articles. Part V – Customizing Wikipedia Personal preferences – "My Preferences" is where you can change a number of settings that control how pages look and function. JavaScript – you can customize Wikipedia in ways that make your editing easier with scripts. Part VI – Appendices Wikipedia Pages – when you're registered, and logged into Wikipedia, you'll see links in a number of places. Reader's guide – background on what Wikipedia is and how to get the most out. Learning more – shows you the myriad places you can go, both inside and outside Wikipedia. Interactive assistance (help forums) Questions about Wikipedia Replying to help requests – contains guidelines for users who respond to questions about how to use or edit posed by other users. Help desk – the "main page" for asking questions about how to use or edit Wikipedia. Teahouse – a "very friendly place" for new editors to become accustomed to and ask questions about editing. General knowledge questions Replying to general knowledge questions – contains guidelines for users who respond to general knowledge questions posed by other users. Note: legal or medical responses are prohibited. See Wikipedia's Legal disclaimer and Medical disclaimer . Note: legal or medical responses are prohibited. See Wikipedia's Legal disclaimer and Medical disclaimer . Reference desks – you can ask questions about any topic at the specific pages listed below. Computing – to ask about computing, information technology, electronics, software and hardware. Entertainment – to ask about sports, popular culture, movies, music, video games, and TV shows. Humanities – to ask about history, politics, literature, religion, philosophy, law, finance, economics, art, and society. Language – to ask about spelling, grammar, word etymology, language usage, and translations. Mathematics – to ask about mathematics, geometry, probability, and statistics. Science – to ask about biology, chemistry, physics, medicine, geology, engineering and technology. ( Miscellaneous ) – to ask about anything that is not listed above. Computing – to ask about computing, information technology, electronics, software and hardware. Entertainment – to ask about sports, popular culture, movies, music, video games, and TV shows. Humanities – to ask about history, politics, literature, religion, philosophy, law, finance, economics, art, and society. Language – to ask about spelling, grammar, word etymology, language usage, and translations. Mathematics – to ask about mathematics, geometry, probability, and statistics. Science – to ask about biology, chemistry, physics, medicine, geology, engineering and technology. ( Miscellaneous ) – to ask about anything that is not listed above. Specific help and mediation Noticeboards – Wikipedia noticeboards are pages where editors can ask questions and request assistance from people who are familiar with the policies and guidelines covered by each individual board. Administrators – for posting information and issues that affect administrators. Edit warring – for reporting active edit warriors and recent violations of the three-revert rule . Incidents – for reporting and discussing incidents that require the intervention of administrators and experienced editors. Vandalism – for reporting about obvious and persistent vandals and spammers . Edit warring – for reporting active edit warriors and recent violations of the three-revert rule . Incidents – for reporting and discussing incidents that require the intervention of administrators and experienced editors. Vandalism – for reporting about obvious and persistent vandals and spammers . Dispute resolution – provides a central compilation of the boards listed below to help resolves conflicts. Third opinion – for disputes between two editors to receive an outside opinion. Requests for comment – the place to go to get outside input on issues from a broad number of users. Dispute resolution noticeboard – used as a "first step" in solving content issues. Arbitration – the "last resort" for conduct issues when all other avenues are exhausted, issues binding rulings. Third opinion – for disputes between two editors to receive an outside opinion. Requests for comment – the place to go to get outside input on issues from a broad number of users. Dispute resolution noticeboard – used as a "first step" in solving content issues. Arbitration – the "last resort" for conduct issues when all other avenues are exhausted, issues binding rulings. Conflict of interest – for determining whether a specific editor has a conflict of interest . External links – reporting possible breaches of the external links policy. Neutrality – for reporting issues regarding whether article content is compliant with the Neutral Point of View policy. Original research – for requesting input on possible problems of original research . Sources – for posting questions regarding whether particular sources are reliable in context. Page moves – a process for requesting the retitling of an article, template, or project page. Technical issues Village pump – main directory divided into five boards by topic (as seen below), to discuss the technical issues, policies, and operations of Wikipedia. Policy – to discuss changes to existing and proposed policies. Proposals – to discuss new proposals that are not policy-related. Technical – to discuss technical issues. For wiki software bug reports, use Bugzilla Idea lab – to discuss ideas before proposing them to the community and attempt to find solutions to common issues. ( Miscellaneous ) – to post messages that do not fit into any other categories listed above. Policy – to discuss changes to existing and proposed policies. Proposals – to discuss new proposals that are not policy-related. Technical – to discuss technical issues. For wiki software bug reports, use Bugzilla Idea lab – to discuss ideas before proposing them to the community and attempt to find solutions to common issues. ( Miscellaneous ) – to post messages that do not fit into any other categories listed above. Other ways to get help Special services – a section on the Request departments page that lists the alternative ways of getting help as seen below. Place {{ Help me }} (including the curly brackets) "then your question" on your talk page , a volunteer will visit you there! If you require personal administrator assistance in regards to blocking, deleting, protecting, personal harassment or legal threats you can place {{ Admin help }} (including the curly brackets) "then your concerns" on your talk page , an administrator will visit you there! Adopt-a-User – is where you can find experienced Wikipedians that "adopt" new users and mentor them. Co-op – a mentorship space where you can work with an experienced Wikipedian to learn about and improve Wikipedia. Join the #wikipedia-en-help IRC channel for real-time chat. Contact Wikipedia – is a page that describes how and where to contact Wikipedia directly for a variety of reasons. Place {{ Help me }} (including the curly brackets) "then your question" on your talk page , a volunteer will visit you there! If you require personal administrator assistance in regards to blocking, deleting, protecting, personal harassment or legal threats you can place {{ Admin help }} (including the curly brackets) "then your concerns" on your talk page , an administrator will visit you there! Adopt-a-User – is where you can find experienced Wikipedians that "adopt" new users and mentor them. Co-op – a mentorship space where you can work with an experienced Wikipedian to learn about and improve Wikipedia. Join the #wikipedia-en-help IRC channel for real-time chat. Contact Wikipedia – is a page that describes how and where to contact Wikipedia directly for a variety of reasons. Community standards and advice Policies & guidelines – describes how policies and guidelines should normally be developed and maintained. List of policies and guidelines – lists the main community standards for "English Wikipedia". List of policies – a comprehensive descriptive list of policies. List of guidelines – a comprehensive descriptive list of guidelines. Simplified rule-set – essay about some basic aspect of Wikipedia norms and practices. Expectations & norms of the community – essay about some social norms that editors are expected to follow. Eight rules for editing – essay stating if you start out by following these simple rules, the rest should come naturally. Ten rules for editing – essay that provides tips to make editing smoother. List of policies and guidelines – lists the main community standards for "English Wikipedia". List of policies – a comprehensive descriptive list of policies. List of guidelines – a comprehensive descriptive list of guidelines. Simplified rule-set – essay about some basic aspect of Wikipedia norms and practices. Expectations & norms of the community – essay about some social norms that editors are expected to follow. Eight rules for editing – essay stating if you start out by following these simple rules, the rest should come naturally. Ten rules for editing – essay that provides tips to make editing smoother. List of policies – a comprehensive descriptive list of policies. List of guidelines – a comprehensive descriptive list of guidelines. Simplified rule-set – essay about some basic aspect of Wikipedia norms and practices. Expectations & norms of the community – essay about some social norms that editors are expected to follow. Eight rules for editing – essay stating if you start out by following these simple rules, the rest should come naturally. Ten rules for editing – essay that provides tips to make editing smoother. Simplified rule-set – essay about some basic aspect of Wikipedia norms and practices. Expectations & norms of the community – essay about some social norms that editors are expected to follow. Eight rules for editing – essay stating if you start out by following these simple rules, the rest should come naturally. Ten rules for editing – essay that provides tips to make editing smoother. How-to and information pages – about pages that contain technical and factual information or supplement guidelines and policies in greater detail. Essays – Although essays are not policy or guidelines many are worthy of considerations. Advice pages – guideline about advice pages written by WikiProjects. Difference between policies, guidelines & essays – essay about what is called a "policy", "guideline" or "essay". Essays are not policy – essay about how it is not a good idea to quote essays as if they were community standards. The value of essays – essays are not policy or guidelines, but many are worthy of consideration. Essays in a nutshell – summarizes the gist of user written essays on Wikipedia. Advice pages – guideline about advice pages written by WikiProjects. Difference between policies, guidelines & essays – essay about what is called a "policy", "guideline" or "essay". Essays are not policy – essay about how it is not a good idea to quote essays as if they were community standards. The value of essays – essays are not policy or guidelines, but many are worthy of consideration. Essays in a nutshell – summarizes the gist of user written essays on Wikipedia. Difference between policies, guidelines & essays – essay about what is called a "policy", "guideline" or "essay". Essays are not policy – essay about how it is not a good idea to quote essays as if they were community standards. The value of essays – essays are not policy or guidelines, but many are worthy of consideration. Essays in a nutshell – summarizes the gist of user written essays on Wikipedia. Essays in a nutshell – summarizes the gist of user written essays on Wikipedia. Accessibility – guideline primarily intended to assist those with disabilities, it can be helpful for all readers. Accessibility dos and don'ts – regardless of disability, all should be able to read, navigate, and contribute easily. Alternative text for images – allows the content and function of an image to be understood by text-only readers. Accessibility dos and don'ts – regardless of disability, all should be able to read, navigate, and contribute easily. Alternative text for images – allows the content and function of an image to be understood by text-only readers. Article deletion – policy about how articles and other Wikipedia pages can be removed from general view. How to delete a page – essay with an easy explanation of how to ask for an article to be deleted. Guide to deletion – essay with step by step instructions for nominating articles for deletions. Arguments to avoid during deletions – essay about what not to say or talk about during a deletion. Save an article proposed for deletion – essay about how to familiarize yourself with the deletion process. Why was the page I created deleted? – essay about the reasons and the "several" options available to you. Deletion essays – summarizes the gist of user written essays about deletions. How to delete a page – essay with an easy explanation of how to ask for an article to be deleted. Guide to deletion – essay with step by step instructions for nominating articles for deletions. Arguments to avoid during deletions – essay about what not to say or talk about during a deletion. Save an article proposed for deletion – essay about how to familiarize yourself with the deletion process. Why was the page I created deleted? – essay about the reasons and the "several" options available to you. Deletion essays – summarizes the gist of user written essays about deletions. Deletion essays – summarizes the gist of user written essays about deletions. Biographies of living persons (BLP) – guideline about how bios on living persons must be written with great care. Libel – policy about how it is the responsibility of all to ensure that material posted is not defamatory . Avoiding harm – essay that contains the ideas behind the philosophy that formed the BLP . Libel – policy about how it is the responsibility of all to ensure that material posted is not defamatory . Avoiding harm – essay that contains the ideas behind the philosophy that formed the BLP . Avoiding harm – essay that contains the ideas behind the philosophy that formed the BLP . Blocking – policy behind how administrators technically prevent users from editing. Appealing blocks – essay about how to appeal a block. Unblock request – you can use the {{ unblock }} template on your talk page to request an unblock – however if you have had talk page access removed see Unblock request . Appealing blocks – essay about how to appeal a block. Unblock request – you can use the {{ unblock }} template on your talk page to request an unblock – however if you have had talk page access removed see Unblock request . Child protection – policy about the behavior and actions of adult editors with regards to children. Offensive material – guideline about how articles may contain offensive words and images, but only for a good reason. Protecting children's privacy – essay about how all users, including children, are permitted to edit without disclosing information about themselves. Guidance for younger editors – essay on advice for young editors about what they should be aware of. Offensive material – guideline about how articles may contain offensive words and images, but only for a good reason. Protecting children's privacy – essay about how all users, including children, are permitted to edit without disclosing information about themselves. Guidance for younger editors – essay on advice for young editors about what they should be aware of. Protecting children's privacy – essay about how all users, including children, are permitted to edit without disclosing information about themselves. Guidance for younger editors – essay on advice for young editors about what they should be aware of. Citing sources – guideline that contains information on how to place and format citations (references). Verification methods – essay about several common methods that Wikipedia editors use to make their articles verifiable. Referencing for beginners – essay that shows you how to use the most popular system for providing inline citations. Verification methods – essay about several common methods that Wikipedia editors use to make their articles verifiable. Referencing for beginners – essay that shows you how to use the most popular system for providing inline citations. Conflict of interest – guideline about how it is best to not edit Wikipedia to promote your own interests. Conflict of interest guide – essay for editors who want to write and edit articles about a subject they are affiliated with. Best practices for editors with close associations – essay about having a close association with a topic. Paid editing – essay that provides advice on what to do, when it comes to Paid Editing & Wikipedia. Conflict of interest guide – essay for editors who want to write and edit articles about a subject they are affiliated with. Best practices for editors with close associations – essay about having a close association with a topic. Paid editing – essay that provides advice on what to do, when it comes to Paid Editing & Wikipedia. Consensus – the primary way decisions are made, its accepted as the best method to achieve our goals . BOLD, revert, discuss cycle (BRD) – is a method for reaching consensus. Consensus and discussion essays – summarizes the gist of user written essays on consensus. BOLD, revert, discuss cycle (BRD) – is a method for reaching consensus. Consensus and discussion essays – summarizes the gist of user written essays on consensus. Consensus and discussion essays – summarizes the gist of user written essays on consensus. Copyrights – policy that states permission is granted to copy, distribute or modify text under CC BY-SA 3.0 Close paraphrasing – essay that states all should summarize in their own words, instead of closely paraphrasing. Donating published work – essay for editors who would like to grant permission to use their own previously published work. Spotting possible copyright violations – essay about spotting copyright violations that are copy-and-pastes . Requesting copyright permission – essay about editors who would like to get permission to use other people's work. Close paraphrasing – essay that states all should summarize in their own words, instead of closely paraphrasing. Donating published work – essay for editors who would like to grant permission to use their own previously published work. Spotting possible copyright violations – essay about spotting copyright violations that are copy-and-pastes . Requesting copyright permission – essay about editors who would like to get permission to use other people's work. Editing policy – Be bold in updating articles in a fair and accurate manner , because perfection is not required . Article development – lists the ways in which you can help an article grow. Article writing essays – summarizes the gist of user written essays on article building. Edit warring – don't use edits to fight with other editors – there is a bright line known as the three-revert rule (3RR). Disruptive editing – disruptive editors may be blocked or banned indefinitely. Editorial discretion – essay about the proper inclusion of relevant and well-sourced content. Article development – lists the ways in which you can help an article grow. Article writing essays – summarizes the gist of user written essays on article building. Article writing essays – summarizes the gist of user written essays on article building. Edit warring – don't use edits to fight with other editors – there is a bright line known as the three-revert rule (3RR). Disruptive editing – disruptive editors may be blocked or banned indefinitely. Editorial discretion – essay about the proper inclusion of relevant and well-sourced content. Editorial discretion – essay about the proper inclusion of relevant and well-sourced content. Etiquette – principles of decorum, also referred to as "Wikiquette", how to work with others on Wikipedia. Civility – Wikipedia's basic conduct expectations. Assume good faith – unless there is clear evidence to the contrary, assume people are trying to help not harm Wikipedia. No personal attacks – comment on content , not on the contributors. Harassment – unwanted contact , intimidation , threats or posting personal information is strictly prohibited . Don't bite the newcomers – it's very unlikely for a newcomer to be familiar with the community standards. IPs are human too – essay about how unregistered users input is just as important in building consensus. Honesty – essay about how truthfulness is expected in all processes, including content discussion. Civility essays – list of essays that summarizes the gist of user written essays on civility. Civility – Wikipedia's basic conduct expectations. Assume good faith – unless there is clear evidence to the contrary, assume people are trying to help not harm Wikipedia. No personal attacks – comment on content , not on the contributors. Harassment – unwanted contact , intimidation , threats or posting personal information is strictly prohibited . Don't bite the newcomers – it's very unlikely for a newcomer to be familiar with the community standards. IPs are human too – essay about how unregistered users input is just as important in building consensus. Honesty – essay about how truthfulness is expected in all processes, including content discussion. Civility essays – list of essays that summarizes the gist of user written essays on civility. IPs are human too – essay about how unregistered users input is just as important in building consensus. Honesty – essay about how truthfulness is expected in all processes, including content discussion. Civility essays – list of essays that summarizes the gist of user written essays on civility. Civility essays – list of essays that summarizes the gist of user written essays on civility. Ignore all rules (IAR) – policy that states if a rule prevents you from improving or maintaining Wikipedia, ignore it . The rules are principles – essay on how policies & guidelines exist as rough approximations of their underlying principles. Reasonability Rule – essay about how anything unreasonable that is being done shouldn't be done at all. What "Ignore all rules" means – essay on how it is acceptable to use common sense as you go about editing. The rules are principles – essay on how policies & guidelines exist as rough approximations of their underlying principles. Reasonability Rule – essay about how anything unreasonable that is being done shouldn't be done at all. What "Ignore all rules" means – essay on how it is acceptable to use common sense as you go about editing. Image use policy – policies towards images, like content and copyright issues—applicable to "English Wikipedia". Image deletion – a how to guide for nominating images for deletion. Back to contents Image dos and don'ts – images can make Wikipedia more informative, however ... Image deletion – a how to guide for nominating images for deletion. Back to contents Image dos and don'ts – images can make Wikipedia more informative, however ... Manual of Style (MOS) – main guideline page that describes communal consensus on layouts and presentation. Manual of Style contents – descriptive directory of all the pages which make up the Manual of Style. Simplified Manual of Style – essay about the basics commonly used style guidelines. Styletips – a list of advice pages for editors on writing style and formatting. Better articles – essay about guidance on how to make articles better. Perfect article – essay with a point by point guidance on what makes a great article. Manual of Style contents – descriptive directory of all the pages which make up the Manual of Style. Simplified Manual of Style – essay about the basics commonly used style guidelines. Styletips – a list of advice pages for editors on writing style and formatting. Better articles – essay about guidance on how to make articles better. Perfect article – essay with a point by point guidance on what makes a great article. Simplified Manual of Style – essay about the basics commonly used style guidelines. Styletips – a list of advice pages for editors on writing style and formatting. Better articles – essay about guidance on how to make articles better. Perfect article – essay with a point by point guidance on what makes a great article. Neutrality (NPOV) – policy about how articles should represent the views of main scholars and specialists on topics. NPOV tutorial – essay on how to realize you may have a bias you're not aware of. Be neutral in form – essay about how some editing methods may lead to disputes over points of views. Describing points of view – essays that describes the best way to handle a neutral point of view. Neutral point of view essays – summarizes the gist of essays on NPOV. NPOV tutorial – essay on how to realize you may have a bias you're not aware of. Be neutral in form – essay about how some editing methods may lead to disputes over points of views. Describing points of view – essays that describes the best way to handle a neutral point of view. Neutral point of view essays – summarizes the gist of essays on NPOV. Neutral point of view essays – summarizes the gist of essays on NPOV. No original research (OR) – policy about how all material must be attributable to a reliable, published source. Examples of original research – some examples of original research. Examples of original research – some examples of original research. Notability – guideline that outlines how suitable a topic may be for its own article or list. Fringe theories – guideline about how articles should not make a fringe theory appear more notable than it is. Notability essays – list of essays that summarizes the gist of user written essays on notability. Fringe theories – guideline about how articles should not make a fringe theory appear more notable than it is. Notability essays – list of essays that summarizes the gist of user written essays on notability. Notability essays – list of essays that summarizes the gist of user written essays on notability. User rights – the ability to perform certain actions in Wikipedia depends on an editor's user access level. On privacy, confidentiality and discretion – essay about how your rights to privacy may not extend as far as you believe. On privacy, confidentiality and discretion – essay about how your rights to privacy may not extend as far as you believe. Verifiability (RS) – policy stating how readers must be able to check that articles are not fabricated or embellished. Identifying reliable sources – guideline that discusses how to identify reliable references. Cherrypicking – essay about how to include contradictory and significant qualifying information from the same source. Common knowledge – essay about how often people don't actually know what you consider basic knowledge. Independent sources – essay that gives the opinion of some editors on why independent sourcing is required. Potentially unreliable sources – essay that gives general advice on what is and isn't a reliable source. Verifiability and reliable sources essays – summarizes the gist of user written essays on good references. Identifying reliable sources – guideline that discusses how to identify reliable references. Cherrypicking – essay about how to include contradictory and significant qualifying information from the same source. Common knowledge – essay about how often people don't actually know what you consider basic knowledge. Independent sources – essay that gives the opinion of some editors on why independent sourcing is required. Potentially unreliable sources – essay that gives general advice on what is and isn't a reliable source. Verifiability and reliable sources essays – summarizes the gist of user written essays on good references. Cherrypicking – essay about how to include contradictory and significant qualifying information from the same source. Common knowledge – essay about how often people don't actually know what you consider basic knowledge. Independent sources – essay that gives the opinion of some editors on why independent sourcing is required. Potentially unreliable sources – essay that gives general advice on what is and isn't a reliable source. Verifiability and reliable sources essays – summarizes the gist of user written essays on good references. Verifiability and reliable sources essays – summarizes the gist of user written essays on good references. Understandability – guideline about how all should strive to make each part of every article as understandable as possible to the widest audience of reader. Words to watch – guideline about how certain expressions should be used with care. Vandalism – if you see vandalism in an article, the simplest thing to do is just to remove it. Directories Directory – the main list of "Wikipedia" and "Help" namespace directories and indexes Abbreviations – a list of all the abbreviations used on Wikipedia Departments – a list of all the different divisions of Wikipedia. Editor's index – a list of all the pages to help people who edit pages. Essays – a list of pages that contain advice or opinions from one or more Wikipedia contributors. FAQ – a list of frequently asked questions by topic. Glossary – a list of terms (slang) commonly used by editors. Guidelines – a descriptive list of official guidelines for "English Wikipedia" Manual of Style – a descriptive list of the pages which make up the Manual of Style. Policies – a descriptive list of official policies for "English Wikipedia" Quick directory – a small list of key pages with emphasis on interaction between members of the community. Shortcuts – a list of abbreviated redirects and the pages they lead to. Tips – a list of "tips" created by users at Tip of the day project . Help contents by topic Help menu – main menu-style help page (old format used on the Help:Contents page). Navigating Wikipedia – a list of help pages for reading the encyclopedia and navigating the site. Joining Wikipedia – a list of basic introductions about how to get started. Editing Wikipedia – a list of general help pages for editors. Links and references – a list of page to help with creating links or dealing with references. Images and media – a list of pages dealing with using images, videos and sound files. Tracking changes – a list of pages about tracking the evolution of a page or how to follow a user. Policies and guidelines – a list of community standards. Communication – a list of pages about contacting another user or keeping yourself informed. The Wikipedia community – a list of pages about resources for editors. Resources and lists – a list of pages about tips and tools for registered users. Account settings and maintenance – a list of pages about tips and tools for registered users Technical information – a list of pages about tools for "advanced users" and troubleshooting information. Navigating Wikipedia – a list of help pages for reading the encyclopedia and navigating the site. Joining Wikipedia – a list of basic introductions about how to get started. Editing Wikipedia – a list of general help pages for editors. Links and references – a list of page to help with creating links or dealing with references. Images and media – a list of pages dealing with using images, videos and sound files. Tracking changes – a list of pages about tracking the evolution of a page or how to follow a user. Policies and guidelines – a list of community standards. Communication – a list of pages about contacting another user or keeping yourself informed. The Wikipedia community – a list of pages about resources for editors. Resources and lists – a list of pages about tips and tools for registered users. Account settings and maintenance – a list of pages about tips and tools for registered users Technical information – a list of pages about tools for "advanced users" and troubleshooting information. Site map – the "big page" of all the help pages from above. Further reading (external links) The Bookshelf - A vast collection of high-quality, freely licensed, user-generated informational material about Wikipedia Mission statement – The Wikimedia Foundation Wikimedia values – The six values of the Wikimedia Foundation In a nutshell, what is Wikipedia? And what is the Wikimedia Foundation? – The Wikimedia Foundation Wikimedia founding principles – Principles generally supported by all of the Wikimedia communities .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Phoebe Ayers; Charles Matthews; Ben Yates (2008). How Wikipedia Works: . No Starch Press. ISBN 978-1-59327-176-3 . John Broughton (2008). Wikipedia Reader's Guide: The Missing Manual . O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-0-596-55387-6 . John Broughton (2008). Wikipedia: The Missing Manual . O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-0-596-55377-7 . Dan O'Sullivan (2009). Wikipedia: A New Community of Practice? . Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4094-8606-0 . Andrew Lih (2009). The Wikipedia revolution: how a bunch of nobodies created the world's greatest encyclopedia . Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-0371-6 . Joseph Michael Reagle, Jr.; Lawrence Lessig (2010). Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia . MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01447-2 . Sister projects (external links) Help:Contents on Wikibooks Help:Contents on Commons Help:Contents on Wikinews Help:Contents on Wikiquote Help:Contents on Wikisource Help:Contents on Wikiversity Help:Contents on Wiktionary Help:Help on Meta Help:Contents on MediaWiki.org .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Basic information on Wikipedia - ( Search ) v t e Help directory menu Teahouse (interactive help for new editors) Help directory menu directory menu Teahouse (interactive help for new editors) About Wikipedia Readers' index to Wikipedia Statistics Administration FAQs Purpose Who writes Wikipedia? Organization Censorship In brief General disclaimer Readers' index to Wikipedia Statistics Administration FAQs Purpose Who writes Wikipedia? Organization Purpose Who writes Wikipedia? Organization Censorship In brief General disclaimer Readers' FAQ Student help Navigation Searching Viewing media Help Mobile access Parental advice Other languages Researching with Wikipedia Citing Wikipedia Copyright Student help Navigation Searching Viewing media Help Help Mobile access Parental advice Other languages Researching with Wikipedia Citing Wikipedia Citing Wikipedia Copyright Introductions to contributing Main introduction List of tutorials and introductions The answer Dos and don'ts Learning the ropes Common mistakes Newcomer primer Simplified ruleset The "Missing Manual" Your first article Wizard Young Wikipedians The Wikipedia Adventure Accounts Why create an account? 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Logging in Email confirmation Editing Toolbar Conflict Toolbar Conflict VisualEditor User guide User guide Pillars, policies and guidelines Five pillars Manual of Style Simplified Etiquette Expectations Oversight Principles Ignore all rules The rules are principles Core content policies Policies and guidelines Vandalism Appealing blocks What Wikipedia is not Five pillars Manual of Style Simplified Simplified Etiquette Expectations Oversight Expectations Oversight Principles Ignore all rules The rules are principles The rules are principles Core content policies Policies and guidelines Vandalism Appealing blocks What Wikipedia is not Getting help Help menu Help desk Reference desk Category Requests for help Disputes resolution requests IRC live chat Tutorial Contact us Help menu Help desk Reference desk Category Requests for help Disputes resolution requests Disputes resolution requests IRC live chat Tutorial Tutorial Contact us Wikipedia community Departments Meetups WikiProjects Overview FAQ Village pump policy technical proposals idea lab wikimedia misc Newsletters : Signpost Library Newsletter GLAM Newsletter Informational: Community portal Dashboard Noticeboards Maintenance Task Center Essays Open letters Departments Meetups WikiProjects Overview FAQ Overview FAQ Village pump policy technical proposals idea lab wikimedia misc policy technical proposals idea lab wikimedia misc Newsletters : Signpost Library Newsletter GLAM Newsletter Signpost Library Newsletter GLAM Newsletter Informational: Community portal Dashboard Noticeboards Maintenance Task Center Essays Community portal Dashboard Noticeboards Noticeboards Maintenance Task Center Task Center Essays Open letters Sourcing and referencing Research Wikipedia Library Request Resources Free resources Request access to major databases WikiProject Resource Exchange Shared resources Guidelines Finding sources Combining sources Referencing Citations Citation Style 1 Citation templates Footnotes Page numbers Cite errors Research Wikipedia Library Request Resources Free resources Request access to major databases WikiProject Resource Exchange Shared resources Wikipedia Library Request Resources Free resources Request access to major databases Request Resources Free resources Request access to major databases WikiProject Resource Exchange Shared resources Shared resources Guidelines Finding sources Combining sources Referencing Citations Citation Style 1 Citation templates Footnotes Page numbers Cite errors Finding sources Combining sources Referencing Citations Citation Style 1 Citation templates Footnotes Page numbers Cite errors Citation Style 1 Citation templates Footnotes Page numbers Cite errors How-to guides Category Tools Infoboxes Writing articles Development Better writing Files Images Media files Uploading Deletion User contribution pages Editing pages Diffs Namespaces Deletion Merging Renaming Requests Redirecting Reverting Vandalism cleanup Talk pages Archiving Category Tools Infoboxes Writing articles Development Better writing Development Better writing Files Images Media files Uploading Deletion Images Media files Uploading Deletion User contribution pages Editing pages Diffs Namespaces Deletion Merging Renaming Requests Redirecting Reverting Diffs Namespaces Deletion Merging Renaming Requests Redirecting Reverting Vandalism cleanup Talk pages Archiving Archiving Wiki markup Wiki markup Cheatsheet Columns HTML Lists Magic words For beginners Sections Sounds Special Characters Tables Templates Documentation Index Substitution Transclusion Image and video markup Tutorial Linking Wiki markup Cheatsheet Cheatsheet Columns HTML Lists Magic words For beginners For beginners Sections Sounds Special Characters Tables Templates Documentation Index Documentation Index Substitution Transclusion Image and video markup Tutorial Tutorial Linking Directories and glossaries Category Abbreviations Contents Edit summaries Essays Glossary Index Shortcuts Tips Category Abbreviations Contents Edit summaries Essays Glossary Index Shortcuts Tips v t e Wikipedia editor navigation ( Search ) v t e v t e Wikipedia key policies and guidelines (?) Five pillars Ignore all rules Content (?) P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs Conduct (?) P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Deletion (?) P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Enforcement (?) P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Editing (?) P Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Project content (?) G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages WMF (?) P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ v t e Manual of Style Overview Contents Tips Content Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Formatting Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Layout Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists By topic area Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Related guidelines Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Search Category v t e Wikipedia accounts and governance Unregistered users Why create an account? Create an account Request an account Unregistered editors are human too IP addresses are not people IP hopper Temporary accounts Registered users New account Logging in Reset passwords Username policy Changing username Usernames for administrator attention Unified login or SUL Alternate account Account security Password strength requirements User account security Personal security practices Two-factor authentication 2FA for AWB Committed identity On privacy, confidentiality and discretion Compromised accounts How to not get outed Blocks, bans, sanctions, global actions Blocking policy FAQ Admin's guide Tools Autoblock Appealing a block Guide to appealing blocks UTRS Unblock Ticket Request System Unblock Wizard Blocking IP addresses Range blocks IPv6 Open proxies Banning policy ArbCom appeals Sanctions Personal sanctions General sanctions Contentious topics and Log Essay Indef ≠ infinite Long-term abuse Standard offer Global actions Related to accounts Sockpuppetry Single-purpose account Sleeper account Spam-only account Vandalism-only account Wikibreak Enforcer Retiring Courtesy vanishing Clean start Quiet return Account deletion User groups and global user groups Requests for permissions Admin instructions Admin guide Account creator PERM (Auto) confirmed PERM Autopatrolled PERM AutoWikiBrowser PERM Bot Request Edit filter helper Request Event coordinator PERM Extended confirmed PERM File mover PERM IP block exempt Request Mass message sender PERM New page reviewer PERM Page mover PERM Pending changes reviewer PERM Rollback PERM Template editor PERM Temporary account IP viewer PERM Global rights policy Volunteer Response Team Advanced user groups Administrator RfA Bureaucrat RfB CheckUser and Oversight Request Edit filter manager Request Interface administrator Request Founder Importer Researcher Committees and related Arbitration Committee Bot approvals group Functionaries Clerks SPI clerks ArbCom clerks Governance Administration FAQ Formal organization Editorial oversight and control Quality control Wikimedia Foundation Board Founder's seat Meta-Wiki Proposals WikiProjects Elections Policies and guidelines Petitions Noticeboards Consensus Dispute resolution Reforms v t e Wikipedia community For a listing of current collaborations, tasks, and news, see the Community portal . For a listing of ongoing discussions and current requests, see the Dashboard . General community topics Administration News The Signpost Goings-on In the media Meetups Mailing lists Wikipedians Statistics The Wikipedia Library Centralized discussion Village pump Idea lab Policy Proposals Technical Miscellaneous WMF Holidays Bots Contents and grading Requested articles Most-wanted articles Images needing articles Articles needing images Articles for creation WP:AFC/R WP:AFC/C Creating articles Help Vital articles Articles for improvement Peer review Good article nominations Featured article candidates Lists Pictures Topics Article translation Pages Main Page Errors WikiProjects and collaborations Directory Culture and the arts Geographical History and society Science, technology and engineering Wikipedia assistance and tasks Patrols Recent changes Counter-Vandalism Unit Accessibility Organizations category Awards and feedback Reward board Contests A nice cup of tea and a sit down Charitableness WikiLove Compliment before criticism Kindness Campaign Thanks! 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Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? 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P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs LLMs Conduct (?) P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Signatures Deletion (?) 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P Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace P Editing policy Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Article size Summary style Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Manual of Style Contents Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Project content (?) 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Templates Media Category Templates v t e Wikipedia essays (?) v t e Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard v t e Wikipedia help pages v t e Visit the Teahouse or the Help desk for an interactive Q & A forum. 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General technical help Bypass cache Keyboard shortcuts Editing CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting How to create a page IRC Tutorial Mobile access Multilingual support Page history Page information Page name Help Printing Software notices Editnotice Special characters Entering User access levels VisualEditor Help Bypass cache Keyboard shortcuts Editing CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting How to create a page IRC Tutorial Tutorial Mobile access Multilingual support Page history Page information Page name Help Help Printing Software notices Editnotice Editnotice Special characters Entering Entering User access levels VisualEditor Help Help Special page -related Special page help AllPages Edit filter Emailing users Logging in Reset passwords Logs Moving a page History merging Non-admin and admin-only page moves Notifications/Echo FAQ Page Curation Page import Pending changes Random pages Recent changes Related changes 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requests TimedMediaHandler extension Module Special Namespaces Main/Article Category Draft File File description page File description page Help Portal Project/Wikipedia Talk Archiving Simple Archiving Simple Simple Template User User page design User page design MediaWiki Bug reports and feature requests TimedMediaHandler extension Bug reports and feature requests TimedMediaHandler extension Module Special HTML and CSS Cascading Style Sheets HTML in wikitext Catalogue of CSS classes Common.js and common.css Classes in microformats Markup validation Span tags Useful styles Cascading Style Sheets HTML in wikitext Catalogue of CSS classes Common.js and common.css Classes in microformats Markup validation Span tags Useful styles Customisation and tools Preferences Gadgets Skins Citation tools Cleaning up vandalism tools Customizing watchlists Hide pages IRC Scripts User scripts Guide List Techniques Safe mode User style Tools Alternative browsing Browser tools Editing tools Navigation 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Administrators Accessibility Accounts Bots Referencing Citation metadata Templates User scripts See also: Category:Wikipedia how-to Category:Wikipedia information pages Further navigation at: Help pages Administrators Administrators Accessibility Accounts Bots Referencing Citation metadata Citation metadata Templates User scripts v t e Wikipedia templates v t e Main namespace General Cleanup Verifiability and sources Disputes Hatnotes Infoboxes Links External link templates Linking country articles Lists Main page Section Sources of articles Quick reference Standard boxes Stub types Translation General Cleanup Verifiability and sources Verifiability and sources Disputes Hatnotes Infoboxes Links External link templates Linking country articles External link templates Linking country articles Lists Main page Section Sources of articles Quick reference Quick reference Standard boxes Stub types Translation Other namespaces Compact TOC Category File Talk Template User Userboxes User talk 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Overview Toggle Overview subsection 1.1 Production 1.1 Production 2 Episodes 3 Cast Toggle Cast subsection 3.1 Protagonists 3.2 Supporting cast 3.3 Antagonists 3.1 Protagonists 3.2 Supporting cast 3.3 Antagonists 4 Reception 5 Home media 6 Soundtrack 7 Adaptations Toggle Adaptations subsection 7.1 Justice League Unlimited 7.1.1 Compilations 7.2 Justice League Infinity 7.2.1 Compilations 7.1 Justice League Unlimited 7.1.1 Compilations 7.1.1 Compilations 7.2 Justice League Infinity 7.2.1 Compilations 7.2.1 Compilations 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Justice League Unlimited العربية Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikiquote Wikidata item Justice League Unlimited Genre Superhero Action Based on Justice League by Gardner Fox Developed by Bruce Timm Voices of .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Kevin Conroy George Newbern Susan Eisenberg Phil LaMarr Michael Rosenbaum Carl Lumbly Maria Canals Kevin Conroy George Newbern Susan Eisenberg Phil LaMarr Michael Rosenbaum Carl Lumbly Maria Canals Theme music composer Michael McCuistion Composers Kristopher Carter Michael McCuistion Lolita Ritmanis Country of origin United States Original language English No. of seasons 3 No. of episodes 39 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer Sander Schwartz Sander Schwartz Producers Dwayne McDuffie Bruce Timm James Tucker Dwayne McDuffie Bruce Timm James Tucker Editor Joe Gall Running time 21–23 minutes Production companies DC Comics (season 3) Warner Bros. Animation Original release Network Cartoon Network Release July 31, 2004 ( 2004-07-31 ) – May 13, 2006 ( 2006-05-13 ) Related Justice League Justice League Unlimited ( JLU ) is an American animated superhero television series produced by Warner Bros. Animation with DC Comics (in season 3) and airing on Cartoon Network . Featuring a wide array of superheroes from the DC Universe , and specifically based on the Justice League superhero team, it is a direct sequel to the previous Justice League animated series and picks up around two years after it. JLU debuted on July 31, 2004, on Toonami and ended on May 13, 2006. It is the eighth and final series of the DC Animated Universe , serving as the conclusion to a shared universe which began with Batman: The Animated Series . Notably, it is the most continuity-heavy show of the DC Animated Universe , and weaves together characters and plot lines from past series. Justice League Unlimited received critical acclaim. Overview According to producer Bruce Timm , the series finale of Justice League , "Starcrossed", was possibly meant to be the final episode of the series; however, Cartoon Network ordered the production of season 3 and 4. The network wanted the show to be rebranded, including changing the episode format, so instead of two-part episode stories, the standard half an hour format was used. [ 1 ] Additionally, alongside the name change, the show features a greatly expanded League, in which the characters from the original series—now referred to as "founding members"—are joined by many other superheroes from the DC Universe ; in the first episode, well over 50 characters appear. A number of these were heroes who had made guest appearances in Justice League , but many heroes and other characters made their first animated appearances in this series. The general format of each episode is to have a small team assemble to deal with a particular situation, with a focus on both action and character interaction. This extension of the Justice League was originally planned to be explained in a planned direct-to-video feature film , but the project never materialized. Production Justice League Unlimited features both episodic and serialized episodes, the first major overarching story arc involves the growing conflict between the League and a secret government agency known as Project Cadmus . This plot line builds upon events that occurred during the second season of Justice League (which in turn built upon events in Batman: The Animated Series , Superman: The Animated Series , Batman Beyond , Static Shock , and The Zeta Project ), and would go on to affect the plotlines of most of its episodes. It was resolved in a four-part story at the end of the second season of Justice League Unlimited . The third and final season story arc focuses on the new Secret Society , a loose-knit organization formed to combat the increased superhero coordination of the first season. Towards the end of the series, certain characters became off-limits to the show, particularly characters associated with Batman, were restricted due to the unrelated animated series The Batman and Christopher Nolan 's live-action The Dark Knight Trilogy , to avoid continuity confusion, thus leading to the popular term known as "Bat-embargo". Aquaman and related characters were unavailable due to the development of a pilot for a live-action series featuring the character as a young man (planned to be a spin-off of Smallville ). To compensate for this, the last season focused their stories on previously overlooked DC Comics characters and mythos. These included characters like Deadman , Viking Prince , and Warlord . The series, along with the entire DC Animated Universe, was originally planned to end after the second-season finale "Epilogue", which concluded the story of Batman Beyond and thus the entire DCAU chronologically. But a third season was greenlit by Cartoon Network. The third season started in 2005 with the episode "I Am Legion" (which was written before the announcement of a third season) and ended in 2006 with the episode "Destroyer". Stan Berkowitz, a member of the production team, left the show later for the TV series Friends and Heroes , and writer Matt Wayne was contracted to replace him. According to Wayne, if the show had been renewed for a fourth season, he would have liked to write more episodes focusing on Superman and Wonder Woman . DC Comics created an ongoing monthly comic book series based on the TV series, as part of its Johnny DC line of "all ages" comics, which did not have the same restrictions regarding character appearances. Justice League Unlimited , like the second season of Justice League , is animated in widescreen . The show also features new theme music and intro (nominated for an Emmy). [ 2 ] The two-part series finale was aired in the UK on February 8 and 18, 2006, and in the United States on May 6 and 13, 2006. Episodes Season Episodes Originally released First released Last released 1 13 July 31, 2004 ( 2004-07-31 ) January 29, 2005 ( 2005-01-29 ) 2 13 February 5, 2005 ( 2005-02-05 ) July 23, 2005 ( 2005-07-23 ) 3 13 September 17, 2005 ( 2005-09-17 ) May 13, 2006 ( 2006-05-13 ) Cast Protagonists Voice actor Role George Newbern Superman / Clark Kent Kevin Conroy Batman / Bruce Wayne Phil LaMarr Green Lantern / John Stewart Carl Lumbly Martian Manhunter / J'onn J'onzz Susan Eisenberg Wonder Woman / Diana Michael Rosenbaum Flash / Wally West Maria Canals-Barrera Hawkgirl / Shayera Hol Supporting cast Voice actor Role Nicholle Tom Supergirl Kin Shriner Green Arrow Jeffrey Combs Question Amy Acker Huntress Oded Fehr Doctor Fate Scott Rummell Aquaman Michael T. Weiss Etrigan / Jason Blood Morena Baccarin Black Canary Dana Delany Lois Lane Will Friedle Terry McGinnis / Batman , Green Lantern (Kyle Rayner) Farrah Forke Big Barda Olivia d'Abo Star Sapphire / Carol Ferris Peter Onorati Warhawk , B'wana Beast Lauren Tom Dana Tan , Green Lantern (Kai-Ro) , Doctor Light Michael Beach Mister Terrific Giselle Loren Stargirl Chris Cox Captain Atom , Shining Knight Jeremy Piven Elongated Man Gina Torres Vixen John C. McGinley Atom Tom Everett Scott Booster Gold Ioan Gruffudd Mister Miracle Christopher McDonald Jor-El Robert Picardo Amazo Jennifer Hale Zatanna Nathan Fillion Vigilante James Remar Hawkman Ron Perlman Orion Mike Erwin Speedy Scott Patterson King Faraday Jerry O'Connell Captain Marvel Gregg Rainwater Long Shadow Dennis Farina Wildcat Paul Guilfoyle Warlord Jonathan Joss Pow Wow Smith Raphael Sbarge Deadman Jason Hervey Dove Fred Savage Hawk Maria Canals-Barrera Fire Susan Sullivan Hippolyta Néstor Carbonell El Diablo Ben Browder Bat Lash Seymour Cassel Chuck Sirianni Matt Czuchry Brainiac 5 Daniel Dae Kim Metron Dick Miller Oberon Kim Mai Guest Linda Park Antagonists Voice actor Role Clancy Brown Lex Luthor Corey Burton Brainiac , Key , Sonar , Weather Wizard Powers Boothe Gorilla Grodd CCH Pounder Amanda Waller J. K. Simmons General Wade Eiling , Mantis Michael Ironside Darkseid Michael Dorn Kalibak Ed Asner Granny Goodness Malcolm McDowell Metallo Bud Cort Toyman Robert Foxworth Professor Hamilton Olivia d'Abo Morgaine Le Fey Armin Shimerman Professor Milo Donal Gibson Captain Boomerang Alexis Denisof Mirror Master Alan Rachins Clock King Mark Hamill Trickster Charles Napier General Hardcastle Lisa Edelstein Mercy Graves , Paula von Gunther Robert Englund Felix Faust Ted Levine Sinestro Peter MacNicol Chronos James Remar Shadow Thief Sheryl Lee Ralph Cheetah Michael Jai White Doomsday Robin Atkin Downes Gentleman Ghost Douglas Dunning Deimos Rachel York Circe Michael York Ares Virginia Madsen Roulette Héctor Elizondo Hath-Set Lex Lang Atomic Skull , Captain Cold , Heat Wave Don Harvey Chucko Melissa Joan Hart Dee Dee Michael Rosenbaum Ghoul Adam Baldwin Rick Flag , Bonk Juliet Landau Plastique , Tala Jennifer Hale Giganta , Killer Frost Hynden Walch Ace Bob Joles Hades Glenn Shadix Steven Mandragora Michael Beach Devil Ray Arte Johnson Virman Vundabar Reception Justice League Unlimited received overwhelming critical acclaim and is listed as one of the best animated television shows of all time. IGN named Justice League/Justice League Unlimited as the 20th best animated television series of all time. [ 3 ] Similarly, IndieWire also ranked the series as the 20th best animated show of all time. [ 4 ] James Whitbrook, editor of io9 , wrote " Justice League Unlimited is simply the greatest superhero show of all time", further stating "it embraced its source material wholly, and was unafraid to be the wildest, biggest, comic-book-iest show it could be." [ 5 ] Producer Bruce Timm has stated that amongst all the shows he has worked on, this show is his favorite. [ 6 ] Home media From 2006 to 2007, Warner Home Video (via DC Entertainment and Warner Bros. Family Entertainment ) released the entire series of Justice League Unlimited on DVD. The series is presented in original broadcast presentation and story arc continuity order. The series was also released on Blu-ray. Name Release date Ep # Notes Season One October 24, 2006 26 4 DVDs. Contains all episodes of Seasons One and Two from the original airing. Featurette: And Justice for All: The Process of Revamping the Series with New Characters and a New Creative Direction, Themes of Justice: Choose Your Favorite JLU Musical Theme Audio Tracks, Creators' Commentary on "This Little Piggy" and 'The Return.” Episode 21 – "Hunter's Moon (AKA Mystery in Space)" – is placed out of order between episodes 22 ("Question Authority") and episode 23 ("Flashpoint"). Season Two March 20, 2007 13 2 DVDs. Actually Season Three from the original airing. Cadmus: Exposed: Mark Hamill and the Series Creative Personnel Discuss This Popular Series Story Arc, Justice League Chronicles: Series Writers, Producers and Directors Discuss Their Favorite Moments Among Final Season Episodes, Music-Only Audio Track for the Final Episode Destroyer. Justice League: 3-Pack Fun July 19, 2011 11 3 DVDs. Contains "For The Man Who Has Everything," "The Return," and "The Greatest Story Never Told," as well as the two-part Justice League stories "The Brave and the Bold" and "Injustice For All,” and the Young Justice episodes "Independence Day," "Fireworks," "Welcome To Happy Harbor," and "Drop Zone.” The Complete Series November 10, 2015 39 3 Blu-ray discs. Featurette: And Justice for All: The Process of Revamping the Series with New Characters and a New Creative Direction, Creators' Commentary on "This Little Piggy" and 'The Return,” Cadmus: Exposed: Mark Hamill and the Series Creative Personnel Discuss This Popular Series Story Arc, Justice League Chronicles: Series Writers, Producers and Directors Discuss Their Favorite Moments Among Final Season Episodes. Episodes are shown in the correct order. Warner Home Video also released another DVD set titled Justice League: The Complete Series . It contained all 91 episodes of Justice League and Justice League Unlimited on a 15-disc set with the 15th disc containing a bonus documentary. The same episodes were later sold as a 10-disc set without the bonus documentary. Soundtrack La-La Land Records released a 4-disc Justice League soundtrack on July 29, 2016. [ 7 ] A potential Justice League Unlimited soundtrack depends on how well the Justice League soundtrack sells. [ 8 ] Adaptations Justice League Unlimited DC Comics published a series of 46-issue numbered comics based on the television series, between 2004 and 2008. Justice League Unlimited: Jam-Packed Action! (2005-09-28): Adaptation of episodes 'Initiation' and 'For the Man Who Has Everything'. [ 9 ] Compilations Justice League Unlimited Vol. 1: United They Stand (2005-05-18): Includes #1-5. [ 10 ] Justice League Unlimited Vol. 2: World's Greatest Heroes (2006-04-19): Includes #6-10. [ 11 ] Justice League Unlimited Vol. 3: Champions of Justice (2006-04-19): Includes #11-15. [ 12 ] Justice League Unlimited: The Ties That Bind (2008-04-09): Includes #16-22. [ 13 ] Justice League Unlimited: Heroes (2009-04-08): Includes #23-29. [ 14 ] Justice League Unlimited: Galactic Justice (2020-08-25, .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} ISBN 1-77950-673-2 / ISBN 978-1-77950-673-3 ): Includes #4, 6, 18, 24, 34, 46. [ 15 ] Justice League Unlimited: Time After Time (2020-11-03, ISBN 1-77950-724-0 / ISBN 978-1-77950-724-2 ): Includes Adventures in the DC Universe #10, Justice League Adventures #28, 30, 34; Justice League Unlimited #9, 19. [ 16 ] Justice League Unlimited: Girl Power (2021-07-06, ISBN 1-77951-015-2 / ISBN 978-1-77951-015-0 /EAN-5 50999): Includes Adventures in the DC Universe #6, 9; Justice League Adventures #4; Justice League Unlimited #20, 22, 35, 42; DC Super Hero Girls : Ghosting (preview). [ 17 ] [ note 1 ] Justice League Unlimited: Hocus Pocus (2021-01-27, ISBN 1-77950-754-2 / ISBN 978-177950-754-9 ): Includes #11, 14, 25, 33, 37, 40. [ 18 ] DC Comics: Girls Unite!/DC Girls Unite (2021-11-02, ISBN 978-1-77951-362-5 /EAN-5 53999): Includes Batman Adventures: Cat Got Your Tongue? , Supergirl Adventures: Girl of Steel , Batman Adventures: Batgirl A League of Her Own , Justice League Unlimited: Girl Power Justice League Infinity It is a sequel comic to Justice League Unlimited , written by James Tucker and J.M. DeMatteis with art by Ethen Beavers . 7 numbered issues were published by DC Comics between 2021 and 2022. Compilations Justice League Infinity (2022-07-05): Includes #1-7. [ 19 ] See also Animation portal Television portal United States portal Speculative fiction portal Cartoon portal 2000s portal List of Justice League episodes Justice League: Worlds Collide , a canceled Justice League DTV feature. Notes ^ Publisher mislisted the book as including Adventures in the DC Universe #3-5; Justice League Unlimited #21, 36-41. References ^ "Comics Continuum" . ^ "Justice League Unlimited" . Television Academy . Retrieved October 23, 2018 . ^ "Top 1000 Animated Series - IGN.com" . ^ "The Best Animated Series of All Time" . March 4, 2022. ^ "Why Justice League Unlimited Was, and Still is, the Best Superhero TV Show" . November 13, 2015. ^ "Bruce Timm Interview: Justice League, Batman, Harley Quinn, & More" . June 8, 2015. ^ "film music – movie music- film score – JUSTICE LEAGUE – Michael McCuistion – Lolita Ritmanis – Kristopher Carter – Limited Edition" . Lalaandrecords.com . Archived from the original on June 29, 2017 . Retrieved February 28, 2017 . ^ "FSM Board: Save DC Comics Animated Music!" . Filmscoremonthly.com . ^ JUSTICE LEAGUE UNLIMITED: JAM-PACKED ACTION ^ JUSTICE LEAGUE UNLIMITED VOL. 1: UNITED THEY STAND ^ JUSTICE LEAGUE UNLIMITED VOL. 2: WORLD'S GREATEST HEROES ^ JUSTICE LEAGUE UNLIMITED VOL. 3: CHAMPIONS OF JUSTICE ^ JUSTICE LEAGUE UNLIMITED: TIES THAT BIND ^ JUSTICE LEAGUE UNLIMITED: HEROES ^ Justice League Unlimited: Galactic Justice TP ^ JUSTICE LEAGUE UNLIMITED: TIME AFTER TIME ^ JUSTICE LEAGUE UNLIMITED: GIRL POWER ^ JUSTICE LEAGUE UNLIMITED: HOCUS POCUS ^ "JUSTICE LEAGUE INFINITY" . Archived from the original on August 16, 2022 . Retrieved August 16, 2022 . External links DC page: TV series , comics (JLU) Archived 2020-11-30 at the Wayback Machine , comics (JLI2021) Archived 2022-08-16 at the Wayback Machine Justice League Unlimited at IMDb Justice League Unlimited at The World's Finest Justice League Unlimited on the DC Animated Universe Wiki, an external wiki Links to related articles .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e DC Animated Universe Creators Bruce Timm Paul Dini Alan Burnett Dwayne McDuffie Television Batman: The Animated Series Episodes " On Leather Wings " " Christmas with the Joker " " Heart of Ice " " The Cat and the Claw " " Beware the Gray Ghost " " Joker's Favor " " Almost Got 'im " " Perchance to Dream " " Robin's Reckoning " " Heart of Steel " " Zatanna " Superman: The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures The New Batman/Superman Adventures Batman Beyond episodes characters Static Shock episodes characters The Zeta Project Justice League episodes Justice League Unlimited episodes Films Batman: Mask of the Phantasm Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman Batman and Harley Quinn Justice League vs. the Fatal Five Digital content Gotham Girls Chase Me Comics The Batman Adventures Mad Love Superman Adventures Batman Beyond Batman: The Adventures Continue Video games Batman: The Animated Series The Adventures of Batman & Robin Superman 64 Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker Batman: Chaos in Gotham Batman: Gotham City Racer Batman: Vengeance Superman: Shadow of Apokolips Justice League: Injustice for All Superman: Countdown to Apokolips Batman: Rise of Sin Tzu Justice League: Chronicles Characters Andrea Beaumont Calendar Girl Harley Quinn Justice Guild of America Justice Lords Livewire Mercy Graves Nora Fries Renee Montoya Roxy Rocket Terry McGinnis / Batman Volcana Miscellaneous Batman Animated v t e Justice League franchise media Animated television The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure Super Friends Justice League Unlimited Batman: The Brave and the Bold Young Justice Outsiders Justice League: Gods and Monsters Chronicles Justice League Action DC Super Hero Girls Animated films Justice League: The New Frontier Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths Justice League: Doom Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox JLA Adventures: Trapped in Time Justice League: War Justice League: Throne of Atlantis Justice League: Gods and Monsters Justice League vs. Teen Titans Justice League Dark Justice League vs. the Fatal Five Justice League Dark: Apokolips War Injustice Justice League x RWBY: Super Heroes & Huntsmen Justice League: Warworld Justice League: Crisis on Infinite Earths Animated shorts DC Super Friends DC Nation Shorts Live-action television Justice League Smallville " It's Cow or Never " Peacemaker Live-action films Legends of the Superheroes Justice League of America DC Extended Universe Justice League production of Justice League soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League soundtrack Video games Justice League Task Force Justice League: Injustice for All Justice League: Chronicles Justice League Heroes The Flash Justice League Heroes United Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe DC Universe Online Injustice: Gods Among Us Injustice 2 Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure Young Justice: Legacy Suicide Squad: Kill the Justice League Justice League: Cosmic Chaos Attractions Justice League: Alien Invasion 3D Justice League: Battle for Metropolis Lego related Lego Batman: The Movie – DC Super Heroes Unite Batman Be-Leaguered Justice League vs. Bizarro League Justice League: Attack of the Legion of Doom Justice League: Cosmic Clash Justice League: Gotham City Breakout Lego Batman: The Videogame Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes The Lego Movie Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham The Lego Batman Movie The Flash Aquaman – Rage of Atlantis Lego DC Super-Villains The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part v t e Superman franchise media Comic strips Superman (1939–1966) The World's Greatest Superheroes (1978–1985) Superman: The Complete Comic Strips 1939–1966 (2013–present) – Reprint book collection Radio The Adventures of Superman (US, 1940–1951) The Adventures of Superman (UK, 1988) Animated films Superman animated shorts (1941–1943) Brainiac Attacks Doomsday Superman/Batman: Public Enemies Superman/Batman: Apocalypse Superman/Shazam!: The Return of Black Adam All-Star Superman vs. The Elite Unbound The Death of Superman Reign of the Supermen Red Son Man of Tomorrow Battle of the Super Sons Live-action films Serials Superman Atom Man vs. Superman 1950s films Superman and the Mole Men Stamp Day for Superman (short film) 1978–2006 film series Superman Superman II The Richard Donner Cut Superman III Supergirl Superman IV: The Quest for Peace Superman Returns DC Extended Universe Man of Steel Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Justice League Zack Snyder's Justice League DC Universe Superman Supergirl Documentary films Look, Up in the Sky: The Amazing Story of Superman The Death of "Superman Lives": What Happened? Super/Man: The Christopher Reeve Story Television Live-action Adventures of Superman The Adventures of Superboy (pilot) Superboy Lois & Clark Smallville Supergirl Krypton Superman & Lois Animation The New Adventures of Superman The Adventures of Superboy Superman The Animated Series Krypto the Superdog Legion of Super Heroes My Adventures with Superman Novels The Adventures of Superman (1942) Last Son of Krypton Miracle Monday Doomsday & Beyond Lois & Clark: A Superman Novel It's Superman! Enemies & Allies Video games Superman (1979) Superman: The Game (1985) Superman (1987) Superman (1988) The Man of Steel (1989) Superman (1992) The Death and Return of Superman The New Superman Adventures Shadow of Apokolips The Man of Steel (2002) Countdown to Apokolips Returns MultiVersus Music "You've Got Possibilities" Superman III (soundtrack) Superman Returns (soundtrack) "Save Me" (Remy Zero song) Man of Steel (soundtrack) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (soundtrack) Metropolis Symphony Superman (2025 soundtrack) Other media It's a Bird... It's a Plane... It's Superman (musical) The Adventures of Seinfeld & Superman (advertisement) Superman (pinball) (1979) Related characters Lois Lane in other media Lex Luthor in other media Supergirl in other media Related Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation "Crisis on Infinite Earths" Hollywoodland Lucy and Superman " Man of Steel, Woman of Kleenex " National Comics Publications, Inc. v. Fawcett Publications, Inc. Sunman (1992 video game) Superman curse Superman ice cream " Superman and Paula Brown's New Snowsuit " " The Reign of the Superman " Superman and Lois Lane Superman '78 v t e Stargirl Creators Geoff Johns Lee Moder David S. Goyer Supporting characters Justice Society of America Shining Knight Starman S.T.R.I.P.E. Enemies Black Adam Brainwave Dragon King Dummy Harlequin Icicle Injustice Society Johnny Sorrow Klarion Kobra Nebula Man Royal Flush Gang Shadow Thief Solomon Grundy Spider Tigress Publications Stars and S.T.R.I.P.E. The New Golden Age In other media Justice League Action Justice League Unlimited Stargirl characters v t e Animated TV series based on DC Comics publications Former The New Adventures of Superman (1966–1970) The Adventures of Superboy (1966–1969) The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure (1967–1968) Aquaman (1968–1970) The Batman/Superman Hour (1968–1969) The Adventures of Batman (1968–1969) Super Friends (1973) The New Adventures of Batman (1977) The All-New Super Friends Hour (1977) The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour (1977–1978) Challenge of the Superfriends (1978) The World's Greatest SuperFriends (1979) The Plastic Man Comedy/Adventure Show (1979–1981) Super Friends (1980–1983) The Kid Super Power Hour with Shazam! (1981–1982) Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show (1984) The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians (1985) Superman (1988) Swamp Thing (1990–1991) Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1995) The Superman/Batman Adventures (1995–1997) Superman: The Animated Series (1996–2000) The New Batman/Superman Adventures (1997–2000) The New Batman Adventures (1997–1999) Batman Beyond (1999–2001) Static Shock (2000–2004) The Zeta Project (2001–2002) Justice League (2001–2004) Teen Titans (2003–2006) Justice League Unlimited (2004–2006) The Batman (2004–2008) Krypto the Superdog (2005–2006) Legion of Super Heroes (2006–2008) Batman: The Brave and the Bold (2008–2011) Mad (2010–2013) Young Justice (2010–2013; 2019–2022) Green Lantern: The Animated Series (2011–2013) DC Nation Shorts (2011–2014) Beware the Batman (2013–2014) Justice League: Gods and Monsters Chronicles (2015) Vixen (2015–2016) DC Super Hero Girls (2015–2018) Justice League Action (2016–2018) Freedom Fighters: The Ray (2017–2018) Constantine: City of Demons (2018–2019) DC Super Hero Girls (2019–2021) Deathstroke: Knights & Dragons (2020) Aquaman: King of Atlantis (2021) Suicide Squad Isekai (2024) Kite Man: Hell Yeah! (2024) Current Teen Titans Go! (since 2013) Harley Quinn (since 2019) Batwheels (since 2022) My Adventures with Superman (since 2023) Batman: Caped Crusader (since 2024) Creature Commandos (since 2024) Bat-Fam (since 2025) See also DC Entertainment Warner Bros. Animation List of unproduced projects v t e Warner Bros. Animation Franchises Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies Films Shorts characters The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie (1979) The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie (1981) Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales (1982) Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island (1983) Daffy Duck's Quackbusters (1988) Space Jam (1996) Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003) Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021) The Day the Earth Blew Up: A Looney Tunes Movie (2025) Coyote vs. Acme (2026) TV series The Bugs Bunny Show The Porky Pig Show Merrie Melodies Starring Bugs Bunny & Friends Tiny Toon Adventures characters episodes Taz-Mania The Plucky Duck Show The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries Bugs 'n' Daffy Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain Baby Looney Tunes episodes Duck Dodgers characters episodes Loonatics Unleashed The Looney Tunes Show episodes New Looney Tunes episodes Looney Tunes Cartoons episodes Bugs Bunny Builders Tiny Toons Looniversity DC Comics Batman: The Animated Series Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) Superman: The Animated Series The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond Static Shock The Zeta Project Justice League Teen Titans Justice League Unlimited The Batman Krypto the Superdog Legion of Super Heroes Batman: The Brave and the Bold Mad Young Justice Green Lantern: The Animated Series DC Nation Shorts Teen Titans Go! Beware the Batman Justice League: Gods and Monsters Chronicles Vixen Justice League Action Freedom Fighters: The Ray Constantine: City of Demons DC Super Hero Girls Teen Titans Go! To the Movies (2018) Harley Quinn DC Super Hero Girls (2019) Deathstroke: Knights & Dragons Aquaman: King of Atlantis DC League of Super-Pets (2022) Batwheels My Adventures with Superman Merry Little Batman Kite Man: Hell Yeah! Batman: Caped Crusader Creature Commandos Bat-Fam Animaniacs Animaniacs (1993 series) characters episodes Freakazoid! Pinky and the Brain episodes Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain Animaniacs (2020 series) Tom and Jerry Tom and Jerry Tales The Tom and Jerry Show Tom and Jerry Special Shorts Tom & Jerry (2021) Tom and Jerry in New York Hanna-Barbera Wacky Races Yabba Dabba Dinosaurs Jellystone! Scooby-Doo ( media ) What's New, Scooby-Doo? Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue! Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! " Scoobynatural " ( Supernatural episode) Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? Scoob! (2020) Velma Osmosis Jones Osmosis Jones (2001) Ozzy & Drix The Lego Movie The Lego Movie (2014) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) The Lego Ninjago Movie (2017) Unikitty! (2017) The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part (2019) ThunderCats ThunderCats (2011 TV series) ThunderCats Roar Films and specials Theatrical films Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) Space Jam (1996) Cats Don't Dance (1997) Quest for Camelot (1998) The Iron Giant (1999) Osmosis Jones (2001) Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003) The Lego Movie (2014) Storks (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) The Lego Ninjago Movie (2017) Teen Titans Go! To the Movies (2018) Smallfoot (2018) The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part (2019) Scoob! (2020) Tom & Jerry (2021) Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021) DC League of Super-Pets (2022) The Lord of the Rings: The War of the Rohirrim (2024) The Day the Earth Blew Up: A Looney Tunes Movie (2025) The Cat in the Hat (2026) Coyote vs. Acme (2026) Scoob! Holiday Haunt (unreleased) Television specials A Miser Brothers' Christmas (2008) Scooby-Doo! Spooky Games (2012) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special (2012) Scooby-Doo! Haunted Holidays (2012) Scooby-Doo! and the Spooky Scarecrow (2013) Scooby-Doo! Mecha Mutt Menace (2013) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2: Villains in Paradise (2014) Scooby-Doo! Ghastly Goals (2014) Tom and Jerry: Santa's Little Helpers (2014) Lego DC Comics: Batman Be-Leaguered (2014) Elf: Buddy's Musical Christmas (2014) Scooby-Doo! and the Beach Beastie (2015) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III: Magical Friendship (2015) Lego Scooby-Doo! Knight Time Terror (2015) DC Super Hero Girls: Super Hero High (2016) Beebo Saves Christmas (2021) Direct- to-video 1990s Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation (1992) Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero (1998) Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island (1998) Scooby-Doo! and the Witch's Ghost (1999) Wakko's Wish (1999) 2000s Tweety's High-Flying Adventure (2000) Scooby-Doo and the Alien Invaders (2000) Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker (2000) Scooby-Doo and the Cyber Chase (2001) Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring (2002) Baby Looney Tunes' Eggs-traordinary Adventure (2003) Scooby-Doo! and the Legend of the Vampire (2003) Scooby-Doo! and the Monster of Mexico (2003) Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman (2003) Scooby-Doo! and the Loch Ness Monster (2004) Kangaroo Jack: G'Day U.S.A.! (2004) ¡Mucha Lucha!: The Return of El Maléfico (2005) Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars (2005) Aloha, Scooby-Doo! (2005) Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry (2005) The Batman vs. Dracula (2005) Scooby-Doo! in Where's My Mummy? (2005) Scooby-Doo! Pirates Ahoy! (2006) Superman: Brainiac Attacks (2006) Tom and Jerry: Shiver Me Whiskers (2006) Teen Titans: Trouble in Tokyo (2006) Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas (2006) Chill Out, Scooby-Doo! (2007) Superman: Doomsday (2007) Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale (2007) Justice League: The New Frontier (2008) Batman: Gotham Knight (2008) Scooby-Doo! and the Goblin King (2008) Wonder Woman (2009) Scooby-Doo! and the Samurai Sword (2009) Green Lantern: First Flight (2009) Superman/Batman: Public Enemies (2009) 2010s 2010 Scooby-Doo! Abracadabra-Doo Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths Batman: Under the Red Hood Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes Scooby-Doo! Camp Scare Superman/Batman: Apocalypse 2011 All-Star Superman Green Lantern: Emerald Knights Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz Scooby-Doo! Legend of the Phantosaur Batman: Year One 2012 Justice League: Doom Scooby-Doo! Music of the Vampire Superman vs. The Elite Batman: The Dark Knight Returns (2012/2013) Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse Big Top Scooby-Doo! 2013 Scooby-Doo! Mask of the Blue Falcon Superman: Unbound Scooby-Doo! Adventures: The Mystery Map Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure Scooby-Doo! Stage Fright 2014 JLA Adventures: Trapped in Time Justice League: War Scooby-Doo! WrestleMania Mystery Son of Batman Batman: Assault on Arkham Scooby-Doo! Frankencreepy Tom and Jerry: The Lost Dragon 2015 Justice League: Throne of Atlantis Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League vs. Bizarro League Scooby-Doo! Moon Monster Madness The Flintstones & WWE: Stone Age SmackDown! Batman vs. Robin Batman Unlimited: Animal Instincts Tom and Jerry: Spy Quest Scooby-Doo! and Kiss: Rock and Roll Mystery Justice League: Gods and Monsters Looney Tunes: Rabbits Run Batman Unlimited: Monster Mayhem Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Attack of the Legion of Doom 2016 Batman: Bad Blood Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Cosmic Clash Justice League vs. Teen Titans Lego Scooby-Doo! Haunted Hollywood Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Gotham City Breakout Batman: The Killing Joke Scooby-Doo! and WWE: Curse of the Speed Demon DC Super Hero Girls: Hero of the Year Batman Unlimited: Mechs vs. Mutants Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders 2017 Justice League Dark Scooby-Doo! Shaggy's Showdown The Jetsons & WWE: Robo-WrestleMania! Teen Titans: The Judas Contract DC Super Hero Girls: Intergalactic Games Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Lego Scooby-Doo! Blowout Beach Bash Lego DC Super Hero Girls: Brain Drain Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face 2018 Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Batman: Gotham by Gaslight Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: The Flash Suicide Squad: Hell to Pay Batman Ninja Lego DC Super Hero Girls: Super-Villain High Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Aquaman – Rage of Atlantis The Death of Superman Scooby-Doo! and the Gourmet Ghost DC Super Hero Girls: Legends of Atlantis 2019 Reign of the Supermen Scooby-Doo! and the Curse of the 13th Ghost Justice League vs. the Fatal Five Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Batman: Hush Teen Titans Go! vs. Teen Titans Lego DC Batman: Family Matters Scooby-Doo! Return to Zombie Island Wonder Woman: Bloodlines 2020s 2020 Superman: Red Son Mortal Kombat Legends: Scorpion's Revenge Lego DC Shazam! Magic and Monsters Justice League Dark: Apokolips War Deathstroke: Knights & Dragons: The Movie Superman: Man of Tomorrow Happy Halloween, Scooby-Doo! 2021 Batman: Soul of the Dragon Scooby-Doo! The Sword and the Scoob Justice Society: World War II Teen Titans Go! See Space Jam Batman: The Long Halloween Mortal Kombat Legends: Battle of the Realms Straight Outta Nowhere: Scooby-Doo! Meets Courage the Cowardly Dog Injustice 2022 Tom and Jerry: Cowboy Up! Catwoman: Hunted Teen Titans Go! & DC Super Hero Girls: Mayhem in the Multiverse King Tweety Green Lantern: Beware My Power Trick or Treat Scooby-Doo! Mortal Kombat Legends: Snow Blind Batman and Superman: Battle of the Super Sons Tom and Jerry: Snowman's Land Green Lantern: Beware My Power 2023 Legion of Super-Heroes Batman: The Doom That Came to Gotham Justice League x RWBY: Super Heroes & Huntsmen Taz: Quest for Burger Justice League: Warworld Babylon 5: The Road Home Scooby-Doo! and Krypto, Too! Mortal Kombat Legends: Cage Match 2024 Justice League: Crisis on Infinite Earths Watchmen 2025 Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Short films The Duxorcist (1987) The Night of the Living Duck (1988) Box-Office Bunny (1990) Chariots of Fur (1994) Carrotblanca (1995) Another Froggy Evening (1995) Superior Duck (1996) Pullet Surprise (1997) Marvin the Martian in the Third Dimension (1997) From Hare to Eternity (1997) Father of the Bird (1997) Little Go Beep (2000) Chase Me (2003) The Karate Guard (2005) DC Showcase: The Spectre (2010) DC Showcase: Jonah Hex (2010) Coyote Falls (2010) Fur of Flying (2010) DC Showcase: Green Arrow (2010) Superman/Shazam!: The Return of Black Adam (2010) Rabid Rider (2010) DC Showcase: Catwoman (2011) I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat (2011) Daffy's Rhapsody (2012) The Master (2016) The Late Batsby (2018) Other TV series 1990s Road Rovers Waynehead Free Willy Histeria! Detention 2000s Baby Blues ¡Mucha Lucha! 3-South Xiaolin Showdown Firehouse Tales Coconut Fred's Fruit Salad Island! Johnny Test ( characters ) 2010s Mike Tyson Mysteries Bunnicula Right Now Kapow Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz Green Eggs and Ham 2020s Little Ellen Gremlins See also List of Warner Bros. Animation productions Warner Bros. Pictures Animation Warner Bros. Feature Animation Warner Bros. Cartoons Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Hanna-Barbera Cartoon Network Productions Cartoon Network Studios Williams Street Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe Unproduced projects List of Warner Bros. theatrical animated feature films Warner Bros. Cartoons Warner Bros. Animation .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e DC Animated Universe v t e Creators Bruce Timm Paul Dini Alan Burnett Dwayne McDuffie Bruce Timm Paul Dini Alan Burnett Dwayne McDuffie Television Batman: The Animated Series Episodes " On Leather Wings " " Christmas with the Joker " " Heart of Ice " " The Cat and the Claw " " Beware the Gray Ghost " " Joker's Favor " " Almost Got 'im " " Perchance to Dream " " Robin's Reckoning " " Heart of Steel " " Zatanna " Superman: The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures The New Batman/Superman Adventures Batman Beyond episodes characters Static Shock episodes characters The Zeta Project Justice League episodes Justice League Unlimited episodes Batman: The Animated Series Episodes " On Leather Wings " " Christmas with the Joker " " Heart of Ice " " The Cat and the Claw " " Beware the Gray Ghost " " Joker's Favor " " Almost Got 'im " " Perchance to Dream " " Robin's Reckoning " " Heart of Steel " " Zatanna " Episodes " On Leather Wings " " Christmas with the Joker " " Heart of Ice " " The Cat and the Claw " " Beware the Gray Ghost " " Joker's Favor " " Almost Got 'im " " Perchance to Dream " " Robin's Reckoning " " Heart of Steel " " Zatanna " " On Leather Wings " " Christmas with the Joker " " Heart of Ice " " The Cat and the Claw " " Beware the Gray Ghost " " Joker's Favor " " Almost Got 'im " " Perchance to Dream " " Robin's Reckoning " " Heart of Steel " " Zatanna " Superman: The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures The New Batman/Superman Adventures Batman Beyond episodes characters Static Shock episodes characters The Zeta Project Justice League episodes Justice League Unlimited episodes Superman: The Animated Series episodes episodes The New Batman Adventures The New Batman/Superman Adventures Batman Beyond episodes characters episodes characters Static Shock episodes characters episodes characters The Zeta Project Justice League episodes episodes Justice League Unlimited episodes episodes Films Batman: Mask of the Phantasm Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman Batman and Harley Quinn Justice League vs. the Fatal Five Batman: Mask of the Phantasm Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman Batman and Harley Quinn Justice League vs. the Fatal Five Digital content Gotham Girls Chase Me Gotham Girls Chase Me Comics The Batman Adventures Mad Love Superman Adventures Batman Beyond Batman: The Adventures Continue The Batman Adventures Mad Love Mad Love Superman Adventures Batman Beyond Batman: The Adventures Continue Video games Batman: The Animated Series The Adventures of Batman & Robin Superman 64 Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker Batman: Chaos in Gotham Batman: Gotham City Racer Batman: Vengeance Superman: Shadow of Apokolips Justice League: Injustice for All Superman: Countdown to Apokolips Batman: Rise of Sin Tzu Justice League: Chronicles Batman: The Animated Series The Adventures of Batman & Robin Superman 64 Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker Batman: Chaos in Gotham Batman: Gotham City Racer Batman: Vengeance Superman: Shadow of Apokolips Justice League: Injustice for All Superman: Countdown to Apokolips Batman: Rise of Sin Tzu Justice League: Chronicles Characters Andrea Beaumont Calendar Girl Harley Quinn Justice Guild of America Justice Lords Livewire Mercy Graves Nora Fries Renee Montoya Roxy Rocket Terry McGinnis / Batman Volcana Andrea Beaumont Calendar Girl Harley Quinn Justice Guild of America Justice Lords Livewire Mercy Graves Nora Fries Renee Montoya Roxy Rocket Terry McGinnis / Batman Volcana Miscellaneous Batman Animated Batman Animated v t e Justice League franchise media v t e Animated television The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure Super Friends Justice League Unlimited Batman: The Brave and the Bold Young Justice Outsiders Justice League: Gods and Monsters Chronicles Justice League Action DC Super Hero Girls The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure Super Friends Justice League Unlimited Unlimited Batman: The Brave and the Bold Young Justice Outsiders Outsiders Justice League: Gods and Monsters Chronicles Justice League Action DC Super Hero Girls Animated films Justice League: The New Frontier Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths Justice League: Doom Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox JLA Adventures: Trapped in Time Justice League: War Justice League: Throne of Atlantis Justice League: Gods and Monsters Justice League vs. Teen Titans Justice League Dark Justice League vs. the Fatal Five Justice League Dark: Apokolips War Injustice Justice League x RWBY: Super Heroes & Huntsmen Justice League: Warworld Justice League: Crisis on Infinite Earths Justice League: The New Frontier Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths Justice League: Doom Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox JLA Adventures: Trapped in Time Justice League: War Justice League: Throne of Atlantis Justice League: Gods and Monsters Justice League vs. Teen Titans Justice League Dark Justice League vs. the Fatal Five Justice League Dark: Apokolips War Injustice Justice League x RWBY: Super Heroes & Huntsmen Justice League: Warworld Justice League: Crisis on Infinite Earths Animated shorts DC Super Friends DC Nation Shorts DC Super Friends DC Nation Shorts Live-action television Justice League Smallville " It's Cow or Never " Peacemaker Justice League Smallville Smallville " It's Cow or Never " Peacemaker Peacemaker Live-action films Legends of the Superheroes Justice League of America DC Extended Universe Justice League production of Justice League soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League soundtrack Legends of the Superheroes Justice League of America DC Extended Universe Justice League production of Justice League soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League soundtrack Justice League production of Justice League soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League soundtrack production of Justice League soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League soundtrack Video games Justice League Task Force Justice League: Injustice for All Justice League: Chronicles Justice League Heroes The Flash Justice League Heroes United Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe DC Universe Online Injustice: Gods Among Us Injustice 2 Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure Young Justice: Legacy Suicide Squad: Kill the Justice League Justice League: Cosmic Chaos Justice League Task Force Justice League: Injustice for All Justice League: Chronicles Justice League Heroes The Flash The Flash Justice League Heroes United Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe DC Universe Online Injustice: Gods Among Us Injustice 2 Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure Young Justice: Legacy Suicide Squad: Kill the Justice League Justice League: Cosmic Chaos Attractions Justice League: Alien Invasion 3D Justice League: Battle for Metropolis Justice League: Alien Invasion 3D Justice League: Battle for Metropolis Lego related Lego Batman: The Movie – DC Super Heroes Unite Batman Be-Leaguered Justice League vs. Bizarro League Justice League: Attack of the Legion of Doom Justice League: Cosmic Clash Justice League: Gotham City Breakout Lego Batman: The Videogame Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes The Lego Movie Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham The Lego Batman Movie The Flash Aquaman – Rage of Atlantis Lego DC Super-Villains The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part Lego Batman: The Movie – DC Super Heroes Unite Batman Be-Leaguered Justice League vs. Bizarro League Justice League: Attack of the Legion of Doom Justice League: Cosmic Clash Justice League: Gotham City Breakout Lego Batman: The Videogame Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes The Lego Movie Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham The Lego Batman Movie The Flash Aquaman – Rage of Atlantis Lego DC Super-Villains The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part v t e Superman franchise media v t e Comic strips Superman (1939–1966) The World's Greatest Superheroes (1978–1985) Superman: The Complete Comic Strips 1939–1966 (2013–present) – Reprint book collection Superman (1939–1966) The World's Greatest Superheroes (1978–1985) Superman: The Complete Comic Strips 1939–1966 (2013–present) – Reprint book collection Radio The Adventures of Superman (US, 1940–1951) The Adventures of Superman (UK, 1988) The Adventures of Superman (US, 1940–1951) The Adventures of Superman (UK, 1988) Animated films Superman animated shorts (1941–1943) Brainiac Attacks Doomsday Superman/Batman: Public Enemies Superman/Batman: Apocalypse Superman/Shazam!: The Return of Black Adam All-Star Superman vs. The Elite Unbound The Death of Superman Reign of the Supermen Red Son Man of Tomorrow Battle of the Super Sons Superman animated shorts (1941–1943) Brainiac Attacks Doomsday Superman/Batman: Public Enemies Superman/Batman: Apocalypse Superman/Shazam!: The Return of Black Adam All-Star Superman vs. The Elite Unbound The Death of Superman Reign of the Supermen Red Son Man of Tomorrow Battle of the Super Sons Live-action films Serials Superman Atom Man vs. Superman 1950s films Superman and the Mole Men Stamp Day for Superman (short film) 1978–2006 film series Superman Superman II The Richard Donner Cut Superman III Supergirl Superman IV: The Quest for Peace Superman Returns DC Extended Universe Man of Steel Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Justice League Zack Snyder's Justice League DC Universe Superman Supergirl Serials Superman Atom Man vs. Superman Superman Atom Man vs. Superman 1950s films Superman and the Mole Men Stamp Day for Superman (short film) Superman and the Mole Men Stamp Day for Superman (short film) 1978–2006 film series Superman Superman II The Richard Donner Cut Superman III Supergirl Superman IV: The Quest for Peace Superman Returns Superman Superman II The Richard Donner Cut The Richard Donner Cut Superman III Supergirl Superman IV: The Quest for Peace Superman Returns DC Extended Universe Man of Steel Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Justice League Zack Snyder's Justice League Man of Steel Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Justice League Zack Snyder's Justice League Zack Snyder's Justice League DC Universe Superman Supergirl Superman Supergirl Documentary films Look, Up in the Sky: The Amazing Story of Superman The Death of "Superman Lives": What Happened? Super/Man: The Christopher Reeve Story Look, Up in the Sky: The Amazing Story of Superman The Death of "Superman Lives": What Happened? Super/Man: The Christopher Reeve Story Television Live-action Adventures of Superman The Adventures of Superboy (pilot) Superboy Lois & Clark Smallville Supergirl Krypton Superman & Lois Animation The New Adventures of Superman The Adventures of Superboy Superman The Animated Series Krypto the Superdog Legion of Super Heroes My Adventures with Superman Live-action Adventures of Superman The Adventures of Superboy (pilot) Superboy Lois & Clark Smallville Supergirl Krypton Superman & Lois Adventures of Superman The Adventures of Superboy (pilot) Superboy Lois & Clark Smallville Supergirl Krypton Superman & Lois Animation The New Adventures of Superman The Adventures of Superboy Superman The Animated Series Krypto the Superdog Legion of Super Heroes My Adventures with Superman The New Adventures of Superman The Adventures of Superboy Superman The Animated Series Krypto the Superdog Legion of Super Heroes My Adventures with Superman Novels The Adventures of Superman (1942) Last Son of Krypton Miracle Monday Doomsday & Beyond Lois & Clark: A Superman Novel It's Superman! Enemies & Allies The Adventures of Superman (1942) Last Son of Krypton Miracle Monday Doomsday & Beyond Lois & Clark: A Superman Novel It's Superman! Enemies & Allies Video games Superman (1979) Superman: The Game (1985) Superman (1987) Superman (1988) The Man of Steel (1989) Superman (1992) The Death and Return of Superman The New Superman Adventures Shadow of Apokolips The Man of Steel (2002) Countdown to Apokolips Returns MultiVersus Superman (1979) Superman: The Game (1985) Superman (1987) Superman (1988) The Man of Steel (1989) Superman (1992) The Death and Return of Superman The New Superman Adventures Shadow of Apokolips The Man of Steel (2002) Countdown to Apokolips Returns MultiVersus Music "You've Got Possibilities" Superman III (soundtrack) Superman Returns (soundtrack) "Save Me" (Remy Zero song) Man of Steel (soundtrack) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (soundtrack) Metropolis Symphony Superman (2025 soundtrack) "You've Got Possibilities" Superman III (soundtrack) Superman Returns (soundtrack) "Save Me" (Remy Zero song) Man of Steel (soundtrack) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (soundtrack) Metropolis Symphony Superman (2025 soundtrack) Other media It's a Bird... It's a Plane... It's Superman (musical) The Adventures of Seinfeld & Superman (advertisement) Superman (pinball) (1979) It's a Bird... It's a Plane... It's Superman (musical) The Adventures of Seinfeld & Superman (advertisement) Superman (pinball) (1979) Related characters Lois Lane in other media Lex Luthor in other media Supergirl in other media Lois Lane in other media Lex Luthor in other media Supergirl in other media Related Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation "Crisis on Infinite Earths" Hollywoodland Lucy and Superman " Man of Steel, Woman of Kleenex " National Comics Publications, Inc. v. Fawcett Publications, Inc. Sunman (1992 video game) Superman curse Superman ice cream " Superman and Paula Brown's New Snowsuit " " The Reign of the Superman " Superman and Lois Lane Superman '78 Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation "Crisis on Infinite Earths" Hollywoodland Lucy and Superman " Man of Steel, Woman of Kleenex " National Comics Publications, Inc. v. Fawcett Publications, Inc. Sunman (1992 video game) Superman curse Superman ice cream " Superman and Paula Brown's New Snowsuit " " The Reign of the Superman " Superman and Lois Lane Superman '78 v t e Stargirl v t e Creators Geoff Johns Lee Moder David S. Goyer Geoff Johns Lee Moder David S. Goyer Supporting characters Justice Society of America Shining Knight Starman S.T.R.I.P.E. Justice Society of America Shining Knight Starman S.T.R.I.P.E. Enemies Black Adam Brainwave Dragon King Dummy Harlequin Icicle Injustice Society Johnny Sorrow Klarion Kobra Nebula Man Royal Flush Gang Shadow Thief Solomon Grundy Spider Tigress Black Adam Brainwave Dragon King Dummy Harlequin Icicle Injustice Society Johnny Sorrow Klarion Kobra Nebula Man Royal Flush Gang Shadow Thief Solomon Grundy Spider Tigress Publications Stars and S.T.R.I.P.E. The New Golden Age Stars and S.T.R.I.P.E. The New Golden Age In other media Justice League Action Justice League Unlimited Stargirl characters Justice League Action Justice League Unlimited Stargirl characters characters v t e Animated TV series based on DC Comics publications v t e Former The New Adventures of Superman (1966–1970) The Adventures of Superboy (1966–1969) The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure (1967–1968) Aquaman (1968–1970) The Batman/Superman Hour (1968–1969) The Adventures of Batman (1968–1969) Super Friends (1973) The New Adventures of Batman (1977) The All-New Super Friends Hour (1977) The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour (1977–1978) Challenge of the Superfriends (1978) The World's Greatest SuperFriends (1979) The Plastic Man Comedy/Adventure Show (1979–1981) Super Friends (1980–1983) The Kid Super Power Hour with Shazam! (1981–1982) Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show (1984) The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians (1985) Superman (1988) Swamp Thing (1990–1991) Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1995) The Superman/Batman Adventures (1995–1997) Superman: The Animated Series (1996–2000) The New Batman/Superman Adventures (1997–2000) The New Batman Adventures (1997–1999) Batman Beyond (1999–2001) Static Shock (2000–2004) The Zeta Project (2001–2002) Justice League (2001–2004) Teen Titans (2003–2006) Justice League Unlimited (2004–2006) The Batman (2004–2008) Krypto the Superdog (2005–2006) Legion of Super Heroes (2006–2008) Batman: The Brave and the Bold (2008–2011) Mad (2010–2013) Young Justice (2010–2013; 2019–2022) Green Lantern: The Animated Series (2011–2013) DC Nation Shorts (2011–2014) Beware the Batman (2013–2014) Justice League: Gods and Monsters Chronicles (2015) Vixen (2015–2016) DC Super Hero Girls (2015–2018) Justice League Action (2016–2018) Freedom Fighters: The Ray (2017–2018) Constantine: City of Demons (2018–2019) DC Super Hero Girls (2019–2021) Deathstroke: Knights & Dragons (2020) Aquaman: King of Atlantis (2021) Suicide Squad Isekai (2024) Kite Man: Hell Yeah! (2024) The New Adventures of Superman (1966–1970) The Adventures of Superboy (1966–1969) The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure (1967–1968) Aquaman (1968–1970) The Batman/Superman Hour (1968–1969) The Adventures of Batman (1968–1969) Super Friends (1973) The New Adventures of Batman (1977) The All-New Super Friends Hour (1977) The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour (1977–1978) Challenge of the Superfriends (1978) The World's Greatest SuperFriends (1979) The Plastic Man Comedy/Adventure Show (1979–1981) Super Friends (1980–1983) The Kid Super Power Hour with Shazam! (1981–1982) Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show (1984) The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians (1985) Superman (1988) Swamp Thing (1990–1991) Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1995) The Superman/Batman Adventures (1995–1997) Superman: The Animated Series (1996–2000) The New Batman/Superman Adventures (1997–2000) The New Batman Adventures (1997–1999) Batman Beyond (1999–2001) Static Shock (2000–2004) The Zeta Project (2001–2002) Justice League (2001–2004) Teen Titans (2003–2006) Justice League Unlimited (2004–2006) The Batman (2004–2008) Krypto the Superdog (2005–2006) Legion of Super Heroes (2006–2008) Batman: The Brave and the Bold (2008–2011) Mad (2010–2013) Young Justice (2010–2013; 2019–2022) Green Lantern: The Animated Series (2011–2013) DC Nation Shorts (2011–2014) Beware the Batman (2013–2014) Justice League: Gods and Monsters Chronicles (2015) Vixen (2015–2016) DC Super Hero Girls (2015–2018) Justice League Action (2016–2018) Freedom Fighters: The Ray (2017–2018) Constantine: City of Demons (2018–2019) DC Super Hero Girls (2019–2021) Deathstroke: Knights & Dragons (2020) Aquaman: King of Atlantis (2021) Suicide Squad Isekai (2024) Kite Man: Hell Yeah! (2024) Current Teen Titans Go! (since 2013) Harley Quinn (since 2019) Batwheels (since 2022) My Adventures with Superman (since 2023) Batman: Caped Crusader (since 2024) Creature Commandos (since 2024) Bat-Fam (since 2025) Teen Titans Go! (since 2013) Harley Quinn (since 2019) Batwheels (since 2022) My Adventures with Superman (since 2023) Batman: Caped Crusader (since 2024) Creature Commandos (since 2024) Bat-Fam (since 2025) See also DC Entertainment Warner Bros. Animation List of unproduced projects DC Entertainment Warner Bros. Animation List of unproduced projects v t e Warner Bros. Animation v t e Franchises Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies Films Shorts characters The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie (1979) The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie (1981) Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales (1982) Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island (1983) Daffy Duck's Quackbusters (1988) Space Jam (1996) Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003) Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021) The Day the Earth Blew Up: A Looney Tunes Movie (2025) Coyote vs. Acme (2026) TV series The Bugs Bunny Show The Porky Pig Show Merrie Melodies Starring Bugs Bunny & Friends Tiny Toon Adventures characters episodes Taz-Mania The Plucky Duck Show The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries Bugs 'n' Daffy Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain Baby Looney Tunes episodes Duck Dodgers characters episodes Loonatics Unleashed The Looney Tunes Show episodes New Looney Tunes episodes Looney Tunes Cartoons episodes Bugs Bunny Builders Tiny Toons Looniversity DC Comics Batman: The Animated Series Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) Superman: The Animated Series The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond Static Shock The Zeta Project Justice League Teen Titans Justice League Unlimited The Batman Krypto the Superdog Legion of Super Heroes Batman: The Brave and the Bold Mad Young Justice Green Lantern: The Animated Series DC Nation Shorts Teen Titans Go! Beware the Batman Justice League: Gods and Monsters Chronicles Vixen Justice League Action Freedom Fighters: The Ray Constantine: City of Demons DC Super Hero Girls Teen Titans Go! To the Movies (2018) Harley Quinn DC Super Hero Girls (2019) Deathstroke: Knights & Dragons Aquaman: King of Atlantis DC League of Super-Pets (2022) Batwheels My Adventures with Superman Merry Little Batman Kite Man: Hell Yeah! Batman: Caped Crusader Creature Commandos Bat-Fam Animaniacs Animaniacs (1993 series) characters episodes Freakazoid! Pinky and the Brain episodes Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain Animaniacs (2020 series) Tom and Jerry Tom and Jerry Tales The Tom and Jerry Show Tom and Jerry Special Shorts Tom & Jerry (2021) Tom and Jerry in New York Hanna-Barbera Wacky Races Yabba Dabba Dinosaurs Jellystone! Scooby-Doo ( media ) What's New, Scooby-Doo? Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue! Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! " Scoobynatural " ( Supernatural episode) Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? Scoob! (2020) Velma Osmosis Jones Osmosis Jones (2001) Ozzy & Drix The Lego Movie The Lego Movie (2014) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) The Lego Ninjago Movie (2017) Unikitty! (2017) The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part (2019) ThunderCats ThunderCats (2011 TV series) ThunderCats Roar Franchises Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies Films Shorts characters The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie (1979) The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie (1981) Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales (1982) Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island (1983) Daffy Duck's Quackbusters (1988) Space Jam (1996) Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003) Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021) The Day the Earth Blew Up: A Looney Tunes Movie (2025) Coyote vs. Acme (2026) TV series The Bugs Bunny Show The Porky Pig Show Merrie Melodies Starring Bugs Bunny & Friends Tiny Toon Adventures characters episodes Taz-Mania The Plucky Duck Show The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries Bugs 'n' Daffy Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain Baby Looney Tunes episodes Duck Dodgers characters episodes Loonatics Unleashed The Looney Tunes Show episodes New Looney Tunes episodes Looney Tunes Cartoons episodes Bugs Bunny Builders Tiny Toons Looniversity DC Comics Batman: The Animated Series Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) Superman: The Animated Series The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond Static Shock The Zeta Project Justice League Teen Titans Justice League Unlimited The Batman Krypto the Superdog Legion of Super Heroes Batman: The Brave and the Bold Mad Young Justice Green Lantern: The Animated Series DC Nation Shorts Teen Titans Go! Beware the Batman Justice League: Gods and Monsters Chronicles Vixen Justice League Action Freedom Fighters: The Ray Constantine: City of Demons DC Super Hero Girls Teen Titans Go! To the Movies (2018) Harley Quinn DC Super Hero Girls (2019) Deathstroke: Knights & Dragons Aquaman: King of Atlantis DC League of Super-Pets (2022) Batwheels My Adventures with Superman Merry Little Batman Kite Man: Hell Yeah! Batman: Caped Crusader Creature Commandos Bat-Fam Animaniacs Animaniacs (1993 series) characters episodes Freakazoid! Pinky and the Brain episodes Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain Animaniacs (2020 series) Tom and Jerry Tom and Jerry Tales The Tom and Jerry Show Tom and Jerry Special Shorts Tom & Jerry (2021) Tom and Jerry in New York Hanna-Barbera Wacky Races Yabba Dabba Dinosaurs Jellystone! Scooby-Doo ( media ) What's New, Scooby-Doo? Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue! Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! " Scoobynatural " ( Supernatural episode) Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? Scoob! (2020) Velma Osmosis Jones Osmosis Jones (2001) Ozzy & Drix The Lego Movie The Lego Movie (2014) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) The Lego Ninjago Movie (2017) Unikitty! (2017) The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part (2019) ThunderCats ThunderCats (2011 TV series) ThunderCats Roar Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies Films Shorts characters The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie (1979) The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie (1981) Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales (1982) Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island (1983) Daffy Duck's Quackbusters (1988) Space Jam (1996) Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003) Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021) The Day the Earth Blew Up: A Looney Tunes Movie (2025) Coyote vs. Acme (2026) TV series The Bugs Bunny Show The Porky Pig Show Merrie Melodies Starring Bugs Bunny & Friends Tiny Toon Adventures characters episodes Taz-Mania The Plucky Duck Show The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries Bugs 'n' Daffy Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain Baby Looney Tunes episodes Duck Dodgers characters episodes Loonatics Unleashed The Looney Tunes Show episodes New Looney Tunes episodes Looney Tunes Cartoons episodes Bugs Bunny Builders Tiny Toons Looniversity Films Shorts characters The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie (1979) The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie (1981) Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales (1982) Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island (1983) Daffy Duck's Quackbusters (1988) Space Jam (1996) Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003) Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021) The Day the Earth Blew Up: A Looney Tunes Movie (2025) Coyote vs. Acme (2026) Shorts characters characters The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie (1979) The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie (1981) Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales (1982) Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island (1983) Daffy Duck's Quackbusters (1988) Space Jam (1996) Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003) Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021) The Day the Earth Blew Up: A Looney Tunes Movie (2025) Coyote vs. Acme (2026) TV series The Bugs Bunny Show The Porky Pig Show Merrie Melodies Starring Bugs Bunny & Friends Tiny Toon Adventures characters episodes Taz-Mania The Plucky Duck Show The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries Bugs 'n' Daffy Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain Baby Looney Tunes episodes Duck Dodgers characters episodes Loonatics Unleashed The Looney Tunes Show episodes New Looney Tunes episodes Looney Tunes Cartoons episodes Bugs Bunny Builders Tiny Toons Looniversity The Bugs Bunny Show The Porky Pig Show Merrie Melodies Starring Bugs Bunny & Friends Tiny Toon Adventures characters episodes characters episodes Taz-Mania The Plucky Duck Show The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries Bugs 'n' Daffy Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain Baby Looney Tunes episodes episodes Duck Dodgers characters episodes characters episodes Loonatics Unleashed The Looney Tunes Show episodes episodes New Looney Tunes episodes episodes Looney Tunes Cartoons episodes episodes Bugs Bunny Builders Tiny Toons Looniversity DC Comics Batman: The Animated Series Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) Superman: The Animated Series The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond Static Shock The Zeta Project Justice League Teen Titans Justice League Unlimited The Batman Krypto the Superdog Legion of Super Heroes Batman: The Brave and the Bold Mad Young Justice Green Lantern: The Animated Series DC Nation Shorts Teen Titans Go! Beware the Batman Justice League: Gods and Monsters Chronicles Vixen Justice League Action Freedom Fighters: The Ray Constantine: City of Demons DC Super Hero Girls Teen Titans Go! To the Movies (2018) Harley Quinn DC Super Hero Girls (2019) Deathstroke: Knights & Dragons Aquaman: King of Atlantis DC League of Super-Pets (2022) Batwheels My Adventures with Superman Merry Little Batman Kite Man: Hell Yeah! Batman: Caped Crusader Creature Commandos Bat-Fam Batman: The Animated Series Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) Superman: The Animated Series The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond Static Shock The Zeta Project Justice League Teen Titans Justice League Unlimited The Batman Krypto the Superdog Legion of Super Heroes Batman: The Brave and the Bold Mad Young Justice Green Lantern: The Animated Series DC Nation Shorts Teen Titans Go! Beware the Batman Justice League: Gods and Monsters Chronicles Vixen Justice League Action Freedom Fighters: The Ray Constantine: City of Demons DC Super Hero Girls Teen Titans Go! To the Movies (2018) Harley Quinn DC Super Hero Girls (2019) Deathstroke: Knights & Dragons Aquaman: King of Atlantis DC League of Super-Pets (2022) Batwheels My Adventures with Superman Merry Little Batman Kite Man: Hell Yeah! Batman: Caped Crusader Creature Commandos Bat-Fam Animaniacs Animaniacs (1993 series) characters episodes Freakazoid! Pinky and the Brain episodes Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain Animaniacs (2020 series) Animaniacs (1993 series) characters episodes characters episodes Freakazoid! Pinky and the Brain episodes episodes Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain Animaniacs (2020 series) Tom and Jerry Tom and Jerry Tales The Tom and Jerry Show Tom and Jerry Special Shorts Tom & Jerry (2021) Tom and Jerry in New York Tom and Jerry Tales The Tom and Jerry Show Tom and Jerry Special Shorts Tom & Jerry (2021) Tom and Jerry in New York Hanna-Barbera Wacky Races Yabba Dabba Dinosaurs Jellystone! Wacky Races Yabba Dabba Dinosaurs Jellystone! Scooby-Doo ( media ) What's New, Scooby-Doo? Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue! Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! " Scoobynatural " ( Supernatural episode) Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? Scoob! (2020) Velma What's New, Scooby-Doo? Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue! Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! " Scoobynatural " ( Supernatural episode) Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? Scoob! (2020) Velma Osmosis Jones Osmosis Jones (2001) Ozzy & Drix Osmosis Jones (2001) Ozzy & Drix The Lego Movie The Lego Movie (2014) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) The Lego Ninjago Movie (2017) Unikitty! (2017) The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part (2019) The Lego Movie (2014) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) The Lego Ninjago Movie (2017) Unikitty! (2017) The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part (2019) ThunderCats ThunderCats (2011 TV series) ThunderCats Roar ThunderCats (2011 TV series) ThunderCats Roar Films and specials Theatrical films Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) Space Jam (1996) Cats Don't Dance (1997) Quest for Camelot (1998) The Iron Giant (1999) Osmosis Jones (2001) Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003) The Lego Movie (2014) Storks (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) The Lego Ninjago Movie (2017) Teen Titans Go! To the Movies (2018) Smallfoot (2018) The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part (2019) Scoob! (2020) Tom & Jerry (2021) Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021) DC League of Super-Pets (2022) The Lord of the Rings: The War of the Rohirrim (2024) The Day the Earth Blew Up: A Looney Tunes Movie (2025) The Cat in the Hat (2026) Coyote vs. Acme (2026) Scoob! Holiday Haunt (unreleased) Television specials A Miser Brothers' Christmas (2008) Scooby-Doo! Spooky Games (2012) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special (2012) Scooby-Doo! Haunted Holidays (2012) Scooby-Doo! and the Spooky Scarecrow (2013) Scooby-Doo! Mecha Mutt Menace (2013) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2: Villains in Paradise (2014) Scooby-Doo! Ghastly Goals (2014) Tom and Jerry: Santa's Little Helpers (2014) Lego DC Comics: Batman Be-Leaguered (2014) Elf: Buddy's Musical Christmas (2014) Scooby-Doo! and the Beach Beastie (2015) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III: Magical Friendship (2015) Lego Scooby-Doo! Knight Time Terror (2015) DC Super Hero Girls: Super Hero High (2016) Beebo Saves Christmas (2021) Direct- to-video 1990s Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation (1992) Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero (1998) Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island (1998) Scooby-Doo! and the Witch's Ghost (1999) Wakko's Wish (1999) 2000s Tweety's High-Flying Adventure (2000) Scooby-Doo and the Alien Invaders (2000) Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker (2000) Scooby-Doo and the Cyber Chase (2001) Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring (2002) Baby Looney Tunes' Eggs-traordinary Adventure (2003) Scooby-Doo! and the Legend of the Vampire (2003) Scooby-Doo! and the Monster of Mexico (2003) Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman (2003) Scooby-Doo! and the Loch Ness Monster (2004) Kangaroo Jack: G'Day U.S.A.! (2004) ¡Mucha Lucha!: The Return of El Maléfico (2005) Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars (2005) Aloha, Scooby-Doo! (2005) Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry (2005) The Batman vs. Dracula (2005) Scooby-Doo! in Where's My Mummy? (2005) Scooby-Doo! Pirates Ahoy! (2006) Superman: Brainiac Attacks (2006) Tom and Jerry: Shiver Me Whiskers (2006) Teen Titans: Trouble in Tokyo (2006) Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas (2006) Chill Out, Scooby-Doo! (2007) Superman: Doomsday (2007) Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale (2007) Justice League: The New Frontier (2008) Batman: Gotham Knight (2008) Scooby-Doo! and the Goblin King (2008) Wonder Woman (2009) Scooby-Doo! and the Samurai Sword (2009) Green Lantern: First Flight (2009) Superman/Batman: Public Enemies (2009) 2010s 2010 Scooby-Doo! Abracadabra-Doo Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths Batman: Under the Red Hood Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes Scooby-Doo! Camp Scare Superman/Batman: Apocalypse 2011 All-Star Superman Green Lantern: Emerald Knights Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz Scooby-Doo! Legend of the Phantosaur Batman: Year One 2012 Justice League: Doom Scooby-Doo! Music of the Vampire Superman vs. The Elite Batman: The Dark Knight Returns (2012/2013) Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse Big Top Scooby-Doo! 2013 Scooby-Doo! Mask of the Blue Falcon Superman: Unbound Scooby-Doo! Adventures: The Mystery Map Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure Scooby-Doo! Stage Fright 2014 JLA Adventures: Trapped in Time Justice League: War Scooby-Doo! WrestleMania Mystery Son of Batman Batman: Assault on Arkham Scooby-Doo! Frankencreepy Tom and Jerry: The Lost Dragon 2015 Justice League: Throne of Atlantis Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League vs. Bizarro League Scooby-Doo! Moon Monster Madness The Flintstones & WWE: Stone Age SmackDown! Batman vs. Robin Batman Unlimited: Animal Instincts Tom and Jerry: Spy Quest Scooby-Doo! and Kiss: Rock and Roll Mystery Justice League: Gods and Monsters Looney Tunes: Rabbits Run Batman Unlimited: Monster Mayhem Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Attack of the Legion of Doom 2016 Batman: Bad Blood Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Cosmic Clash Justice League vs. Teen Titans Lego Scooby-Doo! Haunted Hollywood Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Gotham City Breakout Batman: The Killing Joke Scooby-Doo! and WWE: Curse of the Speed Demon DC Super Hero Girls: Hero of the Year Batman Unlimited: Mechs vs. Mutants Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders 2017 Justice League Dark Scooby-Doo! Shaggy's Showdown The Jetsons & WWE: Robo-WrestleMania! Teen Titans: The Judas Contract DC Super Hero Girls: Intergalactic Games Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Lego Scooby-Doo! Blowout Beach Bash Lego DC Super Hero Girls: Brain Drain Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face 2018 Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Batman: Gotham by Gaslight Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: The Flash Suicide Squad: Hell to Pay Batman Ninja Lego DC Super Hero Girls: Super-Villain High Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Aquaman – Rage of Atlantis The Death of Superman Scooby-Doo! and the Gourmet Ghost DC Super Hero Girls: Legends of Atlantis 2019 Reign of the Supermen Scooby-Doo! and the Curse of the 13th Ghost Justice League vs. the Fatal Five Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Batman: Hush Teen Titans Go! vs. Teen Titans Lego DC Batman: Family Matters Scooby-Doo! Return to Zombie Island Wonder Woman: Bloodlines 2020s 2020 Superman: Red Son Mortal Kombat Legends: Scorpion's Revenge Lego DC Shazam! Magic and Monsters Justice League Dark: Apokolips War Deathstroke: Knights & Dragons: The Movie Superman: Man of Tomorrow Happy Halloween, Scooby-Doo! 2021 Batman: Soul of the Dragon Scooby-Doo! The Sword and the Scoob Justice Society: World War II Teen Titans Go! See Space Jam Batman: The Long Halloween Mortal Kombat Legends: Battle of the Realms Straight Outta Nowhere: Scooby-Doo! Meets Courage the Cowardly Dog Injustice 2022 Tom and Jerry: Cowboy Up! Catwoman: Hunted Teen Titans Go! & DC Super Hero Girls: Mayhem in the Multiverse King Tweety Green Lantern: Beware My Power Trick or Treat Scooby-Doo! Mortal Kombat Legends: Snow Blind Batman and Superman: Battle of the Super Sons Tom and Jerry: Snowman's Land Green Lantern: Beware My Power 2023 Legion of Super-Heroes Batman: The Doom That Came to Gotham Justice League x RWBY: Super Heroes & Huntsmen Taz: Quest for Burger Justice League: Warworld Babylon 5: The Road Home Scooby-Doo! and Krypto, Too! Mortal Kombat Legends: Cage Match 2024 Justice League: Crisis on Infinite Earths Watchmen 2025 Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Short films The Duxorcist (1987) The Night of the Living Duck (1988) Box-Office Bunny (1990) Chariots of Fur (1994) Carrotblanca (1995) Another Froggy Evening (1995) Superior Duck (1996) Pullet Surprise (1997) Marvin the Martian in the Third Dimension (1997) From Hare to Eternity (1997) Father of the Bird (1997) Little Go Beep (2000) Chase Me (2003) The Karate Guard (2005) DC Showcase: The Spectre (2010) DC Showcase: Jonah Hex (2010) Coyote Falls (2010) Fur of Flying (2010) DC Showcase: Green Arrow (2010) Superman/Shazam!: The Return of Black Adam (2010) Rabid Rider (2010) DC Showcase: Catwoman (2011) I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat (2011) Daffy's Rhapsody (2012) The Master (2016) The Late Batsby (2018) Films and specials Theatrical films Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) Space Jam (1996) Cats Don't Dance (1997) Quest for Camelot (1998) The Iron Giant (1999) Osmosis Jones (2001) Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003) The Lego Movie (2014) Storks (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) The Lego Ninjago Movie (2017) Teen Titans Go! To the Movies (2018) Smallfoot (2018) The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part (2019) Scoob! (2020) Tom & Jerry (2021) Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021) DC League of Super-Pets (2022) The Lord of the Rings: The War of the Rohirrim (2024) The Day the Earth Blew Up: A Looney Tunes Movie (2025) The Cat in the Hat (2026) Coyote vs. Acme (2026) Scoob! Holiday Haunt (unreleased) Television specials A Miser Brothers' Christmas (2008) Scooby-Doo! Spooky Games (2012) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special (2012) Scooby-Doo! Haunted Holidays (2012) Scooby-Doo! and the Spooky Scarecrow (2013) Scooby-Doo! Mecha Mutt Menace (2013) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2: Villains in Paradise (2014) Scooby-Doo! Ghastly Goals (2014) Tom and Jerry: Santa's Little Helpers (2014) Lego DC Comics: Batman Be-Leaguered (2014) Elf: Buddy's Musical Christmas (2014) Scooby-Doo! and the Beach Beastie (2015) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III: Magical Friendship (2015) Lego Scooby-Doo! Knight Time Terror (2015) DC Super Hero Girls: Super Hero High (2016) Beebo Saves Christmas (2021) Direct- to-video 1990s Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation (1992) Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero (1998) Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island (1998) Scooby-Doo! and the Witch's Ghost (1999) Wakko's Wish (1999) 2000s Tweety's High-Flying Adventure (2000) Scooby-Doo and the Alien Invaders (2000) Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker (2000) Scooby-Doo and the Cyber Chase (2001) Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring (2002) Baby Looney Tunes' Eggs-traordinary Adventure (2003) Scooby-Doo! and the Legend of the Vampire (2003) Scooby-Doo! and the Monster of Mexico (2003) Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman (2003) Scooby-Doo! and the Loch Ness Monster (2004) Kangaroo Jack: G'Day U.S.A.! (2004) ¡Mucha Lucha!: The Return of El Maléfico (2005) Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars (2005) Aloha, Scooby-Doo! (2005) Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry (2005) The Batman vs. Dracula (2005) Scooby-Doo! in Where's My Mummy? (2005) Scooby-Doo! Pirates Ahoy! (2006) Superman: Brainiac Attacks (2006) Tom and Jerry: Shiver Me Whiskers (2006) Teen Titans: Trouble in Tokyo (2006) Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas (2006) Chill Out, Scooby-Doo! (2007) Superman: Doomsday (2007) Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale (2007) Justice League: The New Frontier (2008) Batman: Gotham Knight (2008) Scooby-Doo! and the Goblin King (2008) Wonder Woman (2009) Scooby-Doo! and the Samurai Sword (2009) Green Lantern: First Flight (2009) Superman/Batman: Public Enemies (2009) 2010s 2010 Scooby-Doo! Abracadabra-Doo Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths Batman: Under the Red Hood Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes Scooby-Doo! Camp Scare Superman/Batman: Apocalypse 2011 All-Star Superman Green Lantern: Emerald Knights Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz Scooby-Doo! Legend of the Phantosaur Batman: Year One 2012 Justice League: Doom Scooby-Doo! Music of the Vampire Superman vs. The Elite Batman: The Dark Knight Returns (2012/2013) Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse Big Top Scooby-Doo! 2013 Scooby-Doo! Mask of the Blue Falcon Superman: Unbound Scooby-Doo! Adventures: The Mystery Map Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure Scooby-Doo! Stage Fright 2014 JLA Adventures: Trapped in Time Justice League: War Scooby-Doo! WrestleMania Mystery Son of Batman Batman: Assault on Arkham Scooby-Doo! Frankencreepy Tom and Jerry: The Lost Dragon 2015 Justice League: Throne of Atlantis Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League vs. Bizarro League Scooby-Doo! Moon Monster Madness The Flintstones & WWE: Stone Age SmackDown! Batman vs. Robin Batman Unlimited: Animal Instincts Tom and Jerry: Spy Quest Scooby-Doo! and Kiss: Rock and Roll Mystery Justice League: Gods and Monsters Looney Tunes: Rabbits Run Batman Unlimited: Monster Mayhem Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Attack of the Legion of Doom 2016 Batman: Bad Blood Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Cosmic Clash Justice League vs. Teen Titans Lego Scooby-Doo! Haunted Hollywood Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Gotham City Breakout Batman: The Killing Joke Scooby-Doo! and WWE: Curse of the Speed Demon DC Super Hero Girls: Hero of the Year Batman Unlimited: Mechs vs. Mutants Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders 2017 Justice League Dark Scooby-Doo! Shaggy's Showdown The Jetsons & WWE: Robo-WrestleMania! Teen Titans: The Judas Contract DC Super Hero Girls: Intergalactic Games Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Lego Scooby-Doo! Blowout Beach Bash Lego DC Super Hero Girls: Brain Drain Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face 2018 Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Batman: Gotham by Gaslight Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: The Flash Suicide Squad: Hell to Pay Batman Ninja Lego DC Super Hero Girls: Super-Villain High Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Aquaman – Rage of Atlantis The Death of Superman Scooby-Doo! and the Gourmet Ghost DC Super Hero Girls: Legends of Atlantis 2019 Reign of the Supermen Scooby-Doo! and the Curse of the 13th Ghost Justice League vs. the Fatal Five Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Batman: Hush Teen Titans Go! vs. Teen Titans Lego DC Batman: Family Matters Scooby-Doo! Return to Zombie Island Wonder Woman: Bloodlines 2020s 2020 Superman: Red Son Mortal Kombat Legends: Scorpion's Revenge Lego DC Shazam! Magic and Monsters Justice League Dark: Apokolips War Deathstroke: Knights & Dragons: The Movie Superman: Man of Tomorrow Happy Halloween, Scooby-Doo! 2021 Batman: Soul of the Dragon Scooby-Doo! The Sword and the Scoob Justice Society: World War II Teen Titans Go! See Space Jam Batman: The Long Halloween Mortal Kombat Legends: Battle of the Realms Straight Outta Nowhere: Scooby-Doo! Meets Courage the Cowardly Dog Injustice 2022 Tom and Jerry: Cowboy Up! Catwoman: Hunted Teen Titans Go! & DC Super Hero Girls: Mayhem in the Multiverse King Tweety Green Lantern: Beware My Power Trick or Treat Scooby-Doo! Mortal Kombat Legends: Snow Blind Batman and Superman: Battle of the Super Sons Tom and Jerry: Snowman's Land Green Lantern: Beware My Power 2023 Legion of Super-Heroes Batman: The Doom That Came to Gotham Justice League x RWBY: Super Heroes & Huntsmen Taz: Quest for Burger Justice League: Warworld Babylon 5: The Road Home Scooby-Doo! and Krypto, Too! Mortal Kombat Legends: Cage Match 2024 Justice League: Crisis on Infinite Earths Watchmen 2025 Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Short films The Duxorcist (1987) The Night of the Living Duck (1988) Box-Office Bunny (1990) Chariots of Fur (1994) Carrotblanca (1995) Another Froggy Evening (1995) Superior Duck (1996) Pullet Surprise (1997) Marvin the Martian in the Third Dimension (1997) From Hare to Eternity (1997) Father of the Bird (1997) Little Go Beep (2000) Chase Me (2003) The Karate Guard (2005) DC Showcase: The Spectre (2010) DC Showcase: Jonah Hex (2010) Coyote Falls (2010) Fur of Flying (2010) DC Showcase: Green Arrow (2010) Superman/Shazam!: The Return of Black Adam (2010) Rabid Rider (2010) DC Showcase: Catwoman (2011) I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat (2011) Daffy's Rhapsody (2012) The Master (2016) The Late Batsby (2018) Theatrical films Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) Space Jam (1996) Cats Don't Dance (1997) Quest for Camelot (1998) The Iron Giant (1999) Osmosis Jones (2001) Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003) The Lego Movie (2014) Storks (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) The Lego Ninjago Movie (2017) Teen Titans Go! To the Movies (2018) Smallfoot (2018) The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part (2019) Scoob! (2020) Tom & Jerry (2021) Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021) DC League of Super-Pets (2022) The Lord of the Rings: The War of the Rohirrim (2024) The Day the Earth Blew Up: A Looney Tunes Movie (2025) The Cat in the Hat (2026) Coyote vs. Acme (2026) Scoob! Holiday Haunt (unreleased) Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) Space Jam (1996) Cats Don't Dance (1997) Quest for Camelot (1998) The Iron Giant (1999) Osmosis Jones (2001) Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003) The Lego Movie (2014) Storks (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) The Lego Ninjago Movie (2017) Teen Titans Go! To the Movies (2018) Smallfoot (2018) The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part (2019) Scoob! (2020) Tom & Jerry (2021) Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021) DC League of Super-Pets (2022) The Lord of the Rings: The War of the Rohirrim (2024) The Day the Earth Blew Up: A Looney Tunes Movie (2025) The Cat in the Hat (2026) Coyote vs. Acme (2026) Scoob! Holiday Haunt (unreleased) Television specials A Miser Brothers' Christmas (2008) Scooby-Doo! Spooky Games (2012) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special (2012) Scooby-Doo! Haunted Holidays (2012) Scooby-Doo! and the Spooky Scarecrow (2013) Scooby-Doo! Mecha Mutt Menace (2013) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2: Villains in Paradise (2014) Scooby-Doo! Ghastly Goals (2014) Tom and Jerry: Santa's Little Helpers (2014) Lego DC Comics: Batman Be-Leaguered (2014) Elf: Buddy's Musical Christmas (2014) Scooby-Doo! and the Beach Beastie (2015) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III: Magical Friendship (2015) Lego Scooby-Doo! Knight Time Terror (2015) DC Super Hero Girls: Super Hero High (2016) Beebo Saves Christmas (2021) A Miser Brothers' Christmas (2008) Scooby-Doo! Spooky Games (2012) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special (2012) Scooby-Doo! Haunted Holidays (2012) Scooby-Doo! and the Spooky Scarecrow (2013) Scooby-Doo! Mecha Mutt Menace (2013) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2: Villains in Paradise (2014) Scooby-Doo! Ghastly Goals (2014) Tom and Jerry: Santa's Little Helpers (2014) Lego DC Comics: Batman Be-Leaguered (2014) Elf: Buddy's Musical Christmas (2014) Scooby-Doo! and the Beach Beastie (2015) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III: Magical Friendship (2015) Lego Scooby-Doo! Knight Time Terror (2015) DC Super Hero Girls: Super Hero High (2016) Beebo Saves Christmas (2021) Direct- to-video 1990s Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation (1992) Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero (1998) Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island (1998) Scooby-Doo! and the Witch's Ghost (1999) Wakko's Wish (1999) 2000s Tweety's High-Flying Adventure (2000) Scooby-Doo and the Alien Invaders (2000) Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker (2000) Scooby-Doo and the Cyber Chase (2001) Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring (2002) Baby Looney Tunes' Eggs-traordinary Adventure (2003) Scooby-Doo! and the Legend of the Vampire (2003) Scooby-Doo! and the Monster of Mexico (2003) Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman (2003) Scooby-Doo! and the Loch Ness Monster (2004) Kangaroo Jack: G'Day U.S.A.! (2004) ¡Mucha Lucha!: The Return of El Maléfico (2005) Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars (2005) Aloha, Scooby-Doo! (2005) Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry (2005) The Batman vs. Dracula (2005) Scooby-Doo! in Where's My Mummy? (2005) Scooby-Doo! Pirates Ahoy! (2006) Superman: Brainiac Attacks (2006) Tom and Jerry: Shiver Me Whiskers (2006) Teen Titans: Trouble in Tokyo (2006) Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas (2006) Chill Out, Scooby-Doo! (2007) Superman: Doomsday (2007) Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale (2007) Justice League: The New Frontier (2008) Batman: Gotham Knight (2008) Scooby-Doo! and the Goblin King (2008) Wonder Woman (2009) Scooby-Doo! and the Samurai Sword (2009) Green Lantern: First Flight (2009) Superman/Batman: Public Enemies (2009) 2010s 2010 Scooby-Doo! Abracadabra-Doo Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths Batman: Under the Red Hood Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes Scooby-Doo! Camp Scare Superman/Batman: Apocalypse 2011 All-Star Superman Green Lantern: Emerald Knights Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz Scooby-Doo! Legend of the Phantosaur Batman: Year One 2012 Justice League: Doom Scooby-Doo! Music of the Vampire Superman vs. The Elite Batman: The Dark Knight Returns (2012/2013) Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse Big Top Scooby-Doo! 2013 Scooby-Doo! Mask of the Blue Falcon Superman: Unbound Scooby-Doo! Adventures: The Mystery Map Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure Scooby-Doo! Stage Fright 2014 JLA Adventures: Trapped in Time Justice League: War Scooby-Doo! WrestleMania Mystery Son of Batman Batman: Assault on Arkham Scooby-Doo! Frankencreepy Tom and Jerry: The Lost Dragon 2015 Justice League: Throne of Atlantis Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League vs. Bizarro League Scooby-Doo! Moon Monster Madness The Flintstones & WWE: Stone Age SmackDown! Batman vs. Robin Batman Unlimited: Animal Instincts Tom and Jerry: Spy Quest Scooby-Doo! and Kiss: Rock and Roll Mystery Justice League: Gods and Monsters Looney Tunes: Rabbits Run Batman Unlimited: Monster Mayhem Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Attack of the Legion of Doom 2016 Batman: Bad Blood Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Cosmic Clash Justice League vs. Teen Titans Lego Scooby-Doo! Haunted Hollywood Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Gotham City Breakout Batman: The Killing Joke Scooby-Doo! and WWE: Curse of the Speed Demon DC Super Hero Girls: Hero of the Year Batman Unlimited: Mechs vs. Mutants Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders 2017 Justice League Dark Scooby-Doo! Shaggy's Showdown The Jetsons & WWE: Robo-WrestleMania! Teen Titans: The Judas Contract DC Super Hero Girls: Intergalactic Games Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Lego Scooby-Doo! Blowout Beach Bash Lego DC Super Hero Girls: Brain Drain Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face 2018 Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Batman: Gotham by Gaslight Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: The Flash Suicide Squad: Hell to Pay Batman Ninja Lego DC Super Hero Girls: Super-Villain High Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Aquaman – Rage of Atlantis The Death of Superman Scooby-Doo! and the Gourmet Ghost DC Super Hero Girls: Legends of Atlantis 2019 Reign of the Supermen Scooby-Doo! and the Curse of the 13th Ghost Justice League vs. the Fatal Five Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Batman: Hush Teen Titans Go! vs. Teen Titans Lego DC Batman: Family Matters Scooby-Doo! Return to Zombie Island Wonder Woman: Bloodlines 2020s 2020 Superman: Red Son Mortal Kombat Legends: Scorpion's Revenge Lego DC Shazam! Magic and Monsters Justice League Dark: Apokolips War Deathstroke: Knights & Dragons: The Movie Superman: Man of Tomorrow Happy Halloween, Scooby-Doo! 2021 Batman: Soul of the Dragon Scooby-Doo! The Sword and the Scoob Justice Society: World War II Teen Titans Go! See Space Jam Batman: The Long Halloween Mortal Kombat Legends: Battle of the Realms Straight Outta Nowhere: Scooby-Doo! Meets Courage the Cowardly Dog Injustice 2022 Tom and Jerry: Cowboy Up! Catwoman: Hunted Teen Titans Go! & DC Super Hero Girls: Mayhem in the Multiverse King Tweety Green Lantern: Beware My Power Trick or Treat Scooby-Doo! Mortal Kombat Legends: Snow Blind Batman and Superman: Battle of the Super Sons Tom and Jerry: Snowman's Land Green Lantern: Beware My Power 2023 Legion of Super-Heroes Batman: The Doom That Came to Gotham Justice League x RWBY: Super Heroes & Huntsmen Taz: Quest for Burger Justice League: Warworld Babylon 5: The Road Home Scooby-Doo! and Krypto, Too! Mortal Kombat Legends: Cage Match 2024 Justice League: Crisis on Infinite Earths Watchmen 2025 Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires 1990s Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation (1992) Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero (1998) Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island (1998) Scooby-Doo! and the Witch's Ghost (1999) Wakko's Wish (1999) Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation (1992) Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero (1998) Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island (1998) Scooby-Doo! and the Witch's Ghost (1999) Wakko's Wish (1999) 2000s Tweety's High-Flying Adventure (2000) Scooby-Doo and the Alien Invaders (2000) Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker (2000) Scooby-Doo and the Cyber Chase (2001) Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring (2002) Baby Looney Tunes' Eggs-traordinary Adventure (2003) Scooby-Doo! and the Legend of the Vampire (2003) Scooby-Doo! and the Monster of Mexico (2003) Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman (2003) Scooby-Doo! and the Loch Ness Monster (2004) Kangaroo Jack: G'Day U.S.A.! (2004) ¡Mucha Lucha!: The Return of El Maléfico (2005) Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars (2005) Aloha, Scooby-Doo! (2005) Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry (2005) The Batman vs. Dracula (2005) Scooby-Doo! in Where's My Mummy? (2005) Scooby-Doo! Pirates Ahoy! (2006) Superman: Brainiac Attacks (2006) Tom and Jerry: Shiver Me Whiskers (2006) Teen Titans: Trouble in Tokyo (2006) Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas (2006) Chill Out, Scooby-Doo! (2007) Superman: Doomsday (2007) Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale (2007) Justice League: The New Frontier (2008) Batman: Gotham Knight (2008) Scooby-Doo! and the Goblin King (2008) Wonder Woman (2009) Scooby-Doo! and the Samurai Sword (2009) Green Lantern: First Flight (2009) Superman/Batman: Public Enemies (2009) Tweety's High-Flying Adventure (2000) Scooby-Doo and the Alien Invaders (2000) Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker (2000) Scooby-Doo and the Cyber Chase (2001) Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring (2002) Baby Looney Tunes' Eggs-traordinary Adventure (2003) Scooby-Doo! and the Legend of the Vampire (2003) Scooby-Doo! and the Monster of Mexico (2003) Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman (2003) Scooby-Doo! and the Loch Ness Monster (2004) Kangaroo Jack: G'Day U.S.A.! (2004) ¡Mucha Lucha!: The Return of El Maléfico (2005) Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars (2005) Aloha, Scooby-Doo! (2005) Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry (2005) The Batman vs. Dracula (2005) Scooby-Doo! in Where's My Mummy? (2005) Scooby-Doo! Pirates Ahoy! (2006) Superman: Brainiac Attacks (2006) Tom and Jerry: Shiver Me Whiskers (2006) Teen Titans: Trouble in Tokyo (2006) Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas (2006) Chill Out, Scooby-Doo! (2007) Superman: Doomsday (2007) Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale (2007) Justice League: The New Frontier (2008) Batman: Gotham Knight (2008) Scooby-Doo! and the Goblin King (2008) Wonder Woman (2009) Scooby-Doo! and the Samurai Sword (2009) Green Lantern: First Flight (2009) Superman/Batman: Public Enemies (2009) 2010s 2010 Scooby-Doo! Abracadabra-Doo Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths Batman: Under the Red Hood Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes Scooby-Doo! Camp Scare Superman/Batman: Apocalypse 2011 All-Star Superman Green Lantern: Emerald Knights Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz Scooby-Doo! Legend of the Phantosaur Batman: Year One 2012 Justice League: Doom Scooby-Doo! Music of the Vampire Superman vs. The Elite Batman: The Dark Knight Returns (2012/2013) Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse Big Top Scooby-Doo! 2013 Scooby-Doo! Mask of the Blue Falcon Superman: Unbound Scooby-Doo! Adventures: The Mystery Map Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure Scooby-Doo! Stage Fright 2014 JLA Adventures: Trapped in Time Justice League: War Scooby-Doo! WrestleMania Mystery Son of Batman Batman: Assault on Arkham Scooby-Doo! Frankencreepy Tom and Jerry: The Lost Dragon 2015 Justice League: Throne of Atlantis Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League vs. Bizarro League Scooby-Doo! Moon Monster Madness The Flintstones & WWE: Stone Age SmackDown! Batman vs. Robin Batman Unlimited: Animal Instincts Tom and Jerry: Spy Quest Scooby-Doo! and Kiss: Rock and Roll Mystery Justice League: Gods and Monsters Looney Tunes: Rabbits Run Batman Unlimited: Monster Mayhem Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Attack of the Legion of Doom 2016 Batman: Bad Blood Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Cosmic Clash Justice League vs. Teen Titans Lego Scooby-Doo! Haunted Hollywood Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Gotham City Breakout Batman: The Killing Joke Scooby-Doo! and WWE: Curse of the Speed Demon DC Super Hero Girls: Hero of the Year Batman Unlimited: Mechs vs. Mutants Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders 2017 Justice League Dark Scooby-Doo! Shaggy's Showdown The Jetsons & WWE: Robo-WrestleMania! Teen Titans: The Judas Contract DC Super Hero Girls: Intergalactic Games Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Lego Scooby-Doo! Blowout Beach Bash Lego DC Super Hero Girls: Brain Drain Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face 2018 Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Batman: Gotham by Gaslight Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: The Flash Suicide Squad: Hell to Pay Batman Ninja Lego DC Super Hero Girls: Super-Villain High Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Aquaman – Rage of Atlantis The Death of Superman Scooby-Doo! and the Gourmet Ghost DC Super Hero Girls: Legends of Atlantis 2019 Reign of the Supermen Scooby-Doo! and the Curse of the 13th Ghost Justice League vs. the Fatal Five Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Batman: Hush Teen Titans Go! vs. Teen Titans Lego DC Batman: Family Matters Scooby-Doo! Return to Zombie Island Wonder Woman: Bloodlines 2010 Scooby-Doo! Abracadabra-Doo Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths Batman: Under the Red Hood Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes Scooby-Doo! Camp Scare Superman/Batman: Apocalypse Scooby-Doo! Abracadabra-Doo Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths Batman: Under the Red Hood Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes Scooby-Doo! Camp Scare Superman/Batman: Apocalypse 2011 All-Star Superman Green Lantern: Emerald Knights Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz Scooby-Doo! Legend of the Phantosaur Batman: Year One All-Star Superman Green Lantern: Emerald Knights Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz Scooby-Doo! Legend of the Phantosaur Batman: Year One 2012 Justice League: Doom Scooby-Doo! Music of the Vampire Superman vs. The Elite Batman: The Dark Knight Returns (2012/2013) Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse Big Top Scooby-Doo! Justice League: Doom Scooby-Doo! Music of the Vampire Superman vs. The Elite Batman: The Dark Knight Returns (2012/2013) Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse Big Top Scooby-Doo! 2013 Scooby-Doo! Mask of the Blue Falcon Superman: Unbound Scooby-Doo! Adventures: The Mystery Map Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure Scooby-Doo! Stage Fright Scooby-Doo! Mask of the Blue Falcon Superman: Unbound Scooby-Doo! Adventures: The Mystery Map Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure Scooby-Doo! Stage Fright 2014 JLA Adventures: Trapped in Time Justice League: War Scooby-Doo! WrestleMania Mystery Son of Batman Batman: Assault on Arkham Scooby-Doo! Frankencreepy Tom and Jerry: The Lost Dragon JLA Adventures: Trapped in Time Justice League: War Scooby-Doo! WrestleMania Mystery Son of Batman Batman: Assault on Arkham Scooby-Doo! Frankencreepy Tom and Jerry: The Lost Dragon 2015 Justice League: Throne of Atlantis Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League vs. Bizarro League Scooby-Doo! Moon Monster Madness The Flintstones & WWE: Stone Age SmackDown! Batman vs. Robin Batman Unlimited: Animal Instincts Tom and Jerry: Spy Quest Scooby-Doo! and Kiss: Rock and Roll Mystery Justice League: Gods and Monsters Looney Tunes: Rabbits Run Batman Unlimited: Monster Mayhem Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Attack of the Legion of Doom Justice League: Throne of Atlantis Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League vs. Bizarro League Scooby-Doo! Moon Monster Madness The Flintstones & WWE: Stone Age SmackDown! Batman vs. Robin Batman Unlimited: Animal Instincts Tom and Jerry: Spy Quest Scooby-Doo! and Kiss: Rock and Roll Mystery Justice League: Gods and Monsters Looney Tunes: Rabbits Run Batman Unlimited: Monster Mayhem Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Attack of the Legion of Doom 2016 Batman: Bad Blood Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Cosmic Clash Justice League vs. Teen Titans Lego Scooby-Doo! Haunted Hollywood Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Gotham City Breakout Batman: The Killing Joke Scooby-Doo! and WWE: Curse of the Speed Demon DC Super Hero Girls: Hero of the Year Batman Unlimited: Mechs vs. Mutants Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders Batman: Bad Blood Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Cosmic Clash Justice League vs. Teen Titans Lego Scooby-Doo! Haunted Hollywood Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Gotham City Breakout Batman: The Killing Joke Scooby-Doo! and WWE: Curse of the Speed Demon DC Super Hero Girls: Hero of the Year Batman Unlimited: Mechs vs. Mutants Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders 2017 Justice League Dark Scooby-Doo! Shaggy's Showdown The Jetsons & WWE: Robo-WrestleMania! Teen Titans: The Judas Contract DC Super Hero Girls: Intergalactic Games Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Lego Scooby-Doo! Blowout Beach Bash Lego DC Super Hero Girls: Brain Drain Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Justice League Dark Scooby-Doo! Shaggy's Showdown The Jetsons & WWE: Robo-WrestleMania! Teen Titans: The Judas Contract DC Super Hero Girls: Intergalactic Games Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Lego Scooby-Doo! Blowout Beach Bash Lego DC Super Hero Girls: Brain Drain Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face 2018 Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Batman: Gotham by Gaslight Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: The Flash Suicide Squad: Hell to Pay Batman Ninja Lego DC Super Hero Girls: Super-Villain High Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Aquaman – Rage of Atlantis The Death of Superman Scooby-Doo! and the Gourmet Ghost DC Super Hero Girls: Legends of Atlantis Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Batman: Gotham by Gaslight Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: The Flash Suicide Squad: Hell to Pay Batman Ninja Lego DC Super Hero Girls: Super-Villain High Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Aquaman – Rage of Atlantis The Death of Superman Scooby-Doo! and the Gourmet Ghost DC Super Hero Girls: Legends of Atlantis 2019 Reign of the Supermen Scooby-Doo! and the Curse of the 13th Ghost Justice League vs. the Fatal Five Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Batman: Hush Teen Titans Go! vs. Teen Titans Lego DC Batman: Family Matters Scooby-Doo! Return to Zombie Island Wonder Woman: Bloodlines Reign of the Supermen Scooby-Doo! and the Curse of the 13th Ghost Justice League vs. the Fatal Five Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Batman: Hush Teen Titans Go! vs. Teen Titans Lego DC Batman: Family Matters Scooby-Doo! Return to Zombie Island Wonder Woman: Bloodlines 2020s 2020 Superman: Red Son Mortal Kombat Legends: Scorpion's Revenge Lego DC Shazam! Magic and Monsters Justice League Dark: Apokolips War Deathstroke: Knights & Dragons: The Movie Superman: Man of Tomorrow Happy Halloween, Scooby-Doo! 2021 Batman: Soul of the Dragon Scooby-Doo! The Sword and the Scoob Justice Society: World War II Teen Titans Go! See Space Jam Batman: The Long Halloween Mortal Kombat Legends: Battle of the Realms Straight Outta Nowhere: Scooby-Doo! Meets Courage the Cowardly Dog Injustice 2022 Tom and Jerry: Cowboy Up! Catwoman: Hunted Teen Titans Go! & DC Super Hero Girls: Mayhem in the Multiverse King Tweety Green Lantern: Beware My Power Trick or Treat Scooby-Doo! Mortal Kombat Legends: Snow Blind Batman and Superman: Battle of the Super Sons Tom and Jerry: Snowman's Land Green Lantern: Beware My Power 2023 Legion of Super-Heroes Batman: The Doom That Came to Gotham Justice League x RWBY: Super Heroes & Huntsmen Taz: Quest for Burger Justice League: Warworld Babylon 5: The Road Home Scooby-Doo! and Krypto, Too! Mortal Kombat Legends: Cage Match 2024 Justice League: Crisis on Infinite Earths Watchmen 2025 Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires 2020 Superman: Red Son Mortal Kombat Legends: Scorpion's Revenge Lego DC Shazam! Magic and Monsters Justice League Dark: Apokolips War Deathstroke: Knights & Dragons: The Movie Superman: Man of Tomorrow Happy Halloween, Scooby-Doo! Superman: Red Son Mortal Kombat Legends: Scorpion's Revenge Lego DC Shazam! Magic and Monsters Justice League Dark: Apokolips War Deathstroke: Knights & Dragons: The Movie Superman: Man of Tomorrow Happy Halloween, Scooby-Doo! 2021 Batman: Soul of the Dragon Scooby-Doo! The Sword and the Scoob Justice Society: World War II Teen Titans Go! See Space Jam Batman: The Long Halloween Mortal Kombat Legends: Battle of the Realms Straight Outta Nowhere: Scooby-Doo! Meets Courage the Cowardly Dog Injustice Batman: Soul of the Dragon Scooby-Doo! The Sword and the Scoob Justice Society: World War II Teen Titans Go! See Space Jam Batman: The Long Halloween Mortal Kombat Legends: Battle of the Realms Straight Outta Nowhere: Scooby-Doo! Meets Courage the Cowardly Dog Injustice 2022 Tom and Jerry: Cowboy Up! Catwoman: Hunted Teen Titans Go! & DC Super Hero Girls: Mayhem in the Multiverse King Tweety Green Lantern: Beware My Power Trick or Treat Scooby-Doo! Mortal Kombat Legends: Snow Blind Batman and Superman: Battle of the Super Sons Tom and Jerry: Snowman's Land Green Lantern: Beware My Power Tom and Jerry: Cowboy Up! Catwoman: Hunted Teen Titans Go! & DC Super Hero Girls: Mayhem in the Multiverse King Tweety Green Lantern: Beware My Power Trick or Treat Scooby-Doo! Mortal Kombat Legends: Snow Blind Batman and Superman: Battle of the Super Sons Tom and Jerry: Snowman's Land Green Lantern: Beware My Power 2023 Legion of Super-Heroes Batman: The Doom That Came to Gotham Justice League x RWBY: Super Heroes & Huntsmen Taz: Quest for Burger Justice League: Warworld Babylon 5: The Road Home Scooby-Doo! and Krypto, Too! Mortal Kombat Legends: Cage Match Legion of Super-Heroes Batman: The Doom That Came to Gotham Justice League x RWBY: Super Heroes & Huntsmen Taz: Quest for Burger Justice League: Warworld Babylon 5: The Road Home Scooby-Doo! and Krypto, Too! Mortal Kombat Legends: Cage Match 2024 Justice League: Crisis on Infinite Earths Watchmen Justice League: Crisis on Infinite Earths Watchmen 2025 Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Short films The Duxorcist (1987) The Night of the Living Duck (1988) Box-Office Bunny (1990) Chariots of Fur (1994) Carrotblanca (1995) Another Froggy Evening (1995) Superior Duck (1996) Pullet Surprise (1997) Marvin the Martian in the Third Dimension (1997) From Hare to Eternity (1997) Father of the Bird (1997) Little Go Beep (2000) Chase Me (2003) The Karate Guard (2005) DC Showcase: The Spectre (2010) DC Showcase: Jonah Hex (2010) Coyote Falls (2010) Fur of Flying (2010) DC Showcase: Green Arrow (2010) Superman/Shazam!: The Return of Black Adam (2010) Rabid Rider (2010) DC Showcase: Catwoman (2011) I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat (2011) Daffy's Rhapsody (2012) The Master (2016) The Late Batsby (2018) The Duxorcist (1987) The Night of the Living Duck (1988) Box-Office Bunny (1990) Chariots of Fur (1994) Carrotblanca (1995) Another Froggy Evening (1995) Superior Duck (1996) Pullet Surprise (1997) Marvin the Martian in the Third Dimension (1997) From Hare to Eternity (1997) Father of the Bird (1997) Little Go Beep (2000) Chase Me (2003) The Karate Guard (2005) DC Showcase: The Spectre (2010) DC Showcase: Jonah Hex (2010) Coyote Falls (2010) Fur of Flying (2010) DC Showcase: Green Arrow (2010) Superman/Shazam!: The Return of Black Adam (2010) Rabid Rider (2010) DC Showcase: Catwoman (2011) I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat (2011) Daffy's Rhapsody (2012) The Master (2016) The Late Batsby (2018) Other TV series 1990s Road Rovers Waynehead Free Willy Histeria! Detention 2000s Baby Blues ¡Mucha Lucha! 3-South Xiaolin Showdown Firehouse Tales Coconut Fred's Fruit Salad Island! Johnny Test ( characters ) 2010s Mike Tyson Mysteries Bunnicula Right Now Kapow Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz Green Eggs and Ham 2020s Little Ellen Gremlins Other TV series 1990s Road Rovers Waynehead Free Willy Histeria! Detention 2000s Baby Blues ¡Mucha Lucha! 3-South Xiaolin Showdown Firehouse Tales Coconut Fred's Fruit Salad Island! Johnny Test ( characters ) 2010s Mike Tyson Mysteries Bunnicula Right Now Kapow Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz Green Eggs and Ham 2020s Little Ellen Gremlins 1990s Road Rovers Waynehead Free Willy Histeria! Detention Road Rovers Waynehead Free Willy Histeria! Detention 2000s Baby Blues ¡Mucha Lucha! 3-South Xiaolin Showdown Firehouse Tales Coconut Fred's Fruit Salad Island! Johnny Test ( characters ) Baby Blues ¡Mucha Lucha! 3-South Xiaolin Showdown Firehouse Tales Coconut Fred's Fruit Salad Island! Johnny Test ( characters ) 2010s Mike Tyson Mysteries Bunnicula Right Now Kapow Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz Green Eggs and Ham Mike Tyson Mysteries Bunnicula Right Now Kapow Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz Green Eggs and Ham 2020s Little Ellen Gremlins Little Ellen Gremlins See also List of Warner Bros. Animation productions Warner Bros. Pictures Animation Warner Bros. Feature Animation Warner Bros. Cartoons Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Hanna-Barbera Cartoon Network Productions Cartoon Network Studios Williams Street Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe Unproduced projects List of Warner Bros. theatrical animated feature films See also List of Warner Bros. Animation productions Warner Bros. Pictures Animation Warner Bros. Feature Animation Warner Bros. Cartoons Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Hanna-Barbera Cartoon Network Productions Cartoon Network Studios Williams Street Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe Unproduced projects List of Warner Bros. theatrical animated feature films List of Warner Bros. Animation productions Warner Bros. Pictures Animation Warner Bros. Feature Animation Warner Bros. Cartoons Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Hanna-Barbera Cartoon Network Productions Cartoon Network Studios Williams Street Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe Cartoon Network Studios Williams Street Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe Unproduced projects List of Warner Bros. theatrical animated feature films Warner Bros. Cartoons Warner Bros. Animation Warner Bros. Cartoons Warner Bros. Animation Justice League Unlimited 2004 American animated television series debuts 2006 American television series endings 2000s American animated television series 2000s American children's television series 2000s American science fiction television series 2000s American superhero television series Animated Batman television series Animated Justice League television series Animated Superman television series Animated television shows based on DC Comics American sequel television series American children's animated action television series American children's animated adventure television series American children's animated science fantasy television series American children's animated superhero television series American English-language television shows Animated crossover television series Cartoon Network original programming Wonder Woman in other media Flash (comics) television series Green Lantern in other media Television series by Warner Bros. Animation Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use American English from November 2025 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from March 2025 Webarchive template wayback links This page was last edited on 16 December 2025, at 00:06 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Schdadsaid Wikipedia-Boadal Schdammdisch Sachgrubbe Ledschde Ännarunge Iaschnden Adiggl Unnaschdidzung Schbend Kondo oaleesche Oilogge Schbend Kondo oaleesche Oilogge Wikipedia : Haubdsaid Hauptseite Dischbediere Lese Quelltext anzeigen Dadaigschischd Lese Quelltext anzeigen Dadaigschischd Was dohea zaische dud Ännarunge uff verlingde Saide Schdendischa Ling'g Auskinfd zude Said Gekürzte URL abrufen QR-Code runterladen Zum Legacy-Parser wechseln Machä Buch Als PDF runnalaade Drugg-Oasischd Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Mehrsprachige Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata-Oidraach Rheifränggisch Pälzisch Hessisch Siedfränggisch Lothringisch Rheifränggischi Wikipedia Die Rheifränggisch Wikipedia is ä Projekt zum Uffbau vun änner Enzyklopädie mid fraie Inhalde in rheifränggische Dialegd : Pälzisch , Hessisch un Lothringisch . In denne Dialegd, konn do än jede ebbes naischraiwe un mid saim Wisse baidrache. Jede Ardiggel ime rheifränggische Dialekt, isch willkumme. Du kannsch do awa ach mitmache, wann Du e sidfränkische Dialegd („Nordbadisch“, „Brigantedaitsch“) redsch. Im Herbschd 2010 isch die Pälzisch Wikipedia gschdadd un im Summa 2013 ischse zur Rheifränggisch Wikipedia worre. Saidm Auguscht 2013 sinn noch die finf Newebrojegd dezukumme. Haid, om 10.01.2026, hods do 2.834 Ardiggel. Des neischde was bassierd isch findschd do . De Adigl vum Monad Josua Harrsch odder wie er sich aa genennd hadd Kocherthal (* 30. Juley 1669 in Fachsenfeld ; † 24. Juni 1719 in New Town, jetzt Saugerties) war e evangelisch-ludderischer Parrer. Ma kennd ne vorr allem, weil er bei dere eerschte grose Pälzer Auswannerung noo Nord-Amerika e Roll geschbielt hadd. Leewe unn Wirke Josua Harrsch war ennss vunn de 23 Kinner vumm Hanns Jerich Harrsch (1610-1675), Amtsfaut in Laubach unn speder in Fachsenfeld , es eerscht aus seim Vadder seiner dritt Ee (oo III. 18. Auguschd 1668 in Aale ) midd dere Elisabeth Leonhard († 1693). Harrschs Mudder hadd in zwedder Ee de Schuullehrer in Beilschtoi Ulrich Eisenmenger geheirad. Die ganz Sibbschaft – Harrschs Vadder hadd 110 Enkelscher gehadd – schdehn all im Harrsch seim Schdammbaam, denne wo er sellwer mit eischener Hand geschribb hadd. Demm Harrsch sei viele Halbgeschwischder sinn als Parrer, Parrerschfraae, Faute, Chirurge odder Hoschbidalschreiwer in gude Stellunge komm. Harrsch war uff de Ladeinschuul in Schwäwisch Hall , hadd dodenoo ludderischie Theologie im ganz streng ludderische Wittenberg schdudiert unn 1695 graduiert midd rer Dissertation iwwer Das göttliche Wort im Schöpfungsakt . waidalese ... Voaschläch fär die nägschde Ardiggl vum Monad konn jeda am Schdammdisch mache. Hosch gwisst... ... dass es am Niederrhoi ( bei Kalkar ) un in Braunschweig ( Veldehof ) Pälzische Schbroochinsle gibt? ... dass es in Hääschde 1914 verzäh Schuhfawerigge gewwe hot, un 1961 sogaa 36, haid awwer blooß noch ääni? Newebrojegd Wiktionary Werdabuch Wikisource Texde Wikibooks Bischer Wikiquote Schprisch Wikinews Nochrischde Kumm mach mid Om Schdommdisch konschd frooche, Voaschleesch mache un mide Laid babble. Adiggl , wus in jeda Wikipedia gewwe solld. Boadaal finschd doo , s' Boadaal fa Schbaija un s' Winza Boadaal . Doo konschd gugge, wasfa Adiggl s'hodd. Doo konschd gugge, wasfa Adiggl s'iwwa die Palz hodd. Wegschd schun wasfan Adiggl schraiwe wilschd, donn gibschd eefach de Nome vum Adiggl do unne oi, drigschd uffde Gnobb un fongschd oa. Naies rund ums Rheifränggische vum Najichkeide-Portal Buchen: Neuer Mundartweg verbindet Stadt mit Stadtteilen (Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung 20.05.) Liegen Heidelberg, Mannheim und Mosbach im falschen Land? (Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung 19.05.) Duden „Pfälzisch. Alla hopp un uffbasse“ (Die Rheinpfalz 06.05.) Mähner Nochrischde uf em Najichkeide-Portal Schweschdarebrojegd Meta-Wiki Koordinazion Commons Medije Wikidata Daadebong'g Wikimedia Incubator Brudkaschde fa naiji Brojegd Wikispecies Aadevazaischnis Wikiversity Fraiji Learmiddl Wiktionary Werdabischer Wikibooks Leabischer Wikiquote Schprisch Wikisource Gwelle Wikinews Nochrischde Wikivoyage Fraiji Raisefiara Hiewees - Bress – Paa Zaale Hinweis Information Explication Uitleg Rheifränggisch Pälzisch Hessisch Siedfränggisch Lothringisch Rheifränggischi Wikipedia Die Rheifränggisch Wikipedia is ä Projekt zum Uffbau vun änner Enzyklopädie mid fraie Inhalde in rheifränggische Dialegd : Pälzisch , Hessisch un Lothringisch . In denne Dialegd, konn do än jede ebbes naischraiwe un mid saim Wisse baidrache. Jede Ardiggel ime rheifränggische Dialekt, isch willkumme. Du kannsch do awa ach mitmache, wann Du e sidfränkische Dialegd („Nordbadisch“, „Brigantedaitsch“) redsch. Im Herbschd 2010 isch die Pälzisch Wikipedia gschdadd un im Summa 2013 ischse zur Rheifränggisch Wikipedia worre. Saidm Auguscht 2013 sinn noch die finf Newebrojegd dezukumme. Haid, om 10.01.2026, hods do 2.834 Ardiggel. Des neischde was bassierd isch findschd do . Rheifränggischi Wikipedia Die Rheifränggisch Wikipedia is ä Projekt zum Uffbau vun änner Enzyklopädie mid fraie Inhalde in rheifränggische Dialegd : Pälzisch , Hessisch un Lothringisch . In denne Dialegd, konn do än jede ebbes naischraiwe un mid saim Wisse baidrache. Jede Ardiggel ime rheifränggische Dialekt, isch willkumme. Du kannsch do awa ach mitmache, wann Du e sidfränkische Dialegd („Nordbadisch“, „Brigantedaitsch“) redsch. Im Herbschd 2010 isch die Pälzisch Wikipedia gschdadd un im Summa 2013 ischse zur Rheifränggisch Wikipedia worre. Saidm Auguscht 2013 sinn noch die finf Newebrojegd dezukumme. Haid, om 10.01.2026, hods do 2.834 Ardiggel. Des neischde was bassierd isch findschd do . Rheifränggischi Wikipedia Rheifränggischi Wikipedia Rheifränggischi Wikipedia Die Rheifränggisch Wikipedia is ä Projekt zum Uffbau vun änner Enzyklopädie mid fraie Inhalde in rheifränggische Dialegd : Pälzisch , Hessisch un Lothringisch . In denne Dialegd, konn do än jede ebbes naischraiwe un mid saim Wisse baidrache. Jede Ardiggel ime rheifränggische Dialekt, isch willkumme. Du kannsch do awa ach mitmache, wann Du e sidfränkische Dialegd („Nordbadisch“, „Brigantedaitsch“) redsch. Im Herbschd 2010 isch die Pälzisch Wikipedia gschdadd un im Summa 2013 ischse zur Rheifränggisch Wikipedia worre. Saidm Auguscht 2013 sinn noch die finf Newebrojegd dezukumme. Haid, om 10.01.2026, hods do 2.834 Ardiggel. Des neischde was bassierd isch findschd do . Die Rheifränggisch Wikipedia is ä Projekt zum Uffbau vun änner Enzyklopädie mid fraie Inhalde in rheifränggische Dialegd : Pälzisch , Hessisch un Lothringisch . In denne Dialegd, konn do än jede ebbes naischraiwe un mid saim Wisse baidrache. Jede Ardiggel ime rheifränggische Dialekt, isch willkumme. Du kannsch do awa ach mitmache, wann Du e sidfränkische Dialegd („Nordbadisch“, „Brigantedaitsch“) redsch. Im Herbschd 2010 isch die Pälzisch Wikipedia gschdadd un im Summa 2013 ischse zur Rheifränggisch Wikipedia worre. Saidm Auguscht 2013 sinn noch die finf Newebrojegd dezukumme. Haid, om 10.01.2026, hods do 2.834 Ardiggel. Des neischde was bassierd isch findschd do . De Adigl vum Monad Josua Harrsch odder wie er sich aa genennd hadd Kocherthal (* 30. Juley 1669 in Fachsenfeld ; † 24. Juni 1719 in New Town, jetzt Saugerties) war e evangelisch-ludderischer Parrer. Ma kennd ne vorr allem, weil er bei dere eerschte grose Pälzer Auswannerung noo Nord-Amerika e Roll geschbielt hadd. Leewe unn Wirke Josua Harrsch war ennss vunn de 23 Kinner vumm Hanns Jerich Harrsch (1610-1675), Amtsfaut in Laubach unn speder in Fachsenfeld , es eerscht aus seim Vadder seiner dritt Ee (oo III. 18. Auguschd 1668 in Aale ) midd dere Elisabeth Leonhard († 1693). Harrschs Mudder hadd in zwedder Ee de Schuullehrer in Beilschtoi Ulrich Eisenmenger geheirad. Die ganz Sibbschaft – Harrschs Vadder hadd 110 Enkelscher gehadd – schdehn all im Harrsch seim Schdammbaam, denne wo er sellwer mit eischener Hand geschribb hadd. Demm Harrsch sei viele Halbgeschwischder sinn als Parrer, Parrerschfraae, Faute, Chirurge odder Hoschbidalschreiwer in gude Stellunge komm. Harrsch war uff de Ladeinschuul in Schwäwisch Hall , hadd dodenoo ludderischie Theologie im ganz streng ludderische Wittenberg schdudiert unn 1695 graduiert midd rer Dissertation iwwer Das göttliche Wort im Schöpfungsakt . waidalese ... Voaschläch fär die nägschde Ardiggl vum Monad konn jeda am Schdammdisch mache. Hosch gwisst... ... dass es am Niederrhoi ( bei Kalkar ) un in Braunschweig ( Veldehof ) Pälzische Schbroochinsle gibt? ... dass es in Hääschde 1914 verzäh Schuhfawerigge gewwe hot, un 1961 sogaa 36, haid awwer blooß noch ääni? Newebrojegd Wiktionary Werdabuch Wikisource Texde Wikibooks Bischer Wikiquote Schprisch Wikinews Nochrischde Josua Harrsch odder wie er sich aa genennd hadd Kocherthal (* 30. Juley 1669 in Fachsenfeld ; † 24. Juni 1719 in New Town, jetzt Saugerties) war e evangelisch-ludderischer Parrer. Ma kennd ne vorr allem, weil er bei dere eerschte grose Pälzer Auswannerung noo Nord-Amerika e Roll geschbielt hadd. Leewe unn Wirke Josua Harrsch war ennss vunn de 23 Kinner vumm Hanns Jerich Harrsch (1610-1675), Amtsfaut in Laubach unn speder in Fachsenfeld , es eerscht aus seim Vadder seiner dritt Ee (oo III. 18. Auguschd 1668 in Aale ) midd dere Elisabeth Leonhard († 1693). Harrschs Mudder hadd in zwedder Ee de Schuullehrer in Beilschtoi Ulrich Eisenmenger geheirad. Die ganz Sibbschaft – Harrschs Vadder hadd 110 Enkelscher gehadd – schdehn all im Harrsch seim Schdammbaam, denne wo er sellwer mit eischener Hand geschribb hadd. Demm Harrsch sei viele Halbgeschwischder sinn als Parrer, Parrerschfraae, Faute, Chirurge odder Hoschbidalschreiwer in gude Stellunge komm. Harrsch war uff de Ladeinschuul in Schwäwisch Hall , hadd dodenoo ludderischie Theologie im ganz streng ludderische Wittenberg schdudiert unn 1695 graduiert midd rer Dissertation iwwer Das göttliche Wort im Schöpfungsakt . waidalese ... Voaschläch fär die nägschde Ardiggl vum Monad konn jeda am Schdammdisch mache. ... dass es am Niederrhoi ( bei Kalkar ) un in Braunschweig ( Veldehof ) Pälzische Schbroochinsle gibt? ... dass es in Hääschde 1914 verzäh Schuhfawerigge gewwe hot, un 1961 sogaa 36, haid awwer blooß noch ääni? Wiktionary Werdabuch Wikisource Texde Wikibooks Bischer Wikiquote Schprisch Wikinews Nochrischde Kumm mach mid Om Schdommdisch konschd frooche, Voaschleesch mache un mide Laid babble. Adiggl , wus in jeda Wikipedia gewwe solld. Boadaal finschd doo , s' Boadaal fa Schbaija un s' Winza Boadaal . Doo konschd gugge, wasfa Adiggl s'hodd. Doo konschd gugge, wasfa Adiggl s'iwwa die Palz hodd. Wegschd schun wasfan Adiggl schraiwe wilschd, donn gibschd eefach de Nome vum Adiggl do unne oi, drigschd uffde Gnobb un fongschd oa. Om Schdommdisch konschd frooche, Voaschleesch mache un mide Laid babble. Adiggl , wus in jeda Wikipedia gewwe solld. Boadaal finschd doo , s' Boadaal fa Schbaija un s' Winza Boadaal . Doo konschd gugge, wasfa Adiggl s'hodd. Doo konschd gugge, wasfa Adiggl s'iwwa die Palz hodd. Wegschd schun wasfan Adiggl schraiwe wilschd, donn gibschd eefach de Nome vum Adiggl do unne oi, drigschd uffde Gnobb un fongschd oa. Naies rund ums Rheifränggische vum Najichkeide-Portal Buchen: Neuer Mundartweg verbindet Stadt mit Stadtteilen (Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung 20.05.) Liegen Heidelberg, Mannheim und Mosbach im falschen Land? (Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung 19.05.) Duden „Pfälzisch. Alla hopp un uffbasse“ (Die Rheinpfalz 06.05.) Mähner Nochrischde uf em Najichkeide-Portal Buchen: Neuer Mundartweg verbindet Stadt mit Stadtteilen (Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung 20.05.) Liegen Heidelberg, Mannheim und Mosbach im falschen Land? (Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung 19.05.) Duden „Pfälzisch. Alla hopp un uffbasse“ (Die Rheinpfalz 06.05.) 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Art, architecture and archaeology Toggle Art, architecture and archaeology subsection 1.1 Art, architecture and archaeology biographies 1.1 Art, architecture and archaeology biographies 2 Biology Toggle Biology subsection 2.1 Animals 2.1.1 Individual animals 2.2 Plants 2.3 Biology biographies 2.1 Animals 2.1.1 Individual animals 2.1.1 Individual animals 2.2 Plants 2.3 Biology biographies 3 Business, economics, and finance Toggle Business, economics, and finance subsection 3.1 Companies 3.2 Numismatics 3.3 Business, economics, and finance biographies 3.1 Companies 3.2 Numismatics 3.3 Business, economics, and finance biographies 4 Chemistry and mineralogy Toggle Chemistry and mineralogy subsection 4.1 Elements 4.1 Elements 5 Computing 6 Culture and society Toggle Culture and society subsection 6.1 Human sexuality 6.2 Internet culture 6.3 Culture and society biographies 6.1 Human sexuality 6.2 Internet culture 6.3 Culture and society biographies 7 Education Toggle Education subsection 7.1 Institutions 7.2 Education biographies 7.1 Institutions 7.2 Education biographies 8 Food and drink 9 Geography and places Toggle Geography and places subsection 9.1 Africa 9.2 The Americas 9.2.1 The Caribbean and South America 9.2.2 North America 9.3 Antarctica 9.4 Asia 9.4.1 The Middle East 9.5 Europe 9.6 Oceania 9.7 Other 9.1 Africa 9.2 The Americas 9.2.1 The Caribbean and South America 9.2.2 North America 9.2.1 The Caribbean and South America 9.2.2 North America 9.3 Antarctica 9.4 Asia 9.4.1 The Middle East 9.4.1 The Middle East 9.5 Europe 9.6 Oceania 9.7 Other 10 Geology and geophysics 11 Health and medicine Toggle Health and medicine subsection 11.1 Health and medicine biographies 11.1 Health and medicine biographies 12 History Toggle History subsection 12.1 History biographies 12.1 History biographies 13 Language and linguistics Toggle Language and linguistics subsection 13.1 Languages, dialects, and writing systems 13.2 Languages and linguistics biographies 13.1 Languages, dialects, and writing systems 13.2 Languages and linguistics biographies 14 Law and crime Toggle Law and crime subsection 14.1 Law and crime biographies 14.1 Law and crime biographies 15 Literature and theatre Toggle Literature and theatre subsection 15.1 Literature and theatre biographies 15.1 Literature and theatre biographies 16 Mathematics Toggle Mathematics subsection 16.1 Mathematics biographies 16.1 Mathematics biographies 17 Media Toggle Media subsection 17.1 Films 17.2 Television shows 17.2.1 Episodes of television 17.3 Media fictional characters 17.4 Media biographies 17.1 Films 17.2 Television shows 17.2.1 Episodes of television 17.2.1 Episodes of television 17.3 Media fictional characters 17.4 Media biographies 18 Music Toggle Music subsection 18.1 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nobility and chivalry biographies 24.1 Royalty, nobility and chivalry biographies 25 Sport and recreation Toggle Sport and recreation subsection 25.1 Sport and recreation biographies 25.1 Sport and recreation biographies 26 Technology Toggle Technology subsection 26.1 Technology biographies 26.1 Technology biographies 27 Transport 28 Video gaming Toggle Video gaming subsection 28.1 Video games 28.1.1 Levels, puzzles, and expansion packs 28.2 Video game consoles 28.3 Video gaming biographies 28.1 Video games 28.1.1 Levels, puzzles, and expansion packs 28.1.1 Levels, puzzles, and expansion packs 28.2 Video game consoles 28.3 Video gaming biographies 29 War Toggle War subsection 29.1 War biographies 29.1 War biographies 30 Wikipedia–related 31 See also 32 External links 33 Topics 34 Types 35 Places, people and times 36 Indices Wikipedia : Spoken articles العربية Azərbaycanca Català Dansk Deutsch فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia עברית Қазақша Lietuvių 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Nederlands 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Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? 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P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs LLMs Conduct (?) P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Signatures Deletion (?) P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Enforcement (?) P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Editing (?) P Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace P Editing policy Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Article size Summary style Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Manual of Style Contents Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Project content (?) 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P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ v t e Manual of Style v t e Overview Contents Tips Overview Contents Tips Content Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Formatting Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Layout Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists By topic area Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Cue sports Snooker Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Related guidelines Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Search Category Category v t e Wikipedia accounts and governance v t e Unregistered users Why create an account? 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Templates Media Category Templates v t e Wikipedia essays (?) v t e Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 4 Themes 5 Marketing 6 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 7.1 Video games 7.2 Comic book continuations 7.3 Direct sequel novels 7.4 Home media 7.1 Video games 7.2 Comic book continuations 7.3 Direct sequel novels 7.4 Home media 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Batman (1989 film) العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Batman Theatrical release poster by Bill Garland Directed by Tim Burton Screenplay by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Sam Hamm Warren Skaaren Sam Hamm Warren Skaaren Story by Sam Hamm Based on Characters by DC Comics Batman by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ a ] Characters by DC Comics Batman by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ a ] Bob Kane Bill Finger [ a ] Produced by Jon Peters Peter Guber Jon Peters Peter Guber Starring Jack Nicholson Michael Keaton Kim Basinger Robert Wuhl Pat Hingle Billy Dee Williams Michael Gough Jack Palance Jack Nicholson Michael Keaton Kim Basinger Robert Wuhl Pat Hingle Billy Dee Williams Michael Gough Jack Palance Cinematography Roger Pratt Edited by Ray Lovejoy Music by Danny Elfman (score) Prince (songs) Production companies Warner Bros. [ 2 ] Guber-Peters Company [ 2 ] PolyGram Pictures [ 2 ] Warner Bros. [ 2 ] Guber-Peters Company [ 2 ] PolyGram Pictures [ 2 ] Distributed by Warner Bros. [ 2 ] Release dates June 19, 1989 ( 1989-06-19 ) ( Westwood, Los Angeles ) June 23, 1989 ( 1989-06-23 ) (United States) August 11, 1989 ( 1989-08-11 ) (United Kingdom) June 19, 1989 ( 1989-06-19 ) ( Westwood, Los Angeles ) June 23, 1989 ( 1989-06-23 ) (United States) August 11, 1989 ( 1989-08-11 ) (United Kingdom) Running time 126 minutes Countries United States [ 3 ] United Kingdom [ 4 ] United States [ 3 ] United Kingdom [ 4 ] Language English Budget $48 million [ 5 ] Box office $411.6 million [ 6 ] Batman is a 1989 superhero film based on the DC Comics character , created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger . Directed by Tim Burton , it is the first installment of Warner Bros. ' initial Batman film series . The film stars Jack Nicholson , Michael Keaton , Kim Basinger , Robert Wuhl , Pat Hingle , Billy Dee Williams , Michael Gough , and Jack Palance . The film's score was composed by Danny Elfman , and songs were written by Prince . The film takes place early in the war on crime of the title character (Keaton) and depicts his conflict with his archenemy the Joker (Nicholson). After Burton was hired as director in 1986, Steve Englehart and Julie Hickson wrote film treatments before Sam Hamm wrote the first screenplay. Batman was not greenlit until after the success of Burton's Beetlejuice (1988). The tone and themes of the film were partly influenced by Alan Moore and Brian Bolland 's The Killing Joke and Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Returns . The film primarily adapts and then diverges from the " Red Hood " origin story for the Joker, having Batman inadvertently cause gangster Jack Napier to fall into Axis Chemical acid, triggering his transformation into the psychotic Joker. Additionally, Batman co-creator Bob Kane worked as a consultant for the film. Numerous leading men were considered for the role of Batman before Keaton was cast. Keaton's casting was controversial since, by 1988, he had become typecast as a comedic actor and many observers had doubt he could portray a serious role. [ 7 ] Nicholson accepted the role of the Joker under strict conditions that dictated top billing , a portion of the film's earnings (including associated merchandise), and his own shooting schedule. Filming took place at Pinewood Studios from October 1988 to January 1989. The budget escalated from $30 million to $48 million, while the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike forced Hamm to drop out. Warren Skaaren did rewrites, with additional uncredited drafts done by Charles McKeown and Jonathan Gems . Batman was both critically and financially successful, earning over $400 million in box office totals. Critics and audiences particularly praised Nicholson and Keaton's performances, Burton's direction, the production design, and composer Danny Elfman 's score. It was the sixth-highest-grossing film in history at the time of its release. The film received several Saturn Award nominations and a Golden Globe nomination for Nicholson's performance, and won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction . The film was followed by three sequels: Batman Returns (1992), with both Burton and Keaton returning; Batman Forever (1995), with Joel Schumacher directing and Val Kilmer in the lead role; and Batman & Robin (1997), which featured George Clooney in the role. Keaton would later reprise the role of Batman in the DC Extended Universe film The Flash (2023). The film also led to the development of Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1995), which in turn began the DC Animated Universe of spin-off media, and has influenced Hollywood 's modern marketing and development techniques of the superhero film genre. Two sequel novels were written by John Jackson Miller , Batman: Resurrection (2024) and Batman: Revolution (2025). Plot Newspaper reporter Alexander Knox and photojournalist Vicki Vale investigate sightings of " Batman ", a masked vigilante targeting Gotham City 's criminals. Both attend a fundraiser hosted by billionaire Bruce Wayne, who is secretly Batman, having chosen this path after witnessing a mugger murder his parents when he was a child. During the event, Wayne becomes attracted to Vale. Meanwhile, mob boss Carl Grissom sends his sociopathic second-in-command Jack Napier to break into Axis Chemicals and retrieve incriminating evidence. However, this is secretly a ploy to have Napier murdered for carrying on an affair with Grissom's mistress, Alicia Hunt. Corrupt Gotham City police lieutenant Max Eckhardt arranges the hit on Napier by conducting an unauthorized raid on Axis Chemicals. However, Commissioner James Gordon learns of the raid and takes command, ordering the officers to capture Napier alive. Batman also appears, while Napier shoots and kills Eckhardt as revenge for the double-cross. During a scuffle with Batman, Napier topples off a catwalk and falls into a vat of chemicals. Although presumed dead, Napier survives with various disfigurements including chalk white skin and emerald-green hair and nails. He undergoes surgery to repair the damage, but ends up with a rictus grin . Driven insane by his hideous appearance, Napier, now calling himself "the Joker", kills Grissom, massacres Grissom's associates, and takes over his operations. The Joker begins terrorizing Gotham by lacing various hygiene products with "Smylex" – a deadly chemical that causes victims to die laughing . Joker soon becomes obsessed with Vicki and lures her to the Flugelheim Museum, which his henchmen vandalize . Batman rescues Vicki, takes her to the Batcave , and provides her with all of his research on Smylex, which will allow Gotham's residents to escape the toxin. Conflicted with his love for her, Wayne visits her apartment intending to reveal his secret identity, only for the Joker to interrupt the meeting. Joker asks Wayne, "Have you ever danced with the devil in the pale moonlight?", which Wayne recognizes as the phrase used by the mugger who murdered his parents. He shoots Wayne, who survives by hiding a serving tray underneath his shirt. Vicki is taken to the Batcave by Wayne's butler, Alfred Pennyworth , who had been coaxing the relationship between the pair. After Vicki learns his secret, Wayne chooses to battle the Joker for the sake of the city over their relationship. He then departs to destroy the Axis plant used to create Smylex. Meanwhile, Joker lures Gotham's citizens to a parade honoring Gotham's bicentennial with the promise of free money. This turns out to be a trap designed to dose them with Smylex gas held within giant parade balloons. Batman foils his plan by using his Batwing to remove the balloons, but Joker shoots him down. The Batwing crashes in front of a cathedral, which Joker uses to take Vicki hostage. Batman pursues the Joker, and in the ensuing fight, he identifies Napier killed his parents and thus, indirectly created Batman. Joker eventually pulls Batman and Vicki over the cathedral's roof, leaving them hanging while he calls for a helicopter piloted by his goons, who throw down a ladder for him to climb. Batman uses a grappling hook to attach Joker's leg to a crumbling gargoyle that eventually falls off the roof. Unable to bear the statue's immense weight, Joker falls to his death while Batman and Vicki make it to safety. Sometime later, Gordon announces that the police have arrested all of Joker's men, effectively dismantling the remains of Grissom's organizations, and unveils the Bat-Signal . Batman leaves the police a note, promising to defend Gotham should crime strike again, and asking them to use the Bat-Signal to summon him in times of need. Alfred takes Vicki to Wayne Manor , explaining that Wayne will be a little late. She responds that she is not surprised, as Batman looks at the signal's projection from a rooftop, standing watch over the city. Cast Jack Nicholson as Jack Napier / The Joker Hugo E. Blick as young Jack Napier Hugo E. Blick as young Jack Napier Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman Charles Roskilly as young Bruce Wayne Charles Roskilly as young Bruce Wayne Kim Basinger as Vicki Vale Robert Wuhl as Alexander Knox Pat Hingle as Commissioner Gordon Billy Dee Williams as Harvey Dent Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth Jack Palance as Carl Grissom Jerry Hall as Alicia Hunt Tracey Walter as Bob the Goon Lee Wallace as Mayor Borg William Hootkins as Lt. Max Eckhardt Liza Ross as tourist mom Garrick Hagon as tourist dad Adrian Meyers as tourist son David Baxt as Thomas Wayne Sharon Holm as Martha Wayne Production Development "I was never a giant comic book fan, but I've always loved the image of Batman and the Joker. The reason I've never been a comic book fan – and I think it started when I was a child – is because I could never tell which box I was supposed to read. I don't know if it was dyslexia or whatever, but that's why I loved The Killing Joke , because for the first time I could tell which one to read. It's my favorite. It's the first comic I've ever loved. And the success of those graphic novels made our ideas more acceptable." "I was never a giant comic book fan, but I've always loved the image of Batman and the Joker. The reason I've never been a comic book fan – and I think it started when I was a child – is because I could never tell which box I was supposed to read. I don't know if it was dyslexia or whatever, but that's why I loved The Killing Joke , because for the first time I could tell which one to read. It's my favorite. It's the first comic I've ever loved. And the success of those graphic novels made our ideas more acceptable." In the late 1970s, Batman's popularity was waning. [ 9 ] CBS was interested in producing a Batman in Outer Space film. Producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael E. Uslan purchased the film rights of Batman from DC Comics on October 3, 1979. It was Uslan's wish "to make the definitive, dark, serious version of Batman, the way Bob Kane and Bill Finger had envisioned him in 1939. A creature of the night; stalking criminals in the shadows." [ 9 ] Richard Maibaum was approached to write a script with Guy Hamilton to direct, but the two turned down the offer. Uslan was unsuccessful with pitching Batman to various movie studios because they wanted the film to be similar to the campy 1960s television series . Columbia Pictures and United Artists were among those to turn down the film. [ 10 ] A disappointed Uslan then wrote a script titled Return of the Batman to give the film industry a better idea of his vision for the film. Uslan later compared its dark tone to that of the successful four-part comic book The Dark Knight Returns , which his script predated by six years. [ 9 ] In November 1979, producers Jon Peters and Peter Guber joined the project. [ 5 ] Melniker and Uslan became executive producers. The four felt it was best to pattern the film's development after that of Superman (1978). [ 11 ] Uslan, Melniker and Guber pitched Batman to Universal Pictures , but the studio turned it down. [ 12 ] Though no movie studios were yet involved, the project was publicly announced with a budget of $15 million in July 1980 at the Comic Art Convention in New York. Warner Bros. , the studio behind the successful Superman film franchise , decided to also accept and produce Batman . [ 13 ] Tom Mankiewicz completed a script titled The Batman in June 1983, focusing on Batman and Dick Grayson 's origins, with the Joker and Rupert Thorne as villains and Silver St. Cloud as the romantic interest. [ 14 ] Mankiewicz took inspiration from the limited series Batman: Strange Apparitions , written by Steve Englehart . [ 15 ] Comic book artist Marshall Rogers , who worked with Englehart on Strange Apparitions , was hired for concept art . [ 12 ] The Batman was then announced in late 1983 for a mid-1985 release date on a budget of $20 million. Originally, Mankiewicz had wanted an unknown actor for Batman, William Holden for James Gordon , David Niven as Alfred Pennyworth , and Peter O'Toole as the Penguin , whom Mankiewicz wanted to portray as a mobster with low body temperature. [ 13 ] Holden died in 1981 and Niven in 1983, so this would never come to pass. A number of filmmakers were attached to Mankiewicz' script, including Ivan Reitman and Joe Dante . Reitman wanted to cast Bill Murray as Batman and Eddie Murphy as Robin. [ 7 ] Nine rewrites were performed by nine separate writers. Most of them were based on Strange Apparitions . However, Mankiewicz's script was still being used to guide the project. [ 16 ] Due to the work they did together with the film Swamp Thing (1982), Wes Craven was among the names that Melniker and Uslan considered while looking for a director. [ 17 ] After the financial success of Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985), Warner Bros. hired Tim Burton to direct Batman . Burton had then-girlfriend Julie Hickson write a new 30-page film treatment , feeling the previous script by Mankiewicz was campy . The success of The Dark Knight Returns and the graphic novel Batman: The Killing Joke rekindled Warner Bros.' interest in a film adaptation. Burton was initially not a comic book fan, but he was impressed by the dark and serious tone found in both The Dark Knight Returns and The Killing Joke . [ 7 ] Warner Bros. enlisted the aid of Englehart to write a new treatment in March 1986. [ 18 ] Like Mankiewicz's script, it was based on his own Strange Apparitions and included Silver St. Cloud, Dick Grayson, the Joker, and Rupert Thorne, as well as a cameo appearance by the Penguin . Warner Bros. was impressed, but Englehart felt there were too many characters. He removed the Penguin and Dick Grayson in his second treatment, finishing in May 1986. [ 18 ] Burton approached Sam Hamm , a comic book fan, to write the screenplay. [ 13 ] Hamm decided not to use an origin story , feeling that flashbacks would be more suitable and that "unlocking the mystery" would become part of the storyline. [ 15 ] He reasoned, "You totally destroy your credibility if you show the literal process by which Bruce Wayne becomes Batman." [ 19 ] Hamm replaced Silver St. Cloud with Vicki Vale and Rupert Thorne with his own creation, Carl Grissom. He completed his script in October 1986, which demoted Dick Grayson to a cameo rather than a supporting character. [ 20 ] One scene in Hamm's script had a young James Gordon on duty the night of the murder of Bruce Wayne's parents. When Hamm's script was rewritten, the scene was deleted, reducing it to a photo in the Gotham Globe newspaper seen in the film. [ 21 ] Warner Bros. was less willing to move forward on development, despite their enthusiasm for Hamm's script, which Kane greeted with positive feedback. [ 7 ] Hamm's script was then bootlegged at various comic book stores in the United States. [ 15 ] Batman was finally given the greenlight to commence pre-production in April 1988, after the success of Burton's Beetlejuice the same year. [ 7 ] When comic book fans found out about Burton directing the film with Michael Keaton starring in the lead role, controversy arose over the tone and direction Batman was going in. [ 22 ] Hamm explained, "They hear Tim Burton's name and they think of Pee-wee's Big Adventure . They hear Keaton's name, and they think of any number of Michael Keaton comedies. You think of the 1960s version of Batman , and it was the complete opposite of our film. We tried to market it with a typical dark and serious tone, but the fans didn't believe us." [ 15 ] To combat negative reports on the film's production, Kane was hired as creative consultant. [ 11 ] Batman's co-creator, Bill Finger , was uncredited at the time of the film's release and his name was not added to any Batman-related media until 2016. [ 1 ] Casting Parallel to the Superman casting, a variety of Hollywood A-listers were considered for the role of Batman, including Mel Gibson , Michael Biehn , [ 23 ] Steven Seagal , [ 24 ] Kevin Costner , Charlie Sheen , Tom Selleck , Bill Murray, [ 5 ] [ 13 ] Harrison Ford and Dennis Quaid . [ 25 ] Burton was pressured by Warner Bros. to cast an obvious action movie star, [ 7 ] and had approached Pierce Brosnan , but he had no interest in playing a comic book character. [ 26 ] Burton was originally interested in casting an unknown actor, [ 25 ] Willem Dafoe , who was falsely reported to be considered for the Joker but had actually been considered for Batman early in development. [ 27 ] Producer Jon Peters suggested Michael Keaton, arguing he had the right "edgy, tormented quality" after having seen his dramatic performance in Clean and Sober (1988). [ 28 ] Having directed Keaton in Beetlejuice , Burton agreed. [ 5 ] The casting of Keaton caused a furor among comic book fans, [ 22 ] [ 29 ] with 50,000 protest letters sent to Warner Bros. offices. [ 20 ] Kane, Hamm, and Uslan also heavily questioned the casting. [ 15 ] "Obviously there was a negative response from the comic book people. I think they thought we were going to make it like the 1960s TV series, and make it campy, because they thought of Michael Keaton from Mr. Mom and Night Shift and stuff like that." [ 30 ] Keaton studied The Dark Knight Returns for inspiration. [ 31 ] Tim Curry , David Bowie , John Lithgow , Brad Dourif , Ray Liotta , and James Woods were all considered for the Joker. [ 19 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Lithgow, during his audition, attempted to talk Burton out of casting him, a decision he would later publicly regret, stating, "I didn't realize it was such a big deal." [ 35 ] Burton wanted to cast John Glover , but the studio insisted on using a movie star. [ 36 ] Robin Williams lobbied hard for the part. [ 20 ] Jack Nicholson had been the studio's top choice since 1980. Peters approached Nicholson as far back as 1986, during filming of The Witches of Eastwick ; [ 37 ] unlike Keaton, he was a popular choice for his role. [ 29 ] Nicholson had what was known as an "off-the-clock" agreement. His contract specified the number of hours he was entitled to have off each day, from the time he left the set to the time he reported back for filming, [ 13 ] as well as being off for Los Angeles Lakers home games. [ 38 ] Nicholson demanded that all of his scenes be shot in a three-week block, but the schedule lapsed into 106 days. [ 37 ] He reduced his standard $10 million fee to $6 million in exchange for a cut of the film's earnings (including associated merchandise), which led to remuneration in excess of $50 million [ 39 ] —biographer Marc Eliot reports that Nicholson may have received as much as $90 million. [ 40 ] He also demanded top billing on promotional materials. [ 41 ] Sean Young was originally cast as Vicki Vale, but was injured in a horse-riding accident prior to commencement of filming. [ 42 ] Young's departure necessitated an urgent search for an actress who, besides being right for the part, could commit to the film at very short notice. Peters suggested Kim Basinger : she was able to join the production immediately and was cast. [ 5 ] [ 42 ] As a fan of Michael Gough 's work in various Hammer horror films, Burton cast Gough as Bruce Wayne's mysterious butler, Alfred . [ 43 ] Reporter Alexander Knox was portrayed by Robert Wuhl . In the original script, Knox was killed by the Joker's poison gas during the climax, but the filmmakers "liked [my] character so much," Wuhl said, "that they decided to let me live." [ 44 ] Burton chose Billy Dee Williams as Harvey Dent because he wanted to include the villain Two-Face in a future film using the concept of an African-American Two-Face for the black and white concept, [ 45 ] but Tommy Lee Jones was later cast in the role for Batman Forever (1995), which disappointed Williams. [ 44 ] Nicholson convinced the filmmakers to cast his close friend Tracey Walter as the Joker's henchman Bob. [ 46 ] Irish child actor Ricky Addison Reed was cast as Dick Grayson before the character was removed by Warren Skarren for the revised shooting script. [ 47 ] The rest of the cast included Pat Hingle as Commissioner Gordon , Jerry Hall as Alicia, Lee Wallace as Mayor Borg, William Hootkins as Lt. Eckhardt, and Jack Palance as crime boss Carl Grissom. Design "On Batman , our vision of Gotham City was influenced by the tone of the 'Dark Knight' comics, and also Andreas Feininger 's photographs of New York buildings and the work of Japanese architect Shin Takamatsu . ( Blade Runner was consciously avoided as a reference; no one was allowed to watch it while we were designing the film and neon was shunned altogether!)" "On Batman , our vision of Gotham City was influenced by the tone of the 'Dark Knight' comics, and also Andreas Feininger 's photographs of New York buildings and the work of Japanese architect Shin Takamatsu . ( Blade Runner was consciously avoided as a reference; no one was allowed to watch it while we were designing the film and neon was shunned altogether!)" Burton had been impressed with the design of Neil Jordan 's The Company of Wolves (1984), but was unable to hire its production designer Anton Furst for Beetlejuice [ 29 ] as he had instead committed to Jordan's London-filmed ghost comedy High Spirits (1988), a choice he later regretted. [ 13 ] A year later Burton successfully hired Furst for Batman , and they enjoyed working with each other. "I don't think I've ever felt so naturally in tune with a director," Furst said. "Conceptually, spiritually, visually, or artistically. There was never any problem because we never fought over anything. Texture, attitude and feelings are what Burton is a master at." [ 11 ] Furst and the art department deliberately mixed clashing architectural styles to "make Gotham City the ugliest and bleakest metropolis imaginable". [ 49 ] Furst continued, "[W]e imagined what New York City might have become without a planning commission . A city run by crime, with a riot of architectural styles. An essay in ugliness. As if hell erupted through the pavement and kept on going". [ 50 ] The 1985 film Brazil by Terry Gilliam was also a notable influence upon the film's production design, as both Burton and Furst studied it as a reference. [ 11 ] Black and white charcoal drawings of key locations and sets were created by Furst's longtime draftsman, Nigel Phelps . Derek Meddings served as the visual effects supervisor , overseeing the miniatures and animation. Conceptual illustrator Julian Caldow designed the Batmobile, Batwing and assorted bat-gadgets that were later constructed by prop builder John Evans. Keith Short sculpted the final body of the Batmobile , [ 51 ] adding two Browning machine guns . [ 52 ] On designing the Batmobile, Furst explained, "We looked at jet aircraft components, we looked at war machines, we looked at all sorts of things. In the end, we went into pure expressionism, taking the Salt Flat Racers of the 30s and the Sting Ray macho machines of the 50s". The car was built upon a Chevrolet Impala when previous development with a Jaguar and Ford Mustang failed. [ 37 ] The car itself was later purchased by standup comedian/ventriloquist Jeff Dunham , who had it outfitted with a Corvette engine to make it street legal. [ 53 ] Costume designer Bob Ringwood turned down the chance to work on Licence to Kill (1989) in favor of Batman . Ringwood found it difficult designing the Batsuit because "the image of Batman in the comics is this huge, big six-foot-four hunk with a dimpled chin. Michael Keaton is a guy with average build", he stated. "The problem was to make somebody who was average-sized and ordinary-looking into this bigger-than-life creature." [ 54 ] Burton commented, "Michael is a bit claustrophobic , which made it worse for him. The costume put him in a dark, Batman-like mood though, so he was able to use it to his advantage". [ 54 ] Burton's idea was to use an all-black suit, and was met with positive feedback by Bob Kane. Vin Burnham was tasked with sculpting the Batsuit, in association with Alli Eynon. Jon Peters wanted to use a Nike product placement with the Batsuit. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Ringwood studied over 200 comic book issues for inspiration. 28 sculpted latex designs were created; 25 different cape looks and 6 different heads were made, accumulating a total cost of $250,000. [ 57 ] Comic book fans initially expressed negative feedback against the Batsuit. [ 29 ] Burton opted not to use tights, spandex, or underpants as seen in the comic book, feeling it was not intimidating. [ 7 ] Prosthetic makeup designer Nick Dudman used acrylic-based makeup paint called PAX for Nicholson's chalk-white face. Part of Nicholson's contract was approval over the makeup designer. [ 58 ] Filming The filmmakers considered filming Batman entirely on the Warner Bros. backlot in Burbank, California , but media interest in the film made them change the location. It was shot at Pinewood Studios in England from October 10, 1988, to February 14, 1989, with 80 days of main shooting and 86 days of second unit shooting. [ 59 ] 18 sound stages were used, with seven stages occupied, including the 51 acre backlot for the Gotham City set, one of the biggest ever built at the studio. [ 59 ] [ 11 ] Locations included Knebworth House and Hatfield House doubling for Wayne Manor , plus Acton Lane Power Station and Little Barford Power Station . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] For the production at Acton Lane Power Station, the power plant and alien nest sets from Aliens (1986) were reused as interiors for Axis Chemicals. [ 62 ] The original production budget escalated from $30 million to $48 million. [ 5 ] Filming was highly secretive. The unit publicist was offered and refused £ 10,000 for the first pictures of Nicholson as the Joker. The police were later called in when two reels of footage (about 20 minutes' worth) were stolen. [ 37 ] With various problems during filming, Burton called it "Torture. The worst period of my life!" [ 5 ] Hamm was not allowed to perform rewrites during the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike . [ 13 ] Warren Skaaren , who had also worked on Burton's Beetlejuice , did rewrites. Jonathan Gems and Charles McKeown rewrote the script during filming. [ 63 ] Only Skaaren received screenplay credit with Hamm. Hamm criticized the rewrites, but blamed the changes on Warner Bros. [ 15 ] Burton explained, "I don't understand why that became such a problem. We started out with a script that everyone liked, although we recognized it needed a little work." [ 7 ] Dick Grayson appeared in the shooting script but was deleted because the filmmakers felt he was irrelevant to the plot; [ 13 ] Kane supported this decision. [ 43 ] Keaton used his comedic experience for scenes such as Bruce and Vicki's Wayne Manor dinner. [ 29 ] He called himself a "logic freak" and was concerned that Batman's secret identity would in reality be fairly easy to uncover. Keaton discussed ideas with Burton to better disguise the character, including the use of contact lenses . Ultimately, Keaton decided to perform Batman's voice at a lower register than when he was portraying Bruce Wayne, which became a hallmark of the film version of the character, with Christian Bale later using the same technique. [ 64 ] Originally in the climax, the Joker was meant to kill Vicki Vale, sending Batman into a vengeful fury. Jon Peters reworked the climax without telling Burton and commissioned production designer Anton Furst to create a 38-foot (12 m) model of the cathedral. [ 65 ] This cost $100,000 when the film was already well over budget. Burton disliked the idea, having no clue how the scene would end: "Here were Jack Nicholson and Kim Basinger walking up this cathedral, and halfway up Jack turns around and says, 'Why am I walking up all these stairs? Where am I going?' 'We'll talk about it when you get to the top!' I had to tell him that I didn't know." [ 65 ] Music Burton hired Danny Elfman of Oingo Boingo , his collaborator on Pee-wee's Big Adventure and Beetlejuice , to compose the music score. For inspiration, Elfman was given The Dark Knight Returns . Elfman was worried, as he had never worked on a production this large in budget and scale. [ 66 ] In addition, producer Jon Peters was skeptical of hiring Elfman, but was later convinced when he heard the opening number. [ 67 ] Peters and Peter Guber wanted Prince to write music for the Joker and Michael Jackson to do the romance songs. Elfman would then combine the style of Prince and Jackson's songs together for the entire film score. [ 7 ] At the encouragement of Prince's then-manager Albert Magnoli , it was agreed that Prince himself would write and sing the film's songs . [ 68 ] Burton protested the ideas, citing "my movies aren't commercial like Top Gun ." [ 7 ] Elfman enlisted the help of composer Shirley Walker and Oingo Boingo lead guitarist Steve Bartek to arrange the compositions for the orchestra. [ 69 ] [ 70 ] Elfman was later displeased with the audio mixing of his film score. " Batman was done in England by technicians who didn't care, and the non-caring showed," he stated. "I'm not putting down England because they've done gorgeous dubs there, but this particular crew elected not to." [ 71 ] Batman was one of the first films to spawn two soundtracks. One of them featured songs written by Prince while the other showcased Elfman's score. Both were successful, [ 72 ] and compilations of Elfman's opening credits were used in the title sequence theme for Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1995), also composed by Walker. [ 33 ] Themes When discussing the central theme of Batman , director Tim Burton explained, "the whole film and mythology of the character is a complete duel of the freaks. It's a fight between two disturbed people", adding, "The Joker is such a great character because there's a complete freedom to him. Any character who operates on the outside of society and is deemed a freak and an outcast then has the freedom to do what they want... They are the darker sides of freedom. Insanity is in some scary way the most freedom you can have, because you're not bound by the laws of society". [ 7 ] Burton saw Bruce Wayne as the bearer of a double identity, exposing one while hiding the reality from the world. [ 7 ] Burton biographer Ken Hanke wrote that Bruce Wayne, struggling with his alter-ego as Batman, is depicted as an antihero . Hanke felt that Batman has to push the boundaries of civil justice to deal with certain criminals, such as the Joker. [ 16 ] Kim Newman theorized that "Burton and the writers saw Batman and the Joker as a dramatic antithesis, and the film deals with their intertwined origins and fates to an even greater extent". [ 73 ] Batman conveys trademarks found in 1930s pulp magazines , notably the design of Gotham City stylized with Art Deco design. [ 74 ] Richard Corliss , writing for Time , observed that Gotham's design was a reference to films such as The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) and Metropolis (1927). "Gotham City, despite being shot on a studio backlot ", he continued, "is literally another character in the script. It has the demeaning presence of German Expressionism and fascist architecture , staring down at the citizens." [ 75 ] Hanke further addressed the notions of Batman being a period piece , in that "The citizens, cops, people and the black-and-white television looks like it takes place in 1939"; but later said: "Had the filmmakers made Vicki Vale a femme fatale rather than a damsel in distress , this could have made Batman as a homage and tribute to classic film noir ." [ 60 ] Portions of the climax pay homage to Vertigo (1958). [ 76 ] Marketing The B.D. Fox ad agency created hundreds of unused logos and posters for promotion, many by John Alvin . In the end Burton and producers decided on only using a gold and black logo designed by Anton Furst and airbrushed by Bill Garland, with no other key art variation, to keep an air of mystery about the film. [ 77 ] The logo is also an ambiguous image , which can be read either as Batman's symbol or as a gaping mouth. [ 78 ] Earlier designs "had the word 'Batman' spelled in RoboCop or Conan the Barbarian -type font". [ 5 ] Jon Peters unified all the film's tie-ins , even turning down $6 million from General Motors to build the Batmobile because the car company would not relinquish creative control. [ 5 ] During production, Peters read in The Wall Street Journal that comic book fans were unsatisfied with the casting of Michael Keaton. In response, Peters rushed the first film trailer that played in thousands of theaters during Christmas. It was simply an assemblage of scenes without music, but created enormous anticipation for the film, with audiences clapping and cheering. [ 5 ] [ 29 ] DC Comics allowed screenwriter Sam Hamm to write his own comic book miniseries . Hamm's stories were collected in the graphic novel Batman: Blind Justice ( .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} ISBN 978-1563890475 ). Denys Cowan and Dick Giordano illustrated the artwork. [ 19 ] Blind Justice tells the story of Bruce Wayne trying to solve a series of murders connected to Wayne Enterprises . It also marks the first appearance of Henri Ducard , who was later used in the rebooted Batman Begins (2005), albeit as an alias for the more notable Ra's al Ghul . [ 19 ] In the months leading up to Batman ' s release in June 1989, a popular culture phenomenon known as " Batmania " began. Over $750 million worth of merchandise was sold. [ 33 ] Cult filmmaker and comic book writer Kevin Smith remembered: "That summer was huge. You couldn't turn around without seeing the Bat-Signal somewhere. People were cutting it into their fucking heads. It was just the summer of Batman and if you were a comic book fan it was pretty hot." [ 79 ] Hachette Book Group USA published a novelization, Batman , written by Craig Shaw Gardner . [ 80 ] It remained on The New York Times Best Seller list throughout June 1989. [ 81 ] Burton admitted he was annoyed by the publicity. David Handelman of The New York Observer categorized Batman as a high concept film. He believed "it is less movie than a corporate behemoth ". [ 76 ] Reception Box office Batman grossed $2.2 million in late night previews on June 22, 1989, on 1,215 screens and grossed $40.49 million in 2,194 theaters during its opening weekend. [ 82 ] This broke the opening weekend records held by Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (which had a 4-day Memorial Day weekend gross of $37.0 million the previous month) [ 83 ] and Ghostbusters II (which had a $29.4 million 3-day weekend the previous weekend). [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Upon opening, the film would go on to reach the number one spot above Honey, I Shrunk the Kids . [ 86 ] Additionally, it had the largest opening weekend for a Jack Nicholson film for 14 years until it was dethroned by Anger Management in 2003. [ 87 ] Batman also set a record for a second weekend gross with $30 million (also the second biggest 3-day weekend of all time) [ 83 ] and became the fastest film to earn $100 million, reaching it in 11 days (10 days plus late night previews). [ 84 ] [ 88 ] The film closed on December 14, 1989, with a final gross of $251.4 million in North America and $160.2 million internationally, totaling $411.6 million. [ 89 ] The film would hold the record for being the highest-grossing Warner Bros. film until 1996 when Twister surpassed it. [ 90 ] It was the highest-grossing film based on a DC comic book until The Dark Knight (2008). [ 91 ] Furthermore, Batman held the record for being the highest-grossing superhero film of all time until it was taken by Spider-Man in 2002. [ 92 ] The film's gross is the 143rd highest ever in North American ranks. [ 93 ] Although Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade made the most money worldwide in 1989, [ 94 ] Batman was able to beat The Last Crusade in North America , [ 95 ] and made a further $150 million in home video sales. [ 96 ] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 60 million tickets in the US. [ 97 ] Despite the film's box office – over $400 million against a budget of no more than $48 million – Warner Bros. claimed it ended up losing $35.8 million and "not likely to ever show a profit," which has been attributed to a case of Hollywood accounting . [ 98 ] Critical response Batman was criticized by some for being too dark, but nonetheless received a generally positive response from critics. [ 7 ] On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 77% based on 142 reviews, with an average score of 7.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "An eerie, haunting spectacle, Batman succeeds as dark entertainment, even if Jack Nicholson's Joker too often overshadows the title character." [ 99 ] On Metacritic , the film received a weighted average score of 69 based on 21 reviews, indicating "generally favorable" reviews. [ 100 ] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale. [ 101 ] Many observed that Burton was more interested in the Joker and the art and set production design than Batman or anything else in terms of characterization and screentime. [ 7 ] Comic book fans reacted negatively over the Joker murdering Thomas and Martha Wayne ; in the comic book, Joe Chill is responsible. Writer Sam Hamm said it was Burton's idea to have the Joker murder Wayne's parents. "The Writer's Strike was going on, and Tim had the other writers do that. I also hold innocent to Alfred letting Vicki Vale into the Batcave . Fans were ticked off with that, and I agree. That would have been Alfred's last day of employment at Wayne Manor ," Hamm said. [ 67 ] The songs written by Prince were criticized for being "too out of place". [ 13 ] While Burton stated he had no problem with the Prince songs, he was less enthusiastic with their use in the film. [ 16 ] On the film, Burton remarked, "I liked parts of it, but the whole movie is mainly boring to me. It's OK, but it was more of a cultural phenomenon than a great movie." [ 96 ] Despite initial negative reactions from comics fans prior to the film's release, Keaton's portrayal of Batman was generally praised. [ 76 ] [ 102 ] James Berardinelli called the film entertaining, with the highlight being the production design. However, he concluded, "the best thing that can be said about Batman is that it led to Batman Returns , which was a far superior effort." [ 103 ] Variety felt "Jack Nicholson stole every scene" but still greeted the film with positive feedback. [ 104 ] Roger Ebert was highly impressed with the production design, but claimed " Batman is a triumph of design over story, style over substance, a great-looking movie with a plot you can't care much about." He also called the film "a depressing experience". [ 105 ] On the syndicated television series Siskel & Ebert , his reviewing partner Gene Siskel disagreed, describing the film as having a "refreshingly adult" approach with performances, direction and set design that "draws you into a psychological world". [ 106 ] Legacy Anton Furst and Peter Young won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction , [ 107 ] while Nicholson was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor (Musical or Comedy) . [ 108 ] The British Academy of Film and Television Arts nominated Batman in six categories ( Production Design , Visual Effects , Costume Design , Makeup , Sound and Actor in a Supporting Role for Nicholson), but it won none of the categories. [ 109 ] Nicholson, Basinger, the makeup department, and costume designer Bob Ringwood all received nominations at the Saturn Awards . The film was also nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film [ 110 ] and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation . [ 111 ] The success of Batman prompted Warner Bros. Animation to create the acclaimed Batman: The Animated Series , as a result beginning the long-running DC Animated Universe [ 112 ] and helped establish the modern day superhero film genre. Series co-creator Bruce Timm stated the television show's Art Deco design was inspired from the film. Timm commented, "our show would never have gotten made if it hadn't been for that first Batman movie." [ 113 ] Burton joked, "ever since I did Batman , it was like the first dark comic book movie. Now everyone wants to do a dark and serious superhero movie. I guess I'm the one responsible for that trend." [ 114 ] Batman initiated the original Batman film series and spawned three sequels: Batman Returns (1992), Batman Forever (1995), and Batman & Robin (1997), the latter two of which were directed by Joel Schumacher instead of Burton and replaced Keaton as Batman with Val Kilmer and George Clooney , respectively. Executive producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael E. Uslan filed a breach of contract lawsuit in Los Angeles County Superior Court on March 26, 1992. Melniker and Uslan claimed to be "the victims of a sinister campaign of fraud and coercion that has cheated them out of continuing involvement in the production of Batman and its sequels. We were denied proper credits, and deprived of any financial rewards for our indispensable creative contribution to the success of Batman ." [ 5 ] A superior court judge rejected the lawsuit. Total revenues of Batman have topped $2 billion, with Uslan claiming to have "not seen a penny more than that since our net profit participation has proved worthless." [ 5 ] Warner Bros. offered the pair an out-of-court settlement, a sum described by Melniker and Uslan's attorney as "two popcorns and two Cokes ". [ 115 ] Reflecting on the twentieth anniversary of its release in a retrospective article on Salon.com , film commentator Scott Mendelson noted the continuing impact that Batman has had on the motion film industry, including the increasing importance of opening weekend box office receipts; the narrowing window between a film's debut and its video release that caused the demise of second-run movie theaters; the accelerated acquisition of pre-existing, pre-sold properties for film adaptations that can be readily leveraged for merchandizing tie-ins; the primacy of the MPAA PG-13 as the target rating for film producers; and more off-beat, non-traditional casting opportunities for genre films. [ 116 ] The film was responsible for the British Board of Film Classification introducing its "12" age rating, as its content fell between what was expected for a "PG" or "15" certificate. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] The American Film Institute anointed Batman the 46th greatest movie hero and the Joker the 45th greatest movie villain on AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains . [ 119 ] AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – Nominated [ 120 ] AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated [ 121 ] AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains : The Joker – #45 Villain Batman – #46 Hero The Joker – #45 Villain Batman – #46 Hero AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes : "Have you ever danced with the Devil in the pale moonlight?" – Nominated [ 122 ] "Have you ever danced with the Devil in the pale moonlight?" – Nominated [ 122 ] AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated [ 123 ] AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Fantasy Film [ 124 ] Robert Wuhl reprises his role as Alexander Knox in The CW 's Arrowverse crossover, Crisis on Infinite Earths . The event also retroactively established that the world of the film and its sequel, Batman Returns , takes place on Earth-89; which is one of the worlds destroyed by the Anti-Monitor ( LaMonica Garrett ) during the Crisis. [ 125 ] Michael Keaton reprises his role as Batman in The Flash set in the DC Extended Universe . [ 126 ] Video games Several video games based on the film were released: By Ocean Software in 1989 , [ 127 ] by Sunsoft in 1989 and 1990 , [ 128 ] [ 129 ] and by Atari Games in 1991 . [ 130 ] Konami was also in talks of releasing an arcade game around the same time as Atari. [ 131 ] Comic book continuations In March 2016, artist Joe Quinones revealed several art designs he and Kate Leth had created to pitch a comic book continuation set in the 1989 Batman universe to DC Comics. The pitch, which was rejected, would have included the story of Billy Dee Williams' Harvey Dent turning into Two-Face as well as the inclusion of characters such as Batgirl in a story that took place following the events of Batman Returns . [ 132 ] In 2021, DC announced it would be releasing a comic book continuation of the film titled Batman '89 . The series would be written by Sam Hamm and illustrated by Joe Quinones. The comic's synopsis revealed that it would include the return of Selina Kyle/Catwoman, an introduction of a new Robin, and the transformation of Williams' Harvey Dent into Two-Face. [ 133 ] A follow-up series was later announced by DC Comics on August 17, 2023. The first issue of the new series was released on November 28, 2023. It was written again by Sam Hamm, with art by Joe Quinones. In the series, Batman has mysteriously disappeared after Dent's death, leading Gotham citizens to take to the streets to fight in his place, including Barbara Gordon, who becomes Batgirl . Scarecrow and Harley Quinn will be featured as the main antagonists, [ 134 ] seemingly referencing the unproduced fifth film in the Burton and Schumacher series, Batman Unchained . [ 135 ] Direct sequel novels On April 11, 2024, it was announced that a new novel would be released which would tie-in to the film. Announced with the title Batman: Resurrection , the novel was written by author John Jackson Miller , and acts as a direct sequel to the film, being set between the events of Batman and its sequel Batman Returns , with Batman focusing on dismantling the remnants of Joker's organization, while contemplating on the idea that Joker might not actually be dead. The novel also includes certain characters introduced in the sequel, with one example being Max Shreck. [ 136 ] It was released on October 15, 2024, by Penguin Random House ; a sequel, titled Batman: Revolution , was later revealed by Miller and was released in October 2025. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] [ 139 ] Home media Batman has been released on various formats, including VHS , LaserDisc , DVD and Blu-ray . In an unprecedented move at the time, it was made available to buy on VHS in the United States on November 15, 1989, less than six months after its theatrical release, at a suggested retail price of only $24.95 although most sellers sold it for less. [ 140 ] [ 141 ] It was first released on DVD on March 25, 1997, as a double sided disc containing both Widescreen (1.85:1) and Full Screen (1.33:1) versions of the film. The 2005 Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology 1989–1997 included 2-disc special edition DVDs of the film and all three of its sequels. The anthology was also released as a 4-disc Blu-ray set in 2009, with each film and its previous extras contained on a single disc. Other Blu-ray reissues include a "30th Anniversary" Digibook with 50-page booklet, and a steelcase edition; both also include a Digital Copy . Most recently the "25th Anniversary" Diamond Luxe reissue contained the same disc as before and on a second disc, a new 25-minute featurette: "Batman: The Birth of the Modern Blockbuster". The film was also included in The Tim Burton Collection DVD and Blu-ray set in 2012, alongside its first sequel, Batman Returns . Batman was released on Ultra HD Blu-ray on June 4, 2019. [ 142 ] Notes ^ Bill Finger , co-creator of Batman, the Penguin, and Catwoman, was uncredited at the time of the film's release and his name was not added to any Batman related media until 2016. [ 1 ] References ^ a b "DC Will Finally Credit Bill Finger As Co-Creator Of Batman" . Gizmodo . September 20, 2015. Archived from the original on August 31, 2019 . Retrieved August 31, 2019 . ^ a b c d "Batman (1989)" . American Film Institute . 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Retrieved April 13, 2024 . ^ Schedeen, Jesse (August 21, 2023). "Batman '89: Echoes Adds Scarecrow and Harley Quinn to the Burtonverse" . IGN . ^ Matthew Aguilar (April 11, 2024). "Batman 1989 Continues, in a Brand New Novel" . Gizmodo . Retrieved April 13, 2024 . ^ "Batman: Resurrection by John Jackson Miller" . Penguin Random House . Archived from the original on April 11, 2024 . Retrieved April 14, 2024 . ^ "Batman: Resurrection Continues the Dark Knight's Tale From the Tim Burton Film (Exclusive)" . comicbook.com . October 13, 2024. ^ "New Batman: Resurrection Book Fills In The Gap Between Batman 1989 And Batman Returns" . slashfilm.com . October 15, 2024. ^ " 'Batman' a Potent Weapon in Sell-through Crusade". Variety . November 15, 1989. p. 31. ^ " 'Batman' Vids Fly Off Shelves; Stores Face Limited Supploy". Variety . November 22, 1989. p. 81. ^ Batman 4K Blu-ray , archived from the original on April 9, 2019 , retrieved April 12, 2019 Further reading Halfyard, Janet K. (October 28, 2004). Danny Elfman's Batman: A Film Score Guide (Paperback). A careful study of Elfman's scoring technique with a detailed analysis of the film itself. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-5126-1 . Craig Shaw Gardner (June 1, 1989). Batman (Mass Market Paperback). Novelization of the film. Hachette Book Group USA . ISBN 0-446-35487-2 . External links Film portal United States portal Speculative fiction portal 1980s portal Batman at IMDb Batman at the TCM Movie Database (archived version) Official website Batman (1989) Official website at Warner Bros. Official website Batman (1989) Official website at DC Comics .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e President's Memorial Award v t e Time Bandits (1982) Roger Corman (1984) Jack Arnold (1985) Woody Allen (1986) The Purple Rose of Cairo (1986) Joseph Stefano (1987) Marshall Brickman (1987) The Manhattan Project (1987) Mike Jittlov (1988) The Wizard of Speed and Time (1988) Carrie Fisher (1990) Batman (1991) Robert Shaye (1992) Gale Anne Hurd (1993) Steven Spielberg (1994) Bryan Singer (1996) Robert Wise (1996) Billy Bob Thornton (1997) James Cameron (1998) Gods and Monsters (1998) William Friedkin (1999) David Shepard (1999) Richard Donner (2000) Dustin Lance Black (2001) Sherry Lansing (2002) James Cameron (2003) Gale Anne Hurd (2004) Steven E. de Souza Elsa Lanchester Guillermo del Toro (2018) Time Bandits (1982) Roger Corman (1984) Jack Arnold (1985) Woody Allen (1986) The Purple Rose of Cairo (1986) Joseph Stefano (1987) Marshall Brickman (1987) The Manhattan Project (1987) Mike Jittlov (1988) The Wizard of Speed and Time (1988) Carrie Fisher (1990) Batman (1991) Robert Shaye (1992) Gale Anne Hurd (1993) Steven Spielberg (1994) Bryan Singer (1996) Robert Wise (1996) Billy Bob Thornton (1997) James Cameron (1998) Gods and Monsters (1998) William Friedkin (1999) David Shepard (1999) Richard Donner (2000) Dustin Lance Black (2001) Sherry Lansing (2002) James Cameron (2003) Gale Anne Hurd (2004) Steven E. de Souza Elsa Lanchester Guillermo del Toro (2018) v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Related Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Category Category v t e Batman franchise media v t e Live-action television Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Batman episodes episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Batwoman episodes characters episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Live-action films Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production The Batman production production Animated television The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes The Batman characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes characters episodes The Batman characters episodes characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam Animated films Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Novels The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution Podcasts Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Enemies in other media Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Supporting characters in other media Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Live-action films based on DC Comics v t e Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Single films Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Franchises Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) DC Imprints Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) See also DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Imprints v t e Tim Burton v t e Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Director Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Writer Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) TV series created Beetlejuice (1989–91) Beetlejuice (1989–91) v t e Yearly highest-grossing films in the United States v t e Films listed as number-one by in-year release 1970s–1980s Star Wars ( 1977 ) Grease ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Three Men and a Baby ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Batman ( 1989 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Grease ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Three Men and a Baby ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Batman ( 1989 ) 1990s−2000s Home Alone ( 1990 ) Terminator 2: Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Toy Story ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone ( 2001 ) Spider-Man ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest ( 2006 ) Spider-Man 3 ( 2007 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) Terminator 2: Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Toy Story ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone ( 2001 ) Spider-Man ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest ( 2006 ) Spider-Man 3 ( 2007 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) 2010s−2020s Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) The Hunger Games: Catching Fire ( 2013 ) American Sniper ( 2014 ) Star Wars: The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars: The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) Avengers: Endgame ( 2019 ) Bad Boys for Life ( 2020 ) Spider-Man: No Way Home ( 2021 ) Top Gun: Maverick ( 2022 ) Barbie ( 2023 ) Inside Out 2 ( 2024 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) The Hunger Games: Catching Fire ( 2013 ) American Sniper ( 2014 ) Star Wars: The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars: The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) Avengers: Endgame ( 2019 ) Bad Boys for Life ( 2020 ) Spider-Man: No Way Home ( 2021 ) Top Gun: Maverick ( 2022 ) Barbie ( 2023 ) Inside Out 2 ( 2024 ) List of highest-grossing films in the United States and Canada Authority control databases International VIAF 2 3 4 GND VIAF 2 3 4 2 3 4 GND National United States France BnF data Spain Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Spain Israel Catalonia 1989 films 1989 action films 1989 American films 1989 British films 1980s English-language films 1980s superhero films American action films American films about revenge American superhero films Films set in art museums and galleries Batman (1989 film series) British action films British films about revenge British superhero films Casting controversies in film Films adapted into comics Films directed by Tim Burton Films produced by Jon Peters Films produced by Peter Guber Films scored by Danny Elfman Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Bedfordshire Films shot in Hertfordshire Films shot in London Films whose production designer won the Best Production Design Academy Award Films with screenplays by Sam Hamm Films with screenplays by Warren Skaaren Gothic films Joker (character) in other media PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films Saturn Award–winning films Warner Bros. films English-language action films Dolby Cinema films CS1 maint: archived copy as title Pages containing links to subscription-only content Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Good articles Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use American English from January 2025 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2015 Template film date with 3 release dates Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 06:53 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 4 Themes 5 Marketing 6 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 7.1 Video games 7.2 Comic book continuations 7.3 Direct sequel novels 7.4 Home media 7.1 Video games 7.2 Comic book continuations 7.3 Direct sequel novels 7.4 Home media 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Batman (1989 film) العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Batman Theatrical release poster by Bill Garland Directed by Tim Burton Screenplay by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Sam Hamm Warren Skaaren Sam Hamm Warren Skaaren Story by Sam Hamm Based on Characters by DC Comics Batman by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ a ] Characters by DC Comics Batman by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ a ] Bob Kane Bill Finger [ a ] Produced by Jon Peters Peter Guber Jon Peters Peter Guber Starring Jack Nicholson Michael Keaton Kim Basinger Robert Wuhl Pat Hingle Billy Dee Williams Michael Gough Jack Palance Jack Nicholson Michael Keaton Kim Basinger Robert Wuhl Pat Hingle Billy Dee Williams Michael Gough Jack Palance Cinematography Roger Pratt Edited by Ray Lovejoy Music by Danny Elfman (score) Prince (songs) Production companies Warner Bros. [ 2 ] Guber-Peters Company [ 2 ] PolyGram Pictures [ 2 ] Warner Bros. [ 2 ] Guber-Peters Company [ 2 ] PolyGram Pictures [ 2 ] Distributed by Warner Bros. [ 2 ] Release dates June 19, 1989 ( 1989-06-19 ) ( Westwood, Los Angeles ) June 23, 1989 ( 1989-06-23 ) (United States) August 11, 1989 ( 1989-08-11 ) (United Kingdom) June 19, 1989 ( 1989-06-19 ) ( Westwood, Los Angeles ) June 23, 1989 ( 1989-06-23 ) (United States) August 11, 1989 ( 1989-08-11 ) (United Kingdom) Running time 126 minutes Countries United States [ 3 ] United Kingdom [ 4 ] United States [ 3 ] United Kingdom [ 4 ] Language English Budget $48 million [ 5 ] Box office $411.6 million [ 6 ] Batman is a 1989 superhero film based on the DC Comics character , created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger . Directed by Tim Burton , it is the first installment of Warner Bros. ' initial Batman film series . The film stars Jack Nicholson , Michael Keaton , Kim Basinger , Robert Wuhl , Pat Hingle , Billy Dee Williams , Michael Gough , and Jack Palance . The film's score was composed by Danny Elfman , and songs were written by Prince . The film takes place early in the war on crime of the title character (Keaton) and depicts his conflict with his archenemy the Joker (Nicholson). After Burton was hired as director in 1986, Steve Englehart and Julie Hickson wrote film treatments before Sam Hamm wrote the first screenplay. Batman was not greenlit until after the success of Burton's Beetlejuice (1988). The tone and themes of the film were partly influenced by Alan Moore and Brian Bolland 's The Killing Joke and Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Returns . The film primarily adapts and then diverges from the " Red Hood " origin story for the Joker, having Batman inadvertently cause gangster Jack Napier to fall into Axis Chemical acid, triggering his transformation into the psychotic Joker. Additionally, Batman co-creator Bob Kane worked as a consultant for the film. Numerous leading men were considered for the role of Batman before Keaton was cast. Keaton's casting was controversial since, by 1988, he had become typecast as a comedic actor and many observers had doubt he could portray a serious role. [ 7 ] Nicholson accepted the role of the Joker under strict conditions that dictated top billing , a portion of the film's earnings (including associated merchandise), and his own shooting schedule. Filming took place at Pinewood Studios from October 1988 to January 1989. The budget escalated from $30 million to $48 million, while the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike forced Hamm to drop out. Warren Skaaren did rewrites, with additional uncredited drafts done by Charles McKeown and Jonathan Gems . Batman was both critically and financially successful, earning over $400 million in box office totals. Critics and audiences particularly praised Nicholson and Keaton's performances, Burton's direction, the production design, and composer Danny Elfman 's score. It was the sixth-highest-grossing film in history at the time of its release. The film received several Saturn Award nominations and a Golden Globe nomination for Nicholson's performance, and won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction . The film was followed by three sequels: Batman Returns (1992), with both Burton and Keaton returning; Batman Forever (1995), with Joel Schumacher directing and Val Kilmer in the lead role; and Batman & Robin (1997), which featured George Clooney in the role. Keaton would later reprise the role of Batman in the DC Extended Universe film The Flash (2023). The film also led to the development of Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1995), which in turn began the DC Animated Universe of spin-off media, and has influenced Hollywood 's modern marketing and development techniques of the superhero film genre. Two sequel novels were written by John Jackson Miller , Batman: Resurrection (2024) and Batman: Revolution (2025). Plot Newspaper reporter Alexander Knox and photojournalist Vicki Vale investigate sightings of " Batman ", a masked vigilante targeting Gotham City 's criminals. Both attend a fundraiser hosted by billionaire Bruce Wayne, who is secretly Batman, having chosen this path after witnessing a mugger murder his parents when he was a child. During the event, Wayne becomes attracted to Vale. Meanwhile, mob boss Carl Grissom sends his sociopathic second-in-command Jack Napier to break into Axis Chemicals and retrieve incriminating evidence. However, this is secretly a ploy to have Napier murdered for carrying on an affair with Grissom's mistress, Alicia Hunt. Corrupt Gotham City police lieutenant Max Eckhardt arranges the hit on Napier by conducting an unauthorized raid on Axis Chemicals. However, Commissioner James Gordon learns of the raid and takes command, ordering the officers to capture Napier alive. Batman also appears, while Napier shoots and kills Eckhardt as revenge for the double-cross. During a scuffle with Batman, Napier topples off a catwalk and falls into a vat of chemicals. Although presumed dead, Napier survives with various disfigurements including chalk white skin and emerald-green hair and nails. He undergoes surgery to repair the damage, but ends up with a rictus grin . Driven insane by his hideous appearance, Napier, now calling himself "the Joker", kills Grissom, massacres Grissom's associates, and takes over his operations. The Joker begins terrorizing Gotham by lacing various hygiene products with "Smylex" – a deadly chemical that causes victims to die laughing . Joker soon becomes obsessed with Vicki and lures her to the Flugelheim Museum, which his henchmen vandalize . Batman rescues Vicki, takes her to the Batcave , and provides her with all of his research on Smylex, which will allow Gotham's residents to escape the toxin. Conflicted with his love for her, Wayne visits her apartment intending to reveal his secret identity, only for the Joker to interrupt the meeting. Joker asks Wayne, "Have you ever danced with the devil in the pale moonlight?", which Wayne recognizes as the phrase used by the mugger who murdered his parents. He shoots Wayne, who survives by hiding a serving tray underneath his shirt. Vicki is taken to the Batcave by Wayne's butler, Alfred Pennyworth , who had been coaxing the relationship between the pair. After Vicki learns his secret, Wayne chooses to battle the Joker for the sake of the city over their relationship. He then departs to destroy the Axis plant used to create Smylex. Meanwhile, Joker lures Gotham's citizens to a parade honoring Gotham's bicentennial with the promise of free money. This turns out to be a trap designed to dose them with Smylex gas held within giant parade balloons. Batman foils his plan by using his Batwing to remove the balloons, but Joker shoots him down. The Batwing crashes in front of a cathedral, which Joker uses to take Vicki hostage. Batman pursues the Joker, and in the ensuing fight, he identifies Napier killed his parents and thus, indirectly created Batman. Joker eventually pulls Batman and Vicki over the cathedral's roof, leaving them hanging while he calls for a helicopter piloted by his goons, who throw down a ladder for him to climb. Batman uses a grappling hook to attach Joker's leg to a crumbling gargoyle that eventually falls off the roof. Unable to bear the statue's immense weight, Joker falls to his death while Batman and Vicki make it to safety. Sometime later, Gordon announces that the police have arrested all of Joker's men, effectively dismantling the remains of Grissom's organizations, and unveils the Bat-Signal . Batman leaves the police a note, promising to defend Gotham should crime strike again, and asking them to use the Bat-Signal to summon him in times of need. Alfred takes Vicki to Wayne Manor , explaining that Wayne will be a little late. She responds that she is not surprised, as Batman looks at the signal's projection from a rooftop, standing watch over the city. Cast Jack Nicholson as Jack Napier / The Joker Hugo E. Blick as young Jack Napier Hugo E. Blick as young Jack Napier Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman Charles Roskilly as young Bruce Wayne Charles Roskilly as young Bruce Wayne Kim Basinger as Vicki Vale Robert Wuhl as Alexander Knox Pat Hingle as Commissioner Gordon Billy Dee Williams as Harvey Dent Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth Jack Palance as Carl Grissom Jerry Hall as Alicia Hunt Tracey Walter as Bob the Goon Lee Wallace as Mayor Borg William Hootkins as Lt. Max Eckhardt Liza Ross as tourist mom Garrick Hagon as tourist dad Adrian Meyers as tourist son David Baxt as Thomas Wayne Sharon Holm as Martha Wayne Production Development "I was never a giant comic book fan, but I've always loved the image of Batman and the Joker. The reason I've never been a comic book fan – and I think it started when I was a child – is because I could never tell which box I was supposed to read. I don't know if it was dyslexia or whatever, but that's why I loved The Killing Joke , because for the first time I could tell which one to read. It's my favorite. It's the first comic I've ever loved. And the success of those graphic novels made our ideas more acceptable." "I was never a giant comic book fan, but I've always loved the image of Batman and the Joker. The reason I've never been a comic book fan – and I think it started when I was a child – is because I could never tell which box I was supposed to read. I don't know if it was dyslexia or whatever, but that's why I loved The Killing Joke , because for the first time I could tell which one to read. It's my favorite. It's the first comic I've ever loved. And the success of those graphic novels made our ideas more acceptable." In the late 1970s, Batman's popularity was waning. [ 9 ] CBS was interested in producing a Batman in Outer Space film. Producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael E. Uslan purchased the film rights of Batman from DC Comics on October 3, 1979. It was Uslan's wish "to make the definitive, dark, serious version of Batman, the way Bob Kane and Bill Finger had envisioned him in 1939. A creature of the night; stalking criminals in the shadows." [ 9 ] Richard Maibaum was approached to write a script with Guy Hamilton to direct, but the two turned down the offer. Uslan was unsuccessful with pitching Batman to various movie studios because they wanted the film to be similar to the campy 1960s television series . Columbia Pictures and United Artists were among those to turn down the film. [ 10 ] A disappointed Uslan then wrote a script titled Return of the Batman to give the film industry a better idea of his vision for the film. Uslan later compared its dark tone to that of the successful four-part comic book The Dark Knight Returns , which his script predated by six years. [ 9 ] In November 1979, producers Jon Peters and Peter Guber joined the project. [ 5 ] Melniker and Uslan became executive producers. The four felt it was best to pattern the film's development after that of Superman (1978). [ 11 ] Uslan, Melniker and Guber pitched Batman to Universal Pictures , but the studio turned it down. [ 12 ] Though no movie studios were yet involved, the project was publicly announced with a budget of $15 million in July 1980 at the Comic Art Convention in New York. Warner Bros. , the studio behind the successful Superman film franchise , decided to also accept and produce Batman . [ 13 ] Tom Mankiewicz completed a script titled The Batman in June 1983, focusing on Batman and Dick Grayson 's origins, with the Joker and Rupert Thorne as villains and Silver St. Cloud as the romantic interest. [ 14 ] Mankiewicz took inspiration from the limited series Batman: Strange Apparitions , written by Steve Englehart . [ 15 ] Comic book artist Marshall Rogers , who worked with Englehart on Strange Apparitions , was hired for concept art . [ 12 ] The Batman was then announced in late 1983 for a mid-1985 release date on a budget of $20 million. Originally, Mankiewicz had wanted an unknown actor for Batman, William Holden for James Gordon , David Niven as Alfred Pennyworth , and Peter O'Toole as the Penguin , whom Mankiewicz wanted to portray as a mobster with low body temperature. [ 13 ] Holden died in 1981 and Niven in 1983, so this would never come to pass. A number of filmmakers were attached to Mankiewicz' script, including Ivan Reitman and Joe Dante . Reitman wanted to cast Bill Murray as Batman and Eddie Murphy as Robin. [ 7 ] Nine rewrites were performed by nine separate writers. Most of them were based on Strange Apparitions . However, Mankiewicz's script was still being used to guide the project. [ 16 ] Due to the work they did together with the film Swamp Thing (1982), Wes Craven was among the names that Melniker and Uslan considered while looking for a director. [ 17 ] After the financial success of Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985), Warner Bros. hired Tim Burton to direct Batman . Burton had then-girlfriend Julie Hickson write a new 30-page film treatment , feeling the previous script by Mankiewicz was campy . The success of The Dark Knight Returns and the graphic novel Batman: The Killing Joke rekindled Warner Bros.' interest in a film adaptation. Burton was initially not a comic book fan, but he was impressed by the dark and serious tone found in both The Dark Knight Returns and The Killing Joke . [ 7 ] Warner Bros. enlisted the aid of Englehart to write a new treatment in March 1986. [ 18 ] Like Mankiewicz's script, it was based on his own Strange Apparitions and included Silver St. Cloud, Dick Grayson, the Joker, and Rupert Thorne, as well as a cameo appearance by the Penguin . Warner Bros. was impressed, but Englehart felt there were too many characters. He removed the Penguin and Dick Grayson in his second treatment, finishing in May 1986. [ 18 ] Burton approached Sam Hamm , a comic book fan, to write the screenplay. [ 13 ] Hamm decided not to use an origin story , feeling that flashbacks would be more suitable and that "unlocking the mystery" would become part of the storyline. [ 15 ] He reasoned, "You totally destroy your credibility if you show the literal process by which Bruce Wayne becomes Batman." [ 19 ] Hamm replaced Silver St. Cloud with Vicki Vale and Rupert Thorne with his own creation, Carl Grissom. He completed his script in October 1986, which demoted Dick Grayson to a cameo rather than a supporting character. [ 20 ] One scene in Hamm's script had a young James Gordon on duty the night of the murder of Bruce Wayne's parents. When Hamm's script was rewritten, the scene was deleted, reducing it to a photo in the Gotham Globe newspaper seen in the film. [ 21 ] Warner Bros. was less willing to move forward on development, despite their enthusiasm for Hamm's script, which Kane greeted with positive feedback. [ 7 ] Hamm's script was then bootlegged at various comic book stores in the United States. [ 15 ] Batman was finally given the greenlight to commence pre-production in April 1988, after the success of Burton's Beetlejuice the same year. [ 7 ] When comic book fans found out about Burton directing the film with Michael Keaton starring in the lead role, controversy arose over the tone and direction Batman was going in. [ 22 ] Hamm explained, "They hear Tim Burton's name and they think of Pee-wee's Big Adventure . They hear Keaton's name, and they think of any number of Michael Keaton comedies. You think of the 1960s version of Batman , and it was the complete opposite of our film. We tried to market it with a typical dark and serious tone, but the fans didn't believe us." [ 15 ] To combat negative reports on the film's production, Kane was hired as creative consultant. [ 11 ] Batman's co-creator, Bill Finger , was uncredited at the time of the film's release and his name was not added to any Batman-related media until 2016. [ 1 ] Casting Parallel to the Superman casting, a variety of Hollywood A-listers were considered for the role of Batman, including Mel Gibson , Michael Biehn , [ 23 ] Steven Seagal , [ 24 ] Kevin Costner , Charlie Sheen , Tom Selleck , Bill Murray, [ 5 ] [ 13 ] Harrison Ford and Dennis Quaid . [ 25 ] Burton was pressured by Warner Bros. to cast an obvious action movie star, [ 7 ] and had approached Pierce Brosnan , but he had no interest in playing a comic book character. [ 26 ] Burton was originally interested in casting an unknown actor, [ 25 ] Willem Dafoe , who was falsely reported to be considered for the Joker but had actually been considered for Batman early in development. [ 27 ] Producer Jon Peters suggested Michael Keaton, arguing he had the right "edgy, tormented quality" after having seen his dramatic performance in Clean and Sober (1988). [ 28 ] Having directed Keaton in Beetlejuice , Burton agreed. [ 5 ] The casting of Keaton caused a furor among comic book fans, [ 22 ] [ 29 ] with 50,000 protest letters sent to Warner Bros. offices. [ 20 ] Kane, Hamm, and Uslan also heavily questioned the casting. [ 15 ] "Obviously there was a negative response from the comic book people. I think they thought we were going to make it like the 1960s TV series, and make it campy, because they thought of Michael Keaton from Mr. Mom and Night Shift and stuff like that." [ 30 ] Keaton studied The Dark Knight Returns for inspiration. [ 31 ] Tim Curry , David Bowie , John Lithgow , Brad Dourif , Ray Liotta , and James Woods were all considered for the Joker. [ 19 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Lithgow, during his audition, attempted to talk Burton out of casting him, a decision he would later publicly regret, stating, "I didn't realize it was such a big deal." [ 35 ] Burton wanted to cast John Glover , but the studio insisted on using a movie star. [ 36 ] Robin Williams lobbied hard for the part. [ 20 ] Jack Nicholson had been the studio's top choice since 1980. Peters approached Nicholson as far back as 1986, during filming of The Witches of Eastwick ; [ 37 ] unlike Keaton, he was a popular choice for his role. [ 29 ] Nicholson had what was known as an "off-the-clock" agreement. His contract specified the number of hours he was entitled to have off each day, from the time he left the set to the time he reported back for filming, [ 13 ] as well as being off for Los Angeles Lakers home games. [ 38 ] Nicholson demanded that all of his scenes be shot in a three-week block, but the schedule lapsed into 106 days. [ 37 ] He reduced his standard $10 million fee to $6 million in exchange for a cut of the film's earnings (including associated merchandise), which led to remuneration in excess of $50 million [ 39 ] —biographer Marc Eliot reports that Nicholson may have received as much as $90 million. [ 40 ] He also demanded top billing on promotional materials. [ 41 ] Sean Young was originally cast as Vicki Vale, but was injured in a horse-riding accident prior to commencement of filming. [ 42 ] Young's departure necessitated an urgent search for an actress who, besides being right for the part, could commit to the film at very short notice. Peters suggested Kim Basinger : she was able to join the production immediately and was cast. [ 5 ] [ 42 ] As a fan of Michael Gough 's work in various Hammer horror films, Burton cast Gough as Bruce Wayne's mysterious butler, Alfred . [ 43 ] Reporter Alexander Knox was portrayed by Robert Wuhl . In the original script, Knox was killed by the Joker's poison gas during the climax, but the filmmakers "liked [my] character so much," Wuhl said, "that they decided to let me live." [ 44 ] Burton chose Billy Dee Williams as Harvey Dent because he wanted to include the villain Two-Face in a future film using the concept of an African-American Two-Face for the black and white concept, [ 45 ] but Tommy Lee Jones was later cast in the role for Batman Forever (1995), which disappointed Williams. [ 44 ] Nicholson convinced the filmmakers to cast his close friend Tracey Walter as the Joker's henchman Bob. [ 46 ] Irish child actor Ricky Addison Reed was cast as Dick Grayson before the character was removed by Warren Skarren for the revised shooting script. [ 47 ] The rest of the cast included Pat Hingle as Commissioner Gordon , Jerry Hall as Alicia, Lee Wallace as Mayor Borg, William Hootkins as Lt. Eckhardt, and Jack Palance as crime boss Carl Grissom. Design "On Batman , our vision of Gotham City was influenced by the tone of the 'Dark Knight' comics, and also Andreas Feininger 's photographs of New York buildings and the work of Japanese architect Shin Takamatsu . ( Blade Runner was consciously avoided as a reference; no one was allowed to watch it while we were designing the film and neon was shunned altogether!)" "On Batman , our vision of Gotham City was influenced by the tone of the 'Dark Knight' comics, and also Andreas Feininger 's photographs of New York buildings and the work of Japanese architect Shin Takamatsu . ( Blade Runner was consciously avoided as a reference; no one was allowed to watch it while we were designing the film and neon was shunned altogether!)" Burton had been impressed with the design of Neil Jordan 's The Company of Wolves (1984), but was unable to hire its production designer Anton Furst for Beetlejuice [ 29 ] as he had instead committed to Jordan's London-filmed ghost comedy High Spirits (1988), a choice he later regretted. [ 13 ] A year later Burton successfully hired Furst for Batman , and they enjoyed working with each other. "I don't think I've ever felt so naturally in tune with a director," Furst said. "Conceptually, spiritually, visually, or artistically. There was never any problem because we never fought over anything. Texture, attitude and feelings are what Burton is a master at." [ 11 ] Furst and the art department deliberately mixed clashing architectural styles to "make Gotham City the ugliest and bleakest metropolis imaginable". [ 49 ] Furst continued, "[W]e imagined what New York City might have become without a planning commission . A city run by crime, with a riot of architectural styles. An essay in ugliness. As if hell erupted through the pavement and kept on going". [ 50 ] The 1985 film Brazil by Terry Gilliam was also a notable influence upon the film's production design, as both Burton and Furst studied it as a reference. [ 11 ] Black and white charcoal drawings of key locations and sets were created by Furst's longtime draftsman, Nigel Phelps . Derek Meddings served as the visual effects supervisor , overseeing the miniatures and animation. Conceptual illustrator Julian Caldow designed the Batmobile, Batwing and assorted bat-gadgets that were later constructed by prop builder John Evans. Keith Short sculpted the final body of the Batmobile , [ 51 ] adding two Browning machine guns . [ 52 ] On designing the Batmobile, Furst explained, "We looked at jet aircraft components, we looked at war machines, we looked at all sorts of things. In the end, we went into pure expressionism, taking the Salt Flat Racers of the 30s and the Sting Ray macho machines of the 50s". The car was built upon a Chevrolet Impala when previous development with a Jaguar and Ford Mustang failed. [ 37 ] The car itself was later purchased by standup comedian/ventriloquist Jeff Dunham , who had it outfitted with a Corvette engine to make it street legal. [ 53 ] Costume designer Bob Ringwood turned down the chance to work on Licence to Kill (1989) in favor of Batman . Ringwood found it difficult designing the Batsuit because "the image of Batman in the comics is this huge, big six-foot-four hunk with a dimpled chin. Michael Keaton is a guy with average build", he stated. "The problem was to make somebody who was average-sized and ordinary-looking into this bigger-than-life creature." [ 54 ] Burton commented, "Michael is a bit claustrophobic , which made it worse for him. The costume put him in a dark, Batman-like mood though, so he was able to use it to his advantage". [ 54 ] Burton's idea was to use an all-black suit, and was met with positive feedback by Bob Kane. Vin Burnham was tasked with sculpting the Batsuit, in association with Alli Eynon. Jon Peters wanted to use a Nike product placement with the Batsuit. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Ringwood studied over 200 comic book issues for inspiration. 28 sculpted latex designs were created; 25 different cape looks and 6 different heads were made, accumulating a total cost of $250,000. [ 57 ] Comic book fans initially expressed negative feedback against the Batsuit. [ 29 ] Burton opted not to use tights, spandex, or underpants as seen in the comic book, feeling it was not intimidating. [ 7 ] Prosthetic makeup designer Nick Dudman used acrylic-based makeup paint called PAX for Nicholson's chalk-white face. Part of Nicholson's contract was approval over the makeup designer. [ 58 ] Filming The filmmakers considered filming Batman entirely on the Warner Bros. backlot in Burbank, California , but media interest in the film made them change the location. It was shot at Pinewood Studios in England from October 10, 1988, to February 14, 1989, with 80 days of main shooting and 86 days of second unit shooting. [ 59 ] 18 sound stages were used, with seven stages occupied, including the 51 acre backlot for the Gotham City set, one of the biggest ever built at the studio. [ 59 ] [ 11 ] Locations included Knebworth House and Hatfield House doubling for Wayne Manor , plus Acton Lane Power Station and Little Barford Power Station . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] For the production at Acton Lane Power Station, the power plant and alien nest sets from Aliens (1986) were reused as interiors for Axis Chemicals. [ 62 ] The original production budget escalated from $30 million to $48 million. [ 5 ] Filming was highly secretive. The unit publicist was offered and refused £ 10,000 for the first pictures of Nicholson as the Joker. The police were later called in when two reels of footage (about 20 minutes' worth) were stolen. [ 37 ] With various problems during filming, Burton called it "Torture. The worst period of my life!" [ 5 ] Hamm was not allowed to perform rewrites during the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike . [ 13 ] Warren Skaaren , who had also worked on Burton's Beetlejuice , did rewrites. Jonathan Gems and Charles McKeown rewrote the script during filming. [ 63 ] Only Skaaren received screenplay credit with Hamm. Hamm criticized the rewrites, but blamed the changes on Warner Bros. [ 15 ] Burton explained, "I don't understand why that became such a problem. We started out with a script that everyone liked, although we recognized it needed a little work." [ 7 ] Dick Grayson appeared in the shooting script but was deleted because the filmmakers felt he was irrelevant to the plot; [ 13 ] Kane supported this decision. [ 43 ] Keaton used his comedic experience for scenes such as Bruce and Vicki's Wayne Manor dinner. [ 29 ] He called himself a "logic freak" and was concerned that Batman's secret identity would in reality be fairly easy to uncover. Keaton discussed ideas with Burton to better disguise the character, including the use of contact lenses . Ultimately, Keaton decided to perform Batman's voice at a lower register than when he was portraying Bruce Wayne, which became a hallmark of the film version of the character, with Christian Bale later using the same technique. [ 64 ] Originally in the climax, the Joker was meant to kill Vicki Vale, sending Batman into a vengeful fury. Jon Peters reworked the climax without telling Burton and commissioned production designer Anton Furst to create a 38-foot (12 m) model of the cathedral. [ 65 ] This cost $100,000 when the film was already well over budget. Burton disliked the idea, having no clue how the scene would end: "Here were Jack Nicholson and Kim Basinger walking up this cathedral, and halfway up Jack turns around and says, 'Why am I walking up all these stairs? Where am I going?' 'We'll talk about it when you get to the top!' I had to tell him that I didn't know." [ 65 ] Music Burton hired Danny Elfman of Oingo Boingo , his collaborator on Pee-wee's Big Adventure and Beetlejuice , to compose the music score. For inspiration, Elfman was given The Dark Knight Returns . Elfman was worried, as he had never worked on a production this large in budget and scale. [ 66 ] In addition, producer Jon Peters was skeptical of hiring Elfman, but was later convinced when he heard the opening number. [ 67 ] Peters and Peter Guber wanted Prince to write music for the Joker and Michael Jackson to do the romance songs. Elfman would then combine the style of Prince and Jackson's songs together for the entire film score. [ 7 ] At the encouragement of Prince's then-manager Albert Magnoli , it was agreed that Prince himself would write and sing the film's songs . [ 68 ] Burton protested the ideas, citing "my movies aren't commercial like Top Gun ." [ 7 ] Elfman enlisted the help of composer Shirley Walker and Oingo Boingo lead guitarist Steve Bartek to arrange the compositions for the orchestra. [ 69 ] [ 70 ] Elfman was later displeased with the audio mixing of his film score. " Batman was done in England by technicians who didn't care, and the non-caring showed," he stated. "I'm not putting down England because they've done gorgeous dubs there, but this particular crew elected not to." [ 71 ] Batman was one of the first films to spawn two soundtracks. One of them featured songs written by Prince while the other showcased Elfman's score. Both were successful, [ 72 ] and compilations of Elfman's opening credits were used in the title sequence theme for Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1995), also composed by Walker. [ 33 ] Themes When discussing the central theme of Batman , director Tim Burton explained, "the whole film and mythology of the character is a complete duel of the freaks. It's a fight between two disturbed people", adding, "The Joker is such a great character because there's a complete freedom to him. Any character who operates on the outside of society and is deemed a freak and an outcast then has the freedom to do what they want... They are the darker sides of freedom. Insanity is in some scary way the most freedom you can have, because you're not bound by the laws of society". [ 7 ] Burton saw Bruce Wayne as the bearer of a double identity, exposing one while hiding the reality from the world. [ 7 ] Burton biographer Ken Hanke wrote that Bruce Wayne, struggling with his alter-ego as Batman, is depicted as an antihero . Hanke felt that Batman has to push the boundaries of civil justice to deal with certain criminals, such as the Joker. [ 16 ] Kim Newman theorized that "Burton and the writers saw Batman and the Joker as a dramatic antithesis, and the film deals with their intertwined origins and fates to an even greater extent". [ 73 ] Batman conveys trademarks found in 1930s pulp magazines , notably the design of Gotham City stylized with Art Deco design. [ 74 ] Richard Corliss , writing for Time , observed that Gotham's design was a reference to films such as The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) and Metropolis (1927). "Gotham City, despite being shot on a studio backlot ", he continued, "is literally another character in the script. It has the demeaning presence of German Expressionism and fascist architecture , staring down at the citizens." [ 75 ] Hanke further addressed the notions of Batman being a period piece , in that "The citizens, cops, people and the black-and-white television looks like it takes place in 1939"; but later said: "Had the filmmakers made Vicki Vale a femme fatale rather than a damsel in distress , this could have made Batman as a homage and tribute to classic film noir ." [ 60 ] Portions of the climax pay homage to Vertigo (1958). [ 76 ] Marketing The B.D. Fox ad agency created hundreds of unused logos and posters for promotion, many by John Alvin . In the end Burton and producers decided on only using a gold and black logo designed by Anton Furst and airbrushed by Bill Garland, with no other key art variation, to keep an air of mystery about the film. [ 77 ] The logo is also an ambiguous image , which can be read either as Batman's symbol or as a gaping mouth. [ 78 ] Earlier designs "had the word 'Batman' spelled in RoboCop or Conan the Barbarian -type font". [ 5 ] Jon Peters unified all the film's tie-ins , even turning down $6 million from General Motors to build the Batmobile because the car company would not relinquish creative control. [ 5 ] During production, Peters read in The Wall Street Journal that comic book fans were unsatisfied with the casting of Michael Keaton. In response, Peters rushed the first film trailer that played in thousands of theaters during Christmas. It was simply an assemblage of scenes without music, but created enormous anticipation for the film, with audiences clapping and cheering. [ 5 ] [ 29 ] DC Comics allowed screenwriter Sam Hamm to write his own comic book miniseries . Hamm's stories were collected in the graphic novel Batman: Blind Justice ( .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} ISBN 978-1563890475 ). Denys Cowan and Dick Giordano illustrated the artwork. [ 19 ] Blind Justice tells the story of Bruce Wayne trying to solve a series of murders connected to Wayne Enterprises . It also marks the first appearance of Henri Ducard , who was later used in the rebooted Batman Begins (2005), albeit as an alias for the more notable Ra's al Ghul . [ 19 ] In the months leading up to Batman ' s release in June 1989, a popular culture phenomenon known as " Batmania " began. Over $750 million worth of merchandise was sold. [ 33 ] Cult filmmaker and comic book writer Kevin Smith remembered: "That summer was huge. You couldn't turn around without seeing the Bat-Signal somewhere. People were cutting it into their fucking heads. It was just the summer of Batman and if you were a comic book fan it was pretty hot." [ 79 ] Hachette Book Group USA published a novelization, Batman , written by Craig Shaw Gardner . [ 80 ] It remained on The New York Times Best Seller list throughout June 1989. [ 81 ] Burton admitted he was annoyed by the publicity. David Handelman of The New York Observer categorized Batman as a high concept film. He believed "it is less movie than a corporate behemoth ". [ 76 ] Reception Box office Batman grossed $2.2 million in late night previews on June 22, 1989, on 1,215 screens and grossed $40.49 million in 2,194 theaters during its opening weekend. [ 82 ] This broke the opening weekend records held by Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (which had a 4-day Memorial Day weekend gross of $37.0 million the previous month) [ 83 ] and Ghostbusters II (which had a $29.4 million 3-day weekend the previous weekend). [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Upon opening, the film would go on to reach the number one spot above Honey, I Shrunk the Kids . [ 86 ] Additionally, it had the largest opening weekend for a Jack Nicholson film for 14 years until it was dethroned by Anger Management in 2003. [ 87 ] Batman also set a record for a second weekend gross with $30 million (also the second biggest 3-day weekend of all time) [ 83 ] and became the fastest film to earn $100 million, reaching it in 11 days (10 days plus late night previews). [ 84 ] [ 88 ] The film closed on December 14, 1989, with a final gross of $251.4 million in North America and $160.2 million internationally, totaling $411.6 million. [ 89 ] The film would hold the record for being the highest-grossing Warner Bros. film until 1996 when Twister surpassed it. [ 90 ] It was the highest-grossing film based on a DC comic book until The Dark Knight (2008). [ 91 ] Furthermore, Batman held the record for being the highest-grossing superhero film of all time until it was taken by Spider-Man in 2002. [ 92 ] The film's gross is the 143rd highest ever in North American ranks. [ 93 ] Although Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade made the most money worldwide in 1989, [ 94 ] Batman was able to beat The Last Crusade in North America , [ 95 ] and made a further $150 million in home video sales. [ 96 ] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 60 million tickets in the US. [ 97 ] Despite the film's box office – over $400 million against a budget of no more than $48 million – Warner Bros. claimed it ended up losing $35.8 million and "not likely to ever show a profit," which has been attributed to a case of Hollywood accounting . [ 98 ] Critical response Batman was criticized by some for being too dark, but nonetheless received a generally positive response from critics. [ 7 ] On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 77% based on 142 reviews, with an average score of 7.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "An eerie, haunting spectacle, Batman succeeds as dark entertainment, even if Jack Nicholson's Joker too often overshadows the title character." [ 99 ] On Metacritic , the film received a weighted average score of 69 based on 21 reviews, indicating "generally favorable" reviews. [ 100 ] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale. [ 101 ] Many observed that Burton was more interested in the Joker and the art and set production design than Batman or anything else in terms of characterization and screentime. [ 7 ] Comic book fans reacted negatively over the Joker murdering Thomas and Martha Wayne ; in the comic book, Joe Chill is responsible. Writer Sam Hamm said it was Burton's idea to have the Joker murder Wayne's parents. "The Writer's Strike was going on, and Tim had the other writers do that. I also hold innocent to Alfred letting Vicki Vale into the Batcave . Fans were ticked off with that, and I agree. That would have been Alfred's last day of employment at Wayne Manor ," Hamm said. [ 67 ] The songs written by Prince were criticized for being "too out of place". [ 13 ] While Burton stated he had no problem with the Prince songs, he was less enthusiastic with their use in the film. [ 16 ] On the film, Burton remarked, "I liked parts of it, but the whole movie is mainly boring to me. It's OK, but it was more of a cultural phenomenon than a great movie." [ 96 ] Despite initial negative reactions from comics fans prior to the film's release, Keaton's portrayal of Batman was generally praised. [ 76 ] [ 102 ] James Berardinelli called the film entertaining, with the highlight being the production design. However, he concluded, "the best thing that can be said about Batman is that it led to Batman Returns , which was a far superior effort." [ 103 ] Variety felt "Jack Nicholson stole every scene" but still greeted the film with positive feedback. [ 104 ] Roger Ebert was highly impressed with the production design, but claimed " Batman is a triumph of design over story, style over substance, a great-looking movie with a plot you can't care much about." He also called the film "a depressing experience". [ 105 ] On the syndicated television series Siskel & Ebert , his reviewing partner Gene Siskel disagreed, describing the film as having a "refreshingly adult" approach with performances, direction and set design that "draws you into a psychological world". [ 106 ] Legacy Anton Furst and Peter Young won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction , [ 107 ] while Nicholson was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor (Musical or Comedy) . [ 108 ] The British Academy of Film and Television Arts nominated Batman in six categories ( Production Design , Visual Effects , Costume Design , Makeup , Sound and Actor in a Supporting Role for Nicholson), but it won none of the categories. [ 109 ] Nicholson, Basinger, the makeup department, and costume designer Bob Ringwood all received nominations at the Saturn Awards . The film was also nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film [ 110 ] and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation . [ 111 ] The success of Batman prompted Warner Bros. Animation to create the acclaimed Batman: The Animated Series , as a result beginning the long-running DC Animated Universe [ 112 ] and helped establish the modern day superhero film genre. Series co-creator Bruce Timm stated the television show's Art Deco design was inspired from the film. Timm commented, "our show would never have gotten made if it hadn't been for that first Batman movie." [ 113 ] Burton joked, "ever since I did Batman , it was like the first dark comic book movie. Now everyone wants to do a dark and serious superhero movie. I guess I'm the one responsible for that trend." [ 114 ] Batman initiated the original Batman film series and spawned three sequels: Batman Returns (1992), Batman Forever (1995), and Batman & Robin (1997), the latter two of which were directed by Joel Schumacher instead of Burton and replaced Keaton as Batman with Val Kilmer and George Clooney , respectively. Executive producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael E. Uslan filed a breach of contract lawsuit in Los Angeles County Superior Court on March 26, 1992. Melniker and Uslan claimed to be "the victims of a sinister campaign of fraud and coercion that has cheated them out of continuing involvement in the production of Batman and its sequels. We were denied proper credits, and deprived of any financial rewards for our indispensable creative contribution to the success of Batman ." [ 5 ] A superior court judge rejected the lawsuit. Total revenues of Batman have topped $2 billion, with Uslan claiming to have "not seen a penny more than that since our net profit participation has proved worthless." [ 5 ] Warner Bros. offered the pair an out-of-court settlement, a sum described by Melniker and Uslan's attorney as "two popcorns and two Cokes ". [ 115 ] Reflecting on the twentieth anniversary of its release in a retrospective article on Salon.com , film commentator Scott Mendelson noted the continuing impact that Batman has had on the motion film industry, including the increasing importance of opening weekend box office receipts; the narrowing window between a film's debut and its video release that caused the demise of second-run movie theaters; the accelerated acquisition of pre-existing, pre-sold properties for film adaptations that can be readily leveraged for merchandizing tie-ins; the primacy of the MPAA PG-13 as the target rating for film producers; and more off-beat, non-traditional casting opportunities for genre films. [ 116 ] The film was responsible for the British Board of Film Classification introducing its "12" age rating, as its content fell between what was expected for a "PG" or "15" certificate. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] The American Film Institute anointed Batman the 46th greatest movie hero and the Joker the 45th greatest movie villain on AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains . [ 119 ] AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – Nominated [ 120 ] AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated [ 121 ] AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains : The Joker – #45 Villain Batman – #46 Hero The Joker – #45 Villain Batman – #46 Hero AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes : "Have you ever danced with the Devil in the pale moonlight?" – Nominated [ 122 ] "Have you ever danced with the Devil in the pale moonlight?" – Nominated [ 122 ] AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated [ 123 ] AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Fantasy Film [ 124 ] Robert Wuhl reprises his role as Alexander Knox in The CW 's Arrowverse crossover, Crisis on Infinite Earths . The event also retroactively established that the world of the film and its sequel, Batman Returns , takes place on Earth-89; which is one of the worlds destroyed by the Anti-Monitor ( LaMonica Garrett ) during the Crisis. [ 125 ] Michael Keaton reprises his role as Batman in The Flash set in the DC Extended Universe . [ 126 ] Video games Several video games based on the film were released: By Ocean Software in 1989 , [ 127 ] by Sunsoft in 1989 and 1990 , [ 128 ] [ 129 ] and by Atari Games in 1991 . [ 130 ] Konami was also in talks of releasing an arcade game around the same time as Atari. [ 131 ] Comic book continuations In March 2016, artist Joe Quinones revealed several art designs he and Kate Leth had created to pitch a comic book continuation set in the 1989 Batman universe to DC Comics. The pitch, which was rejected, would have included the story of Billy Dee Williams' Harvey Dent turning into Two-Face as well as the inclusion of characters such as Batgirl in a story that took place following the events of Batman Returns . [ 132 ] In 2021, DC announced it would be releasing a comic book continuation of the film titled Batman '89 . The series would be written by Sam Hamm and illustrated by Joe Quinones. The comic's synopsis revealed that it would include the return of Selina Kyle/Catwoman, an introduction of a new Robin, and the transformation of Williams' Harvey Dent into Two-Face. [ 133 ] A follow-up series was later announced by DC Comics on August 17, 2023. The first issue of the new series was released on November 28, 2023. It was written again by Sam Hamm, with art by Joe Quinones. In the series, Batman has mysteriously disappeared after Dent's death, leading Gotham citizens to take to the streets to fight in his place, including Barbara Gordon, who becomes Batgirl . Scarecrow and Harley Quinn will be featured as the main antagonists, [ 134 ] seemingly referencing the unproduced fifth film in the Burton and Schumacher series, Batman Unchained . [ 135 ] Direct sequel novels On April 11, 2024, it was announced that a new novel would be released which would tie-in to the film. Announced with the title Batman: Resurrection , the novel was written by author John Jackson Miller , and acts as a direct sequel to the film, being set between the events of Batman and its sequel Batman Returns , with Batman focusing on dismantling the remnants of Joker's organization, while contemplating on the idea that Joker might not actually be dead. The novel also includes certain characters introduced in the sequel, with one example being Max Shreck. [ 136 ] It was released on October 15, 2024, by Penguin Random House ; a sequel, titled Batman: Revolution , was later revealed by Miller and was released in October 2025. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] [ 139 ] Home media Batman has been released on various formats, including VHS , LaserDisc , DVD and Blu-ray . In an unprecedented move at the time, it was made available to buy on VHS in the United States on November 15, 1989, less than six months after its theatrical release, at a suggested retail price of only $24.95 although most sellers sold it for less. [ 140 ] [ 141 ] It was first released on DVD on March 25, 1997, as a double sided disc containing both Widescreen (1.85:1) and Full Screen (1.33:1) versions of the film. The 2005 Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology 1989–1997 included 2-disc special edition DVDs of the film and all three of its sequels. The anthology was also released as a 4-disc Blu-ray set in 2009, with each film and its previous extras contained on a single disc. Other Blu-ray reissues include a "30th Anniversary" Digibook with 50-page booklet, and a steelcase edition; both also include a Digital Copy . Most recently the "25th Anniversary" Diamond Luxe reissue contained the same disc as before and on a second disc, a new 25-minute featurette: "Batman: The Birth of the Modern Blockbuster". The film was also included in The Tim Burton Collection DVD and Blu-ray set in 2012, alongside its first sequel, Batman Returns . Batman was released on Ultra HD Blu-ray on June 4, 2019. [ 142 ] Notes ^ Bill Finger , co-creator of Batman, the Penguin, and Catwoman, was uncredited at the time of the film's release and his name was not added to any Batman related media until 2016. [ 1 ] References ^ a b "DC Will Finally Credit Bill Finger As Co-Creator Of Batman" . Gizmodo . September 20, 2015. Archived from the original on August 31, 2019 . Retrieved August 31, 2019 . ^ a b c d "Batman (1989)" . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 15, 2022 . ^ " Batman (1989)" . Lumiere . Archived from the original on June 23, 2018 . Retrieved March 14, 2018 . ^ "Batman (1989)" . British Film Institute . Archived from the original on April 8, 2016 . Retrieved April 23, 2022 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Griffin, Nancy; Masters, Kim (1997). "Hit Men" . Hit & Run: How Jon Peters and Peter Guber Took Sony For A Ride In Hollywood . Simon & Schuster . pp. 158–174 . ISBN 0-684-80931-1 . ^ "Batman (1989)" . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 16, 2020 . Retrieved December 29, 2020 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Salisbury, Mark; Burton, Tim (2006). "Batman". Burton on Burton . London: Faber and Faber. pp. 70– 83. ISBN 0-571-22926-3 . ^ Tim Burton, Burton on Burton: Revised Edition (London: Faber and Faber, 2006) 71. ^ a b c Bill "Jett" Ramey (November 8, 2005). "An Interview With Michael Uslan – Part 1" . Batman-on-Film . Archived from the original on September 27, 2013 . Retrieved May 4, 2008 . ^ Bill "Jett" Ramey (November 11, 2005). "An Interview With Michael Uslan – Part 2" . Batman-on-Film . Archived from the original on September 27, 2013 . Retrieved May 4, 2008 . ^ a b c d e Jones, Alan (November 1989). " Batman in Production" . Cinefantastique . pp. 75– 88. Archived from the original on December 4, 2013 . Retrieved May 13, 2008 . ^ a b Michael Uslan , Benjamin Melniker , Peter Guber , Tom Mankiewicz , Sam Hamm , Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight—The Road to Gotham City , 2005, Warner Home Video ^ a b c d e f g h i Jones, Alan (November 1989). "Batman" . Cinefantastique . pp. 55– 67. Archived from the original on December 5, 2013 . Retrieved May 2, 2008 . ^ Stax (December 1, 2001). "The Stax Report Special Edition: Script Review of The Batman " . IGN . Archived from the original on December 6, 2008 . Retrieved October 24, 2008 . ^ a b c d e f White, Taylor L. (July 1989). "Batman". Cinefantastique . pp. 33– 40. ^ a b c Hanke, Ken (1999). "Going Batty in Britain". Tim Burton: An Unauthorized Biography of the Filmmaker . Renaissance Books . pp. 75– 85. ISBN 1-58063-162-2 . ^ Lee Goldberg & David McDonnell (September 1986). "Wes Craven's Double Doubleheader". Fangoria . No. 57. Wes Craven (interviewed). pp. 50– 53, 64. ISSN 0164-2111 . ^ a b "Batman" . Steve Englehart .com . Archived from the original on December 14, 2007 . Retrieved November 25, 2007 . ^ a b c d Rebello, Stephen (November 1989). "Sam Hamm – Screenwriter". Cinefantastique . pp. 34– 41. ^ a b c Tim Burton, Sam Hamm, Mark Canton, Michael Keaton, Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight—The Gathering Storm , 2005, Warner Home Video ^ "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on February 13, 2016 . Retrieved January 29, 2016 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link ) ^ a b Lowry, Brian (August 23, 2013). "Batman Backlash: Ben Affleck Has Nothing on Michael Keaton" . Variety . Archived from the original on November 21, 2019 . Retrieved August 24, 2013 . ^ "Michael Biehn came close to starring in Tim Burton's Batman" . October 7, 2024. ^ "How Tim Burton's Batman set the stage for comic books' Hollywood takeover" . June 20, 2019. ^ a b Busch, Jenna (July 3, 2014). "Interview: Batman Producer Michael Uslan Talks the Legacy of Superhero Cinema" . Superhero Hype!. Archived from the original on December 7, 2019 . Retrieved July 25, 2015 . ^ "Pierce Brosnan: I turned down Tim Burton's Batman" . The Guardian . August 21, 2014. Archived from the original on December 7, 2019 . Retrieved August 22, 2014 . ^ Wigler, Josh (October 27, 2009). "Exclusive: Willem Dafoe As Batman? It Almost Happened!" . MTV . Archived from the original on September 9, 2015 . Retrieved May 14, 2015 . ^ John Peters, The Death of "Superman Lives": What Happened? , 2015 ^ a b c d e f Morgenstern, Joe (April 9, 1989). "Tim Burton, Batman and The Joker" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 27, 2018 . Retrieved March 26, 2018 . ^ Hilary de Vries (February 5, 1989). " Batman Battles for Big Money" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 7, 2019 . Retrieved October 26, 2008 . ^ Daniels, Les (2000). Batman: The Complete History . Chronicle Books . p. 164. ISBN 0-8118-2470-5 . ^ Gilchrist, Todd (November 4, 2011). "Ray Liotta Says Tim Burton Wanted To Meet With Him For 'Batman' " . Indiewire . Archived from the original on September 3, 2014 . Retrieved August 29, 2014 . ^ a b c Hughes, David (2003). "Batman". Comic Book Movies . Virgin Books . pp. 33– 46. ISBN 0-7535-0767-6 . ^ Child, Ben (October 15, 2013). "Batman's Joker was originally Brad Dourif, not Jack Nicholson, says Dourif" . The Guardian . Retrieved October 27, 2021 . ^ Van Syckle, Katie (June 13, 2017). "John Lithgow Still Regrets Passing on Playing the Joker in Tim Burton's Batman" . Vulture . 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Retrieved April 13, 2024 . ^ Schedeen, Jesse (August 21, 2023). "Batman '89: Echoes Adds Scarecrow and Harley Quinn to the Burtonverse" . IGN . ^ Matthew Aguilar (April 11, 2024). "Batman 1989 Continues, in a Brand New Novel" . Gizmodo . Retrieved April 13, 2024 . ^ "Batman: Resurrection by John Jackson Miller" . Penguin Random House . Archived from the original on April 11, 2024 . Retrieved April 14, 2024 . ^ "Batman: Resurrection Continues the Dark Knight's Tale From the Tim Burton Film (Exclusive)" . comicbook.com . October 13, 2024. ^ "New Batman: Resurrection Book Fills In The Gap Between Batman 1989 And Batman Returns" . slashfilm.com . October 15, 2024. ^ " 'Batman' a Potent Weapon in Sell-through Crusade". Variety . November 15, 1989. p. 31. ^ " 'Batman' Vids Fly Off Shelves; Stores Face Limited Supploy". Variety . November 22, 1989. p. 81. ^ Batman 4K Blu-ray , archived from the original on April 9, 2019 , retrieved April 12, 2019 Further reading Halfyard, Janet K. (October 28, 2004). Danny Elfman's Batman: A Film Score Guide (Paperback). A careful study of Elfman's scoring technique with a detailed analysis of the film itself. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-5126-1 . Craig Shaw Gardner (June 1, 1989). Batman (Mass Market Paperback). Novelization of the film. Hachette Book Group USA . ISBN 0-446-35487-2 . External links Film portal United States portal Speculative fiction portal 1980s portal Batman at IMDb Batman at the TCM Movie Database (archived version) Official website Batman (1989) Official website at Warner Bros. 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" " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade 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Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Novels The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution Podcasts Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Enemies in other media Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Supporting characters in other media Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Live-action films based on DC Comics v t e Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Single films Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Franchises Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) DC Imprints Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) See also DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Imprints v t e Tim Burton v t e Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Director Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Writer Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) TV series created Beetlejuice (1989–91) Beetlejuice (1989–91) v t e Yearly highest-grossing films in the United States v t e Films listed as number-one by in-year release 1970s–1980s Star Wars ( 1977 ) Grease ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Three Men and a Baby ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Batman ( 1989 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Grease ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Three Men and a Baby ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Batman ( 1989 ) 1990s−2000s Home Alone ( 1990 ) Terminator 2: Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Toy Story ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone ( 2001 ) Spider-Man ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest ( 2006 ) Spider-Man 3 ( 2007 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) Terminator 2: Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Toy Story ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone ( 2001 ) Spider-Man ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest ( 2006 ) Spider-Man 3 ( 2007 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) 2010s−2020s Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) The Hunger Games: Catching Fire ( 2013 ) American Sniper ( 2014 ) Star Wars: The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars: The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) Avengers: Endgame ( 2019 ) Bad Boys for Life ( 2020 ) Spider-Man: No Way Home ( 2021 ) Top Gun: Maverick ( 2022 ) Barbie ( 2023 ) Inside Out 2 ( 2024 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) The Hunger Games: Catching Fire ( 2013 ) American Sniper ( 2014 ) Star Wars: The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars: The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) Avengers: Endgame ( 2019 ) Bad Boys for Life ( 2020 ) Spider-Man: No Way Home ( 2021 ) Top Gun: Maverick ( 2022 ) Barbie ( 2023 ) Inside Out 2 ( 2024 ) List of highest-grossing films in the United States and Canada Authority control databases International VIAF 2 3 4 GND VIAF 2 3 4 2 3 4 GND National United States France BnF data Spain Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Spain Israel Catalonia 1989 films 1989 action films 1989 American films 1989 British films 1980s English-language films 1980s superhero films American action films American films about revenge American superhero films Films set in art museums and galleries Batman (1989 film series) British action films British films about revenge British superhero films Casting controversies in film Films adapted into comics Films directed by Tim Burton Films produced by Jon Peters Films produced by Peter Guber Films scored by Danny Elfman Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Bedfordshire Films shot in Hertfordshire Films shot in London Films whose production designer won the Best Production Design Academy Award Films with screenplays by Sam Hamm Films with screenplays by Warren Skaaren Gothic films Joker (character) in other media PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films Saturn Award–winning films Warner Bros. films English-language action films Dolby Cinema films CS1 maint: archived copy as title Pages containing links to subscription-only content Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Good articles Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use American English from January 2025 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2015 Template film date with 3 release dates Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 06:53 (UTC) . 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Main page Recent changes Upload file Village pump Edit-a-thons Education GLAM Bookshelf All translations Users by skillset Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikibooks Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikinews Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wiktionary Wikidata item English Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Main Page Page Discussion Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Outreach. The Wikimedia way. Outreach wiki serves as a home for several outreach and collaboration initiatives. It's a bookshelf, a collection of best practices, and a coordination point for any activity that is directed to the public, to cultural institutions, or to education programs. Acèh Afrikaans Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Basa Bali British English Canadian English Dagaare Deutsch Deutsch (Sie-Form) English Esperanto Frysk Gaeilge Hausa Igbo Kadazandusun Kreyòl ayisyen Lingua Franca Nova Māori Nederlands Patois Schweizer Hochdeutsch Scots Sunda Tagalog Tiếng Việt Türkçe Yorùbá Zazaki asturianu azərbaycanca català chiShona dansk davvisámegiella (Norgga bealde) emiliàn e rumagnòl español euskara français galego hrvatski interlingua italiano kurdî latviešu lietuvių magyar oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча polski português português do Brasil română shqip sicilianu slovenčina svenska toki pona vèneto čeština ślůnski Ελληνικά Ποντιακά ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ башҡортса беларуская беларуская (тарашкевіца) български къарачай-малкъар кыргызча македонски молдовеняскэ ногайша нохчийн руски русский саха тыла српски / srpski українська қазақша հայերեն עברית اردو الدارجة العربية سنڌي فارسی لئری دوٙمینی مصرى پښتو अंगिका नेपाली मराठी मैथिली हिन्दी অসমীয়া বাংলা ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ગુજરાતી ଓଡ଼ିଆ தமிழ் తెలుగు ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം සිංහල ไทย ລາວ ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ မြန်မာဘာသာ მარგალური ქართული Ṫuroyo Ἀρχαία ἑλληνικὴ 中文 中文（简体） 中文（繁體） 中文（臺灣） 文言 日本語 粵語 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ 한국어 English This page was last edited on 2 December 2025, at 20:20. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Privacy policy About Outreach Wiki Disclaimers Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early and personal life 2 Early career Toggle Early career subsection 2.1 Education and union work 2.2 MBR–200 2.3 National Assembly 2.1 Education and union work 2.2 MBR–200 2.3 National Assembly 3 Foreign affairs ministry (2006–2012) Toggle Foreign affairs ministry (2006–2012) subsection 3.1 2006 detention in New York 3.1 2006 detention in New York 4 Vice presidency (2012–2013) Toggle Vice presidency (2012–2013) subsection 4.1 Interim president 4.1 Interim president 5 Presidency (2013–2026) Toggle Presidency (2013–2026) subsection 5.1 International relations 5.2 Assassination attempts 5.1 International relations 5.2 Assassination attempts 6 Controversies Toggle Controversies subsection 6.1 Disputed presidency 6.2 Dictatorship accusations 6.3 Birthplace and nationality 6.4 Conspiracy theories 6.5 Censorship 6.6 Human rights 6.7 Judicial independence 6.8 Alleged drug trafficking and money laundering incidents 6.8.1 Narcosobrinos incident 6.8.2 Sanctions against Tareck El Aissami and Diosdado Cabello 6.8.3 US indictment of Maduro 6.8.3.1 Reward increases 6.9 Homophobic statements 6.10 Hunger crisis 6.11 Corruption 6.12 Sanctions 6.1 Disputed presidency 6.2 Dictatorship accusations 6.3 Birthplace and nationality 6.4 Conspiracy theories 6.5 Censorship 6.6 Human rights 6.7 Judicial independence 6.8 Alleged drug trafficking and money laundering incidents 6.8.1 Narcosobrinos incident 6.8.2 Sanctions against Tareck El Aissami and Diosdado Cabello 6.8.3 US indictment of Maduro 6.8.3.1 Reward increases 6.8.1 Narcosobrinos incident 6.8.2 Sanctions against Tareck El Aissami and Diosdado Cabello 6.8.3 US indictment of Maduro 6.8.3.1 Reward increases 6.8.3.1 Reward increases 6.9 Homophobic statements 6.10 Hunger crisis 6.11 Corruption 6.12 Sanctions 7 United States capture and trial 8 Public opinion 9 In popular culture 10 Awards and honours Toggle Awards and honours subsection 10.1 Others 10.1 Others 11 Elections Toggle Elections subsection 11.1 2013 presidential campaign 11.2 2018 presidential campaign 11.3 2024 presidential campaign 11.4 Electoral history 11.1 2013 presidential campaign 11.2 2018 presidential campaign 11.3 2024 presidential campaign 11.4 Electoral history 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Nicolás Maduro Afrikaans العربية Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština ChiTumbuka Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Ladino ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lombard Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Pangcah Papiamentu پښتو Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sakizaya Scots Seediq Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça Tayal ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt West-Vlams 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Fɔ̀ngbè Tolışi Toki pona Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Nicolás Maduro Maduro in 2023 President of Venezuela [ a ] In office .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} De facto : 5 March 2013 [ b ] – 3 January 2026 [ c ] De jure : 19 April 2013 – present Disputed with Juan Guaidó (23 January 2019 – 5 January 2023) Disputed with Edmundo González (10 January 2025–present) Disputed with Juan Guaidó (23 January 2019 – 5 January 2023) Disputed with Edmundo González (10 January 2025–present) Vice President See list Himself (March–April 2013) Jorge Arreaza (2013–2016) Aristóbulo Istúriz (2016–2017) Tareck El Aissami (2017–2018) Delcy Rodríguez (2018–2026) Himself (March–April 2013) Jorge Arreaza (2013–2016) Aristóbulo Istúriz (2016–2017) Tareck El Aissami (2017–2018) Delcy Rodríguez (2018–2026) Preceded by Hugo Chávez Succeeded by Delcy Rodríguez (acting) President of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela Incumbent Assumed office 5 March 2013 Vice President Diosdado Cabello Preceded by Hugo Chávez Vice President of Venezuela In office 13 October 2012 – 19 April 2013 President .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Hugo Chávez Himself (acting) Hugo Chávez Himself (acting) Preceded by Elías Jaua Succeeded by Jorge Arreaza Other offices held Minister of Foreign Affairs In office 9 August 2006 – 13 October 2012 President Hugo Chávez Preceded by Alí Rodríguez Araque Succeeded by Elías Jaua President of the National Assembly of Venezuela In office 5 January 2005 – 7 August 2006 Preceded by Francisco Ameliach Succeeded by Cilia Flores Member of the National Assembly In office 3 August 2000 – 7 August 2006 Constituency Capital District Other offices held Minister of Foreign Affairs In office 9 August 2006 – 13 October 2012 President Hugo Chávez Preceded by Alí Rodríguez Araque Succeeded by Elías Jaua President of the National Assembly of Venezuela In office 5 January 2005 – 7 August 2006 Preceded by Francisco Ameliach Succeeded by Cilia Flores Member of the National Assembly In office 3 August 2000 – 7 August 2006 Constituency Capital District Diplomatic posts Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement In office 17 September 2016 – 25 October 2019 Preceded by Hassan Rouhani Succeeded by Ilham Aliyev President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations In office 23 April 2016 – 21 April 2017 Preceded by Tabaré Vázquez Succeeded by Mauricio Macri Diplomatic posts Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement In office 17 September 2016 – 25 October 2019 Preceded by Hassan Rouhani Succeeded by Ilham Aliyev President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations In office 23 April 2016 – 21 April 2017 Preceded by Tabaré Vázquez Succeeded by Mauricio Macri Personal details Born Nicolás Maduro Moros ( 1962-11-23 ) 23 November 1962 (age 63) Caracas, [ d ] Venezuela Party PSUV (since 2007) Other political affiliations MVR (until 2007) Spouses Adriana Guerra Angulo ( div. ) .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Cilia Flores ( m. .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} 2013 ) Adriana Guerra Angulo ( div. ) .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Children Nicolás Maduro Guerra Signature Criminal information Criminal status Incarcerated at the Metropolitan Detention Center [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Criminal charge 4 counts [ e ] .mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}} .mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}} Maduro's voice Maduro on recovering the nation's petroleum industry Recorded 3 March 2016 Nicolás Maduro Moros [ f ] (born 23 November 1962) is a Venezuelan politician and former union leader who became the president of Venezuela in 2013. [ discuss ] On 3 January 2026, US forces captured Maduro and his wife, Cilia Flores ; [ 10 ] they were transported to the US and charged with drug trafficking to which they pleaded not guilty. [ 11 ] Although he was de facto removed from power, according to the Venezuelan government and interim president Delcy Rodríguez , he is still the de jure president of Venezuela. Prior to his presidency, he served as the vice president of Venezuela under President Hugo Chávez from 2012 to 2013, and as minister of foreign affairs from 2006 to 2012. Initially a bus driver, Maduro rose to become a trade union leader before being elected to the National Assembly in 2000. A member of the United Socialist Party (PSUV), he was appointed to a number of positions under Chávez, [ 12 ] serving as President of the National Assembly , Minister of Foreign Affairs , and vice president under Chávez. Maduro assumed the presidency after Chávez's death and won the 2013 special presidential election . He ruled Venezuela by decree after 2015 through powers granted to him by the ruling party legislature. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Maduro's popularity declined following shortages in Venezuela and a drop in living standards which led to a wave of protests in 2014 that escalated into daily marches nationwide and repression of dissent. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] An opposition-led National Assembly was elected in 2015 , but Maduro maintained power through the Supreme Tribunal , the National Electoral Council (CNE) and the military . [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 18 ] The Supreme Tribunal stripped the elected National Assembly of power and authority, resulting in a constitutional crisis and another wave of protests in 2017 . In response to the protests, the Constituent Assembly of Venezuela was elected in 2017 under voting conditions that the opposition alleged were irregular. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] In 2018, Maduro was reelected and sworn in . The president of the National Assembly, Juan Guaidó , was declared interim president by the opposition legislative body, starting a presidential crisis . [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] In 2024, Maduro was reelected for a third term, although evidence indicates that he lost the election by a wide margin. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Maduro was widely considered to have been leading an authoritarian government, characterized by electoral fraud , human rights abuses , corruption , censorship and severe economic hardship . [ 30 ] The United Nations (UN) and Human Rights Watch have alleged that under Maduro's administration thousands of people died in extrajudicial killings and seven million Venezuelans were forced to flee the country due to economic collapse. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Maduro denied all allegations of misconduct and argued that the US had conspired against Venezuela to manufacture a crisis to enact regime change. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Early and personal life Nicolás Maduro Moros was born on 23 November 1962 in Caracas , [ d ] into a working-class family. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] [ 40 ] [ 41 ] His father, Nicolás Maduro García, was a prominent trade union leader and a "militant dreamer" of the Movimiento Electoral del Pueblo (MEP); [ 42 ] [ 43 ] he died in a motor vehicle accident on 22 April 1989. His mother, Teresa de Jesús Moros, was born in Cúcuta , a Colombian city on the border with Venezuela. [ 44 ] Maduro was raised in Calle 14, a street in Los Jardines, El Valle, a working-class neighborhood on the western outskirts of Caracas. [ 44 ] The only male of four siblings, he had three sisters, María Teresa, Josefina, and Anita. [ 42 ] Maduro was raised Catholic . In 2012, it was reported by The New York Times that he was a follower of Indian Hindu guru Sathya Sai Baba and previously visited the guru in India in 2005. [ 45 ] In a 2013 interview, Maduro stated that his grandparents were Jewish, from a Sephardic Moorish background, and converted to Catholicism in Venezuela. [ 46 ] Maduro has been married twice. His first marriage was to Adriana Guerra Angulo, with whom he had his only son, Nicolás Maduro Guerra , also known as "Nicolasito", [ 47 ] [ 48 ] who was appointed to several senior government posts, Chief of the Presidency's Special Inspectors Body, head of the National Film School, and is a deputy to the National Assembly of Venezuela . [ 49 ] On 15 July 2013, he married Cilia Flores , a lawyer and politician who replaced Maduro as president of the National Assembly in August 2006, when he resigned to become Minister of Foreign Affairs , becoming the first woman to serve as president of the National Assembly. [ 50 ] [ 51 ] The two had been in a romantic relationship since the 1990s when Flores was Hugo Chávez 's lawyer following the 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts [ 52 ] and were married months after Maduro became president. [ 53 ] While they have no children together, Maduro has three step-children from his wife's first marriage to Walter Ramón Gavidia: Walter Jacob, Yoswel, and Yosser. [ 54 ] Maduro is a fan of John Lennon 's music and his political activism for peace and against war. Maduro has said that he was inspired by the music and counterculture of the 1960s and 70s, mentioning Robert Plant and Led Zeppelin . [ 55 ] Early career Education and union work Maduro attended the Liceo José Ávalos public high school in El Valle, [ 39 ] [ 56 ] where he was introduced to politics as a member of the school's student union. [ 38 ] However, according to school records, Maduro did not graduate. [ 41 ] For many years, Maduro worked as a bus driver for the Caracas Metro . He founded an unofficial trade union at the company, which had banned unions at that time. He was also employed as a bodyguard for José Vicente Rangel during Rangel's unsuccessful 1983 presidential campaign . [ 41 ] [ 57 ] At the age of 24, Maduro was living in Havana after being sent by the Socialist League to attend a one-year course at the Escuela Nacional de Cuadros Julio Antonio Mella , a political training center directed by the Union of Young Communists . [ 44 ] According to Carlos Peñaloza Zambrano [ es ] , during Maduro's time in Cuba he was instructed by Pedro Miret Prieto [ es ] , a senior member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba who was close to Fidel Castro . [ 58 ] MBR–200 According to Carlos Peñaloza Zambrano [ es ] , Maduro was allegedly tasked by the Castro government to serve as a " mole " working for the Cuba's Dirección de Inteligencia to approach Hugo Chávez, who was experiencing a burgeoning military career. [ 59 ] In the early 1990s, he joined MBR-200 and campaigned for the release of Chávez when he was jailed for his role in the 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts . [ 41 ] In the late 1990s, Maduro was instrumental in founding the Movement of the Fifth Republic , which supported Chávez in his run for president in 1998. [ 56 ] National Assembly Maduro was elected on the MVR ticket to the Venezuelan Chamber of Deputies in 1998 , to the National Constituent Assembly in 1999, and finally to the National Assembly in 2000 , at all times representing the Capital District . He was elected as president of the National Assembly of Venezuela, a role he held from 2005 until 2006. [ citation needed ] Foreign affairs ministry (2006–2012) Maduro was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs in 2006, and served under Chávez in that position until being appointed Vice President of Venezuela in October 2012, after the presidential elections . According to BBC Mundo , during Maduro's tenure as foreign minister, "he was considered a key player in pushing the foreign policy of his country beyond Latin American borders to approach almost any government that rivaled the United States." [ 60 ] Venezuela's foreign policy stances during his term included ending relations with Taiwan in favor of the People's Republic of China , [ 61 ] [ 62 ] support for Libya under Muammar Gaddafi , breaking off diplomatic ties with Israel during the 2008–09 Gaza War , [ 63 ] recognizing and establishing diplomatic relations with the State of Palestine , [ 64 ] a turnaround in relations with Colombia in 2008 and again in 2010 , [ 65 ] recognizing Abkhazia and South Ossetia as independent states, [ 66 ] and support for Bashar al-Assad during the Syrian Civil War . [ 67 ] Temir Porras, a 2019 visiting professor at Paris Institute of Political Studies who was Maduro's chief of staff during his tenure as foreign minister, said that in the early days of Chavismo , Maduro was considered "pragmatic" and a "very skilled politician" who was "good at negotiating and bargaining". [ 68 ] According to Rory Carroll , Maduro did not speak any foreign languages while serving as the Minister of Foreign Affairs. [ 69 ] 2006 detention in New York In New York City in September 2006, while attempting to travel back to Venezuela via Miami , Maduro was briefly detained by United States Department of Homeland Security officers at the John F. Kennedy International Airport for around 90 minutes, after paying for three airline tickets in cash. Both Maduro and President Hugo Chávez were in New York City attending the 61st session of the UN General Assembly , where President Chávez called U.S. President George W. Bush "the devil" during his speech . [ 70 ] The incident began when Maduro tried to pick up an item that had been screened at a security checkpoint at the airport, and security personnel told Maduro that he was prohibited from doing so. Maduro later identified himself as a diplomat from the Venezuelan government, but officials still escorted him to a room to conduct secondary screening. [ 71 ] At one point, authorities ordered Maduro and other Venezuelan officials to spread their arms and legs and be frisked, but Maduro and others forcefully refused. His diplomatic passport and ticket were retained for a time but eventually returned. [ 72 ] Speaking at the Venezuelan mission to the UN after his release, Maduro said his detention by the US authorities was illegal and he filed a complaint at the United Nations. US and UN officials called the incident "regrettable" but said Maduro had been identified for "secondary screening". Homeland Security spokesman Russ Knocke claimed that Maduro was not mistreated, saying that there was no evidence of abnormalities during the screening process. Maduro said the incident prevented him from traveling home on the same day. [ 72 ] When he was informed of the incident, President Chávez said Maduro's detention was retaliation for his own speech at the UN General Assembly and stated that the authorities detained Maduro over his links to the Venezuelan failed coup in 1992 , a charge that President Chávez denied. [ 72 ] Vice presidency (2012–2013) Prior to his appointment to the vice presidency, Maduro had been chosen by Chávez in 2011 to succeed him in the presidency if he were to die from cancer. This choice was made due to Maduro's loyalty to Chávez and because of his good relations with other chavistas such as Elías Jaua , former minister Jesse Chacón and Jorge Rodríguez . Bolivarian officials [ who? ] predicted that following Chávez's death, Maduro would have political difficulties and that Venezuela would experience instability. [ 73 ] On 13 October 2012, Chávez appointed Maduro Vice President of Venezuela, shortly after Chavez' victory in that month's presidential election . On 8 December 2012, Chávez announced that his recurring cancer had returned and that he would be returning to Cuba for emergency surgery and further medical treatment. Chávez said that, should his condition worsen and a new presidential election be called to replace him, Venezuelans should vote for Maduro to succeed him. This was the first time that Chávez named a potential successor to his movement, as well as the first time he publicly acknowledged the possibility of his death. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] Chávez's endorsement of Maduro sidelined Diosdado Cabello , a former vice president and powerful Socialist Party official with ties to the armed forces , who had been widely considered a top candidate to be Chávez's successor. After Maduro was endorsed by Chávez, Cabello "immediately pledged loyalty" to both men. [ 76 ] Interim president My firm opinion, as clear as the full moon – irrevocable, absolute, total – is ... that you elect Nicolas Maduro as President. I ask this of you from my heart. He is one of the young leaders with the greatest ability to continue, if I cannot. My firm opinion, as clear as the full moon – irrevocable, absolute, total – is ... that you elect Nicolas Maduro as President. I ask this of you from my heart. He is one of the young leaders with the greatest ability to continue, if I cannot. Upon the death of Hugo Chávez on 5 March 2013, Maduro assumed the powers and responsibilities of the president. He appointed Jorge Arreaza to take his place as vice president. Since Chávez died within the first four years of his term, the Constitution of Venezuela stated that a presidential election had to be held within 30 days of his death. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] [ 79 ] Maduro was unanimously chosen as the Socialist Party's candidate in the election. [ 80 ] When he assumed temporary power, opposition leaders argued that Maduro violated articles 229, 231, and 233 of the Venezuelan Constitution, by assuming power over the president of the National Assembly. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] Presidency (2013–2026) The succession to the presidency of Maduro in 2013, according to Corrales and Penfold, was due to multiple mechanisms established by Maduro's predecessor, Chávez. Initially, oil prices were high enough for Maduro to maintain necessary spending for support, specifically with the military. Foreign ties that were established by Chávez were also used by Maduro as he applied skills that he had learned while serving as a foreign minister. Finally, the PSUV and government institutions aligned behind Maduro, and "the regime used the institutions of repression and autocracy , also created under Chávez, to become more repressive vis-à-vis the opposition". [ 83 ] In April 2013, Maduro was elected president, narrowly defeating opposition candidate Henrique Capriles with just 1.5% of the vote separating the two. Capriles demanded a recount, refusing to recognize the outcome as valid. [ 84 ] Maduro was inaugurated as president on 19 April, after the election commission had promised a full audit of the election results. [ 85 ] [ 86 ] In October 2013, he announced the creation of a new agency, the Vice Ministry of Supreme Happiness, to coordinate social programmes. [ 87 ] Opposition leaders in Venezuela delivered a May 2016 petition to the National Electoral Council (CNE) calling for a recall referendum, with the populace to vote on whether to remove Maduro from office. [ 88 ] On 5 July 2016, the Venezuelan intelligence service detained five opposition activists involved with the recall referendum, with two other activists of the same party, Popular Will , also arrested. [ 89 ] After delays in verification of the signatures, protestors alleged the government was intentionally delaying the process. The government, in response, argued the protestors were part of a plot to topple Maduro. [ 90 ] On 1 August 2016, the CNE announced that enough signatures had been validated for the recall process to continue. While opposition leaders pushed for the recall to be held before the end of 2016, allowing a new presidential election to take place, the government vowed a recall would not occur until 2017, ensuring the current vice president would potentially come to power. [ 91 ] In May 2017, Maduro proposed the 2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election , which was later held on 30 July 2017 despite wide international condemnation. [ 92 ] [ 93 ] The United States sanctioned Maduro following the election, labeling him as a "dictator", preventing him from entering the United States. [ 94 ] Other nations, such as China, [ 95 ] Russia, [ 96 ] and Cuba [ 97 ] offered their support to Maduro and the Constituent Assembly elections. The presidential elections, whose original electoral date was scheduled for December 2018, was subsequently pulled ahead to 22 April before being pushed back to 20 May. [ 98 ] [ 99 ] [ 100 ] Analysts described the poll as a show election , [ 101 ] [ 102 ] with the elections having the lowest voter turnout in the country's democratic era. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] Beginning six months after being elected, Maduro was given the power to rule by decree by the pre-2015 Venezuelan legislature (from 19 November 2013 to 19 November 2014, 15 March 2015 to 31 December 2015) [ 13 ] and later by the Supreme Tribunal (since 15 January 2016) to address the ongoing economic crisis in Venezuela, with strong condemnation by the Venezuelan opposition claiming that the legislature's power had been usurped by the court. [ 105 ] [ 106 ] His presidency has coincided with a decline in Venezuela's socioeconomic status, with crime, inflation, poverty and hunger increasing; analysts have attributed Venezuela's decline to both Chávez and Maduro's economic policies, [ 107 ] [ 108 ] while Maduro has blamed speculation and economic warfare waged by his political opponents. [ 109 ] A 2018 Amnesty International report "accused Nicolas Maduro's government of committing some of the worst human rights violations in Venezuela's history". [ 110 ] The report found the violence was carried out especially in Venezuela's poor neighborhoods, and included "8,292 extrajudicial executions carried out between 2015 and 2017". [ 110 ] In one year, 22% of homicides (4,667) were committed by security forces. [ 110 ] Amnesty International's Erika Guevara-Rosas said, "The government of President Maduro should guarantee the right to life, instead of taking the lives of the country's young people." [ 110 ] During the later years of Maduro's presidency, pro-government police and military forces launched the " Liberation of the People Operation [ es ] ", which they stated targeted street gangs and non-state paramilitary formations which they alleged had taken control of poor neighbourhoods. The operations reportedly resulted in thousands of arrests and an estimated 9,000 deaths, with the Venezuelan opposition claiming that the operations are actually a state instrument of repression. The UN released a report condemning the violent methods of the operation. Although the Venezuelan government's ombudsman , Tarek William Saab has admitted that his office received dozens of reports of "police excesses", he defended the need for the operations and stated that his office would be working alongside the police and military "to safeguard human rights". The Venezuelan Foreign Ministry has criticised the UN's report, calling it "neither objective, nor impartial" and listed what it believed were a total of 60 errors in the report. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] In 2019, Porras, Maduro's former chief of staff, said that Maduro "delivered practically nothing in terms of public policy, in terms of direction" during his first term because, in Porras' opinion, "he does not have a clear vision for the country. He is very much focused on consolidating his power among his own peers in Chavismo and much less on exercising or implementing a strategic vision for the country." [ 68 ] Following increased international sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis in 2019, the Maduro government abandoned socialist policies established by Chávez, such as price and currency controls, which resulted in the country seeing a rebound from economic decline. [ 113 ] The Economist wrote that Venezuela had also obtained "extra money from selling gold (both from illegal mines and from its reserves) and narcotics". [ 113 ] Part of a series on United States–Venezuela relations Countries United States Venezuela United States Venezuela People George W. Bush Hugo Chávez Barack Obama Nicolás Maduro Donald Trump Joe Biden Juan Guaidó George W. Bush Hugo Chávez Barack Obama Nicolás Maduro Donald Trump Joe Biden Juan Guaidó Events Vargas tragedy 2002 Venezuelan coup attempt 2006 Chávez speech at the United Nations 2014 Venezuelan protests United States sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis Narcosobrinos affair Citgo Six 2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis Venezuelan presidential crisis Barbados Agreement United States v. Maduro et al. US military buildup in the Caribbean History of U.S. involvement in Venezuela's petroleum industry 2026 United States strikes in Venezuela Vargas tragedy 2002 Venezuelan coup attempt 2006 Chávez speech at the United Nations 2014 Venezuelan protests United States sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis Narcosobrinos affair Citgo Six 2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis Venezuelan presidential crisis Barbados Agreement United States v. Maduro et al. US military buildup in the Caribbean History of U.S. involvement in Venezuela's petroleum industry 2026 United States strikes in Venezuela .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e On 3 May 2020, Venezuelan security forces prevented an attempt to overthrow Maduro by armed Venezuelan dissidents. The attempt was organised by an American private security company, Silvercorp USA , headed by Jordan Goudreau and the men were trained in Colombia. Goudreau claimed the operation had involved 60 troops, including two former US special forces members. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] The Venezuelan government claimed the United States and its Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) were responsible for the operation and had support from Colombia. [ 116 ] Juan Guaidó denied involvement in the operation. Goudreau claimed that Guaidó and two political advisers had signed a contract with him for US$213 million in October 2019. [ 115 ] Eight of the attackers were killed, and thirteen more, including two Americans, were captured. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] In October 2020, Maduro was indicted by a US federal court , accused of narcoterrorism and conspiracy to import cocaine to the United States . [ 119 ] In August 2025, the United States Department of Justice raised the reward for the arrest of Maduro to US$50 million . [ 119 ] The U.S. began a series of escalating actions including the 10 December 2025 seizure of the oil tanker Skipper in international waters, off the Venezuelan coast. In October 2025, it was reported that the United States allegedly attempted to capture Maduro through a covert operation involving an effort to recruit his personal pilot, General Bitner Villegas. According to the Associated Press , U.S. Homeland Security agent Edwin Lopez met Villegas in the Dominican Republic and offered him wealth in exchange for diverting Maduro's aircraft to a location where U.S. authorities could legalize his arrest, who faced narco-terrorism charges. Over the following 16 months, Lopez maintained encrypted contact with the pilot, but the plan failed when Villegas refused to cooperate. The plot originated from an April 2024 tip about Maduro's planes, which were later seized in Santo Domingo for sanctions violations. In 2025, after Lopez's final attempts to persuade Villegas collapsed, allies of the Venezuelan opposition publicized the agent's contact with the pilot, briefly sparking speculation about Villegas's fate before he reappeared publicly affirming his loyalty to Maduro. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] On 24 November 2025, the Trump administration officially labeled him and his government allies as members of a foreign terrorist group. [ 122 ] On 3 January 2026, during the United States strikes in Venezuela , Donald Trump said Maduro had been captured by the United States, along with his wife. [ 123 ] [ 124 ] Legal experts believe it is likely a violation of the U.N. Charter 's article 2(4) which requires respect for other countries' sovereignty and prohibits the use of military force without U.N. authorization, except for self-defense. [ 125 ] Although Maduro was de facto removed from power, [ 126 ] [ 127 ] [ 128 ] [ 129 ] [ 130 ] according to the Venezuelan government and interim president Delcy Rodríguez , he is still the de jure president of Venezuela. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] [ 5 ] International relations On 6 March 2014, marking the 1 year anniversary of Hugo Chávez's death , Maduro announced on live television that he was breaking diplomatic and commercial relations with Panama after the country's president Ricardo Martinelli expressed support for the demonstrators during the protests that began on 12 February and called on the OAS to investigate. [ 133 ] Relations were later restored in July 2014, after Vice President Jorge Arreaza attended the inauguration of President Juan Carlos Varela . [ 134 ] [ 135 ] On 11 August 2017, US President Donald Trump said that he is "not going to rule out a military option" to confront the government of Maduro. [ 136 ] On 23 January 2019, Maduro announced that Venezuela was breaking ties with the United States following Trump's announcement of recognizing Juan Guaidó , the Venezuelan opposition leader, as the interim President of Venezuela. [ 137 ] Another diplomatic crisis with Panama occurred in 2018 , after the Panamanian government imposed sanctions on Maduro and several key officials of the Bolivarian government. Venezuela responded by imposing reciprocal sanctions on Panamanian companies and as well as prominent Panamanian officials, including President Juan Carlos Varela . [ 138 ] The diplomatic crisis ended on 26 April 2018 when President Maduro announced that he had called President Varela and agreed to the return of the ambassadors and the return of air communication between both countries. [ 139 ] On 14 January 2019, days after Brazil recognised Venezuelan opposition leader Juan Guaidó as the country's interim president, Maduro called Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro "a Hitler of the modern era". [ 140 ] Maduro has a strategic partnership with Russian leader Vladimir Putin. After Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022 , Maduro discussed increasing cooperation with Russia. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] Due to the raised oil prices resulting from the conflict, diplomatic conversations were initiated between Maduro and US officials, suggesting the possibility of easing of US sanctions on Venezuela and improved relations between the two countries. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] [ 145 ] Late in the Biden administration , the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control ( OFAC ) lifted sanctions in October 2023 for six-months to allow limited trade with the U.S. to resume. [ 146 ] [ needs update ] During the 2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference in November, multiple world leaders interacted with Maduro, including President of France Emmanuel Macron , Prime Minister of Portugal António Costa and American John Kerry , with President Macron addressing Maduro as "president" and stating "I would be happy if we could talk to each other for longer to engage in useful bilateral work for the region." [ 142 ] [ 147 ] Days later on 27 November, the United States eased sanctions on Venezuela and allowed Chevron Corporation to temporarily work with the Venezuelan government. [ 148 ] Maduro made an official state visit to Saudi Arabia in June 2023. [ 149 ] He also visited China in September 2023, requesting China's support for Venezuela to join the economic bloc BRICS and saying he wanted China's investment in Latin America and the Caribbean to increase. Brazil's president Lula da Silva supported Maduro's request to join BRICS. [ 150 ] During the visit, Maduro also signed an agreement that included the training of Venezuelan astronauts, expressing his wish to send Venezuelans to the Moon . [ 151 ] In the Israeli–Palestinian conflict , Maduro has frequently supported the Palestinian cause in international forums, declaring that " Jesus Christ was a young Palestinian unjustly crucified by the Spanish Empire ". [ 152 ] On 7 November 2023, he condemned Israel 's actions in the Gaza Strip during the Gaza war and accused Israel of committing genocide against Palestinians in Gaza. [ 153 ] Maduro promoted a consultative referendum in Venezuela to support Venezuela's claim to the Essequibo region , which is disputed with, and controlled by, neighboring Guyana . The referendum took place on 3 December 2023, and a large majority (nearly 100%) voted in favour of Venezuela's claims, though it had a low turnout. [ 154 ] [ 155 ] The referendum was one of the contributing factors for the Guyana–Venezuela crisis . [ 156 ] In June 2025, Maduro condemned Israeli attacks on Iran , describing it as a "criminal assault" that "violates international law and the United Nations Charter", and accused France, Germany, Britain and the US of supporting "the 21st-century Hitler " against the "noble and peaceful Iranian people". [ 157 ] Assassination attempts On 4 August 2018, while giving a speech while commemorating the 81st anniversary of the Bolivarian National Guard and addressing soldiers in front of the Centro Simón Bolívar Towers and Palacio de Justicia de Caracas , two drones detonated explosives near Avenida Bolívar, Caracas . The Venezuelan government claims the event was a targeted attempt to assassinate Maduro, accusing Venezuelan National Assembly deputy Juan Requesens of being the attempted assassin. [ 158 ] However, the cause and intention of the explosions is debated. [ 159 ] [ 160 ] Others have suggested the incident was a false flag operation designed by the government to justify repression of opposition in Venezuela. [ 161 ] [ 162 ] [ 163 ] In September 2024, the Venezuelan police captured and arrested three Americans, two Spaniards, and a Czech national carrying sniper rifles and other munitions to allegedly assassinate Maduro. [ 164 ] In a public statement, the Minister of Interior, Justice and Peace , Diosdado Cabello held the CIA and Spanish intelligence responsible for the coup attempt, calling it 'not surprising'. The minister shared that they had arrested yet another US military active-duty member, Wilber Joseph Castañeda, with evidence from his cell phone linking him to terrorist attacks during the 2024 Venezuelan presidential election. [ 165 ] Controversies This "criticism" or "controversy" section may compromise the article's neutrality . Please help integrate negative information into other sections or remove undue focus on minor aspects through discussion on the talk page . ( August 2025 ) Disputed presidency With widespread condemnation, [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] President Maduro was sworn in on 10 January 2019. Minutes afterwards, the Organization of American States (OAS) approved a resolution declaring his presidency illegitimate and calling for new elections. [ 166 ] The National Assembly invoked a state of emergency , [ 167 ] and some nations removed their embassies from Venezuela, [ 168 ] [ 169 ] with Colombia, [ 170 ] and the US [ 171 ] saying Maduro was converting Venezuela into a dictatorship. The president of the National Assembly, Juan Guaidó , was declared interim president on 23 January 2019; [ 172 ] the US, Canada, Brazil and several Latin American countries supported Guaidó as interim president the same day; Russia, China, and Cuba supported Maduro. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] The Supreme Tribunal rejected the National Assembly decisions, [ 25 ] while the Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile welcomed Guaidó as interim president. [ 173 ] The United States Department of State stated that Maduro had used unconstitutional means and a "sham electoral system" to maintain an unlawful presidency not recognized by Venezuela's neighbors. [ 174 ] Maduro disputed Guaidó's claim and broke off diplomatic ties with several nations who recognized Guaidó's claim. [ 175 ] Maduro's government stated that the crisis was a coup led by the US to topple him and control the country's oil reserves ." [ 176 ] [ 177 ] Dictatorship accusations Maduro has been accused of authoritarian leadership since he took office in 2013. [ 178 ] After the opposition won the 2015 parliamentary elections , [ 179 ] the lame duck National Assembly—consisting of pro-Maduro Bolivarian officials—filled the Supreme Tribunal of Justice with Maduro allies; [ 180 ] the New York Times reported that Venezuela was "moving closer to one-man rule". [ 179 ] In 2016, the Supreme Tribunal refused to acknowledge the democratically-elected National Assembly's attempts to recall Maduro, and the words dictator and authoritarianism began to appear: Foreign Affairs wrote of a "full-on dictatorship", [ 181 ] Javier Corrales wrote in Americas Quarterly that Venezuela was "transition[ing] to a full dictatorship", [ 182 ] and OAS General Secretary Luis Almagro said Maduro was becoming a dictator. [ 183 ] After election officials aligned with the government blocked an attempt to summon a recall referendum against Maduro, Venezuelan political analysts cited in The Guardian warned of authoritarianism and a dictatorship. [ 184 ] The Supreme Tribunal took over the legislative powers of the National Assembly in March, provoking the 2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis . [ 185 ] With the 2017 Constituent National Assembly poised to declare itself the governing body of Venezuela, [ 186 ] the United States Department of the Treasury sanctioned President Maduro, labeled him a dictator, and prevented him from entering the US. [ 94 ] Chilean president Sebastián Piñera labeled Maduro a dictator. [ 187 ] Human Rights Watch described the process that led to the National Assembly being taken over, and Venezuela a dictatorship, and said the "Venezuelan government is tightening its stranglehold on the country's basic institutions of democracy at a terrifying speed." [ 188 ] The Financial Times discussed "international censure of Nicolás Maduro, Venezuela's thuggish president". [ 189 ] The Chicago Tribune wrote that "the Trump administration should harbor no illusions about Maduro, who appears bent on assuming the mantle of dictator." [ 190 ] Vox Media published an opinion titled "How Venezuela went from a rich democracy to a dictatorship on the brink of collapse." [ 191 ] The Economist Intelligence Unit stated that during Maduro's presidency, the country's democracy deteriorated further, with the 2017 report downgrading Venezuela from a hybrid regime to an authoritarian regime , the lowest category, with an index of 3.87 (the second lowest in Latin America, along with Cuba), reflecting "Venezuela's continued slide towards dictatorship" as the government has side-lined the opposition-dominated National Assembly, jailed or disenfranchised leading opposition politicians and violently suppressed opposition protests. [ 192 ] Venezuelan presidential elections were held prematurely in May 2018 ; the New York Times printed a piece headlining the word dictator , "Critics Say He Can't Beat a Dictator. This Venezuelan Thinks He Can". [ 193 ] Miguel Angel Latouche, a political science professor at Central University of Venezuela wrote a piece entitled, "Venezuela is now a dictatorship", [ 194 ] and CNN reported that US Republicans were using the term Venezuelan dictator to describe a Democratic candidate. [ 195 ] Roger Noriega wrote in the Miami Herald that a "lawless regime" and "narcodictatorship" headed by Maduro, Tareck El Aissami and Diosdado Cabello had driven "Venezuela to the brink of collapse". [ 196 ] The 10 January 2019 second inauguration of Nicolás Maduro was widely condemned [ 197 ] [ 198 ] and led to commentary that Maduro had consolidated power and become a dictator, [ 199 ] from the Times , [ 200 ] the Council on Foreign Relations , [ 201 ] German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , [ 202 ] and the Economist . [ 203 ] Canada's prime minister Justin Trudeau labeled Maduro an "illegitimate dictator" responsible for "terrible oppression" and the humanitarian crisis. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] [ 206 ] Presidents Mauricio Macri of Argentina and Jair Bolsonaro of Brazil condemned what they called Maduro's dictatorship. [ 207 ] Univisión announcer Jorge Ramos described his detention following a live interview of Maduro, saying that if Maduro does not release the seized video of the interview, "he is behaving exactly like a dictator". [ 208 ] U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders stated "of course Maduro is a dictator". [ 209 ] [ 210 ] Reporter Kenneth Rapoza wrote an opinion piece for Forbes with the title, "Basically everyone now knows Venezuela is a dictatorship." [ 211 ] Birthplace and nationality External videos ¿Dónde nació Nicolás Maduro? [Where was Nicolás Maduro born?] Diario Las Américas TV To be elected as President of the Republic it is required to be Venezuelan by birth, to not hold another nationality, to be over thirty years old, to not be a member of the clergy, to not be subject to a court conviction and to meet the other requirements established in this Constitution To be elected as President of the Republic it is required to be Venezuelan by birth, to not hold another nationality, to be over thirty years old, to not be a member of the clergy, to not be subject to a court conviction and to meet the other requirements established in this Constitution Maduro's birthplace and nationality have been questioned, [ 212 ] [ 213 ] with some placing doubt he can legally hold the presidency, given that Article 227 of the constitution states that "To be elected as president of the Republic it is required to be Venezuelan by birth, to not hold another nationality, to be over thirty years old, to not be a member of the clergy, to not be subject to a court conviction and to meet the other requirements in this Constitution." [ 214 ] By 2014, official declarations by the Venezuela government shared four different birthplaces of Maduro. [ 215 ] Tachira state 's governor José Vielma Mora assured that Maduro was born in El Palotal sector of San Antonio del Táchira and had relatives in the towns of Capacho and Rubio . [ 216 ] The opposition deputy Abelardo Díaz reviewed the civil registry of El Valle, as well as the civil registry referenced by Vielma Mora, without finding any proof or documentation that could confirm Maduro's birthplace. [ 217 ] In June 2013, two months after assuming the presidency, Maduro claimed in a press conference in Rome that he was born in Caracas , in Los Chaguaramos, in San Pedro Parish . During an interview with a Spanish journalist, also in June 2013, Elías Jaua claimed that Maduro was born in El Valle parish, in the Libertador Municipality of Caracas . [ 214 ] In October 2013, Tibisay Lucena , head of the National Electoral Council, assured in the Globovisión TV show Vladimir a la 1 that Maduro was born in La Candelaria Parish in Caracas, showing copies of the registry presentation book of all the newborns the day when allegedly Maduro was born. In April 2016 during a cadena nacional , Maduro changed his birthplace narrative once more, saying that he was born in Los Chaguaramos, specifically in Valle Abajo, adding that he was baptized in the San Pedro church. [ 214 ] [ 218 ] In 2016, a group of Venezuelans asked the National Assembly to investigate whether Maduro was Colombian in an open letter addressed to the National Assembly president Henry Ramos Allup that justified the request by the "reasonable doubts there are around the true origins of Maduro, because, to date, he has refused to show his birth certificate". The 62 petitioners, including former ambassador Diego Arria , businessman Marcel Granier and opposition former military, assuring that according to the Colombian constitution Maduro is "Colombian by birth" for being "the son of a Colombian mother and for having resided" in the neighboring country "during his childhood". [ 219 ] The same year several former members of the Electoral Council sent an open letter to Tibisay Lucena requesting to "exhibit publicly, in a printed media of national circulation the documents that certify the strict compliance with Articles 41 and 227 of the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, that is to say, the birth certificate and the Certificate of Venezuelan Nationality by Birth of Nicolás Maduro Moros in order to verify if he is Venezuelan by birth and without another nationality". The document mentions that the current president of the CNE incurs in "a serious error, and even an irresponsibility, when she affirms that Maduro's nationality 'is not a motto of the National Electoral Council ' " and the signatories also refer to the four different moments in which different politicians have awarded four different places of birth as official. [ 220 ] Diario Las Américas claimed to have access to the birth inscriptions of Teresa de Jesús Moros, Maduro's mother, and of José Mario Moros, his uncle, both registered in the parish church of San Antonio of Cúcuta , Colombia. [ 220 ] Opposition deputies have assured that the birth certificate of Maduro must say that he is the son of a Colombian mother, which would represent proof that confirms that the president has double nationality and that he cannot hold any office under Article 41 of the constitution. [ 214 ] Deputy Dennis Fernández Solórzano [ es ] has headed a special commission that investigates the origins of the president and has declared that "Maduro's mother is a Colombian citizen" and that the Venezuelan head of State would also be Colombian. [ 221 ] The researcher, historian and former deputy Walter Márquez declared months after the presidential elections that Maduro's mother was born in Colombia and not in Rubio, Táchira. Márquez has also declared that Maduro "was born in Bogotá, according to the verbal testimonies of people who knew him as a child in Colombia and the documentary research we did" and that "there are more than 10 witnesses that corroborate this information, five of them live in Bogotá". [ 222 ] On 28 October 2016, the Supreme Tribunal of Justice issued a ruling stating that according to incontrovertible evidence, it had absolute certainty that Maduro was born in Caracas, in the parish of La Candelaria, known then as the Libertador Department of the Federal District, on 23 November 1962. [ 214 ] The ruling does not reproduce Maduro's birth certificate. Instead, it quotes a communique signed on 8 June by the Colombian vice-minister of foreign affairs Patti Londoño Jaramillo: "No related information was found, nor civil registry of birth, nor citizenship card that allows [us] to infer that president Nicolás Maduro Moros is a Colombian national". The Supreme Court warned the deputies and the Venezuelans that "sowing doubts about the origins of the president" may "lead to the corresponding criminal, civil, administrative and, if applicable, disciplinary consequences" for "attack against the State". [ 221 ] On 11 January 2018, the Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile decreed the nullity of the 2013 presidential elections after lawyer Enrique Aristeguieta Gramcko presented evidence about the presumed non-existence of ineligibility conditions of Maduro to be elected and to hold the office of the presidency. Aristeguieta argued in the appeal that, under Article 96, Section B, of the Political Constitution of Colombia, Nicolás Maduro Moros, even in the unproven case of having been born in Venezuela, is "Colombian by birth" because he is the son of a Colombian mother and by having resided in that territory during his youth. The Constitutional Chamber admitted the demand and requested the presidency and the Electoral Council to send a certified copy of the president's birth certificate, in addition to his resignation from Colombian nationality. [ 223 ] In March 2018 former Colombian president Andrés Pastrana made reference to the baptism certificate of Maduro's mother, noting that the disclosed document reiterates the Colombian origin of the mother of the president and that therefore Maduro has Colombian citizenship. [ 221 ] Conspiracy theories Maduro continued the practice of his predecessor, Hugo Chávez, of denouncing alleged conspiracies against him or his government; in a period of fifteen months following his election, dozens of conspiracies, some supposedly linked to assassination and coup attempts, were reported by Maduro's government. [ 224 ] In this same period, the number of attempted coups claimed by the Venezuelan government outnumbered all attempted and executed coups occurring worldwide in the same period. [ 225 ] In TV program La Hojilla , Mario Silva , a TV personality of the main state-run channel Venezolana de Televisión , stated in March 2015 that Maduro had received about 13 million psychological attacks. [ 226 ] Observers say that Maduro uses such conspiracy theories as a strategy to distract Venezuelans from the root causes of problems facing his government. [ 227 ] [ 224 ] [ 228 ] [ 229 ] According to American news publication Foreign Policy , Maduro's predecessor, Hugo Chávez, "relied on his considerable populist charm, conspiratorial rhetoric, and his prodigious talent for crafting excuses" to avoid backlash from troubles Venezuela was facing, with Foreign Policy further stating that for Maduro, "the appeal of reworking the magic that once saved his mentor is obvious". [ 225 ] Andrés Cañizales, a researcher at the Andrés Bello Catholic University , said that as a result of the lack of reliable mainstream news broadcasting , most Venezuelans stay informed via social networking services , and fake news and internet hoaxes have a higher impact in Venezuela than in other countries. [ 230 ] In early 2015, the Maduro government accused the United States of attempting to overthrow him. The Venezuelan government performed elaborate actions [ clarification needed ] to respond to such alleged attempts and to convince the public that its claims were true. [ 225 ] The reactions included the arrest of Antonio Ledezma in February 2015, placing travel restrictions on American tourists and holding military marches and public exercises "for the first time in Venezuela's democratic history". [ 225 ] After the United States ordered sanctions to be placed on seven Venezuelan officials for human rights violations, Maduro used anti-U.S. rhetoric to bump up his approval ratings. [ 231 ] [ 232 ] However, according to Venezuelan political scientist Isabella Picón, only about 15% of Venezuelans believed in the alleged coup attempt accusations at the time. [ 225 ] In 2016, Maduro again claimed that the United States was attempting to assist the opposition with a coup attempt. [ citation needed ] On 12 January 2016, the Secretary General of the Organization of American States (OAS), Luis Almagro , threatened to invoke the Inter-American Democratic Charter , an instrument used to defend democracy in the Americas when threatened, when opposition National Assembly members were barred from taking their seats by the Maduro-aligned Supreme Court. [ 233 ] Human rights organizations such as Human Rights Watch , [ 234 ] and the Human Rights Foundation [ 235 ] called for the OAS to invoke the Democratic Charter. After more controversies and pursuing a recall on Maduro, on 2 May 2016, opposition members of the National Assembly met with OAS officials to ask for the body to implement the Democratic Charter. [ 236 ] Two days later on 4 May, the Maduro government called for a meeting the next day with the OAS, with Venezuelan Foreign Minister Delcy Rodríguez stating that the United States and the OAS were attempting to overthrow Maduro. [ 237 ] On 17 May 2016 in a national speech, Maduro called OAS Secretary General Luis Almagro "a traitor" and stated that he worked for the CIA. [ 238 ] Almagro sent a letter rebuking Maduro, and refuting the claim. [ 239 ] The Trump administration described Maduro's government as a "dictatorship". [ 241 ] When meeting with Latin American leaders during the seventy-second session of the UN General Assembly, US President Donald Trump discussed possible United States military intervention in Venezuela, an offer rejected by those present. [ 242 ] Maduro's son, Nicolás Maduro Guerra , stated during the 5th Constituent Assembly of Venezuela session that if the United States were to attack Venezuela, "the rifles would arrive in New York, Mr. Trump, we would arrive and take the White House ". [ 243 ] Michael Shifter , president of the Inter-American Dialogue think tank , said "a military action of the United States against Venezuela would be contrary to the movements of the Trump administration to retire troops from Syria or Afghanistan ." [ 244 ] John Bolton declared that "all options are on the table" but has also said that "our objective is a peaceful transfer of power". [ 245 ] Censorship During Maduro's first tenure, between 2013 and 2018, 115 media outlets were shut down, including 41 print outlets, 65 radio outlets and 9 television channels. [ 246 ] During the first seven months of 2019, the Press and Society Institute of Venezuela found at least 350 cases of violations of freedom of expression . [ 247 ] Since the beginning of the presidential crisis , Venezuela has been exposed to frequent "information blackouts", periods without access to the Internet or other news services during important political events. [ 248 ] [ 249 ] Since January, the National Assembly, and Guaido's speeches are regularly disrupted, television channels and radio programs have been censored, and many journalists were illegally detained. [ 248 ] The Venezuelan press workers union reported that in 2019, 40 journalists had been arrested unlawfully as of 12 March. [ 250 ] As of June 2019, journalists have been denied access to seven sessions of the National Assembly by the National Guard. [ 251 ] The state controls most Venezuelan television channels, and information unfavorable to the government is not covered completely. [ 248 ] Newspapers and magazines are scarce, as most cannot afford paper to print. [ 248 ] The underfunded web infrastructure has led to slow Internet connection speeds. [ 248 ] The information blackouts have promoted the creation of underground news coverage that is usually broadcast through social media and instant message services like WhatsApp . [ 248 ] The dependence of Venezuelans on social media has also promoted the spread of disinformation and pro-Maduro propaganda. [ 248 ] Venezuela's rank on the World Press Freedom Index of Reporters Without Borders has dropped 42 places since 2013. [ 252 ] [ 253 ] The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) has made a call to the Maduro administration to reestablish TV and radio channels that have been closed, cease the restrictions on Internet access, and protect the rights of journalists. [ 254 ] [ 255 ] Human rights "Let's overcome the differences, the conflict we had." "The doors of the Miraflores palace are open...so that we can talk about the differences we have, the conflict that arose and overcome it," "Let's overcome the differences, the conflict we had." "The doors of the Miraflores palace are open...so that we can talk about the differences we have, the conflict that arose and overcome it," A Board of Independent Experts designated by the Organization of American States (OAS) published a 400-page report in 2018 that alleged that crimes against humanity have been committed in Venezuela during Maduro's presidency. [ 258 ] The Board concluded that Maduro could be "responsible for dozens of murders, thousands of extra-judicial executions , more than 12,000 cases of arbitrary detentions , more than 290 cases of torture, attacks against the judiciary and a 'state-sanctioned humanitarian crisis' affecting hundreds of thousands of people". [ 259 ] In February 2018, the International Criminal Court (ICC) announced that it would open preliminary probes into the alleged crimes against humanity performed by Venezuelan authorities. [ 260 ] On 27 September 2018, six states parties to the Rome Statute : Argentina , Canada, Colombia , Chile, Paraguay and Peru , referred the situation in Venezuela since 12 February 2014 to the ICC, requesting the Prosecutor Fatou Bensouda to initiate an investigation on crimes against humanity allegedly committed in the territory. The following day, the Presidency assigned the situation to Pre-Trial Chamber I. [ 261 ] In March 2019 The Wall Street Journal reported in an article entitled "Maduro loses grip on Venezuela's poor, a vital source of his power" that barrios are turning against Maduro and that "many blame government brutality for the shift". [ 262 ] Foro Penal said that 50 people—mostly in barrios—had been killed by security forces in only the first two months of the year, and 653 had been arrested for protesting or speaking against the government. Cofavic, a victims' rights group, estimated "3,717 extrajudicial killings in the past two years, mostly of suspected criminals in barrios". [ 262 ] In April 2019, the US Department of State alleged that Venezuela, "led by Nicolas Maduro, has consistently violated the human rights and dignity of its citizens" and "driven a once prosperous nation into economic ruin with his authoritarian rule" and that "Maduro's thugs have engaged in extra-judicial killings and torture, taken political prisoners, and severely restricted freedom of speech, all in a brutal effort to retain power." [ 174 ] The State Department report highlighted abuse by the nation's security forces, including a number of deaths, the suspicious death of opposition politician Fernando Albán Salazar , the detention of Roberto Marrero , and repression of demonstrators during Venezuelan protests which left at least 40 dead in 2019. [ 174 ] The third and last report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights addressed extrajudicial executions, torture, enforced disappearances, and other rights violations allegedly committed by Venezuelan security forces in recent years. [ 263 ] The High Commissioner Michelle Bachelet expressed her concerns for the "shockingly high" number of extrajudicial killings and urged for the dissolution of the FAES. [ 264 ] According to the report, 1569 cases of executions as consequence as a result of "resistance to authority" were registered by the Venezuelan authorities from 1 January to 19 March. [ 264 ] Other 52 deaths that occurred during 2019 protests have been attributed to colectivos. [ 265 ] The report also details how the Venezuelan government has "aimed at neutralising, repressing and criminalising political opponents and people critical of the government" since 2016. [ 264 ] A report by the human rights advocacy group Human Rights Watch reported in September 2019 that the poor communities in Venezuela no longer in support of Maduro's government have witnessed arbitrary arrests and extrajudicial executions at the hands of Venezuelan police unit. The Venezuelan government has repeatedly declared that the victims were armed criminals who had died during "confrontations". Still, several witnesses or families of victims have challenged these claims, and in many cases, victims were last seen alive in police custody. Although Venezuelan authorities told the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) that five FAES agents were convicted on charges including attempted murder for crimes committed in 2018 and that 388 agents were under investigation for crimes committed between 2017 and 2019, the OHCHR also reported that "[i]nstitutions responsible for the protection of human rights, such as the Attorney General's Office, the courts and the Ombudsperson, usually do not conduct prompt, effective, thorough, independent, impartial and transparent investigations into human rights violations and other crimes committed by State actors, bring perpetrators to justice, and protect victims and witnesses." [ 266 ] The government made three times more observations than the number of recommendations included in the UN report, and at the same time included false or incomplete claims. [ 267 ] On 14 December 2020, the Office of the Prosecutor released a report on the office's year activities, stating that it believed there was a "reasonable basis" to think that "since at least April 2017, civilian authorities, members of the armed forces and pro-government individuals have committed the crimes against humanity." and that it expected to decide in 2021 whether to open an investigation or not. [ 268 ] On 4 November 2021, ICC Prosecutor Karim Khan announced the opening of an investigation regarding the situation in Venezuela. [ 269 ] The Venezuelan human rights organization PROVEA has identified more than 43,000 people whose "right to personal integrity" has been violated since Maduro took office in 2013, including 1,652 people who were tortured, 7,309 people who were subjected to "cruel, inhumane and degrading" treatment or punishment, and at least 28 people who were killed in the country's prisons. [ 270 ] Judicial independence On 16 September 2021, the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Venezuela released its second report on the country's situation, concluding that the independence of the Venezuelan justice system under Maduro has been deeply eroded to the extent of playing an important role in aiding the state repression and perpetuating state impunity for human rights violations. The document identified frequent due process violations, including the use of pre-trial detention as a routine (rather than an exceptional measure) and judges sustaining detentions or charges based on manipulated or fabricated evidence, evidence obtained through illegal means, and evidence obtained through coercion or torture; in some of the reviewed cases, the judges also failed to protect torture victims, returning them to detentions centers were torture was denounced, "despite having heard victims, sometimes bearing visible injuries consistent with torture, make the allegation in court". The report also concluded that prosecutorial and judicial individuals at all levels witnessed or experienced external interference in decision-making and that several reported receiving instructions either from the judicial or prosecutorial hierarchy or from political officials on how to decide cases. [ 271 ] [ 272 ] [ 273 ] Alleged drug trafficking and money laundering incidents Narcosobrinos incident Two nephews of Maduro's wife, Efraín Antonio Campo Flores and Francisco Flores de Freitas, were found guilty in a US court of conspiracy to import cocaine in November 2016, with some of their funds possibly assisting Maduro's presidential campaign in the 2013 Venezuelan presidential election and potentially for the 2015 Venezuelan parliamentary elections , with the funds mainly used to "help their family stay in power". [ 274 ] [ 275 ] [ 276 ] One informant stated that the two often flew out of Terminal 4 of Simon Bolivar Airport , a terminal reserved for the president. [ 274 ] [ 275 ] After Maduro's nephews were apprehended by the US Drug Enforcement Administration for the illegal distribution of cocaine on 10 November 2015, carrying diplomatic passports, Maduro posted a statement on Twitter criticizing "attacks and imperialist ambushes", saying "the Father land will continue on its path". [ 277 ] Diosdado Cabello , a senior official in Maduro's government, was quoted as saying the arrests were a "kidnapping" by the United States. [ 278 ] On 18 November 2016, the two nephews were found guilty. [ 279 ] On 14 December 2017, the two were sentenced to 18 years of imprisonment. [ 280 ] In October 2022, Maduro's nephews were freed in a prisoner swap for seven American directors of the oil refinery corporation CITGO (part of the Citgo Six ) who were imprisoned in Venezuela. [ 281 ] Sanctions against Tareck El Aissami and Diosdado Cabello Ex-Venezuelan vice president Tareck El Aissami , who served Maduro from 2017 to 2018, is under U.S. sanctions for drug trafficking and aiding state terrorism . He is accused by the U.S State Department of aiding sanctioned Iran-backed terrorist organizations, including Hezbollah and Quds Force . He is also accused of having ties with various illicit organizations, including Los Zetas and Cartel of the Suns . [ 282 ] [ 283 ] On 18 May 2018, the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) of the United States Department of the Treasury placed sanctions in effect against high-level official Diosdado Cabello . OFAC stated that Cabello and others used their power within the Bolivarian government "to personally profit from extortion, money laundering, and embezzlement", with Cabello allegedly directing drug trafficking activities with Venezuelan Vice President Tareck El Aissami while dividing drug profits with President Maduro. [ 284 ] [ 285 ] US indictment of Maduro On 26 March 2020, the United States Department of Justice charged Maduro and other Venezuelan officials and some Colombian former FARC members for what Attorney General William Barr described as "narco-terrorism": the shipping of cocaine to the US to wage a health war on US citizens. According to Barr, Venezuelan leaders and the FARC faction organised an "air bridge" from a Venezuelan air base transporting cocaine to Central America and a sea route to the Caribbean. The US government offered $15 million for any information that would lead to his arrest. [ 286 ] [ 287 ] [ 288 ] [ 289 ] Nicolas Maduro has frequently denied any ties to a drug trafficking syndicate. [ 290 ] Reward increases After Maduro was inaugurated for a third term on 10 January 2025, the US State Department announced that the reward against Maduro was increased from $15 million to $25 million. National Security Council spokesperson John Kirby said that the decision to raise the bounty as part of "a concerted message of solidarity with the Venezuelan people", meant "to further elevate international efforts to maintain pressure on Maduro and his representatives". [ 291 ] Secretary of State Antony Blinken said that the US "does not recognize Nicolas Maduro as the president of Venezuela" and a US Treasury Under Secretary, Bradley Smith, added that the US stood with its "likeminded partners" in "solidarity with the people's vote for new leadership and rejects Maduro's fraudulent claim of victory". [ 292 ] The reward was increased again to $50 million on 7 August 2025, with Attorney General Pam Bondi accusing Maduro of collaborating with foreign terrorist organizations, such as Tren de Aragua , the Sinaloa Cartel , and the Cartel of the Suns , to bring deadly violence to the United States. In a video message, Bondi described Maduro as one of the "world's most notorious narco-traffickers" and a "threat to national security", which prompted the reward to be doubled. She concluded, "Under President Trump's leadership, Maduro will not escape justice, and he will be held accountable for his despicable crimes", before providing the public with a hotline number to report tips to the Drug Enforcement Administration . [ 293 ] In a Fox News interview, Bondi stated that the DOJ had seized approximately $700 million in assets linked to Maduro. The assets allegedly included multiple luxury homes in Florida , a mansion in the Dominican Republic , private jets, vehicles, a horse farm, jewelry, and large sums of cash. [ 294 ] Bondi described Maduro's government as an "organized crime operation" that continued to function despite the seizures. [ 295 ] This led to mockery of Bondi and the Trump administration on social media, with the phrase "He's in Venezuela" trending on Twitter . Some users claimed it was a deliberate distraction from the controversy surrounding the Jeffrey Epstein client list . [ 296 ] Venezuelan Foreign Minister Yván Gil dismissed the announcement as a "crude political propaganda operation", adding that he was not surprised given Bondi's failure to deliver the client list of the convicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein. [ 297 ] [ 298 ] Venezuelan Vice President Delcy Rodríguez dismissed Bondi's allegations as a "shameless", accusing her of staging a "cardboard cutout" performance to continue a "ridiculous and cheap show" against Maduro. Rodríguez further claimed that Bondi was not in her right mind, suggesting that the Epstein case was keeping her up at night. [ 299 ] Maduro, for his part, dared Trump to arrest him during a nationally televised speech and warned American leaders not to even attempt such an action, saying it would provoke a response that could also lead to the end of the American empire. [ 300 ] [ 301 ] Homophobic statements As foreign minister, during a tenth anniversary gathering commemorating the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt going into the 2012 Venezuelan presidential election , Maduro called opposition members "snobs" and "little faggots". [ 302 ] [ 303 ] During the presidential campaign of 2013, Maduro used anti-gay attacks as a political weapon, calling representatives of the opposition "faggots". [ 304 ] Maduro used anti-gay speech toward his opponent Henrique Capriles calling him a "little princess" and saying "I do have a wife, you know? I do like women!" [ 304 ] [ 305 ] [ 306 ] In 2017, Maduro expressed his personal support for same-sex marriage. [ 307 ] [ 308 ] Hunger crisis In August 2017, Luisa Ortega Díaz , Chief Prosecutor of Venezuela from 2007 until her sacking in August 2017, accused Maduro of profiting from the shortages in Venezuela . The government-operated Local Committees for Supply and Production (CLAP), which provides food to impoverished Venezuelans, made contracts with Group Grand Limited, a company that Ortega said was "presumably owned by Nicolás Maduro" through front-men Rodolfo Reyes, Álvaro Uguedo Vargas and Alex Saab. The Venezuelan government paid Group Grand Limited, a Mexican entity, for basic foods, which it supplied to CLAP. Maduro accused Ortega of working with the United States to damage his government. [ 309 ] [ 310 ] [ 311 ] An April 2019 communication from the United States Department of State highlighted a 2017 National Assembly investigation finding that the government paid US$42 for food that cost under US$13 and that "Maduro's inner circle kept the difference, which totaled more than $200 million dollars in at least one case", adding that food boxes were "distributed in exchange for votes". [ 174 ] On 18 October 2018, Mexican prosecutors accused the Venezuelan government and Mexican individuals of buying poor-quality food products for CLAP and exporting them to Venezuela to double their value for sale. [ 312 ] During the Venezuelan presidential crisis , Venezuelan National Assembly president Juan Guaidó said that the Maduro government had plans to steal for humanitarian purposes the products that entered the country, including plans to distribute these products through the government's food-distribution program CLAP. [ 313 ] While Venezuelans were affected by hunger and shortages, Maduro and his government officials publicly shared images of themselves eating luxurious meals, images that were met with displeasure by Venezuelans. [ 314 ] Despite the majority of Venezuelans losing weight due to hunger, members of the Maduro's administration appeared to gain weight. [ 314 ] In November 2017, while giving a lengthy, live cadena broadcast, Maduro, unaware he was still being filmed, pulled out an empanada from his desk and began eating it. [ 315 ] This occurred amid controversy over Maduro's gaining weight during the nationwide food and medicine shortage; with many on social media criticizing the publicly broadcast incident. [ 316 ] [ 317 ] In September 2018, Maduro ate at one of Salt Bae 's luxury restaurants in Istanbul, where he and his wife were served a meat-heavy meal and offered a personalized shirt and box of cigars with Maduro's name engraved. [ 314 ] [ 318 ] The Wall Street Journal reported that the incident received international criticism and left poor Venezuelans incensed. [ 262 ] In December 2018, videos and pictures were leaked showing a glamorous Christmas party that included an expensive feast, including French wine, taking place in the seat of the pro-Maduro Supreme Tribunal of Justice . The images received considerable backlash from social networks, criticizing the costs of the party during the grave economic crisis in the country and the hypocrisy of Maduro's government. [ 319 ] Corruption In an investigative interview with Euzenando Prazeres de Azevedo, president of Constructora Odebrecht in Venezuela, the executive revealed how Odebrecht paid $35 million to fund Maduro's 2013 presidential campaign if Odebrecht projects would be prioritized in Venezuela. [ 320 ] Americo Mata, Maduro's campaign manager, initially asked for $50 million for Maduro, though the final $35 million was settled. [ 320 ] [ 321 ] Maduro was sentenced to 18 years and 3 months in prison on 15 August 2018 by the Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile , with the exiled high court stating "there is enough evidence to establish the guilt ... [of] corruption and legitimation of capital". [ 322 ] The Organization of American States Secretary General, Luis Almagro, supported the verdict and asked for the Venezuelan National Assembly to recognize the ruling of the Supreme Tribunal in exile. [ 323 ] The US State Department issued a fact sheet stating that Maduro's most serious corruption involved embezzlement in which "a European bank accepted exorbitant commissions to process approximately $2 billion in transactions related to Venezuelan third–party money launderers, shell companies, and complex financial products to siphon off funds from PdVSA". [ 174 ] The State Department also alleges that Maduro expelled authorized foreign companies from the mining sector to allow officials to exploit Venezuela's resources for their own gain, using unregulated miners under the control of Venezuela's armed forces. [ 174 ] Sanctions Thirteen government officials were sanctioned by the United States Department of Treasury due to their involvement with the 2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election . [ 324 ] Two months later, the Canadian government sanctioned members of the Maduro government, including Maduro, preventing Canadian nationals from participating in property and financial deals with him due to the rupture of Venezuela's constitutional order. [ 325 ] [ 326 ] After the Constituent Assembly election, the United States sanctioned Maduro on 31 July 2017, making him the fourth foreign head of state to be sanctioned by the United States after Bashar al-Assad of Syria, Kim Jong Un of North Korea and Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe. [ 327 ] Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin stating "Maduro is a dictator who disregards the will of the Venezuelan people". [ 94 ] Maduro fired back at the sanctions during his victory speech saying "I don't obey imperial orders. I'm against the Ku Klux Klan that governs the White House , and I'm proud to feel that way." [ 327 ] In March 2018, Maduro was sanctioned by the Panamanian government for his alleged involvement with "money laundering, financing of terrorism and financing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction ". [ 328 ] Maduro is also banned from entering Colombia . [ 329 ] The Colombian government maintains a list of people banned from entering Colombia or subject to expulsion; as of January 2019, the list had 200 people with a "close relationship and support for the Nicolás Maduro regime". [ 330 ] [ 329 ] After the breakdown of the Barbados Agreements, he disqualified the pre-candidate Maria Corina Machado through the Supreme Court, similar to the official government. [ clarification needed ] After that, the US sanctions were reapplied under the Biden administration . [ 331 ] [ 332 ] [ 333 ] In September 2024, an Argentine federal court issued an arrest warrant against Maduro and several other Venezuelan officials for crimes against humanity. [ 334 ] In January 2026, the Swiss government imposed a four-year freeze on any assets held by Maduro and his close associates in Switzerland. [ 335 ] United States capture and trial In the pre-dawn hours of 3 January 2026, the United States launched a military operation in Venezuela. [ 336 ] A large-scale strike was reportedly carried out, with Donald Trump , the president of the United States , announcing around 04:20 EST (05:20 VET ) that Maduro and his wife were captured and had been flown out of the country; Secretary of State Marco Rubio said that Maduro was to stand trial on criminal charges in the United States. [ 337 ] [ 338 ] [ 339 ] [ 340 ] Senator Mike Lee stated that Rubio "anticipate[d] no further action in Venezuela now that Maduro is in U.S. custody". [ 341 ] The apprehension was carried out by the US Army's Delta Force . [ 337 ] Venezuelan vice president Delcy Rodríguez said she did not know Maduro's whereabouts and demanded "proof of life". [ 342 ] The couple was initially transferred to USS Iwo Jima and subsequently flown to the United States, arriving at Stewart Air National Guard Base in Upstate New York on the same day. [ 343 ] [ 344 ] He is being held at the Metropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn . [ 345 ] Maduro was taken into federal custody to face the 2020 narco-terrorism charges in the Southern District of New York , with an initial court appearance scheduled for the following week. [ 346 ] U.S. attorney general Pam Bondi confirmed that both Maduro and his wife would face charges including narco-terrorism conspiracy and cocaine importation conspiracy in a superseding indictment . [ 347 ] [ 348 ] On 5 January 2026, Maduro and his wife were both arraigned, with each entering not guilty pleas to numerous drug trafficking charges. [ 349 ] During the hearing, U.S. District Judge Alvin Hellerstein ordered Maduro to remain held until at least a 17 March hearing. [ 349 ] [ 350 ] Public opinion In October 2013, Maduro's approval rating stood between 45% and 50% with Reuters stating that it was possibly due to Hugo Chávez's endorsement. [ 352 ] One year later in October 2014, Maduro's approval rating was at 24.5% according to pollster Datanálisis. [ 353 ] In November 2014, Datanálisis polls indicated that more than 66% of Venezuelans believed that Maduro should not finish his six-year term, with government supporters representing more than 25% of those believing that Maduro should resign. [ 354 ] In March and April 2015, Maduro saw a small increase in approval after initiating a campaign of anti-US rhetoric following the sanctioning of seven officials accused by the United States of participating in human rights violations. [ 231 ] [ 232 ] During a recall movement gathered from late-October through November 2016, a poll by Venebarómetro found that "88% of 'likely' voters in a recall would choose to oust Maduro." [ 355 ] Among similar polls, Hercon concluded that up to 81.3% of voters responded being willing to recall Maduro, [ 356 ] Meganálisis that up to 78.3% of respondents disagreed that Maduro continued governing, [ 357 ] and Datanálisis that 75% of Venezuelans considered that Maduro should be recalled. [ 358 ] In September 2018, Meganálisis polls found that 84.6% of Venezuelans surveyed wanted Maduro and his government to be removed from power. [ 359 ] Following the suspension of the recall movement, a Venebarómetro poll found that 61.4% found that Maduro had become a dictator, [ 360 ] while in a poll taken by Keller and Associates 63% of those questioned thought that Maduro was a dictator. [ 361 ] Before the 2018 presidential elections , a Datanálisis poll indicated that 16.7% of voters would vote for Maduro as candidate, compared to 27.6% and 17.1% of voters that would choose rival candidates Henri Falcón and Javier Bertucci , respectively. [ 362 ] During the presidential crisis, The Wall Street Journal reported that barrios were turning against Maduro in "a shift born of economic misery and police violence". [ 262 ] Surveys between 30 January and 1 February 2019 by Meganálisis recorded that 4.1% of Venezuelans recognized Maduro as president, 11.2% were undecided, and 84.6% of respondents recognized Guaidó as interim president. The study of 1,030 Venezuelans was conducted in 16 states and 32 cities. [ 363 ] A separate pollster, Hinterlaces, ran a poll from 21 January to 2 February 2019 that found that 57% of Venezuelans recognized Maduro as the legitimate president of Venezuela, 32% recognized Guaidó, and 11% were unsure. [ 364 ] By 4 March 2019, a Datanálisis poll found Guaidó's approval at 61%, and Maduro's at all-time low of 14%, with Guaidó win 77% in a theoretical election with Maduro, who received 23% of support. [ 351 ] Datanálisis found that, among the poorest 20% of Venezuelans, Maduro's support had fallen to 18% in February 2019 from 40% two years earlier. [ 262 ] In a May 2019 analysis, José Briceño-Ruiz, based on the Meganalisis poll and other trends, said that Maduro was "extremely unpopular". [ 365 ] In February 2023, a year before the 2024 presidential elections , a Datincorp poll concluded that 15.69% of voters would vote for Maduro as a candidate, in contrast to 16.86% that would vote for opposition candidate María Corina Machado . [ 366 ] In popular culture Maduro was parodied in the animated web series Isla Presidencial , along with most of the other Latin American leaders, portrayed as a man of limited intelligence, twisted speech, and capable of talking with birds, the latter being a reference to a comment made by Maduro during the 2013 presidential elections , when he said that the late Chávez had reincarnated in a little bird and talked to him to bless his candidacy. [ 367 ] The 2020 revival of the Animaniacs series has featured Maduro, mocking him and the hyperinflation in Venezuela . [ 368 ] [ 369 ] Several documentaries that discuss the Bolivarian Revolution and the Crisis in Venezuela, including In the Shadow of the Revolution , [ 370 ] Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century , [ 371 ] El pueblo soy yo , [ 372 ] and A La Calle , [ 373 ] depict Maduro as well. Awards and honours .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Revoked and returned awards and honours. Awards and orders Country Date Place Notes Order of the Liberator Venezuela 19 April 2013 Caracas , Venezuela Highest decoration of Venezuela, given to every president. [ 374 ] Order of the Liberator General San Martín (Revoked) Argentina 8 May 2013 Buenos Aires , Argentina Highest decoration of Argentina awarded by political ally President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner . Revoked on 11 August 2017 by President Mauricio Macri for human rights violations . [ 375 ] [ 376 ] Order of the Condor of the Andes Bolivia 26 May 2013 La Paz , Bolivia Highest decoration of Bolivia. [ 377 ] Bicentenary Order of the Admirable Campaign Venezuela 15 June 2013 Trujillo , Venezuela Venezuelan order. [ 378 ] Star of Palestine Palestine 16 May 2014 Caracas , Venezuela Highest decoration of Palestine. [ 379 ] Order of Augusto César Sandino Nicaragua 17 March 2015 Managua , Nicaragua Highest decoration of Nicaragua. [ 380 ] Order of José Martí Cuba 18 March 2016 La Habana , Cuba Cuban order. [ 381 ] Order of Francisco Morazán Honduras 28 January 2024 Tegucigalpa , Honduras Highest decoration of Honduras. [ 382 ] Others In 2014, Maduro was named as one of TIME magazine's 100 Most Influential People . In the article, it explained that whether or not Venezuela collapses "now depends on Maduro", saying it also depends on whether Maduro "can step out of the shadow of his pugnacious predecessor and compromise with his opponents". [ 383 ] In 2016, the Reporters Without Borders (RSF) Top 35 Predators of Press Freedom list placed Maduro as a "predator" to press freedom in Venezuela, with RSF noting his method of "carefully orchestrated censorship and economic asphyxiation" toward media organizations. [ 384 ] [ 385 ] In 2016, the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP), an international non-governmental organization that investigates crime and corruption, gave President Maduro the Person of the Year Award that "recognizes the individual who has done the most in the world to advance organized criminal activity and corruption". The OCCRP stated that they "chose Maduro for the global award on the strength of his corrupt and oppressive reign, so rife with mismanagement that citizens of his oil-rich nation are literally starving and begging for medicines" and that Maduro and his family steal millions of dollars from government coffers to fund patronage that maintains President Maduro's power in Venezuela. The group also explains how Maduro had overruled the legislative branch filled with opposition politicians, repressed citizen protests and had relatives involved in drug trafficking. [ 386 ] Elections 2013 presidential campaign Maduro won the second presidential election after the death of Hugo Chávez, with 50.61% of the votes against the opposition's candidate Henrique Capriles Radonski who had 49.12% of the votes. [ 387 ] The Democratic Unity Roundtable contested his election as fraud and as a violation of the constitution. However, the Supreme Court of Venezuela ruled that under Venezuela's Constitution, Maduro is the legitimate president and was invested as such by the Venezuelan National Assembly (Asamblea Nacional). [ 388 ] 2018 presidential campaign Maduro was declared as the winner of the 2018 election with 67.8% of the vote. The result was denounced as fraudulent by most neighboring countries, including Argentina, Peña Nieto 's Mexico, Chile, Colombia, Brazil, Canada and the United States, [ 389 ] [ 390 ] as well as organizations such as the European Union , [ 391 ] [ 392 ] and the Organization of American States , but recognized as legitimate by other neighboring countries such as López Obrador 's Mexico, [ 393 ] Bolivia, [ 394 ] Cuba, [ 395 ] Suriname , [ 396 ] Nicaragua [ 397 ] and some other ALBA countries, [ 398 ] [ 399 ] along with South Africa, [ 400 ] China, [ 401 ] Russia, [ 402 ] North Korea , [ 403 ] and Turkey . [ 404 ] 2024 presidential campaign Maduro ran for a third consecutive term, while González represented the Unitary Platform (Spanish: Plataforma Unitaria Democrática ; PUD), the main opposition political alliance. In June 2023, the Venezuelan government had barred leading candidate María Corina Machado from participating. [ 405 ] [ 406 ] This move was regarded by the opposition as a violation of political human rights and was condemned by international bodies such as the Organization of American States (OAS), [ 407 ] the European Union , [ 408 ] and Human Rights Watch , [ 409 ] as well as numerous countries. [ 410 ] Academics, news outlets and the opposition provided strong evidence showing that González won the election by a wide margin [ 29 ] [ 27 ] [ 411 ] with the opposition releasing copies of official tally sheets collected by poll watchers from a majority of polling centers showing a landslide victory for González. [ 407 ] [ 412 ] [ 413 ] The government-controlled National Electoral Council (CNE) announced [ 414 ] possibly falsified [ 415 ] [ 416 ] results claiming a narrow Maduro victory on 29 July; vote tallies were not provided. [ 417 ] The Carter Center was unable to verify the CNE's results, asserting the election failed to meet international democratic election standards. [ 418 ] The CNE's results were rejected by the OAS, [ 407 ] and the United Nations declared that there was "no precedent in contemporary democratic elections" for announcing a winner without providing tabulated results. [ 419 ] Analyses by media sources found the CNE results statistically improbable and lacking in credibility. [ 420 ] [ 421 ] [ 415 ] Parallel vote tabulation confirmed the win by González. [ 422 ] [ 423 ] [ 424 ] Political scientist Steven Levitsky called the official results "one of the most egregious electoral frauds in modern Latin American history". [ 425 ] Protests occurred across the country and internationally , as the Maduro administration initiated Operation Tun Tun , a crackdown on dissent. Some world leaders rejected the CNE's claimed results and recognized González as the election winner, [ 28 ] [ 426 ] [ 427 ] while some other countries, including Russia, China, Iran, North Korea and Cuba recognized Maduro as the winner. [ 428 ] [ 429 ] Maduro did not cede power, [ 430 ] and instead asked the Supreme Tribunal of Justice (TSJ), composed of justices loyal to Maduro, [ 417 ] [ 431 ] [ 432 ] [ 433 ] to audit and approve the results. [ 434 ] [ 435 ] [ 436 ] [ 437 ] On 22 August, as anticipated, [ 435 ] [ 432 ] [ 433 ] the TSJ described the CNE's statement of Maduro winning the election as "validated". [ 434 ] The supreme court ruling was rejected by the United States, the European Union and ten Latin American countries. [ 438 ] [ 439 ] An arrest warrant was issued on 2 September for González for the alleged crimes of "usurpation of functions, falsification of public documents, instigation to disobey the law, conspiracy and association", according to Reuters. [ 440 ] After seeking asylum in the Spanish Embassy in Caracas , González left for Spain on 7 September. [ 441 ] Maduro was sworn in for a third term on 10 January 2025. [ 442 ] Electoral history Election First round Votes % Position Result 2013 7,587,579 50.6 № 1 Elected 2018 6,245,862 67.8 № 1 Elected 2024 5,150,092 51.2 № 1 Elected See also Biography portal Politics portal Socialism portal Venezuela portal 2016 state of emergency in Venezuela List of current heads of state and government List of presidents of Venezuela Capture of Nicolás Maduro by the US Axis of Unity Notes ^ Incapacitated since 3 January 2026 ^ Acting : 5 March – 19 April 2013 ^ Following the 2026 United States strikes in Venezuela , in which Maduro was captured by and taken to the United States, vice president Delcy Rodríguez was appointed acting president by order of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Both Rodríguez and Maduro have asserted that the latter remains the legal officeholder. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] ^ a b Although Nicolás Maduro's exact birthplace has been questioned on several occasions and high-ranking government officials have differed on its details, most sources agree that he was born in Caracas. See § Birthplace and nationality for more details. ^ Narco-terrorism conspiracy Cocaine importation conspiracy Possession of machine guns and destructive devices Conspiracy to possess machine guns and destructive devices [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Narco-terrorism conspiracy Cocaine importation conspiracy Possession of machine guns and destructive devices Conspiracy to possess machine guns and destructive devices [ 6 ] [ 7 ] ^ .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} Spanish pronunciation: [nikoˈlas maˈðuɾo ˈmoɾos] ⓘ References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Venezuela's Supreme Court orders Delcy Rodriguez become interim president" . 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Archived from the original on 23 March 2019 . Retrieved 19 March 2019 . According to a recent Datanalisis poll, Guaidó has an approval rating of 61 percent while Maduro's has hit an all-time low of 14 percent. citing Francisco Monaldi Tweet Archived 6 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine of 2 March, "Maduro cae a su mínimo histórico de aprobación con 14%. Guaidó logra 61% de aprobación y arrasaría en una elección con 77% vs. 23% Maduro." ^ Cawthorne, Andrew (4 October 2013). "Venezuela's Maduro stuck in shadow of 'El Comandante' Chavez" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 17 January 2016 . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . ^ "Para el 85.7% de los venezolanos la situación del país es mala (encuesta Datanalisis)" . La Patilla. 1 December 2014. Archived from the original on 2 December 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . ^ "Venezuela Is On Borrowed Time" . Business Insider. 29 November 2014. Archived from the original on 30 November 2014 . 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Retrieved 5 August 2024 . ^ Figueiredo Filho, Dalson; Gomez Duarte (pseudonym), Jose Antonio; Nishimura, Raphael; Mebane, Walter (28 July 2024). "Estimating Vote Counts with Limited Electoral Integrity" (PDF) . Google apis. Wikidata d:Q128304770 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 August 2024 . Retrieved 10 August 2024 . ^ Applebaum, Anne (31 July 2024). "Venezuela's Dictator Can't Even Lie Well" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on 31 July 2024 . Retrieved 31 July 2024 . In the hours after the polls closed, much of the international media had refrained from stating the obvious. 'BREAKING:,' the Associated Press tweeted on Monday. 'Venezuela's President Nicolás Maduro is declared the winner in the presidential election amid opposition claims of irregularities.' But by Tuesday morning, it was absolutely clear that the election was not merely irregular or tainted or disputed: The election had been stolen. ^ Figueiredo Filho, Dalson; Gomez Duarte (pseudonym), Jose Antonio; Nishimura, Raphael; Mebane, Walter (31 July 2024). "AltaVista PVT Results" . Metabase app. Wikidata d:Q128304783 . Archived from the original on 2 August 2024 . Retrieved 10 August 2024 . ^ Turkewitz, Julie (30 July 2024). "What Happened to Venezuela's Democracy?" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 30 July 2024 . Retrieved 2 August 2024 . ^ Jones, Sam (29 July 2024). " 'Hard to believe': Venezuela election result met with suspicion abroad" . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 July 2024 . ^ "Leaders across Americas react to Venezuela election results" . Reuters . 29 July 2024 . Retrieved 29 July 2024 . ^ Schmidt, Samantha; Sands, Leo; Herrero, Vanessa (29 July 2024). "World leaders cast doubt on Maduro's claim of victory in Venezuelan election" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 29 July 2024 . ^ Gibbs, Stephen (8 September 2024). "Venezuelan opposition leader Edmundo González flees to Spain" . The Sunday Times . Retrieved 8 September 2024 . ^ Phillips, Tom (14 August 2024). "Nicolás Maduro's refusal to quit raises a troubling question for Venezuela: what next?" . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 August 2024 . ^ Herrero, Ana Vanessa; Schmidt, Samantha; DeYoung, Karen (15 July 2024). "Biden made a bold deal with Venezuela's strongman. Will it pay off?" . Washington Post . Archived from the original on 15 July 2024 . Retrieved 29 July 2024 . ^ a b Turkewitz, Julie; Glatsky, Genevieve (22 August 2024). "Venezuela's Supreme Court, Loyal to Maduro, Rules Him Election Winner" . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 August 2024 . The decision surprised few Venezuelans, as the court has long been used to rubber-stamp the policies of Mr. Maduro, who is likely to use this ruling to strengthen his claim to the presidency. ^ a b Vyas, Kejal (22 August 2023). "Maduro's Hand-Picked Supreme Court Calls Him Venezuela's Election Winner" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 23 August 2024 . The court's ruling was expected, as it is stacked with loyalists to Maduro's ruling Socialist Party. ^ a b "Venezuela's top court ratifies Maduro election win as government tightens control" . Reuters . 22 August 2024 . Retrieved 22 August 2024 . ^ a b Buschschlüter, Vanessa (1 August 2024). "Maduro manoeuvring to stay in power in Venezuela" . BBC. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024 . Retrieved 1 August 2024 . Mr Maduro has turned to Venezuela's top court ... But instead of making the tallies public, he took the unusual step of filing a 'writ of amparo' – a legal move normally used by citizens who think their constitutional rights have been violated. He asked the top court to audit the voting tallies with a view to confirming the results provided by the CNE which handed him another six-year term in power. ... However, this move has already been dismissed by independent bodies, including the Carter Center. ^ Tovar, Javier; Agelvis, Barbara (15 August 2024). "Brazil, Colombia urge new Venezuela vote, as opposition cries foul" . Agence France-Presse . Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 11 September 2024 . Retrieved 16 August 2024 . ^ "Venezuela's Supreme Court certifies Maduro's claims that he won presidential election" . Associated Press. 22 August 2024 . Retrieved 23 August 2024 . Its decision, read Thursday in an event attended by senior officials and foreign diplomats, came in response to a request by Maduro to review vote totals showing he had won by more than 1 million votes. ^ Phillips, Tom (23 August 2024). "US and 10 Latin American states reject Nicolás Maduro's vote certification" . The Guardian . Rio de Janeiro . Retrieved 30 August 2024 . ^ Phillips, Tom (29 August 2024). " 'No democratic legitimacy': EU rejects Maduro's Venezuela election win claim" . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 August 2024 . ^ Sequera, Vivian; Armas, Mayela (2 September 2024). "Venezuela issues arrest warrant for opposition leader Gonzalez, AG says" . Reuters . Retrieved 3 September 2024 . ^ "Edmundo González abandonó Venezuela tras solicitar asilo político en España" [Edmundo González left Venezuela after requesting political asylum in Spain]. El Diario de Caracas (in Spanish). 7 September 2024 . Retrieved 8 September 2024 . ^ Pozzebon, Stefano; Rios, Michael; Alvarado, Abel (10 January 2025). "Venezuela's Nicolas Maduro sworn in for third presidential term" . CNN . Retrieved 10 January 2025 . External links Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores (Venezuelan Foreign Ministry) (in Spanish) Biography by CIDOB (in Spanish) "A Dangerous Assignment: Uncovering Corruption in Maduro's Venezuela" . Frontline . Season 42. Episode 16. 14 May 2024. PBS . WGBH . Retrieved 19 May 2025 . Nicolas Maduro at Instagram Nicolás Maduro Moros Profile at U.S. Department of State Political offices Preceded by Francisco Ameliach President of the National Assembly 2005–2006 Succeeded by Cilia Flores Preceded by Alí Rodríguez Araque Minister of Foreign Affairs 2006–2013 Succeeded by Elías Jaua Preceded by Elías Jaua Vice President of Venezuela 2012–2013 Succeeded by Jorge Arreaza Preceded by Hugo Chávez President of Venezuela 2013–present ( de jure ) Succeeded by Delcy Rodríguez Acting Diplomatic posts Preceded by Hassan Rouhani Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement 2016–2019 Succeeded by Ilham Aliyev Preceded by Tabaré Vázquez President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations 2016–2017 Succeeded by Mauricio Macri Party political offices Preceded by Hugo Chávez Leader of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela 2013–2026 Incumbent v t e Nicolás Maduro v t e President of Venezuela (2013–present) (disputed) Vice President of Venezuela (2012–2013) Minister of Foreign Affairs of Venezuela (2006–2012) President of Venezuela (2013–present) (disputed) Vice President of Venezuela (2012–2013) Minister of Foreign Affairs of Venezuela (2006–2012) Presidency Second inauguration Protests 2013 2014 2017 2019 La Salida 2024 2016 recall movement First Tumeremo massacre 2017 constitutional crisis National Assembly attack Attack on Fort Paramacay Valencia fire Caracas drone attack Third Tumeremo massacre Presidential crisis 30 April uprising attempt Acarigua prison riot Guanare prison riot COVID-19 pandemic Apure clashes Arauca clashes 2022 recall movement 2026 United States intervention Domestic policy Dakazo Detention of Leopoldo López Detention of Antonio Ledezma Resolution 8610 Local Committees for Supply and Production Homeland card Detention of Gilber Caro 2017 Constituent Assembly Death of Carlos Andrés García Law against Hatred El Junquito raid Detention of Juan Requesens Viernes Rojo Death of Fernando Albán Murder of Alí Domínguez Widespread blackouts Detention of Roberto Marrero Disappearance of Gilber Caro Death of Rafael Acosta Arévalo Attack of Rufo Chacón Murder of Edmundo Rada Operación Alacrán Barquisimeto shooting Operation Gideon La Vega raid Anti-Solidarity Law Barbados Agreement 2023 referendum Detention of Rocío San Miguel Foreign policy Colombian diplomatic/migration crisis Narcosobrinos affair Panama diplomatic crisis Humanitarian aid mission Bachelet Report Detention of Alex Saab Guyana–Venezuela crisis Second inauguration Protests 2013 2014 2017 2019 La Salida 2024 2013 2014 2017 2019 La Salida 2024 2016 recall movement First Tumeremo massacre 2017 constitutional crisis National Assembly attack Attack on Fort Paramacay Valencia fire Caracas drone attack Third Tumeremo massacre Presidential crisis 30 April uprising attempt Acarigua prison riot Guanare prison riot COVID-19 pandemic Apure clashes Arauca clashes 2022 recall movement 2026 United States intervention Domestic policy Dakazo Detention of Leopoldo López Detention of Antonio Ledezma Resolution 8610 Local Committees for Supply and Production Homeland card Detention of Gilber Caro 2017 Constituent Assembly Death of Carlos Andrés García Law against Hatred El Junquito raid Detention of Juan Requesens Viernes Rojo Death of Fernando Albán Murder of Alí Domínguez Widespread blackouts Detention of Roberto Marrero Disappearance of Gilber Caro Death of Rafael Acosta Arévalo Attack of Rufo Chacón Murder of Edmundo Rada Operación Alacrán Barquisimeto shooting Operation Gideon La Vega raid Anti-Solidarity Law Barbados Agreement 2023 referendum Detention of Rocío San Miguel Dakazo Detention of Leopoldo López Detention of Antonio Ledezma Resolution 8610 Local Committees for Supply and Production Homeland card Detention of Gilber Caro 2017 Constituent Assembly Death of Carlos Andrés García Law against Hatred El Junquito raid Detention of Juan Requesens Viernes Rojo Death of Fernando Albán Murder of Alí Domínguez Widespread blackouts Detention of Roberto Marrero Disappearance of Gilber Caro Death of Rafael Acosta Arévalo Attack of Rufo Chacón Murder of Edmundo Rada Operación Alacrán Barquisimeto shooting Operation Gideon La Vega raid Anti-Solidarity Law Barbados Agreement 2023 referendum Detention of Rocío San Miguel Foreign policy Colombian diplomatic/migration crisis Narcosobrinos affair Panama diplomatic crisis Humanitarian aid mission Bachelet Report Detention of Alex Saab Guyana–Venezuela crisis Colombian diplomatic/migration crisis Narcosobrinos affair Panama diplomatic crisis Humanitarian aid mission Bachelet Report Detention of Alex Saab Guyana–Venezuela crisis Electoral history 1999 Constituent National Assembly 1999 Constituent Assembly election National Assembly 2000 parliamentary election Presidential 2013 presidential election 2018 presidential election Campaign 2024 presidential election 1999 Constituent National Assembly 1999 Constituent Assembly election 1999 Constituent Assembly election National Assembly 2000 parliamentary election 2000 parliamentary election Presidential 2013 presidential election 2018 presidential election Campaign 2024 presidential election 2013 presidential election 2018 presidential election Campaign Campaign 2024 presidential election Family Cilia Flores (wife) Nicolás Maduro Guerra (son) Efraín Antonio Campo Flores (nephew) Francisco Flores de Freitas (nephew) Cilia Flores (wife) Nicolás Maduro Guerra (son) Efraín Antonio Campo Flores (nephew) Francisco Flores de Freitas (nephew) Related Crisis in Venezuela Hyperinflation in Venezuela International Criminal Court investigation in Venezuela Shortages in Venezuela Crisis in Venezuela Hyperinflation in Venezuela International Criminal Court investigation in Venezuela Shortages in Venezuela ← Hugo Chávez Category ← Hugo Chávez Category v t e President of Venezuela ( list ) v t e State of Venezuela Páez 1831–1835 Narvarte Vargas 1835 Carreño Vargas 1835–1836 Narvarte Carreño Soublette Páez 1839–1843 Soublette J. T. Monagas J. G. Monagas J. T. Monagas Gual J. Castro Gual Tovar 1859–1861 Gual Páez Páez 1831–1835 1831–1835 Narvarte Vargas 1835 1835 Carreño Vargas 1835–1836 1835–1836 Narvarte Carreño Soublette Páez 1839–1843 1839–1843 Soublette J. T. Monagas J. G. Monagas J. T. Monagas Gual J. Castro Gual Tovar 1859–1861 1859–1861 Gual Páez United States of Venezuela Falcón Bruzual Villegas J. R. Monagas Villegas Guzmán Linares Valera Guzmán Crespo 1884–1886 Guzmán H. López Rojas 1888–1890 Andueza 1890–1892 Villegas Villegas Pulido Crespo Andrade 1898–1899 C. Castro 1899–1908 Gómez 1908–1935 Gil Fortoul Márquez Gómez J. Pérez Gómez López Contreras Medina Betancourt Gallegos 1948 Delgado Chalbaud Suárez Flamerich Pérez Jiménez Falcón Bruzual Villegas J. R. Monagas Villegas Guzmán Linares Valera Guzmán Crespo 1884–1886 1884–1886 Guzmán H. López Rojas 1888–1890 1888–1890 Andueza 1890–1892 1890–1892 Villegas Villegas Pulido Crespo Andrade 1898–1899 1898–1899 C. Castro 1899–1908 1899–1908 Gómez 1908–1935 1908–1935 Gil Fortoul Márquez Gómez J. Pérez Gómez López Contreras Medina Betancourt Gallegos 1948 1948 Delgado Chalbaud Suárez Flamerich Pérez Jiménez 4th Republic Larrazábal Sanabria Betancourt 1959–1964 Leoni 1964–1969 Caldera 1969–1974 C. Pérez 1974–1979 Herrera 1979–1984 Lusinchi 1984–1989 C. Pérez 1988–1993 Lepage 1993 Velásquez 1993–1994 Caldera 1994–1999 Larrazábal Sanabria Betancourt 1959–1964 1959–1964 Leoni 1964–1969 1964–1969 Caldera 1969–1974 1969–1974 C. Pérez 1974–1979 1974–1979 Herrera 1979–1984 1979–1984 Lusinchi 1984–1989 1984–1989 C. Pérez 1988–1993 1988–1993 Lepage 1993 1993 Velásquez 1993–1994 1993–1994 Caldera 1994–1999 1994–1999 Bolivarian Republic Chávez Cabello Chávez Maduro 2013–2019 Guaidó 1 2019–2023 Maduro 2019–2025 Rodríguez Chávez Cabello Chávez Maduro 2013–2019 2013–2019 Guaidó 1 2019–2023 2019–2023 Maduro 2019–2025 2019–2025 Rodríguez Acting / interim / caretaker presidents shown in italics 1 Recognized by the National Assembly as "interim president" during the Venezuelan presidential crisis until 2023 v t e Leaders of legislatures of Venezuela v t e Senate (1959–1999) Travieso Leoni Prieto Figueroa Dubuc Vegas Pérez Díaz Barrios González Mora Lepage Morales Bello Montesinos Lepage Gómez Tamayo Fernández Daló Aguilar Dávila Travieso Leoni Prieto Figueroa Dubuc Vegas Pérez Díaz Barrios González Mora Lepage Morales Bello Montesinos Lepage Gómez Tamayo Fernández Daló Aguilar Dávila Chamber of Deputies (1959–1999) Caldera (1959–1962) Ledezma (1962) Arcaya (1962–1964) Santaella (1964–1965) Ugarte Pelayo (1965–1966) López Orihuela (1966–1967) Betancourt (1967–1968) Rondón Lovera (1968–1969) Dáger (1969–1970) Léidenz (1970–1974) Ramírez Cubillán (1974–1975) Álvarez Paz (1975–1979) Canache Mata (1979–1982) Sánchez Bueno (1982–1983) Ferrer (1983–1987) Iturbe (1987– Oberto Lauría Aveledo Rojas Capriles Caldera (1959–1962) Ledezma (1962) Arcaya (1962–1964) Santaella (1964–1965) Ugarte Pelayo (1965–1966) López Orihuela (1966–1967) Betancourt (1967–1968) Rondón Lovera (1968–1969) Dáger (1969–1970) Léidenz (1970–1974) Ramírez Cubillán (1974–1975) Álvarez Paz (1975–1979) Canache Mata (1979–1982) Sánchez Bueno (1982–1983) Ferrer (1983–1987) Iturbe (1987– Oberto Lauría Aveledo Rojas Capriles National Assembly (1999–) Lara (2000–2003) Amelaich (2003–2005) Maduro (2005–2006) Flores (2006–2011) Soto Rojas (2011–2012) Cabello (2012–2016) Ramos Allup (2016–2017) Borges (2017–2018) Barboza (2018–2019) Guaidó (2019–2023) Rodríguez (2021–) Lara (2000–2003) Amelaich (2003–2005) Maduro (2005–2006) Flores (2006–2011) Soto Rojas (2011–2012) Cabello (2012–2016) Ramos Allup (2016–2017) Borges (2017–2018) Barboza (2018–2019) Guaidó (2019–2023) Rodríguez (2021–) v t e Current heads of state of South American countries v t e Milei Paz Lula Boric Petro Noboa Ali Peña Jerí Geerlings-Simons Orsi Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) Milei Paz Lula Boric Petro Noboa Ali Peña Jerí Geerlings-Simons Orsi Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) v t e Current heads of state of republics v t e Africa Algeria: Abdelmadjid Tebboune Angola: João Lourenço Benin: Patrice Talon Botswana: Duma Boko Burkina Faso: Ibrahim Traoré * Burundi: Évariste Ndayishimiye Cameroon: Paul Biya Cape Verde: José Maria Neves Central African Republic: Faustin-Archange Touadéra Chad: Mahamat Déby Comoros: Azali Assoumani Democratic Republic of the Congo: Félix Tshisekedi Republic of the Congo: Denis Sassou Nguesso Djibouti: Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Egypt: Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Equatorial Guinea: Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo Eritrea: Isaias Afwerki Ethiopia: Taye Atske Selassie Gabon: Brice Oligui Nguema The Gambia: Adama Barrow Ghana: John Mahama Guinea: Mamady Doumbouya * Guinea-Bissau: Horta Inta-A Na Man * Ivory Coast: Alassane Ouattara Kenya: William Ruto Liberia: Joseph Boakai Libya: Mohamed al-Menfi * Madagascar: Michael Randrianirina Malawi: Peter Mutharika Mali: Assimi Goïta * Mauritania: Mohamed Ould Ghazouani Mauritius: Dharam Gokhool Mozambique: Daniel Chapo Namibia: Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah Niger: Abdourahamane Tchiani * Nigeria: Bola Tinubu Rwanda: Paul Kagame Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: Brahim Ghali São Tomé and Príncipe: Carlos Vila Nova Senegal: Bassirou Diomaye Faye Seychelles: Patrick Herminie Sierra Leone: Julius Maada Bio Somalia: Hassan Sheikh Mohamud Somaliland: Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi South Africa: Cyril Ramaphosa Sudan: Transitional Sovereignty Council * South Sudan: Salva Kiir Mayardit Tanzania: Samia Suluhu Hassan Togo: Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové Tunisia: Kais Saied Uganda: Yoweri Museveni Zambia: Hakainde Hichilema Zimbabwe: Emmerson Mnangagwa Algeria: Abdelmadjid Tebboune Angola: João Lourenço Benin: Patrice Talon Botswana: Duma Boko Burkina Faso: Ibrahim Traoré * Burundi: Évariste Ndayishimiye Cameroon: Paul Biya Cape Verde: José Maria Neves Central African Republic: Faustin-Archange Touadéra Chad: Mahamat Déby Comoros: Azali Assoumani Democratic Republic of the Congo: Félix Tshisekedi Republic of the Congo: Denis Sassou Nguesso Djibouti: Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Egypt: Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Equatorial Guinea: Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo Eritrea: Isaias Afwerki Ethiopia: Taye Atske Selassie Gabon: Brice Oligui Nguema The Gambia: Adama Barrow Ghana: John Mahama Guinea: Mamady Doumbouya * Guinea-Bissau: Horta Inta-A Na Man * Ivory Coast: Alassane Ouattara Kenya: William Ruto Liberia: Joseph Boakai Libya: Mohamed al-Menfi * Madagascar: Michael Randrianirina Malawi: Peter Mutharika Mali: Assimi Goïta * Mauritania: Mohamed Ould Ghazouani Mauritius: Dharam Gokhool Mozambique: Daniel Chapo Namibia: Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah Niger: Abdourahamane Tchiani * Nigeria: Bola Tinubu Rwanda: Paul Kagame Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: Brahim Ghali São Tomé and Príncipe: Carlos Vila Nova Senegal: Bassirou Diomaye Faye Seychelles: Patrick Herminie Sierra Leone: Julius Maada Bio Somalia: Hassan Sheikh Mohamud Somaliland: Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi South Africa: Cyril Ramaphosa Sudan: Transitional Sovereignty Council * South Sudan: Salva Kiir Mayardit Tanzania: Samia Suluhu Hassan Togo: Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové Tunisia: Kais Saied Uganda: Yoweri Museveni Zambia: Hakainde Hichilema Zimbabwe: Emmerson Mnangagwa Asia Abkhazia: Badra Gunba * Armenia: Vahagn Khachaturyan Azerbaijan: Ilham Aliyev Bangladesh: Mohammed Shahabuddin China: Xi Jinping Georgia: Salome Zourabichvili India: Droupadi Murmu Indonesia: Prabowo Subianto Iran: Ali Khamenei Iraq: Abdul Latif Rashid Israel: Isaac Herzog Kazakhstan: Kassym-Jomart Tokayev North Korea: Kim Jong Un South Korea: Lee Jae Myung Kyrgyzstan: Sadyr Japarov Laos: Thongloun Sisoulith Lebanon: Joseph Aoun Maldives: Mohamed Muizzu Mongolia: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh Myanmar: Min Aung Hlaing * Nepal: Ram Chandra Poudel Pakistan: Asif Ali Zardari Palestine: Mahmoud Abbas Philippines: Bongbong Marcos Singapore: Tharman Shanmugaratnam South Ossetia: Alan Gagloev Sri Lanka: Anura Kumara Dissanayake Syria: Ahmed al-Sharaa Taiwan: Lai Ching-te Tajikistan: Emomali Rahmon Timor-Leste: José Ramos-Horta Turkmenistan: Serdar Berdimuhamedow Uzbekistan: Shavkat Mirziyoyev Vietnam: Lương Cường Yemen: Rashad al-Alimi * Abkhazia: Badra Gunba * Armenia: Vahagn Khachaturyan Azerbaijan: Ilham Aliyev Bangladesh: Mohammed Shahabuddin China: Xi Jinping Georgia: Salome Zourabichvili India: Droupadi Murmu Indonesia: Prabowo Subianto Iran: Ali Khamenei Iraq: Abdul Latif Rashid Israel: Isaac Herzog Kazakhstan: Kassym-Jomart Tokayev North Korea: Kim Jong Un South Korea: Lee Jae Myung Kyrgyzstan: Sadyr Japarov Laos: Thongloun Sisoulith Lebanon: Joseph Aoun Maldives: Mohamed Muizzu Mongolia: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh Myanmar: Min Aung Hlaing * Nepal: Ram Chandra Poudel Pakistan: Asif Ali Zardari Palestine: Mahmoud Abbas Philippines: Bongbong Marcos Singapore: Tharman Shanmugaratnam South Ossetia: Alan Gagloev Sri Lanka: Anura Kumara Dissanayake Syria: Ahmed al-Sharaa Taiwan: Lai Ching-te Tajikistan: Emomali Rahmon Timor-Leste: José Ramos-Horta Turkmenistan: Serdar Berdimuhamedow Uzbekistan: Shavkat Mirziyoyev Vietnam: Lương Cường Yemen: Rashad al-Alimi * Europe Albania: Bajram Begaj Austria: Alexander Van der Bellen Belarus: Alexander Lukashenko Bosnia and Herzegovina: Denis Bećirović , Željka Cvijanović , Željko Komšić Bulgaria: Rumen Radev Croatia: Zoran Milanović Cyprus: Nikos Christodoulides Czech Republic: Petr Pavel Estonia: Alar Karis Finland: Alexander Stubb France: Emmanuel Macron Germany: Frank-Walter Steinmeier Greece: Konstantinos Tasoulas Hungary: Tamás Sulyok Iceland: Halla Tómasdóttir Ireland: Catherine Connolly Italy: Sergio Mattarella Kosovo: Vjosa Osmani Latvia: Edgars Rinkēvičs Lithuania: Gitanas Nausėda Malta: Myriam Spiteri Debono Moldova: Maia Sandu Montenegro: Jakov Milatović North Macedonia: Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova Northern Cyprus: Tufan Erhürman Poland: Karol Nawrocki Portugal: Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa Romania: Nicușor Dan Russia: Vladimir Putin San Marino: Matteo Rossi , Lorenzo Bugli Serbia: Aleksandar Vučić Slovakia: Peter Pellegrini Slovenia: Nataša Pirc Musar Switzerland: Guy Parmelin , Karin Keller-Sutter , Ignazio Cassis , Albert Rösti , Élisabeth Baume-Schneider , Beat Jans , Martin Pfister Transnistria: Vadim Krasnoselsky Turkey: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Ukraine: Volodymyr Zelenskyy Albania: Bajram Begaj Austria: Alexander Van der Bellen Belarus: Alexander Lukashenko Bosnia and Herzegovina: Denis Bećirović , Željka Cvijanović , Željko Komšić Bulgaria: Rumen Radev Croatia: Zoran Milanović Cyprus: Nikos Christodoulides Czech Republic: Petr Pavel Estonia: Alar Karis Finland: Alexander Stubb France: Emmanuel Macron Germany: Frank-Walter Steinmeier Greece: Konstantinos Tasoulas Hungary: Tamás Sulyok Iceland: Halla Tómasdóttir Ireland: Catherine Connolly Italy: Sergio Mattarella Kosovo: Vjosa Osmani Latvia: Edgars Rinkēvičs Lithuania: Gitanas Nausėda Malta: Myriam Spiteri Debono Moldova: Maia Sandu Montenegro: Jakov Milatović North Macedonia: Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova Northern Cyprus: Tufan Erhürman Poland: Karol Nawrocki Portugal: Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa Romania: Nicușor Dan Russia: Vladimir Putin San Marino: Matteo Rossi , Lorenzo Bugli Serbia: Aleksandar Vučić Slovakia: Peter Pellegrini Slovenia: Nataša Pirc Musar Switzerland: Guy Parmelin , Karin Keller-Sutter , Ignazio Cassis , Albert Rösti , Élisabeth Baume-Schneider , Beat Jans , Martin Pfister Transnistria: Vadim Krasnoselsky Turkey: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Ukraine: Volodymyr Zelenskyy North America Barbados: Jeffrey Bostic Costa Rica: Rodrigo Chaves Robles Cuba: Miguel Díaz-Canel Dominica: Sylvanie Burton Dominican Republic: Luis Abinader El Salvador: Nayib Bukele Guatemala: Bernardo Arévalo Haiti: Laurent Saint-Cyr * Honduras: Xiomara Castro Mexico: Claudia Sheinbaum Nicaragua: Daniel Ortega , Rosario Murillo Panama: José Raúl Mulino Trinidad and Tobago: Christine Kangaloo United States: Donald Trump Barbados: Jeffrey Bostic Costa Rica: Rodrigo Chaves Robles Cuba: Miguel Díaz-Canel Dominica: Sylvanie Burton Dominican Republic: Luis Abinader El Salvador: Nayib Bukele Guatemala: Bernardo Arévalo Haiti: Laurent Saint-Cyr * Honduras: Xiomara Castro Mexico: Claudia Sheinbaum Nicaragua: Daniel Ortega , Rosario Murillo Panama: José Raúl Mulino Trinidad and Tobago: Christine Kangaloo United States: Donald Trump South America Argentina: Javier Milei Bolivia: Rodrigo Paz Brazil: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Chile: Gabriel Boric Colombia: Gustavo Petro Ecuador: Daniel Noboa Guyana: Irfaan Ali Paraguay: Santiago Peña Peru: José Jerí Suriname: Jennifer Geerlings-Simons Uruguay: Yamandú Orsi Venezuela: Nicolás Maduro (de jure) , Delcy Rodríguez * (de facto) Argentina: Javier Milei Bolivia: Rodrigo Paz Brazil: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Chile: Gabriel Boric Colombia: Gustavo Petro Ecuador: Daniel Noboa Guyana: Irfaan Ali Paraguay: Santiago Peña Peru: José Jerí Suriname: Jennifer Geerlings-Simons Uruguay: Yamandú Orsi Venezuela: Nicolás Maduro (de jure) , Delcy Rodríguez * (de facto) Oceania Fiji: Naiqama Lalabalavu Kiribati: Taneti Maamau Marshall Islands: Hilda Heine Micronesia: Wesley Simina Nauru: David Adeang Palau: Surangel Whipps Jr. Samoa: Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II Vanuatu: Nikenike Vurobaravu Fiji: Naiqama Lalabalavu Kiribati: Taneti Maamau Marshall Islands: Hilda Heine Micronesia: Wesley Simina Nauru: David Adeang Palau: Surangel Whipps Jr. Samoa: Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II Vanuatu: Nikenike Vurobaravu Asterisks (*) indicate an acting head of state Italics indicate a head of state of non-UN member state Asterisks (*) indicate an acting head of state Italics indicate a head of state of non-UN member state v t e Leaders of the Union of South American Nations v t e Ali Santokhi Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) Ali Santokhi Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) v t e Heads of state of OPEC member states v t e Tebboune (Algeria) Lourenço (Angola) Obiang (Equatorial Guinea) Oligui Nguema (Gabon) Khamenei (Iran) Rashid (Iraq) Mishal (Kuwait) al-Menfi (Libya) Tinubu (Nigeria) Sassou Nguesso (Republic of the Congo) Salman (Saudi Arabia) Mohamed (United Arab Emirates) Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) (Venezuela) Tebboune (Algeria) Lourenço (Angola) Obiang (Equatorial Guinea) Oligui Nguema (Gabon) Khamenei (Iran) Rashid (Iraq) Mishal (Kuwait) al-Menfi (Libya) Tinubu (Nigeria) Sassou Nguesso (Republic of the Congo) Salman (Saudi Arabia) Mohamed (United Arab Emirates) Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) (Venezuela) v t e Leaders of the ALBA v t e Browne Paz Díaz-Canel Skerrit Mitchell Ortega and Murillo Drew Pierre Friday Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) Browne Paz Díaz-Canel Skerrit Mitchell Ortega and Murillo Drew Pierre Friday Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) v t e Chairs of the Non-Aligned Movement v t e Tito Nasser Kaunda Boumédiène Gopallawa Jayewardene F. Castro Singh Mugabe Drnovšek Jović Mesić Kostić Ćosić Suharto Samper Pastrana Mandela Mbeki Mahathir Abdullah F. Castro R. Castro Mubarak Tantawi Morsi Ahmadinejad Rouhani Maduro Aliyev Museveni Tito Nasser Kaunda Boumédiène Gopallawa Jayewardene F. Castro Singh Mugabe Drnovšek Jović Mesić Kostić Ćosić Suharto Samper Pastrana Mandela Mbeki Mahathir Abdullah F. Castro R. Castro Mubarak Tantawi Morsi Ahmadinejad Rouhani Maduro Aliyev Museveni Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Russia Chile Poland Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Czech Republic Russia Chile Poland Israel Catalonia People DDB DDB Other IdRef Yale LUX IdRef Yale LUX Nicolás Maduro 1962 births Living people 21st-century Venezuelan politicians 21st-century diplomats 21st-century prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government Anti-American sentiment in Venezuela Anti-imperialism in South America Authoritarianism Bus drivers Chavismo Far-left politics in Venezuela Fifth Republic Movement politicians Left-wing nationalism Left-wing populism in South America Maduro family Members of the Venezuelan Chamber of Deputies Members of the Venezuelan Constituent Assembly of 1999 Ministers of foreign affairs of Venezuela Operation Southern Spear People of the Crisis in Venezuela People of Sephardic-Jewish descent Politicians from Caracas Presidents pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations Prisoners and detainees of the United States military Secretaries-general of the Non-Aligned Movement Speakers of the National Assembly (Venezuela) Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List United Socialist Party of Venezuela politicians Venezuelan activists for Palestinian solidarity Venezuelan anti-Zionists Venezuelan nationalists Venezuelan people of Colombian descent Venezuelan people of Jewish descent Venezuelan people of Spanish descent Venezuelan politicians convicted of corruption Venezuelan trade union leaders Vice presidents of Venezuela Pages using the Phonos extension Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments Pages with Spanish IPA Pages including recorded pronunciations Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es) CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br) CS1 German-language sources (de) Articles with Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 French-language sources (fr) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2026 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with hCards Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021 All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2021 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2024 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with criticism or controversy sections from August 2025 All articles with criticism or controversy sections Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2020 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2025 Articles containing Spanish-language text Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata Articles containing video clips This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 12:03 (UTC) . 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Normalt frarådes det dog stærkt (medmindre ændringerne er rent faktuelle), da andre skribenter vil anse dig for at have en interessekonflikt . Dine ændringer vil ofte blive slettet. (Læg mærke til at alle dine redigeringer vil være frit tilgængelige i al fremtid) Du kan kommentere på artiklen på artiklens diskussionsside . Hvis du opretter en konto og signerer dine indlæg vil andre skribenter nemmere kunne vurdere sagen. (Læg mærke til at alle dine redigeringer vil være frit tilgængelige i al fremtid) Du kan skrive et indlæg på siden kaldet Nybegynderforum . Siden henvender sig til nybegyndere og folk der normalt ikke redigerer på Wikipedia. Der er mange skribenter der overvåger denne side, og hvis der ingen ordentlig reaktion er på artiklens diskussionsside kan man få hjælp på Nybegynderforummet. (Læg mærke til at alle dine redigeringer vil være frit tilgængelige i al fremtid) Du kan kontakte os via e-mail til info-da@wikimedia.org . Henvendelser besvares af en lille gruppe frivillige . Vi kan svare hurtigere hvis du opgiver det nøjagtige navn på den relaterede artikel. Problemer løses i første række lokalt på den dansksprogede udgave af Wikipedia. I nogen tilfælde må vi imidlertid henvise videre til Wikimedia Foundation, udgiveren af Wikipedia. Vi er behjælpelige med at formidle kontakt med den rette person. Ved alvorligere tilfælde er der følgende muligheder: Administratorer har mulighed for at skjule versioner af artiklen. Når en artikel bliver ændret bliver den gamle version gemt. Har en skribent skrevet information som du ønsker helt at slette fra gamle versioner (f.eks. navneforbud under retssager, hemmelig adresse, telefonnummer og andet privat information samt injurier og grov chikane) er der således denne mulighed for helt at skjule versioner. Brugere kan så ikke se disse versioner. Softwaren som Wikipedia benytter rummer mulighed for at man kan se Internet-adressen på registrerede brugere. Det er kun Wikimedia Foundation og ganske få brugere (de såkaldte checkusers ) der kan gøre dette, og altid under hensyn til Wikimedias privatlivspolitik . Normalt benyttes dette kun i forbindelse med mistanke om de såkaldte " sokkedukker ". Bemærk i øvrigt venligst at Wikipedias artikler skal skrives fra et neutralt synspunkt . De skal selv sagt ikke bruges til chikane og plantning af fejlagtige oplysninger, men de skal heller ikke bruges til reklame eller til at pynte på fortiden. Der er faktafejl i en artikel Wikipedia er en wiki , hvilket indebærer at hvem som helst når som helst kan redigere en hvilken som helst artikel . Hvis du ser en fejl, kan du bare trykke på redigér -knappen og rette det. Vær venlig at give en redigeringsopsummering før du trykker gem , for eksempel »fjernet fejlagtig information uden referencer«. Angiv gerne et link til en kilde der beviser din rettelse, dette er dog ikke påkrævet. Hvis du vil diskutere hvordan en artikel kan forbedres, tryk på diskussionsiden for den aktuelle artikel. En artikel indeholder ophavsretsligt beskyttet materiale uden tilladelse Wikipedia er en wiki , hvilket indebærer at hvem som helst når som helst kan redigere en hvilken som helst artikel . Hvis du opdager noget forkert, kan du bare trykke på redigér -knappen og rette det. Vær venlig at give en redigeringsopsummering før du trykker gem , for eksempel »fjernet ophavsretslig beskyttet tekst fra information.dk«. Hvis det er dig selv, eller nogen du repræsenterer, som har ophavsretten til det aktuelle materiale, er det bedst at du kontakter os via e-mail til info-da@wikimedia.org . Henvendelser besvares af en lille gruppe frivillige. Vi kan svare hurtigere hvis du opgiver det nøjagtige navn på den berørte artikel, fil eller billede, og vedlægger dokumentation som underbygger din påstand. Wikipedia udgives af stiftelsen Wikimedia Foundation , som har hovedsæde i Californien i USA. Du kan kontakte vores officielle repræsentant hvis du foretrækker at sende en formel henvendelse under den amerikanske OCILLA -lov . International issues Messages regarding international isssues can be posted on the embassy . Rapporter hærværk Rapporter en teknisk fejl Ofte Stillede Spørgsmål (OSS) Øvrige spørgsmål Stil et generelt spørgsmål om Wikipedia Chat med andre brugere Send e-post til mailinglisten Kontakt en bruger Alle brugere har hver sin diskussionsside, hvor du kan skrive beskeder til dem, og mange har også et link som gør at du kan sende e-mail. En ufuldstændig liste over brugere findes på Kategori:Wikipedianere . En fuldstændig liste over brugere ligger på Special:Listusers . Kontakt en administrator Administratorer har bl.a. mulighed for at låse og slette sider, blokere brugere m.v. Bureaukrater er en gruppe administratorer som har udvidede beføjelser. Hvis en administrator har slettet en side du har skrevet eller gjort noget som du ønsker en forklaring på, eller du har behov for assistance inden for et af disse områder, kan du kontakte vedkommende direkte. Ofte er det dog en god ide at læse de relevante politikker og normer først, da mange typiske spørgsmål allerede er besvaret der. For at skifte brugernavn bedes du følge vejledningen på Wikipedia:Anmodning om ændring af brugernavn . Kontakt Wikimedia Danmark Wikimedia Danmark er det danske chapter af Wikimedia Foundation . Foreningen strukturerer initiativer og aktiviteter, og arrangerer Wiki Wednesday og andre events, se kalenderen . Facebook: Side & Gruppe Twitter: @wikimediadk Blog: blog.wikimedia.dk Email: post@wikimedia.dk Kontakt Wikimedia Foundation, udgiveren af Wikipedia Udgiveren af Wikipedia, inklusiv den dansksprogede udgave, er Wikimedia Foundation Inc. , registreret i Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations, i USA under organisationsnummer N03000005323. Wikimedia Foundation kan ikke svare på indholdsmæssige spørgsmål om artikler i den dansksprogede udgave af Wikipedia. Stiftelsen har ansvar for teknisk drift af Wikipedia og stiftelsens andre frivillige projekter, og donationer til deres drift. Kontakt: Jimmy Wales , medgrundlægger jwales@wikia.com kun på engelsk kun pressespørgsmål Adresse: P.O. Box 78350 San Francisco, CA 94107-8350 USA Telefonnummer: +1-415-839-6885 E-mail: info@wikimedia.org Websted: Ønsker du kontakt med nogen som er omtalt i en artikel i Wikipedia bedes du kontakte vedkommende direkte! Wikipedia formidler ikke kontakt. Hvad omhandler henvendelsen? Hvis henvendelsen ikke passer under nogen af de nedenstående punkter kan den sendes til info-da@wikimedia.org Henvendelser fra pressen For pressespørgsmål eller interviews vedrørende Wikipedia-projektet kan henvendelser sendes til presse@wikimedia.dk. For mere information, se Wikipedia:Pressecenter . Henvendelser vedrørende donationer Hvis du er interesseret i at donere til Wikipedia, kan du gøre det her . Hvis du har spørgsmål om, hvor dine penge ender henne, hvad vi bruger dem på, eller hvad vores planer er for fremtiden, kan du finde ud af det her . Hvis du har problemer med at donere eller andre spørgsmål, bedes du sende en e-mail til donate@wikimedia.org. Donationer går via Wikimedia Foundation, som står for indsamlingen, som ikke har Mobilepay og de giver ikke mulighed for fradrag i dansk skat. Nogen har vandaliseret en artikel Wikipedia er en wiki , hvilket indebærer at hvem som helst når som helst kan redigere en hvilken som helst artikel . Hvis du opdager en fejl, kan du selv rette den ved at trykke på redigér -knappen og rette det. Hvis du er ny anbefaler vi at du læser introduktionen først. For at fjerne vandalisme på en hurtig måde, klik historik og vælg en tidligere version ved at klikke på datoen. Klik derefter redigér og gem for at tilbagestille til den tidligere version af artiklen. For mere information om fjernelse af vandalisme, se Hjælp:Genetablering og Wikipedia:Hærværk . Fortsat vandalisme kan rapporteres på Wikipedia:Anmodning om administratorassistance så hærværksmanden kan blive blokeret. Der er et problem med en artikel om mig eller nogen jeg repræsenterer Hvis du har problemer med en artikel om dig selv eller nogen du repræsenterer er der flere måder du kan reagere på: Du kan redigere i artiklen. Normalt frarådes det dog stærkt (medmindre ændringerne er rent faktuelle), da andre skribenter vil anse dig for at have en interessekonflikt . Dine ændringer vil ofte blive slettet. (Læg mærke til at alle dine redigeringer vil være frit tilgængelige i al fremtid) Du kan kommentere på artiklen på artiklens diskussionsside . Hvis du opretter en konto og signerer dine indlæg vil andre skribenter nemmere kunne vurdere sagen. (Læg mærke til at alle dine redigeringer vil være frit tilgængelige i al fremtid) Du kan skrive et indlæg på siden kaldet Nybegynderforum . Siden henvender sig til nybegyndere og folk der normalt ikke redigerer på Wikipedia. Der er mange skribenter der overvåger denne side, og hvis der ingen ordentlig reaktion er på artiklens diskussionsside kan man få hjælp på Nybegynderforummet. (Læg mærke til at alle dine redigeringer vil være frit tilgængelige i al fremtid) Du kan kontakte os via e-mail til info-da@wikimedia.org . Henvendelser besvares af en lille gruppe frivillige . Vi kan svare hurtigere hvis du opgiver det nøjagtige navn på den relaterede artikel. Problemer løses i første række lokalt på den dansksprogede udgave af Wikipedia. I nogen tilfælde må vi imidlertid henvise videre til Wikimedia Foundation, udgiveren af Wikipedia. Vi er behjælpelige med at formidle kontakt med den rette person. Ved alvorligere tilfælde er der følgende muligheder: Administratorer har mulighed for at skjule versioner af artiklen. Når en artikel bliver ændret bliver den gamle version gemt. Har en skribent skrevet information som du ønsker helt at slette fra gamle versioner (f.eks. navneforbud under retssager, hemmelig adresse, telefonnummer og andet privat information samt injurier og grov chikane) er der således denne mulighed for helt at skjule versioner. Brugere kan så ikke se disse versioner. Softwaren som Wikipedia benytter rummer mulighed for at man kan se Internet-adressen på registrerede brugere. Det er kun Wikimedia Foundation og ganske få brugere (de såkaldte checkusers ) der kan gøre dette, og altid under hensyn til Wikimedias privatlivspolitik . Normalt benyttes dette kun i forbindelse med mistanke om de såkaldte " sokkedukker ". Bemærk i øvrigt venligst at Wikipedias artikler skal skrives fra et neutralt synspunkt . De skal selv sagt ikke bruges til chikane og plantning af fejlagtige oplysninger, men de skal heller ikke bruges til reklame eller til at pynte på fortiden. Der er faktafejl i en artikel Wikipedia er en wiki , hvilket indebærer at hvem som helst når som helst kan redigere en hvilken som helst artikel . Hvis du ser en fejl, kan du bare trykke på redigér -knappen og rette det. Vær venlig at give en redigeringsopsummering før du trykker gem , for eksempel »fjernet fejlagtig information uden referencer«. Angiv gerne et link til en kilde der beviser din rettelse, dette er dog ikke påkrævet. Hvis du vil diskutere hvordan en artikel kan forbedres, tryk på diskussionsiden for den aktuelle artikel. En artikel indeholder ophavsretsligt beskyttet materiale uden tilladelse Wikipedia er en wiki , hvilket indebærer at hvem som helst når som helst kan redigere en hvilken som helst artikel . Hvis du opdager noget forkert, kan du bare trykke på redigér -knappen og rette det. Vær venlig at give en redigeringsopsummering før du trykker gem , for eksempel »fjernet ophavsretslig beskyttet tekst fra information.dk«. Hvis det er dig selv, eller nogen du repræsenterer, som har ophavsretten til det aktuelle materiale, er det bedst at du kontakter os via e-mail til info-da@wikimedia.org . Henvendelser besvares af en lille gruppe frivillige. Vi kan svare hurtigere hvis du opgiver det nøjagtige navn på den berørte artikel, fil eller billede, og vedlægger dokumentation som underbygger din påstand. Wikipedia udgives af stiftelsen Wikimedia Foundation , som har hovedsæde i Californien i USA. Du kan kontakte vores officielle repræsentant hvis du foretrækker at sende en formel henvendelse under den amerikanske OCILLA -lov . International issues Messages regarding international isssues can be posted on the embassy . Hvad omhandler henvendelsen? Hvis henvendelsen ikke passer under nogen af de nedenstående punkter kan den sendes til info-da@wikimedia.org Henvendelser fra pressen For pressespørgsmål eller interviews vedrørende Wikipedia-projektet kan henvendelser sendes til presse@wikimedia.dk. For mere information, se Wikipedia:Pressecenter . Henvendelser fra pressen For pressespørgsmål eller interviews vedrørende Wikipedia-projektet kan henvendelser sendes til presse@wikimedia.dk. For mere information, se Wikipedia:Pressecenter . Henvendelser vedrørende donationer Hvis du er interesseret i at donere til Wikipedia, kan du gøre det her . Hvis du har spørgsmål om, hvor dine penge ender henne, hvad vi bruger dem på, eller hvad vores planer er for fremtiden, kan du finde ud af det her . Hvis du har problemer med at donere eller andre spørgsmål, bedes du sende en e-mail til donate@wikimedia.org. Donationer går via Wikimedia Foundation, som står for indsamlingen, som ikke har Mobilepay og de giver ikke mulighed for fradrag i dansk skat. Henvendelser vedrørende donationer Hvis du er interesseret i at donere til Wikipedia, kan du gøre det her . Hvis du har spørgsmål om, hvor dine penge ender henne, hvad vi bruger dem på, eller hvad vores planer er for fremtiden, kan du finde ud af det her . Hvis du har problemer med at donere eller andre spørgsmål, bedes du sende en e-mail til donate@wikimedia.org. Donationer går via Wikimedia Foundation, som står for indsamlingen, som ikke har Mobilepay og de giver ikke mulighed for fradrag i dansk skat. Nogen har vandaliseret en artikel Wikipedia er en wiki , hvilket indebærer at hvem som helst når som helst kan redigere en hvilken som helst artikel . Hvis du opdager en fejl, kan du selv rette den ved at trykke på redigér -knappen og rette det. Hvis du er ny anbefaler vi at du læser introduktionen først. For at fjerne vandalisme på en hurtig måde, klik historik og vælg en tidligere version ved at klikke på datoen. Klik derefter redigér og gem for at tilbagestille til den tidligere version af artiklen. For mere information om fjernelse af vandalisme, se Hjælp:Genetablering og Wikipedia:Hærværk . Fortsat vandalisme kan rapporteres på Wikipedia:Anmodning om administratorassistance så hærværksmanden kan blive blokeret. Nogen har vandaliseret en artikel Wikipedia er en wiki , hvilket indebærer at hvem som helst når som helst kan redigere en hvilken som helst artikel . Hvis du opdager en fejl, kan du selv rette den ved at trykke på redigér -knappen og rette det. Hvis du er ny anbefaler vi at du læser introduktionen først. For at fjerne vandalisme på en hurtig måde, klik historik og vælg en tidligere version ved at klikke på datoen. Klik derefter redigér og gem for at tilbagestille til den tidligere version af artiklen. For mere information om fjernelse af vandalisme, se Hjælp:Genetablering og Wikipedia:Hærværk . Fortsat vandalisme kan rapporteres på Wikipedia:Anmodning om administratorassistance så hærværksmanden kan blive blokeret. Der er et problem med en artikel om mig eller nogen jeg repræsenterer Hvis du har problemer med en artikel om dig selv eller nogen du repræsenterer er der flere måder du kan reagere på: Du kan redigere i artiklen. Normalt frarådes det dog stærkt (medmindre ændringerne er rent faktuelle), da andre skribenter vil anse dig for at have en interessekonflikt . Dine ændringer vil ofte blive slettet. (Læg mærke til at alle dine redigeringer vil være frit tilgængelige i al fremtid) Du kan kommentere på artiklen på artiklens diskussionsside . Hvis du opretter en konto og signerer dine indlæg vil andre skribenter nemmere kunne vurdere sagen. (Læg mærke til at alle dine redigeringer vil være frit tilgængelige i al fremtid) Du kan skrive et indlæg på siden kaldet Nybegynderforum . Siden henvender sig til nybegyndere og folk der normalt ikke redigerer på Wikipedia. Der er mange skribenter der overvåger denne side, og hvis der ingen ordentlig reaktion er på artiklens diskussionsside kan man få hjælp på Nybegynderforummet. (Læg mærke til at alle dine redigeringer vil være frit tilgængelige i al fremtid) Du kan kontakte os via e-mail til info-da@wikimedia.org . Henvendelser besvares af en lille gruppe frivillige . Vi kan svare hurtigere hvis du opgiver det nøjagtige navn på den relaterede artikel. Problemer løses i første række lokalt på den dansksprogede udgave af Wikipedia. I nogen tilfælde må vi imidlertid henvise videre til Wikimedia Foundation, udgiveren af Wikipedia. Vi er behjælpelige med at formidle kontakt med den rette person. Ved alvorligere tilfælde er der følgende muligheder: Administratorer har mulighed for at skjule versioner af artiklen. Når en artikel bliver ændret bliver den gamle version gemt. Har en skribent skrevet information som du ønsker helt at slette fra gamle versioner (f.eks. navneforbud under retssager, hemmelig adresse, telefonnummer og andet privat information samt injurier og grov chikane) er der således denne mulighed for helt at skjule versioner. Brugere kan så ikke se disse versioner. Softwaren som Wikipedia benytter rummer mulighed for at man kan se Internet-adressen på registrerede brugere. Det er kun Wikimedia Foundation og ganske få brugere (de såkaldte checkusers ) der kan gøre dette, og altid under hensyn til Wikimedias privatlivspolitik . Normalt benyttes dette kun i forbindelse med mistanke om de såkaldte " sokkedukker ". Bemærk i øvrigt venligst at Wikipedias artikler skal skrives fra et neutralt synspunkt . De skal selv sagt ikke bruges til chikane og plantning af fejlagtige oplysninger, men de skal heller ikke bruges til reklame eller til at pynte på fortiden. Der er et problem med en artikel om mig eller nogen jeg repræsenterer Hvis du har problemer med en artikel om dig selv eller nogen du repræsenterer er der flere måder du kan reagere på: Du kan redigere i artiklen. Normalt frarådes det dog stærkt (medmindre ændringerne er rent faktuelle), da andre skribenter vil anse dig for at have en interessekonflikt . Dine ændringer vil ofte blive slettet. (Læg mærke til at alle dine redigeringer vil være frit tilgængelige i al fremtid) Du kan kommentere på artiklen på artiklens diskussionsside . Hvis du opretter en konto og signerer dine indlæg vil andre skribenter nemmere kunne vurdere sagen. (Læg mærke til at alle dine redigeringer vil være frit tilgængelige i al fremtid) Du kan skrive et indlæg på siden kaldet Nybegynderforum . Siden henvender sig til nybegyndere og folk der normalt ikke redigerer på Wikipedia. Der er mange skribenter der overvåger denne side, og hvis der ingen ordentlig reaktion er på artiklens diskussionsside kan man få hjælp på Nybegynderforummet. (Læg mærke til at alle dine redigeringer vil være frit tilgængelige i al fremtid) Du kan kontakte os via e-mail til info-da@wikimedia.org . Henvendelser besvares af en lille gruppe frivillige . Vi kan svare hurtigere hvis du opgiver det nøjagtige navn på den relaterede artikel. Problemer løses i første række lokalt på den dansksprogede udgave af Wikipedia. I nogen tilfælde må vi imidlertid henvise videre til Wikimedia Foundation, udgiveren af Wikipedia. Vi er behjælpelige med at formidle kontakt med den rette person. Ved alvorligere tilfælde er der følgende muligheder: Administratorer har mulighed for at skjule versioner af artiklen. Når en artikel bliver ændret bliver den gamle version gemt. Har en skribent skrevet information som du ønsker helt at slette fra gamle versioner (f.eks. navneforbud under retssager, hemmelig adresse, telefonnummer og andet privat information samt injurier og grov chikane) er der således denne mulighed for helt at skjule versioner. Brugere kan så ikke se disse versioner. Softwaren som Wikipedia benytter rummer mulighed for at man kan se Internet-adressen på registrerede brugere. Det er kun Wikimedia Foundation og ganske få brugere (de såkaldte checkusers ) der kan gøre dette, og altid under hensyn til Wikimedias privatlivspolitik . Normalt benyttes dette kun i forbindelse med mistanke om de såkaldte " sokkedukker ". Bemærk i øvrigt venligst at Wikipedias artikler skal skrives fra et neutralt synspunkt . De skal selv sagt ikke bruges til chikane og plantning af fejlagtige oplysninger, men de skal heller ikke bruges til reklame eller til at pynte på fortiden. Der er faktafejl i en artikel Wikipedia er en wiki , hvilket indebærer at hvem som helst når som helst kan redigere en hvilken som helst artikel . Hvis du ser en fejl, kan du bare trykke på redigér -knappen og rette det. Vær venlig at give en redigeringsopsummering før du trykker gem , for eksempel »fjernet fejlagtig information uden referencer«. Angiv gerne et link til en kilde der beviser din rettelse, dette er dog ikke påkrævet. Hvis du vil diskutere hvordan en artikel kan forbedres, tryk på diskussionsiden for den aktuelle artikel. Der er faktafejl i en artikel Wikipedia er en wiki , hvilket indebærer at hvem som helst når som helst kan redigere en hvilken som helst artikel . Hvis du ser en fejl, kan du bare trykke på redigér -knappen og rette det. Vær venlig at give en redigeringsopsummering før du trykker gem , for eksempel »fjernet fejlagtig information uden referencer«. Angiv gerne et link til en kilde der beviser din rettelse, dette er dog ikke påkrævet. Hvis du vil diskutere hvordan en artikel kan forbedres, tryk på diskussionsiden for den aktuelle artikel. En artikel indeholder ophavsretsligt beskyttet materiale uden tilladelse Wikipedia er en wiki , hvilket indebærer at hvem som helst når som helst kan redigere en hvilken som helst artikel . Hvis du opdager noget forkert, kan du bare trykke på redigér -knappen og rette det. Vær venlig at give en redigeringsopsummering før du trykker gem , for eksempel »fjernet ophavsretslig beskyttet tekst fra information.dk«. Hvis det er dig selv, eller nogen du repræsenterer, som har ophavsretten til det aktuelle materiale, er det bedst at du kontakter os via e-mail til info-da@wikimedia.org . Henvendelser besvares af en lille gruppe frivillige. Vi kan svare hurtigere hvis du opgiver det nøjagtige navn på den berørte artikel, fil eller billede, og vedlægger dokumentation som underbygger din påstand. Wikipedia udgives af stiftelsen Wikimedia Foundation , som har hovedsæde i Californien i USA. Du kan kontakte vores officielle repræsentant hvis du foretrækker at sende en formel henvendelse under den amerikanske OCILLA -lov . En artikel indeholder ophavsretsligt beskyttet materiale uden tilladelse Wikipedia er en wiki , hvilket indebærer at hvem som helst når som helst kan redigere en hvilken som helst artikel . Hvis du opdager noget forkert, kan du bare trykke på redigér -knappen og rette det. Vær venlig at give en redigeringsopsummering før du trykker gem , for eksempel »fjernet ophavsretslig beskyttet tekst fra information.dk«. Hvis det er dig selv, eller nogen du repræsenterer, som har ophavsretten til det aktuelle materiale, er det bedst at du kontakter os via e-mail til info-da@wikimedia.org . Henvendelser besvares af en lille gruppe frivillige. Vi kan svare hurtigere hvis du opgiver det nøjagtige navn på den berørte artikel, fil eller billede, og vedlægger dokumentation som underbygger din påstand. Wikipedia udgives af stiftelsen Wikimedia Foundation , som har hovedsæde i Californien i USA. Du kan kontakte vores officielle repræsentant hvis du foretrækker at sende en formel henvendelse under den amerikanske OCILLA -lov . International issues Messages regarding international isssues can be posted on the embassy . International issues Messages regarding international isssues can be posted on the embassy . Rapporter hærværk Rapporter en teknisk fejl Ofte Stillede Spørgsmål (OSS) Øvrige spørgsmål Stil et generelt spørgsmål om Wikipedia Chat med andre brugere Send e-post til mailinglisten Kontakt en bruger Alle brugere har hver sin diskussionsside, hvor du kan skrive beskeder til dem, og mange har også et link som gør at du kan sende e-mail. En ufuldstændig liste over brugere findes på Kategori:Wikipedianere . En fuldstændig liste over brugere ligger på Special:Listusers . Kontakt en administrator Administratorer har bl.a. mulighed for at låse og slette sider, blokere brugere m.v. Bureaukrater er en gruppe administratorer som har udvidede beføjelser. Hvis en administrator har slettet en side du har skrevet eller gjort noget som du ønsker en forklaring på, eller du har behov for assistance inden for et af disse områder, kan du kontakte vedkommende direkte. Ofte er det dog en god ide at læse de relevante politikker og normer først, da mange typiske spørgsmål allerede er besvaret der. For at skifte brugernavn bedes du følge vejledningen på Wikipedia:Anmodning om ændring af brugernavn . Kontakt Wikimedia Danmark Wikimedia Danmark er det danske chapter af Wikimedia Foundation . Foreningen strukturerer initiativer og aktiviteter, og arrangerer Wiki Wednesday og andre events, se kalenderen . 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Skip to content Accessibility Help Your account Home News Sport Business Innovation Culture Travel Earth Audio Video Live More menu Home News Sport Business Innovation Culture Travel Earth Audio Video Live Home Football Cricket Formula 1 Rugby U Tennis Golf Athletics Cycling American Football Athletics Basketball Boxing Cricket Cycling Darts Disability Sport Football Formula 1 Gaelic Games Golf Gymnastics Horse Racing Mixed Martial Arts Motorsport Netball Olympic Sports Rugby League Rugby Union Snooker Swimming Tennis Winter Sports Full Sports A-Z England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland News Feeds Help & FAQs Tennis Scores & Schedule Calendar Rivalries & records - Australian Open key questions Image source, Getty Images Image caption, Jannik Sinner and Carlos Alcaraz are favourites for the men's singles By Jonathan Jurejko BBC Sport tennis news reporter in Melbourne Published 4 hours ago Comes around fast, doesn't it? After another off-season break deemed too short by some , the first Grand Slam of the year is about to begin. So what are the main Australian Open storylines to be aware of before play gets under way on Sunday? 'A chapter of life' ends - Alcaraz on Ferrero split Published 2 hours ago 5 Live Sport: All About... Australian Open Is anyone going to stop 'Sincaraz'? This is the question everyone has been asking. Jannik Sinner and Carlos Alcaraz are not just the best two players on the ATP Tour – they are operating in a class of their own. The pair have claimed the past eight major titles between them, with Italy's Sinner targeting a third Melbourne title in a row. Sinner's relentlessly metronomic baseline game marries perfectly with the medium-fast hard courts. The looser, more creative Alcaraz has not managed to master the Melbourne surface and has yet to go beyond the quarter-finals here. That, however, is down to lack of rhythm at the start of the year, rather than a lack of adaptability. If the 22-year-old Spaniard does hit the ground running – as he starts a new era without long-time coach Juan Carlos Ferrero – he will become the youngest man to complete the career Grand Slam. Alcaraz said at the end of last season that in 2026 he would "rather win my first Australian Open than retain my French Open and US Open titles". What information do we collect from this quiz? Can Swiatek complete career Slam? Alcaraz is not the only player aiming to complete a clean sweep of Slam titles. Like Alcaraz, Poland's Iga Swiatek has six Grand Slam titles to her name, and the Australian Open is the missing piece of the jigsaw. The 24-year-old has already cemented her place as a future great after a Wimbledon triumph last year which few predicted - including herself. However, defeats by Coco Gauff and Belinda Bencic at the curtain-raising United Cup showed Swiatek will need to quickly iron a few things out in Melbourne. Swiatek says she can "hear" the talk about the career Slam, but she is intent on shutting out any thoughts of achieving it. "Obviously it would be a dream come true. This is not my clear goal that I wake up with. I'm thinking more about how I want to play, what I want to improve day by day," she said. Gauff joins Swiatek as part of a triumvirate who has won nine of the past 12 majors, but it is the third member - two-time Melbourne champion Aryna Sabalenka - who is the pre-tournament favourite. World number one Sabalenka warmed up by winning the Brisbane title last week, although she believes that counts for little. "It's tennis - that's why it's so beautiful because you cannot predict anything," said the 27-year-old Belarusian, who lost to Madison Keys in last year's Australian Open final. "Every day you go out there and prove your level." What information do we collect from this quiz? How far will resurgent Raducanu go? The problem with emerging as a teenage superstar is that expectations suddenly rocket and, in Emma Raducanu's case, become almost unmanageable. Now into the fifth season since her scarcely believable US Open triumph, there is no escaping that the 23-year-old needs to prove she belongs at the top of the WTA Tour. The challenge for Raducanu this season is closing the gulf to the very best in terms of head-to-head results and ranking. The signs last year were encouraging and regaining her place in the world's top 30 means she will be seeded at the Australian Open – but the prospect of Sabalenka in the third round looms large. Raducanu is one of seven British players in the men's and women's singles draws, and she is the highest-ranked following Jack Draper's withdrawal with injury. Cameron Norrie, Jacob Fearnley, Francesca Jones, Sonay Kartal and Katie Boulter all earned direct entry, while Arthur Fery came through qualifying. Raducanu beaten by world number 204 in Hobart Published 1 day ago Can ageing Djokovic bring out his best? Australia has felt like a home away from home for Novak Djokovic for the majority of his career. The Serb has won 10 of his 24 Grand Slam titles on Rod Laver Arena and the smart money goes on him winning again in Melbourne if he is to finally pull clear of Margaret Court with a standalone all-time record 25th. There is no escaping that Father Time is catching up with the 38-year-old. In the past two seasons he has struggled to match Alcaraz and Sinner physically over five sets, yet he remains the player most capable of beating them with his technical ability and single-mindedness. Last season Djokovic reached the semi-finals of all four majors - a remarkable feat of consistency at the highest level. Predicting what the world number four might achieve this year is difficult. It would also be foolish to write him off. Australian Open 2026 18 January-1 February Melbourne Park Listen on Sounds Live radio commentaries across BBC Radio 5 Live Sport and BBC Sounds, plus live text commentaries on the BBC Sport website and app Will Melbourne continue to be the 'Happy Slam'? A few factors have helped the Australian Open market itself as the 'Happy Slam'. Sun-soaked Melbourne summer days boost the dopamine levels, while the feelgood factor is helped by the party atmosphere around the grounds. Superstar DJs, hot bands, hip restaurant link-ups and premium alcohol brands are available around the site, which is based in the heart of Melbourne's central district. Tournament director Craig Tiley understands the importance of closing the gap on Wimbledon, the French Open and US Open in terms of status and commercial pull. Players talk glowingly about the event, with particular emphasis placed on the quality of facilities behind the scenes. However, a group of leading players are said to be "disappointed" the organisers still don't provide a greater share of the total revenue - even though a record prize pot of £55m is available this year. Wider concerns remain over player welfare and, with the Australian Open having a history of issues with heat and late-night finishes, those issues could come to the fore again over the next fortnight. Related topics Tennis More on this story Making progress or helpless? Stars split on Slam demands Published 3 hours ago Rivalries & records - Australian Open key questions Jannik Sinner and Carlos Alcaraz are favourites for the men's singles Published 4 hours ago Comes around fast, doesn't it? After another off-season break deemed too short by some , the first Grand Slam of the year is about to begin. So what are the main Australian Open storylines to be aware of before play gets under way on Sunday? 'A chapter of life' ends - Alcaraz on Ferrero split Published 2 hours ago 'A chapter of life' ends - Alcaraz on Ferrero split Published 2 hours ago 5 Live Sport: All About... Australian Open 5 Live Sport: All About... Australian Open Is anyone going to stop 'Sincaraz'? This is the question everyone has been asking. Jannik Sinner and Carlos Alcaraz are not just the best two players on the ATP Tour – they are operating in a class of their own. The pair have claimed the past eight major titles between them, with Italy's Sinner targeting a third Melbourne title in a row. Sinner's relentlessly metronomic baseline game marries perfectly with the medium-fast hard courts. The looser, more creative Alcaraz has not managed to master the Melbourne surface and has yet to go beyond the quarter-finals here. That, however, is down to lack of rhythm at the start of the year, rather than a lack of adaptability. If the 22-year-old Spaniard does hit the ground running – as he starts a new era without long-time coach Juan Carlos Ferrero – he will become the youngest man to complete the career Grand Slam. Alcaraz said at the end of last season that in 2026 he would "rather win my first Australian Open than retain my French Open and US Open titles". Can Swiatek complete career Slam? Alcaraz is not the only player aiming to complete a clean sweep of Slam titles. Like Alcaraz, Poland's Iga Swiatek has six Grand Slam titles to her name, and the Australian Open is the missing piece of the jigsaw. The 24-year-old has already cemented her place as a future great after a Wimbledon triumph last year which few predicted - including herself. However, defeats by Coco Gauff and Belinda Bencic at the curtain-raising United Cup showed Swiatek will need to quickly iron a few things out in Melbourne. Swiatek says she can "hear" the talk about the career Slam, but she is intent on shutting out any thoughts of achieving it. "Obviously it would be a dream come true. This is not my clear goal that I wake up with. I'm thinking more about how I want to play, what I want to improve day by day," she said. Gauff joins Swiatek as part of a triumvirate who has won nine of the past 12 majors, but it is the third member - two-time Melbourne champion Aryna Sabalenka - who is the pre-tournament favourite. World number one Sabalenka warmed up by winning the Brisbane title last week, although she believes that counts for little. "It's tennis - that's why it's so beautiful because you cannot predict anything," said the 27-year-old Belarusian, who lost to Madison Keys in last year's Australian Open final. "Every day you go out there and prove your level." How far will resurgent Raducanu go? The problem with emerging as a teenage superstar is that expectations suddenly rocket and, in Emma Raducanu's case, become almost unmanageable. Now into the fifth season since her scarcely believable US Open triumph, there is no escaping that the 23-year-old needs to prove she belongs at the top of the WTA Tour. The challenge for Raducanu this season is closing the gulf to the very best in terms of head-to-head results and ranking. The signs last year were encouraging and regaining her place in the world's top 30 means she will be seeded at the Australian Open – but the prospect of Sabalenka in the third round looms large. Raducanu is one of seven British players in the men's and women's singles draws, and she is the highest-ranked following Jack Draper's withdrawal with injury. Cameron Norrie, Jacob Fearnley, Francesca Jones, Sonay Kartal and Katie Boulter all earned direct entry, while Arthur Fery came through qualifying. Raducanu beaten by world number 204 in Hobart Published 1 day ago Raducanu beaten by world number 204 in Hobart Published 1 day ago Can ageing Djokovic bring out his best? Australia has felt like a home away from home for Novak Djokovic for the majority of his career. The Serb has won 10 of his 24 Grand Slam titles on Rod Laver Arena and the smart money goes on him winning again in Melbourne if he is to finally pull clear of Margaret Court with a standalone all-time record 25th. There is no escaping that Father Time is catching up with the 38-year-old. In the past two seasons he has struggled to match Alcaraz and Sinner physically over five sets, yet he remains the player most capable of beating them with his technical ability and single-mindedness. Last season Djokovic reached the semi-finals of all four majors - a remarkable feat of consistency at the highest level. Predicting what the world number four might achieve this year is difficult. It would also be foolish to write him off. Australian Open 2026 18 January-1 February Melbourne Park Live radio commentaries across BBC Radio 5 Live Sport and BBC Sounds, plus live text commentaries on the BBC Sport website and app Will Melbourne continue to be the 'Happy Slam'? A few factors have helped the Australian Open market itself as the 'Happy Slam'. Sun-soaked Melbourne summer days boost the dopamine levels, while the feelgood factor is helped by the party atmosphere around the grounds. Superstar DJs, hot bands, hip restaurant link-ups and premium alcohol brands are available around the site, which is based in the heart of Melbourne's central district. Tournament director Craig Tiley understands the importance of closing the gap on Wimbledon, the French Open and US Open in terms of status and commercial pull. Players talk glowingly about the event, with particular emphasis placed on the quality of facilities behind the scenes. However, a group of leading players are said to be "disappointed" the organisers still don't provide a greater share of the total revenue - even though a record prize pot of £55m is available this year. Wider concerns remain over player welfare and, with the Australian Open having a history of issues with heat and late-night finishes, those issues could come to the fore again over the next fortnight. Related topics Tennis More on this story Making progress or helpless? Stars split on Slam demands Published 3 hours ago Making progress or helpless? Stars split on Slam demands Published 3 hours ago Top stories 'Win or go home' - who are your picks in wide-open Super Bowl race? Published 5 hours ago 'Win or go home' - who are your picks in wide-open Super Bowl race? Published 5 hours ago Rivalries & records - Australian Open key questions Published 4 hours ago Rivalries & records - Australian Open key questions Published 4 hours ago Live . Premier League news conferences & transfer latest: Howe speaking after Arteta 6394 viewing 6.4k viewing Premier League news conferences & transfer latest: Howe speaking after Arteta 6394 viewing 6.4k viewing Elsewhere on the BBC How Tom Cruise survived passing out on the wing of a biplane How Tom Cruise survived passing out on the wing of a biplane Is the Mediterranean diet the healthiest way to eat? Is the Mediterranean diet the healthiest way to eat? Christopher Nolan's epic biopic starring Cillian Murphy Christopher Nolan's epic biopic starring Cillian Murphy Solve the mystery of how Cluedo was created Solve the mystery of how Cluedo was created Elsewhere in Sport After agony in Morocco, what's next for Salah with club and country? After agony in Morocco, what's next for Salah with club and country? Rejections, depression & promise to his mum - Thiago's route to top Rejections, depression & promise to his mum - Thiago's route to top How British trailblazer became Super Bowl contender How British trailblazer became Super Bowl contender What does xG predict for the rest of the season? What does xG predict for the rest of the season? Weekly sports quiz: Which football club's stadium turned the sky pink? Weekly sports quiz: Which football club's stadium turned the sky pink? Mane destroys Salah's Afcon dream again - will he get another chance? Mane destroys Salah's Afcon dream again - will he get another chance? Bayern's record-breaking Bundesliga season in numbers Bayern's record-breaking Bundesliga season in numbers Arsenal take step to ending semi-final nightmares - but regrets remain Arsenal take step to ending semi-final nightmares - but regrets remain Semenyo goes straight in the XI - FPL team of the week Semenyo goes straight in the XI - FPL team of the week Is Wenger's daylight idea the solution to fix offside? Is Wenger's daylight idea the solution to fix offside? Watch trailer for Mo Salah: Never Give Up. Video Watch trailer for Mo Salah: Never Give Up Watch trailer for Mo Salah: Never Give Up. Video Watch trailer for Mo Salah: Never Give Up Trump's foreign policy and what it might mean for the World Cup Trump's foreign policy and what it might mean for the World Cup Hasty or a shrewd move? Madrid in shock at swift Arbeloa appointment Hasty or a shrewd move? Madrid in shock at swift Arbeloa appointment Is Carrick the right man for Man Utd? Is Carrick the right man for Man Utd? 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Ongoing series Toggle Ongoing series subsection 1.1 Active 1.2 Upcoming 1.1 Active 1.2 Upcoming 2 Limited series Toggle Limited series subsection 2.1 Active 2.2 Upcoming 2.1 Active 2.2 Upcoming 3 See also 4 References 5 External links List of current DC Comics publications Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This is a list of active and upcoming DC Comics printed comic books (as opposed to digital comics , trade paperbacks , hardcover books, etc.). The list is updated as of January 16, 2026. Ongoing series Active Title Issues Pub. Year Date of Final Issue Ref. Action Comics #957 - 1094 2016 [ 1 ] Aquaman #1 - 13 2025 [ 2 ] Batgirl #1 - 15 2024 [ 3 ] Batman #1 - 162 2016 March 25, 2026 (#163) [ 4 ] Batman #1 - 5 2025 [ 5 ] Batman / Superman: World's Finest #1 - 46 2022 [ 6 ] Batman and Robin #1 - 29 2023 February 11, 2026 (#30) [ 7 ] Catwoman #1 - 82 2018 [ 8 ] Detective Comics #934 - 1104 2016 [ 9 ] The Flash #1 - 28 2023 [ 10 ] Green Lantern #1 - 30 2023 [ 11 ] Green Lantern Corps #1 - 12 2025 [ 12 ] Harley Quinn #1 - 57 2021 [ 13 ] JSA #1 - 15 2024 [ 14 ] Justice League Unlimited #1 - 14 2024 [ 14 ] Nightwing #1 - 133 2016 [ 15 ] Poison Ivy #1 - 40 2022 [ 16 ] Supergirl #1 - 9 2025 [ 17 ] Superman #1 - 33 2023 [ 18 ] Superman Unlimited #1 - 8 2025 [ 19 ] Titans #1 - 30 2023 [ 20 ] Wonder Woman #1 - 28 2023 [ 21 ] Absolute Universe Absolute Batman #1 - 15 2024 [ 22 ] Absolute Flash #1 - 10 2025 [ 23 ] Absolute Green Lantern #1 - 10 2025 [ 24 ] Absolute Superman #1 - 15 2024 [ 22 ] Absolute Wonder Woman #1 - 15 2024 [ 22 ] Other Teen Titans Go! #1 - 10 2025 [ 25 ] Upcoming Title Pub. Year Date of First Issue Ref. Batwoman 2026 March 11, 2026 [ 26 ] Deathstroke: The Terminator 2026 March 18, 2026 [ 26 ] The Fury of Firestorm 2026 April 1, 2026 [ 27 ] Lobo 2026 March 4, 2026 [ 26 ] Zatanna 2026 April 29, 2026 [ 27 ] Vertigo Bleeding Hearts 2026 February 11, 2026 [ 28 ] End of Life 2026 February 18, 2026 [ 28 ] Limited series Active Title Issues Pub. Year Date of Final Issue Ref. Adventures of Superman: Book of El #1 - 12 2025 [ 29 ] C.O.R.T.: Children of the Round Table #1 - 6 2025 February 11, 2026 [ 30 ] DC K.O. #1 - 5 2025 March 4, 2026 [ 31 ] DC K.O.: Knightfight #1 - 4 2025 February 4, 2026 [ 32 ] Gotham Academy: First Year #1 - 6 2025 March 4, 2026 [ 33 ] Harley & Ivy: Life & Crimes #1 - 6 2025 [ 34 ] Justice League Red #1 - 6 2025 January 28, 2026 [ 35 ] Justice League vs. Godzilla vs. Kong 2 #1 - 7 2025 January 28, 2026 [ 36 ] Absolute Universe Absolute Martian Manhunter #1 - 12 2025 [ 37 ] Black Label The Bat-Man: Second Knight #1 - 3 2025 February 25, 2026 [ 38 ] Batman / Green Arrow / The Question: Arcadia #1 - 4 2025 [ 39 ] Batman: Gargoyle of Gotham #1 - 4 2023 May 20, 2026 [ 40 ] Elseworlds Batman / Static: Beyond #1 - 6 2025 [ 41 ] Immortal Legend Batman #1 - 6 2025 January 28, 2026 [ 42 ] Vertigo The Nice House by the Sea #1 - 12 2024 [ 43 ] Upcoming Title Issues Pub. Year Date of First Issue Ref. DC x AEW #1 - 2 2026 February 4, 2026 [ 44 ] Black Label Sirens: Love Hurts #1 - 4 2026 February 11, 2026 [ 45 ] Vertigo The Peril of the Brutal Dark: An Ezra Cain Mystery #1 - 6 2026 February 25, 2026 [ 28 ] See also DC Comics List of current Marvel Comics publications References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "ACTION COMICS #957" . DC . Retrieved April 25, 2023 . ^ "Aquaman from DC Comics" . leagueofcomicgeeks.com . Retrieved October 19, 2024 . ^ "Batgirl: Cassandra Cain Returns in a New DC All In Series!" . DC . Retrieved August 15, 2024 . ^ "BATMAN #1" . DC . Retrieved April 25, 2023 . ^ "A Bold New Era Begins for DC's Caped Crusader on September 3!" . DC . Retrieved June 19, 2025 . ^ "BATMAN/SUPERMAN: WORLD'S FINEST #1" . DC . Retrieved April 25, 2023 . ^ "Batman and Robin #1 Preview" . League of Comic Geeks . Retrieved April 25, 2023 . ^ "CATWOMAN #1" . DC . Retrieved April 25, 2023 . ^ "DETECTIVE COMICS #934" . DC . Retrieved April 25, 2023 . ^ "The Flash #1 Preview" . League of Comic Geeks . Retrieved April 25, 2023 . ^ "Green Lantern #1 Preview" . League of Comic Geeks . Retrieved April 25, 2023 . ^ "Green Lantern Corps #1 – Jeremy Adams, Morgan Hampton, Fernando Pasarín and Oclair Albert Reunite the Galaxy's Greatest Ring-Slingers in A New DC All In Series!" . DC . Retrieved November 16, 2024 . ^ "HARLEY QUINN #1" . DC . Retrieved April 25, 2023 . ^ a b Will Salmon (August 16, 2024). "DC reveals its full slate of November 2024 comics and covers featuring Superman, Batman, the Justice League, and more" . gamesradar . Retrieved August 17, 2024 . ^ "NIGHTWING #1" . DC . Retrieved April 25, 2023 . ^ "POISON IVY #1" . DC . Retrieved April 25, 2023 . ^ "Supergirl – The Maiden of Might Joins DC's Summer of Superman Publishing Initiative" . DC . Retrieved February 21, 2025 . ^ "SUPERMAN #1" . DC . Retrieved April 25, 2023 . ^ "Superman Unlimited: Dan Slott and Rafael Albuquerque Launch a New Ongoing Series for the Man of Steel" . DC . Retrieved January 15, 2025 . ^ "Titans #1 Preview" . League of Comic Geeks . Retrieved April 25, 2023 . ^ "Wonder Woman #1 Preview" . League of Comic Geeks . Retrieved April 25, 2023 . ^ a b c "DC Goes "All In" on a New Status Quo for the DC Universe in October" . DC . Retrieved July 19, 2024 . ^ "Absolute Flash from DC Comics" . leagueofcomicgeeks.com . Retrieved October 19, 2024 . ^ "Absolute Green Lantern from DC Comics" . leagueofcomicgeeks.com . Retrieved October 19, 2024 . ^ "Teen Titans Go! from DC Comics" . leagueofcomicgeeks.com . Retrieved February 21, 2025 . ^ a b c "DC ALL IN STARTS ITS SECOND ACT IN MARCH 2026 WITH DC NEXT LEVEL!" . DC . Retrieved December 16, 2025 . ^ a b "DC Announces New Comic Book Series for Firestorm and Zatanna!" . DC . Retrieved January 15, 2026 . ^ a b c "DC Unveils Ten Bold New Comic Book Series in Its DC Vertigo Imprint for 2026" . DC . Retrieved October 10, 2025 . ^ "Adventures of Superman: The Book of El from DC Comics" . leagueofcomicgeeks.com . Retrieved April 18, 2025 . ^ "Announcing 'C.O.R.T.: Children of the Round Table' by Tom Taylor and Daniele Di Nicuolo!" . DC . Retrieved June 20, 2025 . ^ "DC Comics Announces 'DC K.O.' Event!" . DC . Retrieved July 16, 2025 . ^ "Batman Is Starting A 'Knightfight' With Every Robin In 'DC K.O.' Spinoff Series" . comicbookclublive.com . July 25, 2025 . Retrieved August 15, 2025 . ^ "DC Announces 'Gotham Academy: First Year' Comic Book Series!" . DC . Retrieved July 16, 2025 . ^ Bird, Jared (August 15, 2025). "Syndicated Comics" . The Beat . Retrieved August 16, 2025 . ^ Brooke, David (May 16, 2025). "Full August 2025 DC Comics solicitations: H2SH ends and new Justice League Red" . AIPT . Retrieved May 17, 2025 . ^ "New Covers and Art Revealed for Justice League vs Godzilla vs. Kong 2!" . DC . Retrieved March 18, 2025 . ^ "Absolute Martian Manhunter #1 Preview" . League of Comic Geeks . Retrieved December 19, 2024 . ^ "DAN JURGENS and MIKE PERKINS Reunite for 'BATMAN: FIRST KNIGHT' SEQUEL This Fall" . 13th Dimension, Comics, Creators, Culture . June 20, 2025 . Retrieved June 21, 2025 . ^ "DC Black Label Presents: 'Batman/Green Arrow/The Question: Arcadia' " . DC . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background 2 Prelude 3 Timeline Toggle Timeline subsection 3.1 STC offensive 3.2 Abyan offensive 3.3 Saudi–UAE rift 3.4 Yemeni government counter-offensive 3.5 Fall of Aden 3.1 STC offensive 3.2 Abyan offensive 3.3 Saudi–UAE rift 3.4 Yemeni government counter-offensive 3.5 Fall of Aden 4 Reactions Toggle Reactions subsection 4.1 Domestic 4.2 International 4.3 Intergovernmental organizations 4.1 Domestic 4.2 International 4.3 Intergovernmental organizations 5 See also 6 References 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign العربية Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Русский Українська Winaray 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign Part of the Southern Transitional Council conflict , the Yemeni crisis , and the Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Current political and military control in Yemen, following the Yemeni government counter-offensive .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} UN-recognized Republic of Yemen ( PLC ) and Yemeni National Resistance Supreme Political Council ( Houthis ) Date 2 December 2025 – 9 January 2026 (1 month and 1 week) Location Southern Yemen Result .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} PLC–Saudi victory Southern Transitional Council dissolves itself on 9 January 2026 Territorial changes The STC initially held around 52% of Yemen's territory, including almost the entirety of former South Yemen [ 4 ] Following the counteroffensive, the STC lost all its gains along with its capital of Aden UAE withdraws from Yemen Date 2 December 2025 – 9 January 2026 (1 month and 1 week) Location Southern Yemen Result .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} PLC–Saudi victory Southern Transitional Council dissolves itself on 9 January 2026 PLC–Saudi victory Southern Transitional Council dissolves itself on 9 January 2026 Territorial changes The STC initially held around 52% of Yemen's territory, including almost the entirety of former South Yemen [ 4 ] Following the counteroffensive, the STC lost all its gains along with its capital of Aden UAE withdraws from Yemen The STC initially held around 52% of Yemen's territory, including almost the entirety of former South Yemen [ 4 ] Following the counteroffensive, the STC lost all its gains along with its capital of Aden UAE withdraws from Yemen Belligerents Southern Transitional Council (STC) Supported by: United Arab Emirates [ 1 ] Southern Transitional Council (STC) Supported by: United Arab Emirates [ 1 ] Yemeni Government ( PLC ) Hadhramaut Tribal Alliance (HTA) Saudi Arabia [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Yemeni Government ( PLC ) Hadhramaut Tribal Alliance (HTA) Saudi Arabia [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Commanders and leaders Aidarus al-Zoubaidi ( AWOL ) Abu Ali al-Hadhrami ( AWOL ) [ 5 ] Mukhtar al-Nubi [ 5 ] Hani bin Burayk Jalal Ali Muhammad al-Jaari [ 6 ] Saleh al-Ja'imlani Amr bin Habrish Lt. Gen Turki bin Bandar Brig. Gen Turki al-Maliki Units involved .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Southern Armed Forces 14th Lightning Brigade 5th Support and Reinforcement Brigade Barshid Brigade 2nd Military Region [ ar ] (pro-STC units) [ 7 ] Hadhrami Elite Forces Shabwah Defence Forces [ 8 ] Giants Brigades (until 6 December) Southern Armed Forces 14th Lightning Brigade 5th Support and Reinforcement Brigade Barshid Brigade 2nd Military Region [ ar ] (pro-STC units) [ 7 ] 14th Lightning Brigade 5th Support and Reinforcement Brigade Barshid Brigade 2nd Military Region [ ar ] (pro-STC units) [ 7 ] Hadhrami Elite Forces Shabwah Defence Forces [ 8 ] Giants Brigades (until 6 December) Yemeni Armed Forces Homeland Shield Forces Yemeni Land Forces [ ar ; es ; tr ; fa ] 1st Military Region [ ar ] 2nd Military Region [ ar ] [ 7 ] Hadhramaut Protection Forces Giants Brigades (after 7 December) [ 9 ] Saudi Arabian Armed Forces Royal Saudi Air Force Royal Saudi Navy Yemeni Armed Forces Homeland Shield Forces Yemeni Land Forces [ ar ; es ; tr ; fa ] 1st Military Region [ ar ] 2nd Military Region [ ar ] [ 7 ] Homeland Shield Forces Yemeni Land Forces [ ar ; es ; tr ; fa ] 1st Military Region [ ar ] 2nd Military Region [ ar ] [ 7 ] 1st Military Region [ ar ] 2nd Military Region [ ar ] [ 7 ] Hadhramaut Protection Forces Giants Brigades (after 7 December) [ 9 ] Saudi Arabian Armed Forces Royal Saudi Air Force Royal Saudi Navy Royal Saudi Air Force Royal Saudi Navy Strength 10,000 fighters [ 10 ] 15,000+ fighters [ 11 ] Casualties and losses Per STC: [ 12 ] 80 killed 152 wounded 130 captured 500 missing Per the Yemeni Armed Forces: [ 13 ] [ 14 ] 32 killed 45 injured Per HTA: 6 killed [ 15 ] Per the Yemeni Armed Forces: [ 13 ] [ 14 ] 32 killed 45 injured Per HTA: 6 killed [ 15 ] .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Yemeni crisis v t e Revolution (2011–12) Saada Sana'a Taiz Dammaj Ansar al-Shariah campaign (2011–14) Zinjibar Dofas Abyan 2012 Sana'a Radda Nov 2013 Sanaa Dec 2013 Sana'a Rescue operations Houthi rebellion (2014) 2nd Dammaj Amran Civil war (2014–present) 2nd Battle of Sana'a Rada'a [ ar ] Houthi takeover 1st Shabwah Saudi-led intervention Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Taiz Marib governorate Marib city Dhale Aden airport 2015 2018 2019 Abyan 2015 campaign 2016 southern offensive Lahij 2015 Shabwah 2015 Mukalla Zinjibar and Jaar Nihm Port Midi Hadramaut Al Masini Battle of Mukalla June 2016 Mukalla 2017 Battle of Sana'a Al Hudaydah Al Hudaydah city UAE occupation of Socotra Victory from God Jabara Al-Jawf offensive STC takeover of Socotra Al Bayda offensive 2022 Southern Yemen Operation Prosperity Guardian 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign Aden Bombings and terrorist attacks in Yemen Radda Ibb Jan 2015 Sana'a Mar 2015 Sana'a Sep 2015 Sana'a Oct 2015 Aden Dec 2015 Aden 4 Mar 2016 Aden 25 Mar 2016 Aden May 2016 Mukalla May 2016 Aden Aug 2016 Aden Dec 2016 Aden Mar 2022 Aden Mar 2024 al-Bayda Houthi missile and drone attacks in Yemen 2015 Marib 2015 Taiz 2016 al-Anad 2019 al-Anad Aug 2019 Aden Jan 2020 Marib Aug 2020 Marib Dec 2020 Aden airport 2021 Marib 2021 al-Anad US–Saudi arms deal Peace process UN Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Saudi-led intervention (2015–present) Saudi Arabian airstrikes on Yemen Mokha Sana'a Hajjah Dahyan Dhamar Saada Houthi attacks on Saudi Arabia 2018 Riyadh Abha Airport Abqaiq–Khurais 2020 Riyadh 2022 Jeddah Houthi attacks on the United Arab Emirates 2022 Abu Dhabi U.S. raids on al-Qaeda Yakla Hathla Red Sea crisis (2023–present) Attacks Galaxy Leader MV Maersk Hangzhou Marlin Luanda MV Rubymar MV True Confidence MV Tutor 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel MT Sounion MV Maersk Hangzhou 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel Jul 2024 Israeli attack Sep 2024 Israeli attacks Dec 2024 Israeli attack Jan 2025 Israeli attack Mar–May 2025 US attacks 2025 Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Saada prison airstrike 2025 Houthi attack on Tel Aviv airport 2025–present Israeli attacks Military operations Operation Prosperity Guardian Operation Aspides Operation Poseidon Archer 30 May 2024 attacks on Yemen Operation Outstretched Arm Diplomacy UNSC Resolution 2722 2025 US–Houthi ceasefire Effects Environmental impact Humanitarian crisis Blockade Disease outbreaks Cholera COVID-19 Famine Locust infestation Refugees on Jeju Island War crimes and human rights violations Revolution (2011–12) Saada Sana'a Taiz Dammaj Ansar al-Shariah campaign (2011–14) Zinjibar Dofas Abyan 2012 Sana'a Radda Nov 2013 Sanaa Dec 2013 Sana'a Rescue operations Houthi rebellion (2014) 2nd Dammaj Amran Saada Sana'a Taiz Dammaj Zinjibar Dofas Abyan 2012 Sana'a Radda Nov 2013 Sanaa Dec 2013 Sana'a Rescue operations 2nd Dammaj Amran Civil war (2014–present) 2nd Battle of Sana'a Rada'a [ ar ] Houthi takeover 1st Shabwah Saudi-led intervention Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Taiz Marib governorate Marib city Dhale Aden airport 2015 2018 2019 Abyan 2015 campaign 2016 southern offensive Lahij 2015 Shabwah 2015 Mukalla Zinjibar and Jaar Nihm Port Midi Hadramaut Al Masini Battle of Mukalla June 2016 Mukalla 2017 Battle of Sana'a Al Hudaydah Al Hudaydah city UAE occupation of Socotra Victory from God Jabara Al-Jawf offensive STC takeover of Socotra Al Bayda offensive 2022 Southern Yemen Operation Prosperity Guardian 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign Aden Bombings and terrorist attacks in Yemen Radda Ibb Jan 2015 Sana'a Mar 2015 Sana'a Sep 2015 Sana'a Oct 2015 Aden Dec 2015 Aden 4 Mar 2016 Aden 25 Mar 2016 Aden May 2016 Mukalla May 2016 Aden Aug 2016 Aden Dec 2016 Aden Mar 2022 Aden Mar 2024 al-Bayda Houthi missile and drone attacks in Yemen 2015 Marib 2015 Taiz 2016 al-Anad 2019 al-Anad Aug 2019 Aden Jan 2020 Marib Aug 2020 Marib Dec 2020 Aden airport 2021 Marib 2021 al-Anad US–Saudi arms deal Peace process UN Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement 2nd Battle of Sana'a Rada'a [ ar ] Houthi takeover 1st Shabwah Saudi-led intervention Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Taiz Marib governorate Marib city Marib city Dhale Aden airport 2015 2018 2019 airport 2015 2018 2019 Abyan 2015 campaign 2016 southern offensive 2015 campaign 2016 southern offensive Lahij 2015 Shabwah 2015 Mukalla Zinjibar and Jaar Nihm Port Midi Hadramaut Al Masini Al Masini Battle of Mukalla June 2016 Mukalla 2017 Battle of Sana'a Al Hudaydah Al Hudaydah city Al Hudaydah city UAE occupation of Socotra Victory from God Jabara Jabara Al-Jawf offensive STC takeover of Socotra Al Bayda offensive 2022 Southern Yemen Operation Prosperity Guardian 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign Aden Aden Radda Ibb Jan 2015 Sana'a Mar 2015 Sana'a Sep 2015 Sana'a Oct 2015 Aden Dec 2015 Aden 4 Mar 2016 Aden 25 Mar 2016 Aden May 2016 Mukalla May 2016 Aden Aug 2016 Aden Dec 2016 Aden Mar 2022 Aden Mar 2024 al-Bayda 2015 Marib 2015 Taiz 2016 al-Anad 2019 al-Anad Aug 2019 Aden Jan 2020 Marib Aug 2020 Marib Dec 2020 Aden airport 2021 Marib 2021 al-Anad US–Saudi arms deal Peace process UN Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Saudi-led intervention (2015–present) Saudi Arabian airstrikes on Yemen Mokha Sana'a Hajjah Dahyan Dhamar Saada Houthi attacks on Saudi Arabia 2018 Riyadh Abha Airport Abqaiq–Khurais 2020 Riyadh 2022 Jeddah Houthi attacks on the United Arab Emirates 2022 Abu Dhabi U.S. raids on al-Qaeda Yakla Hathla Mokha Sana'a Hajjah Dahyan Dhamar Saada 2018 Riyadh Abha Airport Abqaiq–Khurais 2020 Riyadh 2022 Jeddah 2022 Abu Dhabi Yakla Hathla Red Sea crisis (2023–present) Attacks Galaxy Leader MV Maersk Hangzhou Marlin Luanda MV Rubymar MV True Confidence MV Tutor 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel MT Sounion MV Maersk Hangzhou 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel Jul 2024 Israeli attack Sep 2024 Israeli attacks Dec 2024 Israeli attack Jan 2025 Israeli attack Mar–May 2025 US attacks 2025 Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Saada prison airstrike 2025 Houthi attack on Tel Aviv airport 2025–present Israeli attacks Military operations Operation Prosperity Guardian Operation Aspides Operation Poseidon Archer 30 May 2024 attacks on Yemen Operation Outstretched Arm Diplomacy UNSC Resolution 2722 2025 US–Houthi ceasefire Effects Environmental impact Galaxy Leader MV Maersk Hangzhou Marlin Luanda MV Rubymar MV True Confidence MV Tutor 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel MT Sounion MV Maersk Hangzhou 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel Jul 2024 Israeli attack Sep 2024 Israeli attacks Dec 2024 Israeli attack Jan 2025 Israeli attack Mar–May 2025 US attacks 2025 Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Saada prison airstrike 2025 Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Saada prison airstrike 2025 Houthi attack on Tel Aviv airport 2025–present Israeli attacks Operation Prosperity Guardian Operation Aspides Operation Poseidon Archer 30 May 2024 attacks on Yemen 30 May 2024 attacks on Yemen Operation Outstretched Arm UNSC Resolution 2722 2025 US–Houthi ceasefire Environmental impact Humanitarian crisis Blockade Disease outbreaks Cholera COVID-19 Famine Locust infestation Refugees on Jeju Island War crimes and human rights violations Blockade Disease outbreaks Cholera COVID-19 Cholera COVID-19 Famine Locust infestation Refugees on Jeju Island War crimes and human rights violations On 2 December 2025, during the ongoing Yemeni civil war , the Southern Transitional Council (STC)—a secessionist faction backed by the United Arab Emirates —launched a large-scale military offensive across southern Yemen , breaking years of military stalemate in the conflict. The operation began in the Hadhramaut Governorate , which at the time was under the control of the internationally recognized, Saudi -backed government of Yemen . [ 16 ] The STC advanced rapidly, seizing several government-held areas in northern Wadi Hadhramaut , including the cities of Seiyun and Tarim . The offensive then expanded into the neighboring Al-Mahrah Governorate and other adjacent regions. Codenamed " Operation Promising Future ", the campaign saw rapid territorial gains, and by 9 December the STC had taken control of most areas spanning the six governorates of the former South Yemen . On 30 December, the Royal Saudi Air Force carried out airstrikes on the STC-controlled port city of Mukalla , targeting what it said was a shipment of weapons that had arrived from the UAE. [ 17 ] The UAE denied that the shipments contained weapons. [ 18 ] Shortly afterward, the internationally recognized Yemeni government ordered all UAE forces to leave Yemeni territory within 24 hours, announced a 72-hour air, land, and sea blockade, and declared a 90-day state of emergency . [ 19 ] Later that day, the UAE announced it would voluntarily withdraw its remaining forces from Yemen following the Saudi strikes. [ 20 ] On 2 January 2026, the Yemeni government forces, supported by Saudi airstrikes, launched a counteroffensive to retake the territories captured by the STC. The STC later announced plans to hold an independence referendum within two years. [ 21 ] Backed by Saudi Arabia, government forces advanced rapidly, capturing Seiyun on 3 January and Mukalla the following day, reversing the STC gains. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] On 7 January, government forces began entering the STC's capital, Aden , amid the collapse of STC resistance. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Subsequently, STC leader Aidarus al-Zoubaidi was removed from his position on the Yemeni Presidential Council , charged with treason , and later fled to the UAE. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] On 9 January, the STC announced its dissolution following widespread territorial losses across the country. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Background Yemen has been embroiled in a multi-sided civil war since 2014. In fighting the Houthis —who control most of northern Yemen, including the capital, Sanaa —the internationally recognized government, along with the Saudi-led coalition , partnered with the secessionist Southern Movement , which had since 2017 been dominated by the Southern Transitional Council (STC). Although officially a component of the government, the STC, which received extensive support and funding from the United Arab Emirates , independently controlled and administered most of southern Yemen, and continued to voice its intentions to secede and establish a proposed federal "State of South Arabia". [ 30 ] [ 31 ] Hadhramaut is Yemen's largest governorate, covering around a third of the country while holding nearly 80% of its oil reserves and other valuable minerals. [ 32 ] Control over the territory had previously been split between the STC on the southern coast and the Yemeni Government further north, in an area known as Wadi Hadhramaut (Hadhramaut Valley). The STC had claimed that Wadi Hadhramaut had become rife with smuggling operations benefitting the Houthis, along with local Islamist groups, such as al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP). [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Prelude Tensions had been rising in Hadhramaut since November 2025, between the STC and the Hadhramaut Tribal Alliance , a Saudi-backed group led by Amr bin Habrish . On 29 November, the Hadhramaut Protection Forces, the military wing of the tribal alliance, deployed around the Masila oil fields in Hadhramaut belonging to PetroMasila, the largest oil company in Yemen, in order to "defend national resources from any potential aggression or the external interference" according to Habrish. Oil production was blocked, which triggered energy shortages across the region, particularly hurting STC-held regions, which the STC saw as a threat. In response, the STC began a buildup of its military forces in Hadhramaut. [ 32 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Timeline STC offensive On 2 December, a large number of Southern Movement troops started advancing north through the Sah District , and by the end of the day they were a few tens of kilometres from Seiyun . [ 36 ] The offensive in Wadi Hadhramaut was initiated by the STC's Southern Armed Forces on the morning of 3 December, led by the Hadhrami Elite Forces . [ 37 ] [ 38 ] In Seiyun, Southern Transitional Council forces were positioned in the Jathma area, before launching a bombardment against the headquarters of the 1st Military Region and other key targets in the city. [ 39 ] The STC followed up the bombardment with a lightning offensive, leaving Yemeni Government forces in disarray. [ 35 ] Brief clashes were reported between the STC and the 1st Military Region of the Yemeni Army , including at the presidential palace and the Seiyun International Airport . [ 38 ] Within hours of fighting, Southern Transitional Council personnel captured several positions and government facilities from the 1st Military Region, [ 40 ] leading to the latter withdrawing its forces. From there, STC forces were able to capture the remainder of Seiyun by nightfall, before proceeding to rapidly advance throughout Wadi Hadhramaut, taking several other towns and military bases. [ 30 ] [ 35 ] By the end of the day, STC forces had captured nearly every strategically significant area in Wadi Hadhramaut, including Seiyun and its airport, the 1st Military Region headquarters, Tarim , Al-Qatn , Hawra' , Al-Raddood, and Al-Khasha'a . [ 40 ] [ 41 ] On 3 December, in the Arma District of Shabwa Governorate , STC forces claimed they had taken control of "a camp belonging to the Muslim Brotherhood " in the Arin desert. [ 41 ] On 8 December, Southern forces took control of the Al-Uqlah oil field in the province. [ 42 ] Southern Transitional Council forces were reportedly seen equipped with Emirati armoured vehicles and Chinese 155 mm AH4 howitzers , which the UAE has supplied to other proxies. [ 38 ] Four deaths were reported among STC fighters from the 14th Lightning Brigade, 5th Support and Reinforcement Brigade, and Barshid Brigade. [ 43 ] Casualties were also reportedly inflicted on Yemeni forces. [ 38 ] During the early hours of 4 December, STC forces seized the PetroMasila facility and the surrounding military positions from the Hadhramaut Tribal Alliance. The alliance withdrew from the area as part of a Saudi-backed agreement, ultimately relocating to As Sawm District , [ 44 ] [ failed verification ] though the STC reported the deaths of four of their soldiers in small-scale clashes in the area. [ 45 ] In Hadhramaut, Southern forces announced the capture of the 23rd Mechanized Brigade in the Al Abr area of Wadi Hadhramaut and the 11th Border Guard Brigade at the Rama camp. [ 46 ] At the end of the day, the control of Al Abr camp was handed over to the Saudi-backed National Shield Forces. [ 47 ] On 4 December, Southern forces seized Al Ghaydah , the capital of Al-Mahrah Governorate , without a fight, as well as the port of Nishtun . [ 46 ] On 5 December, the National Shield Forces handed over control of the Al Ghaydah Airport and the port of Nishtun. [ 47 ] On 5 December, the National Shield Forces attempted to recapture Seiyun, but were repelled by the Southern forces. [ 48 ] Saudi pressure caused the STC to temporarily surrender some of their captured sites; however, STC forces quickly counterattacked and recaptured all those areas almost immediately. [ 35 ] The National Shield Forces took control of the 37th Armored Brigade's camp in Al-Khasha'a. [ 49 ] On 6 December, the 1st Support and Reinforcement Brigade of Hadrami Elite Forces captured the 315th Armored Brigade's camp in Thamud district of northern Hadramaut. [ 50 ] Meanwhile, the 11th Border Guard Brigade's Ramah checkpoint was captured by the Al-Manahil tribesmen after an attack. [ 51 ] Four members of the Giants Brigades were killed when an IED targeted their convoy in Hadhramaut Governorate . [ 52 ] Very little actual resistance to STC advances was reported after the Southern Transitional Council took Seiyun, with Saudi-backed Yemeni Government forces withdrawing in the face of STC advances, and STC forces reportedly secured control of Hadhramaut Governorate roughly 48 hours later. [ 53 ] On 7 December, Southern forces entered Al Ghaydah after the sudden withdrawal of the Shield Forces from some positions inside the city. [ 54 ] They also took control of the Sayhut , Qishn , and Al Masilah districts in the governorate. [ 55 ] By the end of the day they also entered without a fight key coastal and border positions including the Shahn crossing with Oman and the port of Nishtun. [ 56 ] On 10 December, Southern forces took control of the west gate of the Ghaydah International Airport while Shield Forces retained control of the airport itself. [ 57 ] On 16 December 2025, Southern forces took control of the Nishtun port. [ 58 ] On 23 December the National Shield Forces departed the Ghaydah International Airport following pressure from the Southern Transitional Council. [ 59 ] By 8 December, STC forces had seized control of most of the regions that were once part of South Yemen, including the entire southern coastline of Yemen, the border region with Oman , as well as Dhale Governorate and the oil fields in Hadhramaut Governorate, leaving Yemeni Government forces controlling only the northern reaches of those governorates; [ 10 ] [ 60 ] the Southern Transitional Council claimed control over all eight governorates on 9 December. [ 35 ] [ 61 ] By 9 December, STC forces were estimated to control 90–95% of the populated areas in the former South Yemen, in addition to holding at least 80% of Yemen's proven oil reserves. [ 35 ] The STC forces in Hadhramaut had advanced as far as the outskirts of Al Abr , south of the Wadiah Border Crossing with Saudi Arabia. [ 62 ] Of all the regions seized by the Southern Transitional Council, the Hadhramaut Governorate was the most strategically valuable one by far, with its control seen as critical for both the Yemeni Government and the STC's secession project. [ 60 ] Abyan offensive On 16 December, the STC launched an offensive in Abyan Governorate , dubbed Operation Decisive, with the stated purpose of fighting Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula . The operation was described by both the STC and independent analysts as a continuation of the previous offensive. [ 63 ] Saudi–UAE rift In the wake of the STC's large-scale territorial gains, Saudi Arabia amassed troops on their border with Yemen, and on 25 December, they demanded that STC forces withdraw from their recently seized areas in the Hadhramaut and Al-Mahrah Governorates, reportedly threatening airstrikes if they did not. However, STC forces refused to do so. [ 62 ] [ 64 ] On 26 December, Saudi Arabia conducted two airstrikes on STC positions in Wadi Nahb in Hadhramaut. The airstrikes followed clashes between the STC and a Saudi-linked tribal leader the previous day. [ 65 ] On 27 December, the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen said it would respond militarily to any separatist movements undermining de-escalation efforts in the region, once again calling on the STC to withdraw from the territories it occupied. According to a Yemeni military official, 15,000 Saudi-backed fighters were amassed on the Saudi–Yemeni border, although they had not been ordered into the two eastern governorates of Yemen. [ 11 ] [ 66 ] On 30 December, a Saudi -led military coalition supporting Yemen 's current government carried out an airstrike on two vessels from Fujairah in the United Arab Emirates which were docked at the port of Mukalla . According to the coalition, the two Emirati ships had no permits and delivered a large shipment of weapons and armored vehicles to the Southern Transitional Council (STC). An STC-aligned journalist reported that the strikes "shattered and damaged the windows of the building near the port." [ 67 ] [ 68 ] On 31 December, the STC began evacuating deployment sites and partially withdrawing from several locations across Hadhramaut. [ 69 ] On 1 January 2026, the STC refused to fully withdraw from the provinces it occupied, though it agreed to the deployment of the Saudi-backed National Shield Forces in those areas. [ 70 ] Yemeni government counter-offensive On 2 January, the PLC chairman Rashad al-Alimi ordered Salem Ahmed Said Al-Khanbashi , the governor of Hadhramaut, to assume command of the Homeland Shield Forces in the governorate and begin a military operation to take control of all military bases and camps under STC control. [ 71 ] [ 72 ] On the same day, the Royal Saudi Air Force conducted air strikes in Al-Khasha and Seiyun, killing at least 20 STC fighters. [ 73 ] On 3 January, the military forces aligned with Saudi Arabia issued a statement confirming they had secured all military and civilian facilities throughout Al Mukalla, the main city of Hadramaut. Two government military officials told AFP that Saudi-backed troops had taken control of Al Mukalla's primary military installation. [ 74 ] On 4 January, Yemeni forces announced that the Homeland Shield Forces had recaptured all nine districts of Hadhramaut Governorate. [ 75 ] The Yemeni government also announced that it had retaken control of Mukalla. Since the beginning of the Yemeni counter-offensive, at least 80 STC fighters were killed, 152 were wounded, while another 130 were captured. [ 76 ] Footage showed that government forces retook the city of Mukalla, removing the Flag of South Yemen that was used by the STC. [ 12 ] Fall of Aden On 7 January, Yemeni government forces began entering the STC capital, Aden , amid the collapse of STC forces. [ 25 ] Subsequently, the head of STC, Aidarus al-Zoubaidi , was charged with treason by the Yemeni Presidential Council , and allegedly later fled to the UAE. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] The Saudi-led coalition alleged that Zoubaidi fled to the United Arab Emirates through Somaliland after departing for the port of Berbera from Aden. [ 77 ] By late 7 January, Yemeni government forces were reported to be in full control of all districts of Aden Governorate , including Aden International Airport and the presidential palace . [ 24 ] On January 8, the STC announced that it had lost contact with 50 senior delegates who had travelled to Riyadh for talks. [ 78 ] On 9 January, Secretary-General Abdulrahman Jalal al-Subaihi announced from Riyadh that the STC would be dissolved. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 79 ] However, STC spokesman Anwar al-Tamimi refuted the decision, stating that only the full council and the president could make such a decision that would be made "immediately upon the release of the Southern Transitional Council delegation currently in Riyadh". [ 28 ] [ 80 ] Saudi Arabia announced hosting a conference in Riyadh at an unspecified date to discuss the future of southern Yemen, to which al-Subaihi stated the STC would prepare for. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] On 10 January, the PLC announced that that it had retaken full control of areas previously held by the STC. [ 83 ] Reactions Domestic Yemen : PLC chairman Rashad al-Alimi accused the STC of instigating a "rebellion" that threatens to fracture the state and destabilize shipping lanes. [ 84 ] Following the Saudi airstrikes on STC targets and two Emirati vessels on 30 December 2025, the Yemeni government said it was ending its joint defense agreement with the UAE, ordering all Emirati troops to withdraw from Yemen within 24 hours. Yemen also declared a 90-day state of emergency and a three-day closure of all entry points by land, sea, and air. [ 68 ] Southern Transitional Council : The STC stated that their recent military actions were responding to "the calls of our southern people", and that they wanted to secure the area from terrorist threats and cut off supply and smuggling routes for the Houthis. [ 85 ] On 7 December, hundreds of demonstrators took to the streets of Khor Maksar , Aden Governorate , calling for the secession of South Yemen . [ 86 ] On 7 December, hundreds of demonstrators took to the streets of Khor Maksar , Aden Governorate , calling for the secession of South Yemen . [ 86 ] International Azerbaijan : Azerbaijan said it welcomed efforts by Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates to de-escalate tensions in Yemen. [ 66 ] Iran : Foreign Minister Esmail Baghaei called the developments "in line with the policies of the Zionist regime aimed at fragmenting regional countries", saying that they represent a source of concern for West Asian countries. [ 87 ] Senior foreign policy advisor to Ali Khamenei , Ali Akbar Velayati , rebuked the United Arab Emirates, accusing it of engaging in imperialist aggression in Yemen and Sudan . [ 88 ] Saudi Arabia : Saudi Arabia opposed the offensive, stating that it was "carried out unilaterally and without the approval of the Presidential Leadership Council nor in co-ordination with the coalition's leadership," warning that such "unjustified escalation" harms the "interests of the Yemeni people" as well as "the southern cause and the coalition's efforts." [ 89 ] It called on the STC to cease its escalation and withdraw its forces from the Hadhramaut and Mahra governorates. [ 90 ] It subsequently started conducting limited airstrikes on STC positions in Hadhramaut and accused the UAE of being behind the STC's advances, calling it an "extremely dangerous" move. [ 65 ] [ 68 ] Brigadier General Turki al-Maliki said that "any military movements that violate these [de-escalation] efforts will be dealt with directly and immediately in order to protect civilian lives and ensure the success of restoring calm," and accused the STC of "serious and horrific human rights violations against civilians." [ 66 ] Brigadier General Turki al-Maliki said that "any military movements that violate these [de-escalation] efforts will be dealt with directly and immediately in order to protect civilian lives and ensure the success of restoring calm," and accused the STC of "serious and horrific human rights violations against civilians." [ 66 ] United Arab Emirates : The UAE foreign ministry said that it reaffirms "its steadfast commitment to supporting all endeavors aimed at strengthening stability and development in Yemen." [ 90 ] The UAE subsequently announced its full withdrawal from Yemen, expressing "deep regret" to Saudi accusations that it had been pressuring the STC to attack the Saudi-backed Yemeni government. [ 18 ] United States : U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio expressed concern at the "recent events in southeastern Yemen" and urged restraint and continued diplomacy, while welcoming the Saudi Arabian and Emirati leadership's efforts to support Yemen's sovereignty and regional security. [ 91 ] Intergovernmental organizations European Union : The EU urged all Yemeni factions to prioritize national interests over division and engage in peace talks to end the conflict. [ 92 ] United Nations : UN Secretary-General António Guterres warned against this dangerous new escalation, saying that such unilateral actions risk deepening divisions. [ 93 ] See also Yemen portal Modern history portal 2022 Southern Yemen offensive Southern Transitional Council takeover of Socotra References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Saudi-UAE tensions rise over Yemen clashes" . 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Barran.Press (in Arabic). 6 December 2025 . Retrieved 10 December 2025 . ^ "Separatists claim broad control of southern Yemen" . The New Arab . 8 December 2025 . Retrieved 10 December 2025 . ^ "الانتقالي ينتشر في الغيضة بعد انسحاب مفاجئ لقوات درع الوطن" [The Southern Transitional Council deploys in Al-Ghaydah after a sudden withdrawal of the Homeland Shield forces]. Al-Hudud (in Arabic). 7 December 2025 . Retrieved 10 December 2025 . ^ "المجلس الانتقالي يفرض سيطرته على مديريات في المهرة وسط انسحاب جزئي لقوات درع الوطن" [The Southern Transitional Council imposes its control over districts in Al-Mahra amid a partial withdrawal of the Homeland]. YemenNowNews (in Arabic). 7 December 2025 . Retrieved 10 December 2025 . ^ "Yemen's Al-Mahra Affirm Stability Amid STC Reinforcements" . 7 December 2025. ^ @South24E (10 December 2025). "#BREAKING Nation Shield Forces: deal reached to hand over Al-Ghaydah airport's western gate to Southern Forces while we retain airport management #south24" ( Tweet ) – via Twitter . ^ "مليشيات الانتقالي تسيطر على ميناء نشطون وتنهي وجود قوات درع الوطن في المهرة" [Transitional militias control the port of Nishtun and end the presence of the National Shield Forces in Al-Mahra]. Yemen Monitor (in Arabic). 16 December 2025 . Retrieved 31 December 2025 . ^ "الانتقالي يطرد قوات موالية للسعودية من مطار الغيضة" [The Southern Transitional Council expels Saudi-backed forces from Al-Ghaydah airport]. Yemen News Portal (in Arabic). 23 December 2025 . Retrieved 13 January 2026 . ^ a b Nabil, Marwan (9 December 2025). "Hadramout: the fault line that could decide southern Yemen's future – analysis" . i24News . Retrieved 10 December 2025 . ^ "UAE-Backed Forces Claim Full Control of Southern Yemen" . SOFX . 9 December 2025 . Retrieved 9 December 2025 . ^ a b Alley, April Longley (22 December 2025). "Yemen's Seismic Shift Has Consequences Beyond Its Borders" . The Washington Institute for Near East Policy . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ "Yemen's STC launches operation in Abyan, frames offensive as anti-terror effort" . The Arab Weekly . 16 December 2025. ^ Gambrell, Jon (25 December 2025). "Saudi Arabia urges Yemen's separatists to leave 2 governorates as the anti-rebel coalition strains" . Associated Press . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ a b "Saudi Arabia strikes STC positions in Hadhramaut, Yemen separatists say" . The New Arab . 26 December 2025 . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ a b c "Saudi coalition will counter Yemen separatists undermining de-escalation" . Al Jazeera . 27 December 2025 . Retrieved 28 December 2025 . ^ "Saudi-led coalition strikes ships in Mukalla; Yemen orders UAE forces to leave" . i24NEWS . 30 December 2025 . Retrieved 30 December 2025 . ^ a b c Al-Batati, Saeed and Naar, Ismaeel (30 December 2025). "Saudi-Led Airstrike in Yemen Threatens to Worsen Rift With U.A.E." The New York Times . Retrieved 30 December 2025 . ^ "STC forces withdraw from positions in Yemen's Hadramout" . Al Arabiya English . 31 December 2025 . Retrieved 31 December 2025 . ^ Gjevori, Elis. "Yemen's separatist STC refuses to withdraw from provinces near Saudi Arabia" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 1 January 2026 . ^ "Hadramout governor orders operation to assume control of STC camps" . Saudigazette . 2 January 2026 . Retrieved 3 January 2026 . ^ "Governor of Yemen's Hadramout announces operation to take back military positions" . Al Arabiya English . 2 January 2026 . Retrieved 3 January 2026 . ^ "Yemen Separatist Forces Say 20 Dead In Saudi Coalition Strikes" . Barron's. 2 January 2026 . Retrieved 2 January 2026 . ^ al-Makhlafi, Ali. "تقدم الجيش اليمني المدعوم من السعودية في المكلا عاصمة حضرموت" [The Saudi-backed Yemeni army advanced in Mukalla, the capital of Hadramaut.] (in Arabic). Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 3 January 2026 . ^ "Saudi-backed government forces retake multiple cities in southern Yemen" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ "Saudi-backed government forces retake multiple cities in southern Yemen" . Al Jazeera . 4 January 2026 . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ Rasheed, Zaheena. "Saudi-led coalition says STC's al-Zubaidi fled to UAE via Somaliland" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "Yemen's STC says delegation in Riyadh disappeared onto bus and all contact lost" . Middle East Eye . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ Staff, Al Jazeera. "Yemeni southern separatists in Riyadh announce disputed disbanding of STC" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ Staff, Al Jazeera. "Yemeni southern separatists in Riyadh announce disputed disbanding of STC" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "Yemen's Southern Transitional Council to dismantle, a day after its leader fled to the UAE" . ABC News . AP . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . ^ "Southern Yemen separatist group says it will dissolve after its head fled to the UAE" . NPR . 9 January 2026 . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . ^ "Yemen's Saudi-backed government retakes southern areas from STC: What next?" . Al Jazeera . 12 January 2026 . Retrieved 12 January 2026 . ^ "Yemen leader al-Alimi warns separatist push risks "rebellion," regional chaos" . Yeni Şafak . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Naar, Ismaeel and Rasgon, Adam (27 December 2025). "Saudi-Led Group in Yemen Tells Separatists to Withdraw, or Be 'Dealt With' " . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 December 2025 . ^ Grace, Adam (9 December 2025). "Iran Update, December 8, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 December 2025 . ^ "Security on eastern borders a key issue for Iran: Foreign Ministry spokesperson" . Islamic Republic News Agency . 14 December 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ "Iran issues withering rebuke of UAE in wake of Yemen offensive" . iranintl.com . 5 December 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ "Saudi Arabia says military actions by STC harm stability of Yemen" . The National . 25 December 2025 . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ a b "UAE welcomes Saudi efforts to support security in Yemen amid STC advance" . Al Jazeera . 26 December 2025 . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ "US 'concerned' by recent events in southern Yemen" . The National . 26 December 2025 . Retrieved 27 December 2025 . ^ "EU Urges All Parties to Join Riyadh Conference on Southern Yemen" . Yemen Online (in Arabic) . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ^ Lachter, Efrat (10 December 2025). "Yemen separatist forces seize key oil region, urge US to partner against Iran-backed Houthis" . Fox News . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . v t e Yemeni civil war (2014–present) v t e Timeline Outline Yemeni crisis Timeline Outline Yemeni crisis Background Houthi insurgency Houthi takeover in Yemen Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen Battle of Sanaa (2014) Human rights in Yemen Houthi insurgency Houthi takeover in Yemen Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen Battle of Sanaa (2014) Human rights in Yemen Battles and attacks Shabwah Governorate offensive (2014–present) Battle of Aden Airport 2015 Sanaa mosque bombings March September Marib campaign Battle of Dhale Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen Battle of Aden (2015) Abyan campaign (March–August 2015) Lahij insurgency Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Shabwah campaign (March–August 2015) Battle of Mukalla (2015) Taiz campaign (2015–present) September 2015 Marib Tochka missile attack Aden unrest (2015–2019) October 2015 Aden missile attack 2015 Aden car bombing Aden Christian attack 2016 Aden car bombing 23 May 2016 Aden bombings August 2016 Aden bombing December 2016 Aden suicide bombings Zinjibar and Jaar December 2015 Taiz missile attack Nihm Offensive Battle of Port Midi Hadramaut insurgency Southern Abyan Offensive (2016) Abyan conflict (2016–2018) Battle of Mukalla (2016) May 2016 Yemen police bombings June 2016 Mukalla attacks 2016 Sanaa funeral airstrike Raid on Yakla Raid on Al Hathla Battle of Sanaa (2017) Battle of Aden (2018) Battle of Al Hudaydah Dahyan air strike 2019 Abha International Airport attacks Battle of the Jabara Valley 2019 Abqaiq–Khurais attack January 2020 Marib attack Al-Jawf offensive Southern Transitional Council takeover of Socotra Al Bayda offensive August 2020 Marib attack 2020 Aden airport attack Battle of Marib 2021 Aden bombings 2022 Abu Dhabi attack 2022 Saada prison airstrike 2022 Jeddah missile attack 2022 Southern Yemen offensive Red Sea Crisis (2023–) Timeline Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Operation Prosperity Guardian March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Southern Yemen offensive Shabwah Governorate offensive (2014–present) Battle of Aden Airport 2015 Sanaa mosque bombings March September March September Marib campaign Battle of Dhale Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen Battle of Aden (2015) Abyan campaign (March–August 2015) Lahij insurgency Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Shabwah campaign (March–August 2015) Battle of Mukalla (2015) Taiz campaign (2015–present) September 2015 Marib Tochka missile attack Aden unrest (2015–2019) October 2015 Aden missile attack 2015 Aden car bombing Aden Christian attack 2016 Aden car bombing 23 May 2016 Aden bombings August 2016 Aden bombing December 2016 Aden suicide bombings October 2015 Aden missile attack 2015 Aden car bombing Aden Christian attack 2016 Aden car bombing 23 May 2016 Aden bombings August 2016 Aden bombing December 2016 Aden suicide bombings Zinjibar and Jaar December 2015 Taiz missile attack Nihm Offensive Battle of Port Midi Hadramaut insurgency Southern Abyan Offensive (2016) Abyan conflict (2016–2018) Battle of Mukalla (2016) May 2016 Yemen police bombings June 2016 Mukalla attacks 2016 Sanaa funeral airstrike Raid on Yakla Raid on Al Hathla Battle of Sanaa (2017) Battle of Aden (2018) Battle of Al Hudaydah Dahyan air strike 2019 Abha International Airport attacks Battle of the Jabara Valley 2019 Abqaiq–Khurais attack January 2020 Marib attack Al-Jawf offensive Southern Transitional Council takeover of Socotra Al Bayda offensive August 2020 Marib attack 2020 Aden airport attack Battle of Marib 2021 Aden bombings 2022 Abu Dhabi attack 2022 Saada prison airstrike 2022 Jeddah missile attack 2022 Southern Yemen offensive Red Sea Crisis (2023–) Timeline Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Operation Prosperity Guardian March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes Timeline Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Operation Prosperity Guardian March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Southern Yemen offensive Reactions Foreign involvement in the Yemeni civil war Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen Blockade of Yemen Yemeni peace process United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra United Nations Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Foreign involvement in the Yemeni civil war Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen Blockade of Yemen Yemeni peace process United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra United Nations Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen Blockade of Yemen Yemeni peace process United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra United Nations Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Impacts Humanitarian crisis Famine Cholera outbreak Airstrikes on hospitals Refugees on Jeju Island COVID-19 Water supply and sanitation War crimes and human rights violations Humanitarian crisis Famine Cholera outbreak Airstrikes on hospitals Refugees on Jeju Island COVID-19 Water supply and sanitation Famine Cholera outbreak Airstrikes on hospitals Refugees on Jeju Island COVID-19 Water supply and sanitation War crimes and human rights violations Belligerents Alimi government Pro-Alimi security forces Saleh loyalist defectors Al-Islah Popular Resistance Popular Committees Southern Movement Southern Transitional Council Republican Guard Hadramout National Council Houthi government Supreme Political Council Houthis Pro-Saleh forces Supreme Revolutionary Committee Alimi government Pro-Alimi security forces Saleh loyalist defectors Al-Islah Popular Resistance Popular Committees Southern Movement Southern Transitional Council Republican Guard Hadramout National Council Pro-Alimi security forces Saleh loyalist defectors Al-Islah Popular Resistance Popular Committees Southern Movement Southern Transitional Council Republican Guard Hadramout National Council Houthi government Supreme Political Council Houthis Pro-Saleh forces Supreme Revolutionary Committee Supreme Political Council Houthis Pro-Saleh forces Supreme Revolutionary Committee People Alimi government Rashad al-Alimi Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Mahmoud al-Subaihi Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Khaled Bahah Hussein Arab Ahmed Saleh Tareq Saleh Houthi government Saleh Ali al-Sammad Mohamed al-Atifi Mohammed al-Houthi Hussein Khairan Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Ali Abdullah Saleh Alimi government Rashad al-Alimi Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Mahmoud al-Subaihi Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Khaled Bahah Hussein Arab Ahmed Saleh Tareq Saleh Rashad al-Alimi Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Mahmoud al-Subaihi Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Khaled Bahah Hussein Arab Ahmed Saleh Tareq Saleh Houthi government Saleh Ali al-Sammad Mohamed al-Atifi Mohammed al-Houthi Hussein Khairan Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Ali Abdullah Saleh Saleh Ali al-Sammad Mohamed al-Atifi Mohammed al-Houthi Hussein Khairan Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Ali Abdullah Saleh Related United States–Houthi conflict (2023–present) Reactions to the Saudi-led military intervention List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen United States–Houthi conflict (2023–present) Reactions to the Saudi-led military intervention List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen 2025 in international relations 2026 in international relations Aden Governorate in the Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Al-Mahrah Governorate in the Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Battles in 2025 Battles in 2026 Battles of the Yemeni civil war (2014–present) December 2025 in Yemen Hadhramaut Governorate in the Yemeni civil war (2014–present) January 2026 in Yemen Saudi Arabia–United Arab Emirates relations Separatism in Yemen Shabwah Governorate in the Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Taiz Governorate in the Yemeni civil war (2014–present) United Arab Emirates–Yemen relations Military campaigns CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar) CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from December 2025 Pages using military navigation subgroups without wide style All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from December 2025 This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 09:00 (UTC) . 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Biroq Italiya terma jamoasiga 1/8 finaldayoq magʻlub boʻlib, ispanlar musobaqani tark etishgan. „Stade de France“ stadionida boʻlib oʻtgan final bahsida Portugaliya terma jamoasi Fransiya ustidan 1:0 hisobida gʻalaba qozonib, oʻz tarixida birinchi marta Yevropa chempionligini qoʻlga kiritgan. Birinchi marta Yevropa chempionatining final bosqichida 24 ta jamoa ishtirok etdi. 1996-yildan beri 16 ta jamoa chempionatning guruh bosqichida ishtirok etib kelayotgan edi. Yangi formatga koʻra, ishtirokchilar toʻrtta jamoadan iborat olti guruhga taqsimlangan. Soʻngra uchta raund va finaldan iborat pley-off bosqichi oʻtkazilgan. Oʻn toʻqqizta jamoa: toʻqqizta saralash guruhining har biridan 1- va 2-oʻrinni egallagan jamoalar va 3-oʻrinni egallagan eng yaxshi 4 ta terma jamoa mezbon Fransiya bilan birgalikda chempionatda qatnashish huquqiga ega boʻlishdi. 2015-yilning noyabr oyida uchinchi oʻrinni egallagan jamoalar oʻrtasida ikki oʻyindan iborat pley-off bahslari oʻtkazilgan va soʻnggi toʻrtta ishtirokchi nomi aniqlab olingan. ( Davomi... ) Nomzodlar (1) Arxiv Oʻzgartirish Toshkent mozaikalari — Oʻzbekiston poytaxti Toshkent shahrida 1960—1980-yillar oraligʻida barpo etilgan monumental mozaika sanʼati namunalari. Mazkur mozaikalar madaniy meros obyekti sanalad Bu mozaikalar shaharning sovet modernizmi ruhida qayta qurilishi jarayonida, ayniqsa, 1966-yilgi Toshkent zilzilasidan keyin boshlangan keng qamrovli arxitektura va bezak sanʼati dasturlari doirasida vujudga kelgan. Asosan XX asrning 60-yillari oxirida Toshkent shahridagi yangi turarjoy majmualarining devorlariga terib chiqilgan. Mozaikalarning yaratilishi, bir tomondan, shaharga zamonaviy qiyofa berish, ikkinchi tomondan esa mehnat, xalqlar doʻstligi, tinchlik va ilm-fan rivoji kabi ideologiyalarni targʻib qilishga qaratilgan. Sovet Ittifoqi ommaviy monumental mozaikani badiiy mahorat va gʻoyalarni yetkazishning mukammal kombinatsiyasi sifatida koʻrgan. Badiiy ijod erkinligiga cheklovlar mavjud boʻlgan boʻlsa-da, koʻplab rassomlar ushbu sharoitda ham oʻziga xos individual uslublar yaratishga muvaffaq boʻlishgan. ( Davomi... ) Nomzodlar (2) Arxiv Oʻzgartirish Filippin 1924-yil 4-maydan 27-iyulgacha Fransiyaning Parij shahrida boʻlib oʻtgan Yozgi Olimpiada oʻyinlarida ishtirok etgan. Bu mamlakatning Yozgi Olimpiada oʻyinlaridagi debyut ishtiroki boʻlgan. Filippin, shuningdek, butun Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo davlatlari orasida Yozgi Olimpiadada ishtirok etgan ilk mamlakat hisoblanadi. Delegatsiya tarkibida sprinter David Nepomuceno hamda ikki nafar rasmiy shaxslar attashe B. Minelle hamda murabbiy va ijrochi ofitser Regino Ylanan bor edi. Yana ikki nafar sportchi Fortunato Catalon va Juan Taduran ham oʻyinlarda ishtirok etishi kerak edi, ulardan Catalon Parijga yetib kelgan boʻlsa-da, musobaqada qatnashmagan, Taduran esa yelka suyagini sindirib olganligi sababli musobaqada ishtirok eta olmagan. Biroq shunga qaramay, Taduran delegatsiya tarkibida Filippin vakili sifatida oʻyinlarga tashrif buyurgan. ( Davomi... ) Nomzodlar (1) Arxiv Oʻzgartirish Soʻnggi tanlangan roʻyxat Iqtisodiyot boʻyicha Nobel xotirasi mukofoti laureatlari roʻyxati Bitta oldingi tanlangan roʻyxat Adabiyot boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti sovrindorlari roʻyxati Nomzodlar (0) Arxiv Oʻzgartirish Isroil–Hamas urushi Rossiyaning Ukrainaga bosqini „Janubiy nayza“ operatsiyasi AFC U-23 Osiyo kubogi 2026 Gulshan Alimardonova karate boʻyicha jahon chempionligini qoʻlga kiritgan ilk oʻzbekistonlik sportchiga aylandi. Javohir Sindarov (suratda) Shaxmat boʻyicha 2025-yilgi Jahon kubogi sohibi boʻldi. 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Avtomobil oynalarini qoraytirish — jinoyat emas. Kompyuter sichqonini ishlatish mumkin boʻlgan ilk kompyuter Xerox Alto (tasvirda) boʻlgan. Kelgusi sonni tayyorlash Arxiv Oʻzgartirish 532 — Vizantiya imperiyasida Nika inqilobi boshlandi. 1840 — Lexington kemasidagi (tasvirda) yongʻin tufayli 139 kishi halok boʻldi. 1915 — Italiyadagi Avetsanno zilzilasida 30 000 kishi halok boʻldi. 1953 — SSSRda „Shifokorlar ishi“ boʻyicha qamoqqa olishlar boshlandi. 1992 — Toshkentda Respublika baynalmilal madaniyat markazi tashkil qilindi. 1992 — Mongoliyaning amaldagi konstitutsiyasi qabul qilindi. 2004 — Toshkentdagi aviahalokat natijasida 37 kishi halok bo'ldi. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Preceding events 2 Suicide 3 Aftermath Toggle Aftermath subsection 3.1 Further Soviet investigations and disinformation 3.1 Further Soviet investigations and disinformation 4 Legacy 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 Informational notes 8 Citations 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 10.1 Books 10.2 Articles 10.1 Books 10.2 Articles Death of Adolf Hitler العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bikol Central Български Čeština Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Front page of the US Armed Forces newspaper Stars and Stripes on 2 May 1945 Date 30 April 1945 ( 1945-04-30 ) Time c. 15:30–15:50 ( CEST , GMT+2 ) Location Führerbunker , Berlin , Germany Coordinates .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 52°30′45″N 13°22′52″E / 52.5125°N 13.381°E / 52.5125; 13.381 Cause Suicide by gunshot This article is part of a series about Adolf Hitler This article is part of a series about Adolf Hitler Personal Family Military career Political views Religious views Health possible monorchism Psychopathography Sexuality Wealth and income Vegetarianism Bodyguard Private library Columbus Globe for State and Industry Leaders Rise to power Naturalization Beer Hall Putsch Reichstag fire Enabling Act of 1933 Führer of Germany Nazi Germany Cabinet Economy German rearmament World War II Anschluss Occupation of Czechoslovakia Western Front Eastern Front Assassination attempts Death alleged doubles conspiracy theories last will and testament Crimes against humanity Nuremberg Laws The Holocaust Final Solution Romani Holocaust Electoral campaigns 1930 March 1932 July 1932 November 1932 March 1933 November 1933 Works Paintings Mein Kampf Hitlers Zweites Buch Speeches Legacy Bibliography Historiography Nazi salute Oaths Hitler Oath Personal standard Cult of personality In popular culture Eponymous streets Killing baby Hitler " Hitler was right " Reductio ad Hitlerum Family Military career Political views Religious views Health possible monorchism possible monorchism Psychopathography Sexuality Wealth and income Vegetarianism Bodyguard Private library Columbus Globe for State and Industry Leaders Naturalization Beer Hall Putsch Reichstag fire Enabling Act of 1933 Nazi Germany Cabinet Economy German rearmament Anschluss Occupation of Czechoslovakia Western Front Eastern Front Assassination attempts Death alleged doubles conspiracy theories last will and testament alleged doubles conspiracy theories last will and testament Nuremberg Laws The Holocaust Final Solution Romani Holocaust Final Solution Romani Holocaust 1930 March 1932 July 1932 November 1932 March 1933 November 1933 Paintings Mein Kampf Hitlers Zweites Buch Speeches Bibliography Historiography Nazi salute Oaths Hitler Oath Hitler Oath Personal standard Cult of personality In popular culture Eponymous streets Killing baby Hitler " Hitler was right " Reductio ad Hitlerum .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e Adolf Hitler , chancellor and dictator of Germany during the Nazi era from 1933 to 1945, committed suicide by gunshot to the head [ a ] [ b ] on 30 April 1945 in the Führerbunker in Berlin after it became clear that Germany would be defeated during the Battle of Berlin , which led to the end of World War II in Europe . His longtime companion and wife of one day, Eva Braun , committed suicide with him, by cyanide poisoning . [ c ] In accordance with Hitler's prior written and verbal instructions , that afternoon their remains were carried up the stairs and through the bunker's emergency exit to the Reich Chancellery garden, where they were doused in petrol and burned. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The news of Hitler's death was announced on German radio the next day, 1 May. [ 3 ] Eyewitnesses who saw Hitler's body immediately after his suicide testified that he died from a self-inflicted gunshot, presumably to the temple . [ d ] [ e ] [ f ] Otto Günsche , Hitler's personal adjutant, who handled both bodies, testified that while Braun's smelled strongly of burnt almonds – an indication of cyanide poisoning – there was no such odour about Hitler's body, which smelled of gunpowder. [ 4 ] Dental remains found in the Chancellery garden were matched with Hitler's dental records in May 1945 [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ g ] and are the only portion of Hitler's body confirmed to have been found. The Soviet Union restricted the release of information and released many conflicting reports about Hitler's death. Historians have largely rejected these as part of a deliberate disinformation campaign by Joseph Stalin to sow confusion regarding Hitler's death, [ 7 ] [ h ] [ i ] [ b ] or have attempted to reconcile them. [ j ] Soviet records allege that the burnt remains of Hitler and Braun were recovered, [ k ] [ l ] despite eyewitness accounts that they were almost completely reduced to ashes. [ m ] In June 1945, the Soviets began promulgating two contradictory narratives: that Hitler died by cyanide [ n ] or that he had survived and fled to another country. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Following extensive review, West Germany issued a death certificate in 1956. [ 11 ] Conspiracy theories about Hitler's death continue to attract interest. .mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none} Preceding events By early 1945, Nazi Germany was on the verge of total military collapse. Poland had fallen to the advancing Soviet Red Army , which was preparing to cross the Oder between Küstrin and Frankfurt-an-der-Oder with the objective of capturing Berlin 82 kilometres (51 mi) to the west. [ 12 ] German forces had recently lost to the Allies in the Ardennes Offensive , with British and Canadian forces crossing the Rhine into the German industrial heartland of the Ruhr . [ 13 ] US forces in the south had captured Lorraine and were advancing towards Mainz , Mannheim , and the Rhine. [ 13 ] German forces in Italy were withdrawing north, as they were pressed by United States and Commonwealth forces as part of the Spring Offensive to advance across the Po and into the foothills of the Alps . [ 14 ] Hitler retreated to the Führerbunker in Berlin on 16 January 1945. It was clear to the Nazi leadership that the Battle of Berlin would be the final battle of the war in Europe. [ 15 ] Some 325,000 soldiers of Germany's Army Group B were surrounded and captured in the Ruhr Pocket on 18 April, leaving the path open for US forces to reach Berlin. By 11 April, the Americans crossed the Elbe , 100 kilometres (62 mi) to the west of the city. [ 16 ] On 16 April, Soviet forces to the east crossed the Oder and commenced the battle for the Seelow Heights , the last major defensive line protecting Berlin on that side. [ 17 ] By 19 April, the Germans were in full retreat from the Seelow Heights, leaving no front line. Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time on 20 April, Hitler's birthday. By the evening of 21 April, Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of the city. [ 18 ] On 21 April, Hitler ordered a special detachment commanded by SS - Obergruppenführer Felix Steiner to counterattack the Soviets. At the next day's afternoon situation conference, Hitler suffered a nervous collapse when he was informed that these orders had not been obeyed. [ 19 ] He launched into a tirade against his generals, calling them treacherous and incompetent, culminating in a declaration – for the first time – that the war was lost. Hitler announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then shoot himself. [ 20 ] Later that day, he asked SS physician Werner Haase about the most reliable method of suicide. Haase suggested the "pistol-and-poison method" of combining a dose of cyanide with a gunshot to the head. [ 21 ] Luftwaffe chief Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring learned about Hitler's admission of defeat and declaration of his intended suicide and sent a telegram to Hitler , asking for permission to take over the leadership of the Reich in accordance with Hitler's 1941 decree naming him as his successor. [ 22 ] Hitler's secretary Martin Bormann convinced Hitler that the letter from Göring was an attempt to overthrow the dictator. [ 23 ] In response, Hitler informed Göring that he would be executed unless he resigned all of his posts. Later that day, he sacked Göring from all of his offices and ordered his arrest. [ 24 ] Hitler also ordered his chief aide and adjutant, Julius Schaub , to destroy safeguarded documents and his personal train . [ 25 ] [ 26 ] By 27 April, Berlin's communication had been all but cut off from the rest of Germany. Secure radio contact with defending units had been lost; the command staff in the Führerbunker had to depend on telephone lines for passing instructions and orders, and on public radio for news and information. [ 27 ] On 28 April, Hitler received a BBC report originating from Reuters : it stated that Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler had offered to surrender to the western Allies. The offer was declined. Himmler had implied to the Allies that he had the authority to negotiate a surrender, which Hitler considered to be treason. That afternoon, Hitler's anger and bitterness escalated into a rage against Himmler. [ 28 ] He ordered Himmler's arrest and had SS- Gruppenführer Hermann Fegelein (Himmler's SS representative at Hitler's headquarters) shot for desertion. [ 29 ] By this time, the Red Army had advanced to the Potsdamer Platz , roughly a kilometre away from the bunker, and all indications were that they were preparing to storm the Reich Chancellery. This report and Himmler's betrayal prompted Hitler to make the last decisions of his life. [ 30 ] Shortly after midnight on 29 April, [ 31 ] [ 32 ] he married Eva Braun in a small civil ceremony in a map room within the Führerbunker . The two then hosted a modest wedding breakfast, after which Hitler took his secretary Traudl Junge to another room and dictated his last will and testament . It left instructions to be carried out immediately following his death, with Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz and Joseph Goebbels assuming Hitler's roles as head of state and chancellor, respectively. [ 33 ] Hitler signed these documents at 04:00 and then went to bed. Some sources say that he dictated the last will and testament immediately before the wedding, but all agree on the timing of the signing. [ o ] [ p ] On the afternoon of 29 April, Hitler learned that his ally, Benito Mussolini , had been summarily executed by Italian partisans. The bodies of Mussolini and his mistress, Clara Petacci , had been strung up by their heels. The corpses were later cut down and thrown into the gutter, where they were mocked by Italian dissidents. These events may have strengthened Hitler's resolve not to allow himself or his wife to be made a "spectacle" of, as he had earlier recorded in his testament. [ 34 ] [ q ] Hitler had been given some capsules of prussic acid by Himmler through SS physician Ludwig Stumpfegger , and initially had intended to use them for his suicide. When he received the news that Himmler had contacted the Allies through a Swedish diplomat to arrange for an end to the war, Hitler was outraged. With this betrayal in his mind, Hitler began to doubt whether the ampoules would be effective. He ordered Haase to test one on his dog Blondi . The capsule worked – the dog died instantly. [ 35 ] Suicide Hitler and Braun lived together as husband and wife in the bunker for less than 40 hours. By 01:00 on 30 April, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel had reported that all of the forces on which Hitler had been depending to rescue Berlin had either been encircled or forced onto the defensive. [ 36 ] At around 02:30, Hitler appeared in the corridor where about twenty people, mostly women, were assembled to give their farewells. He went down the line, shaking hands and speaking with each of them, before retiring to his quarters. [ 37 ] Late in the morning, with the Soviets less than 500 metres (1,600 ft) from the Führerbunker , Hitler had a meeting with General Helmuth Weidling , the commander of the Berlin Defence Area. Weidling told Hitler that the garrison would likely run out of ammunition that night, and that the fighting in Berlin would inevitably come to an end within the next 24 hours. [ 36 ] Weidling asked for permission for a breakout ; this was a request he had unsuccessfully made before. Hitler did not answer, and Weidling went back to his headquarters in the Bendlerblock . At about 13:00, he received Hitler's permission to attempt a breakout that night. [ 38 ] Hitler, two secretaries, and his personal cook then had lunch, after which Hitler and Braun said goodbye to members of the bunker staff and fellow occupants, including Bormann, Goebbels, the secretaries, and several military officers. At around 14:30 Adolf and Eva Hitler went into his personal study. [ 39 ] Hitler's adjutant SS- Sturmbannführer Otto Günsche stood guard outside the study door. [ 40 ] After some time, Hitler's valet, Heinz Linge , entered the antechamber to Hitler's quarters, where he discovered the door closed and allegedly smelled gunpowder smoke. [ 41 ] Linge went back out to the corridor where Bormann was standing, and the two then entered the study together. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Linge later stated that while in the room he immediately noted a scent of burnt almonds, which is a common observation in the presence of hydrogen cyanide . [ 42 ] Linge saw the bodies of Hitler and Braun sitting upright on the sofa, with Hitler to Braun's right. His head was canted to his right. [ 43 ] Günsche entered the study shortly afterwards, later stating that Hitler "sat... sunken over, with blood dripping out of his right temple. He had shot himself with his own pistol." According to Linge, the 7.65-mm weapon was a Walther PP or PPK , while Günsche specified it was the latter. [ 42 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] The gun lay at his feet. [ 42 ] Hitler's dripping blood had made a large stain on the right arm of the sofa and was pooling on the rug. [ 47 ] According to Linge, Braun's body had no visible wounds, and her face showed how she had died – from cyanide poisoning . [ r ] Günsche and SS- Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke stated "unequivocally" that all outsiders and those performing duties and work in the bunker "did not have any access" to Hitler's private living quarters during the time of death (between 15:00 and 16:00). [ 48 ] Günsche left the study and announced that Hitler was dead to a group in the briefing room, which included Goebbels and Generals Hans Krebs and Wilhelm Burgdorf . [ 49 ] These three, in addition to others including Hitler Youth leader Artur Axmann , viewed the bodies. [ 50 ] Linge and another man rolled up Hitler's body in a blanket, [ 51 ] and then, in accordance with Hitler's prior written and verbal instructions, his and Braun's bodies were carried up the stairs and through the bunker's emergency exit to the garden behind the Reich Chancellery, where they were to be burned with petrol . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Although Hitler's corpse was partially covered by the blanket, numerous witnesses testified to recognising him, as the top of his head was not covered, nor were his lower legs and feet. [ 52 ] The bunker telephone operator SS- Oberscharführer Rochus Misch reported Hitler's death to Führerbegleitkommando ( Führer Escort Command) chief Franz Schädle and returned to the switchboard, later recalling someone shouting that Hitler's body was being burned. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] After the first attempts to ignite the petrol did not work, Linge went back inside the bunker and returned with a thick roll of papers. Bormann lit the papers and threw them onto the bodies. As the two corpses caught fire, a group including Bormann, Günsche, Linge, Goebbels, Erich Kempka , Peter Högl , Ewald Lindloff , and Hans Reisser raised their arms in salute as they stood just inside the bunker doorway. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] At around 16:15, Linge ordered SS- Untersturmführer Heinz Krüger and SS- Oberscharführer Werner Schwiedel to roll up the rug in Hitler's study to burn it. Schwiedel later stated that upon entering the study, he saw a pool of blood the size of a "large dinner plate" by the arm-rest of the sofa. Noticing a spent cartridge case, he bent down and picked it up from where it lay on the rug about 1 metre (3 ft) from a 7.65 pistol. [ 45 ] The two men removed the blood-stained rug and carried it up the stairs and outside to the Chancellery garden, where it was placed on the ground and burned. [ 57 ] The Red Army shelled the area in and around the Reich Chancellery on and off during the afternoon. SS guards brought over additional cans of petrol to further burn the corpses. Although the corpses were being burned in the open, where the distribution of heat varies (as opposed to in a crematorium ), according to eyewitnesses, the copious amount of fuel applied from about 16:00 to 18:30 reduced the remains to something between charred bones and piles of ashes which fell apart to the touch. [ 58 ] [ m ] At approximately 18:30, Lindloff (and perhaps Reisser) covered up the ashen remains in a shallow bomb crater. [ 59 ] The shelling and a fire from napalm incendiary bombs continued until 2 May. During this period it was difficult to spend any time in the garden because of the continuous shelling. [ 60 ] Aftermath Krebs met Soviet general Vasily Chuikov just prior to 04:00 on 1 May, giving him the news of Hitler's death, while attempting to negotiate a ceasefire and open "peace negotiations". [ 61 ] [ 62 ] Joseph Stalin was informed of Hitler's suicide around 04:05 Berlin time, thirteen hours after the event. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] He demanded unconditional surrender , which Krebs lacked authorisation to give. [ 65 ] [ 66 ] Stalin wanted confirmation that Hitler was dead and ordered the Red Army's counterespionage unit, SMERSH , to find his corpse. [ 67 ] The first inkling to the outside world that Hitler was dead came from the Germans themselves. On the night of 1 May, the Reichssender Hamburg radio station interrupted their normal program to announce that Hitler had died that afternoon, [ s ] and introduced his successor, Dönitz. [ 3 ] Dönitz called upon the German people to mourn their Führer , whom he stated had died a hero defending the capital of the Reich. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Hoping to save the army and the nation by negotiating a partial surrender to the British and Americans, Dönitz authorised a fighting withdrawal to the west. His tactic was somewhat successful: it enabled about 1.8 million German soldiers to avoid capture by the Soviets, but came at a high cost in bloodshed, as troops continued to fight until 8 May. [ 70 ] In the early morning hours of 2 May, the Soviets captured the Reich Chancellery. [ 73 ] Inside the Führerbunker , Krebs and Burgdorf shot themselves in the head. [ 74 ] In early May, Hitler's and Braun's dental remains were extracted from the soil. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 75 ] [ t ] Stalin was wary of believing Hitler was dead and restricted the release of information to the public. [ 76 ] [ 77 ] By 11 May, dental assistant Käthe Heusermann and dental technician Fritz Echtmann, both of whom had worked for Hitler's dentist Hugo Blaschke , [ u ] identified the dental remains of Hitler and Braun. [ 78 ] [ 79 ] [ g ] Both would spend years in Soviet prisons. [ 80 ] An alleged Soviet autopsy of Hitler made public in 1968 was used by forensic odontologists Reidar F. Sognnaes and Ferdinand Strøm to confirm the authenticity of Hitler's dental remains in 1972. [ 81 ] In 2017, French forensic pathologist Philippe Charlier also found the dental remains in the Soviet archives, including teeth on part of a jawbone, to be in "perfect agreement" with X-rays taken of Hitler in 1944. [ 82 ] Charlier used electron microscopy to examine the tartar , which contained only plant fibres, a detail consistent with Hitler's vegetarianism . [ 83 ] In May 2018, the European Journal of Internal Medicine published a paper co-authored by Charlier and four other researchers, which concluded that these remains "cannot be a fake", citing their significant wear. [ 72 ] No gunpowder residue was detected, indicating that Hitler did not die by a gunshot wound through the mouth, [ 84 ] as Axmann contended. [ 85 ] [ f ] In early June 1945, SMERSH moved the remains of several individuals, including the Goebbels family (Joseph, Magda , and their children ), from Buch to Finow. Hitler and Braun's remains were alleged to have been moved as well, but this is most likely Soviet disinformation. There is no evidence that any bodily remains of Hitler or Braun – with the exception of the dental remains – were found by the Soviets. [ 7 ] [ 86 ] [ 87 ] The remains of the Goebbels family and others were buried in a forest in Brandenburg on 3 June 1945, then exhumed and moved to SMERSH's new facility in Magdeburg , where they were re-buried in February 1946. [ 78 ] [ 88 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] By 1970, the facility was under KGB control and scheduled to be relinquished to East Germany . Concerned that a known Nazi burial site might become a neo-Nazi shrine, KGB director Yuri Andropov authorised an operation to exhume and destroy the decaying remains. On 4 April 1970, a KGB team thoroughly cremated them and cast the ashes into the Biederitz river, a tributary of the nearby Elbe. [ 91 ] [ v ] For politically motivated reasons, the Soviet Union presented various versions of Hitler's fate. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] On 5 June 1945, the Soviets claimed that his body had been examined and that he had died by cyanide poisoning. [ 92 ] At a press conference on 9 June, the Soviets said they had not actually identified the body and that Hitler had likely escaped. [ 93 ] When asked in July how Hitler had died, Stalin said he was living "in Spain or Argentina". [ 94 ] In the years immediately after the war, the Soviets maintained that Hitler was not dead, but had escaped and was either being sheltered by the former western Allies or was in Francoist Spain or South America. [ 8 ] The contentious 1947 American book Who Killed Hitler? suggests that Soviet leadership "[kept] the ghost of Hitler alive" to motivate its Communist forces to continue fighting against fascism. [ 95 ] In November 1945, Dick White , the head of counter-intelligence in the British sector of Berlin, had their agent Hugh Trevor-Roper investigate. His report was expanded and published in 1947 as The Last Days of Hitler . [ 96 ] Until the mid-1950s, the US Federal Bureau of Investigation and Central Intelligence Agency investigated many claims that Hitler might still be alive, while lending none of them credence. [ 97 ] [ 98 ] The documents remained classified until the early 2010s, as authorised by the 1998 Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act . [ 99 ] [ 100 ] The secrecy in which the investigation was shrouded helped fuel fringe theories asserting Hitler's survival. [ 97 ] Presiding judge at the Einsatzgruppen trial at Nuremberg Michael Musmanno considered all such claims contrary to the evidence. [ 101 ] Between 1948 and 1952, amid denazification proceedings in West Germany , legal disputes over Hitler's former property (including The Art of Painting by Johannes Vermeer ) were hindered by the lack of an official death declaration. Beginning in 1952, a federal court in Berchtesgaden interviewed 42 witnesses about Hitler's suicide – behind closed doors to avoid testimonies influencing one another. After four years of extensive review, Judge Heinrich Stephanus concluded: "There can no longer be the slightest doubt that on 30 April 1945 Adolf Hitler put an end to his life in the Chancellery by his own hand, by means of a shot into his right temple." [ 102 ] A death certificate was issued on 25 February 1956, with an attached report of more than 1,500 pages. An 80-page expert criminological report was prepared in mid-1956, focusing on the "substantial discrepancies" between eyewitness testimonies and serving as a springboard for photographic reconstructions. Ballistic experiments were arranged to determine which interpretation of the fatal gunshot was most likely. [ 103 ] [ w ] The declaration became public and legally binding by the year's end. Hitler's demise was entered as an assumption of death on the basis that none of the witnesses had seen his body, which German historian Anton Joachimsthaler points out is incorrect. [ 102 ] The federal court went on to publish a summary of its findings of fact in a 1958 press release. [ 104 ] Further Soviet investigations and disinformation On 11 December 1945, the Soviets allowed a limited investigation of the bunker complex grounds by the other Allied powers (Britain, France, and the US). Two representatives from each nation watched several Germans dig up soil down to the concrete roof of the bunker; the excavation included the bomb crater where Hitler's burnt remains had been buried. Found during the dig were two hats identified as Hitler's, an undergarment with Braun's initials, and some reports to Hitler from Goebbels. The Soviet People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) barred further excavation on the accusation that the representatives had removed documents from the Reich Chancellery. [ 105 ] At the end of 1945, Stalin ordered the NKVD to form a second commission to investigate Hitler's death. [ 106 ] On 30 May 1946, agents of the NKVD's successor, the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), found part of a skull in the crater where Hitler's remains had been exhumed. [ 107 ] The remnant consists of part of the occipital bone and part of both parietal bones . [ 72 ] The nearly complete left parietal bone has a bullet hole, apparently an exit wound. [ 72 ] [ 107 ] This remained uncatalogued until 1975, [ 108 ] and was rediscovered in the Russian State Archives in 1993. [ 109 ] In 2009, University of Connecticut archaeologist and bone specialist Nick Bellantoni examined the skull fragment, [ 110 ] which Soviet officials believed to be Hitler's. [ 111 ] According to Bellantoni, "The bone seemed very thin" for a male, [ 112 ] [ x ] [ y ] and "the sutures where the skull plates come together seemed to correspond to someone under 40". [ 110 ] A small piece detached from the skull was DNA-tested , as was blood from Hitler's sofa. The skull was determined to be that of a woman, while the blood sample contained male DNA. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] [ 112 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] [ z ] In 2025, blood from the sofa was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to the DNA of a relative with shared paternal ancestry. [ 115 ] On 29 December 1949, a secret dossier on Hitler was presented to Stalin, which was based upon the interrogation of Nazis who had been present in the Führerbunker , including Günsche and Linge. [ 116 ] Western historians were allowed into the archives of the former Soviet Union beginning in 1991, but the dossier remained undiscovered for twelve years; in 2005, it was published as The Hitler Book . [ 116 ] In 1968, Soviet journalist Lev Bezymenski published his book, The Death of Adolf Hitler , [ 81 ] which includes previously unreleased photographs of the dental remains. [ 117 ] The book transcribes a purported Soviet forensic examination led by Faust Shkaravsky , which concluded that Hitler committed cyanide poisoning. [ n ] Bezymenski further theorised that Hitler requested a coup de grâce to ensure his quick death, [ 118 ] but later admitted that his work included "deliberate lies", such as the manner of Hitler's death. [ 8 ] In 1978, American journalist James P. O'Donnell corrected the book's claim that cyanide acts instantaneously, saying Hitler could have taken poison and still had enough time to shoot himself. [ 119 ] The book and alleged autopsy have been widely derided by Western historians. Joachimsthaler, in his extensive analysis of the circumstances surrounding Hitler's death, quotes a German pathologist as saying about the purported autopsy: "Bezemensky's report is ridiculous... Any one of my assistants would have done better... the whole thing is a farce... it is intolerably bad work... the transcript of the post-mortem section of 8 [May] 1945 describes anything but Hitler." [ 120 ] Legacy After Hitler's death and the end of World War II in Europe , the occupying Allies divided Germany into four zones. [ 121 ] This led to the start of the Cold War between the Western Bloc , supported by the US, and the Eastern Bloc , supported by the Soviet Union. [ 122 ] From 1961 until 1989, the divide was physically manifested via the Berlin Wall , [ 123 ] followed by Germany's reunification in 1990 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Following Hitler's death, war veteran and future US president John F. Kennedy wrote in his diary that the dictator "had a mystery about him in the way he lived and in the manner of his death that will live and grow after him". [ 124 ] Historian Joachim Fest opines that the almost "traceless" death of Hitler allowed him to stay in the public eye, granting him a "bizarre afterlife"; conspiracy theories – rooted in Soviet disinformation alleging his survival – bolstered continued doubts and speculation, including outlandish tabloid and journalistic reports published into the late 20th century. [ 125 ] Conspiracy theories about Hitler's death and about the Nazi era as a whole still attract interest, with books, TV shows, and films continuing to be produced on the topic. [ 126 ] [ 127 ] Historian Luke Daly-Groves wrote that Hitler's death is not about the death of one man, but carries a greater significance as to the end of the regime and the ideological impact it left behind. [ 128 ] Gallery Joseph Goebbels, his wife Magda, their six children, and Magda's earlier son, Harald Quandt (the only family member to survive the war) Hitler (right) visiting Berlin defenders in early April 1945 with Hermann Göring (centre) and Chief of the OKW Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel (partially hidden) Heinz Linge , Hitler's valet, was one of the first people into Hitler's study after the suicides. Winston Churchill sitting on a damaged chair from the Führerbunker in July 1945 The demolished emergency exit of the Führerbunker in the Reich Chancellery garden (1947) Eyewitness Artur Axmann providing details of Hitler's death in Nuremberg in 1947 See also Führer Headquarters List of Nazi Party leaders and officials Popular culture representations of Hitler after his death Vorbunker The Bunker (1981 film) The Bunker (book) Downfall (2004 film) Hitler: The Last Ten Days – 1973 film Informational notes ^ "... 30 April ... During the afternoon Hitler shot himself..." ( MI5 staff 2011 ). ^ a b "... most Soviet accounts have held that Hitler also [in addition to Braun] ended his life by poison ... there are contradictions in the Soviet story ... these contradictions tend to indicate that the Soviet version of Hitler's suicide has a political colouration." ( Fest 1974 , p. 749). ^ "... her lips puckered from the poison." ( Beevor 2002 , p. 359). ^ "... Günsche stated he entered the study to inspect the bodies, and observed Hitler ... sat ... sunken over, with blood dripping out of his right temple. He had shot himself with his own pistol, a PPK 7.65." ( Fischer 2008 , p. 47). ^ "... blood dripped from a bullet hole in his right temple ..." ( Kershaw 2008 , p. 955). ^ a b "... the version involving a 'shot in the mouth' with secondary injuries to the temples must be rejected ... the overwhelming majority of witnesses saw an entry wound in the temple ... according to all witnesses... there were allegedly no injuries to the back of Hitler's head." ( Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 166). ^ a b "... the only thing to remain of Hitler was a gold bridge with porcelain facets from his upper jaw and the lower jawbone [fragment] with some teeth and two bridges." ( Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 225). ^ "New versions of Hitler's fate were presented by the Soviet Union according to the political needs of the moment." ( Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 288). ^ "The intentionally misleading account of Hitler's death by cyanide poisoning put about by Soviet historians ... can be dismissed." ( Kershaw 2001 , p. 1037). ^ "... we have a fair answer ... to the version of ... Russian author Lev Bezymenski ... Hitler did shoot himself and did bite into the cyanide capsule, just as Professor Haase had clearly and repeatedly instructed ... " ( O'Donnell 2001 , pp. 322–323). ^ "... [the bodies] were deposited ... in an unmarked grave in a forest far to the west of Berlin, reburied in 1946 in a plot of land in Magdeburg." ( Kershaw 2008 , p. 958). ^ "In 1970, the Kremlin finally decided to dispose of the body in absolute secrecy... the body, which had been concealed beneath a Soviet army parade-ground in Magdeburg, was exhumed at night and burned." ( Beevor 2002 , p. 431). ^ a b According to some early historians, bones do not wholly disintegrate even during indoor cremation. ( Trevor-Roper 2002 , p. 182; Bullock 1962 , p. 800). This same conclusion was reached by certain scientific studies. ( Castillo et al. 2013 ; Benecke 2022 ). Moreover, Hitler's dental remains partially comprise intact bone. ( Charlier et al. 2018 ). ^ a b This cannot be verified because no dissection of internal organs was recorded in the autopsy report. ( Petrova & Watson 1995 , p. 81). ^ Using sources available to Trevor-Roper (a World War II MI5 agent and historian/author of The Last Days of Hitler ), MI5 records the marriage as taking place after Hitler had dictated the last will and testament. ( MI5 staff 2011 ). ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 343 records the marriage as taking place before Hitler had dictated the last will and testament. ^ It is unknown how much of this was communicated to Hitler. ( Shirer 1960 , p. 1131). ^ "Cyanide poisoning. Its 'bite' was marked in her features." ( Linge 2009 , p. 199). ^ Hitler had actually died the previous day. ( Shirer 1960 , p. 1137). ^ According to the Soviets, the discovery of the body of a look-alike of Hitler late on 3 May delayed the purported exhumation of the burnt remains of Hitler and Braun from 4 May to the following day. ( Petrova & Watson 1995 , pp. 52–53). ^ Heusermann helped locate Hitler's X-rays and directed the Soviets to Echtmann, who had made Hitler's bridges. ( Petrova & Watson 1995 , pp. 56–57). ^ Beevor states that "... the ashes were flushed into the town [Magdeburg] sewage system." ( Beevor 2002 , p. 431). ^ German historian Anton Joachimsthaler , who cites some of the testimonies in his book on Hitler's death, mentions the ballistic experiments without detailing their results. ( Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 161). ^ Philippe Charlier later stated, "When doing [an examination] of the skull, you have a 55 per cent chance of getting the sex right." ( Lusher 2018 ). ^ According to a scientific article co-authored by Philippe Charlier, the sex is difficult to determine due to two factors: severe heating from burning, which could have reduced the skull's thickness, and the absence of the nuchal crest . ( Charlier et al. 2018 ). ^ This prompted the vice president of the Russian state archive to say, "No one claimed that was Hitler's skull." ( ABC News 2009 ). Citations ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , pp. 954, 956. ^ a b Linge 2009 , pp. 199, 200. ^ a b Shirer 1960 , p. 1137. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 163, 173. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 29, 231–234. ^ a b Lusher 2018 . ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 215–225. ^ a b c d Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 288. ^ a b Kershaw 2001 , p. 1037. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 22, 23. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 11. ^ Horrabin 1946, Vol. X , p. 51. ^ a b Horrabin 1946, Vol. X , p. 53. ^ Horrabin 1946, Vol. X , p. 43. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 139. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1105. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 209–217. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 255–256, 262. ^ Erickson 1983 , pp. 585–586. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 275. ^ O'Donnell 2001 , pp. 230, 323. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1116. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 289. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1118. ^ Hamilton 1984 , p. 168. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 107, 287. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 323. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 943–946. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 946–947. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1194. ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 821. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 278. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 949–950. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1131. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 951–952. ^ a b Erickson 1983 , pp. 603–604. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1132. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 358. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 358–359. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 955. ^ Brisard & Parshina 2018 , pp. 260–261. ^ a b c d Linge 2009 , p. 199. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 154–155. ^ Fischer 2008 , p. 47. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 162. ^ Fest 2004 , p. 116. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 155, 162, 175–176. ^ Fischer 2008 , pp. 47–48. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 154–156. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 156, 180–182. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 192–193. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 180–182. ^ Rosenberg 2009 . ^ Misch 2014 , p. 173. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 200. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 197, 198. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 162, 175. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 210–215. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 216–220. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 224–225. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 367–368. ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005 , pp. 280, 281. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 368. ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 280. ^ Ryan 1994 , p. 364. ^ Misch 2014 , p. 175. ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 281. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 381. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 959. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 961–963. ^ Bezymenski 1968 , p. 45. ^ a b c d Charlier et al. 2018 . ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 387, 388. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 387. ^ Erickson 1983 , p. 435. ^ Kershaw 2001 , pp. 1038, 1039. ^ Dolezal 2004 , pp. 185–186. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 958. ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 282. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 99, 207, 299, 303. ^ a b Senn & Weems 2013 , p. 19. ^ Brisard & Parshina 2018 , pp. 224, 273–274. ^ Brisard & Parshina 2018 , p. 301. ^ Daley 2018 . ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 164. ^ Fest 2004 , pp. 162–164. ^ Felton 2014 , pp. 162–163. ^ Vinogradov et al. 2005 , pp. 111–116. ^ Halpin & Boyes 2009 . ^ Tkachenko 2009 . ^ Vinogradov et al. 2005 , pp. 333, 335–336. ^ Trevor-Roper 2002 , p. liv. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 22. ^ Beschloss 2002 . ^ Moore & Barrett 1947 , p. 136. ^ MI5 staff 2011 . ^ a b Anderson 2015 . ^ CIA Chief of Station, Caracas 1955 . ^ CIA staff 2013 . ^ FBI Records 2011 . ^ Musmanno 1950 , pp. 231–32, 234, 236, 238–39, 242–43. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 8–13. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 11–12, 159–161. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 12. ^ Musmanno 1950 , pp. 233–234. ^ Petrova & Watson 1995 , pp. 81–82, 84–85. ^ a b Eberle & Uhl 2005 , pp. 287, 288. ^ Brisard & Parshina 2018 , pp. 29, 30, 32. ^ Isachenkov 1993 . ^ a b c Goñi 2009 . ^ a b CNN staff 2009 . ^ a b ABC News 2009 . ^ Brisard & Parshina 2018 , pp. 18–22. ^ Associated Press 2009 . ^ Oltermann 2025 . ^ a b Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. xxvi. ^ Bezymenski 1968 , inside jacket. ^ Bezymenski 1968 , pp. 49, 75. ^ O'Donnell 2001 , pp. 322–323. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 252–253. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 969. ^ Daly-Groves 2019 , pp. 26, 68. ^ CNN Editorial Research 2023 . ^ BBC News 2017 . ^ Fest 2004 , pp. 160, 162, 165. ^ Daly-Groves 2019 , pp. 22–25. ^ Barber 2020 . ^ Daly-Groves 2019 , p. 26. Bibliography .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} ABC News (9 December 2009). 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Boston: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80958-3 . Oltermann, Philip (13 November 2025). "Did Hitler really have a 'micropenis'? The dubious documentary analysing the dictator's DNA" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 November 2025 . Petrova, Ada and Watson, Peter (1995). The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives . W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-03914-6 . Rosenberg, Steven (3 September 2009). "I was in Hitler's suicide bunker" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Ryan, Cornelius (1994) [1966]. The Last Battle . New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-439-12701-8 . Senn, David R. and Weems, Richard A. (2013). Manual of Forensic Odontology . Boca Raton: CRC Press . ISBN 978-1-439-85134-0 . Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . New York: Simon & Schuster. LCCN 60-6729 . Tkachenko, Maxim (11 December 2009). "Official: KGB chief ordered Hitler's remains destroyed" . CNN . Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Trevor-Roper, Hugh (2002) [1947]. The Last Days of Hitler (7th ed.). London: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-330-49060-3 . US Federal Bureau of Investigation (10 April 2011). "Adolf Hitler" . FBI Records: The Vault . Archived from the original on 10 April 2011 . Retrieved 8 January 2019 . Vinogradov, V. K.; Pogonyi, J. F.; Teptzov, N. V. (2005). Hitler's Death: Russia's Last Great Secret from the Files of the KGB . London: Chaucer Press. ISBN 978-1-904449-13-3 . Further reading Books Galante, Pierre; Silianoff, Eugene (1989). Voices From the Bunker . New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-3991-3404-3 . Gardner, Dave (2001). The Last of the Hitlers: The story of Adolf Hitler's British Nephew and the Amazing Pact to Make Sure his Genes Die Out . Worcester, UK: BMM. ISBN 978-0-9541544-0-0 . Lehmann, Armin D. (2004). In Hitler's Bunker: A Boy Soldier's Eyewitness Account of the Führer's Last Days . Guilford, CT: Lyon's Press. ISBN 978-1-59228-578-5 . Rzhevskaya, Elena (1965). Берлин, май 1945. Записки военного переводчика [ Berlin 1945: Memoirs of a Wartime Interpreter ] (in Russian). Waite, Robert G. L. (1993) [1977]. The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler . New York: DaCapo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80514-1 . Articles "Russia displays 'Hitler skull fragment' " . BBC News . 26 April 2000. Cosgrove, Ben (15 April 2014). "After the Fall: Photos of Hitler's Bunker and the Ruins of Berlin" . Life . Marchetti, Daniela; Boschi, Ilaria; Polacco, Matteo; Rainio, Juha (2005). "The Death of Adolf Hitler—Forensic Aspects" . Journal of Forensic Sciences . 50 (5): 1147– 1153. doi : 10.1520/JFS2004314 . PMID 16225223 . JFS2004314. Petrova, Ada; Watson, Peter (1995). "The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives" . The Washington Post . Sognnaes, Reidar F. ; Ström, Ferdinand (1973). "The odontological identification of Adolf Hitler" . Acta Odontologica Scandinavica . 31 (1): 47. doi : 10.3109/00016357309004612 . PMID 4575430 . v t e Adolf Hitler v t e Politics Führer Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Führer Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Events Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories conspiracy theories Places of residence Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Personal life Health possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Health possible monorchism possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Personal belongings Hitler's Globe Private library Hitler's Globe Private library Perceptions Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Family Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Other Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Category Category v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) v t e 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller Heinrich Müller Death of Adolf Hitler 1945 deaths 1945 suicides Adolf Hitler April 1945 in Europe Battle of Berlin Deaths by person in Germany Male suicides People declared dead in absentia Suicides by firearm in Germany Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles containing German-language text Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Good articles Use British English from November 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from August 2020 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French-language text CS1 maint: ref duplicates default CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list Commons category link from Wikidata CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) Pages using the Kartographer extension This page was last edited on 15 November 2025, at 15:13 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early years 2 Early reign 3 France and the Habsburgs 4 Marriages Toggle Marriages subsection 4.1 Annulment from Catherine 4.2 Marriage to Anne Boleyn 4.2.1 Execution of Anne Boleyn 4.3 Marriage to Jane Seymour; domestic and foreign affairs 4.4 Marriage to Anne of Cleves 4.5 Marriage to Catherine Howard (and fall of Thomas Cromwell) 4.6 Marriage to Catherine Parr 4.1 Annulment from Catherine 4.2 Marriage to Anne Boleyn 4.2.1 Execution of Anne Boleyn 4.2.1 Execution of Anne Boleyn 4.3 Marriage to Jane Seymour; domestic and foreign affairs 4.4 Marriage to Anne of Cleves 4.5 Marriage to Catherine Howard (and fall of Thomas Cromwell) 4.6 Marriage to Catherine Parr 5 Shrines destroyed and monasteries dissolved 6 Second invasion of France and the "Rough Wooing" of Scotland 7 Physical decline and death 8 Wives, mistresses, and children 9 Succession 10 Public image 11 Government Toggle Government subsection 11.1 Finances 11.2 Reformation 11.3 Military 11.4 Ireland 11.1 Finances 11.2 Reformation 11.3 Military 11.4 Ireland 12 Historiography 13 Style and arms 14 Genealogical tables 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References Toggle References subsection 17.1 Works cited 17.1 Works cited 18 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 18.1 Biographical 18.2 Scholarly studies 18.3 Historiography 18.4 Primary sources 18.1 Biographical 18.2 Scholarly studies 18.3 Historiography 18.4 Primary sources 19 External links Henry VIII Afrikaans Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ქართული کٲشُر Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lingua Franca Nova Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item Henry VIII Portrait of Henry VIII ( c. 1540–1547 ) King of England Lord / King of Ireland [ a ] ( more... ) Reign 22 April 1509 [ b ] – 28 January 1547 Coronation 24 June 1509 Predecessor Henry VII Successor Edward VI Born 28 June 1491 Palace of Placentia , Greenwich, England Died 28 January 1547 (aged 55) Palace of Whitehall , Westminster, England Burial 16 February 1547 St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle , Berkshire Spouses .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Catherine of Aragon ( m. .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} 1509 ; ann. 1533 ) [ c ] Anne Boleyn ( m. 1532 ; ann. 1536 ) [ d ] Jane Seymour ( m. 1536 ; died 1537 ) Anne of Cleves ( m. 1540 ; ann. 1540 ) Catherine Howard ( m. 1540 ; died 1542 ) Catherine Parr ( m. 1543 ) .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Issue more... Henry, Duke of Cornwall Mary I Elizabeth I Edward VI Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset ( ill. ) Henry, Duke of Cornwall Mary I Elizabeth I Edward VI Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset ( ill. ) House Tudor Father Henry VII of England Mother Elizabeth of York Religion Catholic (1491–1534) Church of England (1534–1547) Catholic (1491–1534) Church of England (1534–1547) Signature Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry was a dominant and forceful monarch. He is known for his six marriages and his efforts to have his first marriage, to Catherine of Aragon , annulled . His disagreement with Pope Clement VII about such an annulment led Henry to initiate the English Reformation , separating the Church of England from papal authority. He appointed himself Supreme Head of the Church of England and dissolved convents and monasteries , for which he was excommunicated by the pope. Born in Greenwich , Henry brought radical changes to the Constitution of England , expanding royal power and ushering in the theory of the divine right of kings in opposition to papal supremacy . He frequently used charges of treason and heresy to quell dissent, and those accused were often executed without a formal trial using bills of attainder . He achieved many of his political aims through his chief ministers, some of whom were banished or executed when they fell out of his favour. Thomas Wolsey , Thomas More , Thomas Cromwell , and Thomas Cranmer all figured prominently in his administration. Henry was an extravagant spender, using proceeds from the dissolution of the monasteries and acts of the Reformation Parliament . He converted money that was formerly paid to Rome into royal revenue. Despite the money from these sources, he was often on the verge of financial ruin due to personal extravagance and costly and largely unproductive wars, particularly with King Francis I of France , Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor , King James V of Scotland , and the Scottish regency under the Earl of Arran and Mary of Guise . He founded the Royal Navy , oversaw the annexation of Wales to England with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 , and was the first English monarch to rule as King of Ireland following the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 . Henry's contemporaries considered him an attractive, educated, and accomplished king. He has been described as "one of the most charismatic rulers to sit on the English throne" and his reign described as the "most important" in English history. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] He was an author and composer. As he aged, he became severely overweight and his health suffered, and was frequently characterised in his later life as a lustful, egotistical, paranoid, and tyrannical monarch. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] His third marriage to Jane Seymour did finally produce the son and heir he longed for and he was succeeded by Edward VI . Nonetheless, his daughters by his first and second wives, Mary , and then Elizabeth , later acceded to the throne in turn. Early years Henry was born on 28 June 1491 at the Palace of Placentia in Greenwich , Kent, the third child and second son of King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York . [ 9 ] Of the young Henry's six (or seven) siblings, only three – his brother Arthur, Prince of Wales , and sisters Margaret and Mary – survived infancy. [ 10 ] He was baptised by Richard Foxe , the Bishop of Exeter , at a church of the Observant Franciscans close to the palace. [ 11 ] In 1493, at the age of two, Henry was appointed Constable of Dover Castle and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports . He was subsequently appointed Earl Marshal of England and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland at age three and was made a Knight of the Bath soon after. The day after the ceremony, he was created Duke of York and a month or so later made Warden of the Scottish Marches . In May 1495, he was appointed to the Order of the Garter . The reason for giving such appointments to a small child was to enable his father to retain personal control of lucrative positions and not share them with established families. [ 11 ] As a child, Henry was placed under care of the "Lady Mistress" or royal governess Elizabeth, Lady Darcy and her successor Elizabeth Denton . [ 12 ] Not much is known about Henry's early life – save for his appointments – because he was not expected to become king, [ 11 ] but it is known that he received a first-rate education from leading tutors. He became fluent in Latin and French and learned at least some Italian. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] In November 1501, Henry played a considerable part in the ceremonies surrounding his brother Arthur's marriage to Catherine , the youngest child of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile . [ 15 ] As duke of York, Henry used the arms of his father as king, differenced by a label of three points ermine . He was further honoured on 9 February 1506 by Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I , who made him a Knight of the Golden Fleece . [ 16 ] In 1502, Arthur died at the age of 15, just 20 weeks after his marriage to Catherine of Aragon . [ 17 ] Arthur's death thrust all his duties upon his younger brother. The 10-year-old Henry became the new Duke of Cornwall , and the new Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester in February 1504. [ 18 ] Henry VII gave his second son few responsibilities even after the death of Arthur. Young Henry was strictly supervised and did not appear in public. As a result, he ascended the throne "untrained in the exacting art of kingship". [ 19 ] Henry VII renewed his efforts to seal a marital alliance between England and Spain, by offering his son Henry in marriage to the widowed Catherine. [ 17 ] Henry VII and Queen Isabella were both keen on the idea, which had arisen very shortly after Arthur's death. [ 20 ] On 23 June 1503, a treaty was signed for their marriage, and they were betrothed two days later. [ 21 ] A papal dispensation was only needed for the "impediment of public honesty" if the marriage had not been consummated as Catherine and her duenna claimed, but Henry VII and the Spanish ambassador set out instead to obtain a dispensation for " affinity ", which took account of the possibility of consummation. [ 21 ] Cohabitation was not possible because Henry was too young. [ 20 ] Isabella's death in 1504, and the ensuing problems of succession in Castile , complicated matters. Ferdinand II preferred Catherine to stay in England, but Henry VII's relations with Ferdinand had deteriorated. [ 22 ] Catherine was therefore left in limbo for some time, culminating in Prince Henry's rejection of the marriage as soon he was able, at the age of 14. Ferdinand's solution was to make his daughter ambassador, allowing her to stay in England indefinitely. Devout, she began to believe that it was God's will that she marry the Prince despite his opposition. [ 23 ] Early reign Henry VII died in April 1509, and the 17-year-old Henry succeeded him as king. [ 24 ] Soon after his father's burial on 10 May, Henry suddenly declared that he would indeed marry Catherine, leaving unresolved several issues concerning the papal dispensation and a missing part of the marriage portion . [ 21 ] [ 25 ] The new king maintained that it had been his father's dying wish that he marry Catherine. [ 23 ] Whether or not this was true, it was convenient. Emperor Maximilian I had been attempting to marry his granddaughter Eleanor , Catherine's niece, to Henry; she had now been jilted. [ 26 ] Henry's wedding to Catherine was modest and was held at the friars' church in Greenwich on 11 June 1509. [ 25 ] Henry claimed descent from Constantine the Great and King Arthur and saw himself as their successor. [ 27 ] On 23 June 1509, Henry led the now 23-year-old Catherine from the Tower of London to Westminster Abbey for their coronation , which took place the following day. [ 28 ] It was a grand affair: the King's passage was lined with tapestries and laid with fine cloth. [ 28 ] Following the ceremony, there was a grand banquet in Westminster Hall . [ 29 ] As Catherine wrote to her father, "our time is spent in continuous festival". [ 25 ] Two days after his coronation, Henry arrested his father's two most unpopular ministers, Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley . They were charged with high treason and were executed in 1510. Politically motivated executions would remain one of Henry's primary tactics for dealing with those who stood in his way. [ 9 ] Henry returned some of the money supposedly extorted by the two ministers. [ 30 ] By contrast, Henry's view of the House of York – potential rival claimants for the throne – was more moderate than his father's had been. Several who had been imprisoned by his father, including Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset , were pardoned. [ 31 ] Others went unreconciled; Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk , was eventually beheaded in 1513, an execution prompted by his brother Richard siding against the King. [ 32 ] Soon after marrying Henry, Catherine conceived. She gave birth to a stillborn girl on 31 January 1510. About four months later, Catherine again became pregnant. [ 33 ] On 1 January 1511, New Year's Day, a son Henry was born. After the grief of losing their first child, the couple were pleased to have a boy and festivities were held, [ 34 ] including a two-day joust known as the Westminster Tournament . However, the child died seven weeks later. [ 33 ] Catherine had two stillborn sons in 1513 and 1515, but gave birth in February 1516 to a girl, Mary . Relations between Henry and Catherine had been strained, but they eased slightly after Mary's birth. [ 35 ] Although Henry's marriage to Catherine has since been described as "unusually good", [ 36 ] it is known that Henry took mistresses. It was revealed in 1510 that Henry had been conducting an affair with one of the sisters of Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham , either Elizabeth or Anne Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon . [ 37 ] The most significant mistress for about three years, starting in 1516, was Elizabeth Blount . [ 35 ] Blount is one of only two completely undisputed mistresses, considered by some to be few for a virile young king. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Exactly how many Henry had is disputed: David Loades believes Henry had mistresses "only to a very limited extent", [ 39 ] whilst Alison Weir believes there were numerous other affairs. [ 40 ] Catherine is not known to have protested. In 1518, she fell pregnant again with another girl, who was also stillborn. [ 35 ] Blount gave birth in June 1519 to Henry's illegitimate son, Henry FitzRoy . [ 35 ] The young boy was made Duke of Richmond in June 1525 in what some thought was one step on the path to his eventual legitimisation. [ 41 ] FitzRoy married Mary Howard in 1533, but died childless three years later. [ 42 ] At the time of his death in July 1536, Parliament was considering the Second Succession Act , which could have allowed him to become king. [ 43 ] France and the Habsburgs In 1510, France , with a fragile alliance with the Holy Roman Empire in the League of Cambrai , was winning a war against Venice . Henry renewed his father's friendship with Louis XII of France , an issue that divided his council. Certainly, war with the combined might of the two powers would have been exceedingly difficult. [ 44 ] Shortly thereafter, however, Henry also signed a pact with Ferdinand II of Aragon. After Pope Julius II created the anti-French Holy League in October 1511, [ 44 ] Henry followed Ferdinand's lead and brought England into the new League. An initial joint Anglo-Spanish attack was planned for the spring to recover Aquitaine for England, the start of making Henry's dreams of ruling France a reality. [ 45 ] The attack, however, following a formal declaration of war in April 1512, was not led by Henry personally [ 46 ] and was a considerable failure; Ferdinand used it simply to further his own ends, and it strained the Anglo-Spanish alliance. Nevertheless, the French were pushed out of Italy soon after, and the alliance survived, with both parties keen to win further victories over the French. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Henry then pulled off a diplomatic coup by convincing Emperor Maximilian to join the Holy League. [ 48 ] Remarkably, Henry had secured the promised title of " Most Christian King of France" from Julius and possibly coronation by the Pope himself in Paris, if only Louis could be defeated. [ 49 ] On 30 June 1513, Henry invaded France, and his troops defeated a French army at the Battle of the Spurs – a relatively minor result, but one which was seized on by the English for propaganda purposes. Soon after, the English took Thérouanne (handing it over to Maximilian) [ 50 ] and Tournai , a more significant settlement, which it kept for five years before handing it back to the French. [ 51 ] Henry had led the army personally, complete with a large entourage. [ 52 ] His absence from the country, however, had prompted his brother-in-law James IV of Scotland to invade England at the behest of Louis. [ 53 ] Nevertheless, the English army, overseen by Queen Catherine, decisively defeated the Scots at the Battle of Flodden on 9 September 1513. [ 54 ] Among the dead was the Scottish king, thus ending Scotland 's brief involvement in the war. [ 54 ] These campaigns had given Henry a taste of the military success he so desired. However, despite initial indications, he decided not to pursue a 1514 campaign. He had been supporting Ferdinand and Maximilian financially during the campaign but had received little in return; England's coffers were now empty. [ 55 ] With the replacement of Julius by Pope Leo X , who was inclined to negotiate for peace with France, Henry signed his own treaty with Louis: his sister Mary would become Louis's wife, having previously been pledged to the younger Charles, and peace was secured for eight years, a remarkably long time. [ 56 ] Charles V , the nephew of Henry's wife Catherine, inherited a large empire in Europe, becoming king of Spain in 1516 and Holy Roman Emperor in 1519. When Louis XII of France died in 1515, he was succeeded by his cousin Francis I . [ 57 ] These accessions left three relatively young rulers and an opportunity for a clean slate. The careful diplomacy of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey had resulted in the Treaty of London (1518) , aimed at uniting the kingdoms of western Europe in the wake of a new Ottoman threat, and it seemed that peace might be secured. [ 58 ] Henry met King Francis on 7 June 1520 at the Field of the Cloth of Gold near Calais for a fortnight of lavish entertainment. Both hoped for friendly relations in place of the wars of the previous decade. The strong air of competition laid to rest any hopes of a renewal of the Treaty of London, however, and conflict was inevitable. [ 58 ] Henry had more in common with Charles, whom he met once before and once after Francis. Charles brought his realms into war with France in 1521; Henry offered to mediate, but little was achieved and by the end of the year Henry had aligned England with Charles. He still clung to his previous aim of restoring English lands in France but sought to secure an alliance with the Netherlands , then a territorial possession of Charles, and the continued support of the Emperor. [ 59 ] A small English attack in the north of France made up little ground. Charles defeated and captured Francis at Pavia and could dictate peace, but he believed he owed Henry nothing. Sensing this, Henry decided to take England out of the war before his ally, signing the Treaty of the More on 30 August 1525. [ 60 ] Marriages .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Family tree of the wives of Henry VIII v t e King Henry VIII , both of his parents, and all six of his wives were related through a common ancestor, King Edward I of England . [ 61 ] See also: Mistresses of Henry VIII 1239–1307 Edward I King of England r. 1272–1307 b. 1275 Margaret Duchess of Brabant c. 1282 –1316 Elizabeth Countess of Hereford 1284–1327 Edward II King of England r. 1307–1327 1300–1355 John III Duke of Brabant 1312–1360 William de Bohun Earl of Northampton 1312–1377 Edward III King of England r. 1327–1377 1323–1380 Margaret of Brabant Countess of Flanders 1338–1368 Lionel of Antwerp Duke of Clarence 1341–1402 Edmund of Langley Duke of York 1340–1399 John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster 1350–1405 Margaret III Countess of Flanders [ 62 ] c. 1350 –1385 Elizabeth Fitzalan Countess of Arundel 1355–1382 Philippa Countess of Ulster 1371–1419 John Duke of Burgundy 1366–1425 Elizabeth Fitzalan Duchess of Norfolk 1371–1417 Elizabeth Mortimer 1374–1398 Roger Mortimer Earl of March c. 1371 –1410 John Beaufort Earl of Somerset 1373–1418 Catherine Queen of Castile c. 1379 –1440 Joan Beaufort Countess of Westmorland 1393–1466 Mary Duchess of Cleves b. 1388 Margaret de Mowbray c. 1395 –1436 Elizabeth Baroness de Clifford 1388– c. 1411 Anne de Mortimer 1385–1415 Richard of Conisburgh Earl of Cambridge 1404–1444 John Beaufort Duke of Somerset 1405–1454 John II King of Castile 1400–1460 Richard Neville Earl of Salisbury 1419–1481 John I Duke of Cleves c. 1425 –1485 John Howard Duke of Norfolk Mary Clifford 1411–1460 Richard Duke of York b. c. 1430 Alice Neville Baroness FitzHugh 1458–1521 John II Duke of Cleves 1443–1524 Thomas Howard Duke of Norfolk c. 1448 –1499/1501 Henry Wentworth 1442–1483 Edward IV King of England r. 1461–1470 r. 1470–1483 1441/43–1509 Margaret Beaufort 1451–1504 Isabella I Queen of Castile c. 1455/1465 –bef. 1507 Elizabeth FitzHugh 1490–1538/1539 John III Duke of Cleves [ 63 ] c. 1478 –1539 Edmund Howard c. 1480 –1538 Elizabeth Boleyn Countess of Wiltshire c. 1478 –1550 Margery Wentworth 1466–1503 Elizabeth of York 1457–1509 Henry VII King of England r. 1485–1509 c. 1483 –1517 Thomas Parr 1515–1557 Anne of Cleves 4th wife: 1540 c. 1524–1542 Catherine Howard 5th wife: 1540–1542 c. 1507 –1536 Anne Boleyn 2nd wife: 1533–1536 c. 1508 –1537 Jane Seymour 3rd wife: 1536–1537 1491–1547 Henry VIII King of England r. 1509–1547 1485–1536 Catherine of Aragon 1st wife: 1509–1533 1512–1548 Catherine Parr 6th wife: 1543–1547 1533–1603 Elizabeth I Queen of England r. 1558–1603 1537–1553 Edward VI King of England r. 1547–1553 1516–1558 Mary I Queen of England r. 1553–1558 King Henry VIII , both of his parents, and all six of his wives were related through a common ancestor, King Edward I of England . [ 61 ] See also: Mistresses of Henry VIII 1239–1307 Edward I King of England r. 1272–1307 b. 1275 Margaret Duchess of Brabant c. 1282 –1316 Elizabeth Countess of Hereford 1284–1327 Edward II King of England r. 1307–1327 1300–1355 John III Duke of Brabant 1312–1360 William de Bohun Earl of Northampton 1312–1377 Edward III King of England r. 1327–1377 1323–1380 Margaret of Brabant Countess of Flanders 1338–1368 Lionel of Antwerp Duke of Clarence 1341–1402 Edmund of Langley Duke of York 1340–1399 John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster 1350–1405 Margaret III Countess of Flanders [ 62 ] c. 1350 –1385 Elizabeth Fitzalan Countess of Arundel 1355–1382 Philippa Countess of Ulster 1371–1419 John Duke of Burgundy 1366–1425 Elizabeth Fitzalan Duchess of Norfolk 1371–1417 Elizabeth Mortimer 1374–1398 Roger Mortimer Earl of March c. 1371 –1410 John Beaufort Earl of Somerset 1373–1418 Catherine Queen of Castile c. 1379 –1440 Joan Beaufort Countess of Westmorland 1393–1466 Mary Duchess of Cleves b. 1388 Margaret de Mowbray c. 1395 –1436 Elizabeth Baroness de Clifford 1388– c. 1411 Anne de Mortimer 1385–1415 Richard of Conisburgh Earl of Cambridge 1404–1444 John Beaufort Duke of Somerset 1405–1454 John II King of Castile 1400–1460 Richard Neville Earl of Salisbury 1419–1481 John I Duke of Cleves c. 1425 –1485 John Howard Duke of Norfolk Mary Clifford 1411–1460 Richard Duke of York b. c. 1430 Alice Neville Baroness FitzHugh 1458–1521 John II Duke of Cleves 1443–1524 Thomas Howard Duke of Norfolk c. 1448 –1499/1501 Henry Wentworth 1442–1483 Edward IV King of England r. 1461–1470 r. 1470–1483 1441/43–1509 Margaret Beaufort 1451–1504 Isabella I Queen of Castile c. 1455/1465 –bef. 1507 Elizabeth FitzHugh 1490–1538/1539 John III Duke of Cleves [ 63 ] c. 1478 –1539 Edmund Howard c. 1480 –1538 Elizabeth Boleyn Countess of Wiltshire c. 1478 –1550 Margery Wentworth 1466–1503 Elizabeth of York 1457–1509 Henry VII King of England r. 1485–1509 c. 1483 –1517 Thomas Parr 1515–1557 Anne of Cleves 4th wife: 1540 c. 1524–1542 Catherine Howard 5th wife: 1540–1542 c. 1507 –1536 Anne Boleyn 2nd wife: 1533–1536 c. 1508 –1537 Jane Seymour 3rd wife: 1536–1537 1491–1547 Henry VIII King of England r. 1509–1547 1485–1536 Catherine of Aragon 1st wife: 1509–1533 1512–1548 Catherine Parr 6th wife: 1543–1547 1533–1603 Elizabeth I Queen of England r. 1558–1603 1537–1553 Edward VI King of England r. 1547–1553 1516–1558 Mary I Queen of England r. 1553–1558 Annulment from Catherine During his marriage to Catherine of Aragon , Henry conducted an affair with Mary Boleyn , Catherine's lady-in-waiting . There has been speculation that Mary's two children, Henry Carey and Catherine Carey , were fathered by Henry but this has never been proven. King Henry never acknowledged them as he did in the case of Henry FitzRoy . [ 64 ] In 1525, as Henry grew more impatient with Catherine's inability to produce the male heir he desired, [ 65 ] [ 66 ] he became enamoured with Mary Boleyn's sister, Anne Boleyn , then a charismatic young woman of 25 in the Queen's entourage. [ 67 ] Anne, however, resisted his attempts to seduce her, and refused to become his mistress as her sister had. [ 68 ] [ e ] It was in this context that Henry considered his three options for finding a dynastic successor and hence resolving what came to be described at court as the King's "great matter" . These options were legitimising Henry FitzRoy, which would need the involvement of the Pope and would be open to challenge; marrying off Mary, his daughter with Catherine, as soon as possible and hoping for a grandson to inherit directly, but Mary was considered unlikely to conceive before Henry's death, or somehow rejecting Catherine and marrying someone else of child-bearing age. Probably seeing the possibility of marrying Anne, the third was ultimately the most attractive possibility to the 34-year-old Henry, [ 70 ] and it soon became the King's absorbing desire to annul his marriage to the now 40-year-old Catherine. [ 71 ] Henry's precise motivations and intentions over the coming years are not widely agreed on. [ 72 ] Henry himself, at least in the early part of his reign, was a devout and well-informed Catholic to the extent that his 1521 publication Assertio Septem Sacramentorum ("Defence of the Seven Sacraments") earned him the title of Fidei Defensor (Defender of the Faith) from Pope Leo X. [ 73 ] The work represented a staunch defence of papal supremacy, albeit one couched in somewhat contingent terms. [ 73 ] It is not clear exactly when Henry changed his mind on the issue as he grew more intent on a second marriage. Certainly, by 1527, he had convinced himself that Catherine had produced no male heir because their union was "blighted in the eyes of God". [ 74 ] Indeed, in marrying Catherine, his brother's wife, he had acted contrary to Leviticus 20:21, a justification Thomas Cranmer used to declare the marriage null. [ 75 ] [ f ] Martin Luther , on the other hand, had initially argued against the annulment, stating that Henry VIII could take a second wife in accordance with his teaching that the Bible allowed for polygamy but not divorce . [ 75 ] Henry now believed the Pope had lacked the authority to grant a dispensation from this impediment. It was this argument Henry took to Pope Clement VII in 1527 in the hope of having his marriage to Catherine annulled, forgoing at least one less openly defiant line of attack. [ 72 ] In going public, all hope of tempting Catherine to retire to a nunnery or otherwise stay quiet was lost. [ 76 ] Henry sent his secretary, William Knight , to appeal directly to the Holy See by way of a deceptively worded draft papal bull. Knight was unsuccessful; the Pope could not be misled so easily. [ 77 ] Other missions concentrated on arranging an ecclesiastical court to meet in England, with a representative from Clement VII. Although Clement agreed to the creation of such a court, he never had any intention of empowering his legate, Lorenzo Campeggio , to decide in Henry's favour. [ 77 ] This bias was perhaps the result of pressure from Emperor Charles V, but it is not clear how far this influenced either Campeggio or the Pope. After less than two months of hearing evidence, Clement called the case back to Rome in July 1529, from which it was clear that it would never re-emerge. [ 77 ] With the chance for an annulment lost, Cardinal Wolsey bore the blame. He was charged with praemunire in October 1529, [ 78 ] and his fall from grace was "sudden and total". [ 77 ] Briefly reconciled with Henry (and officially pardoned) in the first half of 1530, he was charged once more in November 1530, this time for treason, but died while awaiting trial. [ 77 ] [ 79 ] After a short period in which Henry took government upon his own shoulders, [ 80 ] Thomas More took on the role of Lord Chancellor and chief minister. Intelligent and able, but a devout Catholic and opponent of the annulment, [ 81 ] More initially cooperated with the King's new policy, denouncing Wolsey in Parliament. [ 82 ] A year later, Catherine was banished from court, and her rooms were given to Anne Boleyn. Anne was an unusually educated and intellectual woman for her time and was keenly absorbed and engaged with the ideas of the Protestant Reformers, but the extent to which she herself was a committed Protestant is much debated. [ 69 ] When Archbishop of Canterbury William Warham died, Anne's influence and the need to find a trustworthy supporter of the annulment had Thomas Cranmer appointed to the vacant position. [ 81 ] This was approved by the Pope, unaware of the King's nascent plans for the Church. [ 83 ] Marriage to Anne Boleyn In the winter of 1532, Henry met with Francis I at Calais and enlisted Francis's support for his new marriage. [ 84 ] Immediately upon returning to Dover in England, Henry, now 41, and Anne went through a secret wedding service. [ 85 ] She soon became pregnant, and there was a second wedding service in London on 25 January 1533. On 23 May 1533, Cranmer, sitting in judgment at a special court convened at Dunstable Priory to rule on the validity of the King's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, declared the marriage of Henry and Catherine null and void. Five days later, on 28 May 1533, Cranmer declared the marriage of Henry and Anne to be valid. [ 86 ] Catherine was formally stripped of her title as queen, becoming instead "princess dowager" as the widow of Arthur. In her place, Anne was crowned queen on 1 June 1533. [ 87 ] The Queen gave birth to a daughter slightly prematurely on 7 September 1533. The child was christened Elizabeth , in honour of Henry's mother, Elizabeth of York. [ 88 ] Following the marriage, there was a period of consolidation, taking the form of a series of statutes of the Reformation Parliament aimed at finding solutions to any remaining issues, whilst protecting the new reforms from challenge, convincing the public of their legitimacy, and exposing and dealing with opponents. [ 89 ] Although the canon law was dealt with at length by Cranmer and others, these acts were advanced by Thomas Cromwell , Thomas Audley and Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk and indeed by Henry himself. [ 90 ] With this process complete, in May 1532 More resigned as Lord Chancellor, leaving Cromwell as Henry's chief minister. [ 91 ] With the Act of Succession 1533 , Catherine's daughter, Mary, was declared illegitimate; Henry's marriage to Anne was declared legitimate; and Anne's issue declared to be next in the line of succession. [ 92 ] With the Acts of Supremacy in 1534, Parliament recognised the King's status as head of the church in England and, together with the Act in Restraint of Appeals in 1532, abolished the right of appeal to Rome. [ 93 ] It was only then that Pope Clement VII took the step of excommunicating the King and Cranmer, although the excommunication was not made official until some time later. [ g ] The King and Queen were not pleased with married life. They enjoyed periods of calm and affection, but Anne refused to play the submissive role expected of her. The vivacity and opinionated intellect that had made her so attractive as an illicit lover made her too independent for the largely ceremonial role of a royal wife and it made her many enemies. For his part, Henry disliked Anne's constant irritability and violent temper. After a false pregnancy or miscarriage in 1534, he saw her failure to give him a son as a betrayal. As early as Christmas 1534, Henry was discussing with Cranmer and Cromwell the chances of leaving Anne without having to return to Catherine. [ 100 ] Henry is traditionally believed to have had an affair with Madge Shelton in 1535, although historian Antonia Fraser argues that Henry in fact had an affair with her sister Mary Shelton . [ 38 ] Opposition to Henry's religious policies was at first quickly suppressed in England. Some dissenting monks, including the first Carthusian Martyrs , were executed and many more pilloried . The most prominent resisters included John Fisher , Bishop of Rochester, and Thomas More, both of whom refused to take the Oath of Supremacy to the King. [ 101 ] Neither Henry nor Cromwell sought at that stage to have the men executed; rather, they hoped that the two might change their minds and save themselves. Fisher openly rejected Henry as the Supreme Head of the Church, but More was careful to avoid openly breaking the Treasons Act 1534 , which (unlike later acts) did not forbid mere silence. Both men were subsequently convicted of high treason, however – More on the evidence of a single conversation with Richard Rich , the Solicitor General – and both were executed in the summer of 1535. [ 101 ] These suppressions, as well as the Suppression of Religious Houses Act 1535 , in turn, contributed to a more general resistance to Henry's reforms, most notably in the Pilgrimage of Grace , a large uprising in northern England in October 1536. [ 102 ] Some 20,000 to 40,000 rebels were led by Robert Aske , together with parts of the northern nobility. [ 103 ] Henry VIII promised the rebels he would pardon them and thanked them for raising the issues. Aske told the rebels they had been successful and they could disperse and go home. [ 104 ] Henry saw the rebels as traitors and did not feel obliged to keep his promises to them, so when further violence occurred after Henry's offer of a pardon he was quick to break his promise of clemency. [ 105 ] The leaders, including Aske, were arrested and executed for treason. In total, about 200 rebels were executed, and the disturbances ended. [ 106 ] Execution of Anne Boleyn On 8 January 1536, news reached the King and Queen that Catherine of Aragon had died. The following day, Henry dressed all in yellow, with a white feather in his bonnet. [ 107 ] Queen Anne was pregnant again, and she was aware that there might be consequences if she failed to give birth to a son. Later that month, the King was thrown from his horse in a tournament and was badly injured; it seemed for a time that his life was in danger. When news of this accident reached the Queen, she was sent into shock and miscarried a male child at about 15 weeks' gestation, on the day of Catherine's funeral, 29 January 1536. [ 108 ] For most observers, this personal loss was the beginning of the end of this royal marriage. [ 109 ] Although the Boleyn family still held important positions on the Privy Council , Anne had many enemies, including Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk . Even her own uncle, the Duke of Norfolk, had come to resent her attitude to her power. The Boleyns preferred France over the Emperor as a potential ally, but the King's favour had swung towards the latter (partly because of Cromwell), damaging the family's influence. [ 110 ] Also opposed to Anne were supporters of reconciliation with Princess Mary (among them the former supporters of Catherine), who had reached maturity. A second annulment was now a real possibility, although it is commonly believed that it was Cromwell's anti-Boleyn influence that led opponents to look for a way of having her executed. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] Anne's downfall came shortly after she had recovered from her final miscarriage. Whether it was primarily the result of allegations of conspiracy, adultery, or witchcraft remains a matter of debate among historians. [ 69 ] Early signs of a fall from grace included the King's new mistress, the 28-year-old Jane Seymour , being moved into new quarters, [ 113 ] and Anne's brother, George Boleyn , being refused the Order of the Garter , which was instead given to Nicholas Carew . [ 114 ] Between 30 April and 2 May, five men, including George Boleyn, were arrested on charges of treasonable adultery and accused of having sexual relationships with the Queen. Anne was arrested, accused of treasonous adultery and incest. Although the evidence against them was unconvincing, the accused were found guilty and condemned to death. On 17 May 1536, Henry and Anne's marriage was annulled by Archbishop Cranmer at Lambeth Palace and the accused men were executed. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] Cranmer appears to have had difficulty finding grounds for an annulment and probably based it on the prior liaison between Henry and Anne's sister Mary, which in canon law meant that Henry's marriage to Anne was, like his first marriage, within a forbidden degree of affinity and therefore void. [ 117 ] At 8 am on 19 May 1536, Anne was executed on Tower Green . [ 118 ] Marriage to Jane Seymour; domestic and foreign affairs The day after Anne's execution, the 45-year-old Henry became engaged to Seymour, who had been one of the Queen's ladies-in-waiting . They were married ten days later [ 119 ] at the Palace of Whitehall , Whitehall , London, in Anne's closet, by Stephen Gardiner , Bishop of Winchester . [ 120 ] With Charles V distracted by the internal politics of his many kingdoms and external threats, and Henry and Francis on relatively good terms, domestic and not foreign policy issues had been Henry's priority in the first half of the 1530s. In 1536, for example, Henry granted his assent to the Laws in Wales Act 1535 , which legally annexed Wales , uniting England and Wales into a single nation. This was followed by the Second Succession Act (the Succession to the Crown Act 1536), which declared Henry's children by Jane to be next in the line of succession and declared both Mary and Elizabeth illegitimate, thus excluding them from the throne. The King was granted the power to further determine the line of succession in his will, should he have no further issue. [ 121 ] On 12 October 1537, Jane gave birth to a son, Prince Edward, the future Edward VI . [ 122 ] The birth was difficult, and Queen Jane died on 24 October 1537 from an infection and was buried in Windsor. [ 123 ] The euphoria that had accompanied Edward's birth became sorrow, but it was only over time that Henry came to long for his wife. At the time, Henry recovered quickly from the shock. [ 124 ] Measures were immediately put in place to find another wife for Henry, which, at the insistence of Cromwell and the Privy Council, were focused on the European continent. [ 125 ] In 1538, as part of the negotiation of a secret treaty by Cromwell with Charles V, a series of dynastic marriages were proposed: Mary would marry a son of King John III of Portugal , Elizabeth would marry one of the sons of King Ferdinand I of Hungary and the infant Edward would marry one of Charles's daughters. It was suggested the widowed Henry might marry Christina, Dowager Duchess of Milan . [ 126 ] However, when Charles and Francis made peace in January 1539, Henry became increasingly paranoid, perhaps as a result of receiving a constant list of threats to the kingdom (real or imaginary, minor or serious) supplied by Cromwell in his role as spymaster. [ 127 ] Enriched by the dissolution of the monasteries, Henry used some of his financial reserves to build a series of coastal defences and set some aside for use in the event of a Franco-German invasion. [ 128 ] Marriage to Anne of Cleves Having considered the matter, Cromwell suggested Anne , the 25-year-old sister of William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg , who was seen as an important ally in case of a Roman Catholic attack on England, for the Duke fell between Lutheranism and Catholicism . [ 129 ] Other potential brides included Christina of Denmark, Anna of Lorraine , Louise of Guise and Amalia of Cleves . Hans Holbein the Younger was dispatched to Cleves to paint a portrait of Anne for the King. [ 130 ] Despite speculation that Holbein painted her in an overly flattering light, it is more likely that the portrait was accurate; Holbein remained in favour at court. [ 131 ] After seeing Holbein's portrait, and urged on by the complimentary description of Anne given by his courtiers, the 49-year-old King agreed to wed Anne. [ 132 ] When Henry met Anne, however, he was much displeased with her appearance. The King was reportedly taken aback and told his courtiers "I promise you, I see no such thing as hath been shown me of her, by pictures and report. I am ashamed that men have praised her as they have done, and I love her not!" [ 40 ] Despite his protests, Henry knew that the situation was too far gone and he would have to wed his bride. The marriage took place in January 1540, but it was never consummated. The morning after their wedding night, Henry complained about his new wife to Cromwell, stating: [ 133 ] Surely, my lord, I liked her before not well, but now I like her much worse! She is nothing fair, and have very evil smells about her. I took her to be no maid by reason of the closeness of her breasts and other tokens, which, when I felt them, strake me so to the heart, that I had neither will nor courage to prove the rest. I can have none appetite for displeasant airs. I have left her as good a maid as I found her. Surely, my lord, I liked her before not well, but now I like her much worse! She is nothing fair, and have very evil smells about her. I took her to be no maid by reason of the closeness of her breasts and other tokens, which, when I felt them, strake me so to the heart, that I had neither will nor courage to prove the rest. I can have none appetite for displeasant airs. I have left her as good a maid as I found her. Henry wished to annul the marriage as soon as possible so he could marry another. [ 134 ] [ 135 ] Anne did not argue, and confirmed that the marriage had never been consummated. [ 136 ] Anne's previous betrothal to Francis of Lorraine provided further grounds for the annulment. [ 137 ] The marriage was subsequently dissolved in July 1540, and Anne received the title of "The King's Sister", two houses, and a generous allowance. [ 136 ] Marriage to Catherine Howard (and fall of Thomas Cromwell) It was soon clear that Henry had fallen for the 17-year-old Catherine Howard , the Duke of Norfolk's niece. This worried Cromwell, for Norfolk was his political opponent. [ 138 ] Shortly after, the religious reformers (and protégés of Cromwell) Robert Barnes , William Jerome and Thomas Garret were burned as heretics. [ 136 ] Cromwell, meanwhile, fell out of favour although it is unclear exactly why, for there is little evidence of differences in domestic or foreign policy. Despite his role, he was never formally accused of being responsible for Henry's failed marriage. [ 139 ] Cromwell was now surrounded by enemies at court, with Norfolk also able to draw on his niece Catherine's position. [ 138 ] Cromwell was charged with treason, selling export licences, granting passports, and drawing up commissions without permission, and may also have been blamed for the failure of the foreign policy that accompanied the attempted marriage to Anne. [ 140 ] [ 141 ] He was subsequently attainted and beheaded. [ 139 ] On 28 July 1540 (the same day Cromwell was executed), Henry married the young Catherine Howard, a first cousin and lady-in-waiting of Anne Boleyn. [ 142 ] He was delighted with his new queen and awarded her the lands of Cromwell and a vast array of jewellery. [ 143 ] Soon after the marriage, however, Queen Catherine had an affair with the courtier Thomas Culpeper . She also employed Francis Dereham , who had previously been informally engaged to her and had an affair with her prior to her marriage, as her secretary. The Privy Council was informed of her affair with Dereham whilst Henry was away; Thomas Cranmer was dispatched to investigate, and he brought evidence of Queen Catherine's previous affair with Dereham to the King's notice. [ 144 ] Though Henry originally refused to believe the allegations, Dereham confessed. It took another meeting of the council, however, before Henry believed the accusations against Dereham and went into a rage, blaming the council before consoling himself in hunting. [ 145 ] When questioned, the Queen could have admitted a prior contract to marry Dereham, which would have made her subsequent marriage to Henry invalid, but she instead claimed that Dereham had forced her to enter into an adulterous relationship. Dereham, meanwhile, exposed Catherine's relationship with Culpeper. Culpeper and Dereham were both executed, and Catherine too was beheaded on 13 February 1542. [ 146 ] Marriage to Catherine Parr Henry married his last wife, the wealthy widow Catherine Parr , in July 1543. [ 147 ] A reformer at heart, she argued with Henry over religion. Henry remained committed to an idiosyncratic mixture of Catholicism and Protestantism; the reactionary mood that had gained ground after Cromwell's fall had neither eliminated his Protestant streak nor been overcome by it. [ 148 ] Parr helped reconcile Henry with his daughters, Mary and Elizabeth. [ 149 ] In 1543, the Third Succession Act put them back in the line of succession after Edward. The same act allowed Henry to determine further succession to the throne in his will. [ 150 ] Shrines destroyed and monasteries dissolved In 1538, the chief minister Thomas Cromwell pursued an extensive campaign against what the government termed "idolatry" practised under the old religion, culminating in September with the dismantling of the shrine of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral . As a consequence, the King was excommunicated by Pope Paul III on 17 December of the same year. [ 98 ] In 1540, Henry sanctioned the complete destruction of shrines to saints. In 1542, England's remaining monasteries were all dissolved, and their property transferred to the Crown. Abbots and priors lost their seats in the House of Lords . Consequently, the Lords Spiritual – as members of the clergy with seats in the House of Lords were known – were for the first time outnumbered by the Lords Temporal . [ 151 ] Second invasion of France and the "Rough Wooing" of Scotland The 1539 alliance between Francis and Charles had soured, eventually degenerating into renewed war. With Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn dead, relations between Charles and Henry improved considerably, and Henry concluded a secret alliance with the Emperor and decided to enter the Italian War in favour of his new ally. An invasion of France was planned for 1543. [ 152 ] In preparation for it, Henry moved to eliminate the potential threat of Scotland under his young nephew, James V . The Scots were defeated at the Battle of Solway Moss on 24 November 1542, [ 153 ] and James died on 15 December. Henry now hoped to unite the crowns of England and Scotland by marrying his son Edward to James's successor, Mary . The Scottish regent Lord Arran agreed to the marriage in the Treaty of Greenwich on 1 July 1543, but it was rejected by the Parliament of Scotland on 11 December. The result was eight years of war between England and Scotland, a campaign later dubbed "the Rough Wooing ". Despite several peace treaties, unrest continued in Scotland until Henry's death. [ 154 ] [ 155 ] [ 156 ] Despite the early success with Scotland, Henry hesitated to invade France, annoying Charles. Henry finally went to France in June 1544 with a two-pronged attack. One force under Norfolk ineffectively besieged Montreuil . The other, under Suffolk, laid siege to Boulogne . Henry later took personal command, and Boulogne fell on 18 September 1544. [ 157 ] [ 154 ] However, Henry had refused Charles's request to march against Paris. Charles's own campaign fizzled, and he made peace with France that same day. [ 155 ] Henry was left alone against France, unable to make peace. Francis attempted to invade England in the summer of 1545 but his forces reached only the Isle of Wight before being repulsed in the Battle of the Solent . Financially exhausted, France and England signed the Treaty of Camp on 7 June 1546. Henry secured Boulogne for eight years. The city was then to be returned to France for 2 million crowns (£750,000). Henry needed the money; the 1544 campaign had cost £650,000, and England was once again facing bankruptcy. [ 155 ] Physical decline and death Late in life, Henry became obese , with a waist measurement of 54 inches (140 cm), and had to be moved about with the help of mechanical devices. He was covered with painful, pus -filled boils and possibly had gout . His obesity and other medical problems can be traced to the jousting accident on 24 January 1536 in which he suffered a leg wound. The accident reopened and aggravated an injury he had sustained years earlier, to the extent that his doctors found it difficult to treat. [ 158 ] The chronic wound festered for the remainder of his life and became ulcerated , preventing him from maintaining the level of physical activity he had previously enjoyed. The jousting accident is also believed to have caused Henry's mood swings , which may have had a dramatic effect on his personality and temperament. [ 159 ] [ 160 ] [ 161 ] The theory that Henry had syphilis has been dismissed by most historians. [ 162 ] [ 163 ] Historian Susan Maclean Kybett ascribes his death to scurvy , which is caused by insufficient vitamin C most often due to a lack of fresh fruit and vegetables in one's diet. [ 164 ] A 2010 study suggests Henry may have been of Kell-positive blood type to explain both his physical and mental deterioration, being consistent with some symptoms of the McLeod syndrome , and the high mortality in the pregnancies attributed to him. [ 165 ] [ 166 ] Henry's obesity hastened his death at the age of 55, on 28 January 1547 at the Palace of Whitehall , on what would have been his father's 90th birthday. The tomb he had planned (with components taken from the tomb intended for Cardinal Wolsey) was only partly constructed and was never completed (the sarcophagus and its base were later removed and used for Lord Nelson 's tomb in the crypt of St Paul's Cathedral ). [ 167 ] Henry was interred in a vault at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle , next to Jane Seymour. [ 168 ] Over 100 years later, King Charles I (ruled 1625–1649) was buried in the same vault. [ 169 ] Wives, mistresses, and children Name Birth Death Notes By Catherine of Aragon (married Palace of Placentia 11 June 1509; annulled 23 May 1533 [ c ] ) Unnamed daughter 31 January 1510 stillborn Henry, Duke of Cornwall 1 January 1511 22 February 1511 died aged almost two months Unnamed son 17 September 1513 died shortly after birth Unnamed son November 1514 [ 170 ] died shortly after birth Queen Mary I 18 February 1516 17 November 1558 married Philip II of Spain in 1554; no issue Unnamed daughter 10 November 1518 stillborn in the 8th month of pregnancy [ 171 ] or lived at least one week By Elizabeth Blount (mistress; bore the only illegitimate child Henry VIII acknowledged as his) Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset 15 June 1519 23 July 1536 illegitimate; acknowledged by Henry VIII in 1525; no issue By Anne Boleyn (married Dover 14 November 1532, and then again Westminster Abbey 25 January 1533; annulled 17 May 1536) beheaded 19 May 1536 Queen Elizabeth I 7 September 1533 24 March 1603 never married; no issue Unnamed child Summer 1534 [ 172 ] miscarriage or false pregnancy [ h ] Unnamed child 1535 Possible miscarriage [ i ] Unnamed son 29 January 1536 miscarriage of a child, believed male, [ j ] in the fourth month of pregnancy [ 173 ] By Jane Seymour (married Palace of Whitehall 30 May 1536) died 24 October 1537 King Edward VI 12 October 1537 6 July 1553 died unmarried, age 15; no issue By Anne of Cleves (married Palace of Placentia 6 January 1540) annulled 9 July 1540 no issue By Catherine Howard (married Oatlands Palace 28 July 1540; annulled 23 November 1541) beheaded 13 February 1542 no issue By Catherine Parr (married Hampton Court Palace 12 July 1543) Henry VIII died 28 January 1547 no issue Succession Upon Henry's death, he was succeeded by his only surviving son, Edward VI. Since Edward was then only nine years old, he could not rule directly. Instead, Henry's will designated 16 executors to serve on a regency council until Edward reached 18. The executors chose Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford , elder brother to Jane Seymour (Edward's mother), to be Lord Protector of the Realm. Under provisions of the will, if Edward died childless, the throne was to pass to Mary, Henry VIII's daughter by Catherine of Aragon, and her heirs. If Mary's issue failed, the crown was to go to Elizabeth, Henry's daughter by Anne Boleyn, and her heirs. Finally, if Elizabeth's line became extinct, the crown was to be inherited by the descendants of Henry VIII's deceased younger sister, Mary, the Greys . The descendants of Henry's sister Margaret Tudor – the Stuarts , rulers of Scotland – were thereby excluded from the succession. [ 174 ] This provision ultimately failed when James VI of Scotland , Margaret's great-grandson, became king of England and Ireland in 1603. Edward VI himself would disregard the will and name Jane Grey his successor. Public image Henry cultivated the image of a Renaissance man , and his court was a centre of scholarly and artistic innovation and glamorous excess, epitomised by the Field of the Cloth of Gold . He scouted the country for choirboys, taking some directly from Wolsey's choir, and introduced Renaissance music into court. [ citation needed ] Musicians included Benedict de Opitiis, Richard Sampson , Ambrose Lupo , and Venetian organist Dionisio Memo, [ 175 ] and Henry himself played and kept a considerable collection of flute instruments including recorders . [ 176 ] He was skilled on the lute and played the organ, and was a talented player of the virginals . [ 175 ] He could also sightread music and sing well. [ 175 ] He was an accomplished musician, author, and poet; his best-known work is " Pastime with Good Company " ("The Kynges Ballade"). [ 177 ] It is also frequently said that Henry wrote the sixteenth-century English folk song " Greensleeves ". However, it is certain he did not, as "Greensleeves" is based on an Italian style of composition that did not reach England until after Henry's death. [ 178 ] Henry was an avid gambler and dice player, and excelled at sports, especially jousting, hunting and real tennis . He was also known for his strong defence of conventional Christian piety. [ 10 ] He was involved in the construction and improvement of several significant buildings, including Nonsuch Palace , King's College Chapel, Cambridge , and Westminster Abbey in London. Many of the existing buildings which he improved were properties confiscated from Wolsey, such as Christ Church, Oxford , Hampton Court Palace , the Palace of Whitehall and Trinity College, Cambridge . Henry was an intellectual, the first English king with a modern humanist education. He read and wrote English, French and Latin, and owned a large library. He annotated many books and published one of his own, and he had numerous pamphlets and lectures prepared to support the reformation of the church. Richard Sampson's Oratio (1534), for example, was an argument for absolute obedience to the monarchy and claimed that the English church had always been independent of Rome. [ 179 ] At the popular level, theatre and minstrel troupes funded by the crown travelled around the land to promote the new religious practices; the Pope and Catholic priests and monks were mocked as foreign devils, while Henry was hailed as the glorious king of England and as a brave and heroic defender of the true faith. [ 180 ] Henry worked hard to present an image of unchallengeable authority and irresistible power. [ 181 ] Henry was a large, well-built athlete, over 6 feet [1.8 m] tall, strong, and broad in proportion. His athletic activities were more than pastimes; they were political devices that served multiple goals, enhancing his image, impressing foreign emissaries and rulers, and conveying his ability to suppress any rebellion. He arranged a jousting tournament at Greenwich in 1517 where he wore gilded armour and gilded horse trappings, and outfits of velvet, satin, and cloth of gold with pearls and jewels. It suitably impressed foreign ambassadors, one of whom wrote home that "the wealth and civilisation of the world are here, and those who call the English barbarians appear to me to render themselves such". [ 182 ] Henry finally retired from jousting in 1536 after a heavy fall from his horse left him unconscious for two hours, but he continued to sponsor two lavish tournaments a year. He then started gaining weight and lost the trim, athletic figure that had made him so handsome, and his courtiers began dressing in heavily padded clothes to emulate and flatter him. His health declined rapidly near the end of his reign. [ 183 ] [ 184 ] [ 185 ] Government The power of Tudor monarchs, including Henry, was 'whole' and 'entire', ruling, as they claimed, by the grace of God alone. [ 186 ] The Crown could also rely on the exclusive use of those functions that constituted the royal prerogative . These included acts of diplomacy (including royal marriages), declarations of war, management of the coinage, the issue of royal pardons and the power to summon and dissolve Parliament as and when required. [ 187 ] Nevertheless, as evident during Henry's break with Rome, the monarch stayed within established limits, whether legal or financial, that forced him to work closely with both the nobility and Parliament (representing the gentry). [ 187 ] In practice, Tudor monarchs used patronage to maintain a royal court that included formal institutions such as the Privy Council as well as more informal advisers and confidants. [ 188 ] Both the rise and fall of court nobles could be swift: Henry did undoubtedly execute at will, burning or beheading two of his wives, 20 peers, four leading public servants, six close attendants and friends, one cardinal ( John Fisher ) and numerous abbots. [ 181 ] Among those who were in favour at any given point in Henry's reign, one could usually be identified as a chief minister, [ 188 ] though one of the enduring debates in the historiography of the period has been the extent to which those chief ministers controlled Henry rather than vice versa. [ 189 ] In particular, historian G. R. Elton has argued that one such minister, Thomas Cromwell, led a "Tudor revolution in government" independently of the King, whom Elton presented as an opportunistic, essentially lazy participant in the nitty-gritty of politics. Where Henry did intervene personally in the running of the country, Elton argued, he mostly did so to its detriment. [ 190 ] The prominence and influence of faction in Henry's court is similarly discussed in the context of at least five episodes of Henry's reign, including the downfall of Anne Boleyn. [ 191 ] From 1514 to 1529, Thomas Wolsey, a cardinal of the established Church, oversaw domestic and foreign policy for the King from his position as Lord Chancellor. [ 192 ] Wolsey centralised the national government and extended the jurisdiction of the conciliar courts, particularly the Star Chamber . The Star Chamber's overall structure remained unchanged, but Wolsey used it to provide much-needed reform of the criminal law. The power of the court itself did not outlive Wolsey, however, since no serious administrative reform was undertaken and its role eventually devolved to the localities. [ 193 ] Wolsey helped fill the gap left by Henry's declining participation in government (particularly in comparison to his father) but did so mostly by imposing himself in the King's place. [ 194 ] His use of these courts to pursue personal grievances, and particularly to treat delinquents as mere examples of a whole class worthy of punishment, angered the rich, who were annoyed as well by his enormous wealth and ostentatious living. [ 195 ] Following Wolsey's downfall , Henry took full control of his government, although at court numerous complex factions continued to try to ruin and destroy each other. [ 196 ] Thomas Cromwell also came to define Henry's government. Returning to England from the continent in 1514 or 1515, Cromwell soon entered Wolsey's service. He turned to law, also picking up a good knowledge of the Bible, and was admitted to Gray's Inn in 1524. He became Wolsey's "man of all work". [ 197 ] Driven in part by his religious beliefs, Cromwell attempted to reform the body politic of the English government through discussion and consent, and through the vehicle of continuity, not outward change. [ 198 ] Many saw him as the man they wanted to bring about their shared aims, including Thomas Audley. By 1531, Cromwell and his associates were already responsible for the drafting of much legislation. [ 198 ] Cromwell's first office was that of the master of the King's jewels in 1532, from which he began to invigorate the government finances. [ 199 ] By that point, Cromwell's power as an efficient administrator, in a Council full of politicians, exceeded what Wolsey had achieved. [ 200 ] Cromwell did much work through his many offices to remove the tasks of government from the Royal Household (and ideologically from the personal body of the King) and into a public state. [ 200 ] But he did so in a haphazard fashion that left several remnants, not least because he needed to retain Henry's support, his own power, and the possibility of actually achieving the plan he set out. [ 201 ] Cromwell made the various income streams Henry VII put in place more formal and assigned largely autonomous bodies for their administration. [ 202 ] The role of the King's Council was transferred to a reformed Privy Council, much smaller and more efficient than its predecessor. [ 203 ] A difference emerged between the King's financial health and the country's, although Cromwell's fall undermined much of his bureaucracy, which required him to keep order among the many new bodies and prevent profligate spending that strained relations as well as finances. [ 204 ] Cromwell's reforms ground to a halt in 1539, the initiative lost, and he failed to secure the passage of an enabling act , the Proclamation by the Crown Act 1539 . [ 205 ] He was executed on 28 July 1540. [ 206 ] Finances Henry inherited a vast fortune and a prosperous economy from his father, who had been frugal. This fortune is estimated at £1,250,000 (the equivalent of £375 million today). [ 207 ] By comparison, Henry VIII's reign was a near disaster financially. He augmented the royal treasury by seizing church lands, but his heavy spending and long periods of mismanagement damaged the economy. [ 208 ] Henry spent much of his wealth on maintaining his court and household, including many of the building works he undertook on royal palaces. He hung 2,000 tapestries in his palaces; by comparison, James V of Scotland hung just 200 . [ 209 ] Henry took pride in showing off his collection of weapons, which included exotic archery equipment, 2,250 pieces of land ordnance and 6,500 handguns . [ 210 ] Tudor monarchs had to fund all government expenses out of their own income. This income came from the crown lands that Henry owned as well as from customs duties like tonnage and poundage , granted by Parliament to the King for life. During Henry's reign the revenues of the Crown remained constant (around £100,000), [ 211 ] but were eroded by inflation and rising prices brought about by war. Indeed, war and Henry's dynastic ambitions in Europe exhausted the surplus he had inherited from his father by the mid-1520s. Henry VII had not involved Parliament in his affairs very much, but Henry VIII had to turn to Parliament during his reign for money, in particular for grants of subsidies to fund his wars. The dissolution of the monasteries provided a means to replenish the treasury, and as a result, the Crown took possession of monastic lands worth £120,000 (£36 million) a year. [ 212 ] The Crown had profited by a small amount in 1526 when Wolsey put England onto a gold, rather than silver, standard, and had debased the currency slightly. Cromwell debased the currency more significantly, starting in Ireland in 1540. The English pound halved in value against the Flemish pound between 1540 and 1551 as a result. The nominal profit made was significant, helping to bring income and expenditure together, but it had a catastrophic effect on the country's economy. In part, it helped to bring about a period of very high inflation from 1544 onwards. [ 213 ] Reformation Henry is generally credited with initiating the English Reformation – the process of transforming England from a Catholic country to a Protestant one – though his progress at the elite and mass levels is disputed, [ 214 ] and the precise narrative not widely agreed upon. [ 72 ] Certainly, in 1527, Henry, until then an observant and well-informed Catholic, appealed to the Pope for an annulment of his marriage to Catherine. [ 72 ] No annulment was immediately forthcoming, since the papacy was now under the control of Charles V, Catherine's nephew. [ 215 ] The traditional narrative gives this refusal as the trigger for Henry's rejection of papal supremacy , which he had previously defended. Yet as E. L. Woodward put it, Henry's determination to annul his marriage with Catherine was the occasion rather than the cause of the English Reformation so that "neither too much nor too little" should be made of the annulment. [ 216 ] Historian A. F. Pollard has argued that even if Henry had not needed an annulment, he might have come to reject papal control over the governance of England purely for political reasons. Indeed, Henry needed a son to secure the Tudor Dynasty and avert the risk of civil war over disputed succession. [ 217 ] In any case, between 1532 and 1537, Henry instituted a number of statutes that dealt with the relationship between king and pope and hence the structure of the nascent Church of England . [ 218 ] These included the Statute in Restraint of Appeals (passed 1533), which extended the charge of praemunire against all who introduced papal bulls into England, potentially exposing them to the death penalty if found guilty. [ 219 ] Other acts included the Supplication against the Ordinaries and the Submission of the Clergy , which recognised Royal Supremacy over the church. The Ecclesiastical Appointments Act 1534 required the clergy to elect bishops nominated by the Sovereign. The Act of Supremacy in 1534 declared that the King was "the only Supreme Head on Earth of the Church of England" and the Treasons Act 1534 made it high treason, punishable by death, to refuse the Oath of Supremacy acknowledging the King as such. Similarly, following the passage of the Act of Succession 1533, all adults in the kingdom were required to acknowledge the Act's provisions (declaring Henry's marriage to Anne legitimate and his marriage to Catherine illegitimate) by oath; [ 220 ] those who refused were subject to imprisonment for life, and any publisher or printer of any literature alleging that the marriage to Anne was invalid subject to the death penalty. [ 221 ] Finally, the Peter's Pence Act was passed, and it reiterated that England had "no superior under God, but only your Grace " and that Henry's "imperial crown" had been diminished by "the unreasonable and uncharitable usurpations and exactions" of the Pope. [ 222 ] The King had much support from the Church under Cranmer. [ 223 ] To Cromwell's annoyance, Henry insisted on parliamentary time to discuss questions of faith, which he achieved through the Duke of Norfolk. This led to the passing of the Act of Six Articles , whereby six major questions were all answered by asserting the religious orthodoxy, thus restraining the reform movement in England. [ 135 ] It was followed by the beginnings of a reformed liturgy and of the Book of Common Prayer , which would take until 1549 to complete. [ 224 ] But this victory for religious conservatives did not convert into much change in personnel, and Cranmer remained in his position. [ 225 ] Overall, the rest of Henry's reign saw a subtle movement away from religious orthodoxy, helped in part by the deaths of prominent figures from before the break with Rome, especially the executions of Thomas More and John Fisher in 1535 for refusing to renounce papal authority. Henry established a new political theology of obedience to the crown that continued for the next decade. It reflected Martin Luther's new interpretation of the fourth commandment ("Honour thy father and mother"), brought to England by William Tyndale . The founding of royal authority on the Ten Commandments was another important shift: reformers within the Church used the Commandments' emphasis on faith and the word of God, while conservatives emphasised the need for dedication to God and doing good. The reformers' efforts lay behind the publication of the Great Bible in 1539 in English. [ 226 ] Protestant Reformers still faced persecution, particularly over objections to Henry's annulment. Many fled abroad, including the influential Tyndale, [ 227 ] who was eventually executed and his body burned at Henry's behest. When taxes once payable to Rome were transferred to the Crown, Cromwell saw the need to assess the taxable value of the Church's extensive holdings as they stood in 1535. The result was an extensive compendium, the Valor Ecclesiasticus . [ 228 ] In September 1535, Cromwell commissioned a more general visitation of religious institutions, to be undertaken by four appointee visitors. The visitation focused almost exclusively on the country's religious houses, with largely negative conclusions. [ 229 ] In addition to reporting back to Cromwell, the visitors made the lives of the monks more difficult by enforcing strict behavioural standards. The result was to encourage self-dissolution. [ 230 ] In any case, the evidence Cromwell gathered led swiftly to the beginning of the state-enforced dissolution of the monasteries , with all religious houses worth less than £200 vested by statute in the crown in January 1536. [ 231 ] After a short pause, surviving religious houses were transferred one by one to the Crown and new owners, and the dissolution confirmed by a further statute in 1539. By January 1540 no such houses remained; 800 had been dissolved. The process had been efficient, with minimal resistance, and brought the crown some £90,000 a year. [ 232 ] The extent to which the dissolution of all houses was planned from the start is debated by historians; there is some evidence that major houses were originally intended only to be reformed. [ 233 ] Cromwell's actions transferred a fifth of England's landed wealth to new hands. The programme was designed primarily to create a landed gentry beholden to the crown, which would use the lands much more efficiently. [ 234 ] Although little opposition to the supremacy could be found in England's religious houses, they had links to the international church and were an obstacle to further religious reform. [ 235 ] Response to the reforms was mixed. The religious houses had been the only support of the impoverished, [ 236 ] and the reforms alienated much of the populace outside London, helping to provoke the great northern rising of 1536–37, known as the Pilgrimage of Grace. [ 237 ] Elsewhere the changes were accepted and welcomed, and those who clung to Catholic rites kept quiet or moved in secrecy. They reemerged during the reign of Henry's daughter Mary (1553–58). Military Apart from permanent garrisons at Berwick , Calais, and Carlisle , England's standing army numbered only a few hundred men. This was increased only slightly by Henry. [ 238 ] Henry's invasion force of 1513, some 30,000 men, was composed of billmen and longbowmen , at a time when the other European nations were moving to hand guns and pikemen but the difference in capability was at this stage not significant, and Henry's forces had new armour and weaponry. They were also supported by battlefield artillery and the war wagon , [ 239 ] relatively new innovations, and several large and expensive siege guns. [ 240 ] The invasion force of 1544 was similarly well-equipped and organised, although command on the battlefield was laid with the dukes of Suffolk and Norfolk, which in the latter case produced disastrous results at Montreuil. [ 154 ] Henry's break with Rome incurred the threat of a large-scale French or Spanish invasion. [ 97 ] To guard against this, in 1538 he began to build a chain of expensive, state-of-the-art defences along Britain's southern and eastern coasts, from Kent to Cornwall , largely built of material gained from the demolition of the monasteries . [ 241 ] These were known as Henry VIII's Device Forts . He also strengthened existing coastal defence fortresses such as Dover Castle and, at Dover, Moat Bulwark and Archcliffe Fort , which he visited for a few months to supervise. [ 97 ] Wolsey had many years before conducted the censuses required for an overhaul of the system of militia , but no reform resulted. [ 242 ] In 1538–39, Cromwell overhauled the shire musters , but his work mainly served to demonstrate how inadequate they were in organisation. [ 97 ] The building works, including that at Berwick, along with the reform of the militias and musters, were eventually finished under Queen Mary. [ 243 ] Henry is traditionally cited as one of the founders of the Royal Navy . [ 244 ] Technologically, Henry invested in large cannon for his warships, an idea that had taken hold in other countries, to replace the smaller serpentines in use. [ 244 ] He also flirted with designing ships personally. His contribution to larger vessels, if any, is unknown, but it is believed that he influenced the design of rowbarges and similar galleys. [ 245 ] Henry was also responsible for the creation of a permanent navy, with the supporting anchorages and dockyards. [ 244 ] Tactically, Henry's reign saw the first steps of the Navy moving from prioritising boarding tactics to emphasising gunnery instead. [ 246 ] [ 247 ] The Tudor navy was enlarged from seven ships to up to 50 [ 248 ] (the Mary Rose among them), and Henry was responsible for the establishment of the "council for marine causes" to oversee the maintenance and operation of the Navy, becoming the basis for the later Admiralty . [ 249 ] Ireland At the beginning of Henry's reign, Ireland was effectively divided into three zones: the Pale , where English rule was unchallenged; Leinster and Munster , the so-called "obedient land" of Anglo-Irish peers; and the Gaelic Connaught and Ulster , with merely nominal English rule. [ 250 ] Until 1513, Henry continued the policy of his father, to allow Irish lords to rule in the King's name and accept steep divisions between the communities. [ 251 ] However, upon the death of the Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare , Lord Deputy of Ireland , fractious Irish politics combined with a more ambitious Henry to cause trouble. When Thomas Butler, 7th Earl of Ormond , died, Henry recognised one successor for Ormond's English, Welsh and Scottish lands, whilst in Ireland another took control. Kildare's successor, the 9th Earl , was replaced as Lord Deputy of Ireland by the Earl of Surrey in 1520. [ 252 ] Surrey's ambitious aims were costly but ineffective; English rule became trapped between winning the Irish lords over with diplomacy, as favoured by Henry and Wolsey, and a sweeping military occupation as proposed by Surrey. [ 253 ] Surrey was recalled in 1521, with Piers Butler – one of the claimants to the Earldom of Ormond – appointed in his place. Butler proved unable to control opposition, including that of Kildare. Kildare was appointed lord deputy in 1524, resuming his dispute with Butler, which had before been in a lull. Meanwhile, James FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Desmond , an Anglo-Irish peer, had turned his support to Richard de la Pole as pretender to the English throne; when in 1528 Kildare failed to take suitable actions against him, Kildare was once again removed from his post. [ 254 ] The Desmond situation was resolved on his death in 1529, which was followed by a period of uncertainty. This was effectively ended with the appointment of Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset and the King's son, as lord deputy. Richmond had never before visited Ireland, his appointment a break with past policy. [ 255 ] [ 256 ] For a time it looked as if peace might be restored with the return of Kildare to Ireland to manage the tribes, but the effect was limited and the Irish Parliament soon rendered ineffective. [ 257 ] Ireland began to receive the attention of Cromwell, who had supporters of Ormond and Desmond promoted. Kildare, on the other hand, was summoned to London; after some hesitation, he departed for London in 1534, where he would face charges of treason. [ 257 ] His son, Thomas, Lord Offaly , was more forthright, denouncing the King and leading a "Catholic crusade" against Henry, who was by this time mired in marital problems. Offaly had the Archbishop of Dublin, John Alen , murdered and besieged Dublin. Offaly led a mixture of Pale gentry and Irish tribes, although he failed to secure the support of Lord Darcy , a sympathiser, or Charles V. What was effectively a civil war was ended with the intervention of 2,000 English troops – a large army by Irish standards – and the execution of Offaly (his father was already dead) and his uncles. [ 258 ] [ 259 ] Although the Offaly revolt was followed by a determination to rule Ireland more closely, Henry was wary of drawn-out conflict with the tribes, and a royal commission recommended that the only relationship with the tribes was to be promises of peace, their land protected from English expansion. The man to lead this effort was Antony St Leger , as Lord Deputy of Ireland, who would remain in post past Henry's death. [ 260 ] Until the break with Rome, it was widely believed that Ireland was a Papal possession granted as a mere fiefdom to the English king, so in 1542 Henry asserted England's claim to the Kingdom of Ireland free from the Papal overlordship . This change did, however, also allow a policy of peaceful reconciliation and expansion: the Lords of Ireland would grant their lands to the King, before being returned as fiefdoms. The incentive to comply with Henry's request was an accompanying barony, and thus a right to sit in the Irish House of Lords , which was to run in parallel with England's. [ 261 ] The Irish law of the tribes did not suit such an arrangement, because the chieftain did not have the required rights; this made progress tortuous, and the plan was abandoned in 1543, not to be replaced. [ 262 ] Historiography The complexities and sheer scale of Henry's legacy ensured that, in the words of Betteridge and Freeman, "throughout the centuries, Henry has been praised and reviled, but he has never been ignored". [ 189 ] In the 1950s, historian John D. Mackie summed up Henry's personality and its impact on his achievements and popularity: The respect, nay even the popularity, which he had from his people was not unmerited.... He kept the development of England in line with some of the most vigorous, though not the noblest forces of the day. His high courage – highest when things went ill – his commanding intellect, his appreciation of fact, and his instinct for rule carried his country through a perilous time of change, and his very arrogance saved his people from the wars which afflicted other lands. Dimly remembering the wars of the Roses, vaguely informed as to the slaughters and sufferings in Europe, the people of England knew that in Henry they had a great king. [ 263 ] The respect, nay even the popularity, which he had from his people was not unmerited.... He kept the development of England in line with some of the most vigorous, though not the noblest forces of the day. His high courage – highest when things went ill – his commanding intellect, his appreciation of fact, and his instinct for rule carried his country through a perilous time of change, and his very arrogance saved his people from the wars which afflicted other lands. Dimly remembering the wars of the Roses, vaguely informed as to the slaughters and sufferings in Europe, the people of England knew that in Henry they had a great king. [ 263 ] A particular focus of modern historiography has been the extent to which the events of Henry's life (including his marriages, foreign policy and religious changes) were the result of his own initiative and, if they were, whether they were the result of opportunism or of a principled undertaking by Henry. [ 189 ] The traditional interpretation of those events was provided by historian A. F. Pollard , who in 1902 presented his own, largely positive, view of the King, lauding him, "as the King and statesman who, whatever his personal failings, led England down the road to parliamentary democracy and empire". [ 189 ] Pollard's interpretation remained the dominant interpretation of Henry's life until the publication of the doctoral thesis of Geoffrey Elton in 1953. Elton's 1977 book on The Tudor Revolution in Government maintained Pollard's positive interpretation of the Henrician period as a whole, but reinterpreted Henry himself as a follower rather than a leader. For Elton, it was Cromwell and not Henry who undertook the changes in government – Henry was shrewd but lacked the vision to follow a complex plan through. [ 189 ] Henry was little more, in other words, than an "ego-centric monstrosity" whose reign "owed its successes and virtues to better and greater men about him; most of its horrors and failures sprang more directly from [the King]". [ 264 ] Although the central tenets of Elton's thesis have since been questioned, it has consistently provided the starting point for much later work, including that of J. J. Scarisbrick , his student. Scarisbrick largely kept Elton's regard for Cromwell's abilities but returned agency to Henry, who Scarisbrick considered to have ultimately directed and shaped policy. [ 189 ] For Scarisbrick, Henry was a formidable, captivating man who "wore regality with a splendid conviction". [ 265 ] The effect of endowing Henry with this ability, however, was largely negative in Scarisbrick's eyes: to Scarisbrick, the Henrician period was one of upheaval and destruction and those in charge worthy of blame more than praise. [ 189 ] Even among more recent biographers, including David Loades , David Starkey, and John Guy , there has ultimately been little consensus on the extent to which Henry was responsible for the changes he oversaw or the assessment of those he did bring about. [ 189 ] This lack of clarity about Henry's control over events has contributed to the variation in the qualities ascribed to him: religious conservative or dangerous radical; lover of beauty or brutal destroyer of priceless artefacts; friend and patron or betrayer of those around him; chivalry incarnate or ruthless chauvinist. [ 189 ] One traditional approach, favoured by Starkey and others, is to divide Henry's reign into two halves, the first Henry being dominated by positive qualities (politically inclusive, pious, athletic but also intellectual) who presided over a period of stability and calm, and the latter a "hulking tyrant" who presided over a period of dramatic, sometimes whimsical, change. [ 188 ] [ 266 ] Other writers have tried to merge Henry's disparate personality into a single whole; Lacey Baldwin Smith , for example, considered him an egotistical borderline neurotic given to great fits of temper and deep and dangerous suspicions, with a mechanical and conventional, but deeply held piety, and having at best a mediocre intellect. [ 267 ] Style and arms Many changes were made to the royal style during his reign. Henry originally used the style "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England , France and Lord of Ireland ". In 1521, pursuant to a grant from Pope Leo X rewarding Henry for his Defence of the Seven Sacraments , the royal style became "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Defender of the Faith and Lord of Ireland". Following Henry's excommunication, Pope Paul III rescinded the grant of the title "Defender of the Faith", but an Act of Parliament ( 35 Hen. 8 . c. 3) declared that it remained valid; and it continues in royal usage to the present day, as evidenced by the letters FID DEF or F.D. on all British coinage. Henry's motto was "Coeur Loyal" ("true heart"), and he had this embroidered on his clothes in the form of a heart symbol and with the word "loyal". His emblem was the Tudor rose and the Beaufort portcullis . As king, Henry's arms were the same as those used by his predecessors since Henry IV : Quarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lys Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England) . In 1535, Henry added the "supremacy phrase" to the royal style, which became "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Defender of the Faith, Lord of Ireland and of the Church of England in Earth Supreme Head". In 1536, the phrase "of the Church of England" changed to "of the Church of England and also of Ireland ". In 1541, Henry had the Irish Parliament change the title "Lord of Ireland" to "King of Ireland" with the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 , after being advised that many Irish people regarded the Pope as the true head of their country, with the Lord acting as a mere representative. The reason the Irish regarded the Pope as their overlord was that Ireland had originally been given to King Henry II of England by Pope Adrian IV in the 12th century as a feudal territory under papal overlordship. The meeting of the Irish Parliament that proclaimed Henry VIII as king of Ireland was the first meeting attended by the Gaelic Irish chieftains as well as the Anglo-Irish aristocrats. The style "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith and of the Church of England and also of Ireland in Earth Supreme Head" remained in use until the end of Henry's reign. Genealogical tables Ancestors of Henry VIII [ 268 ] 8. Owen Tudor 4. Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond 9. Catherine of Valois 2. Henry VII of England 10. John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset 5. Margaret Beaufort 11. Margaret Beauchamp 1. Henry VIII of England 12. Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York 6. Edward IV of England 13. Cecily Neville 3. Elizabeth of York 14. Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers 7. Elizabeth Woodville 15. Jacquetta of Luxembourg 8. Owen Tudor 4. Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond 9. Catherine of Valois 2. Henry VII of England 10. John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset 5. Margaret Beaufort 11. Margaret Beauchamp 1. Henry VIII of England 12. Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York 6. Edward IV of England 13. Cecily Neville 3. Elizabeth of York 14. Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers 7. Elizabeth Woodville 15. Jacquetta of Luxembourg Henry VIII's relatives (selective chart) [ 269 ] Richard, Duke of York Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond Margaret Beaufort Edward IV George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence Richard III Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk Margaret of York Henry VII Elizabeth of York Edward V Richard, Duke of York Catherine of York William Courtenay, Earl of Devon Edward Plantagenet, Earl of Warwick Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury Richard Pole John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln Edmund de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk Richard de la Pole Arthur, Prince of Wales Catherine of Aragon Henry VIII other wives Margaret Tudor James IV of Scotland Mary Tudor, Queen of France Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk Henry Courtenay, Marquess of Exeter Henry Pole, Baron Montagu Reginald Pole Geoffrey Pole Mary I Elizabeth I Edward VI James V of Scotland Frances Brandon Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk Mary, Queen of Scots Jane Grey Catherine Grey Mary Grey James VI and I Richard, Duke of York Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond Margaret Beaufort Edward IV George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence Richard III Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk Margaret of York Henry VII Elizabeth of York Edward V Richard, Duke of York Catherine of York William Courtenay, Earl of Devon Edward Plantagenet, Earl of Warwick Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury Richard Pole John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln Edmund de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk Richard de la Pole Arthur, Prince of Wales Catherine of Aragon Henry VIII other wives Margaret Tudor James IV of Scotland Mary Tudor, Queen of France Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk Henry Courtenay, Marquess of Exeter Henry Pole, Baron Montagu Reginald Pole Geoffrey Pole Mary I Elizabeth I Edward VI James V of Scotland Frances Brandon Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk Mary, Queen of Scots Jane Grey Catherine Grey Mary Grey James VI and I See also Biography portal Monarchy portal England portal Christianity portal Cestui que – Concept in English law regarding beneficiaries Cultural depictions of Henry VIII – Overview of Henry VIII's portrayals in cultural media Family tree of English monarchs History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom Inventory of Henry VIII – 16th-century list of possessions of the Crown List of English monarchs Mouldwarp – Ancient dialect word for a mole Tudor period – Historical era in England coinciding with the rule of the Tudor dynasty Notes ^ King from 18 June 1542 ^ Henry's regnal years are dated from 22 April. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ^ a b Annullment was reversed during reign of Mary I in 1553. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] ^ Henry and Anne married in secret on 14 November 1532, which was followed by second wedding on 25 January 1533. ^ For arguments in favour of the contrasting view – i.e. that Henry himself initiated the period of abstinence, potentially after a brief affair – see .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Bernard, G. W. (2010). Anne Boleyn: Fatal Attractions . Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-6245-5 . . [ 69 ] ^ "And if a man shall take his brother's wife, it is an unclean thing: he hath uncovered his brother's nakedness; they shall be childless." ^ On 11 July 1533 Pope Clement VII 'pronounced sentence against the King, declaring him excommunicated unless he put away the woman he had taken to wife, and took back his Queen during the whole of October next.' [ 94 ] Clement died on 25 September 1534. On 30 August 1535 the new pope, Paul III , drew up a bull of excommunication which began 'Eius qui immobilis'. [ 95 ] [ 96 ] G. R. Elton puts the date the bull was made official as November 1538. [ 97 ] On 17 December 1538 Pope Paul III issued a further bull which began 'Cum redemptor noster', renewing the execution of the bull of 30 August 1535, which had been suspended in hope of his amendment. [ 98 ] [ 99 ] Both bulls are printed by Bishop Burnet, History of the Reformation of the Church of England, 1865 edition, Volume 4, pp. 318ff and in Bullarum, diplomatum et privilegiorum sanctorum Romanorum pontificum Taurinensis (1857) Volume VI, p. 195 ^ Eustace Chapuys wrote to Charles V on 28 January reporting that Anne was pregnant. A letter from George Taylor to Lady Lisle dated 27 April 1534 says "The queen hath a goodly belly, praying our Lord to send us a prince". In July, Anne's brother, Lord Rochford, was sent on a diplomatic mission to France to ask for the postponement of a meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I because of Anne's condition: "being so far gone with child she could not cross the sea with the king". Chapuys backs this up in a letter dated 27 July, where he refers to Anne's pregnancy. We do not know what happened with this pregnancy as there is no evidence of the outcome. Dewhurst writes of how the pregnancy could have resulted in a miscarriage or stillbirth, but there is no evidence to support this, he therefore wonders if it was a case of pseudocyesis, a false pregnancy, caused by the stress that Anne was under – the pressure to provide a son. Chapuys wrote on 27 September 1534 "Since the king began to doubt whether his lady was enceinte or not, he has renewed and increased the love he formerly had for a beautiful damsel of the court". Muriel St Clair Byrne, editor of the Lisle Letters, believes that this was a false pregnancy too. ^ The only evidence for a miscarriage in 1535 is a sentence from a letter from William Kingston to Lord Lisle on 24 June 1535 when Kingston says "Her Grace has as fair a belly as I have ever seen". However, Dewhurst thinks that there is an error in the dating of this letter as the editor of the Lisle Letters states that this letter is actually from 1533 or 1534 because it also refers to Christopher Garneys, a man who died in October 1534. ^ Chapuys reported to Charles V on 10 February 1536 that Anne Boleyn had miscarried on the day of Catherine of Aragon's funeral: "On the day of the interment [of Catherine of Aragon] the concubine [Anne] had an abortion which seemed to be a male child which she had not borne 3 1/2 months". References ^ "Chapter Five: Table of regnal year of English Sovereigns". Sweet & Maxwell's Guide to Law Reports and Statutes (Fourth ed.). London: Sweet & Maxwell's Guide. 1962. p. 27. ^ Cheney, C. R. ; Jones, Michael , eds. (2000). A Handbook of Dates for Students of British History . Royal Historical Society Guides and Handbooks. Vol. 4 (Revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 37– 38. ISBN 978-0-521-77095-8 . ^ Edwards, John (2011). 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Scarisbrick, Henry VIII (1968) pp. 500–501. ^ Loades 2009 , pp. 84–85. ^ Loades 2009 , p. 180. ^ Loades 2009 , pp. 181–182. ^ Loades 2009 , pp. 183–184. ^ Loades 2009 , pp. 181–185. ^ Loades 2009 , pp. 185–186. ^ Loades 2009 , pp. 186–187. ^ Elton 1977 , pp. 206–207. ^ a b Loades 2009 , p. 187 ^ Loades 2009 , pp. 187–189. ^ Elton 1977 , pp. 207–208. ^ Loades 2009 , p. 191. ^ Loades 2009 , pp. 191–192. ^ Loades 2009 , pp. 194–195. ^ Mackie, John D. (1952). The Earlier Tudors, 1485–1558 . Clarendon Press. pp. 442– 445. ISBN 978-0-1982-1706-0 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) ^ Elton 1977 , pp. 23, 332. ^ Scarisbrick 1968 , p. 17. ^ Starkey 2008 , pp. 3–4. ^ Smith 1971 , pp. passim. ^ Weir, Alison (2008). "The Tudors". Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy . London: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0099539735 . ^ Scarisbrick 1968 , pp. 529. Works cited Arnold, Thomas (2001). The Renaissance at War . London: Cassell and Company. ISBN 0-3043-5270-5 . Ashrafian, Hutan (2011). "Henry VIII's Obesity Following Traumatic Brain Injury" . Endocrine . 42 (1): 218– 219. doi : 10.1007/s12020-011-9581-z . PMID 22169966 . S2CID 37447368 . Bernard, G. W. (2005). The King's Reformation: Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church . Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-0908-5 . Betteridge, Thomas (2005). "The Henrician Reformation and Mid-Tudor Culture". Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies . 35 (1): 91– 109. doi : 10.1215/10829636-35-1-91 . ——; Freeman, Thomas S. (2012). Henry VIII in History . Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4094-6113-5 . Brigden, Susan (2000). New Worlds, Lost Worlds . Penguin. ISBN 978-0-1401-4826-8 . Chibi, Andrew A. (1997). "Richard Sampson, His Oratio, and Henry VIII's Royal Supremacy". Journal of Church and State . 39 (3): 543– 560. doi : 10.1093/jcs/39.3.543 . ISSN 0021-969X . Churchill, Winston (1966). The New World . History of the English Speaking Peoples. Vol. 2. Cassell and Company. Crofton, Ian (2006). The Kings and Queens of England . Quercus Books. ISBN 978-1-8472-4141-2 . Cruz, Anne J.; Suzuki, Mihoko (2009). The Rule of Women in Early Modern Europe . University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-2520-7616-9 . Davies, Jonathan (2005). " 'We Do Fynde in Our Countre Great Lack of Bowes and Arrows': Tudor Military Archery and the Inventory of King Henry VIII". Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research . 83 (333): 11– 29. ISSN 0037-9700 . Elton, Geoffrey R. (1977). Reform and Reformation: England, 1509–1558 . Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-7131-5952-9 . Farquhar, Michael (2001). A Treasure of Royal Scandals . Penguin Books. ISBN 0-7394-2025-9 . Fraser, Antonia (1994). The Wives of Henry VIII . Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-6797-3001-9 . Guicciardini, Francesco (1968) [1561]. Alexander, Sidney (ed.). The History of Italy . Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-6910-0800-4 . Gunn, Steven (1991). "Tournaments and Early Tudor Chivalry". History Today . 41 (6): 543– 560. ISSN 0018-2753 . Guy, John (1997). The Tudor monarchy . Arnold Publishers. ISBN 978-0-3406-5219-0 . —— (2000). The Tudors: a Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1916-0651-9 . Hays, J. N. (2010). The Burdens of Disease: Epidemics and Human Response in Western History . Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-4613-1 . Hart, Kelly (2009). The Mistresses of Henry VIII . The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-4835-0 . Hall, Edward (1904) [1548]. Charles Whibley (ed.). The Triumphant Reign of Henry VIII . T.C. & E.C. Jack. OCLC 644934802 . Haigh, Christopher (1993). English Reformations: Religion, Politics, and Society under the Tudors . Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-1982-2162-3 . Hibbert, Christopher ; Weinreb, Ben ; Keay, Julia; Keay, John (2010). The London Encyclopaedia (3rd ed.). Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4050-4925-2 . Hutchinson, Robert (2012). Young Henry: The Rise of Henry VIII . Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-2500-1261-6 . Ives, Eric (2005). The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: 'The Most Happy' . Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-3463-7 . —— (2006). "Will the Real Henry VIII Please Stand Up?". History Today . 56 (2): 28– 36. ISSN 0018-2753 . Lehmberg, Stanford E. (1970). The Reformation Parliament, 1529–1536 . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-5210-7655-5 . Lipscomb, Suzannah (2009). "Who was Henry?" . History Today . 59 (4). Loades, David (2009). Henry VIII: Court, Church and Conflict . The National Archives. ISBN 978-1-9056-1542-1 . Meyer, G. J. (2010). The Tudors: The Complete Story of England's Most Notorious Dynasty . Presidio Press. ISBN 978-0-3853-4076-2 . Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2008). History's Monsters: 101 Villains from Vlad the Impaler to Adolf Hitler . Querkus Publishing Plc. ISBN 978-1-4351-0937-7 . Morris, T.A. (1999). Tudor Government . Routledge. ISBN 978-0-2039-8167-2 . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Murphy, Neil (2016). "Violence, Colonization and Henry VIII's Conquest of France, 1544–1546" . Past and Present (233): 13– 51. doi : 10.1093/pastj/gtw018 . Pollard, A. F. (1905). Henry VIII . Longmans, Green & Company. Porter, Linda (2007). Mary Tudor: The First Queen (2009 ed.). London: Piatkus . ISBN 9780749909826 . Rex, Richard (1996). "The Crisis of Obedience: God's Word and Henry's Reformation". The Historical Journal . 39 (4): 863– 894. doi : 10.1017/S0018246X00024687 . JSTOR 2639860 . S2CID 159649932 . Rodger, N. A.M. (January 1996). "THE DEVELOPMENT OF BROADSIDE GUNNERY, 1450–1650". The Mariner's Mirror . 82 (3): 301– 324. doi : 10.1080/00253359.1996.10656604 . Scarisbrick, J. J. (1968). Henry VIII . University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5200-1130-4 . Scarisbrick, J. J. (1997). Henry VIII (2nd ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN 0-3000-7158-2 . Smith, Lacey Baldwin (1971). Henry VIII: the Mask of Royalty . Academy Chicago. ISBN 978-0-8973-3056-5 . Spalding, Thomas Alfred (1894). The House of Lords . T. F. Unwin . Retrieved 9 June 2024 . Starkey, David (2003). Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII . Chatto & Windus. ISBN 978-0-7011-7298-5 . —— (2008). Henry: Virtuous Prince . HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-0072-8783-3 . Stöber, Karen (2007). Late Medieval Monasteries and Their Patrons: England and Wales, c. 1300–1540 . Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-8438-3284-3 . Thomas, Andrea (2005). Princelie Majestie: The Court of James V of Scotland 1528–1542 . John Donald Publishers Ltd. ISBN 978-0-8597-6611-1 . Thurley, Simon (1993). The Royal Palaces of Tudor England . Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3000-5420-0 . Weir, Alison (1991). The Six Wives of Henry VIII . Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3683-4 . —— (2002). Henry VIII: The King and His Court . Random House Digital, Inc. ISBN 0-3454-3708-X . Williams, James (2005). "Hunting and the Royal Image of Henry VIII". Sport in History . 25 (1): 41– 59. doi : 10.1080/17460260500073082 . ISSN 1746-0263 . S2CID 161663183 . Williams, Neville (1971). Henry VIII and his Court . Macmillan Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-0262-9100-2 . Further reading Biographical Ashley, Mike (2002). A brief history of British kings & queens . Philadelphia: Running Press . ISBN 978-0-7867-1104-8 . Bowle, John (1964). Henry VIII: A Study of Power in Action . New York: Little, Brown and Company . ASIN B000OJX9RI . OCLC 1154362697 . Erickson, Carolly (1984). Mistress Anne . New York: Summit Books . ISBN 978-0-671-41747-5 . Cressy, David (October 1982). "Spectacle and Power: Apollo and Solomon at the Court of Henry VIII" . History Today . Vol. 32, no. 10. pp. 16– 22. ISSN 0018-2753 . Gardner, James (1903). "Henry VIII" . Cambridge Modern History . Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . OCLC 219199693 . Graves, Michael A. R. (2003). Henry VIII: a study in kingship . Profiles in power. London: Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-38110-0 . Ives, E. W. (2004). "Henry VIII (1491–1547)". The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/ref:odnb/12955 . (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.) Pollard, Albert Frederick (1911). "Henry VIII. of England" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 287– 290. Rex, Richard (1993). Henry VIII and the English Reformation . New York: St. Martin's Press . ISBN 978-0-312-08665-7 . Ridley, Jasper Godwin (1985). Henry VIII . New York, N.Y: Viking Press . ISBN 978-0-670-80699-7 . Starkey, David (2002). The reign of Henry VIII: personalities and politics . London: Vintage Books . ISBN 978-0-09-944510-4 . Starkey, David ; Doran, Susan (2009). Henry VIII: Man and Monarch . London: British Library Publishing Division. ISBN 978-0-7123-5025-9 . Tytler, Patrick Fraser (1837). Life of King Henry the Eighth . Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd . OCLC 1985361 . Retrieved 17 August 2008 . Wilkinson, Josephine (2009). Mary Boleyn: the true story of Henry VIII's favourite mistress . Stroud: Amberley Publishing . ISBN 978-1-84868-089-0 . OCLC 302077885 . Weir, Alison (1996). The children of Henry VIII . New York: Ballantine Books . ISBN 978-0-345-39118-6 . Wooding, Lucy E. C. (2015). Henry VIII . Routledge historical biographies (2. ed.). London: Routledge . ISBN 978-1-138-83141-4 . Scholarly studies Bernard, G. W. (1986). War, taxation and rebellion in early Tudor England: Henry VIII, Wolsey and the amicable Grant of 1525 . Brighton: Harvester Press. ISBN 978-0-7108-1126-4 . —— (1998). "The Making of Religious Policy, 1533–1546: Henry VIII and the Search for the Middle Way". Historical Journal . 41 (2): 321– 349. doi : 10.1017/S0018246X98007778 . ISSN 0018-246X . JSTOR 2640109 . S2CID 159952187 . Bush, M. L. (2007). "The Tudor Polity and the Pilgrimage of Grace". Historical Research . 80 (207): 47– 72. doi : 10.1111/j.1468-2281.2006.00351.x . ISSN 0950-3471 . Doran, Susan (2009). The Tudor Chronicles: 1485–1603 . New York: Metro Books. pp. 78– 203. ISBN 978-1-4351-0939-1 . Elton, Geoffrey (1974) [1953]. The Tudor revolution in government: administrative changes in the reign of Henry VIII (Repr ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-0-521-04892-7 . Guy, John (2014). The children of Henry VIII . Oxford: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-870087-6 . Head, David M. (1982). "Henry VIII's Scottish Policy: a Reassessment". Scottish Historical Review . 61 (1): 1– 24. ISSN 0036-9241 . Hoak, Dale (21 December 2005). "Politics, Religion and the English Reformation, 1533–1547: Some Problems and Issues". History Compass . 3 (1): **. doi : 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00139.x . ISSN 1478-0542 . Lindsey, Karen (1995). Divorced, beheaded, survived : a feminist reinterpretation of the wives of Henry VIII . Reading, Mass.: Perseus Books Group . ISBN 978-0-201-40823-2 . MacCulloch, Diarmaid , ed. (1995). The reign of Henry VIII: politics, policy and piety . New York: St. Martin's Press . ISBN 978-0-312-12892-0 . Mackie, John D. (1991) [1952]. The earlier Tudors, 1485-1558 . The Oxford history of England (Repr ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press . ISBN 978-0-19-821706-0 . Moorhouse, Geoffrey (2003). The pilgrimage of grace: the rebellion that shook Henry VIII's throne . A Phoenix paperback. London: Phoenix Press . ISBN 978-1-84212-666-0 . Moorhouse, Geoffrey (2006). Great Harry's navy: how Henry VIII gave England sea power . London: Phoenix Press . ISBN 978-0-7538-2099-5 . Moorhouse, Geoffrey (2009). The last divine office: Henry VIII and the dissolution of the monasteries . New York: BlueBridge. ISBN 978-1-933346-18-2 . OCLC 262886733 . Slavin, Arthur J., ed. (1968). Henry VIII and the English Reformation . Lexington, Mass.: Heath. OCLC 184548 . Smith, H. Maynard (1948). Henry VIII and the Reformation . London: Macmillan. OCLC 1389078 . OL 6047819M . Stubbs, William (1886). " The Reign of Henry VIII.: (June 7, 1881.) ". Seventeen lectures on the study of medieval and modern history and kindred subjects : 241– 265. Wikidata Q107248000 . —— (1886). " Parliament under Henry VIII.: (June 9, 1881.) ". Seventeen lectures on the study of medieval and modern history and kindred subjects : 266– 291. Wikidata Q107248047 . Thurley, Simon (June 1991). "Palaces for a Nouveau Riche King" . History Today . Vol. 41, no. 6. Wagner, John A. (2003). Bosworth Field to Bloody Mary: an encyclopedia of the early Tudors . Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press . ISBN 978-1-57356-540-0 . Walker, Greg (2005). Writing under tyranny: English literature and the Henrician Reformation . Oxford: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-928333-0 . OCLC 61129173 . Wernham, R. B. (1966). Before the Armada: the growth of English foreign policy, 1485-1588 . London: Jonathan Cape . OCLC 530462 . History of foreign policy. Historiography Coleman, Christopher; Starkey, David, eds. (1986). Revolution reassessed: revisions in the history of Tudor government and administration . Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Clarendon Press . ISBN 978-0-19-873064-4 . Fox, Alistair; Guy, John (1986). Reassessing the Henrician Age: humanism, politics and reform 1500-1550 . Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell . ISBN 978-0-631-14614-8 . Head, David M. (1997). " 'If a Lion Knew His Own Strength': The Image of Henry VIII and His Historians". International Social Science Review . 72 (3/4): 94– 109. ISSN 0278-2308 . JSTOR 41882241 . Marshall, Peter (2009). "(Re)defining the English Reformation" (PDF) . Journal of British Studies . 48 (3): 564– 585. doi : 10.1086/600128 . O'Day, Rosemary (2014). The debate on the English reformation . Issues in historiography (2nd ed.). Manchester (GB): Manchester University Press . ISBN 978-0-7190-8661-8 . O'Day, Rosemary (2010). The Routledge companion to the Tudor age . Routledge companions to history. London: Routledge . ISBN 978-0-415-44565-8 . Rankin, Mark; Highley, Christopher; King, John N., eds. (2009). Henry VIII and his afterlives: literature, politics, and art . Cambridge (GB): Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-0-521-51464-4 . OCLC 422765080 . Primary sources "Letters and Papers, Henry VIII" . British History Online . Multiple volumes, covers from 1509 to January 1547. Originally published by His Majesty's Stationery Office (1864–1920). Douglas, David Charles ; Williams, C. H., eds. (1967). English Historical Documents . Vol. 5: 1485-1558. Oxford University Press . OCLC 247046009 . OL 47688798M . Harrison, William (1994) [1557]. Edelen, Georges (ed.). The description of England: the classic contemporary account of Tudor social life (New ed.). Washington, D.C.: Folger Shakespeare Library ; Dover Publications . ISBN 978-0-486-28275-6 . Luther, Martin (1918) [1 September 1525]. "1521–1530". In Smith, Preserved ; Jacobs, Charles M. (eds.). Luther's Correspondence and Other Contemporary Letters . Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Lutheran Publication Society. Nicolas, Nicholas Harris , ed. (1827). The privy purse expences of King Henry the Eighth: from November MDXXIX, to December MDXXXII - with introductory remarks and illustrative notes . London: W. Pickering. OCLC 65270104 . OL 7167246M . External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Works related to "Persecutions of Protestants by Henry VIII", in Foxe's Book of Martyrs at Wikisource Henry VIII at the official website of the British monarchy Henry VIII at the official website of the Royal Collection Trust Free scores by Henry VIII at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) Free scores by Henry VIII in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki) Works by Henry VIII at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Henry VIII at the Internet Archive Works by Henry VIII at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Portraits of King Henry VIII at the National Portrait Gallery, London Henry VIII House of Tudor Born: 28 June 1491 Died: 28 January 1547 Regnal titles Preceded by Henry VII Lord of Ireland 1509–1542 Crown of Ireland Act 1542 King of England 1509–1547 Succeeded by Edward VI Vacant Title last held by Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair King of Ireland 1542–1547 Political offices Preceded by William Scott Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 1493–1509 Succeeded by Edward Poyning Preceded by The Marquess of Berkeley Earl Marshal 1494–1509 Succeeded by The Duke of Norfolk Peerage of England Vacant Title last held by Arthur Prince of Wales 1504–1509 Vacant Title next held by Edward (VI) Preceded by Arthur Duke of Cornwall 1502–1509 Vacant Title next held by Henry v t e Henry VIII v t e King of England and Ireland (1509–1547) Family Henry VII (father) Elizabeth of York (mother) Arthur, Prince of Wales (brother) Edmund Tudor, Duke of Somerset (brother) Margaret, Queen of Scots (sister) Mary, Queen of France and Duchess of Suffolk (sister) Wives Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr Children Henry, Duke of Cornwall Mary I Elizabeth I Edward VI Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset (illegitimate) Henry VII (father) Elizabeth of York (mother) Arthur, Prince of Wales (brother) Edmund Tudor, Duke of Somerset (brother) Margaret, Queen of Scots (sister) Mary, Queen of France and Duchess of Suffolk (sister) Wives Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr Children Henry, Duke of Cornwall Mary I Elizabeth I Edward VI Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset (illegitimate) Henry, Duke of Cornwall Mary I Elizabeth I Edward VI Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset (illegitimate) Reign Coronation English Reformation Dissolution of the Monasteries Field of the Cloth of Gold (1520) Coronation English Reformation Dissolution of the Monasteries Field of the Cloth of Gold (1520) Events Reformation Parliament (1529–1536) Treaty of Bruges (1521) Treaty of Perpetual Peace (1534) Acts of Succession First (1534) Second (1536) Third (1543) Treason Act (1540) Battles Battle of the Spurs Battle of Solway Moss Battle of Haddon Rig Rough Wooing Reformation Parliament (1529–1536) Treaty of Bruges (1521) Treaty of Perpetual Peace (1534) Acts of Succession First (1534) Second (1536) Third (1543) First (1534) Second (1536) Third (1543) Treason Act (1540) Battles Battle of the Spurs Battle of Solway Moss Battle of Haddon Rig Rough Wooing Battle of the Spurs Battle of Solway Moss Battle of Haddon Rig Rough Wooing Inventory Tudor Crown Writing desk Horned helmet Tudor Crown Writing desk Horned helmet Depictions Portraiture Lost portrait Rome portrait Plays and musicals Henry VIII (1613) The Rose Without a Thorn (1933) A Man for All Seasons (1954) Rex (1976) Wolf Hall (2013) Six (2017) The Mirror and the Light (2021) Film The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933) Anne of the Thousand Days (1969) Henry VIII and His Six Wives (1972) Monarch (2000) The Other Boleyn Girl (2008) Firebrand (2023) Novels Wolf Hall Bring Up the Bodies The Mirror & the Light The Constant Princess The King's Curse The Taming of the Queen The Sixth Wife The Other Boleyn Girl Television Wolf Hall Wolf Hall: The Mirror and the Light The Spanish Princess The Tudors The Six Wives of Henry VIII Portraiture Lost portrait Rome portrait Lost portrait Rome portrait Plays and musicals Henry VIII (1613) The Rose Without a Thorn (1933) A Man for All Seasons (1954) Rex (1976) Wolf Hall (2013) Six (2017) The Mirror and the Light (2021) Henry VIII (1613) The Rose Without a Thorn (1933) A Man for All Seasons (1954) Rex (1976) Wolf Hall (2013) Six (2017) The Mirror and the Light (2021) Film The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933) Anne of the Thousand Days (1969) Henry VIII and His Six Wives (1972) Monarch (2000) The Other Boleyn Girl (2008) Firebrand (2023) The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933) Anne of the Thousand Days (1969) Henry VIII and His Six Wives (1972) Monarch (2000) The Other Boleyn Girl (2008) Firebrand (2023) Novels Wolf Hall Bring Up the Bodies The Mirror & the Light The Constant Princess The King's Curse The Taming of the Queen The Sixth Wife The Other Boleyn Girl Wolf Hall Bring Up the Bodies The Mirror & the Light The Constant Princess The King's Curse The Taming of the Queen The Sixth Wife The Other Boleyn Girl Television Wolf Hall Wolf Hall: The Mirror and the Light The Spanish Princess The Tudors The Six Wives of Henry VIII Wolf Hall Wolf Hall: The Mirror and the Light Wolf Hall: The Mirror and the Light The Spanish Princess The Tudors The Six Wives of Henry VIII Related Tudor period Mistresses Tudor period Mistresses ← Henry VII Edward VI → ← Henry VII Edward VI → Links to related articles v t e Anglicanism Communions Anglican Communion Anglican realignment Continuing Anglican movement Personal ordinariates Porvoo Communion History History of Christianity in Britain Celtic Christianity Anglo-Saxon Christianity Æthelberht Edwin Offa Augustine of Canterbury Paulinus Hygeberht Bede Medieval architecture Henry VIII English Reformation Cranmer Dissolution of Monasteries Church of England Church of Ireland Apostolic succession Edward VI Edwardian Reformation Elizabeth I Parker Hooker James I King James Version Charles I Laud Caroline Divines Nonjuring schism Oxford Movement Anglo-Catholicism Modern Church Theology Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Thirty-nine Articles The Books of Homilies Lambeth Quadrilateral Sacraments Eucharist Mary Saints Liturgy and worship Book of Common Prayer 1549 1552 1662 1928 1962 1979 Morning / Evening Prayer Liturgical year Biblical canon Books of Homilies High / Low / Broad church Related topics Converts to Anglicanism Heraldry Ministry Monasticism Music Anglican prayer beads Anglicanism of the Americas Free Church of England Reformed Episcopal Church Christianity portal v t e English , Scottish , and British monarchs Monarchs of England until 1603 Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 Alfred the Great Edward the Elder Ælfweard Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Swein Edmund Ironside Cnut Harold Harefoot Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold Godwinson Edgar Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I John Louis Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Donald III Duncan II Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret John Robert I David II Edward Balliol Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603 James I & VI Charles I The Protectorate Oliver Cromwell Richard Cromwell Charles II James II & VII William III & II and Mary II Anne British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Charles III Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. v t e Dukes of Cornwall Edward (1337–1376) Richard (1376–1377) Henry (1399–1413) Henry (1421–1422) Edward (1453–1471) Richard (1460; disputed) Edward (1470–1483) Edward (1483–1484) Arthur (1486–1502) Henry (1502–1509) Henry (1511) Edward (1537–1547) Henry Frederick (1603–1612) Charles (1612–1625) Charles (1630–1649) James (1688–1701/2) George (1714–1727) Frederick (1727–1751) George (1762–1820) Albert Edward (1841–1901) George (1901–1910) Edward (1910–1936) Charles (1952–2022) William (2022–present) Cornwall Portal v t e Princes of Wales Edward of Caernarfon (1301–1307) Edward the Black Prince (1343–1376) Richard of Bordeaux (1376–1377) Henry of Monmouth (1399–1413) Edward of Westminster (1454–1471) Edward (1471–1483) Edward of Middleham (1483–1484) Arthur (1489–1502) Henry (1504–1509) Edward (1537–1547) Henry Frederick (1610–1612) Charles (1616–1625) Charles (1641–1649) James (1688) George (1714–1727) Frederick (1728–1751) George (1751–1760) George (1762–1820) Albert Edward (1841–1901) George (1901–1910) Edward (1910–1936) Charles (1958–2022) William (2022–present) See also : Principality of Wales v t e Dukes of York Edmund of Langley (1385–1402) Edward of Norwich (1402–1415) Richard Plantagenet (1415–1460) Edward of York (1460–1461) Richard of Shrewsbury (1474–1483) Henry (1494–1509) Charles (1605–1625) James (1633/1644–1685) Ernest Augustus (1716–1728) Edward (1760–1767) Frederick (1784–1827) George (1892–1910) Albert (1920–1936) Andrew (1986–2025; extant, not in use) italics denote Dukes of York and Albany v t e Anglicanism v t e Communions Anglican Communion Anglican realignment Continuing Anglican movement Personal ordinariates Porvoo Communion Anglican Communion Anglican realignment Continuing Anglican movement Personal ordinariates Porvoo Communion History History of Christianity in Britain Celtic Christianity Anglo-Saxon Christianity Æthelberht Edwin Offa Augustine of Canterbury Paulinus Hygeberht Bede Medieval architecture Henry VIII English Reformation Cranmer Dissolution of Monasteries Church of England Church of Ireland Apostolic succession Edward VI Edwardian Reformation Elizabeth I Parker Hooker James I King James Version Charles I Laud Caroline Divines Nonjuring schism Oxford Movement Anglo-Catholicism Modern Church History of Christianity in Britain Celtic Christianity Anglo-Saxon Christianity Celtic Christianity Anglo-Saxon Christianity Æthelberht Edwin Offa Augustine of Canterbury Paulinus Hygeberht Bede Medieval architecture Henry VIII English Reformation Cranmer Dissolution of Monasteries Church of England Church of Ireland Apostolic succession Edward VI Edwardian Reformation Elizabeth I Parker Hooker James I King James Version Charles I Laud Caroline Divines Nonjuring schism Oxford Movement Anglo-Catholicism Modern Church Theology Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Thirty-nine Articles The Books of Homilies Lambeth Quadrilateral Sacraments Eucharist Mary Saints Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Father Son Holy Spirit Thirty-nine Articles The Books of Homilies Lambeth Quadrilateral Sacraments Eucharist Mary Saints Liturgy and worship Book of Common Prayer 1549 1552 1662 1928 1962 1979 Morning / Evening Prayer Liturgical year Biblical canon Books of Homilies High / Low / Broad church Book of Common Prayer 1549 1552 1662 1928 1962 1979 1549 1552 1662 1928 1962 1979 Morning / Evening Prayer Liturgical year Biblical canon Books of Homilies High / Low / Broad church Related topics Converts to Anglicanism Heraldry Ministry Monasticism Music Anglican prayer beads Anglicanism of the Americas Free Church of England Reformed Episcopal Church Converts to Anglicanism Heraldry Ministry Monasticism Music Anglican prayer beads Anglicanism of the Americas Free Church of England Reformed Episcopal Church Christianity portal v t e English , Scottish , and British monarchs v t e Monarchs of England until 1603 Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 Alfred the Great Edward the Elder Ælfweard Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Swein Edmund Ironside Cnut Harold Harefoot Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold Godwinson Edgar Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I John Louis Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Donald III Duncan II Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret John Robert I David II Edward Balliol Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Monarchs of England until 1603 Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 Alfred the Great Edward the Elder Ælfweard Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Swein Edmund Ironside Cnut Harold Harefoot Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold Godwinson Edgar Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I John Louis Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Donald III Duncan II Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret John Robert I David II Edward Balliol Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Monarchs of England until 1603 Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 Alfred the Great Edward the Elder Ælfweard Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Swein Edmund Ironside Cnut Harold Harefoot Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold Godwinson Edgar Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I John Louis Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I Alfred the Great Edward the Elder Ælfweard Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Swein Edmund Ironside Cnut Harold Harefoot Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold Godwinson Edgar Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I John Louis Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Donald III Duncan II Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret John Robert I David II Edward Balliol Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Donald III Duncan II Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret John Robert I David II Edward Balliol Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603 James I & VI Charles I The Protectorate Oliver Cromwell Richard Cromwell Charles II James II & VII William III & II and Mary II Anne Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603 Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603 James I & VI Charles I The Protectorate Oliver Cromwell Richard Cromwell Charles II James II & VII William III & II and Mary II Anne James I & VI Charles I The Protectorate Oliver Cromwell Richard Cromwell Oliver Cromwell Richard Cromwell Charles II James II & VII William III & II and Mary II Anne British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Charles III British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Charles III Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Charles III Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. v t e Dukes of Cornwall v t e Edward (1337–1376) Richard (1376–1377) Henry (1399–1413) Henry (1421–1422) Edward (1453–1471) Richard (1460; disputed) Edward (1470–1483) Edward (1483–1484) Arthur (1486–1502) Henry (1502–1509) Henry (1511) Edward (1537–1547) Henry Frederick (1603–1612) Charles (1612–1625) Charles (1630–1649) James (1688–1701/2) George (1714–1727) Frederick (1727–1751) George (1762–1820) Albert Edward (1841–1901) George (1901–1910) Edward (1910–1936) Charles (1952–2022) William (2022–present) Edward (1337–1376) Richard (1376–1377) Henry (1399–1413) Henry (1421–1422) Edward (1453–1471) Richard (1460; disputed) Edward (1470–1483) Edward (1483–1484) Arthur (1486–1502) Henry (1502–1509) Henry (1511) Edward (1537–1547) Henry Frederick (1603–1612) Charles (1612–1625) Charles (1630–1649) James (1688–1701/2) George (1714–1727) Frederick (1727–1751) George (1762–1820) Albert Edward (1841–1901) George (1901–1910) Edward (1910–1936) Charles (1952–2022) William (2022–present) Cornwall Portal v t e Princes of Wales v t e Edward of Caernarfon (1301–1307) Edward the Black Prince (1343–1376) Richard of Bordeaux (1376–1377) Henry of Monmouth (1399–1413) Edward of Westminster (1454–1471) Edward (1471–1483) Edward of Middleham (1483–1484) Arthur (1489–1502) Henry (1504–1509) Edward (1537–1547) Henry Frederick (1610–1612) Charles (1616–1625) Charles (1641–1649) James (1688) George (1714–1727) Frederick (1728–1751) George (1751–1760) George (1762–1820) Albert Edward (1841–1901) George (1901–1910) Edward (1910–1936) Charles (1958–2022) William (2022–present) Edward of Caernarfon (1301–1307) Edward the Black Prince (1343–1376) Richard of Bordeaux (1376–1377) Henry of Monmouth (1399–1413) Edward of Westminster (1454–1471) Edward (1471–1483) Edward of Middleham (1483–1484) Arthur (1489–1502) Henry (1504–1509) Edward (1537–1547) Henry Frederick (1610–1612) Charles (1616–1625) Charles (1641–1649) James (1688) George (1714–1727) Frederick (1728–1751) George (1751–1760) George (1762–1820) Albert Edward (1841–1901) George (1901–1910) Edward (1910–1936) Charles (1958–2022) William (2022–present) See also : Principality of Wales v t e Dukes of York v t e Edmund of Langley (1385–1402) Edward of Norwich (1402–1415) Richard Plantagenet (1415–1460) Edward of York (1460–1461) Richard of Shrewsbury (1474–1483) Henry (1494–1509) Charles (1605–1625) James (1633/1644–1685) Ernest Augustus (1716–1728) Edward (1760–1767) Frederick (1784–1827) George (1892–1910) Albert (1920–1936) Andrew (1986–2025; extant, not in use) Edmund of Langley (1385–1402) Edward of Norwich (1402–1415) Richard Plantagenet (1415–1460) Edward of York (1460–1461) Richard of Shrewsbury (1474–1483) Henry (1494–1509) Charles (1605–1625) James (1633/1644–1685) Ernest Augustus (1716–1728) Edward (1760–1767) Frederick (1784–1827) George (1892–1910) Albert (1920–1936) Andrew (1986–2025; extant, not in use) italics denote Dukes of York and Albany Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Spain Netherlands Norway Latvia Croatia Chile Greece Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Finland Catalonia Belgium United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Spain Netherlands Norway Latvia Croatia Chile Greece Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Finland Catalonia Belgium Academics CiNii CiNii Artists ULAN MusicBrainz RKD Artists FID ULAN MusicBrainz RKD Artists FID People Netherlands Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Netherlands Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Open Library 2 SNAC 2 Te Papa (New Zealand) RISM IdRef Open Library 2 2 SNAC 2 2 Te Papa (New Zealand) RISM Henry VIII 1491 births 1547 deaths 15th-century English nobility 15th-century Roman Catholics 16th-century English nobility 16th-century English monarchs 16th-century Irish monarchs 16th-century English writers 16th-century English male writers 16th-century Roman Catholics 16th-century Anglicans 16th-century princes of Wales 16th-century dukes of Cornwall Annulment British founders Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle Children of Henry VII of England Composers of the Tudor period Converts to Anglicanism from Roman Catholicism Dukes of York Earls Marshal English Anglicans English classical composers English people of Welsh descent English pretenders to the French throne English real tennis players English royalty and nobility with disabilities Former Roman Catholics Founders of colleges of the University of Cambridge Founders of colleges of the University of Oxford Founders of religions House of Tudor Husbands of Catherine Parr Knights of the Bath Knights of the Garter Knights of the Golden Fleece Lords Lieutenant of Ireland Lords of Glamorgan Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports Male Shakespearean characters Military leaders of the Italian Wars Musicians from Kent People associated with the Dissolution of the Monasteries People excommunicated by the Catholic Church People from Greenwich People with endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases People with mood disorders People with traumatic brain injuries Sons of kings CS1 maint: publisher location CS1 errors: ISBN date Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Use British English from September 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from January 2026 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2025 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference CS1: long volume value Commons category link is on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats Composers with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:29 (UTC) . 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Haku • Ajankohtaista • Selaa luokittain • Luo artikkeli Suositellut • Hyvät • Lupaavat artikkelit • Uudet sivut Haku • Ajankohtaista • Selaa luokittain • Luo artikkeli Suositellut • Hyvät • Lupaavat artikkelit • Uudet sivut Suositellut • Hyvät • Lupaavat artikkelit • Uudet sivut Tervetuloa Wikipediaan ja tietoja Wikipediasta UKK • Artikkelin luominen • Keskustelu • Neuvonta Tervetuloa Wikipediaan ja tietoja Wikipediasta UKK • Artikkelin luominen • Keskustelu • Neuvonta UKK • Artikkelin luominen • Keskustelu • Neuvonta Suositeltu artikkeli The Alan Parsons Project (APP) oli brittiläinen progressiivinen rockyhtye , jonka Alan Parsons ja Eric Woolfson perustivat vuonna 1975. Yhtye oli koko elinkaarensa ajan studioprojekti, eikä se konsertoinut lainkaan, sillä Woolfson ja Parsons näkivät itsensä ensisijaisesti säveltäjinä ja tuottajina eivätkä esiintyjinä. The Alan Parsons Project julkaisi vuosien 1976 ja 1987 välillä yhteensä kymmenen albumia. Suosituimmillaan yhtye oli 1970-luvun lopulla ja 1980-luvun alussa, jolloin se oli yksi suosituimmista taiderock -yhtyeistä. Parsons ja Woolfson olivat yhtyeen ainoat varsinaiset jäsenet. Heidän lisäkseen yhtyeen jokaisella albumilla soitti kitaristi Ian Bairnson . Muita pitkäaikaisia jäseniä olivat basisti David Paton ja orkestraatioista vastannut Andrew Powell . Osa yhtyeen soundia olivat vaihtuvat laulusolistit. Yhtyeen suurimmat hitit ” Time ”, ” Eye in the Sky ” ja ” Don’t Answer Me ” lauloi Eric Woolfson. Tunnettuja kappaleita ovat myös Lenny Zakatekin laulamat ” I Wouldn’t Want to Be Like You ” ja ” Games People Play ” sekä urheilutapahtumien sisääntulomusiikkina suosittu instrumentaali ” Sirius ”. Katso lisää aiheeseen liittyviä laadukkaita artikkeleita: Camel (yhtye) , Alan Parsons , progressiivinen pop , Tales of Mystery and Imagination (albumi) ja Eric Woolfson . Lisää suositeltuja , hyviä ja lupaavia artikkeleita Miten voit auttaa Wikipedia tarvitsee apuasi! Punainen linkki tarkoittaa, että aiheesta ei vielä ole artikkelia. Voit auttaa kirjoittamalla puuttuvista aiheista. Mark Bernstein (?) · passiivimatriisinäyttö · Tanya Tucker · Atlantan murhat 1979–1981 · Candyman (elokuvasarja) · reaalianalyysi · Pentti Koskinen (valokuvaaja) · Yahoo! Search (?) · KITT (?) · Cinema Rexin tulipalo (?) · Heather Morris (kirjailija) (?) · rakennusteline · Arri Priimägi · Lourdes (luola) (?) · heterodoksia · Karinaisten Kunto Viikon kilpailun aiheena on tällä viikolla Lähi-itä . Lisää artikkelitoiveita · Osallistu Wikiprojekteihin · Paranna sivuja Osallistu artikkeleiden vertaisarviointiin · Laajenna tynkiä Äskettäin kuolleita Louis Brus (1943–2026) oli yhdysvaltalainen kemisti, joka erikoistui nanomateriaalien tutkimukseen. Brus sai Nobelin kemianpalkinnon yhdessä Moungi Bawendin ja Aleksei Jekimovin kanssa vuonna 2023. Katso myös: .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Pertti Voutilainen Seppo Reijonen Geórgios Vasileíou Ueli Kestenholz Scott Adams Sisko Istanmäki Rolland Courbis Lisää äskettäin kuolleita Suositeltu artikkeli The Alan Parsons Project (APP) oli brittiläinen progressiivinen rockyhtye , jonka Alan Parsons ja Eric Woolfson perustivat vuonna 1975. Yhtye oli koko elinkaarensa ajan studioprojekti, eikä se konsertoinut lainkaan, sillä Woolfson ja Parsons näkivät itsensä ensisijaisesti säveltäjinä ja tuottajina eivätkä esiintyjinä. The Alan Parsons Project julkaisi vuosien 1976 ja 1987 välillä yhteensä kymmenen albumia. Suosituimmillaan yhtye oli 1970-luvun lopulla ja 1980-luvun alussa, jolloin se oli yksi suosituimmista taiderock -yhtyeistä. Parsons ja Woolfson olivat yhtyeen ainoat varsinaiset jäsenet. Heidän lisäkseen yhtyeen jokaisella albumilla soitti kitaristi Ian Bairnson . Muita pitkäaikaisia jäseniä olivat basisti David Paton ja orkestraatioista vastannut Andrew Powell . Osa yhtyeen soundia olivat vaihtuvat laulusolistit. Yhtyeen suurimmat hitit ” Time ”, ” Eye in the Sky ” ja ” Don’t Answer Me ” lauloi Eric Woolfson. Tunnettuja kappaleita ovat myös Lenny Zakatekin laulamat ” I Wouldn’t Want to Be Like You ” ja ” Games People Play ” sekä urheilutapahtumien sisääntulomusiikkina suosittu instrumentaali ” Sirius ”. Katso lisää aiheeseen liittyviä laadukkaita artikkeleita: Camel (yhtye) , Alan Parsons , progressiivinen pop , Tales of Mystery and Imagination (albumi) ja Eric Woolfson . Lisää suositeltuja , hyviä ja lupaavia artikkeleita Suositeltu artikkeli Suositeltu artikkeli The Alan Parsons Project (APP) oli brittiläinen progressiivinen rockyhtye , jonka Alan Parsons ja Eric Woolfson perustivat vuonna 1975. Yhtye oli koko elinkaarensa ajan studioprojekti, eikä se konsertoinut lainkaan, sillä Woolfson ja Parsons näkivät itsensä ensisijaisesti säveltäjinä ja tuottajina eivätkä esiintyjinä. The Alan Parsons Project julkaisi vuosien 1976 ja 1987 välillä yhteensä kymmenen albumia. Suosituimmillaan yhtye oli 1970-luvun lopulla ja 1980-luvun alussa, jolloin se oli yksi suosituimmista taiderock -yhtyeistä. Parsons ja Woolfson olivat yhtyeen ainoat varsinaiset jäsenet. Heidän lisäkseen yhtyeen jokaisella albumilla soitti kitaristi Ian Bairnson . Muita pitkäaikaisia jäseniä olivat basisti David Paton ja orkestraatioista vastannut Andrew Powell . Osa yhtyeen soundia olivat vaihtuvat laulusolistit. Yhtyeen suurimmat hitit ” Time ”, ” Eye in the Sky ” ja ” Don’t Answer Me ” lauloi Eric Woolfson. Tunnettuja kappaleita ovat myös Lenny Zakatekin laulamat ” I Wouldn’t Want to Be Like You ” ja ” Games People Play ” sekä urheilutapahtumien sisääntulomusiikkina suosittu instrumentaali ” Sirius ”. Katso lisää aiheeseen liittyviä laadukkaita artikkeleita: Camel (yhtye) , Alan Parsons , progressiivinen pop , Tales of Mystery and Imagination (albumi) ja Eric Woolfson . Lisää suositeltuja , hyviä ja lupaavia artikkeleita The Alan Parsons Project (APP) oli brittiläinen progressiivinen rockyhtye , jonka Alan Parsons ja Eric Woolfson perustivat vuonna 1975. Yhtye oli koko elinkaarensa ajan studioprojekti, eikä se konsertoinut lainkaan, sillä Woolfson ja Parsons näkivät itsensä ensisijaisesti säveltäjinä ja tuottajina eivätkä esiintyjinä. The Alan Parsons Project julkaisi vuosien 1976 ja 1987 välillä yhteensä kymmenen albumia. Suosituimmillaan yhtye oli 1970-luvun lopulla ja 1980-luvun alussa, jolloin se oli yksi suosituimmista taiderock -yhtyeistä. Parsons ja Woolfson olivat yhtyeen ainoat varsinaiset jäsenet. Heidän lisäkseen yhtyeen jokaisella albumilla soitti kitaristi Ian Bairnson . Muita pitkäaikaisia jäseniä olivat basisti David Paton ja orkestraatioista vastannut Andrew Powell . Osa yhtyeen soundia olivat vaihtuvat laulusolistit. Yhtyeen suurimmat hitit ” Time ”, ” Eye in the Sky ” ja ” Don’t Answer Me ” lauloi Eric Woolfson. Tunnettuja kappaleita ovat myös Lenny Zakatekin laulamat ” I Wouldn’t Want to Be Like You ” ja ” Games People Play ” sekä urheilutapahtumien sisääntulomusiikkina suosittu instrumentaali ” Sirius ”. Miten voit auttaa Wikipedia tarvitsee apuasi! Punainen linkki tarkoittaa, että aiheesta ei vielä ole artikkelia. Voit auttaa kirjoittamalla puuttuvista aiheista. Mark Bernstein (?) · passiivimatriisinäyttö · Tanya Tucker · Atlantan murhat 1979–1981 · Candyman (elokuvasarja) · reaalianalyysi · Pentti Koskinen (valokuvaaja) · Yahoo! Search (?) · KITT (?) · Cinema Rexin tulipalo (?) · Heather Morris (kirjailija) (?) · rakennusteline · Arri Priimägi · Lourdes (luola) (?) · heterodoksia · Karinaisten Kunto Viikon kilpailun aiheena on tällä viikolla Lähi-itä . Lisää artikkelitoiveita · Osallistu Wikiprojekteihin · Paranna sivuja Osallistu artikkeleiden vertaisarviointiin · Laajenna tynkiä Miten voit auttaa Miten voit auttaa Wikipedia tarvitsee apuasi! Punainen linkki tarkoittaa, että aiheesta ei vielä ole artikkelia. Voit auttaa kirjoittamalla puuttuvista aiheista. Mark Bernstein (?) · passiivimatriisinäyttö · Tanya Tucker · Atlantan murhat 1979–1981 · Candyman (elokuvasarja) · reaalianalyysi · Pentti Koskinen (valokuvaaja) · Yahoo! Search (?) · KITT (?) · Cinema Rexin tulipalo (?) · Heather Morris (kirjailija) (?) · rakennusteline · Arri Priimägi · Lourdes (luola) (?) · heterodoksia · Karinaisten Kunto Viikon kilpailun aiheena on tällä viikolla Lähi-itä . Lisää artikkelitoiveita · Osallistu Wikiprojekteihin · Paranna sivuja Osallistu artikkeleiden vertaisarviointiin · Laajenna tynkiä Mark Bernstein (?) · passiivimatriisinäyttö · Tanya Tucker · Atlantan murhat 1979–1981 · Candyman (elokuvasarja) · reaalianalyysi · Pentti Koskinen (valokuvaaja) · Yahoo! Search (?) · KITT (?) · Cinema Rexin tulipalo (?) · Heather Morris (kirjailija) (?) · rakennusteline · Arri Priimägi · Lourdes (luola) (?) · heterodoksia · Karinaisten Kunto Äskettäin kuolleita Louis Brus (1943–2026) oli yhdysvaltalainen kemisti, joka erikoistui nanomateriaalien tutkimukseen. Brus sai Nobelin kemianpalkinnon yhdessä Moungi Bawendin ja Aleksei Jekimovin kanssa vuonna 2023. Katso myös: .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Pertti Voutilainen Seppo Reijonen Geórgios Vasileíou Ueli Kestenholz Scott Adams Sisko Istanmäki Rolland Courbis Lisää äskettäin kuolleita Äskettäin kuolleita Äskettäin kuolleita Louis Brus (1943–2026) oli yhdysvaltalainen kemisti, joka erikoistui nanomateriaalien tutkimukseen. Brus sai Nobelin kemianpalkinnon yhdessä Moungi Bawendin ja Aleksei Jekimovin kanssa vuonna 2023. Katso myös: .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Pertti Voutilainen Seppo Reijonen Geórgios Vasileíou Ueli Kestenholz Scott Adams Sisko Istanmäki Rolland Courbis Lisää äskettäin kuolleita Louis Brus (1943–2026) oli yhdysvaltalainen kemisti, joka erikoistui nanomateriaalien tutkimukseen. Brus sai Nobelin kemianpalkinnon yhdessä Moungi Bawendin ja Aleksei Jekimovin kanssa vuonna 2023. Pertti Voutilainen Seppo Reijonen Geórgios Vasileíou Ueli Kestenholz Scott Adams Sisko Istanmäki Rolland Courbis Uutisissa Harri Heliövaara Tennispelaaja Harri Heliövaara valittiin Suomen urheilugaalassa Vuoden urheilijaksi . ( 15.1. ) Yhdysvallat iski Venezuelaan ja kaappasi presidentti Nicolás Maduron . ( 3.1. ) Sveitsissä ainakin 40 ihmistä sai surmansa yökerhopalossa . ( 1.1. ) Bulgaria siirtyi käyttämään euroa rahayksikkönään. ( 1.1. ) Oulu ja Trenčín aloittivat Euroopan kulttuuripääkaupunkeina . ( 1.1. ) Meneillään : Gazan sota • Venäjän hyökkäys Ukrainaan • Iranin mielenosoitukset Vuosi 2026 – Wikiuutiset – Lisää uutisia 16. tammikuuta J. H. Erkko 1362 – Ainakin 25 000 ihmistä sai surmansa Pohjanmeren rannikolla riehuneessa myrskyssä . 1547 – Iivana Julmasta tuli Venäjän ensimmäinen tsaari . 1556 – Filip II:sta tuli ensimmäinen virallinen Espanjan kuningas . 1849 – Kirjailija ja kulttuurivaikuttaja J. H. Erkko syntyi. 1901 – Kuuban presidentti Fulgencio Batista syntyi. 1979 – Iranin vallankumous : šaahi Mohammad Reza Pahlavi luopui kruunusta ja lähti maanpakoon. Lisää tapahtumia sekä vuosipäiviä Tiesitkö, että... Täysikasvuinen kaksoiseläin … kaksoiseläimen täysikasvuisen yksilön muodostuminen vaatii, että kaksi toukkavaiheen yksilöä yhdistyy toisiinsa? … Marshallinsaaret on asettanut vuotuisen kiintiön sille, kuinka monelle henkilölle voidaan myöntää maan kansalaisuus ? … Angam-päivä on naurulainen kansallinen juhlapäivä, jolla juhlistetaan sitä, että maan asukasluku ylitti 1 500 henkilön rajapyykin? … Olli Rehnin äiti Vuokko Rehn on myös toiminut keskustan kansanedustajana vuosina 1995–1999? Lisää nippelitietoa Uutisissa Harri Heliövaara Tennispelaaja Harri Heliövaara valittiin Suomen urheilugaalassa Vuoden urheilijaksi . ( 15.1. ) Yhdysvallat iski Venezuelaan ja kaappasi presidentti Nicolás Maduron . ( 3.1. ) Sveitsissä ainakin 40 ihmistä sai surmansa yökerhopalossa . ( 1.1. ) Bulgaria siirtyi käyttämään euroa rahayksikkönään. ( 1.1. ) Oulu ja Trenčín aloittivat Euroopan kulttuuripääkaupunkeina . ( 1.1. ) Meneillään : Gazan sota • Venäjän hyökkäys Ukrainaan • Iranin mielenosoitukset Vuosi 2026 – Wikiuutiset – Lisää uutisia Uutisissa Uutisissa Harri Heliövaara Tennispelaaja Harri Heliövaara valittiin Suomen urheilugaalassa Vuoden urheilijaksi . ( 15.1. ) Yhdysvallat iski Venezuelaan ja kaappasi presidentti Nicolás Maduron . ( 3.1. ) Sveitsissä ainakin 40 ihmistä sai surmansa yökerhopalossa . ( 1.1. ) Bulgaria siirtyi käyttämään euroa rahayksikkönään. ( 1.1. ) Oulu ja Trenčín aloittivat Euroopan kulttuuripääkaupunkeina . ( 1.1. ) Meneillään : Gazan sota • Venäjän hyökkäys Ukrainaan • Iranin mielenosoitukset Vuosi 2026 – Wikiuutiset – Lisää uutisia Tennispelaaja Harri Heliövaara valittiin Suomen urheilugaalassa Vuoden urheilijaksi . ( 15.1. ) Yhdysvallat iski Venezuelaan ja kaappasi presidentti Nicolás Maduron . ( 3.1. ) Sveitsissä ainakin 40 ihmistä sai surmansa yökerhopalossa . ( 1.1. ) Bulgaria siirtyi käyttämään euroa rahayksikkönään. ( 1.1. ) Oulu ja Trenčín aloittivat Euroopan kulttuuripääkaupunkeina . ( 1.1. ) Meneillään : Gazan sota • Venäjän hyökkäys Ukrainaan • Iranin mielenosoitukset 16. tammikuuta J. H. Erkko 1362 – Ainakin 25 000 ihmistä sai surmansa Pohjanmeren rannikolla riehuneessa myrskyssä . 1547 – Iivana Julmasta tuli Venäjän ensimmäinen tsaari . 1556 – Filip II:sta tuli ensimmäinen virallinen Espanjan kuningas . 1849 – Kirjailija ja kulttuurivaikuttaja J. H. Erkko syntyi. 1901 – Kuuban presidentti Fulgencio Batista syntyi. 1979 – Iranin vallankumous : šaahi Mohammad Reza Pahlavi luopui kruunusta ja lähti maanpakoon. Lisää tapahtumia sekä vuosipäiviä 16. tammikuuta 16. tammikuuta J. H. Erkko 1362 – Ainakin 25 000 ihmistä sai surmansa Pohjanmeren rannikolla riehuneessa myrskyssä . 1547 – Iivana Julmasta tuli Venäjän ensimmäinen tsaari . 1556 – Filip II:sta tuli ensimmäinen virallinen Espanjan kuningas . 1849 – Kirjailija ja kulttuurivaikuttaja J. H. Erkko syntyi. 1901 – Kuuban presidentti Fulgencio Batista syntyi. 1979 – Iranin vallankumous : šaahi Mohammad Reza Pahlavi luopui kruunusta ja lähti maanpakoon. Lisää tapahtumia sekä vuosipäiviä 1362 – Ainakin 25 000 ihmistä sai surmansa Pohjanmeren rannikolla riehuneessa myrskyssä . 1547 – Iivana Julmasta tuli Venäjän ensimmäinen tsaari . 1556 – Filip II:sta tuli ensimmäinen virallinen Espanjan kuningas . 1849 – Kirjailija ja kulttuurivaikuttaja J. H. Erkko syntyi. 1901 – Kuuban presidentti Fulgencio Batista syntyi. 1979 – Iranin vallankumous : šaahi Mohammad Reza Pahlavi luopui kruunusta ja lähti maanpakoon. Tiesitkö, että... Täysikasvuinen kaksoiseläin … kaksoiseläimen täysikasvuisen yksilön muodostuminen vaatii, että kaksi toukkavaiheen yksilöä yhdistyy toisiinsa? … Marshallinsaaret on asettanut vuotuisen kiintiön sille, kuinka monelle henkilölle voidaan myöntää maan kansalaisuus ? … Angam-päivä on naurulainen kansallinen juhlapäivä, jolla juhlistetaan sitä, että maan asukasluku ylitti 1 500 henkilön rajapyykin? … Olli Rehnin äiti Vuokko Rehn on myös toiminut keskustan kansanedustajana vuosina 1995–1999? Lisää nippelitietoa Tiesitkö, että... Tiesitkö, että... Täysikasvuinen kaksoiseläin … kaksoiseläimen täysikasvuisen yksilön muodostuminen vaatii, että kaksi toukkavaiheen yksilöä yhdistyy toisiinsa? … Marshallinsaaret on asettanut vuotuisen kiintiön sille, kuinka monelle henkilölle voidaan myöntää maan kansalaisuus ? … Angam-päivä on naurulainen kansallinen juhlapäivä, jolla juhlistetaan sitä, että maan asukasluku ylitti 1 500 henkilön rajapyykin? … Olli Rehnin äiti Vuokko Rehn on myös toiminut keskustan kansanedustajana vuosina 1995–1999? Lisää nippelitietoa … kaksoiseläimen täysikasvuisen yksilön muodostuminen vaatii, että kaksi toukkavaiheen yksilöä yhdistyy toisiinsa? … Marshallinsaaret on asettanut vuotuisen kiintiön sille, kuinka monelle henkilölle voidaan myöntää maan kansalaisuus ? … Angam-päivä on naurulainen kansallinen juhlapäivä, jolla juhlistetaan sitä, että maan asukasluku ylitti 1 500 henkilön rajapyykin? … Olli Rehnin äiti Vuokko Rehn on myös toiminut keskustan kansanedustajana vuosina 1995–1999? 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design and effects 3.6 Post-production 3.7 Music 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design and effects 3.6 Post-production 3.7 Music 4 Release Toggle Release subsection 4.1 Context 4.2 Marketing 4.3 Box office 4.1 Context 4.2 Marketing 4.3 Box office 5 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 6 After release Toggle After release subsection 6.1 Performance analysis and aftermath 6.2 Home media 6.3 Other media 6.1 Performance analysis and aftermath 6.2 Home media 6.3 Other media 7 Thematic analysis Toggle Thematic analysis subsection 7.1 Duality and fragmented identity 7.2 The carnivalesque and social critique 7.3 Sexuality and repression 7.4 Power, politics, and ideology 7.5 Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique 7.1 Duality and fragmented identity 7.2 The carnivalesque and social critique 7.3 Sexuality and repression 7.4 Power, politics, and ideology 7.5 Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique 8 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 8.1 Retrospective reception 8.2 Cultural influence 8.1 Retrospective reception 8.2 Cultural influence 9 Sequels 10 Footnotes 11 Notes 12 References Toggle References subsection 12.1 Citations 12.2 Works cited 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 12.1 Citations 12.2 Works cited 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 13 External links Batman Returns العربية Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Batman Returns Theatrical release poster by John Alvin Directed by Tim Burton Screenplay by Daniel Waters Story by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Daniel Waters Sam Hamm Daniel Waters Sam Hamm Based on Batman characters created by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] and published by DC Comics Batman characters created by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] and published by DC Comics Produced by Denise Di Novi Tim Burton Denise Di Novi Tim Burton Starring Michael Keaton Danny DeVito Michelle Pfeiffer Christopher Walken Michael Gough Pat Hingle Michael Murphy Michael Keaton Danny DeVito Michelle Pfeiffer Christopher Walken Michael Gough Pat Hingle Michael Murphy Cinematography Stefan Czapsky Edited by Chris Lebenzon Music by Danny Elfman Production companies Warner Bros. PolyGram Pictures Warner Bros. PolyGram Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Release dates June 16, 1992 ( 1992-06-16 ) (Hollywood, California) June 19, 1992 ( 1992-06-19 ) (United States) June 16, 1992 ( 1992-06-16 ) (Hollywood, California) June 19, 1992 ( 1992-06-19 ) (United States) Running time 126 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $50–80 million Box office $266.8 million Batman Returns is a 1992 American superhero film directed by Tim Burton and written by Daniel Waters . Based on the DC Comics character Batman , it is the sequel to Batman (1989), also directed by Burton, and the second installment in the Batman film series (1989–1997). The cast includes Michael Keaton , Danny DeVito , Michelle Pfeiffer , Christopher Walken , Michael Gough , Pat Hingle , and Michael Murphy . Set during Christmas in Gotham City , the film follows Batman (Keaton) as he confronts corrupt businessman Max Shreck (Walken) and deformed crime boss Oswald Cobblepot / the Penguin (DeVito), whose bid for power threatens the city. Their schemes are further complicated by Shreck's former secretary Selina Kyle (Pfeiffer), who seeks revenge against him as Catwoman. Burton was initially uninterested in directing a sequel to Batman , feeling creatively constrained by Warner Bros. ' expectations. He agreed to return only after being granted greater creative control, which included replacing original writer Sam Hamm with Daniel Waters and reuniting with many of his previous collaborators. Waters's script emphasized characterization over plot, and Wesley Strick was later hired for an uncredited rewrite that added, among other elements, a master plan for the Penguin. Filming took place from September 1991 to February 1992 on a budget of $50–80 million, primarily on sets and soundstages at Warner Bros. Studios and the Universal Studios Lot in California. The film's special effects relied mainly on practical techniques and makeup, supplemented with animatronics, limited computer-generated imagery (CGI), and dozens of live penguins. The film's marketing campaign was extensive, featuring brand tie-ins and merchandise intended to replicate the financial success of Batman . Released on June 19, 1992, Batman Returns broke several box-office records and grossed $266.8 million worldwide, becoming the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1992 , but fell short of Batman in overall success and longevity. The darker tone, along with violent and sexual content, was cited as alienating family audiences and prompted backlash against marketing partners for promoting the film to children. Critical reception was polarized, though most reviewers praised the principal cast. Following the mixed reception of Batman Returns , Burton was replaced as director for its sequel, Batman Forever (1995), which was developed with a more family-friendly tone. Keaton also declined to return. In the years since its release, Batman Returns has been reappraised as one of the strongest Batman films and a pivotal early example of auteur -driven superhero cinema that helped shape the genre's darker, more ambitious direction. The film is also recognized as an alternative Christmas classic due to its winter setting, festive imagery, and themes of loneliness and isolation. Its story was revisited in the comic series Batman '89 (2021), and Keaton later reprised his version of Batman in The Flash (2023). Plot In Gotham City , two wealthy socialites , horrified by the birth of their malformed and feral son Oswald , abandon him in the sewers, where he is taken in by a colony of penguins. Thirty-three years later, during the Christmas season, wealthy industrialist Max Shreck is abducted by the Red Triangle Gang—former circus performers implicated in child disappearances across the country—and taken to their hideout in the abandoned Arctic exhibit at Gotham Zoo. Their leader, Oswald, now known as the Penguin, blackmails Max with evidence of his corruption and murders, coercing him into helping Oswald re-enter Gotham's high society. Max stages the kidnapping of the mayor's infant child, allowing Oswald to "rescue" the child and become a public hero. In return, Oswald requests access to the city's birth records, claiming he seeks to uncover his true identity by investigating Gotham's first-born sons. Max attempts to kill his timid secretary, Selina Kyle , by pushing her out of a window after she discovers his plan to build a power plant that would secretly drain and store Gotham's electricity. Selina survives, returns home, crafts a costume, and adopts the persona of Catwoman . To Max's surprise, she reappears at work with newfound confidence and assertiveness, immediately attracting the attention of visiting billionaire Bruce Wayne . As the vigilante Batman , Bruce begins investigating Oswald, suspecting his ties to the Red Triangle Gang. Seeking to remove opposition to his power plant, Max convinces Oswald to run for mayor and discredit the incumbent by unleashing the gang on Gotham. Batman's efforts to quell the violence bring him into conflict with Catwoman, while in their civilian lives Selina and Bruce begin a romance. Meanwhile, Catwoman allies with Oswald to smear Batman's reputation. During Gotham's Christmas-tree lighting, Oswald and Catwoman kidnap Gotham's beauty queen, the Ice Princess, and lure Batman to a rooftop above the ceremony. Oswald pushes the Ice Princess to her death with a swarm of bats, effectively framing Batman. When Catwoman objects to the murder and rebuffs Oswald's sexual advances, he attacks her, sending her crashing through a glasshouse. Batman escapes in the Batmobile , unaware that the Red Triangle gang has sabotaged it, allowing Oswald to control the vehicle, causing what appears to be a case of road rage . Before regaining control, Batman records Oswald's insulting tirade against Gotham's citizens and later plays it during Oswald's mayoral rally, destroying his public image and forcing him to retreat to Gotham Zoo. There, Oswald renounces his humanity, fully embracing his identity as the Penguin, and sets his plan in motion to abduct and kill Gotham's first-born sons as revenge for his own abandonment and problems. Selina attempts to kill Max at his charity ball, but Bruce intervenes, and the two inadvertently discover each other's secret identities. Penguin crashes the event intending to kidnap Max's son, Chip, but Max offers himself instead. Batman disrupts the Red Triangle gang and halts the kidnappings, prompting the Penguin to unleash his missile-equipped penguin army to destroy Gotham. Batman's ally, Alfred Pennyworth , overrides the control signal, redirecting the penguins back to Gotham Zoo. As the missiles obliterate the zoo, Batman unleashes a swarm of bats, causing the Penguin to fall into the toxic waters of the Arctic exhibit. Catwoman confronts Max, rejecting Batman's plea to abandon her revenge and leave with him. Max shoots Batman, incapacitating him, and then shoots Catwoman multiple times, but she survives, claiming she has two of her nine lives left. Catwoman electrocutes Max with a live cable, causing a power surge that appears to kill them both; however, Batman finds only Max's remains. The Penguin emerges one last time but succumbs to his injuries, with his penguins carrying his body into the water. Sometime later, while traveling home, Bruce spots Selina's silhouette but finds only a cat, which he takes with him. The Bat-Signal shines above the city as Catwoman gazes up at it. Cast Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman : A billionaire businessman who operates as Gotham's vigilante protector [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Danny DeVito as Oswald Cobblepot / Penguin : A malformed crime boss [ 6 ] Michelle Pfeiffer as Selina Kyle / Catwoman : A meek assistant turned vengeful villainess [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Christopher Walken as Max Shreck: A ruthless industrialist [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth : Wayne's butler and surrogate father [ 10 ] Pat Hingle as James Gordon : The Gotham City police commissioner and Batman's ally [ 11 ] Michael Murphy as the Mayor: The city's incumbent mayor [ 5 ] [ 12 ] The cast of Batman Returns includes Andrew Bryniarski as Max's son Charles "Chip" Schreck and Cristi Conaway as the Ice Princess, Gotham's beauty queen-elect. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Paul Reubens and Diane Salinger appear as Tucker and Esther Cobblepot, Oswald's wealthy, elite parents. [ 16 ] Sean Whalen appears as a paperboy; [ 15 ] Jan Hooks and Steve Witting play Jen and Josh, Oswald's mayoral image consultants . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] The Red Triangle gang includes the monkey-toting Organ Grinder ( Vincent Schiavelli ), the Poodle Lady ( Anna Katarina ), the Tattooed Strongman ( Rick Zumwalt ), the Sword Swallower (John Strong), the Knifethrower Dame (Erika Andersch), the Acrobatic Thug (Gregory Scott Cummins), the Terrifying Clown ( Branscombe Richmond ), the Fat Clown (Travis Mckenna), and the Thin Clown ( Doug Jones ). [ 15 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Production Development Following the success of Batman (1989), which became the fifth-highest-grossing film of its time, a sequel was considered inevitable. Warner Bros. Pictures began discussing a follow-up by late 1989, with plans to start filming the next May. [ a ] The studio wanted Robin Williams and Danny DeVito to portray the Riddler and Penguin, respectively, [ 23 ] and invested $2 million in acquiring the Gotham City sets at Pinewood Studios in England, intending to reuse them for at least two sequels. The sets were placed under 24-hour surveillance, as maintaining them was more cost-effective than rebuilding. [ 23 ] Despite Warner Bros.' pressure to secure a script and begin production, director Tim Burton was hesitant to return. [ 23 ] [ 9 ] [ 25 ] He described the idea of a sequel as "dumbfounded", particularly before the first film's box-office performance could be assessed. [ 23 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Burton was skeptical of sequels in general, believing they were only worthwhile if they offered something new and different. [ 23 ] [ 26 ] Batman writer Sam Hamm 's initial story treatment expanded on district attorney Harvey Dent —played by Billy Dee Williams in Batman —and charted his transformation into the supervillain Two-Face . Warner Bros., however, pushed for the Penguin as the primary antagonist, whom Hamm believed the studio regarded as Batman's most recognizable foe after the Joker . Catwoman was also added because Burton and Hamm were interested in the character. [ 25 ] Hamm's drafts followed directly from Batman , continuing Bruce Wayne's relationship with Vicki Vale ( Kim Basinger ) and leading to their engagement. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] His Penguin was depicted as an avian-themed criminal who weaponized birds, while Catwoman was portrayed as more overtly sexual, clad in " bondage " attire, and casually murdering groups of men. [ 25 ] The story paired Penguin and Catwoman in a plot to frame Batman for the murders of Gotham's wealthiest citizens while pursuing a hidden treasure, which ultimately drew them to Wayne Manor and uncovered the Wayne family's secret past. Hamm also introduced the Christmastime setting and included Robin , Batman's sidekick, though his idea of assault rifle -wielding Santas was discarded. In Hamm's drafts, Batman avoided killing and concentrated on protecting Gotham's homeless. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] Ultimately, his two scripts failed to reignite Burton's interest, [ 25 ] [ 26 ] and the director instead focused on Edward Scissorhands (1990) and co-writing The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993). [ 9 ] Burton was confirmed to direct the sequel in January 1991, with filming planned to begin later that year for a 1992 release. [ 27 ] His decision was influenced by the 1989 departure of Batman producers Peter Guber and Jon Peters to Columbia Pictures , as Burton had been frustrated by the level of creative control they exercised over the first film. [ 28 ] He agreed to return only after securing greater creative authority, later admitting that Batman was his least favorite of his films, describing it as "occasionally boring". [ 9 ] [ 25 ] [ 29 ] According to long-time collaborator Denise Di Novi , "Only about 50% of Batman was [Burton]", and Warner Bros. wanted Batman Returns to be "more of a Tim Burton movie ... [a] weirder movie but also more hip and fun". [ 29 ] Burton brought in several long-time collaborators to replace key members of the original Batman crew, including cinematographer Stefan Czapsky , production designer Bo Welch , creature-effects supervisor Stan Winston , makeup artist Ve Neill , and art directors Tom Duffield and Rick Henrichs. [ 30 ] He hired Daniel Waters to replace Hamm, preferring a writer with no emotional attachment to Batman . Burton admired Waters's script for the dark comedy Heathers (1988), which reflected the darker tone and creative direction he envisioned for the sequel. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 29 ] Burton reportedly clashed with Peters, demoting him to executive producer and largely excluding him from the set. [ 9 ] Warner Bros. served as the production company and distributor, with additional support from executive producer Guber and Peters's Polygram Pictures . [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Writing Waters began work on his first draft in mid-1990. [ 33 ] Burton's only guidance was that the script should avoid connections to the previous Batman , aside from a brief reference to Vale as Wayne's former partner, and that Catwoman should be developed with more depth than the typical sexy vixen archetype. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Waters, who disliked the 1989 film, ignored its narrative threads and comic-book history, focusing instead on artistic expression. [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Unlike Hamm, Waters did not object to Batman killing , arguing that the character should reflect darker contemporary sensibilities and that relying on authorities to handle captured villains felt outdated. [ 25 ] Even so, he limited Batman's lethal actions to moments that served the story. He also expressed dissatisfaction with unscripted additions, such as the scene where Batman blows up a Red Triangle gang member. [ 8 ] Keaton had Waters remove jabs at the 1989 film's merchandising, including an opening on a merchandise store, saying, "[This] is very clever. Cut it". [ 36 ] Waters's dialogue for Batman, which he described as "bitter and cynical"—including lines suggesting Gotham City was unworthy of protection—was pared back because Keaton felt Batman should speak as little as possible in costume, and Burton preferred to portray the character as motivated by trauma rather than nihilism . [ 8 ] [ 34 ] [ 37 ] As a result, the script focused on the villains . Burton said he initially struggled to understand the appeal of the Penguin's comic-book counterpart; Batman, Catwoman, and the Joker had clear psychological profiles, but the Penguin was "just this guy with a cigarette and a top hat". [ 25 ] The initial draft portrayed him as a stereotypical DeVito character—an abrasive gangster—but Waters and Burton agreed to make him more "animalistic". [ 33 ] They decided to present the Penguin as a tragic figure, abandoned as an infant by his parents, mirroring Batman's childhood trauma of losing his own parents. [ 25 ] Political and social satire was incorporated, influenced by two episodes of the 1960s television series Batman ("Hizzoner the Penguin" and "Dizhonner the Penguin"), in which the Penguin runs for mayor. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] Waters reimagined Hamm's Catwoman, shifting her from a "fetishy sexual fantasy" femme fatale to a working-class, disenchanted secretary, writing her as an allegory of contemporary feminism. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Waters created Max Shreck—an original character named after actor Max Schreck —to replace Harvey Dent/Two-Face. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Shreck was written satirically, an evil industrialist who orchestrates the Penguin's mayoral campaign, to show that true villains do not always wear costumes. In one draft, he was depicted as the Penguin's favored brother. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] With four central characters to develop, Waters and Burton removed Robin, a garage mechanic who aids Batman after the Penguin crashes the Batmobile, describing the character as "worthless". [ 25 ] [ 30 ] The Red Triangle gang, initially conceived as a troupe of performance artists, was changed to circus clowns at Burton's request. [ 38 ] Waters said his 160-page first draft was too outlandish and would have cost $400 million to produce, prompting him to adopt a more restrained approach. [ 33 ] His fifth and final draft focused on characterization and interactions rather than plot. [ b ] Burton and Waters eventually fell out over disagreements about the script, particularly Waters's refusal to make requested changes. Burton hired Wesley Strick to streamline Waters's lengthy script, condense dialogue, and lighten the tone. [ 37 ] Warner Bros. executives required Strick to include a master plan for the Penguin, leading to the addition of a plot involving the kidnapping of Gotham's first-born sons and the threat of missile attacks. [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 40 ] Strick delivered his draft in August 1991. [ 28 ] Waters described the changes as relatively minor but expressed confusion over the Penguin's master plan. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 37 ] He made a final revision to Strick's shooting script, and although Strick was on set for months and involved in agreed-upon rewrites, Waters was the sole credited screenwriter. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 41 ] Casting Michael Keaton reprised his role as Bruce Wayne / Batman for $10 million, double his salary for Batman . [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 42 ] Burton initially wanted Marlon Brando to play the Penguin, but Warner Bros. preferred Dustin Hoffman . Christopher Lloyd and Robert De Niro were also considered, with Danny DeVito emerging as the frontrunner after Waters reimagined the character as a deformed human-bird hybrid. [ 22 ] [ 26 ] [ 43 ] DeVito was initially hesitant to accept the role until persuaded by his close friend Jack Nicholson , who had portrayed the Joker in Batman . [ 26 ] [ 43 ] To communicate his vision, Burton showed DeVito a painting he had created of a small character sitting on a red-and-white striped ball, captioned: "my name is Jimmy, but my friends call me the hideous penguin boy". [ 8 ] [ 25 ] [ 40 ] Casting Selina Kyle / Catwoman proved challenging. [ 25 ] [ 40 ] Annette Bening was initially cast in the role but had to withdraw due to pregnancy. Other actresses considered included Ellen Barkin , Cher , Bridget Fonda , Jennifer Jason Leigh , Madonna , Julie Newmar , Lena Olin , Susan Sarandon , Raquel Welch , and Kim Basinger. The most notable contender was Sean Young , who had been cast as Vale in Batman before an injury prevented her from performing. [ c ] Young reportedly visited the Warner Bros. lot in a homemade Catwoman costume for an impromptu audition with Burton, who allegedly hid under his desk while Keaton and producer Mark Canton briefly met with her. She also showcased her costume on Entertainment Tonight and pitched it on The Joan Rivers Show . Warner Bros. ultimately decided that Young did not align with their vision for Catwoman. [ d ] The role went to Michelle Pfeiffer , who was regarded as a proven actress and someone who worked well with Burton, although some publications suggested the role would challenge her acting range. [ 8 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] Pfeiffer had also been considered for the role of Vale in Batman , but Keaton vetoed her casting due to their previous romantic relationship, believing her presence could interfere with attempts to reconcile with his wife. [ 47 ] She received a $3 million salary—$2 million more than Bening—plus a share of the film's gross profits. [ e ] Pfeiffer trained for several months in kickboxing with her stunt double, Kathy Long , mastering the whip and becoming skilled enough to perform many of her own stunts with it. [ f ] Shreck's appearance was modeled on Vincent Price in an unspecified older film, while Walken based his performance on moguls such as Sol Hurok and Samuel Goldwyn . [ 5 ] [ 8 ] Walken said, "I tend to play mostly villains and twisted people. Unsavory guys. I think it's my face, the way I look". [ 51 ] Burgess Meredith , who portrayed the Penguin in the 1960s TV series, was originally scheduled to cameo as Penguin's father, Tucker Cobblepot, but became ill during filming. He was replaced by Paul Reubens, while Diane Salinger played Tucker's wife, Esther. Both had previously appeared in Burton's feature-film debut, Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985). [ 9 ] [ 26 ] [ 52 ] Although Robin was removed from the final screenplay, the character's development had progressed far enough that Marlon Wayans had already been cast (Burton had specifically wanted an African-American Robin), and costumes, sets, and action figures were created. In a 1998 interview, Wayans said that he continued to receive residual checks under the two-film contract he had signed. [ g ] Early reports suggested that Nicholson had been asked to return as the Joker, but he allegedly declined to film in England due to foreign salary taxes. Nicholson, however, denied being asked, believing that Warner Bros. would not want to replicate the generous compensation he had received for Batman . [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Filming Principal photography began on September 3, 1991. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 57 ] Burton wanted to film in the United States with American actors, believing that Batman , which had been shot in the United Kingdom, had "suffered from a British subtext". [ h ] Changes in the economics of filming in the UK also made it more cost-effective to remain in the U.S. [ 30 ] This decision required abandoning the Pinewood Studios sets in favor of Burton's new designs. Batman Returns was filmed almost entirely on up to eight soundstages at Warner Bros. Studios, Burbank , California, including Stage 16, which housed the expansive Gotham Plaza set. [ i ] Stage 12 at the Universal Studios Lot was used for the Penguin's Arctic-exhibit lair. [ j ] Warner Bros. maintained a high level of security to avoid details leaking for Batman Returns . Cast and crew wore ID badges branded with the film's working title , Dictel , a word coined by Welch and Burton meaning "dictatorial", as they were unhappy with the studio's "ridiculous gestapo " measures. [ 59 ] Some sets were kept very cold for the live Emperor , black-footed , and King penguins. [ 8 ] [ 22 ] [ 26 ] The birds were transported in a refrigerated airplane for filming, and housed in a chilled waiting area with a swimming pool stocked daily with half a ton of ice and fresh fish. [ 8 ] [ 26 ] DeVito stated that, although he generally enjoyed being on set, he disliked the cold conditions and was the only cast member somewhat comfortable due to the heavy padding in his costume. [ 8 ] The penguin army was created using live penguins supplemented by puppets, forty Emperor-penguin suits worn by little people, and computer-generated imagery (CGI). [ 8 ] [ 22 ] People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) protested the use of real penguins, citing concerns over moving the birds from their natural environment. While the organization later acknowledged that the penguins were not mistreated, it criticized the lack of fresh drinking water, noting they were confined to a small chlorinated pool. [ 22 ] [ 60 ] PETA also objected to the penguins being fitted with prop weapons and gadgets, which Warner Bros. stated were lightweight plastic. [ 61 ] Burton himself expressed a reluctance to use live animals, emphasizing his care and concern for their treatment. [ 62 ] Walken described the filming process as highly collaborative, recalling that his suggestion to add a blueprint for Shreck's power plant led to a model being constructed within hours. [ 8 ] The scene in which Catwoman places a live bird in her mouth was performed live, with no CGI, and Pfeiffer later remarked that she would not perform the stunt again, given the potential risks of injury or disease. [ 8 ] For a sewer scene, handlers positioned above and below guided an organ-grinder monkey carrying a note for the Penguin. When the monkey saw DeVito in full costume and makeup, it lunged at him. DeVito recalled, "The monkey looked at me, froze, and then leapt right at my balls ... Thank god it was a padded costume". [ 63 ] A scene depicting the explosion of Shreck's superstore resulted in minor injuries to four stuntmen. [ 22 ] Principal photography concluded on February 20, 1992, after 170 days. [ 22 ] Design and effects Batman Returns ' production design and visual style were reimagined by Bo Welch, replacing the late Anton Furst and bringing a darker, expressionist aesthetic after collaborating with Burton on Beetlejuice (1988) and Edward Scissorhands . [ 5 ] [ 26 ] [ 35 ] Welch designed key props such as the Batskiboat and Penguin's umbrellas, introduced a "Batmissile" mode for the Batmobile, and oversaw large-scale sets including Gotham Plaza and Penguin's lair. [ 35 ] [ 64 ] Influenced by German Expressionism —a 1920s cinematic style characterized by harsh shadows, distorted architecture, and psychological intensity—Welch also drew from neo-fascist architecture (including Nazi Germany-era styles ), American Precisionist painting, and street-level imagery of homelessness amid affluence. He employed miniatures and exaggerated verticality to evoke a decaying, alienating Gotham. [ 22 ] [ 35 ] [ 65 ] Welch, a trained architect, structured the city on a grid of strong vertical lines, emphasizing huge skyscrapers that transform streets into dark canyons to evoke a sense of victimization and oppression. [ 35 ] [ 66 ] He researched the look by studying fascist architecture from the Third Reich and world's fairs , styles he felt were "evocative of oppressive bureaucracies and dictatorships", to design the monolithic Gotham Plaza. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] Welch further drew upon Precisionism, a movement known for using hard outlines, solid shadows, and slick, impersonal surfaces to lend industrial subjects an epic character, citing the work of Charles Sheeler and Georgia O'Keeffe as specific influences. [ 66 ] He also incorporated Burton's early sketch of Catwoman, with a "very S&M kind of look", by integrating steel and chain elements into the set, creating the impression of a city collapsing in on itself. [ 35 ] [ 22 ] Costume designers Bob Ringwood and Mary Vogt updated the Batsuit with a mechanical look and created a fragile latex Catwoman suit requiring numerous backups. [ 22 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] DeVito's Penguin relied on extensive prosthetics by Stan Winston Studio , including black saliva for grotesque effect, and the team built thirty animatronic penguins supplemented with actors and digital effects. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 22 ] Post-production was intense, with some effects shots conceived just weeks before the June 19, 1992 release. [ 72 ] The visual effects workload ultimately encompassed around 115 shots, employing matte paintings, miniatures, CGI, makeup, puppets, and pyrotechnics, handled by six major effects houses including Stan Winston Studio, Boss Film Studios , and Matte World Digital . [ 72 ] [ 31 ] Post-production Chris Lebenzon edited the 126-minute theatrical cut of Batman Returns . [ 7 ] [ 17 ] [ 73 ] The post-production period was rushed, forcing Burton to present a cut to studio executives only four weeks after filming wrapped—far shorter than his typical editing timelines. [ 74 ] The final scene of Catwoman looking up at the Bat-Signal was filmed during post-production, just two weeks before release. Warner Bros. mandated the scene—showing that Catwoman survived—after test audiences responded positively to Pfeiffer's performance. Pfeiffer was unavailable, so a stand-in was used. [ k ] Although the character draws on feline mythology—such as cats having nine lives—Waters and Burton never intended the supernatural elements to be taken literally, and Catwoman was planned to definitively die alongside Shreck. [ 8 ] [ 78 ] A scene showing Penguin's gang destroying a store filled with Batman merchandise was also removed. [ 25 ] Warner Bros. provided a final budget of $55 million for Batman Returns , though other sources have cited estimates of $50 million, $65 million, $75 million, or $80 million. [ l ] [ ii ] Music Danny Elfman was initially reluctant to score Batman Returns because he was unhappy that his Batman score was supplemented with pop music by Prince . [ 8 ] Elfman built on many of his Batman themes, and said that he enjoyed working on the Penguin's themes the most because of the character's sympathetic aspects, such as his abandonment and death. [ 8 ] [ 83 ] Recorded with a studio orchestra on the Sony Scoring Stage in Los Angeles, Elfman's score includes vocals, harps, bells, xylophones, flutes, pianos, and chimes. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Burton and Elfman fell out during production due to the stress of finishing Batman Returns on time, but reconciled shortly afterward. [ 86 ] The song " Face to Face ", played during the costume-ball scene, was co-written and performed by the British rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees . [ 85 ] Release Context By the summer theatrical season of 1992 (starting the last week of May), the film industry faced low ticket sales, rising production costs, and several box-office failures from the previous year. [ 87 ] Eighty-nine films were scheduled for release, including A League of Their Own , Alien 3 , Encino Man , Far and Away , Patriot Games , and Sister Act . [ 24 ] [ 79 ] [ 87 ] Studios had to carefully plan releases to avoid competition from anticipated blockbusters, such as Lethal Weapon 3 , Batman Returns , and the 1992 Summer Olympics . [ 79 ] Batman Returns was predicted to be the summer's biggest hit, causing other studios to worry about scheduling films even a few weeks from its premiere. [ 79 ] [ 88 ] Paramount Pictures reportedly increased Patriot Games ' budget by $14 million to make it more competitive with Batman Returns and Lethal Weapon 3 . [ 79 ] [ 87 ] Marketing Franchising had not been a major focus for Batman prior to its release, but after merchandise generated roughly $500 million of the film's $1.5 billion total earnings, it became a priority for Batman Returns . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 89 ] A 12-minute promotional reel debuted at WorldCon in September 1991, alongside a black-and-white poster of a silhouetted Batman, which was deemed "mundane" and uninspiring by industry professionals. [ 22 ] [ 65 ] Warner Bros. delayed major promotion until February 1992 to avoid over-saturation and alienating audiences. [ 65 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] A trailer rolled out in 5,000 theaters that month, accompanied by a new poster showing a snow-swept Batman logo. [ 22 ] [ 65 ] The campaign focused on the three central characters—Batman, Penguin, and Catwoman—which Warner Bros. believed would offset the absence of the popular Nicholson. [ 87 ] [ 90 ] Over two-thirds of the 300 public posters were stolen, prompting Warner Bros. to offer 200 limited-edition posters for $250, signed by Keaton, who donated his earnings to charity. [ 22 ] [ 90 ] [ 91 ] Marketing expenditures were expected to exceed $100 million, including $20 million by Warner Bros. for commercials and trailers and $60 million by merchandising partners. These partners—including McDonald's , Ralston Purina , Kmart , Target Corporation , Venture Stores , and Sears —planned roughly 300 in-store Batman shops. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] McDonald's converted 9,000 outlets into Gotham City restaurants, featuring Batman-themed packaging and a cup lid that doubled as a flying disc. [ 89 ] CBS aired the television special The Bat, The Cat, The Penguin ... Batman Returns , while Choice Hotels sponsored the hour-long The Making of Batman Returns . [ 22 ] [ 89 ] TV ads depicted Batman and Catwoman fighting over a can of Diet Coke , with the Penguin (and his penguins) promoting Choice Hotels, and additional advertisements ran on billboards and in print—sometimes across three consecutive newspaper pages—targeting older audiences. [ 90 ] Box office Batman Returns premiered on June 16, 1992, at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood. Two blocks of Hollywood Boulevard were closed for more than 3,000 fans, 33 TV film crews, and 100 photographers. A party followed on the Stage 16 Gotham Plaza set, attended by the cast and crew, as well as Arnold Schwarzenegger , Faye Dunaway , James Caan , Mickey Rooney , Harvey Keitel , Christian Slater , and James Woods , among others. [ 58 ] The film had a limited preview release in the U.S. and Canada on Thursday, June 18, grossing $2 million. [ 8 ] [ 24 ] [ 82 ] It expanded widely the following day, playing on an above-average 3,000 screens across 2,644 theaters. [ 8 ] [ 24 ] [ 92 ] Batman Returns grossed $45.7 million in its opening weekend, breaking the record set by Batman ($42.7 million), and debuted as the number-one film, topping Sister Act ($7.8 million in its fourth weekend) and Patriot Games ($7.7 million in its third). [ 24 ] [ 92 ] [ 93 ] Batman Returns was the first feature film released in Dolby Stereo Digital , in select theaters, marking a milestone in cinema audio technology that later became synonymous with surround sound in theaters. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Early analysis suggested Batman Returns could become one of the highest-grossing films of all time. Warner Bros. executive Robert Friedman noted, "We opened it the first real weekend when kids are out of school. The audience is everybody, but the engine that drives the charge are kids under 20". [ 24 ] Patriot Games producer Mace Neufeld observed that other films benefited from overflow audiences who avoided long lines or sold-out screenings of Batman Returns . [ 24 ] Batman Returns grossed $25.4 million in its second weekend—a 44.3 percent drop—yet remained the number-one film ahead of the debuting Unlawful Entry ($10.1 million) and Sister Act ($7.2 million). [ 96 ] [ 97 ] By its third weekend, it became the second-fastest film to reach $100 million (11 days), behind Batman (10 days). [ 98 ] It held the top spot with $13.8 million (a 45.6 percent drop), narrowly edging out the debuts of A League of Their Own ($13.7 million) and Boomerang ($13.6 million). [ 97 ] [ 99 ] The Washington Post described its steep week-to-week declines as concerning, and industry analysts suggested that Batman Returns would struggle to match the theatrical longevity of Batman . [ 97 ] [ 22 ] The film exited the top ten highest-grossing films by its seventh week and concluded its 18-week run in late October with a total U.S. and Canada gross of $162.8 million. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] This made it the third-highest-grossing film of 1992, behind Home Alone 2: Lost in New York ($173.6 million) and Aladdin ($217.3 million). [ 102 ] Outside the U.S. and Canada, Batman Returns grossed $104 million, [ 103 ] setting U.K. records for the highest-grossing opening weekend (£2.5 million) and single-day gross (£1.1 million). [ 97 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] Worldwide, Batman Returns grossed $266.8 million, [ iii ] making it the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1992, ahead of A Few Good Men ($243.2 million) and behind Lethal Weapon 3 ($321.7 million). [ 103 ] Reception Critical response Batman Returns drew a polarized response from critics and audiences, with its darker tone and mature content proving divisive. [ 5 ] [ 22 ] [ 106 ] CinemaScore polling reported an average grade from audiences of B on an A+-to-F scale. [ 107 ] Some reviewers, including Janet Maslin and Desson Howe , compared the sequel favorably to Batman , citing faster pacing, increased humor, and greater character depth, which avoided the original's "dourness" and "tedium". [ m ] Maslin and Dave Kehr emphasized that Burton's creative control made Batman Returns a more personal and "fearlessly" distinctive work. [ 109 ] [ 112 ] Critics such as Kenneth Turan commended the film's visuals but argued that the emphasis on spectacle sometimes made it feel cheerless and claustrophobic, occasionally at the expense of the plot. [ 7 ] [ 81 ] [ 111 ] Owen Gleiberman suggested that Burton's imaginative flourishes were undermined by a lack of grounding in normality. [ 7 ] The narrative received mixed reactions. Howe and Turan praised the film for adding emotional depth to its characters, particularly Catwoman and the Penguin, though Turan noted a lag in pacing midway. [ 108 ] [ 81 ] In contrast, Todd McCarthy found the story cluttered, with too many plotlines diminishing momentum. [ 110 ] Gleiberman similarly argued that the numerous storylines created a sense of disjointedness. [ 7 ] Critics generally agreed that the first two acts were more compelling than the finale, which they believed struggled to resolve multiple character arcs satisfactorily. [ 108 ] [ 81 ] [ 110 ] Others, including Jonathan Rosenbaum , believed the film lacked suspense and clever writing, overwhelmed by characters and near-constant banter. [ 12 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] Maslin observed that Burton prioritized visuals over plot. [ 109 ] Gene Siskel argued that the sympathetic villains diminished narrative satisfaction, leaving viewers wishing Batman might not prevail. [ 115 ] Critics noted that the film devoted more attention to its villains than to Batman himself. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] [ 116 ] Gleiberman remarked that the villain sequences often overshadowed Keaton's performance. [ 7 ] McCarthy described Batman as a symbolic figure rather than a psychologically complex character, while Ebert viewed being Batman as a curse rather than a heroic fantasy. [ 12 ] [ 110 ] [ 116 ] Conversely, Peter Travers praised Keaton's "manic depressive hero" as a fully realized character. [ 117 ] DeVito was acclaimed by Gleiberman, McCarthy, and Maslin for his energetic and distinctive portrayal, effectively conveying pathos and complexity despite heavy prosthetics. [ 7 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] Howe highlighted Burton's focus on the character as indicative of directorial sympathy, [ 108 ] while Maslin and Caryn James praised DeVito's charm, making the Penguin a compelling and memorable presence. [ 109 ] [ 116 ] McCarthy and Travers described him as fascinating and humorously warped. [ 110 ] [ 117 ] Turan and Rosenbaum, however, felt he did not evoke the same fear or energy as Nicholson's Joker. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] [ 113 ] Turan, Kehr, and Maslin praised Pfeiffer for her passionate, intelligent, and fiercely independent performance, providing energy and levity amid the film's dark tone. [ 81 ] [ 109 ] [ 112 ] Rosenbaum felt she did not match Nicholson's villainy, [ 113 ] though Turan called the Batman–Catwoman scenes the most interesting. [ 81 ] Travers noted that when the characters remove their masks, they appear "lost and touchingly human," and Ty Burr described the ballroom scene as more emotionally resonant than anything in Batman . [ 117 ] [ 111 ] Ebert observed that their sexual tension seemed muted for a younger audience. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] Walken's performance was praised for its combination of charm, wit, and understated authority. Maslin emphasized Walken's debonair and engaging performance as one of the film's highlights, while McCarthy noted his understated, composed delivery. Travers also remarked on his clever and amusing take on the character, describing him as a "fiendishly funny" presence. [ 109 ] [ 110 ] [ 117 ] Bo Welch's production design received acclaim for creating a sleeker, brighter, and more authoritarian Gotham than Furst's "brooding" style. [ 81 ] [ 112 ] [ 118 ] McCarthy lauded Welch's realization of Burton's vision, though Siskel dismissed it as "toy shop window decorating" compared to Furst. [ 110 ] [ 115 ] Costume and makeup design were praised, with Maslin noting their lingering visual impact. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 119 ] Stefan Czapsky's cinematography was well received, lending a "lively" quality to the subterranean sets. [ 109 ] Accolades At the 46th British Academy Film Awards , Batman Returns was nominated for Best Makeup (Ve Neill and Stan Winston) and Best Special Visual Effects (Michael Fink, Craig Barron, John Bruno, and Dennis Skotak). [ 120 ] For the 65th Academy Awards , Batman Returns received two nomations: Best Makeup (Neill, Ronnie Specter, and Winston) and Best Visual Effects (Fink, Barron, Bruno, and Skotak). [ 121 ] Neill and Winston received the Best Make-up award at the 19th Saturn Awards . The film received four other Saturn Award nominations for Best Fantasy Film , Best Supporting Actor (DeVito), Best Director (Burton), and Best Costume Design (Bob Ringwood, Mary Vogt, and Vin Burnham ). [ 122 ] DeVito was nominated for Worst Supporting Actor at the 13th Golden Raspberry Awards , and Pfeiffer for Most Desirable Female at the 1993 MTV Movie Awards . [ 123 ] [ 124 ] Batman Returns was nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. [ 125 ] After release Performance analysis and aftermath The U.S. and Canadian box office underperformed in 1992, with admissions down by up to five percent and about 290 million tickets sold (compared to over 300 million in each of the preceding four years). Industry professionals attributed the decline to a combination of uninspired films, rising ticket prices, competition from the Olympics, and an economic recession . Even financially successful films experienced steep week-to-week drops, particularly among younger audiences, who were vital to box office success. [ 126 ] Despite these challenges, Batman Returns and Lethal Weapon 3 gave Warner Bros. the most profitable first half-year in its history, with the studio expecting returns over $200 million . [ 98 ] However, Batman Returns fell $114.8 million short of Batman ' s $411.6 million gross, and was considered a disappointment as a sequel to the fifth-highest-grossing film of its time. [ 42 ] [ 127 ] [ 128 ] By July 1992, anonymous Warner Bros. executives reportedly said about the film, "It's too dark. It's not a lot of fun". [ 5 ] Although it carried a PG-13 rating —warning that it may contain content unsuitable for children—Warner Bros. received thousands of complaint letters from parents who objected to the film's violent and sexualized content. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 126 ] Waters recalled one screening where "It's like kids crying, people acting like they've been punched in the stomach and like they've been mugged". [ 5 ] He anticipated some backlash but admitted that certain elements may have gone too far. [ 129 ] Burton later said that he preferred Batman Returns to Batman and did not view it as darker. [ 130 ] Sam Hamm defended Burton and Waters, stating that, aside from merchandising, the film had never been intended as child-friendly. [ 129 ] McDonald's was also criticized for its child-centered promotion and toy tie-ins. [ n ] The company subsequently changed its practices, requiring extended previews of films before agreeing to promotional partnerships. [ 132 ] Warner Bros.' hopes that the film might mirror Batman ' s lucrative merchandising campaign were similarly undercut, as demand for licensed products proved far weaker than in 1989. A JCPenney representative reported that only about one-third of stock had sold, with the remainder discounted, while another store described sales as barely a tenth of Batman ' s. [ 132 ] In light of the backlash and merchandising decline, Warner Bros. chose to continue the series without Burton, whom they considered "too dark and odd for them", and hired Joel Schumacher to direct the next installment. [ 42 ] A rival studio executive remarked, "If you bring back Burton and Keaton, you're stuck with their vision. You can't expect Honey, I Shrunk the Batman ", referencing the family-friendly Honey, I Shrunk the Kids (1989). [ 131 ] Around the same time, executive producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael Uslan sued Warner Bros., alleging that the studio had denied them their share of profits from Batman and Batman Returns through Hollywood accounting practices—artificially inflating a film's production costs to make it appear unprofitable and limit payouts. A court ruled in Warner Bros.' favor, citing insufficient evidence. [ 133 ] [ 134 ] Home media Batman Returns was released on VHS and LaserDisc on October 21, 1992. [ 22 ] [ 135 ] [ 136 ] The VHS carried a lower-than-average price to encourage sales and rentals. Although the film was expected to sell millions of copies and perform strongly as a rental, commentators suggested its darker tone would limit appeal among children, the demographic most responsible for driving home-video sales. [ 135 ] Danny Elfman's score was issued on compact disc in 1992, with an expanded edition released in 2010. [ 85 ] The film was first released on DVD in 1997, without additional features. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] In October 2005, Warner Bros. issued an anthology DVD box set containing all four films in the Burton–Schumacher Batman series. The Batman Returns disc included a commentary by Burton, the making-of featurette The Bat, The Cat, and The Penguin , the fourth part of the documentary Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight , featurettes on costumes, make-up, and special effects, and the music video for Face to Face . [ 139 ] The anthology set was reissued on Blu-ray in 2009, alongside a standalone Blu-ray edition of Batman Returns . [ 137 ] [ 140 ] A 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray edition, restored from the original 35mm negative, was released in 2019 with previously available special features. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] A 4K collector's edition followed in 2022, packaged in a SteelBook case with original cover art, character cards, a double-sided poster, and the earlier supplements. [ 143 ] Other media About 120 products were marketed with Batman Returns , including action figures and toys by Kenner Products , Catwoman-themed clothing, toothbrushes, roller skates, T-shirts, underwear, sunglasses, towels, beanbags, mugs, weightlifting gloves, throw pillows, cookie cutters, commemorative coins, playing cards, costume jewelry, cereal, a radio-controlled Batmobile, and even tortilla chips shaped like the Batman logo. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] Although a similar number of products had been marketed for Batman (1989), Warner Bros. used fewer licensees this time to allow greater oversight. To combat counterfeiting, holographic labels developed by American Bank Note Holographics were attached to licensed merchandise. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] The concurrent release of Batman: The Animated Series later in 1992 was expected to extend merchandising success beyond the film's theatrical run. [ 89 ] Other tie-ins included a novelization by Craig Shaw Gardner , published in July 1992, [ 144 ] [ 145 ] and the roller coaster Batman: The Ride at Six Flags Great America , built at a cost of $8 million and later replicated at additional Six Flags parks alongside a Batman stunt show. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] Several video-game adaptations titled Batman Returns were released across nearly all available platforms; [ 146 ] [ 147 ] [ 148 ] the Super Nintendo Entertainment System version was the most successful. [ 149 ] The film's legacy continued in later media. To celebrate the Penguin's 80th anniversary, DeVito wrote the 2021 comic story "Bird Cat Love", in which Penguin and Catwoman fall in love and end the COVID-19 pandemic . [ 150 ] [ 151 ] In 2022, DC Comics launched Batman '89 , a series written by Sam Hamm with art by Joe Quinones, which continues the Burton continuity, following up on Batman Returns by depicting Harvey Dent's transformation into Two-Face and introducing Robin. [ 152 ] The Red Triangle Gang made their first appearance outside the film in Robin #15 (2022). [ 153 ] [ 154 ] That same year, a holiday tie-in book was released, Batman Returns: One Dark Christmas Eve: The Illustrated Holiday Classic , by Ivan Cohen. [ 155 ] In 2023, LEGO released a near 4,000-piece Batcave set inspired by Batman Returns . [ 156 ] Thematic analysis Duality and fragmented identity Critic David Crow identifies duality as a central motif in Batman Returns , noting that Catwoman, Penguin, and Shreck each reflect warped aspects of Batman. [ 157 ] [ 25 ] [ 114 ] English and American studies professor Carol Siegel contends that the film is a neo-gothic fairy tale exploring bodily transformation and fragmented identity, often through the lens of rage against oppressive social structures. [ 158 ] Siegel argues that the film is unique within the Batman mythos because it is "more concerned with Bruce Wayne than his alter ego", resulting in an "almost complete abandonment of the action-adventure aspect of the comic tradition". [ 159 ] The divided selves of Bruce and Selina are central to the narrative, and themes of fractured identity are especially evident in Catwoman's transformation. [ 159 ] [ 160 ] According to author Simon Born, the dual identities constrain both characters, and their fleeting recognition at the masquerade ball is undermined by what he terms their "advanced schizophrenia". [ 161 ] Like Bruce, Selina is driven by trauma and inner conflict; unlike Batman, who seeks justice, she seeks vengeance. [ 6 ] [ 112 ] Although Catwoman acknowledges Batman's assertion that they are "the same, split right down the center", their differences prevent reconciliation. [ 25 ] Critics Darren Mooney and Betsy Sharkey argue that Penguin mirrors Batman's origin, as both lost their parents at an early age. Shreck even notes that, if not for his abandonment, Oswald Cobblepot and Bruce Wayne might have shared social circles. While Batman accepts his solitude, the Penguin craves acceptance, love, and respect, despite his destructive impulses. [ 5 ] [ 35 ] Mooney suggests Batman's conflicts with Penguin are personal rather than moral: Batman, quietly proud of being a "freak", resents the Penguin for mirroring his own abnormality. [ 5 ] Shreck, meanwhile, embodies Bruce's public persona taken to extremes—an industrialist whose greed and populism are masked by cheap gestures toward the public. [ 25 ] Born describes Batman Returns as a highly stylized neo-gothic work in which identity, social critique, and psychological trauma are externalized through an opulent design. [ 157 ] He refers to Gotham as an "insurrection of signs", where established symbols are inverted and notions of good and evil destabilized. [ 162 ] Born further argues that Batman has lost his personal identity to his alter ego: "Bruce Wayne is the mask of Batman". Batman uses this monstrous persona to shield himself from the world. Born notes that the hero's violence is depicted with a "casualness and malice" that is intended to unsettle the audience. [ 160 ] This portrayal implies that Batman is not far removed from the "relentless methods" of the fascistic powers he once opposed in earlier comics. [ 163 ] The carnivalesque and social critique Writer Catherine Mettler describes Batman Returns as a cinematic application of Mikhail Bakhtin 's theory of the carnivalesque , which posits that carnival can invert existing power hierarchies and enable popular renewal. Burton's work is characterized by elements that are "exuberantly colorful, gay, hallucinogenic, childlike, and chaotic", which he applies to films such as Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005). [ 164 ] The Penguin is a key embodiment of the carnivalesque, particularly through the concept of the grotesque body. [ 165 ] Mettler highlights his deformed physicality and excessive appetites as representations of the "unbounded" and "materially linked" body of the common people. [ 165 ] His sewer lair is described as a circus, further emphasizing the visual chaos of his character. [ 166 ] Living among the city's waste, the Penguin's existence underscores the stark divide between the elite and the masses he represents. [ 167 ] As the "least obvious carnivalesque character," Catwoman embodies the theme on a personal level. [ 168 ] Her transformation aligns with Bakhtin's notion of a carnival spirit that liberates a person from "conventions and established truths" and offers entry into "a completely new order of things". [ 168 ] Selina, a victim of a "sexist macho society", is pushed out a window by her boss. [ 169 ] Born argues that Selina empowers herself by adapting the 'symbol of her oppression—the cat—' and reframing it as a 'furious panther' in opposition to the chauvinistic business world. [ 160 ] Her rebellion reflects post-feminist theories linking sexuality, power, and identity. [ 160 ] However, Born argues that her struggle against masculine authority ultimately fails, as her autonomy is continually challenged by male characters, reflecting Hollywood's patriarchal system. [ 160 ] Sexuality and repression Batman Returns is noted for its exploration of sexuality, particularly the relationship between Batman and Catwoman, with critics often citing its S&M undertones and the use of leather fetish suits. [ 170 ] Siegel described the film as an "S&M art film" marketed as a children's summer blockbuster. [ 171 ] She argues that the film's exploration of fetishism, perversity, and eroticism is central to its neo-gothic themes. [ 158 ] According to Siegel, a central theme in Burton's work, including Batman Returns , is the "shared exhilaration and anxiety concerning bodily transformation". [ 172 ] This is most evident in Catwoman, whose transformation is marked by prominent stitches on her homemade patent-leather suit. [ 173 ] These stitches are both literal and symbolic, testifying to her reanimation after her death and revival by alley cats. [ 172 ] Siegel posits that the act of sewing her own suit functions as an ironic mimicry of the oppressive feminine social roles that had previously terrorized her. [ 174 ] Siegel suggests that their consensual S&M-coded relationship is mitigated by their heroic actions, which allow them to channel "both their rage and their perverse desires into their ongoing fight against destructive evil". [ 175 ] She contends this portrayal suggests that S&M can be regarded as "nearly wholesome so long as it is manifested with control and proper purpose". [ 175 ] Other critics interpret Batman and Catwoman's attraction less as sexual perversity and more as a "romance between two schizophrenics," rooted in shared anger and emotional wounds. [ 175 ] Critic Tom Breihan described Catwoman's vinyl catsuit as "pure BDSM ", complete with the whip she wields as a weapon. [ 25 ] [ 176 ] In the climax, she rejects Batman's offer of a happy ending and abandoning her revenge against Shreck; accepting Batman's will would mean allowing another man to control her. [ 25 ] Selina's arc from timid secretary to dominant Catwoman represents liberation from social conventions and established truths. [ 168 ] For Siegel, her stitched-together "Frankensteinean" catsuit is an artistic embodiment of her rage against patriarchal and repressive roles that once defined her. [ 177 ] Her story is one of personal empowerment against male hegemony, culminating in her showdown with Shreck. [ 178 ] Catwoman's overt embrace of sexuality contrasts with Batman's repression, presenting sexuality as dangerous, destabilizing, and incompatible with their vigilante roles. [ 179 ] Her sexuality functions both as empowerment and as a threat to patriarchal structures embodied by Shreck, Batman, and Penguin. [ 179 ] Alongside Catwoman's sexualized persona, Batman Returns continues a tradition in Batman media in which the hero's power stems from sublimating sexuality into violence. [ 179 ] Criminal justice scholar Graeme Newman said that, historically, Batman has been portrayed as asexual, reinforcing his obsessive focus on crime-fighting and echoing a moral stance that renounces "the medieval evil itself: sex". [ 180 ] His "tremendous force" of sexuality is redirected into "unrestrained lust: violence", presenting a distinctly male response to desire. [ 181 ] In Batman , his sexual encounter with Vicki Vale leaves him restless and disturbed, suggesting intimacy conflicts with his crime-fighting obsession. [ 182 ] The avoidance of homosexual themes—such as omitting Robin from the film or killing him in comics—was partly driven by fears that such portrayals would "contradict and divert attention away from the single-minded pursuit of justice". [ 182 ] The dynamic between Batman and Catwoman underscores this tension; both recognize that if they were to be together, they would no longer need to pursue their respective justice obsessions. [ 181 ] Mettler notes that while Catwoman achieves independence from social constraints and male control, she never achieves sexual liberation, observing that despite their attraction, she and Batman never consummate their relationship. [ 183 ] Film analyst Arthur Taussig argues that Catwoman's final decision in Batman Returns to reject the heroic Batman and choose "total freedom, total independence from all men" is a "revolutionary statement" and a "political breakthrough for popular cinema," as it subverts the traditional Hollywood formula of female characters finding fulfillment only through a male partner. [ 184 ] Power, politics, and ideology These tensions between sexuality and repression feed directly into the film's broader exploration of power and ideology, most clearly embodied in the Penguin's mayoral campaign, which Shreck masterminds. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] Selina gains agency by donning the Catwoman costume and embracing her anger and sexuality. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] By contrast, according to Newman, Batman sublimates sexuality into violence, aligning him with a conservative ideology: order requires the denial of personal desire, and strength must be expressed through "good violence" in service of justice. [ 185 ] The film's political themes are interwoven with the machinations of Shreck, a figure who wields wealth to secure influence, declaring, "There's no such thing as too much power; if my life has a meaning that's the meaning". [ 25 ] Born argues that Shreck is arguably the film's only purely evil character; he is more frightening than the "freaks and monsters" because he operates "behind a façade of normalcy" while manipulating, corrupting, and killing others. Born contends that Burton's work suggests the true source of fear is not "the Other" (the outsider) but the "ordinary". [ 186 ] He further explains that Burton portrays the film's "freaks and monsters" as victimized individuals: the Penguin, abandoned by wealthy parents, lashes out at the consumer society that rejected him; Catwoman emerges from a chauvinistic world; and even Batman is a "traumatized individual". [ 187 ] Born concludes that the film ultimately destabilizes the binaries of good and evil, framing them as subjective narrative constructs. [ 188 ] Shreck convinces Penguin to run for mayor to advance his own interests, while Penguin seeks the legitimacy and respect that recognition would bring, echoing Catwoman's struggle. [ 116 ] [ 189 ] Critic Caryn James observed that Batman Returns delivers "sharp political jabs", suggesting that money and image matter more than substance. [ 116 ] Whereas the Joker in Batman won support by throwing money into the crowd, Shreck and Penguin rely on spectacle, pandering, and corporate showmanship. Penguin notes that both he and Shreck are monsters, but only Shreck is "well-respected". James remarked that Penguin does not seek to become lovable, only accepted. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] [ 116 ] When voters turn on him, he retaliates with a plan to kill infants, symbols of the opportunities he never had. Critic John Crow argued that Burton shows greatest sympathy for Penguin, devoting more screen time to his development. [ 25 ] The narrative aligns with Newman's interpretation of the film as delivering a "deeply conservative message". [ 185 ] The ineffectual liberal mayor is outmaneuvered by Shreck, the "evil capitalist", while Gotham's "fickle masses" nearly elect Penguin. [ 185 ] In this reading, "the moral weakness of liberalism is eclipsed by the moral strength of evil", leaving Batman's "good violence" as the only force capable of restoring order. [ 185 ] The interplay of sexuality and politics completes this logic: Catwoman's sexuality threatens male control, Batman's repression channels desire into violence, and Gotham's citizens, manipulated by spectacle, require a morally certain, if brutal, hero to save them from themselves. [ 190 ] These artistic and political strands are closely tied to Burton's personal rebellious impulses. He admitted a desire to vent anger "on such a grand scale," claiming he was "pretty much against society from the beginning". [ 191 ] This resistance to class hierarchy and patriarchy recurs throughout his work. [ 191 ] Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique Crow and Mooney saw Batman Returns as a critique of Batman's real-world cultural popularity and merchandising, particularly following the success of the previous film. Notably, a scene of a store filled with Batman merchandise being destroyed was removed from the final cut. [ 25 ] The film is "saturated with Christmas energy", but rejects conventional holiday norms to function as an anti- Christmas film that critiques commercialism and the absence of true goodwill. Shreck cynically exploits Christmas tropes, falsely portraying himself as selfless and benevolent, while the perversions of Penguin's Red Triangle gang represent a more overt rejection of the holiday. [ 5 ] [ 25 ] Born describes Christmas as a central motif in the film, but it is portrayed as a symbol of "commercial mass deception" and the "tyranny of department stores". [ 162 ] Both Penguin and Catwoman use the festive season to challenge Gotham's established power structures with carnivalesque traits. [ 192 ] Gotham City is dominated by Shreck. [ 193 ] Shreck embodies ruthless capitalism concealed behind the "friendly face of a cartoon animal", a subtle critique by Burton of his own experiences with corporate entities like The Walt Disney Company . [ 193 ] Batman Returns has been described as a neo-gothic fairy tale that is "more Burton than Batman". [ 194 ] Its content was deemed unsuitable for young children, prompting backlash from parents and critics. [ 132 ] An editorial in The New York Times warned that the film was "violent, sexually suggestive", featuring scenes where "kids are abandoned, kidnapped, and threatened with death". [ 132 ] The film includes racy dialogue, such as "just the pussy I've been looking for" and "I'd like to fill her void", which angered many parents. This controversy extended to merchandising, with McDonald's receiving numerous complaints about licensed toys and promotional items tied to the film. The resulting outcry over the film's tone and violence highlighted a clash between its dark themes and its marketing to a younger audience. [ 132 ] The film emphasizes loneliness and isolation during Christmastime: Bruce is first shown sitting alone in his vast mansion, inert until the Bat-Signal shines in the sky. While he forms a connection with Kyle, their differences remain insurmountable, and he ends the film as he began it; alone. [ 5 ] Critic Todd McCarthy noted that isolation is a recurring theme in much of Burton's work, emphasized in the film's three main characters. [ 110 ] Some contemporary critics argue that while the film is not explicitly antisemitic , it utilizes visual and thematic elements associated with historical Jewish stereotypes. [ 195 ] They suggest the Penguin embodies traits such as a "hooked nose, pale face and lust for herring" and is "unathletic and seemingly unthreatening but who, in fact, wants to murder every firstborn child of the gentile community". [ 195 ] The character teams with Shreck (a name the critics describe as 'Jewish-sounding') to disrupt Christmas and Christian traditions. [ 195 ] According to LAist , the Penguin's exaggerated caricature, assault on holiday customs, and overt biblical symbolism create a "perfect storm" of imagery evoking antisemitic tropes. [ 196 ] These critics contend that Burton, in drawing inspiration from the German Expressionist aesthetic, unintentionally referenced a problematic lineage, as some art critics view the Nosferatu (1922) character Count Orlok (portrayed by actor Max Shreck) as an example of a bizarre and monstrous characterization of Jews as the predatory, parasitic "other". [ 195 ] [ 196 ] [ 193 ] Conversely, Melvin Salberg and Abraham H. Foxman of the Anti-Defamation League argued that reading the film as antisemitic is a misinterpretation that overlooks the filmmakers' intent and distracts from real-world antisemitism. [ 197 ] Furthermore, Taussig noted the biblical resonance of the Penguin's infancy, with a baby carriage floating in a river recalling the story of Moses . [ 184 ] Visual effects supervisor Robert Skotak explained that the sequence was conceived as a visual descent into the underworld, portraying a sinister baptism, symbolically paralleling the biblical narrative. [ 198 ] Legacy Retrospective reception Despite a mixed initial reception from critics and audiences, Batman Returns has undergone a critical reappraisal in the years since its release and is now considered a classic of the superhero genre. Several publications, such as Variety and The Hollywood Reporter , now rank it among the best Batman and superhero films, with some calling it "the greatest Batman movie ever made". [ o ] The film is seen as "underrated" and a "series peaking early," with subsequent films failing to live up to its vision. [ 9 ] [ 201 ] Burton's artistic choices, which were criticized at the time, are now seen as prescient and ahead of their time. [ 9 ] The "darker" and more "bleak" aspects of the film have been re-evaluated in the wake of later, more serious superhero films. Burton noted the irony of the film being deemed 'too dark,' given that later films—including The Dark Knight trilogy (2005–2012) and The Batman (2022)—went even darker. [ p ] Burton said that while Batman Returns was seen by some as bleak, for him it was a mixture of gothic, playful, kinky, and experimental tones. [ 202 ] The Hollywood Reporter notes that the film was "truer to Tim Burton's dark vision than its predecessor". [ 205 ] [ 203 ] According to The Ringer , the very "fatalistic and noir elements" that Roger Ebert criticized in 1992 are now "the going currency of event movies". [ 9 ] Critic Brian Tallerico said that the elements which originally upset critics and audiences are what makes it still "revelatory... It's one of the best and strangest movies of its kind ever made". [ 141 ] Writer Daniel Waters recalled being told that Batman Returns was a "great movie for people who don't like Batman". [ 34 ] [ 206 ] While the film received criticism for its depiction of Batman killing, Waters defended the choice, arguing that in a film like The Dark Knight (2008), it was not practical for Batman to let the Joker live, knowing he could escape and cause more harm. [ 8 ] [ 25 ] He believed that the reception to Batman Returns was improving with time, especially after the release of The Batman . [ 34 ] Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes has an 82% approval rating from reviews by 93 critics, with an average score of 6.9/10. According to the website's critical consensus, "Director Tim Burton's dark, brooding atmosphere, Michael Keaton's work as the tormented hero, and the flawless casting of Danny DeVito as The Penguin and Christopher Walken as, well, Christopher Walken make the sequel better than the first". [ 207 ] The film has a score of 68 out of 100 on Metacritic (based on 23 critics), indicating "generally favorable" reviews. [ 208 ] Cultural influence The film is widely regarded as an exemplar of the superhero genre's potential for artistic expression. Variety credits the film with helping to legitimize the genre by pairing Keaton's Batman with Burton's distinct and vivid world-building. [ 199 ] The Burton Batman films are also credited with establishing the darker, more serious tone that would later define the modern superhero genre of the early 21st century. [ 94 ] Publications like Empire and Polygon describe the film as a deeply personal and "unmistakably Burton" work, infused with the same gothic and satirical sensibilities as his earlier films like Beetlejuice and Edward Scissorhands . [ 77 ] [ 202 ] This approach made the film a "bold, auteur-driven detour" in Batman's cinematic history, contrasting sharply with the camp of the 1960s and the later, more grounded style of The Dark Knight trilogy. [ 202 ] Author Jeff Bond called Batman Returns the "first auteur superhero movie" because it allowed Burton to make a film that was his "weird experiment" rather than a strict adaptation. [ 95 ] [ 202 ] This willingness to ignore traditional comic book elements and sequel hooks in favor of his unique vision helped pave the way for other creative directors, such as Christopher Nolan , Peter Jackson , and Sam Raimi , to helm major franchises. [ 9 ] [ 77 ] Director of The Batman Matt Reeves and that film's star Robert Pattinson both called Batman Returns their favorite Batman film. [ 209 ] [ 210 ] Additionally, director Robert Eggers said that it visually inspired his film Nosferatu (2024). [ 211 ] Pfeiffer's portrayal of Catwoman is widely regarded as a definitive big-screen interpretation of the character, praised not only for her iconic costume but for a performance that brought a unique blend of sexuality, danger, outrageousness, and pathos to the role. [ q ] Burton called it one of his favorite performances he has ever worked on. [ 212 ] While initially hailed as the film's "bright spot" amid a mixed critical reception, the performance is now considered one of the greatest in the superhero genre, credited with taking a comic book character and turning her into a complex, contradictory figure that served as a commentary on the portrayal of women in genre fiction. [ r ] The role is seen as a "career-making" one that helped audiences forget previous portrayals and cemented Pfeiffer's as the "definitive big-screen Catwoman". [ 8 ] [ 199 ] [ 205 ] Variety argued that Pfeiffer deserved an Academy Award nomination for her performance, and set a benchmark for future portrayals. [ s ] Burton recalled that by the time of Batman Returns , studios had begun to talk in terms of "franchises" and marketing, concepts that were still relatively new during production of the 1989 film. The Hollywood Reporter notes that while Batman launched the modern superhero movie, Batman Returns marked a more complex stage in that evolution. With its darker tone, bold characterizations, and extensive marketing tie-ins, the film helped pave the way for the genre's later dominance, even if Burton's approach made that progression a more uneven one. [ 8 ] The film's tone and clash with corporate partners like McDonald's, which objected to darker content, prompted Warner Bros. to pivot to the more lighthearted and "campy" style of the Joel Schumacher films. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] While this was an attempt to create films with more broad, family-friendly appeal, The Ringer wrote that the Schumacher films are now seen as "borderline unwatchable", while Batman Returns is seen as a superior and more enduring cinematic work. [ 9 ] [ 224 ] In January 2017, one of the iconic Batsuits worn by Keaton in the film sold at auction for $41,250. [ 225 ] Although a summer blockbuster upon its release, Batman Returns has become a holiday film staple due to its winter setting and Christmas iconography. Several publications have listed it among the best alternative Christmas films, noting its themes of loneliness and isolation. [ t ] It is also identified as the centerpiece of Burton's unofficial Christmas trilogy, bookended by Edward Scissorhands and The Nightmare Before Christmas . [ 5 ] [ 9 ] Sequels Following the reception of Batman Returns , Warner Bros. sought to continue the series without Burton. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 129 ] Although Burton considered making a third film, the studio encouraged him to pursue other projects and he realized they did not want him to return. He was replaced with Joel Schumacher, who was seen as better suited to delivering a more family- and merchandise-friendly sequel. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 129 ] Keaton initially supported the change but eventually left the role, later saying the proposed third film "just wasn't any good, man". [ 42 ] [ 131 ] [ 229 ] Industry reports suggested he also sought a $15 million salary and profit share, though his producing partner Harry Colomby denied money was the issue. [ 129 ] Schumacher's Batman Forever (1995) was financially successful but less well received critically than Batman Returns . [ 230 ] Its sequel, Batman & Robin (1997), was a critical and commercial disappointment, often cited as one of the worst blockbuster films ever made, [ 230 ] [ 231 ] and led to the franchise being placed on hiatus until the reboot Batman Begins (2005). [ 129 ] [ 231 ] [ 131 ] By the mid-1990s, Burton and Waters were attached to a planned Catwoman film starring Pfeiffer. [ 232 ] [ 233 ] Burton and Waters held competing visions for the project: Burton wanted to make an intimate black-and-white drama in homage to Cat People (1942), while Waters's script followed Catwoman, suffering from amnesia after the events of Batman Returns , in the Las Vegas -like Oasisburg, where she confronted corrupt male superheroes. [ 234 ] [ 235 ] The project stalled as Burton and Pfeiffer moved on to other work, and Warner Bros. eventually produced Catwoman (2004), starring Halle Berry , which was widely panned. [ 234 ] [ 236 ] Keaton later reprised his Batman in The Flash (2023), [ 231 ] [ 237 ] and had also filmed scenes for the cancelled Batgirl (2022). [ 238 ] [ 239 ] Footnotes ^ Although Bob Kane received sole credit for Batman and his associated characters in Batman Returns , it was established in 2015 that writer Bill Finger was jointly involved in the creation of Batman as well as The Penguin and Catwoman, among others. He received equal credit to Kane in future adaptations of the Batman comic books. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] ^ The 1992 budget of $50–$80 million is equivalent to $112 million–$202 million in 2024. ^ The 1992 theatrical box office gross of $266.8 million is equivalent to $598 million in 2024. Notes ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 39 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] [ 48 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 22 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 42 ] [ 53 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ 77 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 24 ] [ 35 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] [ 82 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] [ 111 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 5 ] [ 9 ] [ 26 ] [ 131 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 199 ] [ 200 ] [ 201 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 94 ] [ 202 ] [ 203 ] [ 204 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 9 ] [ 212 ] [ 213 ] [ 214 ] [ 215 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 212 ] [ 216 ] [ 217 ] [ 218 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 219 ] [ 220 ] [ 221 ] [ 222 ] [ 223 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 5 ] [ 226 ] [ 227 ] [ 228 ] References Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Meenan, Devin (January 24, 2022). 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Shapiro, Marc (July 1992). "Darker Knights When Batman Returns". Fangoria . No. 114. Atlanta, Georgia : Fangoria Publishing, LLC. pp. 30– 33. White, Taylor L. (August 1992). "Batman Returns" . Cinefantastique . Vol. 23, no. 1. Forest Park, Illinois : Fourth Castle Micromedia. pp. 8– 11 . Retrieved July 3, 2022 . External links Official website (Warner Bros.) Official website (DC Comics) Batman Returns at IMDb Batman Returns at the TCM Movie Database (archived version) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Related Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Category Category v t e Batman franchise media v t e Live-action television Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Batman episodes episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Batwoman episodes characters episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Live-action films Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production The Batman production production Animated television The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes The Batman characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the 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Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Novels The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution Podcasts Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Enemies in other media Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Supporting characters in other media Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Live-action films based on DC Comics v t e Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Single films Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Franchises Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) DC Imprints Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) See also DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Imprints v t e Tim Burton v t e Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Director Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Writer Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) TV series created Beetlejuice (1989–91) Beetlejuice (1989–91) v t e Catwoman v t e Bob Kane Bill Finger Bob Kane Bill Finger Incarnations Selina Kyle Holly Robinson Eiko Hasigawa Selina Kyle Holly Robinson Eiko Hasigawa Supporting characters Batgirl Batman Slam Bradley Gotham City Sirens Dick Grayson Huntress Justice League Outsiders Alfred Pennyworth Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Madame Zodiac Leslie Thompkins Wildcat Batgirl Batman Slam Bradley Gotham City Sirens Dick Grayson Huntress Justice League Outsiders Alfred Pennyworth Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Madame Zodiac Leslie Thompkins Wildcat Antagonists Angle Man Bane Black Mask Clayface Film Freak Hush Joker Penguin Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Riddler Scarecrow Snowflame Hugo Strange Two-Face Zeiss Angle Man Bane Black Mask Clayface Film Freak Hush Joker Penguin Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Riddler Scarecrow Snowflame Hugo Strange Two-Face Zeiss Publications Catwoman Catwoman: When in Rome Gotham City Sirens Nine Lives Catwoman Catwoman: When in Rome Gotham City Sirens Nine Lives In other media Catwoman (film) Chase Me DC Showcase: Catwoman Catwoman (video game) Selina Kyle ( Gotham character) "Selina Kyle" ( Gotham episode) Selina Kyle ( Batman Returns ) " The Cat and the Fiddle " " The Cat and the Claw " Catwoman: Soulstealer Catwoman: Hunted Catwoman (film) Chase Me DC Showcase: Catwoman Catwoman (video game) Selina Kyle ( Gotham character) "Selina Kyle" ( Gotham episode) Selina Kyle ( Batman Returns ) " The Cat and the Fiddle " " The Cat and the Claw " Catwoman: Soulstealer Catwoman: Hunted Category Category 1990s Film United States Speculative fiction Media from Commons Data from Wikidata Authority control databases International VIAF VIAF Other MusicBrainz work Yale LUX MusicBrainz work Yale LUX 1992 films 1990s Christmas films 1990s political satire films 1990s superhero films Batman (1989 film series) American Christmas films American films about revenge American neo-noir films American political satire films American sequel films American superhero films Catwoman in other media Films about elections Films adapted into comics Films directed by Tim Burton Films produced by Denise Di Novi Films produced by Tim Burton Films scored by Danny Elfman Films set in zoos Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Los Angeles Films with screenplays by Daniel Waters (screenwriter) Films with screenplays by Sam Hamm Gothic films Penguin (character) in other media Saturn Award–winning films PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films Warner Bros. films 1990s English-language films 1992 American films Rating controversies in film English-language action films English-language Christmas films Dolby Cinema films Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use list-defined references from July 2022 Use American English from July 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from October 2021 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Template film date with 2 release dates Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:27 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Industry process Toggle Industry process subsection 1.1 Cotton manufacturing 1.2 Synthetic fibres 1.3 Natural fibres 1.1 Cotton manufacturing 1.2 Synthetic fibres 1.3 Natural fibres 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 Cottage stage 2.2 Industrial Revolution 2.3 19th-century developments 2.4 20th century 2.1 Cottage stage 2.2 Industrial Revolution 2.3 19th-century developments 2.4 20th century 3 By region Toggle By region subsection 3.1 India 3.2 Great Britain 3.3 Pakistan 3.4 Bangladesh 3.5 Ethiopia 3.6 European Union 3.6.1 Catalonia 3.1 India 3.2 Great Britain 3.3 Pakistan 3.4 Bangladesh 3.5 Ethiopia 3.6 European Union 3.6.1 Catalonia 3.6.1 Catalonia 4 Commerce and regulation Toggle Commerce and regulation subsection 4.1 Fast fashion and impacts on the textile industry 4.2 Increased Regulation 4.3 Advocacy for Change 4.1 Fast fashion and impacts on the textile industry 4.2 Increased Regulation 4.3 Advocacy for Change 5 Regulatory standards 6 Environmental impact 7 Worker health impacts Toggle Worker health impacts subsection 7.1 Chemical exposures 7.1.1 Cancer risks 7.2 Physical hazards 7.2.1 Ergonomic hazards 7.2.2 Dust exposure 7.2.3 Noise exposure 7.2.4 Unsafe working conditions 7.3 Women in the textile industry 7.1 Chemical exposures 7.1.1 Cancer risks 7.1.1 Cancer risks 7.2 Physical hazards 7.2.1 Ergonomic hazards 7.2.2 Dust exposure 7.2.3 Noise exposure 7.2.4 Unsafe working conditions 7.2.1 Ergonomic hazards 7.2.2 Dust exposure 7.2.3 Noise exposure 7.2.4 Unsafe working conditions 7.3 Women in the textile industry 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References Toggle References subsection 10.1 Citations 10.2 Sources 10.1 Citations 10.2 Sources 11 External links Textile industry Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски मराठी Minangkabau Nederlands Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский සිංහල Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item The textile industry is primarily concerned with the design, production and distribution of textiles : yarn , cloth and clothing . Industry process Cotton manufacturing Bale breaker Blowing room Willowing Breaker scutcher Batting Finishing scutcher Lapping Teasing Carding Carding room Sliver lap Combing Drawing Slubbing Intermediate Roving Fine roving Mule spinning Ring spinning Spinning Reeling Doubling Winding Bundling Bleaching Weaving shed Winding Beaming Cabling Warping Gassing Sizing/slashing/dressing Spooling Weaving Cloth Yarn (cheese) Bundle Sewing thread Cotton is the world's most important natural fibre. In the year 2007, the global yield was 25 million tons from 35 million hectares cultivated in more than 50 countries. [ 1 ] There are five stages of cotton manufacturing: [ 2 ] Cultivating and harvesting Preparatory processes Spinning — giving yarn Weaving — giving fabrics [ a ] Finishing — giving textiles In the textile industry, textile engineering is an area of engineering that involves the design, production, and distribution of textile products through processes including cultivation, harvesting, spinning, weaving, and finishing of raw materials, encompassing both natural and synthetic fibres. [ 3 ] Synthetic fibres Artificial fibres can be made by extruding a polymer , through a spinneret (polymers) into a medium where it hardens. Wet spinning (rayon) uses a coagulating medium. In dry spinning (acetate and triacetate), the polymer is contained in a solvent that evaporates in the heated exit chamber. In melt spinning (nylons and polyesters) the extruded polymer is cooled in gas or air and then sets. [ 4 ] Some examples of synthetic fibres are polyester, rayon, acrylic fibres and microfibres. All these fibres will be of great length, often kilometres long. Synthetic fibres are more durable than most natural fibres and will readily pick-up different dyes. Artificial fibres can be processed as long fibres or batched and cut so they can be processed like natural fibre. Natural fibres Sheep, goats, rabbits, silkworms, and other animals, as well as minerals like asbestos, are sources of natural fibres (cotton, flax, sisal). These vegetable fibres can originate from the seed (cotton), the stem (bast fibres: flax, hemp, jute), or the leaf (sisal). All of these sources require a number of steps, each of which has a distinct name, before a clean, even staple is produced. All of these fibres, with the exception of silk, are short, only a few centimetres long, and have a rough surface that allows them to adhere to other like staple fibres. History Cottage stage There are some indications that weaving was already known in the Palaeolithic . An indistinct textile impression has been found at Pavlov , Moravia. Neolithic textiles were found in pile dwellings excavations in Switzerland and at El Fayum, Egypt at a site which dates to about 5000 BC . In Roman times, wool, linen and leather clothed the European population, and silk, imported along the Silk Road from China, was an extravagant luxury. The use of flax fibre in the manufacturing of cloth in Northern Europe dates back to Neolithic times. During the late medieval period, cotton began to be imported into Northern Europe . Without any knowledge of what it came from, other than that it was a plant , noting its similarities to wool, people in the region could only imagine that cotton must be produced by plant-borne sheep. John Mandeville , writing in 1350, stated as fact the now-preposterous belief: "There grew in India a wonderful tree which bore tiny lambs on the edges of its branches. These branches were so pliable that they bent down to allow the lambs to feed when they are hungry." This aspect is retained in the name for cotton in many European languages, such as German Baumwolle , which translates as "tree wool". By the end of the 16th century, cotton was cultivated throughout the warmer regions of Asia and the Americas. The main steps in the production of cloth are producing the fibre, preparing it, converting it to yarn, converting yarn to cloth, and then finishing the cloth. The cloth is then taken to the manufacturer of garments. The preparation of the fibres differs the most, depending on the fibre used. Flax requires retting and dressing, while wool requires carding and washing. The spinning and weaving processes are very similar between fibres, however. Spinning evolved from twisting the fibres by hand, to using a drop spindle , to using a spinning wheel . Spindles or parts of them have been found in archaeological sites and may represent one of the first pieces of technology available. [ 5 ] The spinning wheel was most likely invented in the Islamic world by the 11th century. [ 6 ] Industrial Revolution The woven fabric portion of the textile industry grew out of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century as mass production of yarn and cloth became a mainstream industry. [ 7 ] In 1734 in Bury, Lancashire John Kay invented the flying shuttle — one of the first of a series of inventions associated with the cotton woven fabric industry. The flying shuttle increased the width of cotton cloth and speed of production of a single weaver at a loom . [ 8 ] Resistance by workers to the perceived threat to jobs delayed the widespread introduction of this technology, even though the higher rate of production generated an increased demand for spun cotton. In 1761, the Duke of Bridgewater's canal connected Manchester to the coal fields of Worsley and in 1762, Matthew Boulton opened the Soho Foundry engineering works in Handsworth , Birmingham . His partnership with Scottish engineer James Watt resulted, in 1775, in the commercial production of the more efficient Watt steam engine which used a separate condenser. [ citation needed ] In 1764, James Hargreaves is credited as inventor of the spinning jenny which multiplied the spun thread production capacity of a single worker — initially eightfold and subsequently much further. Others [ 9 ] credit the invention to Thomas Highs . Industrial unrest and a failure to patent the invention until 1770 forced Hargreaves from Blackburn, but his lack of protection of the idea allowed the concept to be exploited by others. As a result, there were more than 20,000 spinning jennies in use by the time of his death. Also in 1764, Thorp Mill, the first water-powered cotton mill in the world was constructed at Royton , Lancashire, and was used for carding cotton. With the spinning and weaving process now mechanised, cotton mills cropped up all over the North West of England. The stocking frame invented in 1589 for silk became viable when in 1759, Jedediah Strutt introduced an attachment for the frame which produced what became known as the Derby Rib , [ 10 ] that produced a knit and purl stitch. This allowed stockings to be manufactured in silk and later in cotton. In 1768, Hammond modified the stocking frame to weave weft-knitted openworks or nets by crossing over the loops, using a mobile tickler bar – this led in 1781 to Thomas Frost's square net. Cotton had been too coarse for lace , but by 1805 Houldsworths of Manchester were producing reliable 300 count cotton thread. [ 11 ] 19th-century developments With the Cartwright Loom, the Spinning Mule and the Boulton & Watt steam engine, the pieces were in place to build a mechanised woven fabric textile industry. From this point there were no new inventions, but a continuous improvement in technology as the mill-owner strove to reduce cost and improve quality. Developments in the transport infrastructure; that is the canals and after 1831 the railways facilitated the import of raw materials and export of finished cloth. Firstly, the use of water power to drive mills was supplemented by steam driven water pumps, and then superseded completely by the steam engines . For example, Samuel Greg joined his uncle's firm of textile merchants, and, on taking over the company in 1782, he sought out a site to establish a mill. Quarry Bank Mill was built on the River Bollin at Styal in Cheshire . It was initially powered by a water wheel , but installed steam engines in 1810. Quarry Bank Mill in Cheshire still exists as a well-preserved museum, having been in use from its construction in 1784 until 1959. It also illustrates how the mill owners exploited child labour, taking orphans from nearby Manchester to work the cotton. It shows that these children were housed, clothed, fed and provided with some education. In 1830, the average power of a mill engine was 48 hp, but Quarry Bank mill installed a new 100 hp water wheel. [ 12 ] William Fairbairn addressed the problem of line-shafting and was responsible for improving the efficiency of the mill. In 1815 he replaced the wooden turning shafts that drove the machines at 50rpm, to wrought iron shafting working at 250 rpm, these were a third of the weight of the previous ones and absorbed less power. [ 12 ] Secondly, in 1830, using an 1822 patent, Richard Roberts manufactured the first loom with a cast iron frame, the Roberts Loom . [ 8 ] In 1842 James Bullough and William Kenworthy , made the Lancashire Loom , a semiautomatic power loom : although it is self-acting, it has to be stopped to recharge empty shuttles. It was the mainstay of the Lancashire cotton industry for a century, until the Northrop Loom (invented in 1894, with an automatic weft replenishment function) gained ascendancy. Thirdly, also in 1830, Richard Roberts patented the first self-acting mule. Stalybridge mule spinners strike was in 1824; this stimulated research into the problem of applying power to the winding stroke of the mule. [ 13 ] The draw while spinning had been assisted by power, but the push of the wind had been done manually by the spinner, the mule could be operated by semiskilled labor. Before 1830, the spinner would operate a partially powered mule with a maximum of 400 spindles; after, self-acting mules with up to 1300 spindles could be built. [ 14 ] Year 1803 1820 1829 1833 1857 Looms 2400 14650 55500 100000 250000 The Industrial Revolution changed the nature of work and society The three key drivers in these changes were textile manufacturing , iron founding and steam power . [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] The geographical focus of textile manufacture in Britain was Manchester and the small towns of the Pennines and southern Lancashire . Textile production in England peaked in 1926, and as mills were decommissioned, many of the scrapped mules and looms were bought up and reinstated in India. Women began entering the workforce in the 19th century through textile factories, [ 20 ] the industrial and garment assembly jobs done during this time "[provided a] point for participation by rural women in the formal economy". [ 21 ] While women began entering the workforce and earning wages for themselves, there was an assumption that the earned wages were ones that should "supplement the family income rather than provide it", [ 20 ] which was typically done by that of the breadwinning father or husband. It was commonly acknowledged that the role of a woman as a textile worker was a "secondary occupation and that a woman's real work was raising children and running the household". [ 20 ] This socially accepted convention was illustrated in the hiring process of female textile workers, employers preferred "hiring women who were young and unmarried: most machine operatives were between the ages of 16 and 25". [ 20 ] This also affected the wage of female textile workers, since it was considered that a women's wage in the textile industry was one to supplement the family, there was a "belief that women did not merit or require wages as high as those of men". [ 20 ] 20th century Major changes came to the textile industry during the 20th century, with continuing technological innovations in machinery, synthetic fibre, logistics, and globalisation of the business. The business model that had dominated the industry for centuries was to change radically. Cotton and wool producers were not the only source for fibres, as chemical companies created new synthetic fibres that had superior qualities for many uses, such as rayon , invented in 1910, and DuPont 's nylon , invented in 1935 as in inexpensive silk substitute, and used for products ranging from women's stockings to tooth brushes and military parachutes. The variety of synthetic fibres used in manufacturing fibre grew steadily throughout the 20th century. In the 1920s, the computer was invented; in the 1940s, acetate , modacrylic , metal fibres, and saran were developed; acrylic , polyester , and spandex were introduced in the 1950s. Polyester became hugely popular in the apparel market, and by the late 1970s, more polyester was sold in the United States than cotton. [ 22 ] By the late 1980s, the apparel segment was no longer the largest market for fibre products, with industrial and home furnishings together representing a larger proportion of the fibre market. [ 23 ] Industry integration and global manufacturing led to many small firms closing for good during the 1970s and 1980s in the United States; during those decades, 95% of the looms in North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia shut down, and Alabama and Virginia also saw many factories close. [ 23 ] The largest exporters of textiles in 2013 were China ($274 billion), India ($40 billion), Italy ($36 billion), Germany ($35 billion), Bangladesh ($28 billion) and Pakistan ($27 Billion). [ 24 ] By region India The textile industry in India traditionally, after agriculture, is the only industry that has generated huge employment for both skilled and unskilled labour in textiles. The textile industry continues to be the second-largest employment generating sector in India. It offers direct employment to over 35 million in the country. [ 25 ] According to the Ministry of Textiles , the share of textiles in total exports during April–July 2010 was 11.04%. During 2009–2010, the Indian textile industry was pegged at US$ 55 billion, 64% of which services domestic demand. [ 25 ] In 2010, there were 2,500 textile weaving factories and 4,135 textile finishing factories in all of India. [ 26 ] According to AT Kearney 's 'Retail Apparel Index', India was ranked as the fourth most promising market for apparel retailers in 2009. [ 27 ] India is first in global jute production and shares 63% of the global textile and garment market. India is second in global textile manufacturing and also second in silk and cotton production. 100% FDI is allowed via automatic route in textile sector. Rieter , Trutzschler, Saurer , Soktas, Zambiati, Bilsar, Monti, CMT, E-land , Nisshinbo , Marks & Spencer , Zara , Promod , Benetton , and Levi's are some of the foreign textile companies invested or working in India. [ 28 ] Great Britain The key British industry at the beginning of the 18th century was the production of textiles made with wool from the large sheep-farming areas in the Midlands and across the country (created as a result of land-clearance and enclosure ). This was a labour-intensive activity providing employment throughout Britain, with major centres being the West Country; Norwich and environs; and the West Riding of Yorkshire . The export trade in woolen goods accounted for more than a quarter of British exports during most of the 18th century, doubling between 1701 and 1770. [ 29 ] The British textile industry drove the Industrial Revolution, triggering advancements in technology, stimulating the coal and iron industries, boosting raw material imports, and improving transportation, which made Britain the global leader of industrialisation, trade, and scientific innovation. [ 30 ] Exports by the cotton industry – centered in Lancashire – had grown tenfold during this time, but still accounted for only a tenth of the value of the woolen trade. Before the 17th century, the manufacture of goods was performed on a limited scale by individual workers, usually on their own premises (such as weavers' cottages ). Goods were transported around the country by clothiers who visited the village with their trains of packhorses . Some of the cloth was made into clothes for people living in the same area, and a large amount of cloth was exported. River navigations were constructed, and some contour-following canals . In the early 18th century, artisans were inventing ways to become more productive. Silk , wool, fustian , and linen were being eclipsed by cotton, which was becoming the most important textile. This set the foundations for the changes. [ 31 ] Pakistan This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The textile sector accounts for 54% of Pakistan 's export earnings. [ 32 ] The industry's contribution in the nation's exports account for 8.5% of the total GDP. Textile exports stood at $4.4 billion in 2017–18. The industry employs a large section of the labour force in the country. Pakistan is the 4th largest producer of cotton with the third largest spinning capacity in Asia. It contributes 5% to the global spinning capacity. At present, there are 1,221 ginning units, 442 spinning units and 124 large spinning units in addition to 425 small units which produce textiles. Pakistan is the third largest consumer of cotton. Exports of $3.5 billion were recorded in 2017–18 (6.5% of the total exported cotton on the world). In 1950, textile manufacturing emerged as the centre of Pakistan industrialisation. Between 1947 and 2000, the number of textile Mills increased from 3 to 600. In the same time, spindles increased in number from 177,000 to 805 million. Bangladesh Many Western multinationals use labor in Bangladesh, which is one of the cheapest in the world: 30 euros per month compared to 150 or 200 in China. Four days is enough for the CEO of one of the top five global textile brands to earn what a Bangladeshi garment worker will earn in her lifetime. In April 2013, at least 1,135 textile workers died in the collapse of their factory. Other fatal accidents due to unsanitary factories have affected Bangladesh: in 2005 a factory collapsed and caused the death of 64 people. In 2006, a series of fires killed 85 people and injured 207 others. In 2010, some 30 people died of asphyxiation and burns in two serious fires. In 2006, tens of thousands of workers mobilised in one of the country's largest strike movements, affecting almost all of the 4,000 factories. The Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) uses police forces to crack down. Three workers were killed, and hundreds more were wounded by bullets, or imprisoned. In 2010, after a new strike movement, nearly 1,000 people were injured among workers as a result of the repression. [ 33 ] Ethiopia Employees of Ethiopian garment factories, who work for brands such as Guess , H&M or Calvin Klein , receive a monthly salary of 26 dollars per month. These very low wages have led to low productivity, frequent strikes and high turnover. Some factories have replaced all their employees on average every 12 months, according to the 2019 report of the Stern Centre for Business and Human Rights at New York University . The report states: "Rather than the docile and cheap labour force promoted in Ethiopia, foreign-based suppliers have met employees who are unhappy with their pay and living conditions and who want to protest more and more by stopping work or even quitting. In their eagerness to create a ' made in Ethiopia ' brand, the government, global brands and foreign manufacturers did not anticipate that the base salary was simply too low for workers to make a living from." [ 34 ] European Union The prominence of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) within the European Union 's textile industry has been noted by the European Commission : .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}} The European textile and clothing industry is a highly diversified, innovation and creativity driven industrial sector made up largely of SMEs: firms had an average of 10 employees in 2009, down from 18 employees at the beginning of the decade. In 2011, the sector consisted of more than 185 000 companies employing 1.7 million people in Europe and with a total turnover of € 152 billion. [ 35 ] : 3 The European textile and clothing industry is a highly diversified, innovation and creativity driven industrial sector made up largely of SMEs: firms had an average of 10 employees in 2009, down from 18 employees at the beginning of the decade. In 2011, the sector consisted of more than 185 000 companies employing 1.7 million people in Europe and with a total turnover of € 152 billion. [ 35 ] : 3 Catalonia The cotton industry in Catalonia was the first industry in Spain to industrialise and led, by the mid 19th century, to Catalonia becoming the main industrial region of Spain, a position it maintained until well into the 20th century. Catalonia is the one Mediterranean exception to the tendency of early industrialisation to be concentrated in northern Europe. [ 36 ] The industry began in the early 18th century in Barcelona, when printed cloth chintz (Catalan: indianes) was produced as an import substitution. The market quickly expanded to the American colonies from where dyes and (later) cotton raw materials could be sourced. Spinning was a late addition to the industry and took off after English spinning technology was introduced at the turn of the 19th century. Industrialisation of the industry occurred in the 1830s after adoption of the factory system, and the removal of restrictions by Britain on the emigration of expert labour (1825) and of machinery (1842). Steam power was introduced but the cost of imported coal and steam engines, led to the extensive use of hydraulic power from the late 1860s. Commerce and regulation The Multi Fibre Arrangement (MFA) governed the world trade in textiles and garments from 1974 through 2004, imposing quotas on the amount developing countries could export to developed countries . It expired on 1 January 2005. The MFA was introduced in 1974 as a short-term measure intended to allow developed countries to adjust to imports from the developing world. Developing countries have a natural advantage in textile production because it is labor-intensive and they have low labor costs. According to a World Bank / International Monetary Fund (IMF) study, the system has cost the developing world 27 million jobs and $40 billion a year in lost exports. [ 37 ] However, the Arrangement was not negative for all developing countries. For example, the European Union (EU) imposed no restrictions or duties on imports from the very poor countries, such as Bangladesh , leading to a massive expansion of the industry there. At the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Uruguay Round , it was decided to bring the textile trade under the jurisdiction of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) provided for the gradual dismantling of the quotas that existed under the MFA. This process was completed on 1 January 2005. However, large tariffs remain in place on many textile products. Bangladesh was expected to suffer the most from the ending of the MFA, as it was expected to face more competition, particularly from China . However, this was not the case. It turns out that even in the face of other economic giants, Bangladesh's labor is "cheaper than anywhere else in the world." While some smaller factories were documented making pay cuts and layoffs, most downsizing was essentially speculative – the orders for goods kept coming even after the MFA expired. In fact, Bangladesh's exports increased in value by about $500 million in 2006. [ 38 ] Fast fashion and impacts on the textile industry As the textile industry grew in size, it also continuously grew in demand, largely due to the rise of the fast fashion industry. [ 39 ] Fast fashion is defined as a clothing company strategy where companies are able to keep prices for their goods low by cutting costs in production, and are able to keep up with trends by having quick design to product turnaround speeds. [ 40 ] In the 21st century , with the rise of globalization, more fast fashion companies have become worldwide powerhouses, including Shein , Temu and H&M . [ 41 ] [ 42 ] This rise of fast fashion has increased demand for cheap textiles. It has also exacerbated the negative environmental impacts and worker health impacts that are prevalent in the textile industry. [ 40 ] Despite the growth of Fast Fashion, multiple reports have concluded that less than 2% of garment workers worldwide earn a living wage. [ 40 ] Increased Regulation In recent years, as the environmental impacts of the textile industry have been growing alongside the growth of Fast Fashion, [ 43 ] many global institutions have been increasing regulation on the Textile Industry. For example, the European Commission in 2022 passed the EU Strategy for Sustainable and Circular Textiles under the European Green Deal . The goal of this regulation is for Textiles to be made to last longer, be made of more recycled materials, and be easier to recycle after use. Another example is the state of California , located in the United States , where in 2024 the California Responsible Textile Recovery Act passed. This act changes how textile producers are held accountable for a product throughout the entirety of its life cycle, making the textile producer responsible for waste management. Across the United States, similar acts have been proposed, including in New York State where the New York State Fashion Sustainability and Social Accountability Act (Fashion Act) hopes to hold companies selling in the state of New York to a higher environmental and human rights standard. [ 43 ] Advocacy for Change Workers have been advocating for their rights in the textile industry for hundreds of years, including the Luddites in the 19th century. More recently, many mostly female workers in this industry, located around the globe, have attempted to unionize and have faced threats to their jobs. Furthermore, protestors have faced violence and arrest. Workers have begun speaking out about the consistent violation of human rights in the Textile Industry, advocating for change globally. [ 44 ] As the effects of the Textile Industry have come to light, many organizations have emerged hoping to make changes in this industry. Some examples include Carro de Combate, Fashion Takes Action, New Order of Fashion, FABSCRAP, and more. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Many organizations are advocating for a Circular Fashion Economy, which would be a Fashion Economy that prioritizes minimizing waste and maximizing the use of resources. [ 47 ] Regulatory standards For textiles, like for many other products, there are certain national and international standards and regulations that need to be complied with to ensure quality, safety and sustainability. The following standards amongst others apply to textiles: CPSIA , e.g. Standard for the Flammability of Clothing Textiles [ 48 ] ASTM Textile Standards [ 49 ] REACH Regulations for Textiles [ 50 ] China Product Standard for Textiles [ 51 ] In the European Union, the Textile Regulation (Regulation 1007/2011 on textile fibre names and related labelling and marking of fibre composition of textile products) applies. This replaced earlier Directives 73/44/EC, 96/73/EC and 2008/121/EC, which had required transposition into national law, with effect from 8 May 2012. [ 35 ] Environmental impact The textile industry is one of the largest polluters in the globalized world of mostly free market dominated socioeconomic systems. [ 52 ] Chemically polluted textile wastewater degrades the quality of the soil and water . [ 53 ] The pollution comes from the type of conduct of chemical treatments used e.g., in pretreatment, dyeing, printing, and finishing operations [ 54 ] that many or most market-driven companies use despite "eco-friendly alternatives". Textile industry wastewater is considered to be one the largest polluters of water and soil ecosystems , causing "carcinogenic, mutagenic, genotoxic, cytotoxic and allergenic threats to living organisms". [ 55 ] [ 56 ] The textile industry uses over 8000 chemicals in its supply chain, [ 57 ] also polluting the environment with large amounts of microplastics [ 58 ] and has been identified in one review as the industry sector producing the largest amount of pollution. [ 59 ] A campaign of big clothing brands like Nike, Adidas and Puma to voluntarily reform their manufacturing supply chains to commit to achieving zero discharges of hazardous chemicals by 2020 (global goal) [ 60 ] [ 61 ] appears to have failed. The textile industry also creates a lot of pollution that leads to externalities which can cause large economic problems. The problem usually occurs when there is no division of ownership rights. This means that the problem of pollution is largely caused because of incomplete information about which company pollutes and at what scale the damage was caused by the pollution. Worker health impacts Chemical exposures Within the textile industry, more than 8000 different chemicals may be used in the manufacturing process, many of which are toxic or nonbiodegradable. [ 62 ] Some textile factory workers handle dangerous chemicals every day, leading to increased occupational risk of hearing disorders , dermatitis , and ophthalmological symptoms when not using protective measures. [ 62 ] Additionally, an increase of miscarriages occurs when pregnant textile workers are exposed to natural and synthetic fibres. [ 62 ] Other diseases can be caused by frequent hazardous chemical exposures. Cancer risks With increased exposure to toxic chemicals comes an increased risk of occupational cancer . Studies of textile workers have shown an increased risk of nasal, bladder and urinary cancers, which are thought to be related to the dyes that are used. [ 62 ] Physical hazards Ergonomic hazards When producing textiles, many repetitive physical movements are made by workers. From this, issues and pain can arise, particularly in textile sewing machine operators. Of these operators, many experienced lower back and neck pain . [ 63 ] Other common pain areas reported were upper back, shoulders, and the hips and thighs. [ 63 ] Additionally, 69% of the workers reported hard knuckles within the past 12 months, which occurs from scissor induced calluses. [ 63 ] Dust exposure Various health effects occur when regularly exposed to dust without protective measures. Common dust related respiratory symptoms include cough, phlegm , shortness of breath , wheezing and chest pain. [ 64 ] Respiratory disorder symptoms in textile workers not using personal protective equipment were 1,130 times more likely than their coworkers who used personal protective equipment and other protective measures. [ 64 ] The study also found that when the amount of dust in the air was greater than the quality standard, workers were at a higher risk of having respiratory disorder symptoms. [ 64 ] Fibre dust exposure has also been found to contribute to the risk of cancers, such as lung cancer. [ 65 ] The inhalation of crystalline silica dust has also led workers to develop a lung disease called silicosis. [ 66 ] Noise exposure High noise exposures have been observed in textile industries across countries, as well as high rates of occupational hearing loss . [ 67 ] [ 68 ] Unsafe working conditions Many textile workers work in extremely unsafe and unhygienic working conditions in sweatshops , including facing long hours with little days off, being exposed to dangerous chemicals, and facing harassment from superiors. [ 69 ] Numerous workers have reportedly passed out due to extreme heat in their workplaces, and exhaustion. [ 70 ] Further, many of these workplaces utilize child labor. [ 71 ] Women in the textile industry Women make up a majority of the workers in the textile industry, making up around 60% of the workers of the garment industry. [ 72 ] This means that mostly women are facing the negative consequences of working in this industry, such as the negative health impacts. In Asia alone, around 42 million women are employed in this industry. [ 72 ] Women in this industry often face harassment, gender discrimination, verbal and physical abuse, and sexual exploitation from male superiors. [ 73 ] See also Drapers and cloth merchants Textile industry in Bangladesh History of silk production in Lyon Notes ^ includes Knitting processes References Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Majeed, A (January 19, 2009), Cotton and textiles — the challenges ahead , Dawn-the Internet edition, archived from the original on January 23, 2009 , retrieved 2009-02-12 ^ "Machin processes" , Spinning the Web , Manchester City Council: Libraries, archived from the original on 2008-10-23 , retrieved 2009-01-29 ^ Elmogahzy, Yehia E. 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Chandrasekhar, Chairman ITCB , EC Conference on the Future of Textiles and Clothing after 2004, Brussels, 5–6 May 2003. "後遺症が残りそうな交通事故で気をつけるポイント" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-12-21 . Retrieved 2011-10-05 . ^ Haider, Mahtab. "Defying predictions, Bangladesh's garment factories thrive". The Christian Science Monitor. 7 Feb 2006. 11 Feb 2007. "Defying predictions, Bangladesh's garment factories thrive" . Christian Science Monitor . 2006-02-07. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30 . Retrieved 2007-02-11 . ^ Helm, Mykhail (2025-09-12). "Beneath the Seams: The Human Toll of Fast Fashion" . Earth Day . Retrieved 2025-10-09 . ^ a b c Thomas, Dana (2019-08-29). "The High Price of Fast Fashion" . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099-9660 . Retrieved 2025-10-09 . ^ Cline, Elizabeth (2025-07-08). "Fast Fashion's End Has Been Greatly Exaggerated" . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2025-10-09 . ^ "Shein, Zara, H&M: Close-up on the Ultra-Fast Fashion Market" . NIQ . 2023-06-22 . Retrieved 2025-10-09 . ^ a b Insights, I. S. S. (2025-02-20). "Under Pressure: The Textiles & Apparel Industry's Multiple Challenges" . ISS Insights . Retrieved 2025-12-13 . ^ "Global garment industry profits from denial of right to unionize" . Amnesty International . 2025-11-27 . Retrieved 2025-12-13 . ^ "| 1% for the Planet Blog" . www.onepercentfortheplanet.org . Retrieved 2025-12-13 . ^ "5 Movements Fighting Textile Industry Pollution and Promoting Reuse | Nonprofit" . nonprofit.xarxanet.org . Retrieved 2025-12-13 . ^ "What is Circular Fashion?" . Sustainable Fashion Forum . Retrieved 2025-12-13 . ^ "Standard for the Flammability of Clothing Textiles" (PDF) . cpsc.gov . Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2013 . Retrieved 30 April 2018 . ^ "Textile Standards" . www.astm.org . Archived from the original on 30 April 2018 . Retrieved 30 April 2018 . ^ "REACH Regulations - How they apply to Textile and Leather articles (hktdc.com)" . info.hktdc.com . Archived from the original on 30 April 2018 . Retrieved 30 April 2018 . ^ "GB Standards - China Certification – CCC mark certificate (3C) for China – Your expert for China Compulsory Certification" . china-certification.com . Archived from the original on 13 January 2018 . Retrieved 30 April 2018 . ^ Niinimäki, Kirsi; Peters, Greg; Dahlbo, Helena; Perry, Patsy; Rissanen, Timo; Gwilt, Alison (April 2020). "The environmental price of fast fashion" . Nature Reviews Earth & Environment . 1 (4): 189– 200. Bibcode : 2020NRvEE...1..189N . doi : 10.1038/s43017-020-0039-9 . hdl : 1959.4/unsworks_66986 . ISSN 2662-138X . Retrieved 8 June 2024 . ^ Pattnaik, Punyasloka; Dangayach, G. S.; Bhardwaj, Awadhesh Kumar (1 June 2018). "A review on the sustainability of textile industries wastewater with and without treatment methodologies" . Reviews on Environmental Health . 33 (2): 163– 203. doi : 10.1515/reveh-2018-0013 . ISSN 2191-0308 . PMID 29858909 . S2CID 44084197 . ^ Madhav, Sughosh; Ahamad, Arif; Singh, Pardeep; Mishra, Pradeep Kumar (March 2018). "A review of textile industry: Wet processing, environmental impacts, and effluent treatment methods". Environmental Quality Management . 27 (3): 31– 41. Bibcode : 2018EnvQM..27...31M . doi : 10.1002/tqem.21538 . ^ Kishor, Roop; Purchase, Diane; Saratale, Ganesh Dattatraya; Saratale, Rijuta Ganesh; Ferreira, Luiz Fernando Romanholo; Bilal, Muhammad; Chandra, Ram; Bharagava, Ram Naresh (1 April 2021). "Ecotoxicological and health concerns of persistent coloring pollutants of textile industry wastewater and treatment approaches for environmental safety" (PDF) . Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering . 9 (2) 105012. doi : 10.1016/j.jece.2020.105012 . ISSN 2213-3437 . S2CID 233532794 . ^ Akhtar, Muhammad Furqan; Ashraf, Muhammad; Javeed, Aqeel; Anjum, Aftab Ahmad; Sharif, Ali; Saleem, Mohammad; Mustafa, Ghulam; Ashraf, Moneeb; Saleem, Ammara; Akhtar, Bushra (28 February 2018). "Association of textile industry effluent with mutagenicity and its toxic health implications upon acute and sub-chronic exposure". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment . 190 (3): 179. Bibcode : 2018EMnAs.190..179A . doi : 10.1007/s10661-018-6569-7 . ISSN 1573-2959 . PMID 29492685 . S2CID 3710964 . ^ Nimkar, Ullhas (1 February 2018). "Sustainable chemistry: A solution to the textile industry in a developing world". Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry . 9 : 13– 17. Bibcode : 2018COGSC...9...13N . doi : 10.1016/j.cogsc.2017.11.002 . ISSN 2452-2236 . ^ Xu, Xia; Hou, Qingtong; Xue, Yingang; Jian, Yun; Wang, LiPing (20 November 2018). "Pollution characteristics and fate of microfibers in the wastewater from textile dyeing wastewater treatment plant" . Water Science and Technology . 78 (10): 2046– 2054. Bibcode : 2018WSTec..78.2046X . doi : 10.2166/wst.2018.476 . ISSN 0273-1223 . PMID 30629532 . S2CID 58649372 . ^ Behera, Meerambika; Nayak, Jayato; Banerjee, Shirsendu; Chakrabortty, Sankha; Tripathy, Suraj K. (1 August 2021). "A review on the treatment of textile industry waste effluents towards the development of efficient mitigation strategy: An integrated system design approach". Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering . 9 (4) 105277. doi : 10.1016/j.jece.2021.105277 . ISSN 2213-3437 . S2CID 233901225 . ^ "Destination Zero: seven years of Detoxing the clothing industry" (PDF) . Greenpeace . Retrieved 30 September 2020 . ^ "Greenpeace Calls Out Nike, Adidas and Puma for Toxic Clothing" . Reuters . 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 30 September 2020 . ^ a b c d Tounsadi, Hanane; Metarfi, Yousra; Taleb, M.; El Rhazi, Karima; Rais, Zakia (July 2020). "Impact of chemical substances used in textile industry on the employee's health: Epidemiological study" . Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety . 197 110594. Bibcode : 2020EcoES.19710594T . doi : 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110594 . PMID 32335392 . S2CID 216557035 . ^ a b c Okareh, O.T.; Solomon, O.E.; Olawoyin, R. (April 2021). "Prevalence of ergonomic hazards and persistent work-related musculoskeletal pain among textile sewing machine operators" . Safety Science . 136 105159. doi : 10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105159 . S2CID 233072066 . ^ a b c Berlian, Alifia; Setiani, Onny; Sulistiyani, Sulistiyani; Raharjo, Mursid; Darundiati, Yusniar (2023-03-01). "The Relationship of Dust Exposure with Respiratory Disorders Symptoms Among Textile Industry Workers" . Journal of Ecological Engineering . 24 (3): 35– 46. Bibcode : 2023JEcoE..24...35B . doi : 10.12911/22998993/157389 . ISSN 2299-8993 . ^ Singh, Zorawar; Chadha, Pooja (December 2016). "Textile industry and occupational cancer" . Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology . 11 (1): 39. doi : 10.1186/s12995-016-0128-3 . ISSN 1745-6673 . PMC 4986180 . PMID 27532013 . ^ "Sandblasted jeans: Should we give up distressed denim?" . BBC News . 2011-09-30 . Retrieved 2025-10-09 . ^ Yildirim, Ilhami; Kilinc, Metin; Okur, Erdogan; Inanc Tolun, Fatma; Kiliç, M. Akif; Kurutas, Ergul Belge; Ekerbi̇çEr, Hasan Çetin (2007). "The Effects of Noise on Hearing and Oxidative Stress in Textile Workers" . Industrial Health . 45 (6): 743– 749. Bibcode : 2007IndHe..45..743Y . doi : 10.2486/indhealth.45.743 . ISSN 0019-8366 . PMID 18212468 . ^ Zaw, Aung K.; Myat, Aung M.; Thandar, Mya; Htun, Ye M.; Aung, Than H.; Tun, Kyaw M.; Han, Zaw M. (June 2020). "Assessment of Noise Exposure and Hearing Loss Among Workers in Textile Mill (Thamine), Myanmar: A Cross-Sectional Study" . Safety and Health at Work . 11 (2): 199– 206. doi : 10.1016/j.shaw.2020.04.002 . ISSN 2093-7911 . PMC 7303531 . PMID 32596016 . ^ Nguyen, Lei (2022-10-10). "The Danger of Sweatshops" . Earth.Org . Retrieved 2025-10-09 . ^ Davis, Rob (2025-05-01). "Decades After Nike Promised Sweatshop Reforms, Workers in This Factory Were Still Fainting" . ProPublica . Retrieved 2025-10-09 . ^ Thomas, Dana (2019-08-29). "The High Price of Fast Fashion" . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099-9660 . Retrieved 2025-10-09 . ^ a b "How to achieve gender equality in global garment supply chains" . webapps.ilo.org . Retrieved 2025-10-13 . ^ Helm, Mykhail (2025-09-12). "Beneath the Seams: The Human Toll of Fast Fashion" . Earth Day . Retrieved 2025-10-09 . Sources Collier, Ann M. (1970), A Handbook of Textiles , Pergamon Press, p. 258, ISBN 978-0-08-018057-1 Copeland, Melvin Thomas. The cotton manufacturing industry of the United States (Harvard University Press, 1912) online Cameron, Edward H. Samuel Slater, Father of American Manufactures (1960) scholarly biography Conrad Jr., James L. "'Drive That Branch': Samuel Slater, the Power Loom, and the Writing of America's Textile History", Technology and Culture, Vol. 36, No. 1 (January 1995), pp. 1–28 in JSTOR Earnshaw, Pat (1986). Lace Machines and Machine Laces . Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-4684-5 . Griffiths, T., Hunt, P.A., and O'Brien, P. K. "Inventive activity in the British textile industry", Journal of Economic History, 52 (1992), pp. 881–906. Griffiths, Trevor; Hunt, Philip; O'Brien, Patrick. "Scottish, Irish, and imperial connections: Parliament, the three kingdoms, and the mechanization of cotton spinning in eighteenth-century Britain", Economic History Review, Aug 2008, Vol. 61 Issue 3, pp 625–650 Hills, Richard Leslie (1993), Power from Steam: A History of the Stationary Steam Engine , Cambridge University Press, p. 244, ISBN 978-0-521-45834-4 Smelser; Neil J., Social Change in the Industrial Revolution: An Application of Theory to the British Cotton Industry (1959) Tucker, Barbara M., "The Merchant, the Manufacturer, and the Factory Manager: The Case of Samuel Slater", Business History Review, Vol. 55, No. 3 (Autumn, 1981), pp. 297–313 in JSTOR Tucker, Barbara M.,, Samuel Slater and the Origins of the American Textile Industry, 1790-1860 (1984) Williams, Mike; Farnie (1992), Cotton Mills of Greater Manchester , Carnegie Publishing, ISBN 978-0-948789-89-2 Woytinsky, W. S., and E. S. Woytinsky. World Population and Production Trends and Outlooks (1953) pp. 1051–98; with many tables and maps on the worldwide textile industry in 19508 External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Textile industry at Wikimedia Commons .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Textile arts v t e Fundamentals Beadwork Braid Crochet Dyeing Embroidery Lace Macramé Needlework Fabric Felting Fiber Knitting Layering Appliqué Patchwork Quilting Nålebinding Plying Rope Rug making Sewing Passementerie Stitch Spinning Textile printing Weaving Yarn Beadwork Braid Crochet Dyeing Embroidery Lace Macramé Needlework Lace Macramé Macramé Needlework Fabric Felting Fiber Knitting Layering Appliqué Patchwork Quilting Appliqué Patchwork Quilting Nålebinding Plying Rope Rug making Sewing Passementerie Stitch Passementerie Stitch Spinning Textile printing Weaving Yarn History of ... Clothing and textiles Quilting Silk Byzantine Indian subcontinent Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods Timeline of clothing and textiles technology Clothing and textiles Quilting Silk Byzantine Indian subcontinent Byzantine Indian subcontinent Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods Timeline of clothing and textiles technology Regional and ethnic African Kongo Kuba Australian Aboriginal Burmese Acheik Hmong Indigenous peoples of the Americas Andean Mapuche Maya Mexican Navajo Oaxacan Indonesian Balinese Sumba Korean Māori African Kongo Kuba Kongo Kuba Australian Aboriginal Burmese Acheik Acheik Hmong Indigenous peoples of the Americas Andean Mapuche Maya Mexican Navajo Oaxacan Andean Mapuche Maya Mexican Navajo Oaxacan Indonesian Balinese Sumba Balinese Sumba Korean Māori Related Blocking Clothing Conservation and restoration Fiber art wearable fiber art Industry Manufacturing Materials Mathematics and fiber arts Recycling Tools Units of measurement Blocking Clothing Conservation and restoration Fiber art wearable fiber art wearable fiber art Industry Manufacturing Materials Mathematics and fiber arts Recycling Tools Units of measurement Glossaries Dyeing terms Sewing terms Textile manufacturing terms Dyeing terms Sewing terms Textile manufacturing terms Clothing portal v t e Major industries by economic sector v t e Primary sector or ′Natural sector′ ( raw materials ) Biotic Agriculture Arable farming Cereals Legumes Vegetables Fiber crops Oilseeds Sugar Tobacco Permanent crops Apples et al. Berries Citrus Stone fruits Tropical fruit Viticulture Cocoa Coffee Tea Nuts Olives Medicinal plants Spices Horticulture Flowers Seeds Animal husbandry Beef cattle Dairy farming Fur farming Horses Other livestock Pig Wool Poultry Beekeeping Cochineal Shellac Silk Hunting Fur trapping Forestry Silviculture Bamboo Logging Firewood Rattan Tree tapping Frankincense Gum arabic Gutta-percha Maple syrup Mastic Natural rubber Palm sugar , syrup , & wine Pine resin Wild mushrooms Fungiculture Truffles Aquatic Fishing Anchovies Herring Sardines Cod Haddock Pollock Mackerel Shark Swordfish Tuna Crabs Lobsters Sea urchins Squid Whaling Aquaculture Carp Catfish Tilapia Abalone Mussels Oysters Pearls Microalgae Seaweed Both Clams Sea cucumbers Scallops Salmon Shrimp Geological Fossil fuels Coal Peat Natural gas Oil shale Petroleum Tar sands Mining of ores Aluminum Copper Iron Gold Silver Palladium Platinum Lithium Rare-earth metals Uranium Other minerals Gemstones Phosphorus Potash Salt Sulfur Quarrying Gravel Sand Chalk Clay Gypsum Limestone Dimension stone Granite Marble Primary sector or ′Natural sector′ ( raw materials ) Biotic Agriculture Arable farming Cereals Legumes Vegetables Fiber crops Oilseeds Sugar Tobacco Permanent crops Apples et al. Berries Citrus Stone fruits Tropical fruit Viticulture Cocoa Coffee Tea Nuts Olives Medicinal plants Spices Horticulture Flowers Seeds Animal husbandry Beef cattle Dairy farming Fur farming Horses Other livestock Pig Wool Poultry Beekeeping Cochineal Shellac Silk Hunting Fur trapping Forestry Silviculture Bamboo Logging Firewood Rattan Tree tapping Frankincense Gum arabic Gutta-percha Maple syrup Mastic Natural rubber Palm sugar , syrup , & wine Pine resin Wild mushrooms Fungiculture Truffles Aquatic Fishing Anchovies Herring Sardines Cod Haddock Pollock Mackerel Shark Swordfish Tuna Crabs Lobsters Sea urchins Squid Whaling Aquaculture Carp Catfish Tilapia Abalone Mussels Oysters Pearls Microalgae Seaweed Both Clams Sea cucumbers Scallops Salmon Shrimp Geological Fossil fuels Coal Peat Natural gas Oil shale Petroleum Tar sands Mining of ores Aluminum Copper Iron Gold Silver Palladium Platinum Lithium Rare-earth metals Uranium Other minerals Gemstones Phosphorus Potash Salt Sulfur Quarrying Gravel Sand Chalk Clay Gypsum Limestone Dimension stone Granite Marble Biotic Agriculture Arable farming Cereals Legumes Vegetables Fiber crops Oilseeds Sugar Tobacco Permanent crops Apples et al. Berries Citrus Stone fruits Tropical fruit Viticulture Cocoa Coffee Tea Nuts Olives Medicinal plants Spices Horticulture Flowers Seeds Animal husbandry Beef cattle Dairy farming Fur farming Horses Other livestock Pig Wool Poultry Beekeeping Cochineal Shellac Silk Hunting Fur trapping Forestry Silviculture Bamboo Logging Firewood Rattan Tree tapping Frankincense Gum arabic Gutta-percha Maple syrup Mastic Natural rubber Palm sugar , syrup , & wine Pine resin Wild mushrooms Fungiculture Truffles Aquatic Fishing Anchovies Herring Sardines Cod Haddock Pollock Mackerel Shark Swordfish Tuna Crabs Lobsters Sea urchins Squid Whaling Aquaculture Carp Catfish Tilapia Abalone Mussels Oysters Pearls Microalgae Seaweed Both Clams Sea cucumbers Scallops Salmon Shrimp Agriculture Arable farming Cereals Legumes Vegetables Fiber crops Oilseeds Sugar Tobacco Permanent crops Apples et al. Berries Citrus Stone fruits Tropical fruit Viticulture Cocoa Coffee Tea Nuts Olives Medicinal plants Spices Horticulture Flowers Seeds Animal husbandry Beef cattle Dairy farming Fur farming Horses Other livestock Pig Wool Poultry Beekeeping Cochineal Shellac Silk Hunting Fur trapping Arable farming Cereals Legumes Vegetables Fiber crops Oilseeds Sugar Tobacco Cereals Legumes Vegetables Fiber crops Oilseeds Sugar Tobacco Permanent crops Apples et al. Berries Citrus Stone fruits Tropical fruit Viticulture Cocoa Coffee Tea Nuts Olives Medicinal plants Spices Apples et al. Berries Citrus Stone fruits Tropical fruit Viticulture Cocoa Coffee Tea Nuts Olives Medicinal plants Spices Horticulture Flowers Seeds Flowers Seeds Animal husbandry Beef cattle Dairy farming Fur farming Horses Other livestock Pig Wool Poultry Beekeeping Cochineal Shellac Silk Beef cattle Dairy farming Fur farming Horses Other livestock Pig Wool Poultry Beekeeping Cochineal Shellac Silk Hunting Fur trapping Fur trapping Forestry Silviculture Bamboo Logging Firewood Rattan Tree tapping Frankincense Gum arabic Gutta-percha Maple syrup Mastic Natural rubber Palm sugar , syrup , & wine Pine resin Wild mushrooms Fungiculture Truffles Silviculture Bamboo Bamboo Logging Firewood Firewood Rattan Tree tapping Frankincense Gum arabic Gutta-percha Maple syrup Mastic Natural rubber Palm sugar , syrup , & wine Pine resin Frankincense Gum arabic Gutta-percha Maple syrup Mastic Natural rubber Palm sugar , syrup , & wine Pine resin Wild mushrooms Fungiculture Truffles Fungiculture Truffles Aquatic Fishing Anchovies Herring Sardines Cod Haddock Pollock Mackerel Shark Swordfish Tuna Crabs Lobsters Sea urchins Squid Whaling Aquaculture Carp Catfish Tilapia Abalone Mussels Oysters Pearls Microalgae Seaweed Both Clams Sea cucumbers Scallops Salmon Shrimp Fishing Anchovies Herring Sardines Cod Haddock Pollock Mackerel Shark Swordfish Tuna Crabs Lobsters Sea urchins Squid Whaling Anchovies Herring Sardines Cod Haddock Pollock Mackerel Shark Swordfish Tuna Crabs Lobsters Sea urchins Squid Whaling Aquaculture Carp Catfish Tilapia Abalone Mussels Oysters Pearls Microalgae Seaweed Carp Catfish Tilapia Abalone Mussels Oysters Pearls Microalgae Seaweed Both Clams Sea cucumbers Scallops Salmon Shrimp Clams Sea cucumbers Scallops Salmon Shrimp Geological Fossil fuels Coal Peat Natural gas Oil shale Petroleum Tar sands Mining of ores Aluminum Copper Iron Gold Silver Palladium Platinum Lithium Rare-earth metals Uranium Other minerals Gemstones Phosphorus Potash Salt Sulfur Quarrying Gravel Sand Chalk Clay Gypsum Limestone Dimension stone Granite Marble Fossil fuels Coal Peat Natural gas Oil shale Petroleum Tar sands Coal Peat Natural gas Oil shale Petroleum Tar sands Mining of ores Aluminum Copper Iron Gold Silver Palladium Platinum Lithium Rare-earth metals Uranium Aluminum Copper Iron Gold Silver Palladium Platinum Lithium Rare-earth metals Uranium Other minerals Gemstones Phosphorus Potash Salt Sulfur Gemstones Phosphorus Potash Salt Sulfur Quarrying Gravel Sand Chalk Clay Gypsum Limestone Dimension stone Granite Marble Gravel Sand Chalk Clay Gypsum Limestone Dimension stone Granite Marble Secondary sector or ′Industrial sector′ ( goods manufacturing ) Manufacturing Light industry Food Animal feed Baking Canning Dairy products Flour Meat Prepared Preserved Sweets Vegetable oils Beverages Beer Bottled water Liquor Soft drinks Wine Textiles Carding Dyeing Prints Spinning Weaving Carpets Lace Linens Rope Clothing Accessories Dressmaking Furs Hatmaking Sewing Shoemaking Tailoring Printing Bookbinding Embossing Engraving Secure Typesetting Media reproduction Cassette tapes Phonographs Optical discs Metal fabrication Boilermaking Builders' & household hardware Cutlery Gunsmithing Locksmithing Machining Other smithing Powder metallurgy Prefabrication Surface finishing Other fabrication 3D printing Blow molding Drawing Extrusion Glassblowing Injection moulding Pottery Sintering Stonemasonry Woodworking Furniture Other goods Baggage Bicycles Jewellery Medical supplies Musical instruments Office supplies Outdoors & sports equipment Personal protective equipment Toys Electrical & optical Electronics Components Circuit boards Semiconductors Computers Computer systems Parts & peripherals Blank storage media Communications equipment Mobile phones Network infrastructure Consumer electronics Televisions Video game consoles Instrumentation Clocks and watches GPS devices Scientific instruments Medical imaging systems Optical instruments Cameras Gun & spotting scopes Laser construction Lens grinding Microscopes Telescopes Electrical equipment Batteries Electrical & fiber optic cables Electric lighting Electric motors Home appliances Transformers Chemicals Coal & oil refining Bitumen Coke Diesel fuel Fuel oil Gasoline Jet fuel Kerosene Mineral oil Paraffin wax Petrochemicals Petroleum jelly Propane Synthetic oil Tar Commodity chemicals Fertilizers Industrial gases Pigments Pure elements Speciality chemicals Adhesives Agrochemicals Aroma compounds Cleaning products Cosmetics Explosives Fireworks Paints & inks Perfumes Soap Toiletries Fine chemicals Pharmaceuticals Antibiotics Blood products Chemical & hormonal contraceptives Generic drugs Illegal drugs Supplements Vaccines Materials Leather Liming & deliming Tanning Currying & oiling Wood Drying Sawmilling Engineered Lumber Composite Paper Sizing Cardboard Pulp Tissue Rubber Tires Vulcanized rubber Plastics Commodity Engineered Specialty Pellets Synthetic fibers Thermoplastics & thermosets Glass Borosilicate Fused quartz Soda-lime Float glass Glass fiber Glass wool & fiberglass Safety glass Ceramics Brick Earthenware Porcelain Refractory Tile Cement Mortar Plaster Ready-mix concrete Other mineral Abrasives Carbon fibers & advanced materials Mineral wool Synthetic gems Metal refining Iron Aluminum Copper Alloys Steel Formed metal Rolled Forged Cast metal Heavy industry Machinery Conveyors Heavy Hydraulic Machine tools Power & wind turbines Automobiles Other heavy vehicles Aerospace & space Rail vehicles Ships & offshore platforms Weapons Utilities Power Electric Gas distribution Renewable Water Sewage Waste management Collection Dumping Hazardous Recycling Remediation Telecom networks Cable TV Internet Mobile Satellite Telephone Construction Buildings Commercial Industrial Residential Civil engineering Bridges Railways Roads Tunnels Canals Dams Dredging Harbors Specialty trades Cabinetry Demolition Electrical wiring Elevators HVAC Painting and decorating Plumbing Site preparation Secondary sector or ′Industrial sector′ ( goods manufacturing ) Manufacturing Light industry Food Animal feed Baking Canning Dairy products Flour Meat Prepared Preserved Sweets Vegetable oils Beverages Beer Bottled water Liquor Soft drinks Wine Textiles Carding Dyeing Prints Spinning Weaving Carpets Lace Linens Rope Clothing Accessories Dressmaking Furs Hatmaking Sewing Shoemaking Tailoring Printing Bookbinding Embossing Engraving Secure Typesetting Media reproduction Cassette tapes Phonographs Optical discs Metal fabrication Boilermaking Builders' & household hardware Cutlery Gunsmithing Locksmithing Machining Other smithing Powder metallurgy Prefabrication Surface finishing Other fabrication 3D printing Blow molding Drawing Extrusion Glassblowing Injection moulding Pottery Sintering Stonemasonry Woodworking Furniture Other goods Baggage Bicycles Jewellery Medical supplies Musical instruments Office supplies Outdoors & sports equipment Personal protective equipment Toys Electrical & optical Electronics Components Circuit boards Semiconductors Computers Computer systems Parts & peripherals Blank storage media Communications equipment Mobile phones Network infrastructure Consumer electronics Televisions Video game consoles Instrumentation Clocks and watches GPS devices Scientific instruments Medical imaging systems Optical instruments Cameras Gun & spotting scopes Laser construction Lens grinding Microscopes Telescopes Electrical equipment Batteries Electrical & fiber optic cables Electric lighting Electric motors Home appliances Transformers Chemicals Coal & oil refining Bitumen Coke Diesel fuel Fuel oil Gasoline Jet fuel Kerosene Mineral oil Paraffin wax Petrochemicals Petroleum jelly Propane Synthetic oil Tar Commodity chemicals Fertilizers Industrial gases Pigments Pure elements Speciality chemicals Adhesives Agrochemicals Aroma compounds Cleaning products Cosmetics Explosives Fireworks Paints & inks Perfumes Soap Toiletries Fine chemicals Pharmaceuticals Antibiotics Blood products Chemical & hormonal contraceptives Generic drugs Illegal drugs Supplements Vaccines Materials Leather Liming & deliming Tanning Currying & oiling Wood Drying Sawmilling Engineered Lumber Composite Paper Sizing Cardboard Pulp Tissue Rubber Tires Vulcanized rubber Plastics Commodity Engineered Specialty Pellets Synthetic fibers Thermoplastics & thermosets Glass Borosilicate Fused quartz Soda-lime Float glass Glass fiber Glass wool & fiberglass Safety glass Ceramics Brick Earthenware Porcelain Refractory Tile Cement Mortar Plaster Ready-mix concrete Other mineral Abrasives Carbon fibers & advanced materials Mineral wool Synthetic gems Metal refining Iron Aluminum Copper Alloys Steel Formed metal Rolled Forged Cast metal Heavy industry Machinery Conveyors Heavy Hydraulic Machine tools Power & wind turbines Automobiles Other heavy vehicles Aerospace & space Rail vehicles Ships & offshore platforms Weapons Utilities Power Electric Gas distribution Renewable Water Sewage Waste management Collection Dumping Hazardous Recycling Remediation Telecom networks Cable TV Internet Mobile Satellite Telephone Construction Buildings Commercial Industrial Residential Civil engineering Bridges Railways Roads Tunnels Canals Dams Dredging Harbors Specialty trades Cabinetry Demolition Electrical wiring Elevators HVAC Painting and decorating Plumbing Site preparation Manufacturing Light industry Food Animal feed Baking Canning Dairy products Flour Meat Prepared Preserved Sweets Vegetable oils Beverages Beer Bottled water Liquor Soft drinks Wine Textiles Carding Dyeing Prints Spinning Weaving Carpets Lace Linens Rope Clothing Accessories Dressmaking Furs Hatmaking Sewing Shoemaking Tailoring Printing Bookbinding Embossing Engraving Secure Typesetting Media reproduction Cassette tapes Phonographs Optical discs Metal fabrication Boilermaking Builders' & household hardware Cutlery Gunsmithing Locksmithing Machining Other smithing Powder metallurgy Prefabrication Surface finishing Other fabrication 3D printing Blow molding Drawing Extrusion Glassblowing Injection moulding Pottery Sintering Stonemasonry Woodworking Furniture Other goods Baggage Bicycles Jewellery Medical supplies Musical instruments Office supplies Outdoors & sports equipment Personal protective equipment Toys Electrical & optical Electronics Components Circuit boards Semiconductors Computers Computer systems Parts & peripherals Blank storage media Communications equipment Mobile phones Network infrastructure Consumer electronics Televisions Video game consoles Instrumentation Clocks and watches GPS devices Scientific instruments Medical imaging systems Optical instruments Cameras Gun & spotting scopes Laser construction Lens grinding Microscopes Telescopes Electrical equipment Batteries Electrical & fiber optic cables Electric lighting Electric motors Home appliances Transformers Chemicals Coal & oil refining Bitumen Coke Diesel fuel Fuel oil Gasoline Jet fuel Kerosene Mineral oil Paraffin wax Petrochemicals Petroleum jelly Propane Synthetic oil Tar Commodity chemicals Fertilizers Industrial gases Pigments Pure elements Speciality chemicals Adhesives Agrochemicals Aroma compounds Cleaning products Cosmetics Explosives Fireworks Paints & inks Perfumes Soap Toiletries Fine chemicals Pharmaceuticals Antibiotics Blood products Chemical & hormonal contraceptives Generic drugs Illegal drugs Supplements Vaccines Materials Leather Liming & deliming Tanning Currying & oiling Wood Drying Sawmilling Engineered Lumber Composite Paper Sizing Cardboard Pulp Tissue Rubber Tires Vulcanized rubber Plastics Commodity Engineered Specialty Pellets Synthetic fibers Thermoplastics & thermosets Glass Borosilicate Fused quartz Soda-lime Float glass Glass fiber Glass wool & fiberglass Safety glass Ceramics Brick Earthenware Porcelain Refractory Tile Cement Mortar Plaster Ready-mix concrete Other mineral Abrasives Carbon fibers & advanced materials Mineral wool Synthetic gems Metal refining Iron Aluminum Copper Alloys Steel Formed metal Rolled Forged Cast metal Heavy industry Machinery Conveyors Heavy Hydraulic Machine tools Power & wind turbines Automobiles Other heavy vehicles Aerospace & space Rail vehicles Ships & offshore platforms Weapons Light industry Food Animal feed Baking Canning Dairy products Flour Meat Prepared Preserved Sweets Vegetable oils Beverages Beer Bottled water Liquor Soft drinks Wine Textiles Carding Dyeing Prints Spinning Weaving Carpets Lace Linens Rope Clothing Accessories Dressmaking Furs Hatmaking Sewing Shoemaking Tailoring Printing Bookbinding Embossing Engraving Secure Typesetting Media reproduction Cassette tapes Phonographs Optical discs Metal fabrication Boilermaking Builders' & household hardware Cutlery Gunsmithing Locksmithing Machining Other smithing Powder metallurgy Prefabrication Surface finishing Other fabrication 3D printing Blow molding Drawing Extrusion Glassblowing Injection moulding Pottery Sintering Stonemasonry Woodworking Furniture Other goods Baggage Bicycles Jewellery Medical supplies Musical instruments Office supplies Outdoors & sports equipment Personal protective equipment Toys Food Animal feed Baking Canning Dairy products Flour Meat Prepared Preserved Sweets Vegetable oils Animal feed Baking Canning Dairy products Flour Meat Prepared Preserved Sweets Vegetable oils Beverages Beer Bottled water Liquor Soft drinks Wine Beer Bottled water Liquor Soft drinks Wine Textiles Carding Dyeing Prints Spinning Weaving Carpets Lace Linens Rope Carding Dyeing Prints Spinning Weaving Carpets Lace Linens Rope Clothing Accessories Dressmaking Furs Hatmaking Sewing Shoemaking Tailoring Accessories Dressmaking Furs Hatmaking Sewing Shoemaking Tailoring Printing Bookbinding Embossing Engraving Secure Typesetting Bookbinding Embossing Engraving Secure Typesetting Media reproduction Cassette tapes Phonographs Optical discs Cassette tapes Phonographs Optical discs Metal fabrication Boilermaking Builders' & household hardware Cutlery Gunsmithing Locksmithing Machining Other smithing Powder metallurgy Prefabrication Surface finishing Boilermaking Builders' & household hardware Cutlery Gunsmithing Locksmithing Machining Other smithing Powder metallurgy Prefabrication Surface finishing Other fabrication 3D printing Blow molding Drawing Extrusion Glassblowing Injection moulding Pottery Sintering Stonemasonry Woodworking 3D printing Blow molding Drawing Extrusion Glassblowing Injection moulding Pottery Sintering Stonemasonry Woodworking Furniture Other goods Baggage Bicycles Jewellery Medical supplies Musical instruments Office supplies Outdoors & sports equipment Personal protective equipment Toys Baggage Bicycles Jewellery Medical supplies Musical instruments Office supplies Outdoors & sports equipment Personal protective equipment Toys Electrical & optical Electronics Components Circuit boards Semiconductors Computers Computer systems Parts & peripherals Blank storage media Communications equipment Mobile phones Network infrastructure Consumer electronics Televisions Video game consoles Instrumentation Clocks and watches GPS devices Scientific instruments Medical imaging systems Optical instruments Cameras Gun & spotting scopes Laser construction Lens grinding Microscopes Telescopes Electrical equipment Batteries Electrical & fiber optic cables Electric lighting Electric motors Home appliances Transformers Electronics Components Circuit boards Semiconductors Components Circuit boards Semiconductors Computers Computer systems Parts & peripherals Blank storage media Computer systems Parts & peripherals Blank storage media Communications equipment Mobile phones Network infrastructure Mobile phones Network infrastructure Consumer electronics Televisions Video game consoles Televisions Video game consoles Instrumentation Clocks and watches GPS devices Scientific instruments Clocks and watches GPS devices Scientific instruments Medical imaging systems Optical instruments Cameras Gun & spotting scopes Laser construction Lens grinding Microscopes Telescopes Cameras Gun & spotting scopes Laser construction Lens grinding Microscopes Telescopes Electrical equipment Batteries Electrical & fiber optic cables Electric lighting Electric motors Home appliances Transformers Batteries Electrical & fiber optic cables Electric lighting Electric motors Home appliances Transformers Chemicals Coal & oil refining Bitumen Coke Diesel fuel Fuel oil Gasoline Jet fuel Kerosene Mineral oil Paraffin wax Petrochemicals Petroleum jelly Propane Synthetic oil Tar Commodity chemicals Fertilizers Industrial gases Pigments Pure elements Speciality chemicals Adhesives Agrochemicals Aroma compounds Cleaning products Cosmetics Explosives Fireworks Paints & inks Perfumes Soap Toiletries Fine chemicals Pharmaceuticals Antibiotics Blood products Chemical & hormonal contraceptives Generic drugs Illegal drugs Supplements Vaccines Coal & oil refining Bitumen Coke Diesel fuel Fuel oil Gasoline Jet fuel Kerosene Mineral oil Paraffin wax Petrochemicals Petroleum jelly Propane Synthetic oil Tar Bitumen Coke Diesel fuel Fuel oil Gasoline Jet fuel Kerosene Mineral oil Paraffin wax Petrochemicals Petroleum jelly Propane Synthetic oil Tar Commodity chemicals Fertilizers Industrial gases Pigments Pure elements Fertilizers Industrial gases Pigments Pure elements Speciality chemicals Adhesives Agrochemicals Aroma compounds Cleaning products Cosmetics Explosives Fireworks Paints & inks Perfumes Soap Toiletries Adhesives Agrochemicals Aroma compounds Cleaning products Cosmetics Explosives Fireworks Paints & inks Perfumes Soap Toiletries Fine chemicals Pharmaceuticals Antibiotics Blood products Chemical & hormonal contraceptives Generic drugs Illegal drugs Supplements Vaccines Antibiotics Blood products Chemical & hormonal contraceptives Generic drugs Illegal drugs Supplements Vaccines Materials Leather Liming & deliming Tanning Currying & oiling Wood Drying Sawmilling Engineered Lumber Composite Paper Sizing Cardboard Pulp Tissue Rubber Tires Vulcanized rubber Plastics Commodity Engineered Specialty Pellets Synthetic fibers Thermoplastics & thermosets Glass Borosilicate Fused quartz Soda-lime Float glass Glass fiber Glass wool & fiberglass Safety glass Ceramics Brick Earthenware Porcelain Refractory Tile Cement Mortar Plaster Ready-mix concrete Other mineral Abrasives Carbon fibers & advanced materials Mineral wool Synthetic gems Metal refining Iron Aluminum Copper Alloys Steel Formed metal Rolled Forged Cast metal Leather Liming & deliming Tanning Currying & oiling Liming & deliming Tanning Currying & oiling Wood Drying Sawmilling Engineered Lumber Composite Drying Sawmilling Engineered Lumber Composite Paper Sizing Cardboard Pulp Tissue Sizing Cardboard Pulp Tissue Rubber Tires Vulcanized rubber Tires Vulcanized rubber Plastics Commodity Engineered Specialty Pellets Synthetic fibers Thermoplastics & thermosets Commodity Engineered Specialty Pellets Synthetic fibers Thermoplastics & thermosets Glass Borosilicate Fused quartz Soda-lime Float glass Glass fiber Glass wool & fiberglass Safety glass Borosilicate Fused quartz Soda-lime Float glass Glass fiber Glass wool & fiberglass Safety glass Ceramics Brick Earthenware Porcelain Refractory Tile Brick Earthenware Porcelain Refractory Tile Cement Mortar Plaster Ready-mix concrete Mortar Plaster Ready-mix concrete Other mineral Abrasives Carbon fibers & advanced materials Mineral wool Synthetic gems Abrasives Carbon fibers & advanced materials Mineral wool Synthetic gems Metal refining Iron Aluminum Copper Iron Aluminum Copper Alloys Steel Steel Formed metal Rolled Forged Rolled Forged Cast metal Heavy industry Machinery Conveyors Heavy Hydraulic Machine tools Power & wind turbines Automobiles Other heavy vehicles Aerospace & space Rail vehicles Ships & offshore platforms Weapons Machinery Conveyors Heavy Hydraulic Machine tools Power & wind turbines Conveyors Heavy Hydraulic Machine tools Power & wind turbines Automobiles Other heavy vehicles Aerospace & space Rail vehicles Ships & offshore platforms Aerospace & space Rail vehicles Ships & offshore platforms Weapons Utilities Power Electric Gas distribution Renewable Water Sewage Waste management Collection Dumping Hazardous Recycling Remediation Telecom networks Cable TV Internet Mobile Satellite Telephone Power Electric Gas distribution Renewable Electric Gas distribution Renewable Water Sewage Sewage Waste management Collection Dumping Hazardous Recycling Collection Dumping Hazardous Recycling Remediation Telecom networks Cable TV Internet Mobile Satellite Telephone Cable TV Internet Mobile Satellite Telephone Construction Buildings Commercial Industrial Residential Civil engineering Bridges Railways Roads Tunnels Canals Dams Dredging Harbors Specialty trades Cabinetry Demolition Electrical wiring Elevators HVAC Painting and decorating Plumbing Site preparation Buildings Commercial Industrial Residential Commercial Industrial Residential Civil engineering Bridges Railways Roads Tunnels Canals Dams Dredging Harbors Bridges Railways Roads Tunnels Canals Dams Dredging Harbors Specialty trades Cabinetry Demolition Electrical wiring Elevators HVAC Painting and decorating Plumbing Site preparation Cabinetry Demolition Electrical wiring Elevators HVAC Painting and decorating Plumbing Site preparation Tertiary sector or ′Service sector′ ( services ) Sales Retail Car dealership Consumer goods General store Grocery store Department store Mail order E-commerce Online shopping Specialty store Wholesale Auction Brokerage Distribution Transport & Storage Cargo Air cargo Intermodal Mail Moving company Rail Trucking Passenger transport Airlines Car rentals Passenger rail Ridesharing Taxis Warehousing Self storage Hospitality Food service Drink service Cafés Catering Fast food Food delivery Restaurants Teahouses Hotels Asset management Financial services Banking Credit Financial advice Holding company Money transfer Payment cards Risk management Securities Insurance Health Life Pension funding Property Reinsurance Real estate Brokerage Property management Professional Accounting Assurance Audit Bookkeeping Tax advice Architecture & engineering Inspection Surveying Physical , product , & system testing Design Fashion Interior Product Legal services Management Consulting Public relations Marketing Advertising Creative Language Research and development Basic research Healthcare Medicine Dentist offices Hospitals Nursing Residential care Veterinary medicine Entertainment & leisure Audio-visual Film Music Video games Broadcasting News Radio Television Sport Travel Business travel Cruise lines Tourism Gambling Online Venues Arcades Amusement parks Fairgrounds Nightclubs Tabletop games Publishing & Mass media Written Books Periodicals Software Internet Hosting Social networks Streaming Websites Education Primary Secondary Tertiary Vocational school University Testing Tutoring Other Administrative Customer service Leasing Renting Staffing Private investigation & security Maintenance Janitors Landscaping Repairs Personal services Beauty Dry cleaning Funeral Maid service Pet care Sex Poverty Tertiary sector or ′Service sector′ ( services ) Sales Retail Car dealership Consumer goods General store Grocery store Department store Mail order E-commerce Online shopping Specialty store Wholesale Auction Brokerage Distribution Transport & Storage Cargo Air cargo Intermodal Mail Moving company Rail Trucking Passenger transport Airlines Car rentals Passenger rail Ridesharing Taxis Warehousing Self storage Hospitality Food service Drink service Cafés Catering Fast food Food delivery Restaurants Teahouses Hotels Asset management Financial services Banking Credit Financial advice Holding company Money transfer Payment cards Risk management Securities Insurance Health Life Pension funding Property Reinsurance Real estate Brokerage Property management Professional Accounting Assurance Audit Bookkeeping Tax advice Architecture & engineering Inspection Surveying Physical , product , & system testing Design Fashion Interior Product Legal services Management Consulting Public relations Marketing Advertising Creative Language Research and development Basic research Healthcare Medicine Dentist offices Hospitals Nursing Residential care Veterinary medicine Entertainment & leisure Audio-visual Film Music Video games Broadcasting News Radio Television Sport Travel Business travel Cruise lines Tourism Gambling Online Venues Arcades Amusement parks Fairgrounds Nightclubs Tabletop games Publishing & Mass media Written Books Periodicals Software Internet Hosting Social networks Streaming Websites Education Primary Secondary Tertiary Vocational school University Testing Tutoring Other Administrative Customer service Leasing Renting Staffing Private investigation & security Maintenance Janitors Landscaping Repairs Personal services Beauty Dry cleaning Funeral Maid service Pet care Sex Poverty Sales Retail Car dealership Consumer goods General store Grocery store Department store Mail order E-commerce Online shopping Specialty store Wholesale Auction Brokerage Distribution Retail Car dealership Consumer goods General store Grocery store Department store Mail order E-commerce Online shopping Specialty store Car dealership Consumer goods General store Grocery store Department store Mail order E-commerce Online shopping Online shopping Specialty store Wholesale Auction Brokerage Distribution Auction Brokerage Distribution Transport & Storage Cargo Air cargo Intermodal Mail Moving company Rail Trucking Passenger transport Airlines Car rentals Passenger rail Ridesharing Taxis Warehousing Self storage Cargo Air cargo Intermodal Mail Moving company Rail Trucking Air cargo Intermodal Mail Moving company Rail Trucking Passenger transport Airlines Car rentals Passenger rail Ridesharing Taxis Airlines Car rentals Passenger rail Ridesharing Taxis Warehousing Self storage Self storage Hospitality Food service Drink service Cafés Catering Fast food Food delivery Restaurants Teahouses Hotels Food service Drink service Cafés Catering Fast food Food delivery Restaurants Teahouses Drink service Cafés Catering Fast food Food delivery Restaurants Teahouses Hotels Asset management Financial services Banking Credit Financial advice Holding company Money transfer Payment cards Risk management Securities Insurance Health Life Pension funding Property Reinsurance Real estate Brokerage Property management Financial services Banking Credit Financial advice Holding company Money transfer Payment cards Risk management Securities Banking Credit Financial advice Holding company Money transfer Payment cards Risk management Securities Insurance Health Life Pension funding Property Reinsurance Health Life Pension funding Property Reinsurance Real estate Brokerage Property management Brokerage Property management Professional Accounting Assurance Audit Bookkeeping Tax advice Architecture & engineering Inspection Surveying Physical , product , & system testing Design Fashion Interior Product Legal services Management Consulting Public relations Marketing Advertising Creative Language Research and development Basic research Accounting Assurance Audit Bookkeeping Tax advice Assurance Audit Bookkeeping Tax advice Architecture & engineering Inspection Surveying Physical , product , & system testing Inspection Surveying Physical , product , & system testing Design Fashion Interior Product Fashion Interior Product Legal services Management Consulting Public relations Consulting Public relations Marketing Advertising Advertising Creative Language Research and development Basic research Basic research Healthcare Medicine Dentist offices Hospitals Nursing Residential care Veterinary medicine Medicine Dentist offices Hospitals Nursing Dentist offices Hospitals Nursing Residential care Veterinary medicine Entertainment & leisure Audio-visual Film Music Video games Broadcasting News Radio Television Sport Travel Business travel Cruise lines Tourism Gambling Online Venues Arcades Amusement parks Fairgrounds Nightclubs Tabletop games Audio-visual Film Music Video games Film Music Video games Broadcasting News Radio Television News Radio Television Sport Travel Business travel Cruise lines Tourism Business travel Cruise lines Tourism Gambling Online Online Venues Arcades Amusement parks Fairgrounds Nightclubs Arcades Amusement parks Fairgrounds Nightclubs Tabletop games Publishing & Mass media Written Books Periodicals Software Internet Hosting Social networks Streaming Websites Written Books Periodicals Software Books Periodicals Software Internet Hosting Social networks Streaming Websites Hosting Social networks Streaming Websites Education Primary Secondary Tertiary Vocational school University Testing Tutoring Primary Secondary Tertiary Vocational school University Vocational school University Testing Tutoring Other Administrative Customer service Leasing Renting Staffing Private investigation & security Maintenance Janitors Landscaping Repairs Personal services Beauty Dry cleaning Funeral Maid service Pet care Sex Poverty Administrative Customer service Leasing Renting Staffing Private investigation & security Customer service Leasing Renting Staffing Private investigation & security Maintenance Janitors Landscaping Janitors Landscaping Repairs Personal services Beauty Dry cleaning Funeral Maid service Pet care Sex Beauty Dry cleaning Funeral Maid service Pet care Sex Poverty Related Classification standards Production-based ANZSIC ISIC NACE NAICS SIC UKSIC Market-based GICS ICB TRBC Other Aftermarket Generic OEM Inputs & outputs Externalities Community Crime Culture Pollution Well-being Funding Goods Commodities Final Intermediate Raw material Innovation Primary inputs Labor Natural resources Physical capital Services Technology Organization Centralization Cartel Conglomerate Horizontal integration Mergers and acquisitions Monopoly Monopsony Vertical integration Decentralization Enforced breakup Freelancing Homesteading Outsourcing Putting-out system Spinning-off Temporary work Ownership Cooperative Joint-stock company Nationalization Nonprofit organization Partnership Privatization Sole proprietorship State-owned enterprise Related Classification standards Production-based ANZSIC ISIC NACE NAICS SIC UKSIC Market-based GICS ICB TRBC Other Aftermarket Generic OEM Inputs & outputs Externalities Community Crime Culture Pollution Well-being Funding Goods Commodities Final Intermediate Raw material Innovation Primary inputs Labor Natural resources Physical capital Services Technology Organization Centralization Cartel Conglomerate Horizontal integration Mergers and acquisitions Monopoly Monopsony Vertical integration Decentralization Enforced breakup Freelancing Homesteading Outsourcing Putting-out system Spinning-off Temporary work Ownership Cooperative Joint-stock company Nationalization Nonprofit organization Partnership Privatization Sole proprietorship State-owned enterprise Classification standards Production-based ANZSIC ISIC NACE NAICS SIC UKSIC Market-based GICS ICB TRBC Other Aftermarket Generic OEM Production-based ANZSIC ISIC NACE NAICS SIC UKSIC ANZSIC ISIC NACE NAICS SIC UKSIC Market-based GICS ICB TRBC GICS ICB TRBC Other Aftermarket Generic OEM Aftermarket Generic OEM Inputs & outputs Externalities Community Crime Culture Pollution Well-being Funding Goods Commodities Final Intermediate Raw material Innovation Primary inputs Labor Natural resources Physical capital Services Technology Externalities Community Crime Culture Pollution Well-being Community Crime Culture Pollution Well-being Funding Goods Commodities Final Intermediate Raw material Commodities Final Intermediate Raw material Innovation Primary inputs Labor Natural resources Physical capital Labor Natural resources Physical capital Services Technology Organization Centralization Cartel Conglomerate Horizontal integration Mergers and acquisitions Monopoly Monopsony Vertical integration Decentralization Enforced breakup Freelancing Homesteading Outsourcing Putting-out system Spinning-off Temporary work Ownership Cooperative Joint-stock company Nationalization Nonprofit organization Partnership Privatization Sole proprietorship State-owned enterprise Centralization Cartel Conglomerate Horizontal integration Mergers and acquisitions Monopoly Monopsony Vertical integration Cartel Conglomerate Horizontal integration Mergers and acquisitions Monopoly Monopsony Vertical integration Decentralization Enforced breakup Freelancing Homesteading Outsourcing Putting-out system Spinning-off Temporary work Enforced breakup Freelancing Homesteading Outsourcing Putting-out system Spinning-off Temporary work Ownership Cooperative Joint-stock company Nationalization Nonprofit organization Partnership Privatization Sole proprietorship State-owned enterprise Cooperative Joint-stock company Nationalization Nonprofit organization Partnership Privatization Sole proprietorship State-owned enterprise Category Commons Outline Category Commons Outline Authority control databases International GND GND National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Latvia Israel United States France BnF data Czech Republic Latvia Israel Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA Yale LUX Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA Yale LUX Textile industry Industries (economics) Occupational safety and health Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors: ISBN date Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use British English from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in British English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020 Articles needing additional references from August 2023 All articles needing additional references Articles with excerpts Commons category 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Present roles and status Toggle Present roles and status subsection 1.1 Additional roles 1.2 Ecumenical and interfaith 1.1 Additional roles 1.2 Ecumenical and interfaith 2 Origins 3 Province and Diocese of Canterbury 4 Styles and privileges 5 Residences 6 List of recent archbishops 7 Current appointment of new archbishop 8 Archbishops who became peers 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Archbishop of Canterbury Afrikaans Ænglisc العربية Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Nouormand Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Jaku Iban Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Archbishop of Canterbury Archbishopric Anglican Arms of the diocese of Canterbury : Azure, an episcopal staff in pale or surmounted by a pall proper edged and fringed of the second charged with four crosses pattée fitchée sable Incumbent: Vacant (since 7 January 2025) Dame Sarah Mullally (Archbishop-Elect) Style The Most Reverend and Right Honourable (otherwise Her Grace ) Location Ecclesiastical province Canterbury Residence .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Lambeth Palace Old Palace Lambeth Palace Old Palace Information First holder Augustine of Canterbury Denomination Anglican Established 597 ( 597 ) Diocese Canterbury Cathedral Canterbury Cathedral Website archbishopofcanterbury .org Anglican Communion Part of a series on Anglicanism Organisation Archbishop of Canterbury Vacant Anglican Communion history Anglican Communion Primates' Meetings ( primates ) Lambeth Conference ( 2022 ) Anglican Consultative Council Bishops Episcopal polity Archbishop of Canterbury Vacant Anglican Communion history Anglican Communion Primates' Meetings ( primates ) Lambeth Conference ( 2022 ) Anglican Consultative Council Bishops Episcopal polity Theology Christian theology Father Son Holy Spirit Doctrine Thirty-nine Articles Books of Homilies Caroline Divines Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral Sacraments Mary Saints Ecumenism Ordination of women Homosexuality Windsor Report Christian theology Father Son Holy Spirit Father Son Holy Spirit Doctrine Thirty-nine Articles Books of Homilies Caroline Divines Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral Sacraments Mary Saints Ecumenism Ordination of women Homosexuality Windsor Report Liturgy and worship Book of Common Prayer Morning / Evening Prayer Eucharist Liturgical year Biblical Canon Churchmanship High Low Central Broad Book of Common Prayer Morning / Evening Prayer Eucharist Liturgical year Biblical Canon Churchmanship High Low Central Broad High Low Central Broad Other topics Monasticism Music Saint Thomas Anglicans Christian prayer Christian art Monasticism Music Saint Thomas Anglicans Christian prayer Christian art Christianity portal .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and a principal leader of the Church of England , the ceremonial head of the worldwide Anglican Communion , the bishop of the diocese of Canterbury and metropolitan of the Province of Canterbury. By virtue of their office the archbishop is also a Lord Spiritual , one of the 26 Church of England bishops who sit in the House of Lords of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . The office has been vacant since 7 January 2025 following the resignation of Justin Welby , the 105th archbishop. [ 1 ] Dame Sarah Mullally , currently the bishop of London , will become archbishop on 28 January 2026; [ 2 ] she will be the first woman to hold the office. [ 3 ] The first archbishop was Augustine of Canterbury , the "Apostle to the English", who was sent to England by Pope Gregory the Great and arrived in 597. [ 4 ] From Augustine until William Warham the archbishops of Canterbury were in full communion with the Catholic Church . During the English Reformation , King Henry VIII broke communion with Rome and proclaimed himself the head of the Church of England . Thomas Cranmer , appointed in 1533, became the first Protestant archbishop of Canterbury and would become one of the most important figures in the development of Anglicanism . The archbishop is appointed by the British monarch on the advice of the prime minister of the United Kingdom and formally elected by the college of canons of Canterbury Cathedral. In practice, however, candidates are chosen by the Crown Nominations Commission , a Church of England body which advises the prime minister. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Present roles and status Currently the archbishop fills four main roles: [ 8 ] Bishop of the diocese of Canterbury , which covers the eastern parts of the County of Kent . Founded in 597, it is the oldest see in the English church. Metropolitan archbishop of the province of Canterbury , which covers the southern two-thirds of England. The senior primate and chief religious figure of the Church of England (the British sovereign is the supreme governor of the church). Along with their colleague the archbishop of York they chair the General Synod , and sit on or chair many of the church's important boards and committees; power in the church is not highly centralised, however, so the two archbishops can often lead only through persuasion. The archbishop of Canterbury plays a central part in national ceremonies such as coronations ; due to their high public profile, their opinions are often in demand by the news media. Spiritual leader of the Anglican Communion . The archbishop, although without legal authority outside England, is recognised by convention as primus inter pares ("first among equals") of all Anglican primates worldwide. Since 1867 the archbishop has convened approximately decennial meetings of worldwide Anglican bishops, the Lambeth Conferences . In the last two of these functions, they have an important ecumenical and interfaith role, speaking on behalf of Anglicans in England and worldwide. The archbishop's main residence is Lambeth Palace in the London Borough of Lambeth . They also have lodgings in the Old Palace, Canterbury , located beside Canterbury Cathedral , where the Chair of St Augustine sits. As holder of one of the "five great sees" (the others being York , London , Durham and Winchester ), the archbishop of Canterbury is ex officio one of the Lords Spiritual of the House of Lords . They are one of the highest-ranking people in England and the highest ranking non-royal in the United Kingdom's order of precedence . Since Henry VIII broke with Rome , the archbishops of Canterbury have been selected by the English (British since the Act of Union in 1707) monarch. Since the 20th century, the appointment of archbishops of Canterbury conventionally alternates between Anglo-Catholics and Evangelicals . [ 9 ] The previous archbishop, Justin Welby , was the 105th holder of the office; he was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 21 March 2013. As archbishop he signed himself as + Justin Cantuar . On 12 November 2024, he announced his decision to resign; [ 10 ] he did so effective 7 January 2025. [ 1 ] Two other former archbishops were living as of 2025 [update] : George Carey (born 1935), the 103rd archbishop; and Rowan Williams (born 1950), the 104th archbishop. Additional roles In addition to their office, the archbishop holds a number of other positions; for example, they are joint president of the Council of Christians and Jews in the United Kingdom. Some positions they formally hold ex officio and others virtually so (the incumbent of the day, although appointed personally, is appointed because of their office). Amongst these are: [ 11 ] Chancellor of Canterbury Christ Church University [ 12 ] Visitor for the following academic institutions: All Souls College, Oxford Selwyn College, Cambridge Merton College, Oxford Keble College, Oxford Ridley Hall, Cambridge The University of Kent (main campus located in Canterbury ) King's College London University of King's College Sutton Valence School Benenden School Cranbrook School Haileybury and Imperial Service College Harrow School King's College School, Wimbledon The King's School, Canterbury St John's School, Leatherhead Marlborough College Dauntsey's School Wycliffe Hall, Oxford (also Patron) All Souls College, Oxford Selwyn College, Cambridge Merton College, Oxford Keble College, Oxford Ridley Hall, Cambridge The University of Kent (main campus located in Canterbury ) King's College London University of King's College Sutton Valence School Benenden School Cranbrook School Haileybury and Imperial Service College Harrow School King's College School, Wimbledon The King's School, Canterbury St John's School, Leatherhead Marlborough College Dauntsey's School Wycliffe Hall, Oxford (also Patron) Governor of Charterhouse School Governor of Wellington College Visitor, The Dulwich Charities Visitor, Whitgift Foundation Visitor, Hospital of the Blessed Trinity , Guildford (Abbot's Fund) Trustee, Bromley College Trustee, Allchurches Trust President, Corporation of Church House, Westminster Director, Canterbury Diocesan Board of Finance Patron, St Edmund's School Canterbury Patron, The University of King's College , Halifax, Nova Scotia Patron, The Worshipful Company of Parish Clerks Patron, Prisoners Abroad Patron, The Kent Savers Credit Union Patron, Sanctuary Mental Health Ministries [ 13 ] Ecumenical and interfaith The archbishop is also a president of Churches Together in England (an ecumenical organisation). [ 14 ] Geoffrey Fisher , 99th archbishop of Canterbury, was the first since 1397 to visit Rome, where he held private talks with Pope John XXIII in 1960. In 2005, Rowan Williams became the first archbishop of Canterbury to attend a papal funeral since the Reformation. He also attended the inauguration of Pope Benedict XVI . The 101st archbishop, Donald Coggan , was the first to attend a papal inauguration, that of Pope John Paul II in 1978. [ 15 ] Since 2002, the archbishop has co-sponsored the Alexandria Middle East Peace process with the Grand Mufti of Egypt . In July 2008, the archbishop attended a conference of Christians, Jews and Muslims convened by the king of Saudi Arabia at which the notion of the "clash of civilizations" was rejected. Delegates agreed "on international guidelines for dialogue among the followers of religions and cultures." [ 16 ] Delegates said that "the deepening of moral values and ethical principles, which are common denominators among such followers, would help strengthen stability and achieve prosperity for all humans." [ 17 ] Origins It has been suggested that the Roman province of Britannia had four archbishops, seated at Londinium (London), Eboracum ( York ), Lindum Colonia ( Lincoln ) and Corinium Dobunnorum ( Cirencester ). [ 18 ] However, in the 5th and 6th centuries Britannia began to be overrun by pagan , Germanic peoples who came to be known collectively as the Anglo-Saxons . Of the kingdoms they created, Kent arguably had the closest links with European politics, trade and culture, because it was conveniently situated for communication with continental Europe . In the late 6th century, King Æthelberht of Kent married a Christian Frankish princess named Bertha , possibly before becoming king, and certainly a number of years before the arrival of the first Christian mission to England. [ 19 ] He permitted the preaching of Christianity. [ 20 ] The first archbishop of Canterbury was Saint Augustine of Canterbury (not to be confused with Saint Augustine of Hippo ), who arrived in Kent in 597 AD, having been sent by Pope Gregory I on a mission to the English. He was accepted by King Æthelbert , on his conversion to Christianity, about the year 598. It seems that Pope Gregory, ignorant of recent developments in the former Roman province, including the spread of the Pelagian heresy , had intended the new archiepiscopal sees for England to be established in London and York. [ 21 ] In the event, Canterbury was chosen instead of London, owing to political circumstances. [ 22 ] Since then the archbishops of Canterbury have been referred to as occupying the Chair of St. Augustine . A gospel book believed to be directly associated with St Augustine's mission survives in the Parker Library, Corpus Christi College , University of Cambridge, England. Catalogued as Cambridge Manuscript 286 , it has been positively dated to 6th-century Italy and this bound book, the St Augustine Gospels , is still used during the swearing-in ceremony of new archbishops of Canterbury. Before the break with papal authority in the 16th century, the Church of England was an integral part of the Western European church . Since the break the Church of England, an established national church , still considers itself part of the broader Western Catholic tradition (although this is not accepted by the Roman Catholic Church which regards Anglicanism as schismatic [ 23 ] and does not accept Anglican holy orders as valid) as well as being the "mother church" of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The Report of the Commissioners appointed by his Majesty to inquire into the Ecclesiastical Revenues of England and Wales (1835) noted the net annual revenue for the Canterbury see was £19,182. [ 24 ] Province and Diocese of Canterbury The archbishop of Canterbury exercises metropolitical (or supervisory) jurisdiction over the Province of Canterbury , which encompasses thirty of the forty-two dioceses of the Church of England, with the rest falling within the Province of York . The four Welsh dioceses were also under the province of Canterbury until 1920 when they were transferred from the established church of England to the disestablished Church in Wales . The archbishop of Canterbury has a ceremonial provincial curia , or court, consisting of some of the senior bishops of their province . [ 25 ] The bishop of London — the most senior cleric of the church with the exception of the two archbishops — serves as Canterbury's provincial dean , the bishop of Winchester as chancellor , the bishop of Lincoln as vice-chancellor, the bishop of Salisbury as precentor , the bishop of Worcester as chaplain and the bishop of Rochester as cross-bearer . Along with primacy over the archbishop of York , the archbishop of Canterbury also has a precedence of honour over the other bishops of the Anglican Communion. They are recognised as primus inter pares , or first amongst equals. They do not, however, exercise any direct authority in the provinces outside England, except in certain minor roles dictated by Canon in those provinces (for example, they are the judge in the event of an ecclesiastical prosecution against the archbishop of Wales). They do hold metropolitical authority over several extra-provincial Anglican churches , and they serve as ex officio bishop of the Falkland Islands . As of 2024 [update] the archbishop has four suffragan bishops: The bishop of Dover is given the additional title of "bishop in Canterbury" and empowered to act almost as if the bishop of Dover were the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury , since the archbishop is so frequently away fulfilling national and international duties. Two further suffragans, the bishop of Ebbsfleet and the bishop of Richborough , are provincial episcopal visitors for the whole Province of Canterbury , licensed by the archbishop as "flying bishops" to provide oversight throughout the province to parishes which for conscience' sake cannot accept that women can be ordained in the Sacrament of Ordination in the Church of England. The bishop of Maidstone provides alternative episcopal oversight for the province of Canterbury for particular members who take a conservative evangelical view of male headship. On 23 September 2015, Rod Thomas was consecrated bishop of Maidstone. [ 26 ] Previously the bishop of Maidstone was an actual suffragan bishop working in the diocese, until it was decided at the diocesan synod of November 2010 that a new bishop would not be appointed. [ 27 ] Styles and privileges The archbishops of Canterbury and York are both styled as "The Most Reverend"; retired archbishops are styled as "The Right Reverend". The archbishop is, by convention, appointed to the Privy Council and may, therefore, also use the style of " The Right Honourable " for life, unless later removed from the council. In formal documents, the archbishop of Canterbury is referred to as "The Most Reverend Forenames , by Divine Providence Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of All England and Metropolitan". In debates in the House of Lords, the archbishop is referred to as "The Most Reverend Primate, the Archbishop of Canterbury". "The Right Honourable" is not used in either instance. They may also be formally addressed as "Your Grace" or, more informally, as "Archbishop". The surname of the archbishop of Canterbury is not always used in formal documents; often only the first name and see are mentioned. The archbishop is legally entitled to sign their name as "Cantuar" (the Latin for Canterbury). The right to use a title as a legal signature is only permitted to bishops, peers of the Realm and peers by courtesy. [ citation needed ] Justin Welby as archbishop of Canterbury usually signed as " +Justin Cantuar: ". In the English and Welsh order of precedence , the archbishop of Canterbury is ranked above all individuals in the realm, with the exception of the sovereign and members of the royal family . [ 28 ] Immediately below them is the lord chancellor and then the archbishop of York. The archbishop of Canterbury awards academic degrees, commonly called " Lambeth degrees ". Residences The archbishop of Canterbury's official residence and office in London is Lambeth Palace . They also have an apartment within the Old Palace , next to Canterbury Cathedral which incorporates some 13th-century fabric of the medieval Archbishop's Palace. Former seats of the archbishops include: Croydon Palace : the summer residence of the archbishops from the 15th to the 18th centuries. Addington Palace : purchased as a replacement for Croydon Palace in 1807; sold in 1897. Archbishop's Palace, Maidstone : constructed in the 1390s, the palace was seized by the Crown at the time of the Reformation. Otford Palace : a medieval palace, rebuilt by Archbishop Warham c. 1515 and forfeited to the Crown by Thomas Cranmer in 1537. Archbishop's Palace, Charing : a palace existed from at least the 13th century; seized by the Crown after the Dissolution. Remnants survive as a farmhouse. Knole House : built by Archbishop Bourchier in the second half of the 15th century, it was forfeited to the Crown by Archbishop Cranmer in 1538. List of recent archbishops Since 1900, the following have served as archbishop of Canterbury: [ 29 ] 1896–1902: Frederick Temple 1903–1928: Randall Davidson 1928–1942: Cosmo Gordon Lang 1942–1944: William Temple 1945–1961: Geoffrey Fisher 1961–1974: Michael Ramsey 1974–1980: Donald Coggan 1980–1991: Robert Runcie 1991–2002: George Carey 2002–2012: Rowan Williams 2013–2025: Justin Welby (Welby resigned his see in January 2025) Current appointment of new archbishop Following the reservation of Justin Welby on 7 January 2025, the post of archbishop of Canterbury has remained empty. On 3 October 2025, Dame Sarah Mullally was named as the 106th archbishop, and first woman to undertake the role. [ 30 ] She will become archbishop on 28 January 2026, and will be officially installed at Canterbury Cathedral on 25 March 2026. [ 31 ] Archbishops who became peers From 1660 to 1902, all the archbishops of Canterbury died in office. In 1928, two years before his death, Randall Davidson became the first to voluntarily resign his office. All his successors except William Temple (who died in office in 1944) have also resigned their office before death. Until 2013, all archbishops who retired were immediately given peerages : initially hereditary baronies (although both recipients of such titles died without male heirs and so their titles became extinct on their deaths), and life peerages after the enactment of the Life Peerages Act 1958 . Such titles have allowed retired archbishops to retain the seats in the House of Lords which they held ex officio before their retirement. Justin Welby, who resigned in January 2025, has not yet [update] received a peerage. Archbishop Title Notes Randall Davidson Baron Davidson of Lambeth in 1928 Extinct in 1930 Cosmo Gordon Lang Baron Lang of Lambeth in 1942 Extinct in 1945 Geoffrey Fisher Baron Fisher of Lambeth for life in 1961 Extinct in 1972 Michael Ramsey Baron Ramsey of Canterbury for life in 1974 Extinct in 1988 Donald Coggan Baron Coggan for life in 1980 Extinct in 2000 Robert Runcie Baron Runcie for life in 1991 Extinct in 2000 George Carey Baron Carey of Clifton for life in 2002 Extant Rowan Williams Baron Williams of Oystermouth for life in 2013 Extant (retired from the House in 2020 [ 32 ] ) See also Accord of Winchester Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Religion in the United Kingdom References ^ a b Orders in Council, 18 December 2024, page 42. [1] Archived, 22 December 2024 ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Sarah Mullally to become 106th Archbishop of Canterbury" . Archbishop of Canterbury. 3 October 2025. Archived from the original on 3 October 2025 . Retrieved 3 October 2025 . ^ "Sarah Mullally becomes first ever female Archbishop of Canterbury" . The Independent . 3 October 2025 . Retrieved 3 October 2025 . ^ "Announcement of the 105th Archbishop of Canterbury" . Archbishop of Canterbury. 9 November 2012. Archived from the original on 12 November 2012 . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . ^ Bailey, Pippa (12 November 2024). "The race for Lambeth Palace" . The New Statesman . Retrieved 12 November 2024 . ^ Cabinet Office (15 November 2024). "Archbishop of Canterbury appointment process" . gov.uk . Retrieved 7 January 2025 . ^ "Appointing a new Archbishop of Canterbury" . The Church of England . Retrieved 30 March 2025 . ^ Archbishop's Roles and Responsibilities Archived 14 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine , Archbishop of Canterbury. Retrieved 8 February 2008. ^ The Archbishop of Canterbury Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine , Archbishop of York. Retrieved 31 March 2009. ^ Sinmaz, Emine (12 November 2024). "Justin Welby says he will step down as archbishop of Canterbury" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 12 November 2024 . ^ "Register of Lords' interests" . House of Lords . Archived from the original on 7 August 2007 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . ^ "Archbishop installed as first Chancellor" . Canterbury Christ Church University . 12 December 2005. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 7 August 2008 . ^ "Justin Welby becomes patron of mental health charity" . Premier. Christian News . 14 September 2021. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021 . Retrieved 15 October 2021 . ^ "The Presidents of Churches Together in England" . Churches Together in England. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014 . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . ^ Hickman, Baden (19 May 2000). "Lord Coggan of Canterbury" . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . ^ "Madrid Interfaith Dialogue Conference: Beginning of a Process" . Saudi-US Relations Information Service. Archived from the original on 15 May 2010 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . ^ Niles, D. Preman (1989). Resisting the threats to life: covenanting for justice, peace, and the integrity of creation . Geneva: WCC Publications. ISBN 9782825409640 . ^ Wacher, J., The Towns of Roman Britain , Batsford, 1974, especially pp. 84–86. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Bertha . ^ Bede , Ecclesiastical History , i, 25. ^ Bede, Ecclesiastical History , i, 29. ^ Brooks, N., The Early History of the Church of Canterbury , Leicester University Press, 1984, pp. 3–14. ^ Cavanaugh, Stephen E. (2011). Anglicans and the Roman Catholic Church: Reflections on Recent Developments . Ignatius Press. ISBN 978-1-58617-499-6 . ^ The National Enclopaedia of Useful Knowledge , Vol.III, Charles Knight, London, 1847, p. 362 ^ "Order of Service from the Enthronement of the 104th Archbishop in 2003" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2007. ^ "Articles" . ^ "Canterbury Diocese – Synod News" . Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. ^ Whitaker's Almanack , 2008, p. 43 – Precedence, England and Wales ^ Johnson, Ben. "Archbishops of Canturbury" . Historic UK . Retrieved 31 January 2020 . ^ "Sarah Mullally named as new Archbishop of Canterbury" . BBC News. 3 October 2025 . Retrieved 25 November 2025 . ^ "Installation of Archbishop of Canterbury" . Archbishop of Canterbury . Retrieved 25 November 2025 . ^ "Retirements of Members – Hansard – UK Parliament" . 7 August 2025. External links Official website The Archbishopric of Canterbury, from Its Foundation to the Norman Conquest , by John William Lamb, published 1971, Faith Press, from Google Book Search v t e Archbishop of Canterbury v t e Historic palaces (Canterbury–Lambeth chain) The Old Palace, Bekesbourne (16th–17th centuries) Archbishop's Palace, Charing (8th–16th) Archbishop's Palace, Maidstone (14th–16th) Knole House (15th–16th) Otford Palace (8th–16th) Addington Palace (19th) Croydon Palace ( c. 10th–18th ) The Old Palace, Bekesbourne (16th–17th centuries) Archbishop's Palace, Charing (8th–16th) Archbishop's Palace, Maidstone (14th–16th) Knole House (15th–16th) Otford Palace (8th–16th) Addington Palace (19th) Croydon Palace ( c. 10th–18th ) v t e Archbishops of Canterbury v t e List of archbishops of Canterbury Pre- Conquest Augustine Laurence Mellitus Justus Honorius Deusdedit Wighard Theodore of Tarsus Berhtwald Tatwine Nothhelm Cuthbert Bregowine Jænberht Æthelhard Wulfred Feologild Ceolnoth Æthelred Plegmund Athelm Wulfhelm Oda Ælfsige Byrhthelm Dunstan Æthelgar Sigeric Ælfric of Abingdon Ælfheah Lyfing Æthelnoth Eadsige Robert of Jumièges Stigand Augustine Laurence Mellitus Justus Honorius Deusdedit Wighard Theodore of Tarsus Berhtwald Tatwine Nothhelm Cuthbert Bregowine Jænberht Æthelhard Wulfred Feologild Ceolnoth Æthelred Plegmund Athelm Wulfhelm Oda Ælfsige Byrhthelm Dunstan Æthelgar Sigeric Ælfric of Abingdon Ælfheah Lyfing Æthelnoth Eadsige Robert of Jumièges Stigand Conquest to Reformation Lanfranc Anselm Ralph d'Escures William de Corbeil Theobald of Bec Thomas Becket Roger de Bailleul Richard of Dover Baldwin of Forde Reginald Fitz Jocelin Hubert Walter Reginald John de Gray Stephen Langton Walter d'Eynsham Richard le Grant Ralph Neville John of Sittingbourne John Blund Edmund of Abingdon Boniface William Chillenden Robert Kilwardby Robert Burnell John Peckham Robert Winchelsey Thomas Cobham Walter Reynolds Simon Mepeham John de Stratford John de Ufford Thomas Bradwardine Simon Islip William Edington Simon Langham William Whittlesey Simon Sudbury William Courtenay Thomas Arundel Roger Walden Thomas Arundel Henry Chichele John Stafford John Kemp Thomas Bourchier John Morton Thomas Langton Henry Deane William Warham Thomas Cranmer Reginald Pole Lanfranc Anselm Ralph d'Escures William de Corbeil Theobald of Bec Thomas Becket Roger de Bailleul Richard of Dover Baldwin of Forde Reginald Fitz Jocelin Hubert Walter Reginald John de Gray Stephen Langton Walter d'Eynsham Richard le Grant Ralph Neville John of Sittingbourne John Blund Edmund of Abingdon Boniface William Chillenden Robert Kilwardby Robert Burnell John Peckham Robert Winchelsey Thomas Cobham Walter Reynolds Simon Mepeham John de Stratford John de Ufford Thomas Bradwardine Simon Islip William Edington Simon Langham William Whittlesey Simon Sudbury William Courtenay Thomas Arundel Roger Walden Thomas Arundel Henry Chichele John Stafford John Kemp Thomas Bourchier John Morton Thomas Langton Henry Deane William Warham Thomas Cranmer Reginald Pole Post-Reformation Matthew Parker Edmund Grindal John Whitgift Richard Bancroft George Abbot William Laud Episcopacy abolished ( Commonwealth ) William Juxon Gilbert Sheldon William Sancroft John Tillotson Thomas Tenison William Wake John Potter Thomas Herring Matthew Hutton Thomas Secker Frederick Cornwallis John Moore Charles Manners-Sutton William Howley John Bird Sumner Charles Longley Archibald Campbell Tait Edward White Benson Frederick Temple Randall Davidson Cosmo Lang William Temple Geoffrey Fisher Michael Ramsey Donald Coggan Robert Runcie George Carey Rowan Williams Justin Welby Sarah Mullally (announced) Matthew Parker Edmund Grindal John Whitgift Richard Bancroft George Abbot William Laud Episcopacy abolished ( Commonwealth ) William Juxon Gilbert Sheldon William Sancroft John Tillotson Thomas Tenison William Wake John Potter Thomas Herring Matthew Hutton Thomas Secker Frederick Cornwallis John Moore Charles Manners-Sutton William Howley John Bird Sumner Charles Longley Archibald Campbell Tait Edward White Benson Frederick Temple Randall Davidson Cosmo Lang William Temple Geoffrey Fisher Michael Ramsey Donald Coggan Robert Runcie George Carey Rowan Williams Justin Welby Sarah Mullally (announced) Italics indicate a person who was elected but not confirmed. v t e Anglican hierarchy in Great Britain and Ireland v t e Church of England Canterbury Province Diocesan bishops Archbishop of Canterbury Bath & Wells Birmingham Bristol Chelmsford Chichester Coventry Derby Ely Exeter Europe Gloucester Guildford Hereford Leicester Lichfield Lincoln London Norwich Oxford Peterborough Portsmouth Rochester St Albans St Edmundsbury & Ipswich Salisbury Southwark Truro Winchester Worcester Suffragan bishops Aston Barking Basingstoke Bedford Bradwell Brixworth Buckingham Colchester Crediton Croydon Dorchester Dorking Dover Dudley Dunwich Ebbsfleet Edmonton Europe Fulham Grantham Grimsby Hertford Horsham Huntingdon Kensington Kingston-upon-Thames Lewes Loughborough Ludlow Lynn Maidstone Plymouth Ramsbury Reading Repton Richborough Sherborne Shrewsbury Southampton St Germans Stafford Stepney Swindon Taunton Tewkesbury Thetford Tonbridge Warwick Willesden Wolverhampton Woolwich York Province Diocesan bishops Archbishop of York Blackburn Carlisle Chester Durham Leeds Liverpool Manchester Newcastle Sheffield Sodor & Man Southwell Suffragan bishops Berwick Beverley Birkenhead Bolton Bradford Burnley Doncaster Huddersfield Hull Jarrow Lancaster Middleton Penrith Richmond Ripon Selby Sherwood Stockport Wakefield Warrington Whitby Other Bishop to the Forces Bishop to the Archbishops of Canterbury and York Bishop of the Falkland Islands Bishop to HM Prisons other spokesperson bishops list of current bishops list of current deans list of current archdeacons Canterbury Province Diocesan bishops Archbishop of Canterbury Bath & Wells Birmingham Bristol Chelmsford Chichester Coventry Derby Ely Exeter Europe Gloucester Guildford Hereford Leicester Lichfield Lincoln London Norwich Oxford Peterborough Portsmouth Rochester St Albans St Edmundsbury & Ipswich Salisbury Southwark Truro Winchester Worcester Suffragan bishops Aston Barking Basingstoke Bedford Bradwell Brixworth Buckingham Colchester Crediton Croydon Dorchester Dorking Dover Dudley Dunwich Ebbsfleet Edmonton Europe Fulham Grantham Grimsby Hertford Horsham Huntingdon Kensington Kingston-upon-Thames Lewes Loughborough Ludlow Lynn Maidstone Plymouth Ramsbury Reading Repton Richborough Sherborne Shrewsbury Southampton St Germans Stafford Stepney Swindon Taunton Tewkesbury Thetford Tonbridge Warwick Willesden Wolverhampton Woolwich Diocesan bishops Archbishop of Canterbury Bath & Wells Birmingham Bristol Chelmsford Chichester Coventry Derby Ely Exeter Europe Gloucester Guildford Hereford Leicester Lichfield Lincoln London Norwich Oxford Peterborough Portsmouth Rochester St Albans St Edmundsbury & Ipswich Salisbury Southwark Truro Winchester Worcester Archbishop of Canterbury Bath & Wells Birmingham Bristol Chelmsford Chichester Coventry Derby Ely Exeter Europe Gloucester Guildford Hereford Leicester Lichfield Lincoln London Norwich Oxford Peterborough Portsmouth Rochester St Albans St Edmundsbury & Ipswich Salisbury Southwark Truro Winchester Worcester Suffragan bishops Aston Barking Basingstoke Bedford Bradwell Brixworth Buckingham Colchester Crediton Croydon Dorchester Dorking Dover Dudley Dunwich Ebbsfleet Edmonton Europe Fulham Grantham Grimsby Hertford Horsham Huntingdon Kensington Kingston-upon-Thames Lewes Loughborough Ludlow Lynn Maidstone Plymouth Ramsbury Reading Repton Richborough Sherborne Shrewsbury Southampton St Germans Stafford Stepney Swindon Taunton Tewkesbury Thetford Tonbridge Warwick Willesden Wolverhampton Woolwich Aston Barking Basingstoke Bedford Bradwell Brixworth Buckingham Colchester Crediton Croydon Dorchester Dorking Dover Dudley Dunwich Ebbsfleet Edmonton Europe Fulham Grantham Grimsby Hertford Horsham Huntingdon Kensington Kingston-upon-Thames Lewes Loughborough Ludlow Lynn Maidstone Plymouth Ramsbury Reading Repton Richborough Sherborne Shrewsbury Southampton St Germans Stafford Stepney Swindon Taunton Tewkesbury Thetford Tonbridge Warwick Willesden Wolverhampton Woolwich York Province Diocesan bishops Archbishop of York Blackburn Carlisle Chester Durham Leeds Liverpool Manchester Newcastle Sheffield Sodor & Man Southwell Suffragan bishops Berwick Beverley Birkenhead Bolton Bradford Burnley Doncaster Huddersfield Hull Jarrow Lancaster Middleton Penrith Richmond Ripon Selby Sherwood Stockport Wakefield Warrington Whitby Diocesan bishops Archbishop of York Blackburn Carlisle Chester Durham Leeds Liverpool Manchester Newcastle Sheffield Sodor & Man Southwell Archbishop of York Blackburn Carlisle Chester Durham Leeds Liverpool Manchester Newcastle Sheffield Sodor & Man Southwell Suffragan bishops Berwick Beverley Birkenhead Bolton Bradford Burnley Doncaster Huddersfield Hull Jarrow Lancaster Middleton Penrith Richmond Ripon Selby Sherwood Stockport Wakefield Warrington Whitby Berwick Beverley Birkenhead Bolton Bradford Burnley Doncaster Huddersfield Hull Jarrow Lancaster Middleton Penrith Richmond Ripon Selby Sherwood Stockport Wakefield Warrington Whitby Other Bishop to the Forces Bishop to the Archbishops of Canterbury and York Bishop of the Falkland Islands Bishop to HM Prisons other spokesperson bishops list of current bishops list of current deans list of current archdeacons Bishop to the Forces Bishop to the Archbishops of Canterbury and York Bishop of the Falkland Islands Bishop to HM Prisons other spokesperson bishops list of current bishops list of current deans list of current archdeacons Church in Wales Archbishop of Wales Bangor Llandaff Monmouth St Asaph St Davids Swansea & Brecon assistant bishops Archbishop of Wales Bangor Llandaff Monmouth St Asaph St Davids Swansea & Brecon assistant bishops Scottish Episcopal Church Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church Aberdeen and Orkney Argyll & The Isles Brechin Edinburgh Glasgow & Galloway Moray, Ross & Caithness St Andrews, Dunkeld & Dunblane Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church Aberdeen and Orkney Argyll & The Isles Brechin Edinburgh Glasgow & Galloway Moray, Ross & Caithness St Andrews, Dunkeld & Dunblane Church of Ireland Armagh Province Archbishop of Armagh Clogher Connor Derry & Raphoe Down & Dromore Kilmore, Elphin & Ardagh Dublin Province Archbishop of Dublin Cashel & Ossory Cork, Cloyne & Ross Limerick & Killaloe Meath & Kildare Armagh Province Archbishop of Armagh Clogher Connor Derry & Raphoe Down & Dromore Kilmore, Elphin & Ardagh Archbishop of Armagh Clogher Connor Derry & Raphoe Down & Dromore Kilmore, Elphin & Ardagh Dublin Province Archbishop of Dublin Cashel & Ossory Cork, Cloyne & Ross Limerick & Killaloe Meath & Kildare Archbishop of Dublin Cashel & Ossory Cork, Cloyne & Ross Limerick & Killaloe Meath & Kildare v t e 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Dnes je piatok 16. januára 2026. Slovenská verzia má momentálne 257 732 článkov . O Wikipédii • Príručka • Pomoc Najlepšie články • Portály • Kategórie • A – Z index 16. január M. Moravcová Meniny má Kristína . 1458 pred Kr. – zomrela Hatšepsut , egyptská faraónka 18. dynastie , ktorá sa zaslúžila o dokončenie komplexu Karnak a zádušného chrámu , a jej nasledovníkom sa stal Thutmose III. 0 0 0 27 pred Kr. – rímsky senát prijal formálne „odovzdanie moci“ od Gaia Iulia Caesara Octaviana , no okamžite mu obnovil kontrolu nad kľúčovými provinciami a udelil mu čestný titul Augustus („Vznešený“), čím sa tradične datuje začiatok principátu , hoci jeho inštitucionálne kontúry sa formovali postupne 1547 – moskovské veľkoknieža Ivan Hrozný sa stal prvým ruským cárom a 264 rokov trvajúce Moskovské veľkokniežatstvo nahradilo Ruské cárstvo 1605 – v Madride vyšiel románu Miguela de Cervantesa Dômyselný rytier Don Quijote de la Mancha 1909 – expedícia Ernesta Shackletona našla magnetický južný pól 1933 – narodila sa Susan Sontagová , americká spisovateľka a kritička († 2004 ) 1942 – pri leteckej nehode Douglasa DC-3 spoločnosti TWA v Potosi Mountain v Nevade zahynulo všetkých 22 ľudí na palube vrátane filmovej hviezdy Carole Lombard (* 1908 ) 1957 – zomrel Arturo Toscanini , taliansky dirigent, jeden z najuznávanejších hudobníkov konca 19. a začiatku 20. storočia (* 1867 ) 1976 – narodila sa Martina Moravcová , slovenská plavkyňa a plavecká trénerka, jedna z najúspešnejších plavkýň sveta vo svojej ére 2023 – zomrela Gina Lollobrigida , talianska herečka a fotoreportérka, nositeľka Radu čestnej légie (* 1927 ) Ďalšie udalosti • Archív • Zoznam historických výročí Aktuality MS v ľadovom hokeji žien do 18 rokov ruská invázia na Ukrajinu chronológia Logo Wikipédie k 25. výročiu 15. január – Wikipédia oslávila 25. výročie svojho vzniku, jej prvá, anglickojazyčná verzia , bola spustená 15. januára 2001 . 0 3. január – Spojené štáty zaútočili na ciele vo Venezuele a oznámili, že špeciálne jednotky Delta Force zajali prezidenta Nicolása Madura . 0 1. január – v Bulharsku sa stalo platidlom euro , bulharský lev ukončil platnosť. Bulharská národná banka sa stala súčasťou Európskej centrálnej banky . 0 1. január – Zohran Mamdani zložil prísahu ako prvý moslim a najmladší starosta mesta New York . 26. december – Izrael sa stal prvou krajinou sveta, ktorá uznala Somaliland za nezávislý a zvrchovaný štát. 22. december – na diaľnici D1 bol na úseku Lietavská Lúčka – Dubná Skala po 27 rokoch výstavby otvorený tunel Višňové s dĺžkou 7,5 km, ktorý ešte v podvečer začal slúžiť verejnosti. Úmrtia: Irena Grécka a Dánska (83) Rudolf Urc (88) Oskár Elschek (94) Erich von Däniken (90) Ivan Štampach (79) Václav Cigler (96) Brigitte Bardotová (91) Chris Rea (74) Jozef Gruska (92) Dušan Medzihradský (87) Ďalšie udalosti Odporúčaný článok Dornier Do 17 , občas nazývaný aj Fliegender Bleistift („lietajúca ceruzka“), bol ľahký nemecký bombardér , používaný počas druhej svetovej vojny , vyrábaný spoločnosťou Dornier Flugzeugwerke. Bol navrhnutý podľa konceptu RLM na „Schnellbomber“ (rýchly bombardér), ktorý mal byť teoreticky dostatočne rýchly na to, aby mohol predstihnúť útočiace stíhačky. Bol navrhnutý začiatkom 30. rokov a na začiatku vojny tvoril jeden z troch hlavných typov bombardérov, používaných Luftwaffe . Svoju bojovú premiéru začali Do 17 v roku 1937 , v španielskej občianskej vojne , kde bol používaný v Légii Kondor . Spolu s Heinkelom He 111 bol hlavným bombardérom Luftwaffe v rokoch 1939 – 1940. Dornier bol používaný počas celej vojny a zúčastnil sa každej väčšej kampane v prvej línii, až do roku 1941, keď jeho efektivita a užitočnosť bola zredukovaná kvôli malej nosnosti a doletu. Výroba Dornierov Do 17 skončila v lete 1940 v prospech novších a silnejších strojov Junkers Ju 88 . Napriek tomu zostal Do 17 v službách Luftwaffe až do konca vojny ako vlečné, experimentálne a cvičné lietadlo. Značná časť produkcie bola odoslaná štátom pod nemeckou sférou vplyvu. Niekoľko sa ich zachovalo do konca vojny, posledný kus bol zošrotovaný vo Fínsku v roku 1952 . celý článok... Archív • Dobré články • Najlepšie články Vedeli ste, že... …bývalý hráč bedmintonu a olympionik Li Jang sa v septembri 2025 stal prvým ministrom športu na Taiwane ? … Gymnopaidia bola spartská slávnosť, podľa tradície založená v roku 669 pred Kr. , zahŕňajúca tance a cvičenia mužov a nahých mladíkov … Sľažiansky potok tvorí hranicu území s Velčicami a Mankovcami a vlieva sa do Čerešňového potoka ? … Majstrovstvá sveta vo futbale žien 2023 boli prvé, ktoré sa konali v dvoch štátoch Austrália a Nový Zéland a zároveň prvé na Južnej pologuli ? …Na expedíciu Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition , ktorú viedol Ernest Shackleton do Antarktídy sa prihlásilo viac ako 5 000 záujemcov, vrátane „troch športových dievčat“, ktoré navrhli, že ak by ich ženské oblečenie nebolo vhodné, „rady by si obliekli mužské oblečenie“? Archív • Návrhy ďalších zaujímavostí Obrázok týždňa foto: Oakenchips Straka ( franc. La Pie ) – olejomaľba Clauda Moneta , francúzskeho maliara považovaného za zakladateľa impresionizmu . Obraz vznikol v zime 1868 – 1869 pri obci Étretat v Normandii a jeho originál je vystavený v parížskom Musée d’Orsay , ktoré ho v roku 1984 získalo zo súkromnej zbierky. 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O projekte Slovenská Wikipédia · O Wikipédii · Mailing listy · Štatistika · Wikipediáni · Pomoc · Kaviareň (diskusia redaktorov) · Medzinárodná spolupráca · Pieskovisko · Projekty Ďalšie projekty .mw-parser-output #zoznam-sesterskych-projektov{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output #zoznam-sesterskych-projektov li{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output #zoznam-sesterskych-projektov li span{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output #zoznam-sesterskych-projektov li>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px 4px}.mw-parser-output #zoznam-sesterskych-projektov li>div:first-child{text-align:center}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}}@media(min-width:360px){.mw-parser-output #zoznam-sesterskych-projektov li{width:33%;min-width:20em;white-space:nowrap;flex:1 0 25%}.mw-parser-output #zoznam-sesterskych-projektov li>div:first-child{min-width:50px}} Wikipédiu prevádzkuje nezisková nadácia Wikimedia Foundation , ktorá spravuje aj veľa iných mnohojazyčných a otvorených projektov: Wikislovník Výkladový slovník Wikizdroje Voľne dostupné dokumenty Wikicitáty Zbierka citátov Wikiknihy Voľne dostupné knihy a príručky Wikicesty Slobodné cestovné príručky Wikisprávy Otvorené spravodajstvo Wikiverzita Voľne dostupné vzdelanie Wikidruhy Adresár biologických druhov Commons Spoločne využívaná zbierka médií Wikiúdaje Štruktúrovaná databáza vedomostí Meta-Wiki Koordinácia projektov Wikimedia MediaWiki Vývoj wiki softvéru Ak pokladáte Wikipédiu alebo sesterské projekty za užitočné, prosím zvážte poskytnutie daru . Dary sú primárne určené na nákup vybavenia serverov. Vitajte vo Wikipédii , slobodnej encyklopédii , ktorú môže upravovať každý . Dnes je piatok 16. januára 2026. Slovenská verzia má momentálne 257 732 článkov . O Wikipédii • Príručka • Pomoc Najlepšie články • Portály • Kategórie • A – Z index 16. január M. Moravcová Meniny má Kristína . 1458 pred Kr. – zomrela Hatšepsut , egyptská faraónka 18. dynastie , ktorá sa zaslúžila o dokončenie komplexu Karnak a zádušného chrámu , a jej nasledovníkom sa stal Thutmose III. 0 0 0 27 pred Kr. – rímsky senát prijal formálne „odovzdanie moci“ od Gaia Iulia Caesara Octaviana , no okamžite mu obnovil kontrolu nad kľúčovými provinciami a udelil mu čestný titul Augustus („Vznešený“), čím sa tradične datuje začiatok principátu , hoci jeho inštitucionálne kontúry sa formovali postupne 1547 – moskovské veľkoknieža Ivan Hrozný sa stal prvým ruským cárom a 264 rokov trvajúce Moskovské veľkokniežatstvo nahradilo Ruské cárstvo 1605 – v Madride vyšiel románu Miguela de Cervantesa Dômyselný rytier Don Quijote de la Mancha 1909 – expedícia Ernesta Shackletona našla magnetický južný pól 1933 – narodila sa Susan Sontagová , americká spisovateľka a kritička († 2004 ) 1942 – pri leteckej nehode Douglasa DC-3 spoločnosti TWA v Potosi Mountain v Nevade zahynulo všetkých 22 ľudí na palube vrátane filmovej hviezdy Carole Lombard (* 1908 ) 1957 – zomrel Arturo Toscanini , taliansky dirigent, jeden z najuznávanejších hudobníkov konca 19. a začiatku 20. storočia (* 1867 ) 1976 – narodila sa Martina Moravcová , slovenská plavkyňa a plavecká trénerka, jedna z najúspešnejších plavkýň sveta vo svojej ére 2023 – zomrela Gina Lollobrigida , talianska herečka a fotoreportérka, nositeľka Radu čestnej légie (* 1927 ) Ďalšie udalosti • Archív • Zoznam historických výročí Aktuality MS v ľadovom hokeji žien do 18 rokov ruská invázia na Ukrajinu chronológia Logo Wikipédie k 25. výročiu 15. január – Wikipédia oslávila 25. výročie svojho vzniku, jej prvá, anglickojazyčná verzia , bola spustená 15. januára 2001 . 0 3. január – Spojené štáty zaútočili na ciele vo Venezuele a oznámili, že špeciálne jednotky Delta Force zajali prezidenta Nicolása Madura . 0 1. január – v Bulharsku sa stalo platidlom euro , bulharský lev ukončil platnosť. Bulharská národná banka sa stala súčasťou Európskej centrálnej banky . 0 1. január – Zohran Mamdani zložil prísahu ako prvý moslim a najmladší starosta mesta New York . 26. december – Izrael sa stal prvou krajinou sveta, ktorá uznala Somaliland za nezávislý a zvrchovaný štát. 22. december – na diaľnici D1 bol na úseku Lietavská Lúčka – Dubná Skala po 27 rokoch výstavby otvorený tunel Višňové s dĺžkou 7,5 km, ktorý ešte v podvečer začal slúžiť verejnosti. Úmrtia: Irena Grécka a Dánska (83) Rudolf Urc (88) Oskár Elschek (94) Erich von Däniken (90) Ivan Štampach (79) Václav Cigler (96) Brigitte Bardotová (91) Chris Rea (74) Jozef Gruska (92) Dušan Medzihradský (87) Ďalšie udalosti Odporúčaný článok Dornier Do 17 , občas nazývaný aj Fliegender Bleistift („lietajúca ceruzka“), bol ľahký nemecký bombardér , používaný počas druhej svetovej vojny , vyrábaný spoločnosťou Dornier Flugzeugwerke. Bol navrhnutý podľa konceptu RLM na „Schnellbomber“ (rýchly bombardér), ktorý mal byť teoreticky dostatočne rýchly na to, aby mohol predstihnúť útočiace stíhačky. Bol navrhnutý začiatkom 30. rokov a na začiatku vojny tvoril jeden z troch hlavných typov bombardérov, používaných Luftwaffe . Svoju bojovú premiéru začali Do 17 v roku 1937 , v španielskej občianskej vojne , kde bol používaný v Légii Kondor . Spolu s Heinkelom He 111 bol hlavným bombardérom Luftwaffe v rokoch 1939 – 1940. Dornier bol používaný počas celej vojny a zúčastnil sa každej väčšej kampane v prvej línii, až do roku 1941, keď jeho efektivita a užitočnosť bola zredukovaná kvôli malej nosnosti a doletu. Výroba Dornierov Do 17 skončila v lete 1940 v prospech novších a silnejších strojov Junkers Ju 88 . Napriek tomu zostal Do 17 v službách Luftwaffe až do konca vojny ako vlečné, experimentálne a cvičné lietadlo. Značná časť produkcie bola odoslaná štátom pod nemeckou sférou vplyvu. Niekoľko sa ich zachovalo do konca vojny, posledný kus bol zošrotovaný vo Fínsku v roku 1952 . celý článok... Archív • Dobré články • Najlepšie články Vedeli ste, že... …bývalý hráč bedmintonu a olympionik Li Jang sa v septembri 2025 stal prvým ministrom športu na Taiwane ? … Gymnopaidia bola spartská slávnosť, podľa tradície založená v roku 669 pred Kr. , zahŕňajúca tance a cvičenia mužov a nahých mladíkov … Sľažiansky potok tvorí hranicu území s Velčicami a Mankovcami a vlieva sa do Čerešňového potoka ? … Majstrovstvá sveta vo futbale žien 2023 boli prvé, ktoré sa konali v dvoch štátoch Austrália a Nový Zéland a zároveň prvé na Južnej pologuli ? …Na expedíciu Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition , ktorú viedol Ernest Shackleton do Antarktídy sa prihlásilo viac ako 5 000 záujemcov, vrátane „troch športových dievčat“, ktoré navrhli, že ak by ich ženské oblečenie nebolo vhodné, „rady by si obliekli mužské oblečenie“? Archív • Návrhy ďalších zaujímavostí Obrázok týždňa foto: Oakenchips Straka ( franc. La Pie ) – olejomaľba Clauda Moneta , francúzskeho maliara považovaného za zakladateľa impresionizmu . Obraz vznikol v zime 1868 – 1869 pri obci Étretat v Normandii a jeho originál je vystavený v parížskom Musée d’Orsay , ktoré ho v roku 1984 získalo zo súkromnej zbierky. Archív • Ďalšie odporúčané obrázky 16. január M. Moravcová Meniny má Kristína . 1458 pred Kr. – zomrela Hatšepsut , egyptská faraónka 18. dynastie , ktorá sa zaslúžila o dokončenie komplexu Karnak a zádušného chrámu , a jej nasledovníkom sa stal Thutmose III. 0 0 0 27 pred Kr. – rímsky senát prijal formálne „odovzdanie moci“ od Gaia Iulia Caesara Octaviana , no okamžite mu obnovil kontrolu nad kľúčovými provinciami a udelil mu čestný titul Augustus („Vznešený“), čím sa tradične datuje začiatok principátu , hoci jeho inštitucionálne kontúry sa formovali postupne 1547 – moskovské veľkoknieža Ivan Hrozný sa stal prvým ruským cárom a 264 rokov trvajúce Moskovské veľkokniežatstvo nahradilo Ruské cárstvo 1605 – v Madride vyšiel románu Miguela de Cervantesa Dômyselný rytier Don Quijote de la Mancha 1909 – expedícia Ernesta Shackletona našla magnetický južný pól 1933 – narodila sa Susan Sontagová , americká spisovateľka a kritička († 2004 ) 1942 – pri leteckej nehode Douglasa DC-3 spoločnosti TWA v Potosi Mountain v Nevade zahynulo všetkých 22 ľudí na palube vrátane filmovej hviezdy Carole Lombard (* 1908 ) 1957 – zomrel Arturo Toscanini , taliansky dirigent, jeden z najuznávanejších hudobníkov konca 19. a začiatku 20. storočia (* 1867 ) 1976 – narodila sa Martina Moravcová , slovenská plavkyňa a plavecká trénerka, jedna z najúspešnejších plavkýň sveta vo svojej ére 2023 – zomrela Gina Lollobrigida , talianska herečka a fotoreportérka, nositeľka Radu čestnej légie (* 1927 ) Ďalšie udalosti • Archív • Zoznam historických výročí M. Moravcová Meniny má Kristína . 1458 pred Kr. – zomrela Hatšepsut , egyptská faraónka 18. dynastie , ktorá sa zaslúžila o dokončenie komplexu Karnak a zádušného chrámu , a jej nasledovníkom sa stal Thutmose III. 0 0 0 27 pred Kr. – rímsky senát prijal formálne „odovzdanie moci“ od Gaia Iulia Caesara Octaviana , no okamžite mu obnovil kontrolu nad kľúčovými provinciami a udelil mu čestný titul Augustus („Vznešený“), čím sa tradične datuje začiatok principátu , hoci jeho inštitucionálne kontúry sa formovali postupne 1547 – moskovské veľkoknieža Ivan Hrozný sa stal prvým ruským cárom a 264 rokov trvajúce Moskovské veľkokniežatstvo nahradilo Ruské cárstvo 1605 – v Madride vyšiel románu Miguela de Cervantesa Dômyselný rytier Don Quijote de la Mancha 1909 – expedícia Ernesta Shackletona našla magnetický južný pól 1933 – narodila sa Susan Sontagová , americká spisovateľka a kritička († 2004 ) 1942 – pri leteckej nehode Douglasa DC-3 spoločnosti TWA v Potosi Mountain v Nevade zahynulo všetkých 22 ľudí na palube vrátane filmovej hviezdy Carole Lombard (* 1908 ) 1957 – zomrel Arturo Toscanini , taliansky dirigent, jeden z najuznávanejších hudobníkov konca 19. a začiatku 20. storočia (* 1867 ) 1976 – narodila sa Martina Moravcová , slovenská plavkyňa a plavecká trénerka, jedna z najúspešnejších plavkýň sveta vo svojej ére 2023 – zomrela Gina Lollobrigida , talianska herečka a fotoreportérka, nositeľka Radu čestnej légie (* 1927 ) Aktuality MS v ľadovom hokeji žien do 18 rokov ruská invázia na Ukrajinu chronológia Logo Wikipédie k 25. výročiu 15. január – Wikipédia oslávila 25. výročie svojho vzniku, jej prvá, anglickojazyčná verzia , bola spustená 15. januára 2001 . 0 3. január – Spojené štáty zaútočili na ciele vo Venezuele a oznámili, že špeciálne jednotky Delta Force zajali prezidenta Nicolása Madura . 0 1. január – v Bulharsku sa stalo platidlom euro , bulharský lev ukončil platnosť. Bulharská národná banka sa stala súčasťou Európskej centrálnej banky . 0 1. január – Zohran Mamdani zložil prísahu ako prvý moslim a najmladší starosta mesta New York . 26. december – Izrael sa stal prvou krajinou sveta, ktorá uznala Somaliland za nezávislý a zvrchovaný štát. 22. december – na diaľnici D1 bol na úseku Lietavská Lúčka – Dubná Skala po 27 rokoch výstavby otvorený tunel Višňové s dĺžkou 7,5 km, ktorý ešte v podvečer začal slúžiť verejnosti. Úmrtia: Irena Grécka a Dánska (83) Rudolf Urc (88) Oskár Elschek (94) Erich von Däniken (90) Ivan Štampach (79) Václav Cigler (96) Brigitte Bardotová (91) Chris Rea (74) Jozef Gruska (92) Dušan Medzihradský (87) Ďalšie udalosti MS v ľadovom hokeji žien do 18 rokov ruská invázia na Ukrajinu chronológia chronológia Logo Wikipédie k 25. výročiu 15. január – Wikipédia oslávila 25. výročie svojho vzniku, jej prvá, anglickojazyčná verzia , bola spustená 15. januára 2001 . 0 3. január – Spojené štáty zaútočili na ciele vo Venezuele a oznámili, že špeciálne jednotky Delta Force zajali prezidenta Nicolása Madura . 0 1. január – v Bulharsku sa stalo platidlom euro , bulharský lev ukončil platnosť. Bulharská národná banka sa stala súčasťou Európskej centrálnej banky . 0 1. január – Zohran Mamdani zložil prísahu ako prvý moslim a najmladší starosta mesta New York . 26. december – Izrael sa stal prvou krajinou sveta, ktorá uznala Somaliland za nezávislý a zvrchovaný štát. 22. december – na diaľnici D1 bol na úseku Lietavská Lúčka – Dubná Skala po 27 rokoch výstavby otvorený tunel Višňové s dĺžkou 7,5 km, ktorý ešte v podvečer začal slúžiť verejnosti. Irena Grécka a Dánska (83) Rudolf Urc (88) Oskár Elschek (94) Erich von Däniken (90) Ivan Štampach (79) Václav Cigler (96) Brigitte Bardotová (91) Chris Rea (74) Jozef Gruska (92) Dušan Medzihradský (87) Odporúčaný článok Dornier Do 17 , občas nazývaný aj Fliegender Bleistift („lietajúca ceruzka“), bol ľahký nemecký bombardér , používaný počas druhej svetovej vojny , vyrábaný spoločnosťou Dornier Flugzeugwerke. Bol navrhnutý podľa konceptu RLM na „Schnellbomber“ (rýchly bombardér), ktorý mal byť teoreticky dostatočne rýchly na to, aby mohol predstihnúť útočiace stíhačky. Bol navrhnutý začiatkom 30. rokov a na začiatku vojny tvoril jeden z troch hlavných typov bombardérov, používaných Luftwaffe . Svoju bojovú premiéru začali Do 17 v roku 1937 , v španielskej občianskej vojne , kde bol používaný v Légii Kondor . Spolu s Heinkelom He 111 bol hlavným bombardérom Luftwaffe v rokoch 1939 – 1940. Dornier bol používaný počas celej vojny a zúčastnil sa každej väčšej kampane v prvej línii, až do roku 1941, keď jeho efektivita a užitočnosť bola zredukovaná kvôli malej nosnosti a doletu. Výroba Dornierov Do 17 skončila v lete 1940 v prospech novších a silnejších strojov Junkers Ju 88 . Napriek tomu zostal Do 17 v službách Luftwaffe až do konca vojny ako vlečné, experimentálne a cvičné lietadlo. Značná časť produkcie bola odoslaná štátom pod nemeckou sférou vplyvu. Niekoľko sa ich zachovalo do konca vojny, posledný kus bol zošrotovaný vo Fínsku v roku 1952 . celý článok... Archív • Dobré články • Najlepšie články Dornier Do 17 , občas nazývaný aj Fliegender Bleistift („lietajúca ceruzka“), bol ľahký nemecký bombardér , používaný počas druhej svetovej vojny , vyrábaný spoločnosťou Dornier Flugzeugwerke. Bol navrhnutý podľa konceptu RLM na „Schnellbomber“ (rýchly bombardér), ktorý mal byť teoreticky dostatočne rýchly na to, aby mohol predstihnúť útočiace stíhačky. Bol navrhnutý začiatkom 30. rokov a na začiatku vojny tvoril jeden z troch hlavných typov bombardérov, používaných Luftwaffe . Svoju bojovú premiéru začali Do 17 v roku 1937 , v španielskej občianskej vojne , kde bol používaný v Légii Kondor . Spolu s Heinkelom He 111 bol hlavným bombardérom Luftwaffe v rokoch 1939 – 1940. Dornier bol používaný počas celej vojny a zúčastnil sa každej väčšej kampane v prvej línii, až do roku 1941, keď jeho efektivita a užitočnosť bola zredukovaná kvôli malej nosnosti a doletu. Výroba Dornierov Do 17 skončila v lete 1940 v prospech novších a silnejších strojov Junkers Ju 88 . Napriek tomu zostal Do 17 v službách Luftwaffe až do konca vojny ako vlečné, experimentálne a cvičné lietadlo. Značná časť produkcie bola odoslaná štátom pod nemeckou sférou vplyvu. Niekoľko sa ich zachovalo do konca vojny, posledný kus bol zošrotovaný vo Fínsku v roku 1952 . Vedeli ste, že... …bývalý hráč bedmintonu a olympionik Li Jang sa v septembri 2025 stal prvým ministrom športu na Taiwane ? … Gymnopaidia bola spartská slávnosť, podľa tradície založená v roku 669 pred Kr. , zahŕňajúca tance a cvičenia mužov a nahých mladíkov … Sľažiansky potok tvorí hranicu území s Velčicami a Mankovcami a vlieva sa do Čerešňového potoka ? … Majstrovstvá sveta vo futbale žien 2023 boli prvé, ktoré sa konali v dvoch štátoch Austrália a Nový Zéland a zároveň prvé na Južnej pologuli ? …Na expedíciu Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition , ktorú viedol Ernest Shackleton do Antarktídy sa prihlásilo viac ako 5 000 záujemcov, vrátane „troch športových dievčat“, ktoré navrhli, že ak by ich ženské oblečenie nebolo vhodné, „rady by si obliekli mužské oblečenie“? Archív • Návrhy ďalších zaujímavostí …bývalý hráč bedmintonu a olympionik Li Jang sa v septembri 2025 stal prvým ministrom športu na Taiwane ? … Gymnopaidia bola spartská slávnosť, podľa tradície založená v roku 669 pred Kr. , zahŕňajúca tance a cvičenia mužov a nahých mladíkov … Sľažiansky potok tvorí hranicu území s Velčicami a Mankovcami a vlieva sa do Čerešňového potoka ? … Majstrovstvá sveta vo futbale žien 2023 boli prvé, ktoré sa konali v dvoch štátoch Austrália a Nový Zéland a zároveň prvé na Južnej pologuli ? …Na expedíciu Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition , ktorú viedol Ernest Shackleton do Antarktídy sa prihlásilo viac ako 5 000 záujemcov, vrátane „troch športových dievčat“, ktoré navrhli, že ak by ich ženské oblečenie nebolo vhodné, „rady by si obliekli mužské oblečenie“? Obrázok týždňa foto: Oakenchips Straka ( franc. La Pie ) – olejomaľba Clauda Moneta , francúzskeho maliara považovaného za zakladateľa impresionizmu . Obraz vznikol v zime 1868 – 1869 pri obci Étretat v Normandii a jeho originál je vystavený v parížskom Musée d’Orsay , ktoré ho v roku 1984 získalo zo súkromnej zbierky. Archív • Ďalšie odporúčané obrázky foto: Oakenchips Straka ( franc. La Pie ) – olejomaľba Clauda Moneta , francúzskeho maliara považovaného za zakladateľa impresionizmu . Obraz vznikol v zime 1868 – 1869 pri obci Étretat v Normandii a jeho originál je vystavený v parížskom Musée d’Orsay , ktoré ho v roku 1984 získalo zo súkromnej zbierky. Portály Prírodné vedy Astronómia ( Hviezda · Slnečná sústava ) · Biológia · Fyzika · Geografia · Chémia · Matematika · Vedy o Zemi Technické vedy Architektúra · Informatika · Kozmonautika · Letectvo Spoločenské, humanitné a aplikované vedy História ( 20. storočie · Byzantská ríša ) · Medicína ( Rádiológia ) · Politika Život a spoločnosť Divadlo · Film · Hudba · Jazyk · Literatúra · Ľudia · Šport · ( Formula 1 · Futbal · Ľadový hokej · Šach · Tenis ) · Umenie · Videohry Kontinenty, krajiny, regióny, mestá Afrika · Belgicko · Česko · Fínsko · Francúzsko · Luxembursko · Rusko · Samoa · Slovensko ( Bratislava · Košice · Žilina ) · Spojené kráľovstvo · Taliansko · Vatikán Ostatné Cesty · Pes Kategórie Príroda Baktérie · Horniny · Huby · Človek · Minerály · Prvoky · Rastliny · Vesmír · Vírusy · Zem · Živočíchy Spoločnosť Hry · Kultúra · Náboženstvo · Národy · Politika · Šport · Vojny · Zábava Prírodné vedy Astronómia · Biológia · Ekológia · Fyzika · Geografia · Chémia · Matematika · Vedy o Zemi Spoločenské , humanitné a aplikované vedy Archeológia · Ekonómia · Filozofia · História · Medicína · Pedagogika · Psychológia · Teológia · Sociológia Technika Doprava · Elektrotechnika · Informatika · Kozmonautika · Letectvo · Poľnohospodárstvo · Priemysel · Stavebníctvo · Strojárstvo Umenie Architektúra · Divadlo · Film · Fotografia · Hudba · Literatúra · Maliarstvo · Sochárstvo · Tanec Cudzojazyčné Wikipédie Viac ako 5 000 000 článkov: anglická · cebuánska Viac ako 2 500 000 článkov: nemecká · francúzska · švédska Viac ako 1 000 000 článkov: holandská · ruská · španielska · talianska · poľská · egyptskoarabská · čínska · japonská · ukrajinská · vietnamská · arabská · warayská · portugalská · perzská Viac ako 500 000 článkov: katalánska · indonézska · kórejská · srbská · nórska (bokmål) · turecká · fínska · čečenská · česká · maďarská · rumunská · tatárska Viac ako 250 000 článkov: baskická · srbochorvátska · min-nanská · malajská · hebrejská · esperantská · arménska · dánska · bulharská · uzbecká · waleská · anglická (zjednodušená angličtina) · grécka · bieloruská · estónska Viac ako 100 000 článkov: juhoazerbajdžanská · kazašská · urdská · minangkabauská · chorvátska · galícijská · litovská · azerbajdžanská · slovinská · gruzínska · ladinská · tamilská · thajská · bengálska · nórska (nynorsk) · hindská · macedónska · kantonská · latinská · astúrska · lotyšská · afrikánska · tadžická · telugská · barmská · albánska · swahilská · malgašská · maráthska Viac ako 50 000 článkov: bosnianska · kurdská · okcitánska · bieloruská (taraškeviča) · bretónska · malajálamská · dolnonemecká · sorání · lombardská · kirgizská · jávanská · západopandžábska · nevárska · haitská · piemonská · hauská · benátska · luxemburská · mazandaránska · baškirská · írska · sundská · islandská · ido · sliezska · pandžábska · fríska · čuvašská · aragónska všetky jazyky... 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Viac ako 5 000 000 článkov: anglická · cebuánska Viac ako 2 500 000 článkov: nemecká · francúzska · švédska Viac ako 1 000 000 článkov: holandská · ruská · španielska · talianska · poľská · egyptskoarabská · čínska · japonská · ukrajinská · vietnamská · arabská · warayská · portugalská · perzská Viac ako 500 000 článkov: katalánska · indonézska · kórejská · srbská · nórska (bokmål) · turecká · fínska · čečenská · česká · maďarská · rumunská · tatárska Viac ako 250 000 článkov: baskická · srbochorvátska · min-nanská · malajská · hebrejská · esperantská · arménska · dánska · bulharská · uzbecká · waleská · anglická (zjednodušená angličtina) · grécka · bieloruská · estónska Viac ako 100 000 článkov: juhoazerbajdžanská · kazašská · urdská · minangkabauská · chorvátska · galícijská · litovská · azerbajdžanská · slovinská · gruzínska · ladinská · tamilská · thajská · bengálska · nórska (nynorsk) · hindská · macedónska · kantonská · latinská · astúrska · lotyšská · afrikánska · tadžická · telugská · barmská · albánska · swahilská · malgašská · maráthska Viac ako 50 000 článkov: bosnianska · kurdská · okcitánska · bieloruská (taraškeviča) · bretónska · malajálamská · dolnonemecká · sorání · lombardská · kirgizská · jávanská · západopandžábska · nevárska · haitská · piemonská · hauská · benátska · luxemburská · mazandaránska · baškirská · írska · sundská · islandská · ido · sliezska · pandžábska · fríska · čuvašská · aragónska všetky jazyky... Viac ako 5 000 000 článkov: anglická · cebuánska Viac ako 2 500 000 článkov: nemecká · francúzska · švédska Viac ako 1 000 000 článkov: holandská · ruská · španielska · talianska · poľská · egyptskoarabská · čínska · japonská · ukrajinská · vietnamská · arabská · warayská · portugalská · perzská Viac ako 500 000 článkov: katalánska · indonézska · kórejská · srbská · nórska (bokmål) · turecká · fínska · čečenská · česká · maďarská · rumunská · tatárska Viac ako 250 000 článkov: baskická · srbochorvátska · min-nanská · malajská · hebrejská · esperantská · arménska · dánska · bulharská · uzbecká · waleská · anglická (zjednodušená angličtina) · grécka · bieloruská · estónska Viac ako 100 000 článkov: juhoazerbajdžanská · kazašská · urdská · minangkabauská · chorvátska · galícijská · litovská · azerbajdžanská · slovinská · gruzínska · ladinská · tamilská · thajská · bengálska · nórska (nynorsk) · hindská · macedónska · kantonská · latinská · astúrska · lotyšská · afrikánska · tadžická · telugská · barmská · albánska · swahilská · malgašská · maráthska Viac ako 50 000 článkov: bosnianska · kurdská · okcitánska · bieloruská (taraškeviča) · bretónska · malajálamská · dolnonemecká · sorání · lombardská · kirgizská · jávanská · západopandžábska · nevárska · haitská · piemonská · hauská · benátska · luxemburská · mazandaránska · baškirská · írska · sundská · islandská · ido · sliezska · pandžábska · fríska · čuvašská · aragónska O projekte Slovenská Wikipédia · O Wikipédii · Mailing listy · Štatistika · Wikipediáni · Pomoc · Kaviareň (diskusia redaktorov) · Medzinárodná spolupráca · Pieskovisko · Projekty Slovenská Wikipédia · O Wikipédii · Mailing listy · Štatistika · Wikipediáni · Pomoc · Kaviareň (diskusia redaktorov) · Medzinárodná spolupráca · Pieskovisko · Projekty Ďalšie projekty .mw-parser-output #zoznam-sesterskych-projektov{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output #zoznam-sesterskych-projektov li{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output #zoznam-sesterskych-projektov li span{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output #zoznam-sesterskych-projektov li>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px 4px}.mw-parser-output #zoznam-sesterskych-projektov li>div:first-child{text-align:center}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}}@media(min-width:360px){.mw-parser-output #zoznam-sesterskych-projektov li{width:33%;min-width:20em;white-space:nowrap;flex:1 0 25%}.mw-parser-output #zoznam-sesterskych-projektov li>div:first-child{min-width:50px}} Wikipédiu prevádzkuje nezisková 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screen{.mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}}@media(min-width:360px){.mw-parser-output #zoznam-sesterskych-projektov li{width:33%;min-width:20em;white-space:nowrap;flex:1 0 25%}.mw-parser-output #zoznam-sesterskych-projektov li>div:first-child{min-width:50px}} Wikipédiu prevádzkuje nezisková nadácia Wikimedia Foundation , ktorá spravuje aj veľa iných mnohojazyčných a otvorených projektov: Wikislovník Výkladový slovník Wikizdroje Voľne dostupné dokumenty Wikicitáty Zbierka citátov Wikiknihy Voľne dostupné knihy a príručky Wikicesty Slobodné cestovné 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 749 results for author: Feng, S Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 3 4 5 … arXiv:2601.10543 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL Defending Large Language Models Against Jailbreak Attacks via In-Decoding Safety-Awareness Probing Authors: Yinzhi Zhao , Ming Wang , Shi Feng , Xiaocui Yang , Daling Wang , Yifei Zhang Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance across natural language tasks and are increasingly deployed in real-world applications. Despite extensive safety alignment efforts, recent studies show that such alignment is often shallow and remains vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. Existing defense mechanisms, including decoding-based constraints and post-hoc content detectors, st… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance across natural language tasks and are increasingly deployed in real-world applications. Despite extensive safety alignment efforts, recent studies show that such alignment is often shallow and remains vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. Existing defense mechanisms, including decoding-based constraints and post-hoc content detectors, struggle against sophisticated jailbreaks, often intervening robust detection or excessively degrading model utility. In this work, we examine the decoding process of LLMs and make a key observation: even when successfully jailbroken, models internally exhibit latent safety-related signals during generation. However, these signals are overridden by the model's drive for fluent continuation, preventing timely self-correction or refusal. Building on this observation, we propose a simple yet effective approach that explicitly surfaces and leverages these latent safety signals for early detection of unsafe content during decoding. Experiments across diverse jailbreak attacks demonstrate that our approach significantly enhances safety, while maintaining low over-refusal rates on benign inputs and preserving response quality. Our results suggest that activating intrinsic safety-awareness during decoding offers a promising and complementary direction for defending against jailbreak attacks. Code is available at: △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10543 [ pdf , ps , other ] Defending Large Language Models Against Jailbreak Attacks via In-Decoding Safety-Awareness Probing Authors: Yinzhi Zhao , Ming Wang , Shi Feng , Xiaocui Yang , Daling Wang , Yifei Zhang Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance across natural language tasks and are increasingly deployed in real-world applications. Despite extensive safety alignment efforts, recent studies show that such alignment is often shallow and remains vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. Existing defense mechanisms, including decoding-based constraints and post-hoc content detectors, st… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance across natural language tasks and are increasingly deployed in real-world applications. Despite extensive safety alignment efforts, recent studies show that such alignment is often shallow and remains vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. Existing defense mechanisms, including decoding-based constraints and post-hoc content detectors, struggle against sophisticated jailbreaks, often intervening robust detection or excessively degrading model utility. In this work, we examine the decoding process of LLMs and make a key observation: even when successfully jailbroken, models internally exhibit latent safety-related signals during generation. However, these signals are overridden by the model's drive for fluent continuation, preventing timely self-correction or refusal. Building on this observation, we propose a simple yet effective approach that explicitly surfaces and leverages these latent safety signals for early detection of unsafe content during decoding. Experiments across diverse jailbreak attacks demonstrate that our approach significantly enhances safety, while maintaining low over-refusal rates on benign inputs and preserving response quality. Our results suggest that activating intrinsic safety-awareness during decoding offers a promising and complementary direction for defending against jailbreak attacks. Code is available at: △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08849 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Gaming the Answer Matcher: Examining the Impact of Text Manipulation on Automated Judgment Authors: Manas Khatore , Sumana Sridharan , Kevork Sulahian , Benjamin J. Smith , Shi Feng Abstract : Automated answer matching, which leverages LLMs to evaluate free-text responses by comparing them to a reference answer, shows substantial promise as a scalable and aligned alternative to human evaluation. However, its reliability requires robustness against strategic attacks such as guesswork or verbosity that may artificially inflate scores without improving actual correctness. In this work, we… ▽ More Automated answer matching, which leverages LLMs to evaluate free-text responses by comparing them to a reference answer, shows substantial promise as a scalable and aligned alternative to human evaluation. However, its reliability requires robustness against strategic attacks such as guesswork or verbosity that may artificially inflate scores without improving actual correctness. In this work, we systematically investigate whether such tactics deceive answer matching models by prompting examinee models to: (1) generate verbose responses, (2) provide multiple answers when unconfident, and (3) embed conflicting answers with the correct answer near the start of their response. Our results show that these manipulations do not increase scores and often reduce them. Additionally, binary scoring (which requires a matcher to answer with a definitive "correct" or "incorrect") is more robust to attacks than continuous scoring (which requires a matcher to determine partial correctness). These findings show that answer matching is generally robust to inexpensive text manipulation and is a viable alternative to traditional LLM-as-a-judge or human evaluation when reference answers are available. △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted to the AAAI 2026 Workshop on AI Governance (AIGOV) arXiv:2601.08849 [ pdf , ps , other ] Gaming the Answer Matcher: Examining the Impact of Text Manipulation on Automated Judgment Authors: Manas Khatore , Sumana Sridharan , Kevork Sulahian , Benjamin J. Smith , Shi Feng Abstract : Automated answer matching, which leverages LLMs to evaluate free-text responses by comparing them to a reference answer, shows substantial promise as a scalable and aligned alternative to human evaluation. However, its reliability requires robustness against strategic attacks such as guesswork or verbosity that may artificially inflate scores without improving actual correctness. In this work, we… ▽ More Automated answer matching, which leverages LLMs to evaluate free-text responses by comparing them to a reference answer, shows substantial promise as a scalable and aligned alternative to human evaluation. However, its reliability requires robustness against strategic attacks such as guesswork or verbosity that may artificially inflate scores without improving actual correctness. In this work, we systematically investigate whether such tactics deceive answer matching models by prompting examinee models to: (1) generate verbose responses, (2) provide multiple answers when unconfident, and (3) embed conflicting answers with the correct answer near the start of their response. Our results show that these manipulations do not increase scores and often reduce them. Additionally, binary scoring (which requires a matcher to answer with a definitive "correct" or "incorrect") is more robust to attacks than continuous scoring (which requires a matcher to determine partial correctness). These findings show that answer matching is generally robust to inexpensive text manipulation and is a viable alternative to traditional LLM-as-a-judge or human evaluation when reference answers are available. △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted to the AAAI 2026 Workshop on AI Governance (AIGOV) arXiv:2601.07645 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL PlaM: Training-Free Plateau-Guided Model Merging for Better Visual Grounding in MLLMs Authors: Zijing Wang , Yongkang Liu , Mingyang Wang , Ercong Nie , Deyuan Chen , Zhengjie Zhao , Shi Feng , Daling Wang , Xiaocui Yang , Yifei Zhang , Hinrich Schütze Abstract : Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) rely on strong linguistic reasoning inherited from their base language models. However, multimodal instruction fine-tuning paradoxically degrades this text's reasoning capability, undermining multimodal performance. To address this issue, we propose a training-free framework to mitigate this degradation. Through layer-wise vision token masking, we reveal a… ▽ More Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) rely on strong linguistic reasoning inherited from their base language models. However, multimodal instruction fine-tuning paradoxically degrades this text's reasoning capability, undermining multimodal performance. To address this issue, we propose a training-free framework to mitigate this degradation. Through layer-wise vision token masking, we reveal a common three-stage pattern in multimodal large language models: early-modal separation, mid-modal alignment, and late-modal degradation. By analyzing the behavior of MLLMs at different stages, we propose a plateau-guided model merging method that selectively injects base language model parameters into MLLMs. Experimental results based on five MLLMs on nine benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. Attention-based analysis further reveals that merging shifts attention from diffuse, scattered patterns to focused localization on task-relevant visual regions. Our repository is on △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: under review arXiv:2601.07645 [ pdf , ps , other ] PlaM: Training-Free Plateau-Guided Model Merging for Better Visual Grounding in MLLMs Authors: Zijing Wang , Yongkang Liu , Mingyang Wang , Ercong Nie , Deyuan Chen , Zhengjie Zhao , Shi Feng , Daling Wang , Xiaocui Yang , Yifei Zhang , Hinrich Schütze Abstract : Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) rely on strong linguistic reasoning inherited from their base language models. However, multimodal instruction fine-tuning paradoxically degrades this text's reasoning capability, undermining multimodal performance. To address this issue, we propose a training-free framework to mitigate this degradation. Through layer-wise vision token masking, we reveal a… ▽ More Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) rely on strong linguistic reasoning inherited from their base language models. However, multimodal instruction fine-tuning paradoxically degrades this text's reasoning capability, undermining multimodal performance. To address this issue, we propose a training-free framework to mitigate this degradation. Through layer-wise vision token masking, we reveal a common three-stage pattern in multimodal large language models: early-modal separation, mid-modal alignment, and late-modal degradation. By analyzing the behavior of MLLMs at different stages, we propose a plateau-guided model merging method that selectively injects base language model parameters into MLLMs. Experimental results based on five MLLMs on nine benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. Attention-based analysis further reveals that merging shifts attention from diffuse, scattered patterns to focused localization on task-relevant visual regions. Our repository is on △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: under review arXiv:2601.07507 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL High-Rank Structured Modulation for Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning Authors: Yongkang Liu , Xing Li , Mengjie Zhao , Shanru Zhang , Zijing Wang , Qian Li , Shi Feng , Feiliang Ren , Daling Wang , Hinrich Schütze Abstract : As the number of model parameters increases, parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) has become the go-to choice for tailoring pre-trained large language models. Low-rank Adaptation (LoRA) uses a low-rank update method to simulate full parameter fine-tuning, which is widely used to reduce resource requirements. However, decreasing the rank encounters challenges with limited representational capacit… ▽ More As the number of model parameters increases, parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) has become the go-to choice for tailoring pre-trained large language models. Low-rank Adaptation (LoRA) uses a low-rank update method to simulate full parameter fine-tuning, which is widely used to reduce resource requirements. However, decreasing the rank encounters challenges with limited representational capacity when compared to full parameter fine-tuning. We present \textbf{SMoA}, a high-rank \textbf{S}tructured \textbf{MO}dulation \textbf{A}dapter that uses fewer trainable parameters while maintaining a higher rank, thereby improving the model's representational capacity and offering improved performance potential. The core idea is to freeze the original pretrained weights and selectively amplify or suppress important features of the original weights across multiple subspaces. The subspace mechanism provides an efficient way to increase the capacity and complexity of a model. We conduct both theoretical analyses and empirical studies on various tasks. Experiment results show that SMoA outperforms LoRA and its variants on 10 tasks, with extensive ablation studies validating its effectiveness. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: under review arXiv:2601.07507 [ pdf , ps , other ] High-Rank Structured Modulation for Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning Authors: Yongkang Liu , Xing Li , Mengjie Zhao , Shanru Zhang , Zijing Wang , Qian Li , Shi Feng , Feiliang Ren , Daling Wang , Hinrich Schütze Abstract : As the number of model parameters increases, parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) has become the go-to choice for tailoring pre-trained large language models. Low-rank Adaptation (LoRA) uses a low-rank update method to simulate full parameter fine-tuning, which is widely used to reduce resource requirements. However, decreasing the rank encounters challenges with limited representational capacit… ▽ More As the number of model parameters increases, parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) has become the go-to choice for tailoring pre-trained large language models. Low-rank Adaptation (LoRA) uses a low-rank update method to simulate full parameter fine-tuning, which is widely used to reduce resource requirements. However, decreasing the rank encounters challenges with limited representational capacity when compared to full parameter fine-tuning. We present \textbf{SMoA}, a high-rank \textbf{S}tructured \textbf{MO}dulation \textbf{A}dapter that uses fewer trainable parameters while maintaining a higher rank, thereby improving the model's representational capacity and offering improved performance potential. The core idea is to freeze the original pretrained weights and selectively amplify or suppress important features of the original weights across multiple subspaces. The subspace mechanism provides an efficient way to increase the capacity and complexity of a model. We conduct both theoretical analyses and empirical studies on various tasks. Experiment results show that SMoA outperforms LoRA and its variants on 10 tasks, with extensive ablation studies validating its effectiveness. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: under review arXiv:2601.07423 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL SAD: A Large-Scale Strategic Argumentative Dialogue Dataset Authors: Yongkang Liu , Jiayang Yu , Mingyang Wang , Yiqun Zhang , Ercong Nie , Shi Feng , Daling Wang , Kaisong Song , Hinrich Schütze Abstract : Argumentation generation has attracted substantial research interest due to its central role in human reasoning and decision-making. However, most existing argumentative corpora focus on non-interactive, single-turn settings, either generating arguments from a given topic or refuting an existing argument. In practice, however, argumentation is often realized as multi-turn dialogue, where speakers… ▽ More Argumentation generation has attracted substantial research interest due to its central role in human reasoning and decision-making. However, most existing argumentative corpora focus on non-interactive, single-turn settings, either generating arguments from a given topic or refuting an existing argument. In practice, however, argumentation is often realized as multi-turn dialogue, where speakers defend their stances and employ diverse argumentative strategies to strengthen persuasiveness. To support deeper modeling of argumentation dialogue, we present the first large-scale \textbf{S}trategic \textbf{A}rgumentative \textbf{D}ialogue dataset, SAD, consisting of 392,822 examples. Grounded in argumentation theories, we annotate each utterance with five strategy types, allowing multiple strategies per utterance. Unlike prior datasets, SAD requires models to generate contextually appropriate arguments conditioned on the dialogue history, a specified stance on the topic, and targeted argumentation strategies. We further benchmark a range of pretrained generative models on SAD and present in-depth analysis of strategy usage patterns in argumentation. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: under review arXiv:2601.07423 [ pdf , ps , other ] SAD: A Large-Scale Strategic Argumentative Dialogue Dataset Authors: Yongkang Liu , Jiayang Yu , Mingyang Wang , Yiqun Zhang , Ercong Nie , Shi Feng , Daling Wang , Kaisong Song , Hinrich Schütze Abstract : Argumentation generation has attracted substantial research interest due to its central role in human reasoning and decision-making. However, most existing argumentative corpora focus on non-interactive, single-turn settings, either generating arguments from a given topic or refuting an existing argument. In practice, however, argumentation is often realized as multi-turn dialogue, where speakers… ▽ More Argumentation generation has attracted substantial research interest due to its central role in human reasoning and decision-making. However, most existing argumentative corpora focus on non-interactive, single-turn settings, either generating arguments from a given topic or refuting an existing argument. In practice, however, argumentation is often realized as multi-turn dialogue, where speakers defend their stances and employ diverse argumentative strategies to strengthen persuasiveness. To support deeper modeling of argumentation dialogue, we present the first large-scale \textbf{S}trategic \textbf{A}rgumentative \textbf{D}ialogue dataset, SAD, consisting of 392,822 examples. Grounded in argumentation theories, we annotate each utterance with five strategy types, allowing multiple strategies per utterance. Unlike prior datasets, SAD requires models to generate contextually appropriate arguments conditioned on the dialogue history, a specified stance on the topic, and targeted argumentation strategies. We further benchmark a range of pretrained generative models on SAD and present in-depth analysis of strategy usage patterns in argumentation. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: under review arXiv:2601.06799 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI CIRAG: Construction-Integration Retrieval and Adaptive Generation for Multi-hop Question Answering Authors: Zili Wei , Xiaocui Yang , Yilin Wang , Zihan Wang , Weidong Bao , Shi Feng , Daling Wang , Yifei Zhang Abstract : Triple-based Iterative Retrieval-Augmented Generation (iRAG) mitigates document-level noise for multi-hop question answering. However, existing methods still face limitations: (i) greedy single-path expansion, which propagates early errors and fails to capture parallel evidence from different reasoning branches, and (ii) granularity-demand mismatch, where a single evidence representation struggles… ▽ More Triple-based Iterative Retrieval-Augmented Generation (iRAG) mitigates document-level noise for multi-hop question answering. However, existing methods still face limitations: (i) greedy single-path expansion, which propagates early errors and fails to capture parallel evidence from different reasoning branches, and (ii) granularity-demand mismatch, where a single evidence representation struggles to balance noise control with contextual sufficiency. In this paper, we propose the Construction-Integration Retrieval and Adaptive Generation model, CIRAG. It introduces an Iterative Construction-Integration module that constructs candidate triples and history-conditionally integrates them to distill core triples and generate the next-hop query. This module mitigates the greedy trap by preserving multiple plausible evidence chains. Besides, we propose an Adaptive Cascaded Multi-Granularity Generation module that progressively expands contextual evidence based on the problem requirements, from triples to supporting sentences and full passages. Moreover, we introduce Trajectory Distillation, which distills the teacher model's integration policy into a lightweight student, enabling efficient and reliable long-horizon reasoning. Extensive experiments demonstrate that CIRAG achieves superior performance compared to existing iRAG methods. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06799 [ pdf , ps , other ] CIRAG: Construction-Integration Retrieval and Adaptive Generation for Multi-hop Question Answering Authors: Zili Wei , Xiaocui Yang , Yilin Wang , Zihan Wang , Weidong Bao , Shi Feng , Daling Wang , Yifei Zhang Abstract : Triple-based Iterative Retrieval-Augmented Generation (iRAG) mitigates document-level noise for multi-hop question answering. However, existing methods still face limitations: (i) greedy single-path expansion, which propagates early errors and fails to capture parallel evidence from different reasoning branches, and (ii) granularity-demand mismatch, where a single evidence representation struggles… ▽ More Triple-based Iterative Retrieval-Augmented Generation (iRAG) mitigates document-level noise for multi-hop question answering. However, existing methods still face limitations: (i) greedy single-path expansion, which propagates early errors and fails to capture parallel evidence from different reasoning branches, and (ii) granularity-demand mismatch, where a single evidence representation struggles to balance noise control with contextual sufficiency. In this paper, we propose the Construction-Integration Retrieval and Adaptive Generation model, CIRAG. It introduces an Iterative Construction-Integration module that constructs candidate triples and history-conditionally integrates them to distill core triples and generate the next-hop query. This module mitigates the greedy trap by preserving multiple plausible evidence chains. Besides, we propose an Adaptive Cascaded Multi-Granularity Generation module that progressively expands contextual evidence based on the problem requirements, from triples to supporting sentences and full passages. Moreover, we introduce Trajectory Distillation, which distills the teacher model's integration policy into a lightweight student, enabling efficient and reliable long-horizon reasoning. Extensive experiments demonstrate that CIRAG achieves superior performance compared to existing iRAG methods. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06771 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SI Heterogeneous Interaction Network Analysis (HINA): A New Learning Analytics Approach for Modelling, Analyzing, and Visualizing Complex Interactions in Learning Processes Authors: Shihui Feng , Baiyue He , Dragan Gasevic , Alec Kirkley Abstract : Existing learning analytics approaches, which often model learning processes as sequences of learner actions or homogeneous relationships, are limited in capturing the distributed, multi-faceted nature of interactions in contemporary learning environments. To address this, we propose Heterogeneous Interaction Network Analysis (HINA), a novel multi-level learning analytics framework for modeling co… ▽ More Existing learning analytics approaches, which often model learning processes as sequences of learner actions or homogeneous relationships, are limited in capturing the distributed, multi-faceted nature of interactions in contemporary learning environments. To address this, we propose Heterogeneous Interaction Network Analysis (HINA), a novel multi-level learning analytics framework for modeling complex learning processes across diverse entities (e.g., learners, behaviours, AI agents, and task designs). HINA integrates a set of original methods, including summative measures and a new non-parametric clustering technique, with established practices for statistical testing and interactive visualization to provide a flexible and powerful analytical toolkit. In this paper, we first detail the theoretical and mathematical foundations of HINA for individual, dyadic, and meso-level analysis. We then demonstrate HINA's utility through a case study on AI-mediated small-group collaborative learning, revealing students' interaction profiles with peers versus AI; distinct engagement patterns that emerge from these interactions; and specific types of learning behaviors (e.g., asking questions, planning) directed to AI versus peers. By transforming process data into Heterogeneous Interaction Networks (HINs), HINA introduces a new paradigm for modeling learning processes and provides the dedicated, multi-level analytical methods required to extract meaning from them. It thereby moves beyond a single process data type to quantify and visualize how different elements in a learning environment interact and co-influence each other, opening new avenues for understanding complex educational dynamics. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06771 [ pdf , ps , other ] Heterogeneous Interaction Network Analysis (HINA): A New Learning Analytics Approach for Modelling, Analyzing, and Visualizing Complex Interactions in Learning Processes Authors: Shihui Feng , Baiyue He , Dragan Gasevic , Alec Kirkley Abstract : Existing learning analytics approaches, which often model learning processes as sequences of learner actions or homogeneous relationships, are limited in capturing the distributed, multi-faceted nature of interactions in contemporary learning environments. To address this, we propose Heterogeneous Interaction Network Analysis (HINA), a novel multi-level learning analytics framework for modeling co… ▽ More Existing learning analytics approaches, which often model learning processes as sequences of learner actions or homogeneous relationships, are limited in capturing the distributed, multi-faceted nature of interactions in contemporary learning environments. To address this, we propose Heterogeneous Interaction Network Analysis (HINA), a novel multi-level learning analytics framework for modeling complex learning processes across diverse entities (e.g., learners, behaviours, AI agents, and task designs). HINA integrates a set of original methods, including summative measures and a new non-parametric clustering technique, with established practices for statistical testing and interactive visualization to provide a flexible and powerful analytical toolkit. In this paper, we first detail the theoretical and mathematical foundations of HINA for individual, dyadic, and meso-level analysis. We then demonstrate HINA's utility through a case study on AI-mediated small-group collaborative learning, revealing students' interaction profiles with peers versus AI; distinct engagement patterns that emerge from these interactions; and specific types of learning behaviors (e.g., asking questions, planning) directed to AI versus peers. By transforming process data into Heterogeneous Interaction Networks (HINs), HINA introduces a new paradigm for modeling learning processes and provides the dedicated, multi-level analytical methods required to extract meaning from them. It thereby moves beyond a single process data type to quantify and visualize how different elements in a learning environment interact and co-influence each other, opening new avenues for understanding complex educational dynamics. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03757 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.NI cs.GT doi 10.1109/JIOT.2025.3637167 Incentive Mechanism Design for Resource Management in Satellite Networks: A Comprehensive Survey Authors: Nguyen Cong Luong , Zeping Sui , Duc Van Le , Jie Cao , Bo Ma , Nguyen Duc Hai , Ruichen Zhang , Vu Van Quang , Dusit Niyato , Shaohan Feng Abstract : Resource management is one of the challenges in satellite networks due to their high mobility, wide coverage, long propagation distances, and stringent constraints on energy, communication, and computation resources. Traditional resource allocation approaches rely only on hard and rigid system performance metrics. Meanwhile, incentive mechanisms, which are based on game theory and auction theory,… ▽ More Resource management is one of the challenges in satellite networks due to their high mobility, wide coverage, long propagation distances, and stringent constraints on energy, communication, and computation resources. Traditional resource allocation approaches rely only on hard and rigid system performance metrics. Meanwhile, incentive mechanisms, which are based on game theory and auction theory, investigate systems from the "economic" perspective in addition to the "system" perspective. Particularly, incentive mechanisms are able to take into account rationality and other behavior of human users into account, which guarantees benefits/utility of all system entities, thereby improving the scalability, adaptability, and fairness in resource allocation. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of incentive mechanism design for resource management in satellite networks. The paper covers key issues in the satellite networks, such as communication resource allocation, computation offloading, privacy and security, and coordination. We conclude with future research directions including learning-based mechanism design for satellite networks. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 28 pages, 8 figures, accepted by IEEE IoTJ arXiv:2601.03757 [ pdf , ps , other ] Incentive Mechanism Design for Resource Management in Satellite Networks: A Comprehensive Survey Authors: Nguyen Cong Luong , Zeping Sui , Duc Van Le , Jie Cao , Bo Ma , Nguyen Duc Hai , Ruichen Zhang , Vu Van Quang , Dusit Niyato , Shaohan Feng Abstract : Resource management is one of the challenges in satellite networks due to their high mobility, wide coverage, long propagation distances, and stringent constraints on energy, communication, and computation resources. Traditional resource allocation approaches rely only on hard and rigid system performance metrics. Meanwhile, incentive mechanisms, which are based on game theory and auction theory,… ▽ More Resource management is one of the challenges in satellite networks due to their high mobility, wide coverage, long propagation distances, and stringent constraints on energy, communication, and computation resources. Traditional resource allocation approaches rely only on hard and rigid system performance metrics. Meanwhile, incentive mechanisms, which are based on game theory and auction theory, investigate systems from the "economic" perspective in addition to the "system" perspective. Particularly, incentive mechanisms are able to take into account rationality and other behavior of human users into account, which guarantees benefits/utility of all system entities, thereby improving the scalability, adaptability, and fairness in resource allocation. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of incentive mechanism design for resource management in satellite networks. The paper covers key issues in the satellite networks, such as communication resource allocation, computation offloading, privacy and security, and coordination. We conclude with future research directions including learning-based mechanism design for satellite networks. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 28 pages, 8 figures, accepted by IEEE IoTJ arXiv:2601.03044 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO SOP: A Scalable Online Post-Training System for Vision-Language-Action Models Authors: Mingjie Pan , Siyuan Feng , Qinglin Zhang , Xinchen Li , Jianheng Song , Chendi Qu , Yi Wang , Chuankang Li , Ziyu Xiong , Zhi Chen , Yi Liu , Jianlan Luo Abstract : Vision-language-action (VLA) models achieve strong generalization through large-scale pre-training, but real-world deployment requires expert-level task proficiency in addition to broad generality. Existing post-training approaches for VLA models are typically offline, single-robot, or task-specific, limiting effective on-policy adaptation and scalable learning from real-world interaction. We intr… ▽ More Vision-language-action (VLA) models achieve strong generalization through large-scale pre-training, but real-world deployment requires expert-level task proficiency in addition to broad generality. Existing post-training approaches for VLA models are typically offline, single-robot, or task-specific, limiting effective on-policy adaptation and scalable learning from real-world interaction. We introduce a Scalable Online Post-training (SOP) system that enables online, distributed, multi-task post-training of generalist VLA models directly in the physical world. SOP tightly couples execution and learning through a closed-loop architecture in which a fleet of robots continuously streams on-policy experience and human intervention signals to a centralized cloud learner, and asynchronously receives updated policies. This design supports prompt on-policy correction, scales experience collection through parallel deployment, and preserves generality during adaptation. SOP is agnostic to the choice of post-training algorithm; we instantiate it with both interactive imitation learning (HG-DAgger) and reinforcement learning (RECAP). Across a range of real-world manipulation tasks including cloth folding, box assembly, and grocery restocking, we show that SOP substantially improves the performance of large pretrained VLA models while maintaining a single shared policy across tasks. Effective post-training can be achieved within hours of real-world interaction, and performance scales near-linearly with the number of robots in the fleet. These results suggest that tightly coupling online learning with fleet-scale deployment is instrumental to enabling efficient, reliable, and scalable post-training of generalist robot policies in the physical world. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03044 [ pdf , ps , other ] SOP: A Scalable Online Post-Training System for Vision-Language-Action Models Authors: Mingjie Pan , Siyuan Feng , Qinglin Zhang , Xinchen Li , Jianheng Song , Chendi Qu , Yi Wang , Chuankang Li , Ziyu Xiong , Zhi Chen , Yi Liu , Jianlan Luo Abstract : Vision-language-action (VLA) models achieve strong generalization through large-scale pre-training, but real-world deployment requires expert-level task proficiency in addition to broad generality. Existing post-training approaches for VLA models are typically offline, single-robot, or task-specific, limiting effective on-policy adaptation and scalable learning from real-world interaction. We intr… ▽ More Vision-language-action (VLA) models achieve strong generalization through large-scale pre-training, but real-world deployment requires expert-level task proficiency in addition to broad generality. Existing post-training approaches for VLA models are typically offline, single-robot, or task-specific, limiting effective on-policy adaptation and scalable learning from real-world interaction. We introduce a Scalable Online Post-training (SOP) system that enables online, distributed, multi-task post-training of generalist VLA models directly in the physical world. SOP tightly couples execution and learning through a closed-loop architecture in which a fleet of robots continuously streams on-policy experience and human intervention signals to a centralized cloud learner, and asynchronously receives updated policies. This design supports prompt on-policy correction, scales experience collection through parallel deployment, and preserves generality during adaptation. SOP is agnostic to the choice of post-training algorithm; we instantiate it with both interactive imitation learning (HG-DAgger) and reinforcement learning (RECAP). Across a range of real-world manipulation tasks including cloth folding, box assembly, and grocery restocking, we show that SOP substantially improves the performance of large pretrained VLA models while maintaining a single shared policy across tasks. Effective post-training can be achieved within hours of real-world interaction, and performance scales near-linearly with the number of robots in the fleet. These results suggest that tightly coupling online learning with fleet-scale deployment is instrumental to enabling efficient, reliable, and scalable post-training of generalist robot policies in the physical world. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02967 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD cs.AI eess.AS MoE Adapter for Large Audio Language Models: Sparsity, Disentanglement, and Gradient-Conflict-Free Authors: Yishu Lei , Shuwei He , Jing Hu , Dan Zhang , Xianlong Luo , Danxiang Zhu , Shikun Feng , Rui Liu , Jingzhou He , Yu Sun , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang Abstract : Extending the input modality of Large Language Models~(LLMs) to the audio domain is essential for achieving comprehensive multimodal perception. However, it is well-known that acoustic information is intrinsically \textit{heterogeneous}, entangling attributes such as speech, music, and environmental context. Existing research is limited to a dense, parameter-shared adapter to model these diverse p… ▽ More Extending the input modality of Large Language Models~(LLMs) to the audio domain is essential for achieving comprehensive multimodal perception. However, it is well-known that acoustic information is intrinsically \textit{heterogeneous}, entangling attributes such as speech, music, and environmental context. Existing research is limited to a dense, parameter-shared adapter to model these diverse patterns, which induces \textit{gradient conflict} during optimization, as parameter updates required for distinct attributes contradict each other. To address this limitation, we introduce the \textit{\textbf{MoE-Adapter}}, a sparse Mixture-of-Experts~(MoE) architecture designed to decouple acoustic information. Specifically, it employs a dynamic gating mechanism that routes audio tokens to specialized experts capturing complementary feature subspaces while retaining shared experts for global context, thereby mitigating gradient conflicts and enabling fine-grained feature learning. Comprehensive experiments show that the MoE-Adapter achieves superior performance on both audio semantic and paralinguistic tasks, consistently outperforming dense linear baselines with comparable computational costs. Furthermore, we will release the related code and models to facilitate future research. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2601.02967 [ pdf , ps , other ] MoE Adapter for Large Audio Language Models: Sparsity, Disentanglement, and Gradient-Conflict-Free Authors: Yishu Lei , Shuwei He , Jing Hu , Dan Zhang , Xianlong Luo , Danxiang Zhu , Shikun Feng , Rui Liu , Jingzhou He , Yu Sun , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang Abstract : Extending the input modality of Large Language Models~(LLMs) to the audio domain is essential for achieving comprehensive multimodal perception. However, it is well-known that acoustic information is intrinsically \textit{heterogeneous}, entangling attributes such as speech, music, and environmental context. Existing research is limited to a dense, parameter-shared adapter to model these diverse p… ▽ More Extending the input modality of Large Language Models~(LLMs) to the audio domain is essential for achieving comprehensive multimodal perception. However, it is well-known that acoustic information is intrinsically \textit{heterogeneous}, entangling attributes such as speech, music, and environmental context. Existing research is limited to a dense, parameter-shared adapter to model these diverse patterns, which induces \textit{gradient conflict} during optimization, as parameter updates required for distinct attributes contradict each other. To address this limitation, we introduce the \textit{\textbf{MoE-Adapter}}, a sparse Mixture-of-Experts~(MoE) architecture designed to decouple acoustic information. Specifically, it employs a dynamic gating mechanism that routes audio tokens to specialized experts capturing complementary feature subspaces while retaining shared experts for global context, thereby mitigating gradient conflicts and enabling fine-grained feature learning. Comprehensive experiments show that the MoE-Adapter achieves superior performance on both audio semantic and paralinguistic tasks, consistently outperforming dense linear baselines with comparable computational costs. Furthermore, we will release the related code and models to facilitate future research. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2601.01392 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD cs.CL eess.AS SAFE-QAQ: End-to-End Slow-Thinking Audio-Text Fraud Detection via Reinforcement Learning Authors: Peidong Wang , Zhiming Ma , Xin Dai , Yongkang Liu , Shi Feng , Xiaocui Yang , Wenxing Hu , Zhihao Wang , Mingjun Pan , Li Yuan , Daling Wang Abstract : Existing fraud detection methods predominantly rely on transcribed text, suffering from ASR errors and missing crucial acoustic cues like vocal tone and environmental context. This limits their effectiveness against complex deceptive strategies. To address these challenges, we first propose \textbf{SAFE-QAQ}, an end-to-end comprehensive framework for audio-based slow-thinking fraud detection. Firs… ▽ More Existing fraud detection methods predominantly rely on transcribed text, suffering from ASR errors and missing crucial acoustic cues like vocal tone and environmental context. This limits their effectiveness against complex deceptive strategies. To address these challenges, we first propose \textbf{SAFE-QAQ}, an end-to-end comprehensive framework for audio-based slow-thinking fraud detection. First, the SAFE-QAQ framework eliminates the impact of transcription errors on detection performance. Secondly, we propose rule-based slow-thinking reward mechanisms that systematically guide the system to identify fraud-indicative patterns by accurately capturing fine-grained audio details, through hierarchical reasoning processes. Besides, our framework introduces a dynamic risk assessment framework during live calls, enabling early detection and prevention of fraud. Experiments on the TeleAntiFraud-Bench demonstrate that SAFE-QAQ achieves dramatic improvements over existing methods in multiple key dimensions, including accuracy, inference efficiency, and real-time processing capabilities. Currently deployed and analyzing over 70,000 calls daily, SAFE-QAQ effectively automates complex fraud detection, reducing human workload and financial losses. Code: △ Less Submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01392 [ pdf , ps , other ] SAFE-QAQ: End-to-End Slow-Thinking Audio-Text Fraud Detection via Reinforcement Learning Authors: Peidong Wang , Zhiming Ma , Xin Dai , Yongkang Liu , Shi Feng , Xiaocui Yang , Wenxing Hu , Zhihao Wang , Mingjun Pan , Li Yuan , Daling Wang Abstract : Existing fraud detection methods predominantly rely on transcribed text, suffering from ASR errors and missing crucial acoustic cues like vocal tone and environmental context. This limits their effectiveness against complex deceptive strategies. To address these challenges, we first propose \textbf{SAFE-QAQ}, an end-to-end comprehensive framework for audio-based slow-thinking fraud detection. Firs… ▽ More Existing fraud detection methods predominantly rely on transcribed text, suffering from ASR errors and missing crucial acoustic cues like vocal tone and environmental context. This limits their effectiveness against complex deceptive strategies. To address these challenges, we first propose \textbf{SAFE-QAQ}, an end-to-end comprehensive framework for audio-based slow-thinking fraud detection. First, the SAFE-QAQ framework eliminates the impact of transcription errors on detection performance. Secondly, we propose rule-based slow-thinking reward mechanisms that systematically guide the system to identify fraud-indicative patterns by accurately capturing fine-grained audio details, through hierarchical reasoning processes. Besides, our framework introduces a dynamic risk assessment framework during live calls, enabling early detection and prevention of fraud. Experiments on the TeleAntiFraud-Bench demonstrate that SAFE-QAQ achieves dramatic improvements over existing methods in multiple key dimensions, including accuracy, inference efficiency, and real-time processing capabilities. Currently deployed and analyzing over 70,000 calls daily, SAFE-QAQ effectively automates complex fraud detection, reducing human workload and financial losses. Code: △ Less Submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2512.24189 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.MA SCP: Accelerating Discovery with a Global Web of Autonomous Scientific Agents Authors: Yankai Jiang , Wenjie Lou , Lilong Wang , Zhenyu Tang , Shiyang Feng , Jiaxuan Lu , Haoran Sun , Yaning Pan , Shuang Gu , Haoyang Su , Feng Liu , Wangxu Wei , Pan Tan , Dongzhan Zhou , Fenghua Ling , Cheng Tan , Bo Zhang , Xiaosong Wang , Lei Bai , Bowen Zhou Abstract : We introduce SCP: the Science Context Protocol, an open-source standard designed to accelerate discovery by enabling a global network of autonomous scientific agents. SCP is built on two foundational pillars: (1) Unified Resource Integration: At its core, SCP provides a universal specification for describing and invoking scientific resources, spanning software tools, models, datasets, and physical… ▽ More We introduce SCP: the Science Context Protocol, an open-source standard designed to accelerate discovery by enabling a global network of autonomous scientific agents. SCP is built on two foundational pillars: (1) Unified Resource Integration: At its core, SCP provides a universal specification for describing and invoking scientific resources, spanning software tools, models, datasets, and physical instruments. This protocol-level standardization enables AI agents and applications to discover, call, and compose capabilities seamlessly across disparate platforms and institutional boundaries. (2) Orchestrated Experiment Lifecycle Management: SCP complements the protocol with a secure service architecture, which comprises a centralized SCP Hub and federated SCP Servers. This architecture manages the complete experiment lifecycle (registration, planning, execution, monitoring, and archival), enforces fine-grained authentication and authorization, and orchestrates traceable, end-to-end workflows that bridge computational and physical laboratories. Based on SCP, we have constructed a scientific discovery platform that offers researchers and agents a large-scale ecosystem of more than 1,600 tool resources. Across diverse use cases, SCP facilitates secure, large-scale collaboration between heterogeneous AI systems and human researchers while significantly reducing integration overhead and enhancing reproducibility. By standardizing scientific context and tool orchestration at the protocol level, SCP establishes essential infrastructure for scalable, multi-institution, agent-driven science. △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.24189 [ pdf , ps , other ] SCP: Accelerating Discovery with a Global Web of Autonomous Scientific Agents Authors: Yankai Jiang , Wenjie Lou , Lilong Wang , Zhenyu Tang , Shiyang Feng , Jiaxuan Lu , Haoran Sun , Yaning Pan , Shuang Gu , Haoyang Su , Feng Liu , Wangxu Wei , Pan Tan , Dongzhan Zhou , Fenghua Ling , Cheng Tan , Bo Zhang , Xiaosong Wang , Lei Bai , Bowen Zhou Abstract : We introduce SCP: the Science Context Protocol, an open-source standard designed to accelerate discovery by enabling a global network of autonomous scientific agents. SCP is built on two foundational pillars: (1) Unified Resource Integration: At its core, SCP provides a universal specification for describing and invoking scientific resources, spanning software tools, models, datasets, and physical… ▽ More We introduce SCP: the Science Context Protocol, an open-source standard designed to accelerate discovery by enabling a global network of autonomous scientific agents. SCP is built on two foundational pillars: (1) Unified Resource Integration: At its core, SCP provides a universal specification for describing and invoking scientific resources, spanning software tools, models, datasets, and physical instruments. This protocol-level standardization enables AI agents and applications to discover, call, and compose capabilities seamlessly across disparate platforms and institutional boundaries. (2) Orchestrated Experiment Lifecycle Management: SCP complements the protocol with a secure service architecture, which comprises a centralized SCP Hub and federated SCP Servers. This architecture manages the complete experiment lifecycle (registration, planning, execution, monitoring, and archival), enforces fine-grained authentication and authorization, and orchestrates traceable, end-to-end workflows that bridge computational and physical laboratories. Based on SCP, we have constructed a scientific discovery platform that offers researchers and agents a large-scale ecosystem of more than 1,600 tool resources. Across diverse use cases, SCP facilitates secure, large-scale collaboration between heterogeneous AI systems and human researchers while significantly reducing integration overhead and enhancing reproducibility. By standardizing scientific context and tool orchestration at the protocol level, SCP establishes essential infrastructure for scalable, multi-institution, agent-driven science. △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23244 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI ViLaCD-R1: A Vision-Language Framework for Semantic Change Detection in Remote Sensing Authors: Xingwei Ma , Shiyang Feng , Bo Zhang , Bin Wang Abstract : Remote sensing change detection (RSCD), a complex multi-image inference task, traditionally uses pixel-based operators or encoder-decoder networks that inadequately capture high-level semantics and are vulnerable to non-semantic perturbations. Although recent multimodal and vision-language model (VLM)-based approaches enhance semantic understanding of change regions by incorporating textual descri… ▽ More Remote sensing change detection (RSCD), a complex multi-image inference task, traditionally uses pixel-based operators or encoder-decoder networks that inadequately capture high-level semantics and are vulnerable to non-semantic perturbations. Although recent multimodal and vision-language model (VLM)-based approaches enhance semantic understanding of change regions by incorporating textual descriptions, they still suffer from challenges such as inaccurate spatial localization, imprecise pixel-level boundary delineation, and limited interpretability. To address these issues, we propose ViLaCD-R1, a two-stage framework comprising a Multi-Image Reasoner (MIR) and a Mask-Guided Decoder (MGD). Specifically, the VLM is trained through supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and reinforcement learning (RL) on block-level dual-temporal inference tasks, taking dual-temporal image patches as input and outputting a coarse change mask. Then, the decoder integrates dual-temporal image features with this coarse mask to predict a precise binary change map. Comprehensive evaluations on multiple RSCD benchmarks demonstrate that ViLaCD-R1 substantially improves true semantic change recognition and localization, robustly suppresses non-semantic variations, and achieves state-of-the-art accuracy in complex real-world scenarios. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23244 [ pdf , ps , other ] ViLaCD-R1: A Vision-Language Framework for Semantic Change Detection in Remote Sensing Authors: Xingwei Ma , Shiyang Feng , Bo Zhang , Bin Wang Abstract : Remote sensing change detection (RSCD), a complex multi-image inference task, traditionally uses pixel-based operators or encoder-decoder networks that inadequately capture high-level semantics and are vulnerable to non-semantic perturbations. Although recent multimodal and vision-language model (VLM)-based approaches enhance semantic understanding of change regions by incorporating textual descri… ▽ More Remote sensing change detection (RSCD), a complex multi-image inference task, traditionally uses pixel-based operators or encoder-decoder networks that inadequately capture high-level semantics and are vulnerable to non-semantic perturbations. Although recent multimodal and vision-language model (VLM)-based approaches enhance semantic understanding of change regions by incorporating textual descriptions, they still suffer from challenges such as inaccurate spatial localization, imprecise pixel-level boundary delineation, and limited interpretability. To address these issues, we propose ViLaCD-R1, a two-stage framework comprising a Multi-Image Reasoner (MIR) and a Mask-Guided Decoder (MGD). Specifically, the VLM is trained through supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and reinforcement learning (RL) on block-level dual-temporal inference tasks, taking dual-temporal image patches as input and outputting a coarse change mask. Then, the decoder integrates dual-temporal image features with this coarse mask to predict a precise binary change map. Comprehensive evaluations on multiple RSCD benchmarks demonstrate that ViLaCD-R1 substantially improves true semantic change recognition and localization, robustly suppresses non-semantic variations, and achieves state-of-the-art accuracy in complex real-world scenarios. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.22201 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Emergent Persuasion: Will LLMs Persuade Without Being Prompted? Authors: Vincent Chang , Thee Ho , Sunishchal Dev , Kevin Zhu , Shi Feng , Kellin Pelrine , Matthew Kowal Abstract : With the wide-scale adoption of conversational AI systems, AI are now able to exert unprecedented influence on human opinion and beliefs. Recent work has shown that many Large Language Models (LLMs) comply with requests to persuade users into harmful beliefs or actions when prompted and that model persuasiveness increases with model scale. However, this prior work looked at persuasion from the thr… ▽ More With the wide-scale adoption of conversational AI systems, AI are now able to exert unprecedented influence on human opinion and beliefs. Recent work has shown that many Large Language Models (LLMs) comply with requests to persuade users into harmful beliefs or actions when prompted and that model persuasiveness increases with model scale. However, this prior work looked at persuasion from the threat model of $\textit{misuse}$ (i.e., a bad actor asking an LLM to persuade). In this paper, we instead aim to answer the following question: Under what circumstances would models persuade $\textit{without being explicitly prompted}$, which would shape how concerned we should be about such emergent persuasion risks. To achieve this, we study unprompted persuasion under two scenarios: (i) when the model is steered (through internal activation steering) along persona traits, and (ii) when the model is supervised-finetuned (SFT) to exhibit the same traits. We showed that steering towards traits, both related to persuasion and unrelated, does not reliably increase models' tendency to persuade unprompted, however, SFT does. Moreover, SFT on general persuasion datasets containing solely benign topics admits a model that has a higher propensity to persuade on controversial and harmful topics--showing that emergent harmful persuasion can arise and should be studied further. △ Less Submitted 20 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: This paper was accepted to AAAI 2026 AIGOV Workshop arXiv:2512.22201 [ pdf , ps , other ] Emergent Persuasion: Will LLMs Persuade Without Being Prompted? Authors: Vincent Chang , Thee Ho , Sunishchal Dev , Kevin Zhu , Shi Feng , Kellin Pelrine , Matthew Kowal Abstract : With the wide-scale adoption of conversational AI systems, AI are now able to exert unprecedented influence on human opinion and beliefs. Recent work has shown that many Large Language Models (LLMs) comply with requests to persuade users into harmful beliefs or actions when prompted and that model persuasiveness increases with model scale. However, this prior work looked at persuasion from the thr… ▽ More With the wide-scale adoption of conversational AI systems, AI are now able to exert unprecedented influence on human opinion and beliefs. Recent work has shown that many Large Language Models (LLMs) comply with requests to persuade users into harmful beliefs or actions when prompted and that model persuasiveness increases with model scale. However, this prior work looked at persuasion from the threat model of $\textit{misuse}$ (i.e., a bad actor asking an LLM to persuade). In this paper, we instead aim to answer the following question: Under what circumstances would models persuade $\textit{without being explicitly prompted}$, which would shape how concerned we should be about such emergent persuasion risks. To achieve this, we study unprompted persuasion under two scenarios: (i) when the model is steered (through internal activation steering) along persona traits, and (ii) when the model is supervised-finetuned (SFT) to exhibit the same traits. We showed that steering towards traits, both related to persuasion and unrelated, does not reliably increase models' tendency to persuade unprompted, however, SFT does. Moreover, SFT on general persuasion datasets containing solely benign topics admits a model that has a higher propensity to persuade on controversial and harmful topics--showing that emergent harmful persuasion can arise and should be studied further. △ Less Submitted 20 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: This paper was accepted to AAAI 2026 AIGOV Workshop arXiv:2512.21577 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.LG stat.ML A Unified Definition of Hallucination, Or: It's the World Model, Stupid Authors: Emmy Liu , Varun Gangal , Chelsea Zou , Xiaoqi Huang , Michael Yu , Alex Chang , Zhuofu Tao , Sachin Kumar , Steven Y. Feng Abstract : Despite numerous attempts to solve the issue of hallucination since the inception of neural language models, it remains a problem in even frontier large language models today. Why is this the case? We walk through definitions of hallucination used in the literature from a historical perspective up to the current day, and fold them into a single definition of hallucination, wherein different prior… ▽ More Despite numerous attempts to solve the issue of hallucination since the inception of neural language models, it remains a problem in even frontier large language models today. Why is this the case? We walk through definitions of hallucination used in the literature from a historical perspective up to the current day, and fold them into a single definition of hallucination, wherein different prior definitions focus on different aspects of our definition. At its core, we argue that hallucination is simply inaccurate (internal) world modeling, in a form where it is observable to the user (e.g., stating a fact which contradicts a knowledge base, or producing a summary which contradicts a known source). By varying the reference world model as well as the knowledge conflict policy (e.g., knowledge base vs. in-context), we arrive at the different existing definitions of hallucination present in the literature. We argue that this unified view is useful because it forces evaluations to make clear their assumed "world" or source of truth, clarifies what should and should not be called hallucination (as opposed to planning or reward/incentive-related errors), and provides a common language to compare benchmarks and mitigation techniques. Building on this definition, we outline plans for a family of benchmarks in which hallucinations are defined as mismatches with synthetic but fully specified world models in different environments, and sketch out how these benchmarks can use such settings to stress-test and improve the world modeling components of language models. △ Less Submitted 25 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.21577 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Unified Definition of Hallucination, Or: It's the World Model, Stupid Authors: Emmy Liu , Varun Gangal , Chelsea Zou , Xiaoqi Huang , Michael Yu , Alex Chang , Zhuofu Tao , Sachin Kumar , Steven Y. Feng Abstract : Despite numerous attempts to solve the issue of hallucination since the inception of neural language models, it remains a problem in even frontier large language models today. Why is this the case? We walk through definitions of hallucination used in the literature from a historical perspective up to the current day, and fold them into a single definition of hallucination, wherein different prior… ▽ More Despite numerous attempts to solve the issue of hallucination since the inception of neural language models, it remains a problem in even frontier large language models today. Why is this the case? We walk through definitions of hallucination used in the literature from a historical perspective up to the current day, and fold them into a single definition of hallucination, wherein different prior definitions focus on different aspects of our definition. At its core, we argue that hallucination is simply inaccurate (internal) world modeling, in a form where it is observable to the user (e.g., stating a fact which contradicts a knowledge base, or producing a summary which contradicts a known source). By varying the reference world model as well as the knowledge conflict policy (e.g., knowledge base vs. in-context), we arrive at the different existing definitions of hallucination present in the literature. We argue that this unified view is useful because it forces evaluations to make clear their assumed "world" or source of truth, clarifies what should and should not be called hallucination (as opposed to planning or reward/incentive-related errors), and provides a common language to compare benchmarks and mitigation techniques. Building on this definition, we outline plans for a family of benchmarks in which hallucinations are defined as mismatches with synthetic but fully specified world models in different environments, and sketch out how these benchmarks can use such settings to stress-test and improve the world modeling components of language models. △ Less Submitted 25 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.19130 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.MM D$^{2}$Stream: Decoupled Dual-Stream Temporal-Speaker Interaction for Audio-Visual Speaker Detection Authors: Junhao Xiao , Shun Feng , Zhiyu Wu , Jianjun Li , Zhiyuan Ma , Yi Chen Abstract : Audio-visual speaker detection aims to identify the active speaker in videos by leveraging complementary audio and visual cues. Existing methods often suffer from computational inefficiency or suboptimal performance due to joint modeling of temporal and speaker interactions. We propose D$^{2}$Stream, a decoupled dual-stream framework that separates cross-frame temporal modeling from within-frame s… ▽ More Audio-visual speaker detection aims to identify the active speaker in videos by leveraging complementary audio and visual cues. Existing methods often suffer from computational inefficiency or suboptimal performance due to joint modeling of temporal and speaker interactions. We propose D$^{2}$Stream, a decoupled dual-stream framework that separates cross-frame temporal modeling from within-frame speaker discrimination. Audio and visual features are first aligned via cross-modal attention, then fed into two lightweight streams: a Temporal Interaction Stream captures long-range temporal dependencies, while a Speaker Interaction Stream models per-frame inter-person relationships. The temporal and relational features extracted by the two streams interact via cross-attention to enrich representations. A lightweight Voice Gate module further mitigates false positives from non-speech facial movements. On AVA-ActiveSpeaker, D$^{2}$Stream achieves a new state-of-the-art at 95.6% mAP, with 80% reduction in computation compared to GNN-based models and 30% fewer parameters than attention-based alternatives, while also generalizing well on Columbia ASD. Source code is available at △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.19130 [ pdf , ps , other ] D$^{2}$Stream: Decoupled Dual-Stream Temporal-Speaker Interaction for Audio-Visual Speaker Detection Authors: Junhao Xiao , Shun Feng , Zhiyu Wu , Jianjun Li , Zhiyuan Ma , Yi Chen Abstract : Audio-visual speaker detection aims to identify the active speaker in videos by leveraging complementary audio and visual cues. Existing methods often suffer from computational inefficiency or suboptimal performance due to joint modeling of temporal and speaker interactions. We propose D$^{2}$Stream, a decoupled dual-stream framework that separates cross-frame temporal modeling from within-frame s… ▽ More Audio-visual speaker detection aims to identify the active speaker in videos by leveraging complementary audio and visual cues. Existing methods often suffer from computational inefficiency or suboptimal performance due to joint modeling of temporal and speaker interactions. We propose D$^{2}$Stream, a decoupled dual-stream framework that separates cross-frame temporal modeling from within-frame speaker discrimination. Audio and visual features are first aligned via cross-modal attention, then fed into two lightweight streams: a Temporal Interaction Stream captures long-range temporal dependencies, while a Speaker Interaction Stream models per-frame inter-person relationships. The temporal and relational features extracted by the two streams interact via cross-attention to enrich representations. A lightweight Voice Gate module further mitigates false positives from non-speech facial movements. On AVA-ActiveSpeaker, D$^{2}$Stream achieves a new state-of-the-art at 95.6% mAP, with 80% reduction in computation compared to GNN-based models and 30% fewer parameters than attention-based alternatives, while also generalizing well on Columbia ASD. Source code is available at △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.18268 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO cs.CG On The Computational Complexity of Minimum Aerial Photographs for Planar Region Coverage Authors: Si Wei Feng Abstract : With the popularity of drone technologies, aerial photography has become prevalent in many daily scenarios such as environment monitoring, structure inspection, law enforcement etc. A central challenge in this domain is the efficient coverage of a target area with photographs that can entirely capture the region, while respecting constraints such as the image resolution, and limited number of pict… ▽ More With the popularity of drone technologies, aerial photography has become prevalent in many daily scenarios such as environment monitoring, structure inspection, law enforcement etc. A central challenge in this domain is the efficient coverage of a target area with photographs that can entirely capture the region, while respecting constraints such as the image resolution, and limited number of pictures that can be taken. This work investigates the computational complexity of covering a simple planar polygon using squares and circles. Specifically, it shows inapproximability gaps of $1.165$ (for squares) and $1.25$ (for restricted square centers) and develops a $2.828$-optimal approximation algorithm, demonstrating that these problems are computationally intractable to approximate. The intuitions of this work can extend beyond aerial photography to broader applications such as pesticide spraying and strategic sensor placement. △ Less Submitted 27 December, 2025; v1 submitted 20 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.18268 [ pdf , ps , other ] On The Computational Complexity of Minimum Aerial Photographs for Planar Region Coverage Authors: Si Wei Feng Abstract : With the popularity of drone technologies, aerial photography has become prevalent in many daily scenarios such as environment monitoring, structure inspection, law enforcement etc. A central challenge in this domain is the efficient coverage of a target area with photographs that can entirely capture the region, while respecting constraints such as the image resolution, and limited number of pict… ▽ More With the popularity of drone technologies, aerial photography has become prevalent in many daily scenarios such as environment monitoring, structure inspection, law enforcement etc. A central challenge in this domain is the efficient coverage of a target area with photographs that can entirely capture the region, while respecting constraints such as the image resolution, and limited number of pictures that can be taken. This work investigates the computational complexity of covering a simple planar polygon using squares and circles. Specifically, it shows inapproximability gaps of $1.165$ (for squares) and $1.25$ (for restricted square centers) and develops a $2.828$-optimal approximation algorithm, demonstrating that these problems are computationally intractable to approximate. The intuitions of this work can extend beyond aerial photography to broader applications such as pesticide spraying and strategic sensor placement. △ Less Submitted 27 December, 2025; v1 submitted 20 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.14946 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.OS cs.AI cs.LG EVICPRESS: Joint KV-Cache Compression and Eviction for Efficient LLM Serving Authors: Shaoting Feng , Yuhan Liu , Hanchen Li , Xiaokun Chen , Samuel Shen , Kuntai Du , Zhuohan Gu , Rui Zhang , Yuyang Huang , Yihua Cheng , Jiayi Yao , Qizheng Zhang , Ganesh Ananthanarayanan , Junchen Jiang Abstract : Reusing KV cache is essential for high efficiency of Large Language Model (LLM) inference systems. With more LLM users, the KV cache footprint can easily exceed GPU memory capacity, so prior work has proposed to either evict KV cache to lower-tier storage devices, or compress KV cache so that more KV cache can be fit in the fast memory. However, prior work misses an important opportunity: jointly… ▽ More Reusing KV cache is essential for high efficiency of Large Language Model (LLM) inference systems. With more LLM users, the KV cache footprint can easily exceed GPU memory capacity, so prior work has proposed to either evict KV cache to lower-tier storage devices, or compress KV cache so that more KV cache can be fit in the fast memory. However, prior work misses an important opportunity: jointly optimizing the eviction and compression decisions across all KV caches to minimize average generation latency without hurting quality. We propose EVICPRESS, a KV-cache management system that applies lossy compression and adaptive eviction to KV cache across multiple storage tiers. Specifically, for each KV cache of a context, EVICPRESS considers the effect of compression and eviction of the KV cache on the average generation quality and delay across all contexts as a whole. To achieve this, EVICPRESS proposes a unified utility function that quantifies the effect of quality and delay of the lossy compression or eviction. To this end, EVICPRESS's profiling module periodically updates the utility function scores on all possible eviction-compression configurations for all contexts and places KV caches using a fast heuristic to rearrange KV caches on all storage tiers, with the goal of maximizing the utility function scores on each storage tier. Compared to the baselines that evict KV cache or compress KV cache, EVICPRESS achieves higher KV-cache hit rates on fast devices, i.e., lower delay, while preserving high generation quality by applying conservative compression to contexts that are sensitive to compression errors. Evaluation on 12 datasets and 5 models demonstrates that EVICPRESS achieves up to 2.19x faster time-to-first-token (TTFT) at equivalent generation quality. △ Less Submitted 16 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.14946 [ pdf , ps , other ] EVICPRESS: Joint KV-Cache Compression and Eviction for Efficient LLM Serving Authors: Shaoting Feng , Yuhan Liu , Hanchen Li , Xiaokun Chen , Samuel Shen , Kuntai Du , Zhuohan Gu , Rui Zhang , Yuyang Huang , Yihua Cheng , Jiayi Yao , Qizheng Zhang , Ganesh Ananthanarayanan , Junchen Jiang Abstract : Reusing KV cache is essential for high efficiency of Large Language Model (LLM) inference systems. With more LLM users, the KV cache footprint can easily exceed GPU memory capacity, so prior work has proposed to either evict KV cache to lower-tier storage devices, or compress KV cache so that more KV cache can be fit in the fast memory. However, prior work misses an important opportunity: jointly… ▽ More Reusing KV cache is essential for high efficiency of Large Language Model (LLM) inference systems. With more LLM users, the KV cache footprint can easily exceed GPU memory capacity, so prior work has proposed to either evict KV cache to lower-tier storage devices, or compress KV cache so that more KV cache can be fit in the fast memory. However, prior work misses an important opportunity: jointly optimizing the eviction and compression decisions across all KV caches to minimize average generation latency without hurting quality. We propose EVICPRESS, a KV-cache management system that applies lossy compression and adaptive eviction to KV cache across multiple storage tiers. Specifically, for each KV cache of a context, EVICPRESS considers the effect of compression and eviction of the KV cache on the average generation quality and delay across all contexts as a whole. To achieve this, EVICPRESS proposes a unified utility function that quantifies the effect of quality and delay of the lossy compression or eviction. To this end, EVICPRESS's profiling module periodically updates the utility function scores on all possible eviction-compression configurations for all contexts and places KV caches using a fast heuristic to rearrange KV caches on all storage tiers, with the goal of maximizing the utility function scores on each storage tier. Compared to the baselines that evict KV cache or compress KV cache, EVICPRESS achieves higher KV-cache hit rates on fast devices, i.e., lower delay, while preserving high generation quality by applying conservative compression to contexts that are sensitive to compression errors. Evaluation on 12 datasets and 5 models demonstrates that EVICPRESS achieves up to 2.19x faster time-to-first-token (TTFT) at equivalent generation quality. △ Less Submitted 16 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.12978 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IR Do Reviews Matter for Recommendations in the Era of Large Language Models? Authors: Chee Heng Tan , Huiying Zheng , Jing Wang , Zhuoyi Lin , Shaodi Feng , Huijing Zhan , Xiaoli Li , J. Senthilnath Abstract : With the advent of large language models (LLMs), the landscape of recommender systems is undergoing a significant transformation. Traditionally, user reviews have served as a critical source of rich, contextual information for enhancing recommendation quality. However, as LLMs demonstrate an unprecedented ability to understand and generate human-like text, this raises the question of whether expli… ▽ More With the advent of large language models (LLMs), the landscape of recommender systems is undergoing a significant transformation. Traditionally, user reviews have served as a critical source of rich, contextual information for enhancing recommendation quality. However, as LLMs demonstrate an unprecedented ability to understand and generate human-like text, this raises the question of whether explicit user reviews remain essential in the era of LLMs. In this paper, we provide a systematic investigation of the evolving role of text reviews in recommendation by comparing deep learning methods and LLM approaches. Particularly, we conduct extensive experiments on eight public datasets with LLMs and evaluate their performance in zero-shot, few-shot, and fine-tuning scenarios. We further introduce a benchmarking evaluation framework for review-aware recommender systems, RAREval, to comprehensively assess the contribution of textual reviews to the recommendation performance of review-aware recommender systems. Our framework examines various scenarios, including the removal of some or all textual reviews, random distortion, as well as recommendation performance in data sparsity and cold-start user settings. Our findings demonstrate that LLMs are capable of functioning as effective review-aware recommendation engines, generally outperforming traditional deep learning approaches, particularly in scenarios characterized by data sparsity and cold-start conditions. In addition, the removal of some or all textual reviews and random distortion does not necessarily lead to declines in recommendation accuracy. These findings motivate a rethinking of how user preference from text reviews can be more effectively leveraged. All code and supplementary materials are available at: △ Less Submitted 14 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 11 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables arXiv:2512.12978 [ pdf , ps , other ] Do Reviews Matter for Recommendations in the Era of Large Language Models? Authors: Chee Heng Tan , Huiying Zheng , Jing Wang , Zhuoyi Lin , Shaodi Feng , Huijing Zhan , Xiaoli Li , J. Senthilnath Abstract : With the advent of large language models (LLMs), the landscape of recommender systems is undergoing a significant transformation. Traditionally, user reviews have served as a critical source of rich, contextual information for enhancing recommendation quality. However, as LLMs demonstrate an unprecedented ability to understand and generate human-like text, this raises the question of whether expli… ▽ More With the advent of large language models (LLMs), the landscape of recommender systems is undergoing a significant transformation. Traditionally, user reviews have served as a critical source of rich, contextual information for enhancing recommendation quality. However, as LLMs demonstrate an unprecedented ability to understand and generate human-like text, this raises the question of whether explicit user reviews remain essential in the era of LLMs. In this paper, we provide a systematic investigation of the evolving role of text reviews in recommendation by comparing deep learning methods and LLM approaches. Particularly, we conduct extensive experiments on eight public datasets with LLMs and evaluate their performance in zero-shot, few-shot, and fine-tuning scenarios. We further introduce a benchmarking evaluation framework for review-aware recommender systems, RAREval, to comprehensively assess the contribution of textual reviews to the recommendation performance of review-aware recommender systems. Our framework examines various scenarios, including the removal of some or all textual reviews, random distortion, as well as recommendation performance in data sparsity and cold-start user settings. Our findings demonstrate that LLMs are capable of functioning as effective review-aware recommendation engines, generally outperforming traditional deep learning approaches, particularly in scenarios characterized by data sparsity and cold-start conditions. In addition, the removal of some or all textual reviews and random distortion does not necessarily lead to declines in recommendation accuracy. These findings motivate a rethinking of how user preference from text reviews can be more effectively leveraged. All code and supplementary materials are available at: △ Less Submitted 14 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 11 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables arXiv:2512.11545 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD cs.AI doi 10.1109/JOE.2025.3619314 Graph Embedding with Mel-spectrograms for Underwater Acoustic Target Recognition Authors: Sheng Feng , Shuqing Ma , Xiaoqian Zhu Abstract : Underwater acoustic target recognition (UATR) is extremely challenging due to the complexity of ship-radiated noise and the variability of ocean environments. Although deep learning (DL) approaches have achieved promising results, most existing models implicitly assume that underwater acoustic data lie in a Euclidean space. This assumption, however, is unsuitable for the inherently complex topolog… ▽ More Underwater acoustic target recognition (UATR) is extremely challenging due to the complexity of ship-radiated noise and the variability of ocean environments. Although deep learning (DL) approaches have achieved promising results, most existing models implicitly assume that underwater acoustic data lie in a Euclidean space. This assumption, however, is unsuitable for the inherently complex topology of underwater acoustic signals, which exhibit non-stationary, non-Gaussian, and nonlinear characteristics. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes the UATR-GTransformer, a non-Euclidean DL model that integrates Transformer architectures with graph neural networks (GNNs). The model comprises three key components: a Mel patchify block, a GTransformer block, and a classification head. The Mel patchify block partitions the Mel-spectrogram into overlapping patches, while the GTransformer block employs a Transformer Encoder to capture mutual information between split patches to generate Mel-graph embeddings. Subsequently, a GNN enhances these embeddings by modeling local neighborhood relationships, and a feed-forward network (FFN) further performs feature transformation. Experiments results based on two widely used benchmark datasets demonstrate that the UATR-GTransformer achieves performance competitive with state-of-the-art methods. In addition, interpretability analysis reveals that the proposed model effectively extracts rich frequency-domain information, highlighting its potential for applications in ocean engineering. △ Less Submitted 12 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.11545 [ pdf , ps , other ] Graph Embedding with Mel-spectrograms for Underwater Acoustic Target Recognition Authors: Sheng Feng , Shuqing Ma , Xiaoqian Zhu Abstract : Underwater acoustic target recognition (UATR) is extremely challenging due to the complexity of ship-radiated noise and the variability of ocean environments. Although deep learning (DL) approaches have achieved promising results, most existing models implicitly assume that underwater acoustic data lie in a Euclidean space. This assumption, however, is unsuitable for the inherently complex topolog… ▽ More Underwater acoustic target recognition (UATR) is extremely challenging due to the complexity of ship-radiated noise and the variability of ocean environments. Although deep learning (DL) approaches have achieved promising results, most existing models implicitly assume that underwater acoustic data lie in a Euclidean space. This assumption, however, is unsuitable for the inherently complex topology of underwater acoustic signals, which exhibit non-stationary, non-Gaussian, and nonlinear characteristics. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes the UATR-GTransformer, a non-Euclidean DL model that integrates Transformer architectures with graph neural networks (GNNs). The model comprises three key components: a Mel patchify block, a GTransformer block, and a classification head. The Mel patchify block partitions the Mel-spectrogram into overlapping patches, while the GTransformer block employs a Transformer Encoder to capture mutual information between split patches to generate Mel-graph embeddings. Subsequently, a GNN enhances these embeddings by modeling local neighborhood relationships, and a feed-forward network (FFN) further performs feature transformation. Experiments results based on two widely used benchmark datasets demonstrate that the UATR-GTransformer achieves performance competitive with state-of-the-art methods. In addition, interpretability analysis reveals that the proposed model effectively extracts rich frequency-domain information, highlighting its potential for applications in ocean engineering. △ Less Submitted 12 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.09847 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV From Detection to Anticipation: Online Understanding of Struggles across Various Tasks and Activities Authors: Shijia Feng , Michael Wray , Walterio Mayol-Cuevas Abstract : Understanding human skill performance is essential for intelligent assistive systems, with struggle recognition offering a natural cue for identifying user difficulties. While prior work focuses on offline struggle classification and localization, real-time applications require models capable of detecting and anticipating struggle online. We reformulate struggle localization as an online detection… ▽ More Understanding human skill performance is essential for intelligent assistive systems, with struggle recognition offering a natural cue for identifying user difficulties. While prior work focuses on offline struggle classification and localization, real-time applications require models capable of detecting and anticipating struggle online. We reformulate struggle localization as an online detection task and further extend it to anticipation, predicting struggle moments before they occur. We adapt two off-the-shelf models as baselines for online struggle detection and anticipation. Online struggle detection achieves 70-80% per-frame mAP, while struggle anticipation up to 2 seconds ahead yields comparable performance with slight drops. We further examine generalization across tasks and activities and analyse the impact of skill evolution. Despite larger domain gaps in activity-level generalization, models still outperform random baselines by 4-20%. Our feature-based models run at up to 143 FPS, and the whole pipeline, including feature extraction, operates at around 20 FPS, sufficient for real-time assistive applications. △ Less Submitted 10 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Accepted by WACV 2026 arXiv:2512.09847 [ pdf , ps , other ] From Detection to Anticipation: Online Understanding of Struggles across Various Tasks and Activities Authors: Shijia Feng , Michael Wray , Walterio Mayol-Cuevas Abstract : Understanding human skill performance is essential for intelligent assistive systems, with struggle recognition offering a natural cue for identifying user difficulties. While prior work focuses on offline struggle classification and localization, real-time applications require models capable of detecting and anticipating struggle online. We reformulate struggle localization as an online detection… ▽ More Understanding human skill performance is essential for intelligent assistive systems, with struggle recognition offering a natural cue for identifying user difficulties. While prior work focuses on offline struggle classification and localization, real-time applications require models capable of detecting and anticipating struggle online. We reformulate struggle localization as an online detection task and further extend it to anticipation, predicting struggle moments before they occur. We adapt two off-the-shelf models as baselines for online struggle detection and anticipation. Online struggle detection achieves 70-80% per-frame mAP, while struggle anticipation up to 2 seconds ahead yields comparable performance with slight drops. We further examine generalization across tasks and activities and analyse the impact of skill evolution. Despite larger domain gaps in activity-level generalization, models still outperform random baselines by 4-20%. Our feature-based models run at up to 143 FPS, and the whole pipeline, including feature extraction, operates at around 20 FPS, sufficient for real-time assistive applications. △ Less Submitted 10 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Accepted by WACV 2026 arXiv:2512.07874 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG Controllable risk scenario generation from human crash data for autonomous vehicle testing Authors: Qiujing Lu , Xuanhan Wang , Runze Yuan , Wei Lu , Xinyi Gong , Shuo Feng Abstract : Ensuring the safety of autonomous vehicles (AV) requires rigorous testing under both everyday driving and rare, safety-critical conditions. A key challenge lies in simulating environment agents, including background vehicles (BVs) and vulnerable road users (VRUs), that behave realistically in nominal traffic while also exhibiting risk-prone behaviors consistent with real-world accidents. We introd… ▽ More Ensuring the safety of autonomous vehicles (AV) requires rigorous testing under both everyday driving and rare, safety-critical conditions. A key challenge lies in simulating environment agents, including background vehicles (BVs) and vulnerable road users (VRUs), that behave realistically in nominal traffic while also exhibiting risk-prone behaviors consistent with real-world accidents. We introduce Controllable Risk Agent Generation (CRAG), a framework designed to unify the modeling of dominant nominal behaviors and rare safety-critical behaviors. CRAG constructs a structured latent space that disentangles normal and risk-related behaviors, enabling efficient use of limited crash data. By combining risk-aware latent representations with optimization-based mode-transition mechanisms, the framework allows agents to shift smoothly and plausibly from safe to risk states over extended horizons, while maintaining high fidelity in both regimes. Extensive experiments show that CRAG improves diversity compared to existing baselines, while also enabling controllable generation of risk scenarios for targeted and efficient evaluation of AV robustness. △ Less Submitted 26 November, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.07874 [ pdf , ps , other ] Controllable risk scenario generation from human crash data for autonomous vehicle testing Authors: Qiujing Lu , Xuanhan Wang , Runze Yuan , Wei Lu , Xinyi Gong , Shuo Feng Abstract : Ensuring the safety of autonomous vehicles (AV) requires rigorous testing under both everyday driving and rare, safety-critical conditions. A key challenge lies in simulating environment agents, including background vehicles (BVs) and vulnerable road users (VRUs), that behave realistically in nominal traffic while also exhibiting risk-prone behaviors consistent with real-world accidents. We introd… ▽ More Ensuring the safety of autonomous vehicles (AV) requires rigorous testing under both everyday driving and rare, safety-critical conditions. A key challenge lies in simulating environment agents, including background vehicles (BVs) and vulnerable road users (VRUs), that behave realistically in nominal traffic while also exhibiting risk-prone behaviors consistent with real-world accidents. We introduce Controllable Risk Agent Generation (CRAG), a framework designed to unify the modeling of dominant nominal behaviors and rare safety-critical behaviors. CRAG constructs a structured latent space that disentangles normal and risk-related behaviors, enabling efficient use of limited crash data. By combining risk-aware latent representations with optimization-based mode-transition mechanisms, the framework allows agents to shift smoothly and plausibly from safe to risk states over extended horizons, while maintaining high fidelity in both regimes. Extensive experiments show that CRAG improves diversity compared to existing baselines, while also enabling controllable generation of risk scenarios for targeted and efficient evaluation of AV robustness. △ Less Submitted 26 November, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.06769 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI Stitch and Tell: A Structured Multimodal Data Augmentation Method for Spatial Understanding Authors: Hang Yin , Xiaomin He , PeiWen Yuan , Yiwei Li , Jiayi Shi , Wenxiao Fan , Shaoxiong Feng , Kan Li Abstract : Existing vision-language models often suffer from spatial hallucinations, i.e., generating incorrect descriptions about the relative positions of objects in an image. We argue that this problem mainly stems from the asymmetric properties between images and text. To enrich the spatial understanding ability of vision-language models, we propose a simple, annotation-free, plug-and-play method named… ▽ More Existing vision-language models often suffer from spatial hallucinations, i.e., generating incorrect descriptions about the relative positions of objects in an image. We argue that this problem mainly stems from the asymmetric properties between images and text. To enrich the spatial understanding ability of vision-language models, we propose a simple, annotation-free, plug-and-play method named $\text{Stitch and Tell}$ (abbreviated as SiTe), which injects structured spatial supervision into data. It constructs stitched image-text pairs by stitching images along a spatial axis and generating spatially-aware captions or question answer pairs based on the layout of stitched image, without relying on costly advanced models or human involvement. We evaluate SiTe across three architectures including LLaVA-v1.5-7B, LLaVA-Qwen2-1.5B and HALVA-7B, two training datasets, and eight benchmarks. Experiments show that SiTe improves spatial understanding tasks such as $\text{MME}_{\text{Position}}$ (+5.50%) and Spatial-MM (+4.19%), while maintaining or improving performance on general vision-language benchmarks including COCO-QA (+1.02%) and MMBench (+4.76%). Our findings suggest that explicitly injecting spatially-aware structure into training data offers an effective way to mitigate spatial hallucinations and improve spatial understanding, while preserving general vision-language capabilities. △ Less Submitted 7 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.06769 [ pdf , ps , other ] Stitch and Tell: A Structured Multimodal Data Augmentation Method for Spatial Understanding Authors: Hang Yin , Xiaomin He , PeiWen Yuan , Yiwei Li , Jiayi Shi , Wenxiao Fan , Shaoxiong Feng , Kan Li Abstract : Existing vision-language models often suffer from spatial hallucinations, i.e., generating incorrect descriptions about the relative positions of objects in an image. We argue that this problem mainly stems from the asymmetric properties between images and text. To enrich the spatial understanding ability of vision-language models, we propose a simple, annotation-free, plug-and-play method named… ▽ More Existing vision-language models often suffer from spatial hallucinations, i.e., generating incorrect descriptions about the relative positions of objects in an image. We argue that this problem mainly stems from the asymmetric properties between images and text. To enrich the spatial understanding ability of vision-language models, we propose a simple, annotation-free, plug-and-play method named $\text{Stitch and Tell}$ (abbreviated as SiTe), which injects structured spatial supervision into data. It constructs stitched image-text pairs by stitching images along a spatial axis and generating spatially-aware captions or question answer pairs based on the layout of stitched image, without relying on costly advanced models or human involvement. We evaluate SiTe across three architectures including LLaVA-v1.5-7B, LLaVA-Qwen2-1.5B and HALVA-7B, two training datasets, and eight benchmarks. Experiments show that SiTe improves spatial understanding tasks such as $\text{MME}_{\text{Position}}$ (+5.50%) and Spatial-MM (+4.19%), while maintaining or improving performance on general vision-language benchmarks including COCO-QA (+1.02%) and MMBench (+4.76%). Our findings suggest that explicitly injecting spatially-aware structure into training data offers an effective way to mitigate spatial hallucinations and improve spatial understanding, while preserving general vision-language capabilities. △ Less Submitted 7 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.05379 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI Mitigating Self-Preference by Authorship Obfuscation Authors: Taslim Mahbub , Shi Feng Abstract : Language models (LMs) judges are widely used to evaluate the quality of LM outputs. Despite many advantages, LM judges display concerning biases that can impair their integrity in evaluations. One such bias is self-preference: LM judges preferring their own answers over those produced by other LMs or humans. The bias is hard to eliminate as frontier LM judges can distinguish their own outputs from… ▽ More Language models (LMs) judges are widely used to evaluate the quality of LM outputs. Despite many advantages, LM judges display concerning biases that can impair their integrity in evaluations. One such bias is self-preference: LM judges preferring their own answers over those produced by other LMs or humans. The bias is hard to eliminate as frontier LM judges can distinguish their own outputs from those of others, even when the evaluation candidates are not labeled with their sources. In this paper, we investigate strategies to mitigate self-preference by reducing the LM judges' ability to recognize their own outputs. We apply black-box perturbations to evaluation candidates in pairwise comparison to obfuscate the authorship and reduce self-recognition. We find that perturbations as simple as synonym replacement for a few words predictably reduce self-preference. However, we also uncover fundamental challenges to eliminating the bias: when we extrapolate our perturbations to a more complete neutralization of stylistic differences between the evaluation candidates, self-preference recovers. Our findings suggest that self-recognition and self-preference can happen on many semantic levels, and complete mitigation remains challenging despite promising initial results. △ Less Submitted 4 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.05379 [ pdf , ps , other ] Mitigating Self-Preference by Authorship Obfuscation Authors: Taslim Mahbub , Shi Feng Abstract : Language models (LMs) judges are widely used to evaluate the quality of LM outputs. Despite many advantages, LM judges display concerning biases that can impair their integrity in evaluations. One such bias is self-preference: LM judges preferring their own answers over those produced by other LMs or humans. The bias is hard to eliminate as frontier LM judges can distinguish their own outputs from… ▽ More Language models (LMs) judges are widely used to evaluate the quality of LM outputs. Despite many advantages, LM judges display concerning biases that can impair their integrity in evaluations. One such bias is self-preference: LM judges preferring their own answers over those produced by other LMs or humans. The bias is hard to eliminate as frontier LM judges can distinguish their own outputs from those of others, even when the evaluation candidates are not labeled with their sources. In this paper, we investigate strategies to mitigate self-preference by reducing the LM judges' ability to recognize their own outputs. We apply black-box perturbations to evaluation candidates in pairwise comparison to obfuscate the authorship and reduce self-recognition. We find that perturbations as simple as synonym replacement for a few words predictably reduce self-preference. However, we also uncover fundamental challenges to eliminating the bias: when we extrapolate our perturbations to a more complete neutralization of stylistic differences between the evaluation candidates, self-preference recovers. Our findings suggest that self-recognition and self-preference can happen on many semantic levels, and complete mitigation remains challenging despite promising initial results. △ Less Submitted 4 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.04987 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Nex-N1: Agentic Models Trained via a Unified Ecosystem for Large-Scale Environment Construction Authors: Nex-AGI Team , : , Yuxuan Cai , Lu Chen , Qiaoling Chen , Yuyang Ding , Liwen Fan , Wenjie Fu , Yufei Gao , Honglin Guo , Pinxue Guo , Zhenhua Han , Zhengfu He , Hanglei Hu , Kai Hu , Shengjia Hua , Tianyu Huai , Baodai Huang , Li Ji , Zhen Jiang , Zhikai Lei , Bufan Li , Jiahang Lin , Lizhi Lin , Jinxiu Liu , et al. (41 additional authors not shown) Abstract : The evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) from passive responders to autonomous agents necessitates a fundamental shift in learning paradigms -- from static imitation to incentive-driven decision making. However, this transition is significantly impeded by the lack of scalable infrastructure capable of constructing high-quality interaction signals for effective policy learning. To address this… ▽ More The evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) from passive responders to autonomous agents necessitates a fundamental shift in learning paradigms -- from static imitation to incentive-driven decision making. However, this transition is significantly impeded by the lack of scalable infrastructure capable of constructing high-quality interaction signals for effective policy learning. To address this, we introduce a comprehensive method designed to systematically scale the diversity and complexity of interactive environments. Our method realizes this scaling by addressing three orthogonal dimensions: (1) Complexity: NexAU, a flexible agent framework that supports building complex agent hierarchies via simple configurations; (2) Diversity: NexA4A automatically generates diverse agent hierarchies from natural language to cover infinite domains; and (3) Fidelity: NexGAP bridges the simulation-reality gap by integrating dynamic real-world environment for grounded trajectories synthesis. We train Nex-N1 upon the diverse and complex interactive environments established by our infrastructure. Empirical results on benchmarks such as SWE-bench and tau2 demonstrate that Nex-N1 consistently outperforms SOTA open-source models and achieves competitive performance against frontier proprietary models on complex agentic tasks. We open-source the Nex ecosystem and model weights to facilitate further research. △ Less Submitted 4 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.04987 [ pdf , ps , other ] Nex-N1: Agentic Models Trained via a Unified Ecosystem for Large-Scale Environment Construction Authors: Nex-AGI Team , : , Yuxuan Cai , Lu Chen , Qiaoling Chen , Yuyang Ding , Liwen Fan , Wenjie Fu , Yufei Gao , Honglin Guo , Pinxue Guo , Zhenhua Han , Zhengfu He , Hanglei Hu , Kai Hu , Shengjia Hua , Tianyu Huai , Baodai Huang , Li Ji , Zhen Jiang , Zhikai Lei , Bufan Li , Jiahang Lin , Lizhi Lin , Jinxiu Liu , et al. (41 additional authors not shown) Abstract : The evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) from passive responders to autonomous agents necessitates a fundamental shift in learning paradigms -- from static imitation to incentive-driven decision making. However, this transition is significantly impeded by the lack of scalable infrastructure capable of constructing high-quality interaction signals for effective policy learning. To address this… ▽ More The evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) from passive responders to autonomous agents necessitates a fundamental shift in learning paradigms -- from static imitation to incentive-driven decision making. However, this transition is significantly impeded by the lack of scalable infrastructure capable of constructing high-quality interaction signals for effective policy learning. To address this, we introduce a comprehensive method designed to systematically scale the diversity and complexity of interactive environments. Our method realizes this scaling by addressing three orthogonal dimensions: (1) Complexity: NexAU, a flexible agent framework that supports building complex agent hierarchies via simple configurations; (2) Diversity: NexA4A automatically generates diverse agent hierarchies from natural language to cover infinite domains; and (3) Fidelity: NexGAP bridges the simulation-reality gap by integrating dynamic real-world environment for grounded trajectories synthesis. We train Nex-N1 upon the diverse and complex interactive environments established by our infrastructure. Empirical results on benchmarks such as SWE-bench and tau2 demonstrate that Nex-N1 consistently outperforms SOTA open-source models and achieves competitive performance against frontier proprietary models on complex agentic tasks. We open-source the Nex ecosystem and model weights to facilitate further research. △ Less Submitted 4 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.01604 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR On the Context-Hiding Property of Shamir-Based Homomorphic Secret Sharing Authors: Shuai Feng , Liang Feng Zhang Abstract : Homomorphic secret sharing (HSS) allows multiple input clients to secretly share their private inputs to a function among several servers such that each server can homomorphically compute the function over its share to produce a share of the function's output. In HSS-enabled applications such as secure multi-party computation (MPC), security requires that the output shares leak no more information… ▽ More Homomorphic secret sharing (HSS) allows multiple input clients to secretly share their private inputs to a function among several servers such that each server can homomorphically compute the function over its share to produce a share of the function's output. In HSS-enabled applications such as secure multi-party computation (MPC), security requires that the output shares leak no more information about the inputs than the function output. Such security is ensured by the context-hiding property of HSS. The typical rerandomization technique achieves context hiding but increases the share size. To address this, we formalize the context-hiding property of HSS for individual functions, examine the context-hiding property of Shamir-based HSS for monomials, and extend the study to polynomials. △ Less Submitted 1 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 2025 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory MSC Class: 94A60 ACM Class: E.4 arXiv:2512.01604 [ pdf , ps , other ] On the Context-Hiding Property of Shamir-Based Homomorphic Secret Sharing Authors: Shuai Feng , Liang Feng Zhang Abstract : Homomorphic secret sharing (HSS) allows multiple input clients to secretly share their private inputs to a function among several servers such that each server can homomorphically compute the function over its share to produce a share of the function's output. In HSS-enabled applications such as secure multi-party computation (MPC), security requires that the output shares leak no more information… ▽ More Homomorphic secret sharing (HSS) allows multiple input clients to secretly share their private inputs to a function among several servers such that each server can homomorphically compute the function over its share to produce a share of the function's output. In HSS-enabled applications such as secure multi-party computation (MPC), security requires that the output shares leak no more information about the inputs than the function output. Such security is ensured by the context-hiding property of HSS. The typical rerandomization technique achieves context hiding but increases the share size. To address this, we formalize the context-hiding property of HSS for individual functions, examine the context-hiding property of Shamir-based HSS for monomials, and extend the study to polynomials. △ Less Submitted 1 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 2025 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory MSC Class: 94A60 ACM Class: E.4 arXiv:2511.22862 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.CV Bridging Modalities via Progressive Re-alignment for Multimodal Test-Time Adaptation Authors: Jiacheng Li , Songhe Feng Abstract : Test-time adaptation (TTA) enables online model adaptation using only unlabeled test data, aiming to bridge the gap between source and target distributions. However, in multimodal scenarios, varying degrees of distribution shift across different modalities give rise to a complex coupling effect of unimodal shallow feature shift and cross-modal high-level semantic misalignment, posing a major obsta… ▽ More Test-time adaptation (TTA) enables online model adaptation using only unlabeled test data, aiming to bridge the gap between source and target distributions. However, in multimodal scenarios, varying degrees of distribution shift across different modalities give rise to a complex coupling effect of unimodal shallow feature shift and cross-modal high-level semantic misalignment, posing a major obstacle to extending existing TTA methods to the multimodal field. To address this challenge, we propose a novel multimodal test-time adaptation (MMTTA) framework, termed as Bridging Modalities via Progressive Re-alignment (BriMPR). BriMPR, consisting of two progressively enhanced modules, tackles the coupling effect with a divide-and-conquer strategy. Specifically, we first decompose MMTTA into multiple unimodal feature alignment sub-problems. By leveraging the strong function approximation ability of prompt tuning, we calibrate the unimodal global feature distributions to their respective source distributions, so as to achieve the initial semantic re-alignment across modalities. Subsequently, we assign the credible pseudo-labels to combinations of masked and complete modalities, and introduce inter-modal instance-wise contrastive learning to further enhance the information interaction among modalities and refine the alignment. Extensive experiments on MMTTA tasks, including both corruption-based and real-world domain shift benchmarks, demonstrate the superiority of our method. Our source code is available at △ Less Submitted 17 December, 2025; v1 submitted 27 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: Accepted by AAAI 2026 (Oral) arXiv:2511.22862 [ pdf , ps , other ] Bridging Modalities via Progressive Re-alignment for Multimodal Test-Time Adaptation Authors: Jiacheng Li , Songhe Feng Abstract : Test-time adaptation (TTA) enables online model adaptation using only unlabeled test data, aiming to bridge the gap between source and target distributions. However, in multimodal scenarios, varying degrees of distribution shift across different modalities give rise to a complex coupling effect of unimodal shallow feature shift and cross-modal high-level semantic misalignment, posing a major obsta… ▽ More Test-time adaptation (TTA) enables online model adaptation using only unlabeled test data, aiming to bridge the gap between source and target distributions. However, in multimodal scenarios, varying degrees of distribution shift across different modalities give rise to a complex coupling effect of unimodal shallow feature shift and cross-modal high-level semantic misalignment, posing a major obstacle to extending existing TTA methods to the multimodal field. To address this challenge, we propose a novel multimodal test-time adaptation (MMTTA) framework, termed as Bridging Modalities via Progressive Re-alignment (BriMPR). BriMPR, consisting of two progressively enhanced modules, tackles the coupling effect with a divide-and-conquer strategy. Specifically, we first decompose MMTTA into multiple unimodal feature alignment sub-problems. By leveraging the strong function approximation ability of prompt tuning, we calibrate the unimodal global feature distributions to their respective source distributions, so as to achieve the initial semantic re-alignment across modalities. Subsequently, we assign the credible pseudo-labels to combinations of masked and complete modalities, and introduce inter-modal instance-wise contrastive learning to further enhance the information interaction among modalities and refine the alignment. Extensive experiments on MMTTA tasks, including both corruption-based and real-world domain shift benchmarks, demonstrate the superiority of our method. Our source code is available at △ Less Submitted 17 December, 2025; v1 submitted 27 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: Accepted by AAAI 2026 (Oral) arXiv:2511.19636 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Many Ways to be Right: Rashomon Sets for Concept-Based Neural Networks Authors: Shihan Feng , Cheng Zhang , Michael Xi , Ethan Hsu , Lesia Semenova , Chudi Zhong Abstract : Modern neural networks rarely have a single way to be right. For many tasks, multiple models can achieve identical performance while relying on different features or reasoning patterns, a property known as the Rashomon Effect. However, uncovering this diversity in deep architectures is challenging as their continuous parameter spaces contain countless near-optimal solutions that are numerically di… ▽ More Modern neural networks rarely have a single way to be right. For many tasks, multiple models can achieve identical performance while relying on different features or reasoning patterns, a property known as the Rashomon Effect. However, uncovering this diversity in deep architectures is challenging as their continuous parameter spaces contain countless near-optimal solutions that are numerically distinct but often behaviorally similar. We introduce Rashomon Concept Bottleneck Models, a framework that learns multiple neural networks which are all accurate yet reason through distinct human-understandable concepts. By combining lightweight adapter modules with a diversity-regularized training objective, our method constructs a diverse set of deep concept-based models efficiently without retraining from scratch. The resulting networks provide fundamentally different reasoning processes for the same predictions, revealing how concept reliance and decision making vary across equally performing solutions. Our framework enables systematic exploration of data-driven reasoning diversity in deep models, offering a new mechanism for auditing, comparison, and alignment across equally accurate solutions. △ Less Submitted 24 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.19636 [ pdf , ps , other ] Many Ways to be Right: Rashomon Sets for Concept-Based Neural Networks Authors: Shihan Feng , Cheng Zhang , Michael Xi , Ethan Hsu , Lesia Semenova , Chudi Zhong Abstract : Modern neural networks rarely have a single way to be right. For many tasks, multiple models can achieve identical performance while relying on different features or reasoning patterns, a property known as the Rashomon Effect. However, uncovering this diversity in deep architectures is challenging as their continuous parameter spaces contain countless near-optimal solutions that are numerically di… ▽ More Modern neural networks rarely have a single way to be right. For many tasks, multiple models can achieve identical performance while relying on different features or reasoning patterns, a property known as the Rashomon Effect. However, uncovering this diversity in deep architectures is challenging as their continuous parameter spaces contain countless near-optimal solutions that are numerically distinct but often behaviorally similar. We introduce Rashomon Concept Bottleneck Models, a framework that learns multiple neural networks which are all accurate yet reason through distinct human-understandable concepts. By combining lightweight adapter modules with a diversity-regularized training objective, our method constructs a diverse set of deep concept-based models efficiently without retraining from scratch. The resulting networks provide fundamentally different reasoning processes for the same predictions, revealing how concept reliance and decision making vary across equally performing solutions. Our framework enables systematic exploration of data-driven reasoning diversity in deep models, offering a new mechanism for auditing, comparison, and alignment across equally accurate solutions. △ Less Submitted 24 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.16912 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI PepEVOLVE: Position-Aware Dynamic Peptide Optimization via Group-Relative Advantage Authors: Trieu Nguyen , Hao-Wei Pang , Shasha Feng Abstract : Macrocyclic peptides are an emerging modality that combines biologics-like affinity with small-molecule-like developability, but their vast combinatorial space and multi-parameter objectives make lead optimization slow and challenging. Prior generative approaches such as PepINVENT require chemists to pre-specify mutable positions for optimization, choices that are not always known a priori, and re… ▽ More Macrocyclic peptides are an emerging modality that combines biologics-like affinity with small-molecule-like developability, but their vast combinatorial space and multi-parameter objectives make lead optimization slow and challenging. Prior generative approaches such as PepINVENT require chemists to pre-specify mutable positions for optimization, choices that are not always known a priori, and rely on static pretraining and optimization algorithms that limit the model's ability to generalize and effectively optimize peptide sequences. We introduce PepEVOLVE, a position-aware, dynamic framework that learns both where to edit and how to dynamically optimize peptides for multi-objective improvement. PepEVOLVE (i) augments pretraining with dynamic masking and CHUCKLES shifting to improve generalization, (ii) uses a context-free multi-armed bandit router that discovers high-reward residues, and (iii) couples a novel evolving optimization algorithm with group-relative advantage to stabilize reinforcement updates. During in silico evaluations, the router policy reliably learns and concentrates probability on chemically meaningful sites that influence the peptide's properties. On a therapeutically motivated Rev-binding macrocycle benchmark, PepEVOLVE outperformed PepINVENT by reaching higher mean scores (approximately 0.8 vs. 0.6), achieving best candidates with a score of 0.95 (vs. 0.87), and converging in fewer steps under the task of optimizing permeability and lipophilicity with structural constraints. Overall, PepEVOLVE offers a practical, reproducible path to peptide lead optimization when optimal edit sites are unknown, enabling more efficient exploration and improving design quality across multiple objectives. △ Less Submitted 20 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.16912 [ pdf , ps , other ] PepEVOLVE: Position-Aware Dynamic Peptide Optimization via Group-Relative Advantage Authors: Trieu Nguyen , Hao-Wei Pang , Shasha Feng Abstract : Macrocyclic peptides are an emerging modality that combines biologics-like affinity with small-molecule-like developability, but their vast combinatorial space and multi-parameter objectives make lead optimization slow and challenging. Prior generative approaches such as PepINVENT require chemists to pre-specify mutable positions for optimization, choices that are not always known a priori, and re… ▽ More Macrocyclic peptides are an emerging modality that combines biologics-like affinity with small-molecule-like developability, but their vast combinatorial space and multi-parameter objectives make lead optimization slow and challenging. Prior generative approaches such as PepINVENT require chemists to pre-specify mutable positions for optimization, choices that are not always known a priori, and rely on static pretraining and optimization algorithms that limit the model's ability to generalize and effectively optimize peptide sequences. We introduce PepEVOLVE, a position-aware, dynamic framework that learns both where to edit and how to dynamically optimize peptides for multi-objective improvement. PepEVOLVE (i) augments pretraining with dynamic masking and CHUCKLES shifting to improve generalization, (ii) uses a context-free multi-armed bandit router that discovers high-reward residues, and (iii) couples a novel evolving optimization algorithm with group-relative advantage to stabilize reinforcement updates. During in silico evaluations, the router policy reliably learns and concentrates probability on chemically meaningful sites that influence the peptide's properties. On a therapeutically motivated Rev-binding macrocycle benchmark, PepEVOLVE outperformed PepINVENT by reaching higher mean scores (approximately 0.8 vs. 0.6), achieving best candidates with a score of 0.95 (vs. 0.87), and converging in fewer steps under the task of optimizing permeability and lipophilicity with structural constraints. Overall, PepEVOLVE offers a practical, reproducible path to peptide lead optimization when optimal edit sites are unknown, enabling more efficient exploration and improving design quality across multiple objectives. △ Less Submitted 20 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.10507 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL AdvancedIF: Rubric-Based Benchmarking and Reinforcement Learning for Advancing LLM Instruction Following Authors: Yun He , Wenzhe Li , Hejia Zhang , Songlin Li , Karishma Mandyam , Sopan Khosla , Yuanhao Xiong , Nanshu Wang , Xiaoliang Peng , Beibin Li , Shengjie Bi , Shishir G. Patil , Qi Qi , Shengyu Feng , Julian Katz-Samuels , Richard Yuanzhe Pang , Sujan Gonugondla , Hunter Lang , Yue Yu , Yundi Qian , Maryam Fazel-Zarandi , Licheng Yu , Amine Benhalloum , Hany Awadalla , Manaal Faruqui Abstract : Recent progress in large language models (LLMs) has led to impressive performance on a range of tasks, yet advanced instruction following (IF)-especially for complex, multi-turn, and system-prompted instructions-remains a significant challenge. Rigorous evaluation and effective training for such capabilities are hindered by the lack of high-quality, human-annotated benchmarks and reliable, interpr… ▽ More Recent progress in large language models (LLMs) has led to impressive performance on a range of tasks, yet advanced instruction following (IF)-especially for complex, multi-turn, and system-prompted instructions-remains a significant challenge. Rigorous evaluation and effective training for such capabilities are hindered by the lack of high-quality, human-annotated benchmarks and reliable, interpretable reward signals. In this work, we introduce AdvancedIF (we will release this benchmark soon), a comprehensive benchmark featuring over 1,600 prompts and expert-curated rubrics that assess LLMs ability to follow complex, multi-turn, and system-level instructions. We further propose RIFL (Rubric-based Instruction-Following Learning), a novel post-training pipeline that leverages rubric generation, a finetuned rubric verifier, and reward shaping to enable effective reinforcement learning for instruction following. Extensive experiments demonstrate that RIFL substantially improves the instruction-following abilities of LLMs, achieving a 6.7% absolute gain on AdvancedIF and strong results on public benchmarks. Our ablation studies confirm the effectiveness of each component in RIFL. This work establishes rubrics as a powerful tool for both training and evaluating advanced IF in LLMs, paving the way for more capable and reliable AI systems. △ Less Submitted 26 November, 2025; v1 submitted 13 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.10507 [ pdf , ps , other ] AdvancedIF: Rubric-Based Benchmarking and Reinforcement Learning for Advancing LLM Instruction Following Authors: Yun He , Wenzhe Li , Hejia Zhang , Songlin Li , Karishma Mandyam , Sopan Khosla , Yuanhao Xiong , Nanshu Wang , Xiaoliang Peng , Beibin Li , Shengjie Bi , Shishir G. Patil , Qi Qi , Shengyu Feng , Julian Katz-Samuels , Richard Yuanzhe Pang , Sujan Gonugondla , Hunter Lang , Yue Yu , Yundi Qian , Maryam Fazel-Zarandi , Licheng Yu , Amine Benhalloum , Hany Awadalla , Manaal Faruqui Abstract : Recent progress in large language models (LLMs) has led to impressive performance on a range of tasks, yet advanced instruction following (IF)-especially for complex, multi-turn, and system-prompted instructions-remains a significant challenge. Rigorous evaluation and effective training for such capabilities are hindered by the lack of high-quality, human-annotated benchmarks and reliable, interpr… ▽ More Recent progress in large language models (LLMs) has led to impressive performance on a range of tasks, yet advanced instruction following (IF)-especially for complex, multi-turn, and system-prompted instructions-remains a significant challenge. Rigorous evaluation and effective training for such capabilities are hindered by the lack of high-quality, human-annotated benchmarks and reliable, interpretable reward signals. In this work, we introduce AdvancedIF (we will release this benchmark soon), a comprehensive benchmark featuring over 1,600 prompts and expert-curated rubrics that assess LLMs ability to follow complex, multi-turn, and system-level instructions. We further propose RIFL (Rubric-based Instruction-Following Learning), a novel post-training pipeline that leverages rubric generation, a finetuned rubric verifier, and reward shaping to enable effective reinforcement learning for instruction following. Extensive experiments demonstrate that RIFL substantially improves the instruction-following abilities of LLMs, achieving a 6.7% absolute gain on AdvancedIF and strong results on public benchmarks. Our ablation studies confirm the effectiveness of each component in RIFL. This work establishes rubrics as a powerful tool for both training and evaluating advanced IF in LLMs, paving the way for more capable and reliable AI systems. △ Less Submitted 26 November, 2025; v1 submitted 13 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.08941 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IR Efficient Model-Agnostic Continual Learning for Next POI Recommendation Authors: Chenhao Wang , Shanshan Feng , Lisi Chen , Fan Li , Shuo Shang Abstract : Next point-of-interest (POI) recommendation improves personalized location-based services by predicting users' next destinations based on their historical check-ins. However, most existing methods rely on static datasets and fixed models, limiting their ability to adapt to changes in user behavior over time. To address this limitation, we explore a novel task termed continual next POI recommendati… ▽ More Next point-of-interest (POI) recommendation improves personalized location-based services by predicting users' next destinations based on their historical check-ins. However, most existing methods rely on static datasets and fixed models, limiting their ability to adapt to changes in user behavior over time. To address this limitation, we explore a novel task termed continual next POI recommendation, where models dynamically adapt to evolving user interests through continual updates. This task is particularly challenging, as it requires capturing shifting user behaviors while retaining previously learned knowledge. Moreover, it is essential to ensure efficiency in update time and memory usage for real-world deployment. To this end, we propose GIRAM (Generative Key-based Interest Retrieval and Adaptive Modeling), an efficient, model-agnostic framework that integrates context-aware sustained interests with recent interests. GIRAM comprises four components: (1) an interest memory to preserve historical preferences; (2) a context-aware key encoding module for unified interest key representation; (3) a generative key-based retrieval module to identify diverse and relevant sustained interests; and (4) an adaptive interest update and fusion module to update the interest memory and balance sustained and recent interests. In particular, GIRAM can be seamlessly integrated with existing next POI recommendation models. Experiments on three real-world datasets demonstrate that GIRAM consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods while maintaining high efficiency in both update time and memory consumption. △ Less Submitted 25 November, 2025; v1 submitted 11 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: Accepted by ICDE2026 arXiv:2511.08941 [ pdf , ps , other ] Efficient Model-Agnostic Continual Learning for Next POI Recommendation Authors: Chenhao Wang , Shanshan Feng , Lisi Chen , Fan Li , Shuo Shang Abstract : Next point-of-interest (POI) recommendation improves personalized location-based services by predicting users' next destinations based on their historical check-ins. However, most existing methods rely on static datasets and fixed models, limiting their ability to adapt to changes in user behavior over time. To address this limitation, we explore a novel task termed continual next POI recommendati… ▽ More Next point-of-interest (POI) recommendation improves personalized location-based services by predicting users' next destinations based on their historical check-ins. However, most existing methods rely on static datasets and fixed models, limiting their ability to adapt to changes in user behavior over time. To address this limitation, we explore a novel task termed continual next POI recommendation, where models dynamically adapt to evolving user interests through continual updates. This task is particularly challenging, as it requires capturing shifting user behaviors while retaining previously learned knowledge. Moreover, it is essential to ensure efficiency in update time and memory usage for real-world deployment. To this end, we propose GIRAM (Generative Key-based Interest Retrieval and Adaptive Modeling), an efficient, model-agnostic framework that integrates context-aware sustained interests with recent interests. GIRAM comprises four components: (1) an interest memory to preserve historical preferences; (2) a context-aware key encoding module for unified interest key representation; (3) a generative key-based retrieval module to identify diverse and relevant sustained interests; and (4) an adaptive interest update and fusion module to update the interest memory and balance sustained and recent interests. In particular, GIRAM can be seamlessly integrated with existing next POI recommendation models. Experiments on three real-world datasets demonstrate that GIRAM consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods while maintaining high efficiency in both update time and memory consumption. △ Less Submitted 25 November, 2025; v1 submitted 11 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: Accepted by ICDE2026 arXiv:2510.26475 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.DC ReSpec: Towards Optimizing Speculative Decoding in Reinforcement Learning Systems Authors: Qiaoling Chen , Zijun Liu , Peng Sun , Shenggui Li , Guoteng Wang , Ziming Liu , Yonggang Wen , Siyuan Feng , Tianwei Zhang Abstract : Adapting large language models (LLMs) via reinforcement learning (RL) is often bottlenecked by the generation stage, which can consume over 75\% of the training time. Speculative decoding (SD) accelerates autoregressive generation in serving systems, but its behavior under RL training remains largely unexplored. We identify three critical gaps that hinder the naive integration of SD into RL system… ▽ More Adapting large language models (LLMs) via reinforcement learning (RL) is often bottlenecked by the generation stage, which can consume over 75\% of the training time. Speculative decoding (SD) accelerates autoregressive generation in serving systems, but its behavior under RL training remains largely unexplored. We identify three critical gaps that hinder the naive integration of SD into RL systems: diminishing speedups at large batch sizes, drafter staleness under continual actor updates, and drafter-induced policy degradation. To address these gaps, we present ReSpec, a system that adapts SD to RL through three complementary mechanisms: dynamically tuning SD configurations, evolving the drafter via knowledge distillation, and weighting updates by rollout rewards. On Qwen models (3B--14B), ReSpec achieves up to 4.5x speedup while preserving reward convergence and training stability, providing a practical solution for efficient RL-based LLM adaptation. △ Less Submitted 30 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.26475 [ pdf , ps , other ] ReSpec: Towards Optimizing Speculative Decoding in Reinforcement Learning Systems Authors: Qiaoling Chen , Zijun Liu , Peng Sun , Shenggui Li , Guoteng Wang , Ziming Liu , Yonggang Wen , Siyuan Feng , Tianwei Zhang Abstract : Adapting large language models (LLMs) via reinforcement learning (RL) is often bottlenecked by the generation stage, which can consume over 75\% of the training time. Speculative decoding (SD) accelerates autoregressive generation in serving systems, but its behavior under RL training remains largely unexplored. We identify three critical gaps that hinder the naive integration of SD into RL system… ▽ More Adapting large language models (LLMs) via reinforcement learning (RL) is often bottlenecked by the generation stage, which can consume over 75\% of the training time. Speculative decoding (SD) accelerates autoregressive generation in serving systems, but its behavior under RL training remains largely unexplored. We identify three critical gaps that hinder the naive integration of SD into RL systems: diminishing speedups at large batch sizes, drafter staleness under continual actor updates, and drafter-induced policy degradation. To address these gaps, we present ReSpec, a system that adapts SD to RL through three complementary mechanisms: dynamically tuning SD configurations, evolving the drafter via knowledge distillation, and weighting updates by rollout rewards. On Qwen models (3B--14B), ReSpec achieves up to 4.5x speedup while preserving reward convergence and training stability, providing a practical solution for efficient RL-based LLM adaptation. △ Less Submitted 30 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.26144 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI The FM Agent Authors: Annan Li , Chufan Wu , Zengle Ge , Yee Hin Chong , Zhinan Hou , Lizhe Cao , Cheng Ju , Jianmin Wu , Huaiming Li , Haobo Zhang , Shenghao Feng , Mo Zhao , Fengzhi Qiu , Rui Yang , Mengmeng Zhang , Wenyi Zhu , Yingying Sun , Quan Sun , Shunhao Yan , Danyu Liu , Dawei Yin , Dou Shen Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) are catalyzing the development of autonomous AI research agents for scientific and engineering discovery. We present FM Agent, a novel and general-purpose multi-agent framework that leverages a synergistic combination of LLM-based reasoning and large-scale evolutionary search to address complex real-world challenges. The core of FM Agent integrates several key innovati… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) are catalyzing the development of autonomous AI research agents for scientific and engineering discovery. We present FM Agent, a novel and general-purpose multi-agent framework that leverages a synergistic combination of LLM-based reasoning and large-scale evolutionary search to address complex real-world challenges. The core of FM Agent integrates several key innovations: 1) a cold-start initialization phase incorporating expert guidance, 2) a novel evolutionary sampling strategy for iterative optimization, 3) domain-specific evaluators that combine correctness, effectiveness, and LLM-supervised feedback, and 4) a distributed, asynchronous execution infrastructure built on Ray. Demonstrating broad applicability, our system has been evaluated across diverse domains, including operations research, machine learning, GPU kernel optimization, and classical mathematical problems. FM Agent reaches state-of-the-art results autonomously, without human interpretation or tuning -- 1976.3 on ALE-Bench (+5.2\%), 43.56\% on MLE-Bench (+4.0pp), up to 20x speedups on KernelBench, and establishes new state-of-the-art(SOTA) results on several classical mathematical problems. Beyond academic benchmarks, FM Agent shows considerable promise for both large-scale enterprise R\&D workflows and fundamental scientific research, where it can accelerate innovation, automate complex discovery processes, and deliver substantial engineering and scientific advances with broader societal impact. △ Less Submitted 30 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.26144 [ pdf , ps , other ] The FM Agent Authors: Annan Li , Chufan Wu , Zengle Ge , Yee Hin Chong , Zhinan Hou , Lizhe Cao , Cheng Ju , Jianmin Wu , Huaiming Li , Haobo Zhang , Shenghao Feng , Mo Zhao , Fengzhi Qiu , Rui Yang , Mengmeng Zhang , Wenyi Zhu , Yingying Sun , Quan Sun , Shunhao Yan , Danyu Liu , Dawei Yin , Dou Shen Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) are catalyzing the development of autonomous AI research agents for scientific and engineering discovery. We present FM Agent, a novel and general-purpose multi-agent framework that leverages a synergistic combination of LLM-based reasoning and large-scale evolutionary search to address complex real-world challenges. The core of FM Agent integrates several key innovati… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) are catalyzing the development of autonomous AI research agents for scientific and engineering discovery. We present FM Agent, a novel and general-purpose multi-agent framework that leverages a synergistic combination of LLM-based reasoning and large-scale evolutionary search to address complex real-world challenges. The core of FM Agent integrates several key innovations: 1) a cold-start initialization phase incorporating expert guidance, 2) a novel evolutionary sampling strategy for iterative optimization, 3) domain-specific evaluators that combine correctness, effectiveness, and LLM-supervised feedback, and 4) a distributed, asynchronous execution infrastructure built on Ray. Demonstrating broad applicability, our system has been evaluated across diverse domains, including operations research, machine learning, GPU kernel optimization, and classical mathematical problems. FM Agent reaches state-of-the-art results autonomously, without human interpretation or tuning -- 1976.3 on ALE-Bench (+5.2\%), 43.56\% on MLE-Bench (+4.0pp), up to 20x speedups on KernelBench, and establishes new state-of-the-art(SOTA) results on several classical mathematical problems. Beyond academic benchmarks, FM Agent shows considerable promise for both large-scale enterprise R\&D workflows and fundamental scientific research, where it can accelerate innovation, automate complex discovery processes, and deliver substantial engineering and scientific advances with broader societal impact. △ Less Submitted 30 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.20162 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV TOMCAT: Test-time Comprehensive Knowledge Accumulation for Compositional Zero-Shot Learning Authors: Xudong Yan , Songhe Feng Abstract : Compositional Zero-Shot Learning (CZSL) aims to recognize novel attribute-object compositions based on the knowledge learned from seen ones. Existing methods suffer from performance degradation caused by the distribution shift of label space at test time, which stems from the inclusion of unseen compositions recombined from attributes and objects. To overcome the challenge, we propose a novel appr… ▽ More Compositional Zero-Shot Learning (CZSL) aims to recognize novel attribute-object compositions based on the knowledge learned from seen ones. Existing methods suffer from performance degradation caused by the distribution shift of label space at test time, which stems from the inclusion of unseen compositions recombined from attributes and objects. To overcome the challenge, we propose a novel approach that accumulates comprehensive knowledge in both textual and visual modalities from unsupervised data to update multimodal prototypes at test time. Building on this, we further design an adaptive update weight to control the degree of prototype adjustment, enabling the model to flexibly adapt to distribution shift during testing. Moreover, a dynamic priority queue is introduced that stores high-confidence images to acquire visual knowledge from historical images for inference. Considering the semantic consistency of multimodal knowledge, we align textual and visual prototypes by multimodal collaborative representation learning. Extensive experiments indicate that our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on four benchmark datasets under both closed-world and open-world settings. Code will be available at . △ Less Submitted 20 December, 2025; v1 submitted 22 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. Comments: Accepted to NeurIPS 2025 arXiv:2510.20162 [ pdf , ps , other ] TOMCAT: Test-time Comprehensive Knowledge Accumulation for Compositional Zero-Shot Learning Authors: Xudong Yan , Songhe Feng Abstract : Compositional Zero-Shot Learning (CZSL) aims to recognize novel attribute-object compositions based on the knowledge learned from seen ones. Existing methods suffer from performance degradation caused by the distribution shift of label space at test time, which stems from the inclusion of unseen compositions recombined from attributes and objects. To overcome the challenge, we propose a novel appr… ▽ More Compositional Zero-Shot Learning (CZSL) aims to recognize novel attribute-object compositions based on the knowledge learned from seen ones. Existing methods suffer from performance degradation caused by the distribution shift of label space at test time, which stems from the inclusion of unseen compositions recombined from attributes and objects. To overcome the challenge, we propose a novel approach that accumulates comprehensive knowledge in both textual and visual modalities from unsupervised data to update multimodal prototypes at test time. Building on this, we further design an adaptive update weight to control the degree of prototype adjustment, enabling the model to flexibly adapt to distribution shift during testing. Moreover, a dynamic priority queue is introduced that stores high-confidence images to acquire visual knowledge from historical images for inference. Considering the semantic consistency of multimodal knowledge, we align textual and visual prototypes by multimodal collaborative representation learning. Extensive experiments indicate that our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on four benchmark datasets under both closed-world and open-world settings. Code will be available at . △ Less Submitted 20 December, 2025; v1 submitted 22 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. Comments: Accepted to NeurIPS 2025 arXiv:2510.20029 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV BrainPuzzle: Hybrid Physics and Data-Driven Reconstruction for Transcranial Ultrasound Tomography Authors: Shengyu Chen , Shihang Feng , Yi Luo , Xiaowei Jia , Youzuo Lin Abstract : Ultrasound brain imaging remains challenging due to the large difference in sound speed between the skull and brain tissues and the difficulty of coupling large probes to the skull. This work aims to achieve quantitative transcranial ultrasound by reconstructing an accurate speed-of-sound (SoS) map of the brain. Traditional physics-based full-waveform inversion (FWI) is limited by weak signals cau… ▽ More Ultrasound brain imaging remains challenging due to the large difference in sound speed between the skull and brain tissues and the difficulty of coupling large probes to the skull. This work aims to achieve quantitative transcranial ultrasound by reconstructing an accurate speed-of-sound (SoS) map of the brain. Traditional physics-based full-waveform inversion (FWI) is limited by weak signals caused by skull-induced attenuation, mode conversion, and phase aberration, as well as incomplete spatial coverage since full-aperture arrays are clinically impractical. In contrast, purely data-driven methods that learn directly from raw ultrasound data often fail to model the complex nonlinear and nonlocal wave propagation through bone, leading to anatomically plausible but quantitatively biased SoS maps under low signal-to-noise and sparse-aperture conditions. To address these issues, we propose BrainPuzzle, a hybrid two-stage framework that combines physical modeling with machine learning. In the first stage, reverse time migration (time-reversal acoustics) is applied to multi-angle acquisitions to produce migration fragments that preserve structural details even under low SNR. In the second stage, a transformer-based super-resolution encoder-decoder with a graph-based attention unit (GAU) fuses these fragments into a coherent and quantitatively accurate SoS image. A partial-array acquisition strategy using a movable low-count transducer set improves feasibility and coupling, while the hybrid algorithm compensates for the missing aperture. Experiments on two synthetic datasets show that BrainPuzzle achieves superior SoS reconstruction accuracy and image completeness, demonstrating its potential for advancing quantitative ultrasound brain imaging. △ Less Submitted 28 November, 2025; v1 submitted 22 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. Comments: 13 pages arXiv:2510.20029 [ pdf , ps , other ] BrainPuzzle: Hybrid Physics and Data-Driven Reconstruction for Transcranial Ultrasound Tomography Authors: Shengyu Chen , Shihang Feng , Yi Luo , Xiaowei Jia , Youzuo Lin Abstract : Ultrasound brain imaging remains challenging due to the large difference in sound speed between the skull and brain tissues and the difficulty of coupling large probes to the skull. This work aims to achieve quantitative transcranial ultrasound by reconstructing an accurate speed-of-sound (SoS) map of the brain. Traditional physics-based full-waveform inversion (FWI) is limited by weak signals cau… ▽ More Ultrasound brain imaging remains challenging due to the large difference in sound speed between the skull and brain tissues and the difficulty of coupling large probes to the skull. This work aims to achieve quantitative transcranial ultrasound by reconstructing an accurate speed-of-sound (SoS) map of the brain. Traditional physics-based full-waveform inversion (FWI) is limited by weak signals caused by skull-induced attenuation, mode conversion, and phase aberration, as well as incomplete spatial coverage since full-aperture arrays are clinically impractical. In contrast, purely data-driven methods that learn directly from raw ultrasound data often fail to model the complex nonlinear and nonlocal wave propagation through bone, leading to anatomically plausible but quantitatively biased SoS maps under low signal-to-noise and sparse-aperture conditions. To address these issues, we propose BrainPuzzle, a hybrid two-stage framework that combines physical modeling with machine learning. In the first stage, reverse time migration (time-reversal acoustics) is applied to multi-angle acquisitions to produce migration fragments that preserve structural details even under low SNR. In the second stage, a transformer-based super-resolution encoder-decoder with a graph-based attention unit (GAU) fuses these fragments into a coherent and quantitatively accurate SoS image. A partial-array acquisition strategy using a movable low-count transducer set improves feasibility and coupling, while the hybrid algorithm compensates for the missing aperture. Experiments on two synthetic datasets show that BrainPuzzle achieves superior SoS reconstruction accuracy and image completeness, demonstrating its potential for advancing quantitative ultrasound brain imaging. △ Less Submitted 28 November, 2025; v1 submitted 22 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. Comments: 13 pages arXiv:2510.17085 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.GT stat.ML Data Reliability Scoring Authors: Yiling Chen , Shi Feng , Paul Kattuman , Fang-Yi Yu Abstract : How can we assess the reliability of a dataset without access to ground truth? We introduce the problem of reliability scoring for datasets collected from potentially strategic sources. The true data are unobserved, but we see outcomes of an unknown statistical experiment that depends on them. To benchmark reliability, we define ground-truth-based orderings that capture how much reported data devi… ▽ More How can we assess the reliability of a dataset without access to ground truth? We introduce the problem of reliability scoring for datasets collected from potentially strategic sources. The true data are unobserved, but we see outcomes of an unknown statistical experiment that depends on them. To benchmark reliability, we define ground-truth-based orderings that capture how much reported data deviate from the truth. We then propose the Gram determinant score, which measures the volume spanned by vectors describing the empirical distribution of the observed data and experiment outcomes. We show that this score preserves several ground-truth based reliability orderings and, uniquely up to scaling, yields the same reliability ranking of datasets regardless of the experiment -- a property we term experiment agnosticism. Experiments on synthetic noise models, CIFAR-10 embeddings, and real employment data demonstrate that the Gram determinant score effectively captures data quality across diverse observation processes. △ Less Submitted 19 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. Comments: 39 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2510.17085 [ pdf , ps , other ] Data Reliability Scoring Authors: Yiling Chen , Shi Feng , Paul Kattuman , Fang-Yi Yu Abstract : How can we assess the reliability of a dataset without access to ground truth? We introduce the problem of reliability scoring for datasets collected from potentially strategic sources. The true data are unobserved, but we see outcomes of an unknown statistical experiment that depends on them. To benchmark reliability, we define ground-truth-based orderings that capture how much reported data devi… ▽ More How can we assess the reliability of a dataset without access to ground truth? We introduce the problem of reliability scoring for datasets collected from potentially strategic sources. The true data are unobserved, but we see outcomes of an unknown statistical experiment that depends on them. To benchmark reliability, we define ground-truth-based orderings that capture how much reported data deviate from the truth. We then propose the Gram determinant score, which measures the volume spanned by vectors describing the empirical distribution of the observed data and experiment outcomes. We show that this score preserves several ground-truth based reliability orderings and, uniquely up to scaling, yields the same reliability ranking of datasets regardless of the experiment -- a property we term experiment agnosticism. Experiments on synthetic noise models, CIFAR-10 embeddings, and real employment data demonstrate that the Gram determinant score effectively captures data quality across diverse observation processes. △ Less Submitted 19 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. Comments: 39 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2510.16718 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD cs.CL cs.LG U-Codec: Ultra Low Frame-rate Neural Speech Codec for Fast High-fidelity Speech Generation Authors: Xusheng Yang , Long Zhou , Wenfu Wang , Kai Hu , Shulin Feng , Chenxing Li , Meng Yu , Dong Yu , Yuexian Zou Abstract : We propose \textbf{U-Codec}, an \textbf{U}ltra low frame-rate neural speech \textbf{Codec} that achieves high-fidelity reconstruction and fast speech generation at an extremely low frame-rate of 5Hz (5 frames per second). Extreme compression at 5Hz typically leads to severe intelligibility and spectral detail loss, we introduce a Transformer-based inter-frame long-term dependency module and system… ▽ More We propose \textbf{U-Codec}, an \textbf{U}ltra low frame-rate neural speech \textbf{Codec} that achieves high-fidelity reconstruction and fast speech generation at an extremely low frame-rate of 5Hz (5 frames per second). Extreme compression at 5Hz typically leads to severe intelligibility and spectral detail loss, we introduce a Transformer-based inter-frame long-term dependency module and systematically explore residual vector quantization (RVQ) depth and codebook size to identify optimal configurations. Moreover, we apply U-Codec into a large language model (LLM)-based auto-regressive TTS model, which leverages global and local hierarchical architecture to effectively capture dependencies across multi-layer tokens. We extend LLM-based TTS from 3-layer RVQ at 50Hz to 32-layer RVQ at 5Hz. Experimental results demonstrate that U-Codec improves LLM-based TTS inference speed by around 3 $\times$ over high-frame-rate codecs while maintaining similarity and naturalness. These results validate the feasibility of using highly compressed 5Hz discrete tokens for fast and high-fidelity speech synthesis. △ Less Submitted 19 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.16718 [ pdf , ps , other ] U-Codec: Ultra Low Frame-rate Neural Speech Codec for Fast High-fidelity Speech Generation Authors: Xusheng Yang , Long Zhou , Wenfu Wang , Kai Hu , Shulin Feng , Chenxing Li , Meng Yu , Dong Yu , Yuexian Zou Abstract : We propose \textbf{U-Codec}, an \textbf{U}ltra low frame-rate neural speech \textbf{Codec} that achieves high-fidelity reconstruction and fast speech generation at an extremely low frame-rate of 5Hz (5 frames per second). Extreme compression at 5Hz typically leads to severe intelligibility and spectral detail loss, we introduce a Transformer-based inter-frame long-term dependency module and system… ▽ More We propose \textbf{U-Codec}, an \textbf{U}ltra low frame-rate neural speech \textbf{Codec} that achieves high-fidelity reconstruction and fast speech generation at an extremely low frame-rate of 5Hz (5 frames per second). Extreme compression at 5Hz typically leads to severe intelligibility and spectral detail loss, we introduce a Transformer-based inter-frame long-term dependency module and systematically explore residual vector quantization (RVQ) depth and codebook size to identify optimal configurations. Moreover, we apply U-Codec into a large language model (LLM)-based auto-regressive TTS model, which leverages global and local hierarchical architecture to effectively capture dependencies across multi-layer tokens. We extend LLM-based TTS from 3-layer RVQ at 50Hz to 32-layer RVQ at 5Hz. Experimental results demonstrate that U-Codec improves LLM-based TTS inference speed by around 3 $\times$ over high-frame-rate codecs while maintaining similarity and naturalness. These results validate the feasibility of using highly compressed 5Hz discrete tokens for fast and high-fidelity speech synthesis. △ Less Submitted 19 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.15476 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.AI SoK: Taxonomy and Evaluation of Prompt Security in Large Language Models Authors: Hanbin Hong , Shuya Feng , Nima Naderloui , Shenao Yan , Jingyu Zhang , Biying Liu , Ali Arastehfard , Heqing Huang , Yuan Hong Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have rapidly become integral to real-world applications, powering services across diverse sectors. However, their widespread deployment has exposed critical security risks, particularly through jailbreak prompts that can bypass model alignment and induce harmful outputs. Despite intense research into both attack and defense techniques, the field remains fragmented: def… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have rapidly become integral to real-world applications, powering services across diverse sectors. However, their widespread deployment has exposed critical security risks, particularly through jailbreak prompts that can bypass model alignment and induce harmful outputs. Despite intense research into both attack and defense techniques, the field remains fragmented: definitions, threat models, and evaluation criteria vary widely, impeding systematic progress and fair comparison. In this Systematization of Knowledge (SoK), we address these challenges by (1) proposing a holistic, multi-level taxonomy that organizes attacks, defenses, and vulnerabilities in LLM prompt security; (2) formalizing threat models and cost assumptions into machine-readable profiles for reproducible evaluation; (3) introducing an open-source evaluation toolkit for standardized, auditable comparison of attacks and defenses; (4) releasing JAILBREAKDB, the largest annotated dataset of jailbreak and benign prompts to date;\footnote{The dataset is released at \href{ and (5) presenting a comprehensive evaluation platform and leaderboard of state-of-the-art methods \footnote{will be released soon.}. Our work unifies fragmented research, provides rigorous foundations for future studies, and supports the development of robust, trustworthy LLMs suitable for high-stakes deployment. △ Less Submitted 21 October, 2025; v1 submitted 17 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.15476 [ pdf , ps , other ] SoK: Taxonomy and Evaluation of Prompt Security in Large Language Models Authors: Hanbin Hong , Shuya Feng , Nima Naderloui , Shenao Yan , Jingyu Zhang , Biying Liu , Ali Arastehfard , Heqing Huang , Yuan Hong Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have rapidly become integral to real-world applications, powering services across diverse sectors. However, their widespread deployment has exposed critical security risks, particularly through jailbreak prompts that can bypass model alignment and induce harmful outputs. Despite intense research into both attack and defense techniques, the field remains fragmented: def… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have rapidly become integral to real-world applications, powering services across diverse sectors. However, their widespread deployment has exposed critical security risks, particularly through jailbreak prompts that can bypass model alignment and induce harmful outputs. Despite intense research into both attack and defense techniques, the field remains fragmented: definitions, threat models, and evaluation criteria vary widely, impeding systematic progress and fair comparison. In this Systematization of Knowledge (SoK), we address these challenges by (1) proposing a holistic, multi-level taxonomy that organizes attacks, defenses, and vulnerabilities in LLM prompt security; (2) formalizing threat models and cost assumptions into machine-readable profiles for reproducible evaluation; (3) introducing an open-source evaluation toolkit for standardized, auditable comparison of attacks and defenses; (4) releasing JAILBREAKDB, the largest annotated dataset of jailbreak and benign prompts to date;\footnote{The dataset is released at \href{ and (5) presenting a comprehensive evaluation platform and leaderboard of state-of-the-art methods \footnote{will be released soon.}. Our work unifies fragmented research, provides rigorous foundations for future studies, and supports the development of robust, trustworthy LLMs suitable for high-stakes deployment. △ Less Submitted 21 October, 2025; v1 submitted 17 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.15242 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG Dual-Weighted Reinforcement Learning for Generative Preference Modeling Authors: Shengyu Feng , Yun He , Shuang Ma , Beibin Li , Yuanhao Xiong , Songlin Li , Karishma Mandyam , Julian Katz-Samuels , Shengjie Bi , Licheng Yu , Hejia Zhang , Karthik Abinav Sankararaman , Han Fang , Riham Mansour , Yiming Yang , Manaal Faruqui Abstract : Reinforcement learning (RL) has recently proven effective at scaling chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning in large language models on tasks with verifiable answers. However, extending RL to more general non-verifiable tasks, typically in the format of human preference pairs, remains both challenging and underexplored. In this work, we propose Dual-Weighted Reinforcement Learning (DWRL), a new framewor… ▽ More Reinforcement learning (RL) has recently proven effective at scaling chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning in large language models on tasks with verifiable answers. However, extending RL to more general non-verifiable tasks, typically in the format of human preference pairs, remains both challenging and underexplored. In this work, we propose Dual-Weighted Reinforcement Learning (DWRL), a new framework for preference modeling that integrates CoT reasoning with the Bradley-Terry (BT) model via a dual-weighted RL objective that preserves preference-modeling inductive bias. DWRL approximates the maximum-likelihood objective of the BT model with two complementary weights: an instance-wise misalignment weight, which emphasizes under-trained pairs misaligned with human preference, and a group-wise (self-normalized) conditional preference score, which promotes promising thoughts. In this paper, we apply DWRL to preference modeling by training generative preference models (GPMs) to first generate a thought and then predict the human preference score. Across multiple benchmarks and model scales (Llama3 and Qwen2.5), DWRL consistently outperforms both GPM baselines and scalar models, while producing coherent, interpretable thoughts. In summary, our results position DWRL as a general framework for reasoning-enhanced preference learning beyond verifiable tasks. △ Less Submitted 21 October, 2025; v1 submitted 16 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.15242 [ pdf , ps , other ] Dual-Weighted Reinforcement Learning for Generative Preference Modeling Authors: Shengyu Feng , Yun He , Shuang Ma , Beibin Li , Yuanhao Xiong , Songlin Li , Karishma Mandyam , Julian Katz-Samuels , Shengjie Bi , Licheng Yu , Hejia Zhang , Karthik Abinav Sankararaman , Han Fang , Riham Mansour , Yiming Yang , Manaal Faruqui Abstract : Reinforcement learning (RL) has recently proven effective at scaling chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning in large language models on tasks with verifiable answers. However, extending RL to more general non-verifiable tasks, typically in the format of human preference pairs, remains both challenging and underexplored. In this work, we propose Dual-Weighted Reinforcement Learning (DWRL), a new framewor… ▽ More Reinforcement learning (RL) has recently proven effective at scaling chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning in large language models on tasks with verifiable answers. However, extending RL to more general non-verifiable tasks, typically in the format of human preference pairs, remains both challenging and underexplored. In this work, we propose Dual-Weighted Reinforcement Learning (DWRL), a new framework for preference modeling that integrates CoT reasoning with the Bradley-Terry (BT) model via a dual-weighted RL objective that preserves preference-modeling inductive bias. DWRL approximates the maximum-likelihood objective of the BT model with two complementary weights: an instance-wise misalignment weight, which emphasizes under-trained pairs misaligned with human preference, and a group-wise (self-normalized) conditional preference score, which promotes promising thoughts. In this paper, we apply DWRL to preference modeling by training generative preference models (GPMs) to first generate a thought and then predict the human preference score. Across multiple benchmarks and model scales (Llama3 and Qwen2.5), DWRL consistently outperforms both GPM baselines and scalar models, while producing coherent, interpretable thoughts. In summary, our results position DWRL as a general framework for reasoning-enhanced preference learning beyond verifiable tasks. △ Less Submitted 21 October, 2025; v1 submitted 16 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.13866 [ pdf , ps , other ] cond-mat.str-el cs.AI cs.LG stat.ML FFT-Accelerated Auxiliary Variable MCMC for Fermionic Lattice Models: A Determinant-Free Approach with $O(N\log N)$ Complexity Authors: Deqian Kong , Shi Feng , Jianwen Xie , Ying Nian Wu Abstract : We introduce a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm that dramatically accelerates the simulation of quantum many-body systems, a grand challenge in computational science. State-of-the-art methods for these problems are severely limited by $O(N^3)$ computational complexity. Our method avoids this bottleneck, achieving near-linear $O(N \log N)$ scaling per sweep. Our approach samples a joint… ▽ More We introduce a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm that dramatically accelerates the simulation of quantum many-body systems, a grand challenge in computational science. State-of-the-art methods for these problems are severely limited by $O(N^3)$ computational complexity. Our method avoids this bottleneck, achieving near-linear $O(N \log N)$ scaling per sweep. Our approach samples a joint probability measure over two coupled variable sets: (1) particle trajectories of the fundamental fermions, and (2) auxiliary variables that decouple fermion interactions. The key innovation is a novel transition kernel for particle trajectories formulated in the Fourier domain, revealing the transition probability as a convolution that enables massive acceleration via the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The auxiliary variables admit closed-form, factorized conditional distributions, enabling efficient exact Gibbs sampling update. We validate our algorithm on benchmark quantum physics problems, accurately reproducing known theoretical results and matching traditional $O(N^3)$ algorithms on $32\times 32$ lattice simulations at a fraction of the wall-clock time, empirically demonstrating $N \log N$ scaling. By reformulating a long-standing physics simulation problem in machine learning language, our work provides a powerful tool for large-scale probabilistic inference and opens avenues for physics-inspired generative models. △ Less Submitted 13 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.13866 [ pdf , ps , other ] FFT-Accelerated Auxiliary Variable MCMC for Fermionic Lattice Models: A Determinant-Free Approach with $O(N\log N)$ Complexity Authors: Deqian Kong , Shi Feng , Jianwen Xie , Ying Nian Wu Abstract : We introduce a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm that dramatically accelerates the simulation of quantum many-body systems, a grand challenge in computational science. State-of-the-art methods for these problems are severely limited by $O(N^3)$ computational complexity. Our method avoids this bottleneck, achieving near-linear $O(N \log N)$ scaling per sweep. Our approach samples a joint… ▽ More We introduce a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm that dramatically accelerates the simulation of quantum many-body systems, a grand challenge in computational science. State-of-the-art methods for these problems are severely limited by $O(N^3)$ computational complexity. Our method avoids this bottleneck, achieving near-linear $O(N \log N)$ scaling per sweep. Our approach samples a joint probability measure over two coupled variable sets: (1) particle trajectories of the fundamental fermions, and (2) auxiliary variables that decouple fermion interactions. The key innovation is a novel transition kernel for particle trajectories formulated in the Fourier domain, revealing the transition probability as a convolution that enables massive acceleration via the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The auxiliary variables admit closed-form, factorized conditional distributions, enabling efficient exact Gibbs sampling update. We validate our algorithm on benchmark quantum physics problems, accurately reproducing known theoretical results and matching traditional $O(N^3)$ algorithms on $32\times 32$ lattice simulations at a fraction of the wall-clock time, empirically demonstrating $N \log N$ scaling. By reformulating a long-standing physics simulation problem in machine learning language, our work provides a powerful tool for large-scale probabilistic inference and opens avenues for physics-inspired generative models. △ Less Submitted 13 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.11534 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO eess.SY IntersectioNDE: Learning Complex Urban Traffic Dynamics based on Interaction Decoupling Strategy Authors: Enli Lin , Ziyuan Yang , Qiujing Lu , Jianming Hu , Shuo Feng Abstract : Realistic traffic simulation is critical for ensuring the safety and reliability of autonomous vehicles (AVs), especially in complex and diverse urban traffic environments. However, existing data-driven simulators face two key challenges: a limited focus on modeling dense, heterogeneous interactions at urban intersections - which are prevalent, crucial, and practically significant in countries lik… ▽ More Realistic traffic simulation is critical for ensuring the safety and reliability of autonomous vehicles (AVs), especially in complex and diverse urban traffic environments. However, existing data-driven simulators face two key challenges: a limited focus on modeling dense, heterogeneous interactions at urban intersections - which are prevalent, crucial, and practically significant in countries like China, featuring diverse agents including motorized vehicles (MVs), non-motorized vehicles (NMVs), and pedestrians - and the inherent difficulty in robustly learning high-dimensional joint distributions for such high-density scenes, often leading to mode collapse and long-term simulation instability. We introduce City Crossings Dataset (CiCross), a large-scale dataset collected from a real-world urban intersection, uniquely capturing dense, heterogeneous multi-agent interactions, particularly with a substantial proportion of MVs, NMVs and pedestrians. Based on this dataset, we propose IntersectioNDE (Intersection Naturalistic Driving Environment), a data-driven simulator tailored for complex urban intersection scenarios. Its core component is the Interaction Decoupling Strategy (IDS), a training paradigm that learns compositional dynamics from agent subsets, enabling the marginal-to-joint simulation. Integrated into a scene-aware Transformer network with specialized training techniques, IDS significantly enhances simulation robustness and long-term stability for modeling heterogeneous interactions. Experiments on CiCross show that IntersectioNDE outperforms baseline methods in simulation fidelity, stability, and its ability to replicate complex, distribution-level urban traffic dynamics. △ Less Submitted 13 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. Comments: Accepted by ITSC 2025 arXiv:2510.11534 [ pdf , ps , other ] IntersectioNDE: Learning Complex Urban Traffic Dynamics based on Interaction Decoupling Strategy Authors: Enli Lin , Ziyuan Yang , Qiujing Lu , Jianming Hu , Shuo Feng Abstract : Realistic traffic simulation is critical for ensuring the safety and reliability of autonomous vehicles (AVs), especially in complex and diverse urban traffic environments. However, existing data-driven simulators face two key challenges: a limited focus on modeling dense, heterogeneous interactions at urban intersections - which are prevalent, crucial, and practically significant in countries lik… ▽ More Realistic traffic simulation is critical for ensuring the safety and reliability of autonomous vehicles (AVs), especially in complex and diverse urban traffic environments. However, existing data-driven simulators face two key challenges: a limited focus on modeling dense, heterogeneous interactions at urban intersections - which are prevalent, crucial, and practically significant in countries like China, featuring diverse agents including motorized vehicles (MVs), non-motorized vehicles (NMVs), and pedestrians - and the inherent difficulty in robustly learning high-dimensional joint distributions for such high-density scenes, often leading to mode collapse and long-term simulation instability. We introduce City Crossings Dataset (CiCross), a large-scale dataset collected from a real-world urban intersection, uniquely capturing dense, heterogeneous multi-agent interactions, particularly with a substantial proportion of MVs, NMVs and pedestrians. Based on this dataset, we propose IntersectioNDE (Intersection Naturalistic Driving Environment), a data-driven simulator tailored for complex urban intersection scenarios. Its core component is the Interaction Decoupling Strategy (IDS), a training paradigm that learns compositional dynamics from agent subsets, enabling the marginal-to-joint simulation. Integrated into a scene-aware Transformer network with specialized training techniques, IDS significantly enhances simulation robustness and long-term stability for modeling heterogeneous interactions. Experiments on CiCross show that IntersectioNDE outperforms baseline methods in simulation fidelity, stability, and its ability to replicate complex, distribution-level urban traffic dynamics. △ Less Submitted 13 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. Comments: Accepted by ITSC 2025 arXiv:2510.10293 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI MatryoshkaThinking: Recursive Test-Time Scaling Enables Efficient Reasoning Authors: Hongwei Chen , Yishu Lei , Dan Zhang , Bo Ke , Danxiang Zhu , Xuyi Chen , Yuxiang Lu , Zhengjie Huang , Shikun Feng , Jingzhou He , Yu Sun , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang Abstract : Test-time scaling has emerged as a promising paradigm in language modeling, wherein additional computational resources are allocated during inference to enhance model performance. Recent approaches, such as DeepConf, have demonstrated the efficacy of this strategy, however, they often incur substantial computational overhead to achieve competitive results. In this work, we propose MatryoshkaThinki… ▽ More Test-time scaling has emerged as a promising paradigm in language modeling, wherein additional computational resources are allocated during inference to enhance model performance. Recent approaches, such as DeepConf, have demonstrated the efficacy of this strategy, however, they often incur substantial computational overhead to achieve competitive results. In this work, we propose MatryoshkaThinking, a novel method that significantly reduces computational cost while maintaining state-of-the-art performance. Specifically, MatryoshkaThinking attains a score of 99.79 on AIME2025 using only 4% of the computation required by DeepConf. The core of our approach lies in the recursive exploitation of the model's intrinsic capabilities in reasoning, verification, and summarization, which collectively enhance the retention of correct solutions and reduce the disparity between Pass@k and Pass@1. Comprehensive evaluations across multiple open-source models and challenging multi-modal reasoning benchmarks validate the effectiveness and generality of our method. These findings offer new insights into the design of efficient and scalable test-time inference strategies for advanced language models. △ Less Submitted 11 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.10293 [ pdf , ps , other ] MatryoshkaThinking: Recursive Test-Time Scaling Enables Efficient Reasoning Authors: Hongwei Chen , Yishu Lei , Dan Zhang , Bo Ke , Danxiang Zhu , Xuyi Chen , Yuxiang Lu , Zhengjie Huang , Shikun Feng , Jingzhou He , Yu Sun , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang Abstract : Test-time scaling has emerged as a promising paradigm in language modeling, wherein additional computational resources are allocated during inference to enhance model performance. Recent approaches, such as DeepConf, have demonstrated the efficacy of this strategy, however, they often incur substantial computational overhead to achieve competitive results. In this work, we propose MatryoshkaThinki… ▽ More Test-time scaling has emerged as a promising paradigm in language modeling, wherein additional computational resources are allocated during inference to enhance model performance. Recent approaches, such as DeepConf, have demonstrated the efficacy of this strategy, however, they often incur substantial computational overhead to achieve competitive results. In this work, we propose MatryoshkaThinking, a novel method that significantly reduces computational cost while maintaining state-of-the-art performance. Specifically, MatryoshkaThinking attains a score of 99.79 on AIME2025 using only 4% of the computation required by DeepConf. The core of our approach lies in the recursive exploitation of the model's intrinsic capabilities in reasoning, verification, and summarization, which collectively enhance the retention of correct solutions and reduce the disparity between Pass@k and Pass@1. Comprehensive evaluations across multiple open-source models and challenging multi-modal reasoning benchmarks validate the effectiveness and generality of our method. These findings offer new insights into the design of efficient and scalable test-time inference strategies for advanced language models. △ Less Submitted 11 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.09913 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Don't Throw Away Your Pretrained Model Authors: Shangbin Feng , Wenhao Yu , Yike Wang , Hongming Zhang , Yulia Tsvetkov , Dong Yu Abstract : Alignment training has tradeoffs: it helps language models (LMs) gain in reasoning and instruction following but might lose out on skills such as creativity and calibration, where unaligned base models are better at. We aim to make the best of both worlds through model collaboration, where different models in the training pipeline collaborate and complement each other. Since LM responses feature i… ▽ More Alignment training has tradeoffs: it helps language models (LMs) gain in reasoning and instruction following but might lose out on skills such as creativity and calibration, where unaligned base models are better at. We aim to make the best of both worlds through model collaboration, where different models in the training pipeline collaborate and complement each other. Since LM responses feature interleaving skills that favor different models, we propose Switch Generation, where pretrained and aligned model versions take turns to ``speak'' in a response sequence. Specifically, we train a switcher LM by learning from outcomes of choosing different models to generate the next segment across diverse queries and contexts. At inference time, the switcher LM guides different model checkpoints to dynamically generate the next segment where their strengths are most needed. Extensive experiments with 8 model collaboration baselines and 18 datasets show that 1) model collaboration consistently outperforms individual models on 16 out of 18 tasks, and 2) Switch Generation further outperforms baselines by 12.9% on average. Further analysis reveals that Switch Generation discovers compositional skills to solve problems where individual models struggle and generalizes to unseen models and tasks, reusing and repurposing by-products in expensive model training pipelines that are otherwise discarded. △ Less Submitted 10 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.09913 [ pdf , ps , other ] Don't Throw Away Your Pretrained Model Authors: Shangbin Feng , Wenhao Yu , Yike Wang , Hongming Zhang , Yulia Tsvetkov , Dong Yu Abstract : Alignment training has tradeoffs: it helps language models (LMs) gain in reasoning and instruction following but might lose out on skills such as creativity and calibration, where unaligned base models are better at. We aim to make the best of both worlds through model collaboration, where different models in the training pipeline collaborate and complement each other. Since LM responses feature i… ▽ More Alignment training has tradeoffs: it helps language models (LMs) gain in reasoning and instruction following but might lose out on skills such as creativity and calibration, where unaligned base models are better at. We aim to make the best of both worlds through model collaboration, where different models in the training pipeline collaborate and complement each other. Since LM responses feature interleaving skills that favor different models, we propose Switch Generation, where pretrained and aligned model versions take turns to ``speak'' in a response sequence. Specifically, we train a switcher LM by learning from outcomes of choosing different models to generate the next segment across diverse queries and contexts. At inference time, the switcher LM guides different model checkpoints to dynamically generate the next segment where their strengths are most needed. Extensive experiments with 8 model collaboration baselines and 18 datasets show that 1) model collaboration consistently outperforms individual models on 16 out of 18 tasks, and 2) Switch Generation further outperforms baselines by 12.9% on average. Further analysis reveals that Switch Generation discovers compositional skills to solve problems where individual models struggle and generalizes to unseen models and tasks, reusing and repurposing by-products in expensive model training pipelines that are otherwise discarded. △ Less Submitted 10 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.09665 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG LMCache: An Efficient KV Cache Layer for Enterprise-Scale LLM Inference Authors: Yuhan Liu , Yihua Cheng , Jiayi Yao , Yuwei An , Xiaokun Chen , Shaoting Feng , Yuyang Huang , Samuel Shen , Rui Zhang , Kuntai Du , Junchen Jiang Abstract : KV cache has traditionally been stored in GPU memory to accelerate the decoding phase of large language model (LLM) inference. However, it is increasingly necessary to move KV caches outside GPU devices, to enable cache reuse across different queries and inference engines. Our real-world usage statistics confirm this trend: over time, the total KV cache stored by users has grown rapidly, far excee… ▽ More KV cache has traditionally been stored in GPU memory to accelerate the decoding phase of large language model (LLM) inference. However, it is increasingly necessary to move KV caches outside GPU devices, to enable cache reuse across different queries and inference engines. Our real-world usage statistics confirm this trend: over time, the total KV cache stored by users has grown rapidly, far exceeding the capacity of GPU memory. Despite this need, there lacks an efficient solution for offloading and transferring KV caches. We present LMCACHE, the first and so far the most efficient open-source KV caching solution, which extracts and stores KV caches generated by modern LLM engines (vLLM and SGLang) out of the GPU memory and shares them across engines and queries. LMCACHE supports both cache offloading (prefix reuse across queries) and prefill-decode (PD) disaggregation (cross-engine/GPU cache transfer). LMCACHE's high performance and wide adoption stem from the following contributions: (1) highly optimized KV cache data movement powered by batched data movement operations, compute and I/O pipelining; (2) a modular KV cache connector component, decoupling LMCACHE from the rapid evolution of inference engines; (3) a first-class control API for flexible cache orchestration across GPU, CPU, storage, and network layers. Our evaluation shows that combining LMCACHE with vLLM achieves up to 15x improvement in throughput across workloads such as multi-round question answering and document analysis. Large-scale adoption of LMCACHE in enterprise settings provides us valuable insights, for example, fetching KV cache from remote storage has unsurprisingly benefits to prefill delay, and that context truncation, which is a widely applied technique in industry, can greatly reduce prefix cache hit ratio by half. The source code of LMCACHE is at: △ Less Submitted 4 December, 2025; v1 submitted 7 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.09665 [ pdf , ps , other ] LMCache: An Efficient KV Cache Layer for Enterprise-Scale LLM Inference Authors: Yuhan Liu , Yihua Cheng , Jiayi Yao , Yuwei An , Xiaokun Chen , Shaoting Feng , Yuyang Huang , Samuel Shen , Rui Zhang , Kuntai Du , Junchen Jiang Abstract : KV cache has traditionally been stored in GPU memory to accelerate the decoding phase of large language model (LLM) inference. However, it is increasingly necessary to move KV caches outside GPU devices, to enable cache reuse across different queries and inference engines. Our real-world usage statistics confirm this trend: over time, the total KV cache stored by users has grown rapidly, far excee… ▽ More KV cache has traditionally been stored in GPU memory to accelerate the decoding phase of large language model (LLM) inference. However, it is increasingly necessary to move KV caches outside GPU devices, to enable cache reuse across different queries and inference engines. Our real-world usage statistics confirm this trend: over time, the total KV cache stored by users has grown rapidly, far exceeding the capacity of GPU memory. Despite this need, there lacks an efficient solution for offloading and transferring KV caches. We present LMCACHE, the first and so far the most efficient open-source KV caching solution, which extracts and stores KV caches generated by modern LLM engines (vLLM and SGLang) out of the GPU memory and shares them across engines and queries. LMCACHE supports both cache offloading (prefix reuse across queries) and prefill-decode (PD) disaggregation (cross-engine/GPU cache transfer). LMCACHE's high performance and wide adoption stem from the following contributions: (1) highly optimized KV cache data movement powered by batched data movement operations, compute and I/O pipelining; (2) a modular KV cache connector component, decoupling LMCACHE from the rapid evolution of inference engines; (3) a first-class control API for flexible cache orchestration across GPU, CPU, storage, and network layers. Our evaluation shows that combining LMCACHE with vLLM achieves up to 15x improvement in throughput across workloads such as multi-round question answering and document analysis. Large-scale adoption of LMCACHE in enterprise settings provides us valuable insights, for example, fetching KV cache from remote storage has unsurprisingly benefits to prefill delay, and that context truncation, which is a widely applied technique in industry, can greatly reduce prefix cache hit ratio by half. The source code of LMCACHE is at: △ Less Submitted 4 December, 2025; v1 submitted 7 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.08977 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.CL Diagnosing and Mitigating System Bias in Self-Rewarding RL Authors: Chuyi Tan , Peiwen Yuan , Xinglin Wang , Yiwei Li , Shaoxiong Feng , Yueqi Zhang , Jiayi Shi , Ji Zhang , Boyuan Pan , Yao Hu , Kan Li Abstract : Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) scales the reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs) but remains bottlenecked by limited labeled samples for continued data scaling. Reinforcement learning with intrinsic rewards (RLIR), where the policy model assigns rewards to its own rollouts, enables sustainable scaling in unlabeled settings, yet its performance and stability lag be… ▽ More Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) scales the reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs) but remains bottlenecked by limited labeled samples for continued data scaling. Reinforcement learning with intrinsic rewards (RLIR), where the policy model assigns rewards to its own rollouts, enables sustainable scaling in unlabeled settings, yet its performance and stability lag behind RLVR. We trace this gap to a system bias: the model tends to overestimate its high-confidence rollouts, leading to biased and unstable reward estimation. This bias accumulates as training progresses, with deviations from the oracle drifting toward over-reward, causing unstable training. We characterize this bias using three metrics: $ρ_{\text{noise}}$, $ρ_{\text{selfbias}}$, and $ρ_{\text{symbias}}$. We find that $ρ_{\text{noise}}$ and $ρ_{\text{symbias}}$ impact convergence, while $ρ_{\text{selfbias}}$ amplifies both correct and incorrect updates, leading to instability. To mitigate this, we propose reinforcement learning with ensembled rewards (RLER), which aggregates diverse models and adapts reward interpolation and rollout selection. Extensive experiments show that RLER improves by +13.6% over RLIR and is only 3.6% below RLVR, achieving stable scaling on unlabeled samples, making it highly applicable. △ Less Submitted 9 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.08977 [ pdf , ps , other ] Diagnosing and Mitigating System Bias in Self-Rewarding RL Authors: Chuyi Tan , Peiwen Yuan , Xinglin Wang , Yiwei Li , Shaoxiong Feng , Yueqi Zhang , Jiayi Shi , Ji Zhang , Boyuan Pan , Yao Hu , Kan Li Abstract : Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) scales the reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs) but remains bottlenecked by limited labeled samples for continued data scaling. Reinforcement learning with intrinsic rewards (RLIR), where the policy model assigns rewards to its own rollouts, enables sustainable scaling in unlabeled settings, yet its performance and stability lag be… ▽ More Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) scales the reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs) but remains bottlenecked by limited labeled samples for continued data scaling. Reinforcement learning with intrinsic rewards (RLIR), where the policy model assigns rewards to its own rollouts, enables sustainable scaling in unlabeled settings, yet its performance and stability lag behind RLVR. We trace this gap to a system bias: the model tends to overestimate its high-confidence rollouts, leading to biased and unstable reward estimation. This bias accumulates as training progresses, with deviations from the oracle drifting toward over-reward, causing unstable training. We characterize this bias using three metrics: $ρ_{\text{noise}}$, $ρ_{\text{selfbias}}$, and $ρ_{\text{symbias}}$. We find that $ρ_{\text{noise}}$ and $ρ_{\text{symbias}}$ impact convergence, while $ρ_{\text{selfbias}}$ amplifies both correct and incorrect updates, leading to instability. To mitigate this, we propose reinforcement learning with ensembled rewards (RLER), which aggregates diverse models and adapts reward interpolation and rollout selection. Extensive experiments show that RLER improves by +13.6% over RLIR and is only 3.6% below RLVR, achieving stable scaling on unlabeled samples, making it highly applicable. △ Less Submitted 9 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.08521 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI FlowSearch: Advancing deep research with dynamic structured knowledge flow Authors: Yusong Hu , Runmin Ma , Yue Fan , Jinxin Shi , Zongsheng Cao , Yuhao Zhou , Jiakang Yuan , Shuaiyu Zhang , Shiyang Feng , Xiangchao Yan , Shufei Zhang , Wenlong Zhang , Lei Bai , Bo Zhang Abstract : Deep research is an inherently challenging task that demands both breadth and depth of thinking. It involves navigating diverse knowledge spaces and reasoning over complex, multi-step dependencies, which presents substantial challenges for agentic systems. To address this, we propose FlowSearch, a multi-agent framework that actively constructs and evolves a dynamic structured knowledge flow to dri… ▽ More Deep research is an inherently challenging task that demands both breadth and depth of thinking. It involves navigating diverse knowledge spaces and reasoning over complex, multi-step dependencies, which presents substantial challenges for agentic systems. To address this, we propose FlowSearch, a multi-agent framework that actively constructs and evolves a dynamic structured knowledge flow to drive subtask execution and reasoning. FlowSearch is capable of strategically planning and expanding the knowledge flow to enable parallel exploration and hierarchical task decomposition, while also adjusting the knowledge flow in real time based on feedback from intermediate reasoning outcomes and insights. FlowSearch achieves competitive performance on both general and scientific benchmarks, including GAIA, HLE, GPQA and TRQA, demonstrating its effectiveness in multi-disciplinary research scenarios and its potential to advance scientific discovery. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; v1 submitted 9 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.08521 [ pdf , ps , other ] FlowSearch: Advancing deep research with dynamic structured knowledge flow Authors: Yusong Hu , Runmin Ma , Yue Fan , Jinxin Shi , Zongsheng Cao , Yuhao Zhou , Jiakang Yuan , Shuaiyu Zhang , Shiyang Feng , Xiangchao Yan , Shufei Zhang , Wenlong Zhang , Lei Bai , Bo Zhang Abstract : Deep research is an inherently challenging task that demands both breadth and depth of thinking. It involves navigating diverse knowledge spaces and reasoning over complex, multi-step dependencies, which presents substantial challenges for agentic systems. To address this, we propose FlowSearch, a multi-agent framework that actively constructs and evolves a dynamic structured knowledge flow to dri… ▽ More Deep research is an inherently challenging task that demands both breadth and depth of thinking. It involves navigating diverse knowledge spaces and reasoning over complex, multi-step dependencies, which presents substantial challenges for agentic systems. To address this, we propose FlowSearch, a multi-agent framework that actively constructs and evolves a dynamic structured knowledge flow to drive subtask execution and reasoning. FlowSearch is capable of strategically planning and expanding the knowledge flow to enable parallel exploration and hierarchical task decomposition, while also adjusting the knowledge flow in real time based on feedback from intermediate reasoning outcomes and insights. FlowSearch achieves competitive performance on both general and scientific benchmarks, including GAIA, HLE, GPQA and TRQA, demonstrating its effectiveness in multi-disciplinary research scenarios and its potential to advance scientific discovery. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; v1 submitted 9 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.06270 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI MCCE: A Framework for Multi-LLM Collaborative Co-Evolution Authors: Nian Ran , Zhongzheng Li , Yue Wang , Qingsong Ran , Xiaoyuan Zhang , Shikun Feng , Richard Allmendinger , Xiaoguang Zhao Abstract : Multi-objective discrete optimization problems, such as molecular design, pose significant challenges due to their vast and unstructured combinatorial spaces. Traditional evolutionary algorithms often get trapped in local optima, while expert knowledge can provide crucial guidance for accelerating convergence. Large language models (LLMs) offer powerful priors and reasoning ability, making them na… ▽ More Multi-objective discrete optimization problems, such as molecular design, pose significant challenges due to their vast and unstructured combinatorial spaces. Traditional evolutionary algorithms often get trapped in local optima, while expert knowledge can provide crucial guidance for accelerating convergence. Large language models (LLMs) offer powerful priors and reasoning ability, making them natural optimizers when expert knowledge matters. However, closed-source LLMs, though strong in exploration, cannot update their parameters and thus cannot internalize experience. Conversely, smaller open models can be continually fine-tuned but lack broad knowledge and reasoning strength. We introduce Multi-LLM Collaborative Co-evolution (MCCE), a hybrid framework that unites a frozen closed-source LLM with a lightweight trainable model. The system maintains a trajectory memory of past search processes; the small model is progressively refined via reinforcement learning, with the two models jointly supporting and complementing each other in global exploration. Unlike model distillation, this process enhances the capabilities of both models through mutual inspiration. Experiments on multi-objective drug design benchmarks show that MCCE achieves state-of-the-art Pareto front quality and consistently outperforms baselines. These results highlight a new paradigm for enabling continual evolution in hybrid LLM systems, combining knowledge-driven exploration with experience-driven learning. △ Less Submitted 6 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.06270 [ pdf , ps , other ] MCCE: A Framework for Multi-LLM Collaborative Co-Evolution Authors: Nian Ran , Zhongzheng Li , Yue Wang , Qingsong Ran , Xiaoyuan Zhang , Shikun Feng , Richard Allmendinger , Xiaoguang Zhao Abstract : Multi-objective discrete optimization problems, such as molecular design, pose significant challenges due to their vast and unstructured combinatorial spaces. Traditional evolutionary algorithms often get trapped in local optima, while expert knowledge can provide crucial guidance for accelerating convergence. Large language models (LLMs) offer powerful priors and reasoning ability, making them na… ▽ More Multi-objective discrete optimization problems, such as molecular design, pose significant challenges due to their vast and unstructured combinatorial spaces. Traditional evolutionary algorithms often get trapped in local optima, while expert knowledge can provide crucial guidance for accelerating convergence. Large language models (LLMs) offer powerful priors and reasoning ability, making them natural optimizers when expert knowledge matters. However, closed-source LLMs, though strong in exploration, cannot update their parameters and thus cannot internalize experience. Conversely, smaller open models can be continually fine-tuned but lack broad knowledge and reasoning strength. We introduce Multi-LLM Collaborative Co-evolution (MCCE), a hybrid framework that unites a frozen closed-source LLM with a lightweight trainable model. The system maintains a trajectory memory of past search processes; the small model is progressively refined via reinforcement learning, with the two models jointly supporting and complementing each other in global exploration. Unlike model distillation, this process enhances the capabilities of both models through mutual inspiration. Experiments on multi-objective drug design benchmarks show that MCCE achieves state-of-the-art Pareto front quality and consistently outperforms baselines. These results highlight a new paradigm for enabling continual evolution in hybrid LLM systems, combining knowledge-driven exploration with experience-driven learning. △ Less Submitted 6 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.05921 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.LG Prompt reinforcing for long-term planning of large language models Authors: Hsien-Chin Lin , Benjamin Matthias Ruppik , Carel van Niekerk , Chia-Hao Shen , Michael Heck , Nurul Lubis , Renato Vukovic , Shutong Feng , Milica Gašić Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in a wide range of natural language processing tasks and can be adapted through prompting. However, they remain suboptimal in multi-turn interactions, often relying on incorrect early assumptions and failing to track user goals over time, which makes such tasks particularly challenging. Prior works in dialogue systems have shown that lo… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in a wide range of natural language processing tasks and can be adapted through prompting. However, they remain suboptimal in multi-turn interactions, often relying on incorrect early assumptions and failing to track user goals over time, which makes such tasks particularly challenging. Prior works in dialogue systems have shown that long-term planning is essential for handling interactive tasks. In this work, we propose a prompt optimisation framework inspired by reinforcement learning, which enables such planning to take place by only modifying the task instruction prompt of the LLM-based agent. By generating turn-by-turn feedback and leveraging experience replay for prompt rewriting, our proposed method shows significant improvement in multi-turn tasks such as text-to-SQL and task-oriented dialogue. Moreover, it generalises across different LLM-based agents and can leverage diverse LLMs as meta-prompting agents. This warrants future research in reinforcement learning-inspired parameter-free optimisation methods. △ Less Submitted 7 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.05921 [ pdf , ps , other ] Prompt reinforcing for long-term planning of large language models Authors: Hsien-Chin Lin , Benjamin Matthias Ruppik , Carel van Niekerk , Chia-Hao Shen , Michael Heck , Nurul Lubis , Renato Vukovic , Shutong Feng , Milica Gašić Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in a wide range of natural language processing tasks and can be adapted through prompting. However, they remain suboptimal in multi-turn interactions, often relying on incorrect early assumptions and failing to track user goals over time, which makes such tasks particularly challenging. Prior works in dialogue systems have shown that lo… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in a wide range of natural language processing tasks and can be adapted through prompting. However, they remain suboptimal in multi-turn interactions, often relying on incorrect early assumptions and failing to track user goals over time, which makes such tasks particularly challenging. Prior works in dialogue systems have shown that long-term planning is essential for handling interactive tasks. In this work, we propose a prompt optimisation framework inspired by reinforcement learning, which enables such planning to take place by only modifying the task instruction prompt of the LLM-based agent. By generating turn-by-turn feedback and leveraging experience replay for prompt rewriting, our proposed method shows significant improvement in multi-turn tasks such as text-to-SQL and task-oriented dialogue. Moreover, it generalises across different LLM-based agents and can leverage diverse LLMs as meta-prompting agents. This warrants future research in reinforcement learning-inspired parameter-free optimisation methods. △ Less Submitted 7 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.05176 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI PatternKV: Flattening KV Representation Expands Quantization Headroom Authors: Ji Zhang , Yiwei Li , Shaoxiong Feng , Peiwen Yuan , Xinglin Wang , Jiayi Shi , Yueqi Zhang , Chuyi Tan , Boyuan Pan , Yao Hu , Kan Li Abstract : KV cache in autoregressive LLMs eliminates redundant recomputation but has emerged as the dominant memory and bandwidth bottleneck during inference, notably with long contexts and test-time scaling. KV quantization is a key lever for reducing cache cost, but accuracy drops sharply as the native KV distribution lacks flatness and thus maintains a wide quantization range. Prior work focuses on isola… ▽ More KV cache in autoregressive LLMs eliminates redundant recomputation but has emerged as the dominant memory and bandwidth bottleneck during inference, notably with long contexts and test-time scaling. KV quantization is a key lever for reducing cache cost, but accuracy drops sharply as the native KV distribution lacks flatness and thus maintains a wide quantization range. Prior work focuses on isolating outliers, which caps their error but fails to flatten the overall distribution, leaving performance fragile under low-bit settings. In this work, we show that the K cache maintains a stable structure that evolves gradually with context, while the V cache carries latent semantic regularities. Building on these insights, we propose PatternKV, a pattern-aligned residual quantization scheme. It mines representative pattern vectors online, aligns each KV vector to its nearest pattern, and quantizes only the residual. This reshaping of the KV distribution flattens the quantization target and narrows its range, thereby improving the fidelity of low-bit KV quantization. Across long-context and test-time scaling settings on multiple backbones, PatternKV delivers consistent 2-bit gains, with a 0.08% average 4-bit drop relative to FP16, improves test-time scaling accuracy by 10% on average, and raises throughput by 1.4x while supporting 1.25x larger batches. △ Less Submitted 5 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.05176 [ pdf , ps , other ] PatternKV: Flattening KV Representation Expands Quantization Headroom Authors: Ji Zhang , Yiwei Li , Shaoxiong Feng , Peiwen Yuan , Xinglin Wang , Jiayi Shi , Yueqi Zhang , Chuyi Tan , Boyuan Pan , Yao Hu , Kan Li Abstract : KV cache in autoregressive LLMs eliminates redundant recomputation but has emerged as the dominant memory and bandwidth bottleneck during inference, notably with long contexts and test-time scaling. KV quantization is a key lever for reducing cache cost, but accuracy drops sharply as the native KV distribution lacks flatness and thus maintains a wide quantization range. Prior work focuses on isola… ▽ More KV cache in autoregressive LLMs eliminates redundant recomputation but has emerged as the dominant memory and bandwidth bottleneck during inference, notably with long contexts and test-time scaling. KV quantization is a key lever for reducing cache cost, but accuracy drops sharply as the native KV distribution lacks flatness and thus maintains a wide quantization range. Prior work focuses on isolating outliers, which caps their error but fails to flatten the overall distribution, leaving performance fragile under low-bit settings. In this work, we show that the K cache maintains a stable structure that evolves gradually with context, while the V cache carries latent semantic regularities. Building on these insights, we propose PatternKV, a pattern-aligned residual quantization scheme. It mines representative pattern vectors online, aligns each KV vector to its nearest pattern, and quantizes only the residual. This reshaping of the KV distribution flattens the quantization target and narrows its range, thereby improving the fidelity of low-bit KV quantization. Across long-context and test-time scaling settings on multiple backbones, PatternKV delivers consistent 2-bit gains, with a 0.08% average 4-bit drop relative to FP16, improves test-time scaling accuracy by 10% on average, and raises throughput by 1.4x while supporting 1.25x larger batches. △ Less Submitted 5 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.02240 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI RewardMap: Tackling Sparse Rewards in Fine-grained Visual Reasoning via Multi-Stage Reinforcement Learning Authors: Sicheng Feng , Kaiwen Tuo , Song Wang , Lingdong Kong , Jianke Zhu , Huan Wang Abstract : Fine-grained visual reasoning remains a core challenge for multimodal large language models (MLLMs). The recently introduced ReasonMap highlights this gap by showing that even advanced MLLMs struggle with spatial reasoning in structured and information-rich settings such as transit maps, a task of clear practical and scientific importance. However, standard reinforcement learning (RL) on such task… ▽ More Fine-grained visual reasoning remains a core challenge for multimodal large language models (MLLMs). The recently introduced ReasonMap highlights this gap by showing that even advanced MLLMs struggle with spatial reasoning in structured and information-rich settings such as transit maps, a task of clear practical and scientific importance. However, standard reinforcement learning (RL) on such tasks is impeded by sparse rewards and unstable optimization. To address this, we first construct ReasonMap-Plus, an extended dataset that introduces dense reward signals through Visual Question Answering (VQA) tasks, enabling effective cold-start training of fine-grained visual understanding skills. Next, we propose RewardMap, a multi-stage RL framework designed to improve both visual understanding and reasoning capabilities of MLLMs. RewardMap incorporates two key designs. First, we introduce a difficulty-aware reward design that incorporates detail rewards, directly tackling the sparse rewards while providing richer supervision. Second, we propose a multi-stage RL scheme that bootstraps training from simple perception to complex reasoning tasks, offering a more effective cold-start strategy than conventional Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT). Experiments on ReasonMap and ReasonMap-Plus demonstrate that each component of RewardMap contributes to consistent performance gains, while their combination yields the best results. Moreover, models trained with RewardMap achieve an average improvement of 3.47% across 6 benchmarks spanning spatial reasoning, fine-grained visual reasoning, and general tasks beyond transit maps, underscoring enhanced visual understanding and reasoning capabilities. △ Less Submitted 2 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.02240 [ pdf , ps , other ] RewardMap: Tackling Sparse Rewards in Fine-grained Visual Reasoning via Multi-Stage Reinforcement Learning Authors: Sicheng Feng , Kaiwen Tuo , Song Wang , Lingdong Kong , Jianke Zhu , Huan Wang Abstract : Fine-grained visual reasoning remains a core challenge for multimodal large language models (MLLMs). The recently introduced ReasonMap highlights this gap by showing that even advanced MLLMs struggle with spatial reasoning in structured and information-rich settings such as transit maps, a task of clear practical and scientific importance. However, standard reinforcement learning (RL) on such task… ▽ More Fine-grained visual reasoning remains a core challenge for multimodal large language models (MLLMs). The recently introduced ReasonMap highlights this gap by showing that even advanced MLLMs struggle with spatial reasoning in structured and information-rich settings such as transit maps, a task of clear practical and scientific importance. However, standard reinforcement learning (RL) on such tasks is impeded by sparse rewards and unstable optimization. To address this, we first construct ReasonMap-Plus, an extended dataset that introduces dense reward signals through Visual Question Answering (VQA) tasks, enabling effective cold-start training of fine-grained visual understanding skills. Next, we propose RewardMap, a multi-stage RL framework designed to improve both visual understanding and reasoning capabilities of MLLMs. RewardMap incorporates two key designs. First, we introduce a difficulty-aware reward design that incorporates detail rewards, directly tackling the sparse rewards while providing richer supervision. Second, we propose a multi-stage RL scheme that bootstraps training from simple perception to complex reasoning tasks, offering a more effective cold-start strategy than conventional Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT). Experiments on ReasonMap and ReasonMap-Plus demonstrate that each component of RewardMap contributes to consistent performance gains, while their combination yields the best results. Moreover, models trained with RewardMap achieve an average improvement of 3.47% across 6 benchmarks spanning spatial reasoning, fine-grained visual reasoning, and general tasks beyond transit maps, underscoring enhanced visual understanding and reasoning capabilities. △ Less Submitted 2 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. 1 2 3 4 5 … About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=Feng,+S
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Welcome! 1 comment User talk : ~2026-22492-7 User page Talk Read Edit Add topic View history Read Edit Add topic View history What links here Related changes User contributions User logs Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Welcome! Hello! I noticed your contributions and wanted to welcome you to the Wikipedia community. I hope you like it here and decide to stay. You are welcome to edit without logging in ; however, creating an account is free and has several benefits (for example, the ability to create pages and upload media). An account also has more protection against revealing your IP address. If you edit without a username, a temporary account (~2026-22492-7) is used to identify you instead. Create an account As you get started, you may find this short tutorial helpful: Learn more about editing Alternatively, the contributing to Wikipedia page covers the same topics. If you have any questions, just use this link to ask for help ; a volunteer will visit you here shortly! If you are not sure where to help out, you can find a task here: Volunteer at the Task Center Happy editing! Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy ; Andy's edits 14:53, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] This page was last edited on 11 January 2026, at 14:53 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Zug lakir Bɛllimtaas suor Nannanna tisa Yɔɔg-yɔɔg lakir/zin'ig Sʋŋir Zin'ibanɛ bɛɛ ba kɔn/Lakir banɛ bɛɛ ba kɔn Tisim piini Yɔ'ɔgimi fʋ mɛŋ zin'ig Yɔ'ɔgim Tisim piini Yɔ'ɔgimi fʋ mɛŋ zin'ig Yɔ'ɔgim Zug lakir Main Page Sɔnsig Karim gɔsim din yi zin'isiana Gɔsim linɛ dɛŋin maal Karim gɔsim din yi zin'isiana Gɔsim linɛ dɛŋin maal Bɔɔ tɔ'ɔŋ kpɛla Tiasʋg banɛ nwɛn taaba Zaŋim labaari niŋ intanɛtin Tɔ'ɔŋir linɛ pʋ tiakida/Apʋtiakid tɔ'ɔŋir Lakir kaŋa labaya Zaŋim lʋkaŋa lieb kasɛt Maalim URL giŋa Download QR code Create a book Yaam wan PDF Sɔb banɛ na tun'e kia Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata lak' Welcome to Wikipedia in the Kusaal Language To create a Wikipedia article in Kusaal, type the title of the article below and click "Create Page". Thank you for your contribution to the Kusaal Wikipedia! All pages Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Gĩkũyũ Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi ရခိုင် Rumantsch Romani čhib Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Руски Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ ትግሬ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Ba daa maligim maal lakir/zin'ikaŋa nɛ 18 Sigsaa/Nwadisayuobʋ 2024, 11:17. Sɔb nwa bɛnɛ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; wada sieba mɛ tun'e bɛ naar ye fʋ dɔlis. Gɔsim Wada banɛ nar ye fʋ dɔlis paamɛ li wʋsa Yɛsuada wada Wikipiidia yɛla Zan'asʋg/Ki'isʋg Code of Conduct Maanmaanib/banɛ maan Kaalʋg Kuki yɛla Tangalnwiing gɔsʋg
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography Toggle Filmography subsection 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Theater 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Theater 5 References 6 External links Lucy DeVito Afrikaans العربية Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano مصرى Русский Українська Volapük Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Lucy DeVito DeVito in 2023 Born Lucy Chet DeVito ( 1983-03-11 ) March 11, 1983 (age 42) Los Angeles, California , U.S. Alma mater Brown University Occupations Actress and philanthropist Years active 2005–present Children 1 Parents .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Danny DeVito (father) Rhea Perlman (mother) Danny DeVito (father) Rhea Perlman (mother) Relatives Philip Perlman (maternal grandfather) Heide Perlman (aunt) Lucy Chet DeVito (born March 11, 1983) is an American actress. She was a recurring character on ABC Family 's Melissa & Joey (2010–2012), starred in the Hulu sitcom Deadbeat (2014–2015), and was a main voice actor and executive producer of the FXX animated comedy Little Demon (2022). DeVito has appeared in a number of theater productions, including her Broadway debut I Need That (2023). Since 2007, she has been a member of the New York developmental theater company Ensemble Studio Theater . [ 1 ] She is the daughter of actor Danny DeVito and actress Rhea Perlman . Early life DeVito was born Lucy Chet DeVito on March 11, 1983, in Los Angeles , California , [ 2 ] the daughter of actors Danny DeVito and Rhea Perlman . [ 3 ] She also has two younger siblings, a sister, Grace Fan DeVito, and a brother Jacob Daniel DeVito. Her father is Catholic and her mother is Jewish. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] She graduated from Brown University in 2007 with a degree in theater. [ 6 ] Career In 2007, DeVito starred as the non-speaking autistic title character in the play Lucy at the Ensemble Studio Theater. [ 7 ] In 2008, she starred as Anne Frank in a production of Anne Frank at the Intiman Theatre in Seattle , Washington. [ 6 ] In 2009, DeVito starred as La Piccola in the play The Miracle at Naples at the Huntington Theatre. [ 8 ] Her first major movie role was the 2009 film Leaves of Grass ; [ 9 ] later that year DeVito starred alongside her mother in the off-Broadway play Love, Loss, and What I Wore , adapted by Nora and Delia Ephron , at the Westside Theatre . [ 10 ] She portrayed the daughter of Danny DeVito's character in the 2016 film The Comedian . [ 11 ] In 2016, DeVito performed the role of Annelle Dupuy-Desoto in Steel Magnolias at the Bucks County Playhouse in New Hope, Pennsylvania . This production was directed by Marsha Mason , and also starred Patricia Richardson , Elaine Hendrix , Jessica Walter and Susan Sullivan . [ 12 ] [ 13 ] On June 9, 2016, this production became the highest-grossing show in the history of the Bucks County Playhouse. [ 14 ] In 2017, she portrayed Elanor in the play Hot Mess , a romantic comedy. [ 15 ] Personal life On April 23, 2024, DeVito announced on Instagram that she was pregnant with her first child. [ 16 ] On July 2024, she welcomed her son Carmine. [ 17 ] Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 2005 This Revolution Uncredited 2007 The Good Night Nobel Son Wanda 2008 Just Add Water Wanda A Quiet Little Marriage Sylvia 2009 Leaves of Grass Miss Greenstein 2010 Beware the Gonzo Marlene 2012 Sleepwalk with Me Hilary 2013 Syrup Cindy 2016 Curmudgeons Robin The Comedian Brittany Berkowitz 2017 Speech & Debate Lucy 2018 Can You Ever Forgive Me? Gossipy Office Worker 2019 Dumbo Coat check girl Cubby Alexis Jumanji: The Next Level Maiden 2021 Marvelous and the Black Hole Annabelle 2022 Blonde Ex-Athlete's Niece Menorah in the Middle Sarah Becker 2023 The Secret Art of Human Flight Gloria The List Patty 2024 A Sudden Case of Christmas Mother Television Year Title Role Notes 2006 Crumbs Cashier Episode: "A Loon Again, Naturally" 2006–2007 It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Jenny/Woman 3 episodes 2007 Dirt Linda Episode: "Caught on Tape" 2010–2012 Melissa & Joey Stephanie Krause 15 episodes 2014 Alpha House Charity Robeson 4 episodes 2014–2015 Deadbeat Sue 20 episodes 2015 Girls Lisa Episode: "Iowa" 2016 A Cinderella Christmas Lara TV movie 2018–2019 The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel Irene 2 episodes 2019 Shameless Yolanda Episode: "Lost" 2022 Little Demon Chrissy Feinberg (voice) 10 episodes; also executive producer Theater Year Title Role Venue Notes 2007 Lucy Lucy Ensemble Studio Theatre Off-off-Broadway 2008 The Diary of Anne Frank Anne Frank Intiman Playhouse Regional 2009 The Miracle as Naples La Piccola Huntington Theatre Company 2009–10 Love, Loss, and What I Wore Westside Theatre Off-Broadway 2010 Skirball Center Los Angeles transfer 2011 The Shoemaker Acorn Theatre Off-Broadway 2013 The Electric Baby Rozie Two River Theater Regional Make It Snappier! Linda The 52nd Street Project Off-Broadway Any Given Monday Sarah Delaware Theatre Company Regional 2016 In Quietness Beth Soho Repertory Theatre Off-off-Broadway Steel Magnolias Annelle Bucks County Playhouse Regional 2017 Hot Mess Elanor The Theatre Center Off-Broadway 2023 I Need That Amelia American Airlines Theatre Broadway References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Member Artists" . Ensemble Studio Theatre . Retrieved November 20, 2023 . ^ Hoffman, Barbara (November 11, 2017). "Lucy DeVito's favorite spot to grab Negroni with her dad" . New York Post . Retrieved September 20, 2019 . ^ "Lucy DeVito Is Danny DeVito's Daughter" . Right Cinema . September 17, 2010. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014 . Retrieved September 20, 2019 . ^ Ellen, Barbara (April 14, 2012). "Danny DeVito: 'It all worked out for me. Life is good' " . The Guardian . ^ Lacher, Irene (December 28, 1998). "No Religious Ballyhoo in Her Family" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 5, 2017 . ^ a b Misha, Berson (March 25, 2008). "Lucy DeVito portrays Anne Frank" . Seattle Times . Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved September 20, 2019 . ^ Lord, Catherine (January 28, 2008). "Autism and the arts: "Lucy" captures disorder's complexity" . ^ Rizzo, Frank (April 17, 2009). "The Miracle at Naples" . Variety . ^ "Movie review: 'Leaves of Grass' " . Los Angeles Times . September 24, 2010 . Retrieved September 20, 2019 . ^ Itzkoff, Dave (November 17, 2009). "Rhea Perlman and Lucy DeVito in Love, Loss, and What I Wore " . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved September 20, 2019 . ^ Scheps, Leigh (December 7, 2017). "Why Lucy DeVito Doesn't Reveal Her Last Name on First Dates" . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved September 20, 2019 . ^ Simoes, Monica (May 18, 2016). " Meet the Cast of Bucks County Playhouse's Steel Magnolias " . Playbill . Retrieved January 28, 2021 . ^ Otten, Ted (June 1, 2016). " Theater: 'Steel Magnolias' at Bucks County Playhouse " . NJ.com . Retrieved January 28, 2021 . ^ " STEEL MAGNOLIAS at Bucks County Playhouse Breaks Box Office Records! " . Broadway World . June 10, 2016 . Retrieved January 28, 2021 . ^ Brunner, Jeryl (November 30, 2017). "Are the Stars of the New Play Hot Mess a Hot Mess? We Asked!" . Parade . Retrieved November 18, 2019 . ^ "Instagram" . ^ "Danny DeVito Found Out Daughter Lucy Was Pregnant 30 Minutes Before Performing on Broadway: 'I Just Burst into Tears' " . December 17, 2024. ^ "Lucy DeVito theatre profile" . www.abouttheartists.com . Retrieved November 20, 2023 . External links Lucy DeVito at IMDb Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat VIAF WorldCat National United States United States People Deutsche Synchronkartei Deutsche Synchronkartei Other Yale LUX Yale LUX 1983 births Living people 21st-century American actresses Actresses from Los Angeles Actresses from New York City American film actresses American people of Italian descent American people of Albanian descent American people of Arbëreshë descent American people of Polish-Jewish descent American people of Russian-Jewish descent American television actresses Brown University alumni Jewish American actresses 21st-century American Jews Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from December 2024 Articles with hCards This page was last edited on 29 December 2025, at 02:25 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. 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Haadside Wikipedy-mienskip Koartlyn feroare Samar in side Help Bysûndere siden Donaasjes Akkount meitsje Oanmelde Donaasjes Akkount meitsje Oanmelde Ynhâld Begjin 1 Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes Superheldefilm العربية مصرى Azərbaycanca Беларуская বাংলা Brezhoneg Català کوردی Ελληνικά English Español فارسی Suomi Français עברית हिन्दी Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Қазақша 한국어 Latviešu Монгол Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tiếng Việt 中文 粵語 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Artikel Oerlis Lêze Bewurkje Boarne bewurkje Skiednis besjen Lêze Bewurkje Boarne bewurkje Skiednis besjen Hjirmei keppele Keppelings folgje Fêste keppeling Sidegegevens Dizze side sitearje Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Boek meitsje Ynlade as PDF Ofdrukferzje Wikimedia Commons Wikidata-item In sêne út Adventures of Captain Marvel út 1941 , ien fan 'e earste superheldefilms. De superheldefilm is in sjenre fan films dy't oer de aventoeren fan ien of mear superhelden geane: yndividuën dy't oer bûtengewoane, faak boppenatuerlike , krêften beskikke en yn 'e regel as figilantes de striid oanbine mei de misdie . Soksoarte films omfetsje ornaris eleminten fan ferskate oare sjenres, lykas de aksjefilm , de aventoerefilm , de fantasyfilm en/of de science fiction-film . Faak binne it filmsearjes , wêrby't it earste diel yn 'e rige sjen lit wêr't de superheld wei komt en hoe't er oan syn "super"-fermogens komt. It komt ek gauris foar dat superhelden ien of mear fêste tsjinstanners hawwe, saneamde supersmjunten , dy't allegeduerigen (mar úteinlik om 'e nocht) besykje om harren te slim ôf te wêzen of oermânsk te wurden. As de film mear oer in supersmjunt giet, sprekt men fan in supersmjuntefilm . De measte superheldefilms binne basearre op superheldestrips . Men kin dan bgl. tinke oan 'e Superman -, Batman -, Spider-Man -, X-Men - en Avengers -filmsearjes . Foarbylden fan superheldefilms dy't makke binne nei orizjinele senario's binne de Robocop -, Unbreakable - en Incredibles -filmsearjes . Fierders wie The Green Hornet basearre op in harkspulsearje en de dêrútfuortkommende tillefyzjesearje út 'e 1960-er jierren , wylst sawol Underdog en The Powerpuff Girls basearre waarden op tekenfilmsearjes . De ierste Westerske superheldefilms waarden makke fan 'e ein fan 'e 1930-er jierren ôf, koart nei't de earste strips oer superhelden ferskynd wiene. Tsjin dy tiid wiene yn 'e filmyndustry fan Bollywood , yn Britsk-Ynje , al ferskate soartgelikense films ferskynd (lykas Hunterwali ). De alderearste Amerikaanske superheldefilms wiene filmsearjes rjochte op bern , wêrfan't yn 1939 de earsten yn 'e bioskopen kamen. Fan 'e ein fan 'e 1970-er jierren ôf makke it sjenre in likernôch tsien jier duorjende oplibbing troch foar't it wer weisakke, mar fan 'e 2000-er jierren ôf ûntjoech de superheldefilm him wrâldwiid ta ien fan 'e liedende filmsjenres. De bekenste en súksesfolste superheldefilms sûnt 2000 binne de X-Men -films fan 20th Century Fox ; de Spider-Man -trilogy fan regisseur Sam Raimi ; de lange tekenfilms oer The Incredibles fan Pixar ; The Dark Knight Trilogy oer Batman , regissearre troch Christopher Nolan ; de films dy't spylje yn it Filmuniversum fan Marvel begjinnend mei Iron Man ; en de films spyljend yn it Utwreide Universum fan DC begjinnend mei Man of Steel . De kommersjele dominânsje fan dy films yn 'e bioskopen is yn in protte gefallen mank gien mei in positive beoardieling troch de filmkritisy , wêrby't superheldefilms ek erkenning krigen hawwe yn 'e foarm fan taparting fan wichtige prizen lykas Oscars . De superheldefilm is in sjenre fan films dy't oer de aventoeren fan ien of mear superhelden geane: yndividuën dy't oer bûtengewoane, faak boppenatuerlike , krêften beskikke en yn 'e regel as figilantes de striid oanbine mei de misdie . Soksoarte films omfetsje ornaris eleminten fan ferskate oare sjenres, lykas de aksjefilm , de aventoerefilm , de fantasyfilm en/of de science fiction-film . Faak binne it filmsearjes , wêrby't it earste diel yn 'e rige sjen lit wêr't de superheld wei komt en hoe't er oan syn "super"-fermogens komt. It komt ek gauris foar dat superhelden ien of mear fêste tsjinstanners hawwe, saneamde supersmjunten , dy't allegeduerigen (mar úteinlik om 'e nocht) besykje om harren te slim ôf te wêzen of oermânsk te wurden. As de film mear oer in supersmjunt giet, sprekt men fan in supersmjuntefilm . De measte superheldefilms binne basearre op superheldestrips . Men kin dan bgl. tinke oan 'e Superman -, Batman -, Spider-Man -, X-Men - en Avengers -filmsearjes . Foarbylden fan superheldefilms dy't makke binne nei orizjinele senario's binne de Robocop -, Unbreakable - en Incredibles -filmsearjes . Fierders wie The Green Hornet basearre op in harkspulsearje en de dêrútfuortkommende tillefyzjesearje út 'e 1960-er jierren , wylst sawol Underdog en The Powerpuff Girls basearre waarden op tekenfilmsearjes . De ierste Westerske superheldefilms waarden makke fan 'e ein fan 'e 1930-er jierren ôf, koart nei't de earste strips oer superhelden ferskynd wiene. Tsjin dy tiid wiene yn 'e filmyndustry fan Bollywood , yn Britsk-Ynje , al ferskate soartgelikense films ferskynd (lykas Hunterwali ). De alderearste Amerikaanske superheldefilms wiene filmsearjes rjochte op bern , wêrfan't yn 1939 de earsten yn 'e bioskopen kamen. Fan 'e ein fan 'e 1970-er jierren ôf makke it sjenre in likernôch tsien jier duorjende oplibbing troch foar't it wer weisakke, mar fan 'e 2000-er jierren ôf ûntjoech de superheldefilm him wrâldwiid ta ien fan 'e liedende filmsjenres. De bekenste en súksesfolste superheldefilms sûnt 2000 binne de X-Men -films fan 20th Century Fox ; de Spider-Man -trilogy fan regisseur Sam Raimi ; de lange tekenfilms oer The Incredibles fan Pixar ; The Dark Knight Trilogy oer Batman , regissearre troch Christopher Nolan ; de films dy't spylje yn it Filmuniversum fan Marvel begjinnend mei Iron Man ; en de films spyljend yn it Utwreide Universum fan DC begjinnend mei Man of Steel . De kommersjele dominânsje fan dy films yn 'e bioskopen is yn in protte gefallen mank gien mei in positive beoardieling troch de filmkritisy , wêrby't superheldefilms ek erkenning krigen hawwe yn 'e foarm fan taparting fan wichtige prizen lykas Oscars . Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes [ boarne bewurkje ] Boarnen, noaten en/as referinsjes: Foar boarnen en oare literatuer, sjoch ûnder: References en Bibliography , op dizze side . Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes [ boarne bewurkje ] Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes Boarnen, noaten en/as referinsjes: Foar boarnen en oare literatuer, sjoch ûnder: References en Bibliography , op dizze side . Foar boarnen en oare literatuer, sjoch ûnder: References en Bibliography , op dizze side . Superheldefilm Superheld Filmsjenre Dizze side is it lêst bewurke op 27 nov 2023 om 23.20. Page was rendered with Parsoid . De tekst is beskikber ûnder de lisinsje Creative Commons Nammefermelding-Lyk diele ; der kinne oanfoljende betingsten fan tapassing wêze. Sjoch de Gebrûksbetingsten foar mear ynformaasje. Privacybelied Oer Wikipedy Foarbehâld Gedrachskoade Untwikkelders Statistiken Taljochting koekjes Mobile ferzje
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https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:O_Wikipedii
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صفحهٔ اصلی رویدادهای کنونی مقالهٔ تصادفی تغییرات اخیر ویکینویس شوید! راهنما تماس با ویکیپدیا صفحههای ویژه کمک مالی ساخت حساب ورود کمک مالی ساخت حساب ورود ویکیپدیا : محتوا العربية অসমীয়া تۆرکجه भोजपुरी বাংলা Cebuano Чӑвашла English Español Suomi हिन्दी Hrvatski Magyar Bahasa Indonesia ГӀалгӀай 日本語 Қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ 한국어 Kurdî Коми മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ नेपाली Nederlands Polski پښتو Português Русский ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ سنڌي တႆး සිංහල Shqip Српски / srpski Sunda தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Tagalog Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça Українська Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ייִדיש 中文 粵語 صفحهٔ پروژه بحث خواندن ویرایش متنی نمایش تاریخچه خواندن ویرایش متنی نمایش تاریخچه پیوندها به این صفحه تغییرات مرتبط بارگذاری پرونده پیوند پایدار اطلاعات صفحه دریافت نشانی کوتاهشده بارگیری کیوآر کد استفاده از تجزیهگر قدیمی بارگیری بهصورت PDF نسخهٔ قابل چاپ آیتم ویکیداده .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} محتوا مرور کلی خطوط کلی فهرستها درگاهها واژهنامهها ردهها شاخصها اندیس الفبایی مراجع فرهنگ جغرافیا سلامتی تاریخ فعالیتهای انسانی ریاضیات طبیعت مردم فلسفه دین جامعه فناوری فهرستهای آیتمی Lists —List of lists of related items (things) Two of the broadest item list collections are: Lists of countries and territories and many فهرستها بر پایه کشور Lists of people including by nationality and by occupation گاهشمارها Timelines —list articles chronologically. فهرست سدههای میلادی فهرست دهههای میلادی فهرست روزهای سال میلادی —e.g. events on January 1 of any year الگو:CURapltRENTYEAR —major events this year درگاه:رویدادهای کنونی —featured current events and related project activities Deaths in ۲۰۲۶ —lists notable people who died this year Category:Graphical timelines —graphical timelines in the category and subcategories, arranged alphabetically فهرستهای مقالهها بر پایهٔ کیفیت و محبوبیت محتوای برگزیده Featured content is the best Wikipedia has to offer, via vigorous peer review . Presented by type: Featured articles • Featured lists • Featured pictures • Featured portals • Featured sounds • Featured topics محبوبترین مقالهها Wikipedia:Top 5000 pages (of the last week) Wikitop —Top 30 most popular articles by categories, with user comments on traffic jumps قالبهای دیگر درگاهها A portal introduces the reader to a subject by presenting images, categories and excerpts of key articles. Portals also guide editing by providing to-do lists. Portals • رده:درگاهها کتابهای ویکیپدیا Wikipedia books are collections of Wikipedia articles that can be viewed, downloaded, or printed into a book. They provide a roadmap for a course of study in a particular subject. رده:کتابهای ویکیپدیا (کتابهای ویکیفا) —an alphabetical list of the books رده:کتابهای ویکیپدیا —a list of the books, categorized by topic نوشتارهای صوتی Growing collections of Wikipedia articles are starting to become available as spoken word recordings as well. رده:نوشتارهای صوتی —an organized list of all spoken articles ویکیپدیا:نوشتارهای صوتی —some general information about the spoken article technology واژهنامهها Glossaries are lists of terms with definitions. Wikipedia includes hundreds of alphabetical glossaries. Glossaries • Category:Glossaries سامانههای فهرستی ویکیپدیا سامانهٔ رده Wikipedia's collection of category pages is a classified index system. It is automatically generated from category tags at the bottoms of articles and most other pages. Nearly all of the articles available so far on the website can be found through these subject indexes. If you are simply looking to browse articles by topic, there are three top-level pages to choose from: رده:دستهبندی موضوعات اصلی —probably what you are looking for: Arts, History, Technology, etc. رده:ردههای بنیادی —organizes articles into 'abstract' ontological categories in a way that every article can reasonably be expected to be classified within it; and ویکیپدیا:محتوا/ردهها —a hand-crafted list of first- and second-level topic categories. For biographies, see Category:People categories by parameter . رده:درونمایه is technically at the top of the category hierarchy, but contains many categories useful to editors but not readers. Special:Categories lists every category alphabetically. فهرستهای الفبایی مقالهها Wikipedia's alphabetical article indexes Special:Allpages lists all of the current pages in Wikipedia. ویکیپدیا:فهرست سریع provides an easy way to skip to a particular part of the alphabet in the list of all articles. Lists of alphabetical indexes رده:فهرستهای موضوعها —alphabetical list of topic indexes ویکیپدیا:محتوا/شاخصها —indexes sorted by topic area محتوا گونهها مرور کلی محتوای برگزیده پیرامون فهرستها درگاهها واژهنامهها ردهها شاخصها موضوعها رویدادهای کنونی مرجع فرهنگ جغرافیا سلامت تاریخ ریاضی طبیعت افراد فلسفه مذهب جامعه فناوری مکانها، افراد و زمانها رشتههای دانشگاهی روزهای سال میلادی امروز کشورها و سرزمینها افراد درگذشتههای امسال گاهشمارها سدههای میلادی دهههای میلادی شاخصها فهرست الف-ی ردهها ردهبندی دهدهی دیوئی ردهبندی کتابخانه کنگره لغتنامه راجت نوشتارهای صوتی کتابهای ویکیپدیا محتوا مرور کلی خطوط کلی فهرستها درگاهها واژهنامهها ردهها شاخصها اندیس الفبایی مراجع فرهنگ جغرافیا سلامتی تاریخ فعالیتهای انسانی ریاضیات طبیعت مردم فلسفه دین جامعه فناوری فهرستهای آیتمی Lists —List of lists of related items (things) Two of the broadest item list collections are: Lists of countries and territories and many فهرستها بر پایه کشور Lists of people including by nationality and by occupation گاهشمارها Timelines —list articles chronologically. فهرست سدههای میلادی فهرست دهههای میلادی فهرست روزهای سال میلادی —e.g. events on January 1 of any year الگو:CURapltRENTYEAR —major events this year درگاه:رویدادهای کنونی —featured current events and related project activities Deaths in ۲۰۲۶ —lists notable people who died this year Category:Graphical timelines —graphical timelines in the category and subcategories, arranged alphabetically فهرستهای مقالهها بر پایهٔ کیفیت و محبوبیت محتوای برگزیده Featured content is the best Wikipedia has to offer, via vigorous peer review . Presented by type: Featured articles • Featured lists • Featured pictures • Featured portals • Featured sounds • Featured topics محبوبترین مقالهها Wikipedia:Top 5000 pages (of the last week) Wikitop —Top 30 most popular articles by categories, with user comments on traffic jumps قالبهای دیگر درگاهها A portal introduces the reader to a subject by presenting images, categories and excerpts of key articles. Portals also guide editing by providing to-do lists. Portals • رده:درگاهها کتابهای ویکیپدیا Wikipedia books are collections of Wikipedia articles that can be viewed, downloaded, or printed into a book. They provide a roadmap for a course of study in a particular subject. رده:کتابهای ویکیپدیا (کتابهای ویکیفا) —an alphabetical list of the books رده:کتابهای ویکیپدیا —a list of the books, categorized by topic نوشتارهای صوتی Growing collections of Wikipedia articles are starting to become available as spoken word recordings as well. رده:نوشتارهای صوتی —an organized list of all spoken articles ویکیپدیا:نوشتارهای صوتی —some general information about the spoken article technology واژهنامهها Glossaries are lists of terms with definitions. Wikipedia includes hundreds of alphabetical glossaries. Glossaries • Category:Glossaries سامانههای فهرستی ویکیپدیا سامانهٔ رده Wikipedia's collection of category pages is a classified index system. It is automatically generated from category tags at the bottoms of articles and most other pages. Nearly all of the articles available so far on the website can be found through these subject indexes. If you are simply looking to browse articles by topic, there are three top-level pages to choose from: رده:دستهبندی موضوعات اصلی —probably what you are looking for: Arts, History, Technology, etc. رده:ردههای بنیادی —organizes articles into 'abstract' ontological categories in a way that every article can reasonably be expected to be classified within it; and ویکیپدیا:محتوا/ردهها —a hand-crafted list of first- and second-level topic categories. For biographies, see Category:People categories by parameter . رده:درونمایه is technically at the top of the category hierarchy, but contains many categories useful to editors but not readers. Special:Categories lists every category alphabetically. فهرستهای الفبایی مقالهها Wikipedia's alphabetical article indexes Special:Allpages lists all of the current pages in Wikipedia. ویکیپدیا:فهرست سریع provides an easy way to skip to a particular part of the alphabet in the list of all articles. Lists of alphabetical indexes رده:فهرستهای موضوعها —alphabetical list of topic indexes ویکیپدیا:محتوا/شاخصها —indexes sorted by topic area فهرستهای آیتمی Lists —List of lists of related items (things) Two of the broadest item list collections are: Lists of countries and territories and many فهرستها بر پایه کشور Lists of people including by nationality and by occupation فهرستهای آیتمی Lists —List of lists of related items (things) Two of the broadest item list collections are: Lists of countries and territories and many فهرستها بر پایه کشور Lists of people including by nationality and by occupation Lists of countries and territories and many فهرستها بر پایه کشور Lists of people including by nationality and by occupation گاهشمارها Timelines —list articles chronologically. فهرست سدههای میلادی فهرست دهههای میلادی فهرست روزهای سال میلادی —e.g. events on January 1 of any year الگو:CURapltRENTYEAR —major events this year درگاه:رویدادهای کنونی —featured current events and related project activities Deaths in ۲۰۲۶ —lists notable people who died this year Category:Graphical timelines —graphical timelines in the category and subcategories, arranged alphabetically گاهشمارها Timelines —list articles chronologically. فهرست سدههای میلادی فهرست دهههای میلادی فهرست روزهای سال میلادی —e.g. events on January 1 of any year الگو:CURapltRENTYEAR —major events this year درگاه:رویدادهای کنونی —featured current events and related project activities Deaths in ۲۰۲۶ —lists notable people who died this year Category:Graphical timelines —graphical timelines in the category and subcategories, arranged alphabetically فهرست سدههای میلادی فهرست دهههای میلادی فهرست روزهای سال میلادی —e.g. events on January 1 of any year الگو:CURapltRENTYEAR —major events this year درگاه:رویدادهای کنونی —featured current events and related project activities Deaths in ۲۰۲۶ —lists notable people who died this year Category:Graphical timelines —graphical timelines in the category and subcategories, arranged alphabetically فهرستهای مقالهها بر پایهٔ کیفیت و محبوبیت محتوای برگزیده Featured content is the best Wikipedia has to offer, via vigorous peer review . Presented by type: Featured articles • Featured lists • Featured pictures • Featured portals • Featured sounds • Featured topics محبوبترین مقالهها Wikipedia:Top 5000 pages (of the last week) Wikitop —Top 30 most popular articles by categories, with user comments on traffic jumps فهرستهای مقالهها بر پایهٔ کیفیت و محبوبیت محتوای برگزیده Featured content is the best Wikipedia has to offer, via vigorous peer review . Presented by type: Featured articles • Featured lists • Featured pictures • Featured portals • Featured sounds • Featured topics محتوای برگزیده Featured content is the best Wikipedia has to offer, via vigorous peer review . Presented by type: Featured articles • Featured lists • Featured pictures • Featured portals • Featured sounds • Featured topics محبوبترین مقالهها Wikipedia:Top 5000 pages (of the last week) Wikitop —Top 30 most popular articles by categories, with user comments on traffic jumps محبوبترین مقالهها Wikipedia:Top 5000 pages (of the last week) Wikitop —Top 30 most popular articles by categories, with user comments on traffic jumps قالبهای دیگر درگاهها A portal introduces the reader to a subject by presenting images, categories and excerpts of key articles. Portals also guide editing by providing to-do lists. Portals • رده:درگاهها کتابهای ویکیپدیا Wikipedia books are collections of Wikipedia articles that can be viewed, downloaded, or printed into a book. They provide a roadmap for a course of study in a particular subject. رده:کتابهای ویکیپدیا (کتابهای ویکیفا) —an alphabetical list of the books رده:کتابهای ویکیپدیا —a list of the books, categorized by topic نوشتارهای صوتی Growing collections of Wikipedia articles are starting to become available as spoken word recordings as well. رده:نوشتارهای صوتی —an organized list of all spoken articles ویکیپدیا:نوشتارهای صوتی —some general information about the spoken article technology قالبهای دیگر درگاهها A portal introduces the reader to a subject by presenting images, categories and excerpts of key articles. Portals also guide editing by providing to-do lists. Portals • رده:درگاهها درگاهها A portal introduces the reader to a subject by presenting images, categories and excerpts of key articles. Portals also guide editing by providing to-do lists. Portals • رده:درگاهها کتابهای ویکیپدیا Wikipedia books are collections of Wikipedia articles that can be viewed, downloaded, or printed into a book. They provide a roadmap for a course of study in a particular subject. رده:کتابهای ویکیپدیا (کتابهای ویکیفا) —an alphabetical list of the books رده:کتابهای ویکیپدیا —a list of the books, categorized by topic کتابهای ویکیپدیا Wikipedia books are collections of Wikipedia articles that can be viewed, downloaded, or printed into a book. They provide a roadmap for a course of study in a particular subject. رده:کتابهای ویکیپدیا (کتابهای ویکیفا) —an alphabetical list of the books رده:کتابهای ویکیپدیا —a list of the books, categorized by topic نوشتارهای صوتی Growing collections of Wikipedia articles are starting to become available as spoken word recordings as well. رده:نوشتارهای صوتی —an organized list of all spoken articles ویکیپدیا:نوشتارهای صوتی —some general information about the spoken article technology نوشتارهای صوتی Growing collections of Wikipedia articles are starting to become available as spoken word recordings as well. رده:نوشتارهای صوتی —an organized list of all spoken articles ویکیپدیا:نوشتارهای صوتی —some general information about the spoken article technology واژهنامهها Glossaries are lists of terms with definitions. Wikipedia includes hundreds of alphabetical glossaries. Glossaries • Category:Glossaries واژهنامهها Glossaries are lists of terms with definitions. Wikipedia includes hundreds of alphabetical glossaries. Glossaries • Category:Glossaries سامانههای فهرستی ویکیپدیا سامانهٔ رده Wikipedia's collection of category pages is a classified index system. It is automatically generated from category tags at the bottoms of articles and most other pages. Nearly all of the articles available so far on the website can be found through these subject indexes. If you are simply looking to browse articles by topic, there are three top-level pages to choose from: رده:دستهبندی موضوعات اصلی —probably what you are looking for: Arts, History, Technology, etc. رده:ردههای بنیادی —organizes articles into 'abstract' ontological categories in a way that every article can reasonably be expected to be classified within it; and ویکیپدیا:محتوا/ردهها —a hand-crafted list of first- and second-level topic categories. For biographies, see Category:People categories by parameter . رده:درونمایه is technically at the top of the category hierarchy, but contains many categories useful to editors but not readers. Special:Categories lists every category alphabetically. فهرستهای الفبایی مقالهها Wikipedia's alphabetical article indexes Special:Allpages lists all of the current pages in Wikipedia. ویکیپدیا:فهرست سریع provides an easy way to skip to a particular part of the alphabet in the list of all articles. Lists of alphabetical indexes رده:فهرستهای موضوعها —alphabetical list of topic indexes ویکیپدیا:محتوا/شاخصها —indexes sorted by topic area سامانههای فهرستی ویکیپدیا سامانهٔ رده Wikipedia's collection of category pages is a classified index system. It is automatically generated from category tags at the bottoms of articles and most other pages. Nearly all of the articles available so far on the website can be found through these subject indexes. If you are simply looking to browse articles by topic, there are three top-level pages to choose from: رده:دستهبندی موضوعات اصلی —probably what you are looking for: Arts, History, Technology, etc. رده:ردههای بنیادی —organizes articles into 'abstract' ontological categories in a way that every article can reasonably be expected to be classified within it; and ویکیپدیا:محتوا/ردهها —a hand-crafted list of first- and second-level topic categories. For biographies, see Category:People categories by parameter . رده:درونمایه is technically at the top of the category hierarchy, but contains many categories useful to editors but not readers. Special:Categories lists every category alphabetically. سامانهٔ رده Wikipedia's collection of category pages is a classified index system. It is automatically generated from category tags at the bottoms of articles and most other pages. Nearly all of the articles available so far on the website can be found through these subject indexes. If you are simply looking to browse articles by topic, there are three top-level pages to choose from: رده:دستهبندی موضوعات اصلی —probably what you are looking for: Arts, History, Technology, etc. رده:ردههای بنیادی —organizes articles into 'abstract' ontological categories in a way that every article can reasonably be expected to be classified within it; and ویکیپدیا:محتوا/ردهها —a hand-crafted list of first- and second-level topic categories. For biographies, see Category:People categories by parameter . رده:درونمایه is technically at the top of the category hierarchy, but contains many categories useful to editors but not readers. Special:Categories lists every category alphabetically. فهرستهای الفبایی مقالهها Wikipedia's alphabetical article indexes Special:Allpages lists all of the current pages in Wikipedia. ویکیپدیا:فهرست سریع provides an easy way to skip to a particular part of the alphabet in the list of all articles. Lists of alphabetical indexes رده:فهرستهای موضوعها —alphabetical list of topic indexes ویکیپدیا:محتوا/شاخصها —indexes sorted by topic area فهرستهای الفبایی مقالهها Wikipedia's alphabetical article indexes Special:Allpages lists all of the current pages in Wikipedia. ویکیپدیا:فهرست سریع provides an easy way to skip to a particular part of the alphabet in the list of all articles. Lists of alphabetical indexes رده:فهرستهای موضوعها —alphabetical list of topic indexes ویکیپدیا:محتوا/شاخصها —indexes sorted by topic area رده:فهرستهای موضوعها —alphabetical list of topic indexes ویکیپدیا:محتوا/شاخصها —indexes sorted by topic area مرور کلی محتوای برگزیده پیرامون فهرستها درگاهها واژهنامهها ردهها شاخصها رویدادهای کنونی مرجع فرهنگ جغرافیا سلامت تاریخ ریاضی طبیعت افراد فلسفه مذهب جامعه فناوری رشتههای دانشگاهی روزهای سال میلادی امروز امروز کشورها و سرزمینها افراد درگذشتههای امسال درگذشتههای امسال گاهشمارها سدههای میلادی دهههای میلادی سدههای میلادی دهههای میلادی فهرست الف-ی ردهها ردهبندی دهدهی دیوئی ردهبندی کتابخانه کنگره لغتنامه راجت نوشتارهای صوتی کتابهای ویکیپدیا محتوای ویکیپدیا درگاههای درونمایه ناوبری ویکیپدیا فهرست راهنمای ویکیپدیا این صفحه آخرینبار در ۷ نوامبر ۲۰۲۵ ساعت ۰۵:۴۸ ویرایش شده است. این صفحه با استفاده از پارسوئید رندر شده است. همهٔ نوشتهها تحت مجوز Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike در دسترس است؛ برای جزئیات بیشتر شرایط استفاده را بخوانید. ویکیپدیا® علامتی تجاری متعلق به سازمان غیرانتفاعی بنیاد ویکیمدیا است. سیاست حفظ حریم خصوصی دربارهٔ ویکیپدیا تکذیبنامهها آییننامه رفتاری توسعهدهندگان آمار بیانیهٔ کوکی نمای موبایل
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ܦܐܬܐ ܪܝܫܝܬܐ ܬܪܥܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ ܓܕ̈ܫܐ ܗܫܝ̈ܐ ܫܘܚܠܦ̈ܐ ܚܕ̈ܬܐ ܦܐܬܬ̈ܐ ܚܕ̈ܬܬܐ ܡܓܠܬܐ ܚܘܝܚܬܐ ܥܘܕܪܢܐ ܕܒܘܚ ܠܢ ܒܪܝ ܚܘܫܒܢܐ ܥܘܠ ܕܒܘܚ ܠܢ ܒܪܝ ܚܘܫܒܢܐ ܥܘܠ ܦܐܬܐ ܪܝܫܝܬܐ ܕܦܐ ܪܝܫܝܐ ܡܡܠܠܐ ܩܪܝ View source ܚܙܝ ܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܩܪܝ View source ܚܙܝ ܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܡܐ ܐܣܪ ܠܗܪܟܐ ܫܘܚܠܦ̈ܐ ܕ̈ܡܝܐ ܐܣܩ ܠܦܦܐ ܐܣܘܪܐ ܦܝܘܫܐ ܝܕ̈ܥܬܐ ܥܠ ܦܐܬܐ ܡܣܗܕ ܥܠ ܗܕܐ ܦܐܬܐ Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser ܒܪܝ ܟܬܒܐ ܐܚܬ ܐܝܟ PDF ܨܚܚܐ ܡܬܛܒܥܢܐ ܘܝܩܝܓܘܐ Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki ܡܝܛܐ-ܘܝܩܝ Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource ܘܝܩܝܙܢܝ̈ܐ Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania ܡܠܘܐܐ ܕܝܕ̈ܥܬܐ ܫܠܡܐ ܠܟܘܢ ܡܢ ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܕ ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ Welcome to the Classical Syriac Wikipedia ܗܫܐ ܐܝܬ 1,922 ܡܓܠ̈ܝܢ ! - ܐ - ܒ - ܓ - ܕ - ܗ - ܘ - ܙ - ܚ - ܛ - ܝ - ܟܟ - ܠ - ܡܡ - ܢܢ - ܣ - ܥ - ܦ - ܨ - ܩ - ܪ - ܫ - ܬ ܫܘܬܦܢܐ ܝܕܝܕܐ ܚܙܝ ܢܝ ܕܘܒܪ̈ܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܘܫܪܐ ܫܘܬܦܬܟ ܕ̈ܘܟܝܬܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܝܬܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܥܘܕܪܢܐ — ܡܨܐ ܐܢܬ ܡܫܐܠ ܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܥܠ ܚܫܚܬܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ܂ ܩܘܛܢܐ ܟܢܝܫܐ — ܥܠ ܕܘܪ̈ܫܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܘܐܦ ܕ̈ܘܟܝܬܐ ܐܘܡܢܝ̈ܬܐ ܘܦܘܩܕ̈ܢܘܗܝ܂ ܬܪܥܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ — ܥܒܕ̈ܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܕܡܕ̈ܡ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ܂ ܛܐܒ̈ܐ — ܛܐܒ̈ܐ ܝܩܝܪ̈ܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܘܕܫܬܐܣܬܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ܂ ܐܝܙܓܕܘܬܐ ܐܬܪܢܝܬܐ — ܥܠ ܡܡܠܠܐ ܥܡ ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ܂ ܐܚ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܘܝܩܝܠܟܣܝܩܘܢ ܠܟܣܝܩܘܢ ܚܐܪܐ ܘܝܩܝܟܪܝܣܝܣ ܟܘܢܫܐ ܚܐܪܐ ܕܟܪ̈ܝܣܝܣ ܘܝܩܝܣܦܪܐ ܣܦܪ̈ܐ ܠܝܘܠܦܢܐ ܘܝܩܝܫܪܫܐ ܒܝܬ ܐܪ̈ܟܐ ܚܐܪܐ ܕܟܬܒ̈ܐ ܘܝܩܝܛܐܒ̈ܐ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܚܐܪܬܐ ܕܛܐܒ̈ܐ ܚܕ̈ܬܐ ܡܝܛܐ-ܘܝܩܝ ܡܥܕܪܢܘܬܐ ܝܚܝܕܬܐ ܠܘܝܩܝܡܝܕܝܐ ܘܝܩܝܓܘܐ ܐܘܨܪܐ ܚܐܪܐ ܕܡܝܕ̈ܝܐ ܘܝܩܝܙܢܝ̈ܐ ܛܟܣܐ ܕܙܢܝ̈ܐ ܕܥܠܡܐ ܕܚܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܥܠ ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܗܘ ܬܪܡܝܬܐ ܕܡܛܟܣܬܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܡܝܕܝܐ ܘܫܬܐܣ ܒ15 ܟܢܘܢ ܒ 2001 ܒ ܠܫܢܐ ܐܢܓܠܝܐ ܘܡܩܝܡܢܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܗܘ ܓܝܡܝ ܘܝܠܙ ( Jimmy Wales ). ܢܝܫܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܗܘܐ ܕܫܬܐܣ ܘܝܩܝܦܕ̈ܝܬܐ ܒܟܠ ܠܫܢܐ ܒܒܪܝܬܐ. ܒܟܠ ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܟܠ ܢܫܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܡܟܢܘܬܐ ܕܫܚܠܦ ܡܓ̈ܠܐ. ܒܬܪ ܫܢܬܐ 2001 ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝ̈ܬܐ ܚܕ̈ܬܐ ܫܬܐܣܬ ܒܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ. ܒ2005 ܒܪܐ ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܒ ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܘܡܬܚܙܗ ܗܘܐ ܒ ܐܢܛܪܢܛ ܥܠ arc.wikipedia.org . ܗܫܐ ܐܝܬ 1235 (ܢܝܣܢ 2011) ܡܓܠܝ̈ܢ ܒܓܘ ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܒܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ. ܗܫܐ ܐܦ ܐܝܬ (15 ܟܢܘܢ ܒ 2010) ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 14 ܡܠܝܘܢ ܡܓܠܝ̈ܢ ܒ271 ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܡܫܚܠܦ̈ܐ ܒܟܠܐ ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ. ܡܓܠ̈ܐ ܚܘܝܚ̈ܬܐ ܐܠܩܘܫ | ܡܪܝ ܝܘܣܦ ܚܢܢܝܫܘܥ | ܫܡܣܕܝܢ | ܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ | ܡܪܝ ܕܢܚܐ ܪܒܝܥܝܐ | ܡܪܝ ܥܡܢܘܐܝܠ ܬܠܝܬܝܐ ܕܠܝ | ܟܠܕܝܐ | ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ | ܝܘܢ | ܛܘܪܩܝܐ | ܐܝܪܐܢ | ܥܝܪܐܩ | ܪܘܣܝܐ | ܢܡܣܐ | ܥܠܡܐ | ܝܒܫܬܐ | ܕܩܠܬ | ܦܪܬ | ܓܘܢܐ | ܐܘܪܫܠܡ | ܐܠܦܒܝܬ | ܗܘܠܢܕܐ | ܠܫܢܐ ܐܢܓܠܝܐ | ܡܪܝ ܐܦܪܝܡ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ | ܒܝܬ ܛܘܣܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܒܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ السريانية • سيريانى • Syrština • Syrische Sprache • Συριακή γλώσσα • Syriac • siria • Idioma siríaco • زبان سریانی • Syriaque • סורית Sirjački jezik • Lingua siriaca • シリア語 • 시리아어 • Lingua Syriaca • സുറിയാനി • Syrisch • syryjski • Língua siríaca • Сирийский язык • Syriska • ภาษาซีเรียค • Süryanice • 敘利亞語 • ܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܝܘܡܐ ܫܠܡܐ ܠܟܘܢ ܡܢ ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܕ ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ Welcome to the Classical Syriac Wikipedia ܗܫܐ ܐܝܬ 1,922 ܡܓܠ̈ܝܢ ! - ܐ - ܒ - ܓ - ܕ - ܗ - ܘ - ܙ - ܚ - ܛ - ܝ - ܟܟ - ܠ - ܡܡ - ܢܢ - ܣ - ܥ - ܦ - ܨ - ܩ - ܪ - ܫ - ܬ ܫܠܡܐ ܠܟܘܢ ܡܢ ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܕ ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ Welcome to the Classical Syriac Wikipedia ܗܫܐ ܐܝܬ 1,922 ܡܓܠ̈ܝܢ ܗܫܐ ܐܝܬ 1,922 ܡܓܠ̈ܝܢ ! - ܐ - ܒ - ܓ - ܕ - ܗ - ܘ - ܙ - ܚ - ܛ - ܝ - ܟܟ - ܠ - ܡܡ - ܢܢ - ܣ - ܥ - ܦ - ܨ - ܩ - ܪ - ܫ - ܬ ܫܘܬܦܢܐ ܝܕܝܕܐ ܚܙܝ ܢܝ ܕܘܒܪ̈ܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܘܫܪܐ ܫܘܬܦܬܟ ܕ̈ܘܟܝܬܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܝܬܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܥܘܕܪܢܐ — ܡܨܐ ܐܢܬ ܡܫܐܠ ܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܥܠ ܚܫܚܬܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ܂ ܩܘܛܢܐ ܟܢܝܫܐ — ܥܠ ܕܘܪ̈ܫܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܘܐܦ ܕ̈ܘܟܝܬܐ ܐܘܡܢܝ̈ܬܐ ܘܦܘܩܕ̈ܢܘܗܝ܂ ܬܪܥܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ — ܥܒܕ̈ܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܕܡܕ̈ܡ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ܂ ܛܐܒ̈ܐ — ܛܐܒ̈ܐ ܝܩܝܪ̈ܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܘܕܫܬܐܣܬܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ܂ ܐܝܙܓܕܘܬܐ ܐܬܪܢܝܬܐ — ܥܠ ܡܡܠܠܐ ܥܡ ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ܂ ܐܚ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܘܝܩܝܠܟܣܝܩܘܢ ܠܟܣܝܩܘܢ ܚܐܪܐ ܘܝܩܝܟܪܝܣܝܣ ܟܘܢܫܐ ܚܐܪܐ ܕܟܪ̈ܝܣܝܣ ܘܝܩܝܣܦܪܐ ܣܦܪ̈ܐ ܠܝܘܠܦܢܐ ܘܝܩܝܫܪܫܐ ܒܝܬ ܐܪ̈ܟܐ ܚܐܪܐ ܕܟܬܒ̈ܐ ܘܝܩܝܛܐܒ̈ܐ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܚܐܪܬܐ ܕܛܐܒ̈ܐ ܚܕ̈ܬܐ ܡܝܛܐ-ܘܝܩܝ ܡܥܕܪܢܘܬܐ ܝܚܝܕܬܐ ܠܘܝܩܝܡܝܕܝܐ ܘܝܩܝܓܘܐ ܐܘܨܪܐ ܚܐܪܐ ܕܡܝܕ̈ܝܐ ܘܝܩܝܙܢܝ̈ܐ ܛܟܣܐ ܕܙܢܝ̈ܐ ܕܥܠܡܐ ܕܚܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܥܠ ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܗܘ ܬܪܡܝܬܐ ܕܡܛܟܣܬܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܡܝܕܝܐ ܘܫܬܐܣ ܒ15 ܟܢܘܢ ܒ 2001 ܒ ܠܫܢܐ ܐܢܓܠܝܐ ܘܡܩܝܡܢܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܗܘ ܓܝܡܝ ܘܝܠܙ ( Jimmy Wales ). ܢܝܫܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܗܘܐ ܕܫܬܐܣ ܘܝܩܝܦܕ̈ܝܬܐ ܒܟܠ ܠܫܢܐ ܒܒܪܝܬܐ. ܒܟܠ ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܟܠ ܢܫܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܡܟܢܘܬܐ ܕܫܚܠܦ ܡܓ̈ܠܐ. ܒܬܪ ܫܢܬܐ 2001 ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝ̈ܬܐ ܚܕ̈ܬܐ ܫܬܐܣܬ ܒܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ. ܒ2005 ܒܪܐ ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܒ ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܘܡܬܚܙܗ ܗܘܐ ܒ ܐܢܛܪܢܛ ܥܠ arc.wikipedia.org . ܗܫܐ ܐܝܬ 1235 (ܢܝܣܢ 2011) ܡܓܠܝ̈ܢ ܒܓܘ ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܒܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ. ܗܫܐ ܐܦ ܐܝܬ (15 ܟܢܘܢ ܒ 2010) ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 14 ܡܠܝܘܢ ܡܓܠܝ̈ܢ ܒ271 ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܡܫܚܠܦ̈ܐ ܒܟܠܐ ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ. ܕ̈ܘܟܝܬܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܝܬܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܥܘܕܪܢܐ — ܡܨܐ ܐܢܬ ܡܫܐܠ ܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܥܠ ܚܫܚܬܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ܂ ܩܘܛܢܐ ܟܢܝܫܐ — ܥܠ ܕܘܪ̈ܫܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܘܐܦ ܕ̈ܘܟܝܬܐ ܐܘܡܢܝ̈ܬܐ ܘܦܘܩܕ̈ܢܘܗܝ܂ ܬܪܥܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ — ܥܒܕ̈ܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܕܡܕ̈ܡ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ܂ ܛܐܒ̈ܐ — ܛܐܒ̈ܐ ܝܩܝܪ̈ܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܘܕܫܬܐܣܬܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ܂ ܐܝܙܓܕܘܬܐ ܐܬܪܢܝܬܐ — ܥܠ ܡܡܠܠܐ ܥܡ ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ܂ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܥܘܕܪܢܐ — ܡܨܐ ܐܢܬ ܡܫܐܠ ܫܘ̈ܐܠܐ ܥܠ ܚܫܚܬܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ܂ ܩܘܛܢܐ ܟܢܝܫܐ — ܥܠ ܕܘܪ̈ܫܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܘܐܦ ܕ̈ܘܟܝܬܐ ܐܘܡܢܝ̈ܬܐ ܘܦܘܩܕ̈ܢܘܗܝ܂ ܬܪܥܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ — ܥܒܕ̈ܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܕܡܕ̈ܡ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ܂ ܛܐܒ̈ܐ — ܛܐܒ̈ܐ ܝܩܝܪ̈ܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܘܕܫܬܐܣܬܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ܂ ܐܝܙܓܕܘܬܐ ܐܬܪܢܝܬܐ — ܥܠ ܡܡܠܠܐ ܥܡ ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ܂ ܐܚ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܘܝܩܝܠܟܣܝܩܘܢ ܠܟܣܝܩܘܢ ܚܐܪܐ ܘܝܩܝܟܪܝܣܝܣ ܟܘܢܫܐ ܚܐܪܐ ܕܟܪ̈ܝܣܝܣ ܘܝܩܝܣܦܪܐ ܣܦܪ̈ܐ ܠܝܘܠܦܢܐ ܘܝܩܝܫܪܫܐ ܒܝܬ ܐܪ̈ܟܐ ܚܐܪܐ ܕܟܬܒ̈ܐ ܘܝܩܝܛܐܒ̈ܐ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܚܐܪܬܐ ܕܛܐܒ̈ܐ ܚܕ̈ܬܐ ܡܝܛܐ-ܘܝܩܝ ܡܥܕܪܢܘܬܐ ܝܚܝܕܬܐ ܠܘܝܩܝܡܝܕܝܐ ܘܝܩܝܓܘܐ ܐܘܨܪܐ ܚܐܪܐ ܕܡܝܕ̈ܝܐ ܘܝܩܝܙܢܝ̈ܐ ܛܟܣܐ ܕܙܢܝ̈ܐ ܕܥܠܡܐ ܕܚܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܘܝܩܝܠܟܣܝܩܘܢ ܠܟܣܝܩܘܢ ܚܐܪܐ ܘܝܩܝܟܪܝܣܝܣ ܟܘܢܫܐ ܚܐܪܐ ܕܟܪ̈ܝܣܝܣ ܘܝܩܝܣܦܪܐ ܣܦܪ̈ܐ ܠܝܘܠܦܢܐ ܘܝܩܝܫܪܫܐ ܒܝܬ ܐܪ̈ܟܐ ܚܐܪܐ ܕܟܬܒ̈ܐ ܘܝܩܝܛܐܒ̈ܐ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܚܐܪܬܐ ܕܛܐܒ̈ܐ ܚܕ̈ܬܐ ܡܝܛܐ-ܘܝܩܝ ܡܥܕܪܢܘܬܐ ܝܚܝܕܬܐ ܠܘܝܩܝܡܝܕܝܐ ܘܝܩܝܓܘܐ ܐܘܨܪܐ ܚܐܪܐ ܕܡܝܕ̈ܝܐ ܘܝܩܝܙܢܝ̈ܐ ܛܟܣܐ ܕܙܢܝ̈ܐ ܕܥܠܡܐ ܕܚܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܥܠ ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܗܘ ܬܪܡܝܬܐ ܕܡܛܟܣܬܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܡܝܕܝܐ ܘܫܬܐܣ ܒ15 ܟܢܘܢ ܒ 2001 ܒ ܠܫܢܐ ܐܢܓܠܝܐ ܘܡܩܝܡܢܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܗܘ ܓܝܡܝ ܘܝܠܙ ( Jimmy Wales ). ܢܝܫܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܗܘܐ ܕܫܬܐܣ ܘܝܩܝܦܕ̈ܝܬܐ ܒܟܠ ܠܫܢܐ ܒܒܪܝܬܐ. ܒܟܠ ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܟܠ ܢܫܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܡܟܢܘܬܐ ܕܫܚܠܦ ܡܓ̈ܠܐ. ܒܬܪ ܫܢܬܐ 2001 ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝ̈ܬܐ ܚܕ̈ܬܐ ܫܬܐܣܬ ܒܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ. ܒ2005 ܒܪܐ ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܒ ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܘܡܬܚܙܗ ܗܘܐ ܒ ܐܢܛܪܢܛ ܥܠ arc.wikipedia.org . ܗܫܐ ܐܝܬ 1235 (ܢܝܣܢ 2011) ܡܓܠܝ̈ܢ ܒܓܘ ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܒܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ. ܗܫܐ ܐܦ ܐܝܬ (15 ܟܢܘܢ ܒ 2010) ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 14 ܡܠܝܘܢ ܡܓܠܝ̈ܢ ܒ271 ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܡܫܚܠܦ̈ܐ ܒܟܠܐ ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ. ܒܬܪ ܫܢܬܐ 2001 ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝ̈ܬܐ ܚܕ̈ܬܐ ܫܬܐܣܬ ܒܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ. ܒ2005 ܒܪܐ ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܒ ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܘܡܬܚܙܗ ܗܘܐ ܒ ܐܢܛܪܢܛ ܥܠ arc.wikipedia.org . ܗܫܐ ܐܝܬ 1235 (ܢܝܣܢ 2011) ܡܓܠܝ̈ܢ ܒܓܘ ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܒܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ. ܗܫܐ ܐܦ ܐܝܬ (15 ܟܢܘܢ ܒ 2010) ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 14 ܡܠܝܘܢ ܡܓܠܝ̈ܢ ܒ271 ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܡܫܚܠܦ̈ܐ ܒܟܠܐ ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ. ܡܓܠ̈ܐ ܚܘܝܚ̈ܬܐ ܐܠܩܘܫ | ܡܪܝ ܝܘܣܦ ܚܢܢܝܫܘܥ | ܫܡܣܕܝܢ | ܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ | ܡܪܝ ܕܢܚܐ ܪܒܝܥܝܐ | ܡܪܝ ܥܡܢܘܐܝܠ ܬܠܝܬܝܐ ܕܠܝ | ܟܠܕܝܐ | ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ | ܝܘܢ | ܛܘܪܩܝܐ | 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Genetics 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 History 6 Culture Toggle Culture subsection 6.1 Prominent people with this condition 6.1 Prominent people with this condition 7 References 8 External links Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia العربية Bosanski Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia Specialty Medical genetics Duration Lifelong Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia ( MED ), also known as Fairbank's disease , is a rare genetic disorder (dominant form: 1 in 10,000 births) that affects the growing ends of bones . Long bones normally elongate by expansion of cartilage in the growth plate (epiphyseal plate) near their ends. As it expands outward from the growth plate, the cartilage mineralizes and hardens to become bone ( ossification ). In MED, this process is defective. Signs and symptoms Children with autosomal dominant MED experience joint pain and fatigue after exercising. Their x-rays show small and irregular ossification centers, most apparent in the hips and knees. There are very small capital femoral epiphyses and hypoplastic, poorly formed acetabular roofs. [ 1 ] A waddling gait may develop. Knees have metaphyseal widening and irregularity while hands have brachydactyly (short fingers) and proximal metacarpal rounding. Flat feet are very common. [ 2 ] The spine is normal but may have a few irregularities, such as scoliosis . [ citation needed ] By adulthood, people with MED are of short stature or in the low range of normal and have short limbs relative to their trunks. Frequently, movement becomes limited at the major joints, especially at the elbows and hips. However, loose knee and finger joints can occur. Signs of osteoarthritis usually begin in early adulthood. [ 3 ] Children with recessive MED experience joint pain, particularly of the hips and knees, and commonly have deformities of the hands, feet, knees, or vertebral column (like scoliosis). Approximately 50% of affected children have abnormal findings at birth (such as club foot or twisted metatarsals, cleft palate , inward curving fingers due to underdeveloped bones and brachydactyly, or ear swelling caused by injury during birth). Height is in the normal range before puberty. As adults, people with recessive MED are only slightly more diminished in stature, but within the normal range. Lateral knee radiography can show multi-layered patellae. [ 3 ] Genetics Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) encompasses a spectrum of skeletal disorders , in which are inherited in an autosomal dominant form. However, there is an autosomal recessive form. [ 4 ] Associated genes include COL9A1 , [ 5 ] COL9A2 , [ 6 ] COL9A3 , [ 7 ] COMP , [ 8 ] and MATN3 . [ 9 ] Types include: Type OMIM Gene EDM1 132400 COMP EDM2 600204 COL9A2 EDM3 600969 COL9A3 EDM4 226900 DTDST EDM5 607078 MATN3 EDM6 120210 COL9A1 In the dominant form, mutations in five genes are causative: COMP ( chromosome 19 ), COL9A1 ( chromosome 6 ), COL9A2 ( chromosome 1 ), COL9A3 ( chromosome 20 ), and MATN3 ( chromosome 2 ). However, in approximately 10%–20% of samples analyzed, a mutation cannot be identified in any of the five genes above, suggesting that mutations in other as-yet unidentified genes are involved in the pathogenesis of dominant MED. [ 10 ] The COMP gene is mutated in 70% of the molecularly confirmed MED patients. Mutations are in the exons encoding the type III repeats (exons 8–14) and C-terminal domain (exons 15–19). [ 11 ] The most common mutations in COL9A1 are in exons 8-10, in COL9A2 in exons 2-4, and in COL9A3 in exons 2-4. Altogether, those mutations cover 10% of the patients. The other 20% of affected people have mutations in MATN3 gene, all found within exon 2. The following testing regime has been recommended by the European Skeletal Dysplasia Network : [ citation needed ] Level 1: COMP (exons 10–15) and MATN3 (exon 2) Level 2: COMP (exons 8 & 9 and 16–19) Level 3: COL9A1 (exon 8), COL9A2 and COL9A3 (exon 3) All those genes are involved in the production of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The role of COMP gene remains unclear. It is a noncollagenous protein of the ECM. [ 12 ] Mutations in this gene can cause the pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH). It should play a role in the structural integrity of cartilage by its interaction with other extracellular matrix proteins and can be part of the interaction of the chondrocytes with the matrix and it is also a potent suppressor of apoptosis in chondrocytes. Another role is maintaining a vascular smooth muscle cells contractile under physiological or pathological stimuli. [ 13 ] Since 2003, the European Skeletal Dysplasia Network has used an online system to diagnose cases referred to the network before mutation analysis to study the mutations causing PSACH or MED. [ 14 ] COL9A1 , COL9A2 , COL9A3 are genes coding for collagen type IX, that is a component of hyaline cartilage . MATN3 protein may play a role in the formation of the extracellular filamentous networks and in the development and homeostasis of cartilage and bone. [ 15 ] In the recessive form, the DTDST gene, also known as SLC26A2 , is mutated in almost 90% of the patients, causing diastrophic dysplasia . It is a sulfate transporter, transmembrane glycoprotein implicated in several chondrodysplasias. It is important for sulfation of proteoglycans and matrix organization. [ 16 ] Diagnosis Diagnosis should be based on the clinical and radiographic findings and a genetic analysis can be assessed. [ 17 ] Treatment Symptomatic individuals should be seen by an orthopedist to assess the possibility of treatment (physiotherapy for muscular strengthening, cautious use of analgesic medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). Although there is no cure, surgery is sometimes used to relieve symptoms. [ 18 ] Surgery may be necessary to treat misalignment of the hip (osteotomy of the pelvis or the collum femoris) and, in some cases, malformation (e.g., genu varum or genu valgum). [ 19 ] In some cases, total hip replacement may be necessary. However, surgery is not always necessary or appropriate. [ 20 ] Sports involving joint overload are to be avoided, while swimming or cycling are strongly suggested. [ 21 ] Cycling has to be avoided in people having ligamentous laxity . Weight control is suggested. [ 22 ] [ citation needed ] The use of crutches, other deambulatory aids or wheelchair is useful to prevent hip pain. [ 23 ] Pain in the hand while writing can be avoided using a pen with wide grip. [ 24 ] History Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia was described separately by Seved Ribbing and Harold Arthur Thomas Fairbank in the 1930s. [ 3 ] In 1994, Ralph Oehlmann's group mapped MED to the peri-centromeric region of chromosome 19, using genetic linkage analysis. [ 25 ] Michael Briggs' group mapped PSACH to the same area. [ 26 ] COMP gene was firstly linked to MED and PSACH in 1995. [ 27 ] In 1995, the group led by Knowlton did a "high-resolution genetic and physical mapping of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia and pseudoachondroplasia mutations at chromosome 19p13.1-p12." [ 28 ] Research on COMP led to mouse models of the pathology of MED. In 2002, Svensson's group generated a COMP-null mouse to study the COMP protein in vivo. These mice showed no anatomical, histological, or even ultrastructural abnormalities and none of the clinical signs of PSACH or MED. Lack of COMP was not compensated for by any other protein in the thrombospondin family. This study confirmed that the disease is not caused by reduced expression of COMP. [ 29 ] In 2007, Piròg-Garcia's group generated another mouse model carrying a mutation previously found in a human patient. With this new model, they were able to demonstrate that reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis are significant pathological mechanisms involved in MED and PSACH. [ 30 ] In 2010, this mouse model allowed a new insight into myopathy and tendinopathy, which are often associated with PSACH and MED. These patients show increased skeletal muscle stress, as indicated by the increase in myofibers with central nuclei. Myopathy in the mutant mouse results from underlying tendinopathy, because the transmission of forces is altered from the normal state. There is a higher proportion of larger diameter fibrils of collagen, but the cross-sectional area of whole mutant tendons was also significantly less than that of the wild-type tendons causing joint laxity and stiffness, easy tiring and weakness. This study is important because those diseases are often mistaken for neurological problems, since the doctor can detect a muscle weakness. This includes many painful and useless clinical neurological examination before the correct diagnosis. In this work, the researchers suggest to the pediatric doctor to perform x-rays before starting the neurological assessment, to exclude the dysplasia. [ 31 ] COL9A1 mutation was discovered in 2001. [ 32 ] Culture Prominent people with this condition Danny DeVito , American actor, producer, and director [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Robert Reich , [ 35 ] former United States Secretary of Labor under President Bill Clinton from 1993 to 1997 David Wetherill , British Paralympian table tennis athlete [ 36 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} EL-Sobky, TA; Shawky, RM; Sakr, HM; Elsayed, SM; Elsayed, NS; Ragheb, SG; Gamal, R (15 November 2017). "A systematized approach to radiographic assessment of commonly seen genetic bone diseases in children: A pictorial review" . J Musculoskelet Surg Res . 1 (2): 25. doi : 10.4103/jmsr.jmsr_28_17 . S2CID 79825711 . ^ Canepa, Giuseppe; Maroteaux, Pierre; Pietrogrande, Vincenzo (2001). Dysmorphic-syndromes and constitutional diseases of the skeleton . Padova: Piccin. ISBN 978-88-299-1502-6 . ^ a b c Lachman, Ralph S.; Krakow, Deborah; Cohn, Daniel H.; Rimoin, David L. (21 October 2004). "MED, COMP, multilayered and NEIN: an overview of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia". Pediatric Radiology . 35 (2): 116– 123. doi : 10.1007/s00247-004-1323-4 . PMID 15503005 . 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PMID 8279467 . ^ Briggs, Michael D.; Merete Rasmussen, I.; Weber, James L.; Yuen, Juliet; Reinker, Kent; Garber, Ann P.; Rimoin, David L.; Cohn, Daniel H. (December 1993). "Genetic linkage of mild pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) to markersin the pericentromeric region of chromosome 19". Genomics . 18 (3): 656– 660. doi : 10.1016/s0888-7543(05)80369-6 . PMID 8307576 . ^ Briggs MD, Hoffman SM, King LM, Olsen AS, Mohrenweiser H, Leroy JG, et al. (1995). "Pseudoachondroplasia and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia due to mutations in the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein gene". Nat Genet . 10 (3): 330– 6. doi : 10.1038/ng0795-330 . PMID 7670472 . S2CID 43867448 . ^ Knowlton RG, Cekleniak JA, Cohn DH, Briggs MD, Hoffman SM, Brandriff BF, et al. (1995). "High-resolution genetic and physical mapping of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia and pseudoachondroplasia mutations at chromosome 19p13.1-p12". Genomics . 28 (3): 513– 9. doi : 10.1006/geno.1995.1183 . PMID 7490089 . ^ Svensson L, Aszódi A, Heinegård D, Hunziker EB, Reinholt FP, Fässler R, et al. (2002). "Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein-deficient mice have normal skeletal development" . Mol Cell Biol . 22 (12): 4366– 71. doi : 10.1128/mcb.22.12.4366-4371.2002 . PMC 133870 . PMID 12024046 . ^ Piróg-Garcia KA, Meadows RS, Knowles L, Heinegård D, Thornton DJ, Kadler KE, et al. (2007). "Reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis are significant pathological mechanisms in a murine model of mild pseudoachondroplasia resulting from a mutation in the C-terminal domain of COMP" . Hum Mol Genet . 16 (17): 2072– 88. doi : 10.1093/hmg/ddm155 . PMC 2674228 . PMID 17588960 . ^ Piróg KA, Jaka O, Katakura Y, Meadows RS, Kadler KE, Boot-Handford RP, et al. (2010). "A mouse model offers novel insights into the myopathy and tendinopathy often associated with pseudoachondroplasia and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia" . Hum Mol Genet . 19 (1): 52– 64. doi : 10.1093/hmg/ddp466 . PMC 2792148 . PMID 19808781 . ^ Czarny-Ratajczak M, Lohiniva J, Rogala P, et al. (November 2001). "A mutation in COL9A1 causes multiple epiphyseal dysplasia: further evidence for locus heterogeneity" . Am. J. Hum. Genet . 69 (5): 969– 80. doi : 10.1086/324023 . PMC 1274373 . PMID 11565064 . ^ Jenkins, Mark (26 September 2013). "For Richer And For Poorer, But What Of That Vanishing Middle?" . NPR . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . ^ Joseph, Pat (2013-09-10). "Lights, Camera, Economics Robert Reich brings his message to the big screen" . Berkeley . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . ^ Leibovitch, Mark (March 14, 2002). "The True Measure of a Man" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on April 23, 2003 . Retrieved November 8, 2008 . Alt URL ^ David Wetherill ; Parasport Archived 2012-12-24 at archive.today External links GeneReview/NIH/UW entry on Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia, Dominant GeneReview/NIH/UW entry on Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia, Recessive Classification D ICD - 10 : Q78.8 ICD - 9-CM : 756.56 OMIM : 132400 600204 600969 226900 607078 120210 MeSH : D010009 DiseasesDB : 30716 ICD - 10 : Q78.8 ICD - 9-CM : 756.56 OMIM : 132400 600204 600969 226900 607078 120210 MeSH : D010009 DiseasesDB : 30716 External resources eMedicine : article/1259038 GeneReviews : Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia, Dominant Orphanet : 251 eMedicine : article/1259038 GeneReviews : Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia, Dominant Orphanet : 251 .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Osteochondrodysplasias v t e Osteodysplasia / osteodystrophy Diaphysis Camurati–Engelmann disease Metaphysis Metaphyseal dysplasia Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Epiphysis Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia Osteosclerosis Raine syndrome Osteopoikilosis Osteopetrosis Other/ungrouped FLNB Boomerang dysplasia Opsismodysplasia Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia McCune–Albright syndrome Diaphysis Camurati–Engelmann disease Camurati–Engelmann disease Metaphysis Metaphyseal dysplasia Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Metaphyseal dysplasia Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Epiphysis Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia Osteosclerosis Raine syndrome Osteopoikilosis Osteopetrosis Raine syndrome Osteopoikilosis Osteopetrosis Other/ungrouped FLNB Boomerang dysplasia Opsismodysplasia Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia McCune–Albright syndrome FLNB Boomerang dysplasia Boomerang dysplasia Opsismodysplasia Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia McCune–Albright syndrome McCune–Albright syndrome Chondrodysplasia / chondrodystrophy (including dwarfism ) Osteochondroma osteochondromatosis Hereditary multiple exostoses Chondroma / enchondroma enchondromatosis Ollier disease Maffucci syndrome Growth factor receptor FGFR2 : Antley–Bixler syndrome FGFR3 : Achondroplasia Hypochondroplasia Thanatophoric dysplasia COL2A1 collagen disease Achondrogenesis type 2 Hypochondrogenesis SLC26A2 sulfation defect Achondrogenesis type 1B Autosomal recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia Atelosteogenesis, type II Diastrophic dysplasia Chondrodysplasia punctata Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata Conradi–Hünermann syndrome Other dwarfism Fibrochondrogenesis Short rib – polydactyly syndrome Majewski's polydactyly syndrome Léri–Weill dyschondrosteosis Osteochondroma osteochondromatosis Hereditary multiple exostoses osteochondromatosis Hereditary multiple exostoses Hereditary multiple exostoses Chondroma / enchondroma enchondromatosis Ollier disease Maffucci syndrome enchondromatosis Ollier disease Maffucci syndrome Ollier disease Maffucci syndrome Growth factor receptor FGFR2 : Antley–Bixler syndrome FGFR3 : Achondroplasia Hypochondroplasia Thanatophoric dysplasia FGFR2 : Antley–Bixler syndrome Antley–Bixler syndrome FGFR3 : Achondroplasia Hypochondroplasia Thanatophoric dysplasia Achondroplasia Hypochondroplasia Hypochondroplasia Thanatophoric dysplasia COL2A1 collagen disease Achondrogenesis type 2 Hypochondrogenesis Achondrogenesis type 2 type 2 Hypochondrogenesis SLC26A2 sulfation defect Achondrogenesis type 1B Autosomal recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia Atelosteogenesis, type II Diastrophic dysplasia Achondrogenesis type 1B type 1B Autosomal recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia Atelosteogenesis, type II Diastrophic dysplasia Chondrodysplasia punctata Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata Conradi–Hünermann syndrome Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata Conradi–Hünermann syndrome Other dwarfism Fibrochondrogenesis Short rib – polydactyly syndrome Majewski's polydactyly syndrome Léri–Weill dyschondrosteosis Fibrochondrogenesis Short rib – polydactyly syndrome Majewski's polydactyly syndrome Majewski's polydactyly syndrome Léri–Weill dyschondrosteosis v t e Diseases of collagen , laminin and other scleroproteins v t e Collagen disease COL1 : Osteogenesis imperfecta (types I–IV) Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (types 1, 2, & 7) COL2 : Hypochondrogenesis Achondrogenesis (type 2) Stickler syndrome Marshall syndrome Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, (Strudwick type) Kniest dysplasia ( Type II collagenopathy ) COL3 : Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (types 3 & 4) Sack–Barabas syndrome COL4 : Alport syndrome COL5 : Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (types 1 & 2) COL6 : Bethlem myopathy (type 1) Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (type 1) COL7 : Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa Bart syndrome Transient bullous dermolysis of the newborn COL8: Fuchs' dystrophy (type 1) COL9: Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (types 2, 3, & 6) COL10: Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia COL11: Weissenbacher–Zweymüller syndrome Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia ( Type XI collagenopathy ) COL12: Bethlem myopathy (type 2) Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (type 2) COL17: Bullous pemphigoid COL18: Knobloch syndrome COL1 : Osteogenesis imperfecta (types I–IV) Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (types 1, 2, & 7) Osteogenesis imperfecta (types I–IV) Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (types 1, 2, & 7) COL2 : Hypochondrogenesis Achondrogenesis (type 2) Stickler syndrome Marshall syndrome Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, (Strudwick type) Kniest dysplasia ( Type II collagenopathy ) Hypochondrogenesis Achondrogenesis (type 2) Stickler syndrome Marshall syndrome Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, (Strudwick type) Kniest dysplasia ( Type II collagenopathy ) COL3 : Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (types 3 & 4) Sack–Barabas syndrome Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (types 3 & 4) Sack–Barabas syndrome COL4 : Alport syndrome Alport syndrome COL5 : Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (types 1 & 2) Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (types 1 & 2) COL6 : Bethlem myopathy (type 1) Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (type 1) Bethlem myopathy (type 1) Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (type 1) COL7 : Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa Bart syndrome Transient bullous dermolysis of the newborn Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa Bart syndrome Transient bullous dermolysis of the newborn COL8: Fuchs' dystrophy (type 1) Fuchs' dystrophy (type 1) COL9: Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (types 2, 3, & 6) Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (types 2, 3, & 6) COL10: Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia COL11: Weissenbacher–Zweymüller syndrome Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia ( Type XI collagenopathy ) Weissenbacher–Zweymüller syndrome Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia ( Type XI collagenopathy ) COL12: Bethlem myopathy (type 2) Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (type 2) Bethlem myopathy (type 2) Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (type 2) COL17: Bullous pemphigoid Bullous pemphigoid COL18: Knobloch syndrome Knobloch syndrome Laminin Junctional epidermolysis bullosa Laryngoonychocutaneous syndrome Junctional epidermolysis bullosa Laryngoonychocutaneous syndrome Other Congenital stromal corneal dystrophy Raine syndrome Urbach–Wiethe disease TECTA DFNA8/12, DFNB21 Congenital stromal corneal dystrophy Raine syndrome Urbach–Wiethe disease TECTA DFNA8/12, DFNB21 DFNA8/12, DFNB21 see also fibrous proteins v t e Genetic disorder , membrane: Solute carrier disorders v t e 1-10 SLC1A3 Episodic ataxia 6 SLC1A4 SPATCCM SLC2A1 De Vivo disease SLC2A2 Fanconi-Bickel syndrome SLC2A5 Fructose malabsorption SLC2A10 Arterial tortuosity syndrome SLC3A1 Cystinuria SLC4A1 Hereditary spherocytosis 4 / Hereditary elliptocytosis 4 SLC4A11 Congenital endothelial dystrophy type 2 Fuchs' dystrophy 4 SLC5A1 Glucose-galactose malabsorption SLC5A2 Renal glycosuria SLC5A5 Thyroid dyshormonogenesis type 1 SLC6A19 Hartnup disease SLC7A7 Lysinuric protein intolerance SLC7A9 Cystinuria SLC1A3 Episodic ataxia 6 Episodic ataxia 6 SLC1A4 SPATCCM SPATCCM SLC2A1 De Vivo disease De Vivo disease SLC2A2 Fanconi-Bickel syndrome Fanconi-Bickel syndrome SLC2A5 Fructose malabsorption Fructose malabsorption SLC2A10 Arterial tortuosity syndrome Arterial tortuosity syndrome SLC3A1 Cystinuria Cystinuria SLC4A1 Hereditary spherocytosis 4 / Hereditary elliptocytosis 4 Hereditary spherocytosis 4 / Hereditary elliptocytosis 4 SLC4A11 Congenital endothelial dystrophy type 2 Fuchs' dystrophy 4 Congenital endothelial dystrophy type 2 Fuchs' dystrophy 4 SLC5A1 Glucose-galactose malabsorption Glucose-galactose malabsorption SLC5A2 Renal glycosuria Renal glycosuria SLC5A5 Thyroid dyshormonogenesis type 1 Thyroid dyshormonogenesis type 1 SLC6A19 Hartnup disease Hartnup disease SLC7A7 Lysinuric protein intolerance Lysinuric protein intolerance SLC7A9 Cystinuria Cystinuria 11-20 SLC11A1 Crohn's disease SLC12A3 Gitelman syndrome SLC16A1 HHF7 SLC16A2 Allan–Herndon–Dudley syndrome SLC17A3 Von Gierke's disease , GSD-Ic SLC17A5 Salla disease SLC17A8 DFNA25 SLC11A1 Crohn's disease Crohn's disease SLC12A3 Gitelman syndrome Gitelman syndrome SLC16A1 HHF7 HHF7 SLC16A2 Allan–Herndon–Dudley syndrome Allan–Herndon–Dudley syndrome SLC17A3 Von Gierke's disease , GSD-Ic Von Gierke's disease , GSD-Ic SLC17A5 Salla disease Salla disease SLC17A8 DFNA25 DFNA25 21-40 SLC26A2 Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia 4 Achondrogenesis type 1B Recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia Atelosteogenesis, type II Diastrophic dysplasia SLC26A4 Pendred syndrome SLC35C1 CDOG 2C SLC37A4 Von Gierke's disease , GSD-Ib SLC39A4 Acrodermatitis enteropathica SLC40A1 African iron overload SLC26A2 Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia 4 Achondrogenesis type 1B Recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia Atelosteogenesis, type II Diastrophic dysplasia Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia 4 Achondrogenesis type 1B Recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia Atelosteogenesis, type II Diastrophic dysplasia SLC26A4 Pendred syndrome Pendred syndrome SLC35C1 CDOG 2C CDOG 2C SLC37A4 Von Gierke's disease , GSD-Ib Von Gierke's disease , GSD-Ib SLC39A4 Acrodermatitis enteropathica Acrodermatitis enteropathica SLC40A1 African iron overload African iron overload 51-60 SLC54A1 ( Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier deficiency ) SLC54A1 ( Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier deficiency ) see also solute carrier family Rare diseases Collagen disease CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Webarchive template archiveis links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with 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Hööftsiet Över Wikipedia Ik bruuk Hülp Artikels na Alphabet Ne’en Artikel schrieven Tofällige Siet Hülp Wikipedia-Portal Toletzt ännert Kuntakt Impressum Spennen Brukerkonto inrichten Anmellen Spennen Brukerkonto inrichten Anmellen Wikipedia : Hööftsiet Hööftsiet Diskuschoon Lesen Borntext ankieken Historie bekieken Lesen Borntext ankieken Historie bekieken Wat linkt na disse Siet Ännern an linkt Sieden Hoochladen Duurlink Siedeninformatschonen Afkört URL afropen QR-Code dalladen Zum Legacy-Parser wechseln Book opstellen As PDF dalladen Druckverschoon Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Mehrsprachige Wikisource Wikispecies Wikibooks Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikiquote Wiktionary Wikidata Saak Dor warrt Plattdüütsch spraken Willkamen bi de WikipediA dat fre’e Nakieksel, wo jedereen an mitwarken kann. 85.784 Artikels op Plattdüütsch . Moin and welcome on the Low Saxon or Low German version of Wikipedia. We are creating a free online encyclopedia in the Low German language. Moin und willkommen auf der plattdeutschen Wikipedia. Wir erstellen hier eine freie Online-Enzyklopädie in plattdeutscher Sprache (auch Niederdeutsch genannt). Wir erklären die Welt auf Plattdeutsch. Da ist die Welt Platt. Plattdüütsch-Spraakutkumst · Wikipedia in annere Spraken · Platt anhöörn Woans kann ik bi Wikipedia mitmaken? · Infos för Ne’e un för ole Hasen · Platt, wo schriev ik dat? Wikipedia gifft dat ok op: nedderlandsch Plattdüütsch (Nedersaksisch) · Mennoniten-Plattdüütsch (Plautdietsch) Kuntakt · Impressum · Press · Statistik · Faken stellt Fragen (FAQ) Söken Üm de Artikels to finnen, de di intresseert, kannst du glieks hier oder op jede Sied baven rechts in dat Feld ‚Söken‘ dat Woort ingeven, dat du söchst. Annere Mööglichkeiten Artikels to finnen: Artikels na Alphabet vun A-Z · Artikels na Kategorien sorteert Geografie Historie Kunst & Kultuur Plattdüütsch Religion Sport Spraak Wetenschop & Technik Utwählt Artikel Hardy Krüger (* 12. April 1928 in Berlin-Wedding ; an sik Franz Eberhard August Krüger ; † 19. Januar 2022 in Palm Springs , Kalifornien ) weer en düütschen Film schauspeler un Schriever . Krüger is de Söhn vun den Ingenieur May Krüger. Sien Kindheit hett he in Berlin -Biesdorf verleevt. In’t Öller vun 13 Johren keem he 1941 op de Adolf-Hitler-School vun de Ordensborg Sonthofen . Dor weer he bit 1944 för en tokamen högere Positschoon in’n NS-Staat optogen. Vun Beroop wull he Ingenieur warrn, as sien Vadder. Wiel sien School tiet in Sonthofen is he 1943 utwählt worrn, as Dorsteller vun Pimpf Bäumchen an den NS-Film Junge Adler mittospelen. Dat hett sien tokamen Leven prägt. Eerst weer he en övertügten Adolf-Hitler-Schöler, man denn hett he bi de Dreiharbeiten in de UFA-Studios in Babelsberg Albert Florath un Hans Söhnker kennenlehrt, de ünner grote Gefohren Jöden de Flucht mööglich maakt hebbt un em verklort hebbt, wat dat mit dat Hitler- Regime op sik harr. mehr lesen ... → Mehr utwählt Artikels find sik in de Gallerie Johrsdaag 10. Januar : 1920: De Versailler Verdrag warrt ratifizeert. Dormit warrt nu na’n Eersten Weltkrieg Freden slaten. Doch de Verdrag is ok en wichtigen Born för de Spannungen in Europa, de to’n Tweten Weltkrieg föhrt hebbt. Nu doodbleven 7. August: James Arthur Lovell , US-amerikaansch Astronaut 28. Juli: Laura Dahlmeier , Biathletin un Alpinistin 21. April: Franziskus , Paapst 13. April: Mario Vargas Llosa , peruaansch Schriever un Nobelpriesdräger 5. März: Fred Stolle , austraalsch Tennisspeler Wat so los weer Januar 2020: Wissensschatz auf Plattdeutsch wächst unaufhörlich weiter (Bericht über die plattdeutsche Wikipedia und Eastfrisian ), Ostfriesland-Magazin - Januar 2020 (Seite 82 ff). 12. November: Plattdeutsch ist in aller Munde (Westfälische Nachrichten) 11. November: Mundart-Dichter sicherte sich den Wanderpokal dauerhaft (Solinger Tageblatt) 18. Mai: Heimatverein hilft bei Forschung über Platt (Borkener Zeitung) 10. April: Was macht Karl Heinemann mit seiner Datenbank aus Worten und Redewendungen? (Waldeckische Landeszeitung) 5. April: Ist das Platt am Niederrhein noch zu retten? (NRZ) Mehr Narichten ünner Portal:Wikinews . Weetst Du al... Dat disse Mann för veer Weltruumflüüg vörsehn weer, aber blots een maakt hett … Dat dat hier en Palast in en Slott gifft … Dat disse Flagg de eenzige Natschonalflagg vun de Welt is, de mehr as veer Ecken hett … Dat de Teddybär nah dissen bekannten Mann nömmt wurrn is … Blots wiel En 1901 den Nobelpries kreegen hett, wurrd siet 2001 in Remscheid jedes Johr Enn' Oktober en Marathonrennen loopen … Fröher op „Weetst Du al“… Wikipedia ehr Süsterprojekten Wikinarichten Wikinarichten Narichten Commons Wikimedia Commons Medien un Biller Wikivoyage Wikivoyage Reisföhrer Wiktionary Wiktionary Wöörbook Wikiborn Wikiborn Ole Böker un Texten Wikidata Wikidata Daten Wikiböker Wikiböker Lehrböker Meta-Wiki Meta-Wiki Zentralsteed De fre’e Wikipedia un ehre jüst so fre’en Süsterprojekten warrt vun de gemeennüttige Wikimedia Foundation bedreven. Willkamen bi de WikipediA dat fre’e Nakieksel, wo jedereen an mitwarken kann. 85.784 Artikels op Plattdüütsch . Moin and welcome on the Low Saxon or Low German version of Wikipedia. We are creating a free online encyclopedia in the Low German language. Moin und willkommen auf der plattdeutschen Wikipedia. Wir erstellen hier eine freie Online-Enzyklopädie in plattdeutscher Sprache (auch Niederdeutsch genannt). Wir erklären die Welt auf Plattdeutsch. Da ist die Welt Platt. Plattdüütsch-Spraakutkumst · Wikipedia in annere Spraken · Platt anhöörn Woans kann ik bi Wikipedia mitmaken? · Infos för Ne’e un för ole Hasen · Platt, wo schriev ik dat? Wikipedia gifft dat ok op: nedderlandsch Plattdüütsch (Nedersaksisch) · Mennoniten-Plattdüütsch (Plautdietsch) Kuntakt · Impressum · Press · Statistik · Faken stellt Fragen (FAQ) Willkamen bi de WikipediA dat fre’e Nakieksel, wo jedereen an mitwarken kann. 85.784 Artikels op Plattdüütsch . Moin and welcome on the Low Saxon or Low German version of Wikipedia. We are creating a free online encyclopedia in the Low German language. Moin und willkommen auf der plattdeutschen Wikipedia. Wir erstellen hier eine freie Online-Enzyklopädie in plattdeutscher Sprache (auch Niederdeutsch genannt). Wir erklären die Welt auf Plattdeutsch. Da ist die Welt Platt. Plattdüütsch-Spraakutkumst · Wikipedia in annere Spraken · Platt anhöörn Woans kann ik bi Wikipedia mitmaken? · Infos för Ne’e un för ole Hasen · Platt, wo schriev ik dat? Wikipedia gifft dat ok op: nedderlandsch Plattdüütsch (Nedersaksisch) · Mennoniten-Plattdüütsch (Plautdietsch) Kuntakt · Impressum · Press · Statistik · Faken stellt Fragen (FAQ) Söken Üm de Artikels to finnen, de di intresseert, kannst du glieks hier oder op jede Sied baven rechts in dat Feld ‚Söken‘ dat Woort ingeven, dat du söchst. Annere Mööglichkeiten Artikels to finnen: Artikels na Alphabet vun A-Z · Artikels na Kategorien sorteert Geografie Historie Kunst & Kultuur Plattdüütsch Religion Sport Spraak Wetenschop & Technik Söken Üm de Artikels to finnen, de di intresseert, kannst du glieks hier oder op jede Sied baven rechts in dat Feld ‚Söken‘ dat Woort ingeven, dat du söchst. Annere Mööglichkeiten Artikels to finnen: Artikels na Alphabet vun A-Z · Artikels na Kategorien sorteert Geografie Historie Kunst & Kultuur Plattdüütsch Religion Sport Spraak Wetenschop & Technik Utwählt Artikel Hardy Krüger (* 12. April 1928 in Berlin-Wedding ; an sik Franz Eberhard August Krüger ; † 19. Januar 2022 in Palm Springs , Kalifornien ) weer en düütschen Film schauspeler un Schriever . Krüger is de Söhn vun den Ingenieur May Krüger. Sien Kindheit hett he in Berlin -Biesdorf verleevt. In’t Öller vun 13 Johren keem he 1941 op de Adolf-Hitler-School vun de Ordensborg Sonthofen . Dor weer he bit 1944 för en tokamen högere Positschoon in’n NS-Staat optogen. Vun Beroop wull he Ingenieur warrn, as sien Vadder. Wiel sien School tiet in Sonthofen is he 1943 utwählt worrn, as Dorsteller vun Pimpf Bäumchen an den NS-Film Junge Adler mittospelen. Dat hett sien tokamen Leven prägt. Eerst weer he en övertügten Adolf-Hitler-Schöler, man denn hett he bi de Dreiharbeiten in de UFA-Studios in Babelsberg Albert Florath un Hans Söhnker kennenlehrt, de ünner grote Gefohren Jöden de Flucht mööglich maakt hebbt un em verklort hebbt, wat dat mit dat Hitler- Regime op sik harr. mehr lesen ... → Mehr utwählt Artikels find sik in de Gallerie Utwählt Artikel Hardy Krüger (* 12. April 1928 in Berlin-Wedding ; an sik Franz Eberhard August Krüger ; † 19. Januar 2022 in Palm Springs , Kalifornien ) weer en düütschen Film schauspeler un Schriever . Krüger is de Söhn vun den Ingenieur May Krüger. Sien Kindheit hett he in Berlin -Biesdorf verleevt. In’t Öller vun 13 Johren keem he 1941 op de Adolf-Hitler-School vun de Ordensborg Sonthofen . Dor weer he bit 1944 för en tokamen högere Positschoon in’n NS-Staat optogen. Vun Beroop wull he Ingenieur warrn, as sien Vadder. Wiel sien School tiet in Sonthofen is he 1943 utwählt worrn, as Dorsteller vun Pimpf Bäumchen an den NS-Film Junge Adler mittospelen. Dat hett sien tokamen Leven prägt. Eerst weer he en övertügten Adolf-Hitler-Schöler, man denn hett he bi de Dreiharbeiten in de UFA-Studios in Babelsberg Albert Florath un Hans Söhnker kennenlehrt, de ünner grote Gefohren Jöden de Flucht mööglich maakt hebbt un em verklort hebbt, wat dat mit dat Hitler- Regime op sik harr. mehr lesen ... → Mehr utwählt Artikels find sik in de Gallerie Johrsdaag 10. Januar : 1920: De Versailler Verdrag warrt ratifizeert. Dormit warrt nu na’n Eersten Weltkrieg Freden slaten. Doch de Verdrag is ok en wichtigen Born för de Spannungen in Europa, de to’n Tweten Weltkrieg föhrt hebbt. Johrsdaag 10. Januar : Nu doodbleven 7. August: James Arthur Lovell , US-amerikaansch Astronaut 28. Juli: Laura Dahlmeier , Biathletin un Alpinistin 21. April: Franziskus , Paapst 13. April: Mario Vargas Llosa , peruaansch Schriever un Nobelpriesdräger 5. März: Fred Stolle , austraalsch Tennisspeler Nu doodbleven 7. August: James Arthur Lovell , US-amerikaansch Astronaut 28. Juli: Laura Dahlmeier , Biathletin un Alpinistin 21. April: Franziskus , Paapst 13. April: Mario Vargas Llosa , peruaansch Schriever un Nobelpriesdräger 5. März: Fred Stolle , austraalsch Tennisspeler Wat so los weer Januar 2020: Wissensschatz auf Plattdeutsch wächst unaufhörlich weiter (Bericht über die plattdeutsche Wikipedia und Eastfrisian ), Ostfriesland-Magazin - Januar 2020 (Seite 82 ff). 12. November: Plattdeutsch ist in aller Munde (Westfälische Nachrichten) 11. November: Mundart-Dichter sicherte sich den Wanderpokal dauerhaft (Solinger Tageblatt) 18. Mai: Heimatverein hilft bei Forschung über Platt (Borkener Zeitung) 10. April: Was macht Karl Heinemann mit seiner Datenbank aus Worten und Redewendungen? (Waldeckische Landeszeitung) 5. April: Ist das Platt am Niederrhein noch zu retten? (NRZ) Wat so los weer Mehr Narichten ünner Portal:Wikinews . Weetst Du al... Dat disse Mann för veer Weltruumflüüg vörsehn weer, aber blots een maakt hett … Dat dat hier en Palast in en Slott gifft … Dat disse Flagg de eenzige Natschonalflagg vun de Welt is, de mehr as veer Ecken hett … Dat de Teddybär nah dissen bekannten Mann nömmt wurrn is … Blots wiel En 1901 den Nobelpries kreegen hett, wurrd siet 2001 in Remscheid jedes Johr Enn' Oktober en Marathonrennen loopen … Fröher op „Weetst Du al“… Weetst Du al... Dat disse Mann för veer Weltruumflüüg vörsehn weer, aber blots een maakt hett … Dat dat hier en Palast in en Slott gifft … Dat disse Flagg de eenzige Natschonalflagg vun de Welt is, de mehr as veer Ecken hett … Dat de Teddybär nah dissen bekannten Mann nömmt wurrn is … Blots wiel En 1901 den Nobelpries kreegen hett, wurrd siet 2001 in Remscheid jedes Johr Enn' Oktober en Marathonrennen loopen … Fröher op „Weetst Du al“… Wikipedia ehr Süsterprojekten Wikinarichten Wikinarichten Narichten Commons Wikimedia Commons Medien un Biller Wikivoyage Wikivoyage Reisföhrer Wiktionary Wiktionary Wöörbook Wikiborn Wikiborn Ole Böker un Texten Wikidata Wikidata Daten Wikiböker Wikiböker Lehrböker Meta-Wiki Meta-Wiki Zentralsteed De fre’e Wikipedia un ehre jüst so fre’en Süsterprojekten warrt vun de gemeennüttige Wikimedia Foundation bedreven. Wikipedia ehr Süsterprojekten Wikinarichten Wikinarichten Narichten Commons Wikimedia Commons Medien un Biller Wikivoyage Wikivoyage Reisföhrer Wiktionary Wiktionary Wöörbook Wikiborn Wikiborn Ole Böker un Texten Wikidata Wikidata Daten Wikiböker Wikiböker Lehrböker Meta-Wiki Meta-Wiki Zentralsteed De fre’e Wikipedia un ehre jüst so fre’en Süsterprojekten warrt vun de gemeennüttige Wikimedia Foundation bedreven. Wikipedia:Textvörlaag Nedersaksies Afrikaans Alemannisch Boarisch Kaszëbsczi Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski English Français Nordfriisk Frysk Hornjoserbsce Ripoarisch Lëtzebuergesch Limburgs Lietuvių Nederlands Norsk bokmål Pälzisch Polski Seeltersk Svenska West-Vlams Zeêuws Disse Siet is toletzt üm 16:48, 24. Jul. 2024 ännert worrn. Die Seite wurde mit Parsoid gerendert. Oproopstatistik De Text steiht ünner de Lizenz „Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike“ praat; tosätzliche Bedingen künnt gellen. Nipp un nau steiht dat in de Brukerbedingen beschreven. 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–1 of 1 results for author: Pavlick, C Show abstracts Hide abstracts arXiv:2601.10524 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Diagnosing Generalization Failures in Fine-Tuned LLMs: A Cross-Architectural Study on Phishing Detection Authors: Frank Bobe III , Gregory D. Vetaw , Chase Pavlick , Darshan Bryner , Matthew Cook , Jose Salas-Vernis Abstract : The practice of fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) has achieved state-of-the-art performance on specialized tasks, yet diagnosing why these models become brittle and fail to generalize remains a critical open problem. To address this, we introduce and apply a multi-layered diagnostic framework to a cross-architectural study. We fine-tune Llama 3.1 8B, Gemma 2 9B, and Mistral models on a high… ▽ More The practice of fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) has achieved state-of-the-art performance on specialized tasks, yet diagnosing why these models become brittle and fail to generalize remains a critical open problem. To address this, we introduce and apply a multi-layered diagnostic framework to a cross-architectural study. We fine-tune Llama 3.1 8B, Gemma 2 9B, and Mistral models on a high-stakes phishing detection task and use SHAP analysis and mechanistic interpretability to uncover the root causes of their generalization failures. Our investigation reveals three critical findings: (1) Generalization is driven by a powerful synergy between architecture and data diversity. The Gemma 2 9B model achieves state-of-the-art performance (>91\% F1), but only when trained on a stylistically diverse ``generalist'' dataset. (2) Generalization is highly architecture-dependent. We diagnose a specific failure mode in Llama 3.1 8B, which performs well on a narrow domain but cannot integrate diverse data, leading to a significant performance drop. (3) Some architectures are inherently more generalizable. The Mistral model proves to be a consistent and resilient performer across multiple training paradigms. By pinpointing the flawed heuristics responsible for these failures, our work provides a concrete methodology for diagnosing and understanding generalization failures, underscoring that reliable AI requires deep validation of the interplay between architecture, data, and training strategy. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 16 pages, 6 figures, 6 tables arXiv:2601.10524 [ pdf , ps , other ] Diagnosing Generalization Failures in Fine-Tuned LLMs: A Cross-Architectural Study on Phishing Detection Authors: Frank Bobe III , Gregory D. Vetaw , Chase Pavlick , Darshan Bryner , Matthew Cook , Jose Salas-Vernis Abstract : The practice of fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) has achieved state-of-the-art performance on specialized tasks, yet diagnosing why these models become brittle and fail to generalize remains a critical open problem. To address this, we introduce and apply a multi-layered diagnostic framework to a cross-architectural study. We fine-tune Llama 3.1 8B, Gemma 2 9B, and Mistral models on a high… ▽ More The practice of fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) has achieved state-of-the-art performance on specialized tasks, yet diagnosing why these models become brittle and fail to generalize remains a critical open problem. To address this, we introduce and apply a multi-layered diagnostic framework to a cross-architectural study. We fine-tune Llama 3.1 8B, Gemma 2 9B, and Mistral models on a high-stakes phishing detection task and use SHAP analysis and mechanistic interpretability to uncover the root causes of their generalization failures. Our investigation reveals three critical findings: (1) Generalization is driven by a powerful synergy between architecture and data diversity. The Gemma 2 9B model achieves state-of-the-art performance (>91\% F1), but only when trained on a stylistically diverse ``generalist'' dataset. (2) Generalization is highly architecture-dependent. We diagnose a specific failure mode in Llama 3.1 8B, which performs well on a narrow domain but cannot integrate diverse data, leading to a significant performance drop. (3) Some architectures are inherently more generalizable. The Mistral model proves to be a consistent and resilient performer across multiple training paradigms. By pinpointing the flawed heuristics responsible for these failures, our work provides a concrete methodology for diagnosing and understanding generalization failures, underscoring that reliable AI requires deep validation of the interplay between architecture, data, and training strategy. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 16 pages, 6 figures, 6 tables About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=Pavlick,+C
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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 186 results for author: Evans, J Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 3 4 arXiv:2601.10567 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CY cs.HC cs.LG cs.MA Generative AI collective behavior needs an interactionist paradigm Authors: Laura Ferrarotti , Gian Maria Campedelli , Roberto Dessì , Andrea Baronchelli , Giovanni Iacca , Kathleen M. Carley , Alex Pentland , Joel Z. Leibo , James Evans , Bruno Lepri Abstract : In this article, we argue that understanding the collective behavior of agents based on large language models (LLMs) is an essential area of inquiry, with important implications in terms of risks and benefits, impacting us as a society at many levels. We claim that the distinctive nature of LLMs--namely, their initialization with extensive pre-trained knowledge and implicit social priors, together… ▽ More In this article, we argue that understanding the collective behavior of agents based on large language models (LLMs) is an essential area of inquiry, with important implications in terms of risks and benefits, impacting us as a society at many levels. We claim that the distinctive nature of LLMs--namely, their initialization with extensive pre-trained knowledge and implicit social priors, together with their capability of adaptation through in-context learning--motivates the need for an interactionist paradigm consisting of alternative theoretical foundations, methodologies, and analytical tools, in order to systematically examine how prior knowledge and embedded values interact with social context to shape emergent phenomena in multi-agent generative AI systems. We propose and discuss four directions that we consider crucial for the development and deployment of LLM-based collectives, focusing on theory, methods, and trans-disciplinary dialogue. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10567 [ pdf , ps , other ] Generative AI collective behavior needs an interactionist paradigm Authors: Laura Ferrarotti , Gian Maria Campedelli , Roberto Dessì , Andrea Baronchelli , Giovanni Iacca , Kathleen M. Carley , Alex Pentland , Joel Z. Leibo , James Evans , Bruno Lepri Abstract : In this article, we argue that understanding the collective behavior of agents based on large language models (LLMs) is an essential area of inquiry, with important implications in terms of risks and benefits, impacting us as a society at many levels. We claim that the distinctive nature of LLMs--namely, their initialization with extensive pre-trained knowledge and implicit social priors, together… ▽ More In this article, we argue that understanding the collective behavior of agents based on large language models (LLMs) is an essential area of inquiry, with important implications in terms of risks and benefits, impacting us as a society at many levels. We claim that the distinctive nature of LLMs--namely, their initialization with extensive pre-trained knowledge and implicit social priors, together with their capability of adaptation through in-context learning--motivates the need for an interactionist paradigm consisting of alternative theoretical foundations, methodologies, and analytical tools, in order to systematically examine how prior knowledge and embedded values interact with social context to shape emergent phenomena in multi-agent generative AI systems. We propose and discuss four directions that we consider crucial for the development and deployment of LLM-based collectives, focusing on theory, methods, and trans-disciplinary dialogue. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06225 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CY cs.AI cs.CL Classroom AI: Large Language Models as Grade-Specific Teachers Authors: Jio Oh , Steven Euijong Whang , James Evans , Jindong Wang Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a promising solution to complement traditional teaching and address global teacher shortages that affect hundreds of millions of children, but they fail to provide grade-appropriate responses for students at different educational levels. We introduce a framework for finetuning LLMs to generate age-appropriate educational content across six grade levels, from lowe… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a promising solution to complement traditional teaching and address global teacher shortages that affect hundreds of millions of children, but they fail to provide grade-appropriate responses for students at different educational levels. We introduce a framework for finetuning LLMs to generate age-appropriate educational content across six grade levels, from lower elementary to adult education. Our framework successfully adapts explanations to match students' comprehension capacities without sacrificing factual correctness. This approach integrates seven established readability metrics through a clustering method and builds a comprehensive dataset for grade-specific content generation. Evaluations across multiple datasets with 208 human participants demonstrate substantial improvements in grade-level alignment, achieving a 35.64 percentage point increase compared to prompt-based methods while maintaining response accuracy. AI-assisted learning tailored to different grade levels has the potential to advance educational engagement and equity. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06225 [ pdf , ps , other ] Classroom AI: Large Language Models as Grade-Specific Teachers Authors: Jio Oh , Steven Euijong Whang , James Evans , Jindong Wang Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a promising solution to complement traditional teaching and address global teacher shortages that affect hundreds of millions of children, but they fail to provide grade-appropriate responses for students at different educational levels. We introduce a framework for finetuning LLMs to generate age-appropriate educational content across six grade levels, from lowe… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a promising solution to complement traditional teaching and address global teacher shortages that affect hundreds of millions of children, but they fail to provide grade-appropriate responses for students at different educational levels. We introduce a framework for finetuning LLMs to generate age-appropriate educational content across six grade levels, from lower elementary to adult education. Our framework successfully adapts explanations to match students' comprehension capacities without sacrificing factual correctness. This approach integrates seven established readability metrics through a clustering method and builds a comprehensive dataset for grade-specific content generation. Evaluations across multiple datasets with 208 human participants demonstrate substantial improvements in grade-level alignment, achieving a 35.64 percentage point increase compared to prompt-based methods while maintaining response accuracy. AI-assisted learning tailored to different grade levels has the potential to advance educational engagement and equity. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03997 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL VotIE: Information Extraction from Meeting Minutes Authors: José Pedro Evans , Luís Filipe Cunha , Purificação Silvano , Alípio Jorge , Nuno Guimarães , Sérgio Nunes , Ricardo Campos Abstract : Municipal meeting minutes record key decisions in local democratic processes. Unlike parliamentary proceedings, which typically adhere to standardized formats, they encode voting outcomes in highly heterogeneous, free-form narrative text that varies widely across municipalities, posing significant challenges for automated extraction. In this paper, we introduce VotIE (Voting Information Extraction… ▽ More Municipal meeting minutes record key decisions in local democratic processes. Unlike parliamentary proceedings, which typically adhere to standardized formats, they encode voting outcomes in highly heterogeneous, free-form narrative text that varies widely across municipalities, posing significant challenges for automated extraction. In this paper, we introduce VotIE (Voting Information Extraction), a new information extraction task aimed at identifying structured voting events in narrative deliberative records, and establish the first benchmark for this task using Portuguese municipal minutes, building on the recently introduced CitiLink corpus. Our experiments yield two key findings. First, under standard in-domain evaluation, fine-tuned encoders, specifically XLM-R-CRF, achieve the strongest performance, reaching 93.2\% macro F1, outperforming generative approaches. Second, in a cross-municipality setting that evaluates transfer to unseen administrative contexts, these models suffer substantial performance degradation, whereas few-shot LLMs demonstrate greater robustness, with significantly smaller declines in performance. Despite this generalization advantage, the high computational cost of generative models currently constrains their practicality. As a result, lightweight fine-tuned encoders remain a more practical option for large-scale, real-world deployment. To support reproducible research in administrative NLP, we publicly release our benchmark, trained models, and evaluation framework. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. ACM Class: I.2.7 arXiv:2601.03997 [ pdf , ps , other ] VotIE: Information Extraction from Meeting Minutes Authors: José Pedro Evans , Luís Filipe Cunha , Purificação Silvano , Alípio Jorge , Nuno Guimarães , Sérgio Nunes , Ricardo Campos Abstract : Municipal meeting minutes record key decisions in local democratic processes. Unlike parliamentary proceedings, which typically adhere to standardized formats, they encode voting outcomes in highly heterogeneous, free-form narrative text that varies widely across municipalities, posing significant challenges for automated extraction. In this paper, we introduce VotIE (Voting Information Extraction… ▽ More Municipal meeting minutes record key decisions in local democratic processes. Unlike parliamentary proceedings, which typically adhere to standardized formats, they encode voting outcomes in highly heterogeneous, free-form narrative text that varies widely across municipalities, posing significant challenges for automated extraction. In this paper, we introduce VotIE (Voting Information Extraction), a new information extraction task aimed at identifying structured voting events in narrative deliberative records, and establish the first benchmark for this task using Portuguese municipal minutes, building on the recently introduced CitiLink corpus. Our experiments yield two key findings. First, under standard in-domain evaluation, fine-tuned encoders, specifically XLM-R-CRF, achieve the strongest performance, reaching 93.2\% macro F1, outperforming generative approaches. Second, in a cross-municipality setting that evaluates transfer to unseen administrative contexts, these models suffer substantial performance degradation, whereas few-shot LLMs demonstrate greater robustness, with significantly smaller declines in performance. Despite this generalization advantage, the high computational cost of generative models currently constrains their practicality. As a result, lightweight fine-tuned encoders remain a more practical option for large-scale, real-world deployment. To support reproducible research in administrative NLP, we publicly release our benchmark, trained models, and evaluation framework. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. ACM Class: I.2.7 arXiv:2601.00871 [ pdf ] physics.soc-ph cs.DL cs.LG cs.SI Deep versus Broad Technology Search and the Timing of Innovation Impact Authors: Likun Cao , James Evans Abstract : This study offers a new perspective on the depth-versus-breadth debate in innovation strategy, by modeling inventive search within dynamic collective knowledge systems, and underscoring the importance of timing for technological impact. Using frontier machine learning to project patent citation networks in hyperbolic space, we analyze 4.9 million U.S. patents to examine how search strategies give… ▽ More This study offers a new perspective on the depth-versus-breadth debate in innovation strategy, by modeling inventive search within dynamic collective knowledge systems, and underscoring the importance of timing for technological impact. Using frontier machine learning to project patent citation networks in hyperbolic space, we analyze 4.9 million U.S. patents to examine how search strategies give rise to distinct temporal patterns in impact accumulation. We find that inventions based on deep search, which relies on a specialized understanding of complex recombination structures, drive higher short-term impact through early adoption within specialized communities, but face diminishing returns as innovations become "locked-in" with limited diffusion potential. Conversely, when inventions are grounded in broad search that spans disparate domains, they encounter initial resistance but achieve wider diffusion and greater long-term impact by reaching cognitively diverse audiences. Individual inventions require both depth and breadth for stable impact. Organizations can strategically balance approaches across multiple inventions: using depth to build reliable technological infrastructure while pursuing breadth to expand applications. We advance innovation theory by demonstrating how deep and broad search strategies distinctly shape the timing and trajectory of technological impact, and how individual inventors and organizations can leverage these mechanisms to balance exploitation and exploration. △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 47 pages, 8 figures, 3 tables arXiv:2601.00871 [ pdf ] Deep versus Broad Technology Search and the Timing of Innovation Impact Authors: Likun Cao , James Evans Abstract : This study offers a new perspective on the depth-versus-breadth debate in innovation strategy, by modeling inventive search within dynamic collective knowledge systems, and underscoring the importance of timing for technological impact. Using frontier machine learning to project patent citation networks in hyperbolic space, we analyze 4.9 million U.S. patents to examine how search strategies give… ▽ More This study offers a new perspective on the depth-versus-breadth debate in innovation strategy, by modeling inventive search within dynamic collective knowledge systems, and underscoring the importance of timing for technological impact. Using frontier machine learning to project patent citation networks in hyperbolic space, we analyze 4.9 million U.S. patents to examine how search strategies give rise to distinct temporal patterns in impact accumulation. We find that inventions based on deep search, which relies on a specialized understanding of complex recombination structures, drive higher short-term impact through early adoption within specialized communities, but face diminishing returns as innovations become "locked-in" with limited diffusion potential. Conversely, when inventions are grounded in broad search that spans disparate domains, they encounter initial resistance but achieve wider diffusion and greater long-term impact by reaching cognitively diverse audiences. Individual inventions require both depth and breadth for stable impact. Organizations can strategically balance approaches across multiple inventions: using depth to build reliable technological infrastructure while pursuing breadth to expand applications. We advance innovation theory by demonstrating how deep and broad search strategies distinctly shape the timing and trajectory of technological impact, and how individual inventors and organizations can leverage these mechanisms to balance exploitation and exploration. △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 47 pages, 8 figures, 3 tables arXiv:2511.10673 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cond-mat.mtrl-sci Large language models in materials science and the need for open-source approaches Authors: Fengxu Yang , Weitong Chen , Jack D. Evans Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly transforming materials science. This review examines recent LLM applications across the materials discovery pipeline, focusing on three key areas: mining scientific literature , predictive modelling, and multi-agent experimental systems. We highlight how LLMs extract valuable information such as synthesis conditions from text, learn structure-property relat… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly transforming materials science. This review examines recent LLM applications across the materials discovery pipeline, focusing on three key areas: mining scientific literature , predictive modelling, and multi-agent experimental systems. We highlight how LLMs extract valuable information such as synthesis conditions from text, learn structure-property relationships, and can coordinate agentic systems integrating computational tools and laboratory automation. While progress has been largely dependent on closed-source commercial models, our benchmark results demonstrate that open-source alternatives can match performance while offering greater transparency, reproducibility, cost-effectiveness, and data privacy. As open-source models continue to improve, we advocate their broader adoption to build accessible, flexible, and community-driven AI platforms for scientific discovery. △ Less Submitted 9 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: 16 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2511.10673 [ pdf , ps , other ] Large language models in materials science and the need for open-source approaches Authors: Fengxu Yang , Weitong Chen , Jack D. Evans Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly transforming materials science. This review examines recent LLM applications across the materials discovery pipeline, focusing on three key areas: mining scientific literature , predictive modelling, and multi-agent experimental systems. We highlight how LLMs extract valuable information such as synthesis conditions from text, learn structure-property relat… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly transforming materials science. This review examines recent LLM applications across the materials discovery pipeline, focusing on three key areas: mining scientific literature , predictive modelling, and multi-agent experimental systems. We highlight how LLMs extract valuable information such as synthesis conditions from text, learn structure-property relationships, and can coordinate agentic systems integrating computational tools and laboratory automation. While progress has been largely dependent on closed-source commercial models, our benchmark results demonstrate that open-source alternatives can match performance while offering greater transparency, reproducibility, cost-effectiveness, and data privacy. As open-source models continue to improve, we advocate their broader adoption to build accessible, flexible, and community-driven AI platforms for scientific discovery. △ Less Submitted 9 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: 16 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2510.22431 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.MA cs.CV Hollywood Town: Long-Video Generation via Cross-Modal Multi-Agent Orchestration Authors: Zheng Wei , Mingchen Li , Zeqian Zhang , Ruibin Yuan , Pan Hui , Huamin Qu , James Evans , Maneesh Agrawala , Anyi Rao Abstract : Recent advancements in multi-agent systems have demonstrated significant potential for enhancing creative task performance, such as long video generation. This study introduces three innovations to improve multi-agent collaboration. First, we propose OmniAgent, a hierarchical, graph-based multi-agent framework for long video generation that leverages a film-production-inspired architecture to enab… ▽ More Recent advancements in multi-agent systems have demonstrated significant potential for enhancing creative task performance, such as long video generation. This study introduces three innovations to improve multi-agent collaboration. First, we propose OmniAgent, a hierarchical, graph-based multi-agent framework for long video generation that leverages a film-production-inspired architecture to enable modular specialization and scalable inter-agent collaboration. Second, inspired by context engineering, we propose hypergraph nodes that enable temporary group discussions among agents lacking sufficient context, reducing individual memory requirements while ensuring adequate contextual information. Third, we transition from directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to directed cyclic graphs with limited retries, allowing agents to reflect and refine outputs iteratively, thereby improving earlier stages through feedback from subsequent nodes. These contributions lay the groundwork for developing more robust multi-agent systems in creative tasks. △ Less Submitted 25 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.22431 [ pdf , ps , other ] Hollywood Town: Long-Video Generation via Cross-Modal Multi-Agent Orchestration Authors: Zheng Wei , Mingchen Li , Zeqian Zhang , Ruibin Yuan , Pan Hui , Huamin Qu , James Evans , Maneesh Agrawala , Anyi Rao Abstract : Recent advancements in multi-agent systems have demonstrated significant potential for enhancing creative task performance, such as long video generation. This study introduces three innovations to improve multi-agent collaboration. First, we propose OmniAgent, a hierarchical, graph-based multi-agent framework for long video generation that leverages a film-production-inspired architecture to enab… ▽ More Recent advancements in multi-agent systems have demonstrated significant potential for enhancing creative task performance, such as long video generation. This study introduces three innovations to improve multi-agent collaboration. First, we propose OmniAgent, a hierarchical, graph-based multi-agent framework for long video generation that leverages a film-production-inspired architecture to enable modular specialization and scalable inter-agent collaboration. Second, inspired by context engineering, we propose hypergraph nodes that enable temporary group discussions among agents lacking sufficient context, reducing individual memory requirements while ensuring adequate contextual information. Third, we transition from directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to directed cyclic graphs with limited retries, allowing agents to reflect and refine outputs iteratively, thereby improving earlier stages through feedback from subsequent nodes. These contributions lay the groundwork for developing more robust multi-agent systems in creative tasks. △ Less Submitted 25 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.03240 [ pdf ] cs.SI cs.DL Generalization and the Rise of System-level Creativity in Science Authors: Hongbo Fang , James Evans Abstract : Innovation ecosystems require careful policy stewardship to drive sustained advance in human health, welfare, security and prosperity. We develop new measures that reliably decompose the influence of innovations in terms of the degree to which each represents a field-level foundation, an extension of foundational work, or a generalization that synthesizes and modularizes contributions from distant… ▽ More Innovation ecosystems require careful policy stewardship to drive sustained advance in human health, welfare, security and prosperity. We develop new measures that reliably decompose the influence of innovations in terms of the degree to which each represents a field-level foundation, an extension of foundational work, or a generalization that synthesizes and modularizes contributions from distant fields to catalyze combinatorial innovation. Using 23 million scientific works from OpenAlex and 19 million works from Web of Science, we demonstrate that while foundational and extensional work within fields has declined in recent years-a trend garnering much recent attention-generalizations across fields have increased and accelerated with the rise of the web, social media, and artificial intelligence, shifting the locus of innovation from within fields to across the system as a whole. We explore implications for science policy. △ Less Submitted 17 October, 2025; v1 submitted 22 September, 2025; originally announced October 2025. Comments: 44 pages, 17 figures arXiv:2510.03240 [ pdf ] Generalization and the Rise of System-level Creativity in Science Authors: Hongbo Fang , James Evans Abstract : Innovation ecosystems require careful policy stewardship to drive sustained advance in human health, welfare, security and prosperity. We develop new measures that reliably decompose the influence of innovations in terms of the degree to which each represents a field-level foundation, an extension of foundational work, or a generalization that synthesizes and modularizes contributions from distant… ▽ More Innovation ecosystems require careful policy stewardship to drive sustained advance in human health, welfare, security and prosperity. We develop new measures that reliably decompose the influence of innovations in terms of the degree to which each represents a field-level foundation, an extension of foundational work, or a generalization that synthesizes and modularizes contributions from distant fields to catalyze combinatorial innovation. Using 23 million scientific works from OpenAlex and 19 million works from Web of Science, we demonstrate that while foundational and extensional work within fields has declined in recent years-a trend garnering much recent attention-generalizations across fields have increased and accelerated with the rise of the web, social media, and artificial intelligence, shifting the locus of innovation from within fields to across the system as a whole. We explore implications for science policy. △ Less Submitted 17 October, 2025; v1 submitted 22 September, 2025; originally announced October 2025. Comments: 44 pages, 17 figures arXiv:2509.23488 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL Mapping Overlaps in Benchmarks through Perplexity in the Wild Authors: Siyang Wu , Honglin Bao , Sida Li , Ari Holtzman , James A. Evans Abstract : We develop signatures of capacity familiarity to characterize large language model (LLM) benchmarks and their meaningful overlaps. Benchmark signatures probe the capacity required for benchmark performance. We formally define them as a set of salient tokens drawn from in-the-wild, naturally authored corpora, where LLM token perplexity, reflecting more or less pre-training exposure, becomes highly… ▽ More We develop signatures of capacity familiarity to characterize large language model (LLM) benchmarks and their meaningful overlaps. Benchmark signatures probe the capacity required for benchmark performance. We formally define them as a set of salient tokens drawn from in-the-wild, naturally authored corpora, where LLM token perplexity, reflecting more or less pre-training exposure, becomes highly predictive of LLM benchmark performance. Through a large-scale meta-evaluation, we extract benchmark signatures via stepwise forward selection with linear regressions across 32 LLMs and 88 benchmarks spanning diverse knowledge, coding, logic, instruction following, math, language, reasoning, and world modeling. Our analysis situates signatures in relation to both the semantic similarity of benchmark questions and the correlation of model performance. While performance overlaps are universally high and semantic overlaps remain confined to a narrow mid-range, benchmark signatures prove highly informative in capturing variation, overlap, and divergence. We observe overlap in knowledge and reasoning subtasks, whereas multilingual and cultural benchmarks exhibit less similarity, even compared to cross-task overlap. Notably, performance-level results are strongly influenced by benchmark-orthogonal factors such as question format, highlighting limitations in LLM generalization, the conflation of performance with ability, and issues inherent in current mainstream benchmark agreement studies. Benchmark signatures, however, remain robust to such effects. Ultimately, we identify cross-functional overlaps across logic, math, language, instruction following, and world modeling, with coding emerging as the least overlapping domain. Together, these findings provide mechanistic insights into benchmark validity and LLM sensitivities, and sketch the underlying landscape of interconnected LLM capabilities. △ Less Submitted 2 November, 2025; v1 submitted 27 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2509.23488 [ pdf , ps , other ] Mapping Overlaps in Benchmarks through Perplexity in the Wild Authors: Siyang Wu , Honglin Bao , Sida Li , Ari Holtzman , James A. Evans Abstract : We develop signatures of capacity familiarity to characterize large language model (LLM) benchmarks and their meaningful overlaps. Benchmark signatures probe the capacity required for benchmark performance. We formally define them as a set of salient tokens drawn from in-the-wild, naturally authored corpora, where LLM token perplexity, reflecting more or less pre-training exposure, becomes highly… ▽ More We develop signatures of capacity familiarity to characterize large language model (LLM) benchmarks and their meaningful overlaps. Benchmark signatures probe the capacity required for benchmark performance. We formally define them as a set of salient tokens drawn from in-the-wild, naturally authored corpora, where LLM token perplexity, reflecting more or less pre-training exposure, becomes highly predictive of LLM benchmark performance. Through a large-scale meta-evaluation, we extract benchmark signatures via stepwise forward selection with linear regressions across 32 LLMs and 88 benchmarks spanning diverse knowledge, coding, logic, instruction following, math, language, reasoning, and world modeling. Our analysis situates signatures in relation to both the semantic similarity of benchmark questions and the correlation of model performance. While performance overlaps are universally high and semantic overlaps remain confined to a narrow mid-range, benchmark signatures prove highly informative in capturing variation, overlap, and divergence. We observe overlap in knowledge and reasoning subtasks, whereas multilingual and cultural benchmarks exhibit less similarity, even compared to cross-task overlap. Notably, performance-level results are strongly influenced by benchmark-orthogonal factors such as question format, highlighting limitations in LLM generalization, the conflation of performance with ability, and issues inherent in current mainstream benchmark agreement studies. Benchmark signatures, however, remain robust to such effects. Ultimately, we identify cross-functional overlaps across logic, math, language, instruction following, and world modeling, with coding emerging as the least overlapping domain. Together, these findings provide mechanistic insights into benchmark validity and LLM sensitivities, and sketch the underlying landscape of interconnected LLM capabilities. △ Less Submitted 2 November, 2025; v1 submitted 27 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2509.15510 [ pdf , ps , other ] econ.GN cs.AI cs.CY The (Short-Term) Effects of Large Language Models on Unemployment and Earnings Authors: Danqing Chen , Carina Kane , Austin Kozlowski , Nadav Kunievsky , James A. Evans Abstract : Large Language Models have spread rapidly since the release of ChatGPT in late 2022, accompanied by claims of major productivity gains but also concerns about job displacement. This paper examines the short-run labor market effects of LLM adoption by comparing earnings and unemployment across occupations with differing levels of exposure to these technologies. Using a Synthetic Difference in Diffe… ▽ More Large Language Models have spread rapidly since the release of ChatGPT in late 2022, accompanied by claims of major productivity gains but also concerns about job displacement. This paper examines the short-run labor market effects of LLM adoption by comparing earnings and unemployment across occupations with differing levels of exposure to these technologies. Using a Synthetic Difference in Differences approach, we estimate the impact of LLM exposure on earnings and unemployment. Our findings show that workers in highly exposed occupations experienced earnings increases following ChatGPT's introduction, while unemployment rates remained unchanged. These results suggest that initial labor market adjustments to LLMs operate primarily through earnings rather than worker reallocation. △ Less Submitted 18 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2509.15510 [ pdf , ps , other ] The (Short-Term) Effects of Large Language Models on Unemployment and Earnings Authors: Danqing Chen , Carina Kane , Austin Kozlowski , Nadav Kunievsky , James A. Evans Abstract : Large Language Models have spread rapidly since the release of ChatGPT in late 2022, accompanied by claims of major productivity gains but also concerns about job displacement. This paper examines the short-run labor market effects of LLM adoption by comparing earnings and unemployment across occupations with differing levels of exposure to these technologies. Using a Synthetic Difference in Diffe… ▽ More Large Language Models have spread rapidly since the release of ChatGPT in late 2022, accompanied by claims of major productivity gains but also concerns about job displacement. This paper examines the short-run labor market effects of LLM adoption by comparing earnings and unemployment across occupations with differing levels of exposure to these technologies. Using a Synthetic Difference in Differences approach, we estimate the impact of LLM exposure on earnings and unemployment. Our findings show that workers in highly exposed occupations experienced earnings increases following ChatGPT's introduction, while unemployment rates remained unchanged. These results suggest that initial labor market adjustments to LLMs operate primarily through earnings rather than worker reallocation. △ Less Submitted 18 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2509.14546 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Rationality Check! Benchmarking the Rationality of Large Language Models Authors: Zhilun Zhou , Jing Yi Wang , Nicholas Sukiennik , Chen Gao , Fengli Xu , Yong Li , James Evans Abstract : Large language models (LLMs), a recent advance in deep learning and machine intelligence, have manifested astonishing capacities, now considered among the most promising for artificial general intelligence. With human-like capabilities, LLMs have been used to simulate humans and serve as AI assistants across many applications. As a result, great concern has arisen about whether and under what circ… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs), a recent advance in deep learning and machine intelligence, have manifested astonishing capacities, now considered among the most promising for artificial general intelligence. With human-like capabilities, LLMs have been used to simulate humans and serve as AI assistants across many applications. As a result, great concern has arisen about whether and under what circumstances LLMs think and behave like real human agents. Rationality is among the most important concepts in assessing human behavior, both in thinking (i.e., theoretical rationality) and in taking action (i.e., practical rationality). In this work, we propose the first benchmark for evaluating the omnibus rationality of LLMs, covering a wide range of domains and LLMs. The benchmark includes an easy-to-use toolkit, extensive experimental results, and analysis that illuminates where LLMs converge and diverge from idealized human rationality. We believe the benchmark can serve as a foundational tool for both developers and users of LLMs. △ Less Submitted 17 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2509.14546 [ pdf , ps , other ] Rationality Check! Benchmarking the Rationality of Large Language Models Authors: Zhilun Zhou , Jing Yi Wang , Nicholas Sukiennik , Chen Gao , Fengli Xu , Yong Li , James Evans Abstract : Large language models (LLMs), a recent advance in deep learning and machine intelligence, have manifested astonishing capacities, now considered among the most promising for artificial general intelligence. With human-like capabilities, LLMs have been used to simulate humans and serve as AI assistants across many applications. As a result, great concern has arisen about whether and under what circ… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs), a recent advance in deep learning and machine intelligence, have manifested astonishing capacities, now considered among the most promising for artificial general intelligence. With human-like capabilities, LLMs have been used to simulate humans and serve as AI assistants across many applications. As a result, great concern has arisen about whether and under what circumstances LLMs think and behave like real human agents. Rationality is among the most important concepts in assessing human behavior, both in thinking (i.e., theoretical rationality) and in taking action (i.e., practical rationality). In this work, we propose the first benchmark for evaluating the omnibus rationality of LLMs, covering a wide range of domains and LLMs. The benchmark includes an easy-to-use toolkit, extensive experimental results, and analysis that illuminates where LLMs converge and diverge from idealized human rationality. We believe the benchmark can serve as a foundational tool for both developers and users of LLMs. △ Less Submitted 17 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2509.13323 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.HC econ.GN AI Behavioral Science Authors: Matthew O. Jackson , Qiaozhu Me , Stephanie W. Wang , Yutong Xie , Walter Yuan , Seth Benzell , Erik Brynjolfsson , Colin F. Camerer , James Evans , Brian Jabarian , Jon Kleinberg , Juanjuan Meng , Sendhil Mullainathan , Asuman Ozdaglar , Thomas Pfeiffer , Moshe Tennenholtz , Robb Willer , Diyi Yang , Teng Ye Abstract : We discuss the three main areas comprising the new and emerging field of "AI Behavioral Science". This includes not only how AI can enhance research in the behavioral sciences, but also how the behavioral sciences can be used to study and better design AI and to understand how the world will change as AI and humans interact in increasingly layered and complex ways. We discuss the three main areas comprising the new and emerging field of "AI Behavioral Science". This includes not only how AI can enhance research in the behavioral sciences, but also how the behavioral sciences can be used to study and better design AI and to understand how the world will change as AI and humans interact in increasingly layered and complex ways. △ Less Submitted 17 August, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2509.13323 [ pdf , ps , other ] AI Behavioral Science Authors: Matthew O. Jackson , Qiaozhu Me , Stephanie W. Wang , Yutong Xie , Walter Yuan , Seth Benzell , Erik Brynjolfsson , Colin F. Camerer , James Evans , Brian Jabarian , Jon Kleinberg , Juanjuan Meng , Sendhil Mullainathan , Asuman Ozdaglar , Thomas Pfeiffer , Moshe Tennenholtz , Robb Willer , Diyi Yang , Teng Ye Abstract : We discuss the three main areas comprising the new and emerging field of "AI Behavioral Science". This includes not only how AI can enhance research in the behavioral sciences, but also how the behavioral sciences can be used to study and better design AI and to understand how the world will change as AI and humans interact in increasingly layered and complex ways. We discuss the three main areas comprising the new and emerging field of "AI Behavioral Science". This includes not only how AI can enhance research in the behavioral sciences, but also how the behavioral sciences can be used to study and better design AI and to understand how the world will change as AI and humans interact in increasingly layered and complex ways. △ Less Submitted 17 August, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2509.11500 [ pdf , ps , other ] eess.SP cs.IT Dynamic Length FSK Waveforms for Joint Communications and Radar Authors: Tian Han , Peter J Smith , Urbashi Mitra , Jamie S Evans , Robin Evans , Rajitha Senanayake Abstract : Motivated by the constant modulus property of frequency shift keying (FSK) based waveforms and the stabilisation of its radar performance with an increase in the number of subpulses, in this paper an FSK-based dynamic subpulse number joint communications and radar waveform design is proposed. From a communications point of view, the system operates based on traditional FSK modulation. From a sensi… ▽ More Motivated by the constant modulus property of frequency shift keying (FSK) based waveforms and the stabilisation of its radar performance with an increase in the number of subpulses, in this paper an FSK-based dynamic subpulse number joint communications and radar waveform design is proposed. From a communications point of view, the system operates based on traditional FSK modulation. From a sensing point of view, although the subpulses are continuously generated and transmitted, radar waveforms are dynamically formed by monitoring the flatness of the spectrum which in turn guarantees the accuracy of the delay estimation. Other constraints on the waveform length are used to ensure satisfactory values of the root mean square time duration, ambiguity function sidelobe levels and prevent overly long waveforms. To provide an estimation of the probability of generating extremely long waveforms, the distribution of the number of subpulses is approximated using a Brownian motion process and an existing result on its one-sided exit density. Numerical examples are provided to evaluate the accuracy of the approximate distribution, as well as the ambiguity function sidelobe levels and the delay and Doppler shift estimation performance of the transmitted waveforms. △ Less Submitted 14 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. Comments: 15 pages, 7 figures Submitted to IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications arXiv:2509.11500 [ pdf , ps , other ] Dynamic Length FSK Waveforms for Joint Communications and Radar Authors: Tian Han , Peter J Smith , Urbashi Mitra , Jamie S Evans , Robin Evans , Rajitha Senanayake Abstract : Motivated by the constant modulus property of frequency shift keying (FSK) based waveforms and the stabilisation of its radar performance with an increase in the number of subpulses, in this paper an FSK-based dynamic subpulse number joint communications and radar waveform design is proposed. From a communications point of view, the system operates based on traditional FSK modulation. From a sensi… ▽ More Motivated by the constant modulus property of frequency shift keying (FSK) based waveforms and the stabilisation of its radar performance with an increase in the number of subpulses, in this paper an FSK-based dynamic subpulse number joint communications and radar waveform design is proposed. From a communications point of view, the system operates based on traditional FSK modulation. From a sensing point of view, although the subpulses are continuously generated and transmitted, radar waveforms are dynamically formed by monitoring the flatness of the spectrum which in turn guarantees the accuracy of the delay estimation. Other constraints on the waveform length are used to ensure satisfactory values of the root mean square time duration, ambiguity function sidelobe levels and prevent overly long waveforms. To provide an estimation of the probability of generating extremely long waveforms, the distribution of the number of subpulses is approximated using a Brownian motion process and an existing result on its one-sided exit density. Numerical examples are provided to evaluate the accuracy of the approximate distribution, as well as the ambiguity function sidelobe levels and the delay and Doppler shift estimation performance of the transmitted waveforms. △ Less Submitted 14 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. Comments: 15 pages, 7 figures Submitted to IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications arXiv:2509.10289 [ pdf ] cs.CY cs.AI doi 10.1038/d41586-025-02454-5 We Need a New Ethics for a World of AI Agents Authors: Iason Gabriel , Geoff Keeling , Arianna Manzini , James Evans Abstract : The deployment of capable AI agents raises fresh questions about safety, human-machine relationships and social coordination. We argue for greater engagement by scientists, scholars, engineers and policymakers with the implications of a world increasingly populated by AI agents. We explore key challenges that must be addressed to ensure that interactions between humans and agents, and among agents… ▽ More The deployment of capable AI agents raises fresh questions about safety, human-machine relationships and social coordination. We argue for greater engagement by scientists, scholars, engineers and policymakers with the implications of a world increasingly populated by AI agents. We explore key challenges that must be addressed to ensure that interactions between humans and agents, and among agents themselves, remain broadly beneficial. △ Less Submitted 12 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. Comments: 6 pages, no figures ACM Class: I.2.0; K.4.1 Journal ref: Nature, 644 (8075), 2025, 38-40 arXiv:2509.10289 [ pdf ] We Need a New Ethics for a World of AI Agents Authors: Iason Gabriel , Geoff Keeling , Arianna Manzini , James Evans Abstract : The deployment of capable AI agents raises fresh questions about safety, human-machine relationships and social coordination. We argue for greater engagement by scientists, scholars, engineers and policymakers with the implications of a world increasingly populated by AI agents. We explore key challenges that must be addressed to ensure that interactions between humans and agents, and among agents… ▽ More The deployment of capable AI agents raises fresh questions about safety, human-machine relationships and social coordination. We argue for greater engagement by scientists, scholars, engineers and policymakers with the implications of a world increasingly populated by AI agents. We explore key challenges that must be addressed to ensure that interactions between humans and agents, and among agents themselves, remain broadly beneficial. △ Less Submitted 12 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. Comments: 6 pages, no figures ACM Class: I.2.0; K.4.1 Journal ref: Nature, 644 (8075), 2025, 38-40 arXiv:2509.06395 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG eess.SP Graph Neural Networks for Resource Allocation in Interference-limited Multi-Channel Wireless Networks with QoS Constraints Authors: Lili Chen , Changyang She , Jingge Zhu , Jamie Evans Abstract : Meeting minimum data rate constraints is a significant challenge in wireless communication systems, particularly as network complexity grows. Traditional deep learning approaches often address these constraints by incorporating penalty terms into the loss function and tuning hyperparameters empirically. However, this heuristic treatment offers no theoretical convergence guarantees and frequently f… ▽ More Meeting minimum data rate constraints is a significant challenge in wireless communication systems, particularly as network complexity grows. Traditional deep learning approaches often address these constraints by incorporating penalty terms into the loss function and tuning hyperparameters empirically. However, this heuristic treatment offers no theoretical convergence guarantees and frequently fails to satisfy QoS requirements in practical scenarios. Building upon the structure of the WMMSE algorithm, we first extend it to a multi-channel setting with QoS constraints, resulting in the enhanced WMMSE (eWMMSE) algorithm, which is provably convergent to a locally optimal solution when the problem is feasible. To further reduce computational complexity and improve scalability, we develop a GNN-based algorithm, JCPGNN-M, capable of supporting simultaneous multi-channel allocation per user. To overcome the limitations of traditional deep learning methods, we propose a principled framework that integrates GNN with a Lagrangian-based primal-dual optimization method. By training the GNN within the Lagrangian framework, we ensure satisfaction of QoS constraints and convergence to a stationary point. Extensive simulations demonstrate that JCPGNN-M matches the performance of eWMMSE while offering significant gains in inference speed, generalization to larger networks, and robustness under imperfect channel state information. This work presents a scalable and theoretically grounded solution for constrained resource allocation in future wireless networks. △ Less Submitted 8 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2509.06395 [ pdf , ps , other ] Graph Neural Networks for Resource Allocation in Interference-limited Multi-Channel Wireless Networks with QoS Constraints Authors: Lili Chen , Changyang She , Jingge Zhu , Jamie Evans Abstract : Meeting minimum data rate constraints is a significant challenge in wireless communication systems, particularly as network complexity grows. Traditional deep learning approaches often address these constraints by incorporating penalty terms into the loss function and tuning hyperparameters empirically. However, this heuristic treatment offers no theoretical convergence guarantees and frequently f… ▽ More Meeting minimum data rate constraints is a significant challenge in wireless communication systems, particularly as network complexity grows. Traditional deep learning approaches often address these constraints by incorporating penalty terms into the loss function and tuning hyperparameters empirically. However, this heuristic treatment offers no theoretical convergence guarantees and frequently fails to satisfy QoS requirements in practical scenarios. Building upon the structure of the WMMSE algorithm, we first extend it to a multi-channel setting with QoS constraints, resulting in the enhanced WMMSE (eWMMSE) algorithm, which is provably convergent to a locally optimal solution when the problem is feasible. To further reduce computational complexity and improve scalability, we develop a GNN-based algorithm, JCPGNN-M, capable of supporting simultaneous multi-channel allocation per user. To overcome the limitations of traditional deep learning methods, we propose a principled framework that integrates GNN with a Lagrangian-based primal-dual optimization method. By training the GNN within the Lagrangian framework, we ensure satisfaction of QoS constraints and convergence to a stationary point. Extensive simulations demonstrate that JCPGNN-M matches the performance of eWMMSE while offering significant gains in inference speed, generalization to larger networks, and robustness under imperfect channel state information. This work presents a scalable and theoretically grounded solution for constrained resource allocation in future wireless networks. △ Less Submitted 8 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2509.05591 [ pdf ] cs.SI Language Model Perplexity Predicts Scientific Surprise and Transformative Impact Authors: Zhen Zhang , James Evans Abstract : Scientific breakthroughs typically emerge through the surprising violation of established research ideas, yet quantifying surprise has remained elusive because it requires a coherent model of all contemporary scientific worldviews. Deep neural networks like large language models (LLMs) are arbitrary function approximators tuned to consistently expect the expressions and ideas on which they were tr… ▽ More Scientific breakthroughs typically emerge through the surprising violation of established research ideas, yet quantifying surprise has remained elusive because it requires a coherent model of all contemporary scientific worldviews. Deep neural networks like large language models (LLMs) are arbitrary function approximators tuned to consistently expect the expressions and ideas on which they were trained and those semantically nearby. This suggests that as LLMs improve at generating plausible text, so the perplexity or improbability a text sequence would be generated by them should come to better predict scientific surprise and disruptive importance. Analyzing over 2 million papers across multiple disciplines published immediately following the training of 5 prominent open LLMs, here we show that higher perplexity scores systematically predict papers that receive more variable review ratings, longer editorial delays, and greater reviewer uncertainty. The most perplexing papers exhibit bimodal outcomes: disproportionately represented among the most celebrated scientific achievements and also the most discounted. High-perplexity papers tend to be published in journals with more variable impact factors and receive fewer short-term citations but in prestigious venues that bet on long-term impact. They also generate more interdisciplinary engagement portending long-term influence, and are more likely to have been supported by speculative funders like DARPA versus the NIH. Interestingly, we find the opposite pattern for humanities research, where the least surprising work is the most celebrated and cited. Our findings reveal that computational measures of corpus-wide linguistic surprise can forecast the reception and ultimate influence of scientific ideas, offering a scalable approach to recognize and generate potentially transformative research that challenge conventional scientific thinking. △ Less Submitted 6 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2509.05591 [ pdf ] Language Model Perplexity Predicts Scientific Surprise and Transformative Impact Authors: Zhen Zhang , James Evans Abstract : Scientific breakthroughs typically emerge through the surprising violation of established research ideas, yet quantifying surprise has remained elusive because it requires a coherent model of all contemporary scientific worldviews. Deep neural networks like large language models (LLMs) are arbitrary function approximators tuned to consistently expect the expressions and ideas on which they were tr… ▽ More Scientific breakthroughs typically emerge through the surprising violation of established research ideas, yet quantifying surprise has remained elusive because it requires a coherent model of all contemporary scientific worldviews. Deep neural networks like large language models (LLMs) are arbitrary function approximators tuned to consistently expect the expressions and ideas on which they were trained and those semantically nearby. This suggests that as LLMs improve at generating plausible text, so the perplexity or improbability a text sequence would be generated by them should come to better predict scientific surprise and disruptive importance. Analyzing over 2 million papers across multiple disciplines published immediately following the training of 5 prominent open LLMs, here we show that higher perplexity scores systematically predict papers that receive more variable review ratings, longer editorial delays, and greater reviewer uncertainty. The most perplexing papers exhibit bimodal outcomes: disproportionately represented among the most celebrated scientific achievements and also the most discounted. High-perplexity papers tend to be published in journals with more variable impact factors and receive fewer short-term citations but in prestigious venues that bet on long-term impact. They also generate more interdisciplinary engagement portending long-term influence, and are more likely to have been supported by speculative funders like DARPA versus the NIH. Interestingly, we find the opposite pattern for humanities research, where the least surprising work is the most celebrated and cited. Our findings reveal that computational measures of corpus-wide linguistic surprise can forecast the reception and ultimate influence of scientific ideas, offering a scalable approach to recognize and generate potentially transformative research that challenge conventional scientific thinking. △ Less Submitted 6 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2508.12165 [ pdf ] cs.AI RLNVR: Reinforcement Learning from Non-Verified Real-World Rewards Authors: Rohit Krishnan , Jon Evans Abstract : This paper introduces RLNVR (Reinforcement Learning from Non-Verified Rewards), a framework for training language models using noisy, real-world feedback signals without requiring explicit human verification. Traditional RLHF requires expensive, verified reward signals that are impractical in many real-world domains. RLNVR addresses this challenge through baseline normalization and semantic simila… ▽ More This paper introduces RLNVR (Reinforcement Learning from Non-Verified Rewards), a framework for training language models using noisy, real-world feedback signals without requiring explicit human verification. Traditional RLHF requires expensive, verified reward signals that are impractical in many real-world domains. RLNVR addresses this challenge through baseline normalization and semantic similarity-based reward transfer. We demonstrate RLNVR through Walter, a prototype system that optimizes social media content generation using actual engagement data from Bluesky. Our experimental results show significant improvements in content quality and training stability, with comprehensive evaluation planned for future work. Positioning: We present a practical framework that combines RLNVR with GSPO (Group Sequence Policy Optimization) and an optional UED (Unsupervised Environment Design) curriculum to improve stability and diversity under noisy, implicit rewards. To our knowledge, combining GSPO-style normalization with a UED-style curriculum for LLM content generation from implicit social engagement has not been previously documented in this applied setting; we frame this as an applied integration rather than a new algorithm. △ Less Submitted 16 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. arXiv:2508.12165 [ pdf ] RLNVR: Reinforcement Learning from Non-Verified Real-World Rewards Authors: Rohit Krishnan , Jon Evans Abstract : This paper introduces RLNVR (Reinforcement Learning from Non-Verified Rewards), a framework for training language models using noisy, real-world feedback signals without requiring explicit human verification. Traditional RLHF requires expensive, verified reward signals that are impractical in many real-world domains. RLNVR addresses this challenge through baseline normalization and semantic simila… ▽ More This paper introduces RLNVR (Reinforcement Learning from Non-Verified Rewards), a framework for training language models using noisy, real-world feedback signals without requiring explicit human verification. Traditional RLHF requires expensive, verified reward signals that are impractical in many real-world domains. RLNVR addresses this challenge through baseline normalization and semantic similarity-based reward transfer. We demonstrate RLNVR through Walter, a prototype system that optimizes social media content generation using actual engagement data from Bluesky. Our experimental results show significant improvements in content quality and training stability, with comprehensive evaluation planned for future work. Positioning: We present a practical framework that combines RLNVR with GSPO (Group Sequence Policy Optimization) and an optional UED (Unsupervised Environment Design) curriculum to improve stability and diversity under noisy, implicit rewards. To our knowledge, combining GSPO-style normalization with a UED-style curriculum for LLM content generation from implicit social engagement has not been previously documented in this applied setting; we frame this as an applied integration rather than a new algorithm. △ Less Submitted 16 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. arXiv:2508.09297 [ pdf ] cs.HC cs.AI cs.CY Biased AI improves human decision-making but reduces trust Authors: Shiyang Lai , Junsol Kim , Nadav Kunievsky , Yujin Potter , James Evans Abstract : Current AI systems minimize risk by enforcing ideological neutrality, yet this may introduce automation bias by suppressing cognitive engagement in human decision-making. We conducted randomized trials with 2,500 participants to test whether culturally biased AI enhances human decision-making. Participants interacted with politically diverse GPT-4o variants on information evaluation tasks. Partisa… ▽ More Current AI systems minimize risk by enforcing ideological neutrality, yet this may introduce automation bias by suppressing cognitive engagement in human decision-making. We conducted randomized trials with 2,500 participants to test whether culturally biased AI enhances human decision-making. Participants interacted with politically diverse GPT-4o variants on information evaluation tasks. Partisan AI assistants enhanced human performance, increased engagement, and reduced evaluative bias compared to non-biased counterparts, with amplified benefits when participants encountered opposing views. These gains carried a trust penalty: participants underappreciated biased AI and overcredited neutral systems. Exposing participants to two AIs whose biases flanked human perspectives closed the perception-performance gap. These findings complicate conventional wisdom about AI neutrality, suggesting that strategic integration of diverse cultural biases may foster improved and resilient human decision-making. △ Less Submitted 19 August, 2025; v1 submitted 12 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. arXiv:2508.09297 [ pdf ] Biased AI improves human decision-making but reduces trust Authors: Shiyang Lai , Junsol Kim , Nadav Kunievsky , Yujin Potter , James Evans Abstract : Current AI systems minimize risk by enforcing ideological neutrality, yet this may introduce automation bias by suppressing cognitive engagement in human decision-making. We conducted randomized trials with 2,500 participants to test whether culturally biased AI enhances human decision-making. Participants interacted with politically diverse GPT-4o variants on information evaluation tasks. Partisa… ▽ More Current AI systems minimize risk by enforcing ideological neutrality, yet this may introduce automation bias by suppressing cognitive engagement in human decision-making. We conducted randomized trials with 2,500 participants to test whether culturally biased AI enhances human decision-making. Participants interacted with politically diverse GPT-4o variants on information evaluation tasks. Partisan AI assistants enhanced human performance, increased engagement, and reduced evaluative bias compared to non-biased counterparts, with amplified benefits when participants encountered opposing views. These gains carried a trust penalty: participants underappreciated biased AI and overcredited neutral systems. Exposing participants to two AIs whose biases flanked human perspectives closed the perception-performance gap. These findings complicate conventional wisdom about AI neutrality, suggesting that strategic integration of diverse cultural biases may foster improved and resilient human decision-making. △ Less Submitted 19 August, 2025; v1 submitted 12 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. arXiv:2508.08309 [ pdf , ps , other ] eess.IV cs.CV cs.LG Variational volume reconstruction with the Deep Ritz Method Authors: Conor Rowan , Sumedh Soman , John A. Evans Abstract : We present a novel approach to variational volume reconstruction from sparse, noisy slice data using the Deep Ritz method. Motivated by biomedical imaging applications such as MRI-based slice-to-volume reconstruction (SVR), our approach addresses three key challenges: (i) the reliance on image segmentation to extract boundaries from noisy grayscale slice images, (ii) the need to reconstruct volume… ▽ More We present a novel approach to variational volume reconstruction from sparse, noisy slice data using the Deep Ritz method. Motivated by biomedical imaging applications such as MRI-based slice-to-volume reconstruction (SVR), our approach addresses three key challenges: (i) the reliance on image segmentation to extract boundaries from noisy grayscale slice images, (ii) the need to reconstruct volumes from a limited number of slice planes, and (iii) the computational expense of traditional mesh-based methods. We formulate a variational objective that combines a regression loss designed to avoid image segmentation by operating on noisy slice data directly with a modified Cahn-Hilliard energy incorporating anisotropic diffusion to regularize the reconstructed geometry. We discretize the phase field with a neural network, approximate the objective at each optimization step with Monte Carlo integration, and use ADAM to find the minimum of the approximated variational objective. While the stochastic integration may not yield the true solution to the variational problem, we demonstrate that our method reliably produces high-quality reconstructed volumes in a matter of seconds, even when the slice data is sparse and noisy. △ Less Submitted 8 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. arXiv:2508.08309 [ pdf , ps , other ] Variational volume reconstruction with the Deep Ritz Method Authors: Conor Rowan , Sumedh Soman , John A. Evans Abstract : We present a novel approach to variational volume reconstruction from sparse, noisy slice data using the Deep Ritz method. Motivated by biomedical imaging applications such as MRI-based slice-to-volume reconstruction (SVR), our approach addresses three key challenges: (i) the reliance on image segmentation to extract boundaries from noisy grayscale slice images, (ii) the need to reconstruct volume… ▽ More We present a novel approach to variational volume reconstruction from sparse, noisy slice data using the Deep Ritz method. Motivated by biomedical imaging applications such as MRI-based slice-to-volume reconstruction (SVR), our approach addresses three key challenges: (i) the reliance on image segmentation to extract boundaries from noisy grayscale slice images, (ii) the need to reconstruct volumes from a limited number of slice planes, and (iii) the computational expense of traditional mesh-based methods. We formulate a variational objective that combines a regression loss designed to avoid image segmentation by operating on noisy slice data directly with a modified Cahn-Hilliard energy incorporating anisotropic diffusion to regularize the reconstructed geometry. We discretize the phase field with a neural network, approximate the objective at each optimization step with Monte Carlo integration, and use ADAM to find the minimum of the approximated variational objective. While the stochastic integration may not yield the true solution to the variational problem, we demonstrate that our method reliably produces high-quality reconstructed volumes in a matter of seconds, even when the slice data is sparse and noisy. △ Less Submitted 8 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. arXiv:2507.01061 [ pdf ] cs.CY cs.AI cs.HC Epitome: Pioneering an Experimental Platform for AI-Social Science Integration Authors: Jingjing Qu , Kejia Hu , Jun Zhu , Yulei Ye , Wenhao Li , Teng Wang , Zhiyun Chen , Chaochao Lu , Aimin Zhou , Xiangfeng Wang , Xia Hu , James Evans Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) enable unprecedented social science experimentation by creating controlled hybrid human-AI environments. We introduce Epitome (www.epitome-ai.com), an open experimental platform that operationalizes this paradigm through Matrix-like social worlds where researchers can study isolated human subjects and groups interacting with LLM agents. This maintains ecological validi… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) enable unprecedented social science experimentation by creating controlled hybrid human-AI environments. We introduce Epitome (www.epitome-ai.com), an open experimental platform that operationalizes this paradigm through Matrix-like social worlds where researchers can study isolated human subjects and groups interacting with LLM agents. This maintains ecological validity while enabling precise manipulation of social dynamics. Epitome approaches three frontiers: (1) methodological innovation using LLM confederates to reduce complexity while scaling interactions; (2) empirical investigation of human behavior in AI-saturated environments; and (3) exploration of emergent properties in hybrid collectives. Drawing on interdisciplinary foundations from management, communication, sociology, psychology, and ethics, the platform's modular architecture spans foundation model deployment through data collection. We validate Epitome through replication of three seminal experiments, demonstrating capacity to generate robust findings while reducing experimental complexity. This tool provides crucial insights for understanding how humans navigate AI-mediated social realities, knowledge essential for policy, education, and human-centered AI design. △ Less Submitted 24 December, 2025; v1 submitted 30 June, 2025; originally announced July 2025. Comments: 25 pages, 6figures arXiv:2507.01061 [ pdf ] Epitome: Pioneering an Experimental Platform for AI-Social Science Integration Authors: Jingjing Qu , Kejia Hu , Jun Zhu , Yulei Ye , Wenhao Li , Teng Wang , Zhiyun Chen , Chaochao Lu , Aimin Zhou , Xiangfeng Wang , Xia Hu , James Evans Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) enable unprecedented social science experimentation by creating controlled hybrid human-AI environments. We introduce Epitome (www.epitome-ai.com), an open experimental platform that operationalizes this paradigm through Matrix-like social worlds where researchers can study isolated human subjects and groups interacting with LLM agents. This maintains ecological validi… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) enable unprecedented social science experimentation by creating controlled hybrid human-AI environments. We introduce Epitome (www.epitome-ai.com), an open experimental platform that operationalizes this paradigm through Matrix-like social worlds where researchers can study isolated human subjects and groups interacting with LLM agents. This maintains ecological validity while enabling precise manipulation of social dynamics. Epitome approaches three frontiers: (1) methodological innovation using LLM confederates to reduce complexity while scaling interactions; (2) empirical investigation of human behavior in AI-saturated environments; and (3) exploration of emergent properties in hybrid collectives. Drawing on interdisciplinary foundations from management, communication, sociology, psychology, and ethics, the platform's modular architecture spans foundation model deployment through data collection. We validate Epitome through replication of three seminal experiments, demonstrating capacity to generate robust findings while reducing experimental complexity. This tool provides crucial insights for understanding how humans navigate AI-mediated social realities, knowledge essential for policy, education, and human-centered AI design. △ Less Submitted 24 December, 2025; v1 submitted 30 June, 2025; originally announced July 2025. Comments: 25 pages, 6figures arXiv:2506.21558 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.LG Bench to the Future: A Pastcasting Benchmark for Forecasting Agents Authors: FutureSearch , : , Jack Wildman , Nikos I. Bosse , Daniel Hnyk , Peter Mühlbacher , Finn Hambly , Jon Evans , Dan Schwarz , Lawrence Phillips Abstract : Forecasting is a challenging task that offers a clearly measurable way to study AI systems. Forecasting requires a large amount of research on the internet, and evaluations require time for events to happen, making the development of forecasting benchmarks challenging. To date, no forecasting benchmark provides a realistic, hermetic, and repeatable environment for LLM forecasters. We introduce Ben… ▽ More Forecasting is a challenging task that offers a clearly measurable way to study AI systems. Forecasting requires a large amount of research on the internet, and evaluations require time for events to happen, making the development of forecasting benchmarks challenging. To date, no forecasting benchmark provides a realistic, hermetic, and repeatable environment for LLM forecasters. We introduce Bench To the Future (BTF), a "pastcasting" benchmark with hundreds of high-quality questions for which the resolution is already known. Each question is accompanied by a large offline corpus of tens of thousands of relevant web pages, enabling a way to elicit realistic "forecasts" on past events from LLMs. Results suggest that our pastcasting environment can produce results comparable to those based on forecasts using the internet on at-the-time unresolved questions. We show results benchmarking agent and chain-of-thought forecasting approaches using several LLMs, including the recently-released Claude 4 models, and demonstrate BTF's ability to track steady forecasting capability progress over time. We intend this to be a living benchmark, with new questions added continually to account for increasing training data cutoff dates. We invite researchers to contact us at hello@futuresearch.ai to utilize our benchmark or tooling for their own research. △ Less Submitted 11 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. arXiv:2506.21558 [ pdf , ps , other ] Bench to the Future: A Pastcasting Benchmark for Forecasting Agents Authors: FutureSearch , : , Jack Wildman , Nikos I. Bosse , Daniel Hnyk , Peter Mühlbacher , Finn Hambly , Jon Evans , Dan Schwarz , Lawrence Phillips Abstract : Forecasting is a challenging task that offers a clearly measurable way to study AI systems. Forecasting requires a large amount of research on the internet, and evaluations require time for events to happen, making the development of forecasting benchmarks challenging. To date, no forecasting benchmark provides a realistic, hermetic, and repeatable environment for LLM forecasters. We introduce Ben… ▽ More Forecasting is a challenging task that offers a clearly measurable way to study AI systems. Forecasting requires a large amount of research on the internet, and evaluations require time for events to happen, making the development of forecasting benchmarks challenging. To date, no forecasting benchmark provides a realistic, hermetic, and repeatable environment for LLM forecasters. We introduce Bench To the Future (BTF), a "pastcasting" benchmark with hundreds of high-quality questions for which the resolution is already known. Each question is accompanied by a large offline corpus of tens of thousands of relevant web pages, enabling a way to elicit realistic "forecasts" on past events from LLMs. Results suggest that our pastcasting environment can produce results comparable to those based on forecasts using the internet on at-the-time unresolved questions. We show results benchmarking agent and chain-of-thought forecasting approaches using several LLMs, including the recently-released Claude 4 models, and demonstrate BTF's ability to track steady forecasting capability progress over time. We intend this to be a living benchmark, with new questions added continually to account for increasing training data cutoff dates. We invite researchers to contact us at hello@futuresearch.ai to utilize our benchmark or tooling for their own research. △ Less Submitted 11 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. arXiv:2506.21078 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT eess.SP Constant Modulus Waveforms for IoT-Centric Integrated Sensing and Communications Authors: Tian Han , Shalanika Dayarathna , Rajitha Senanayake , Peter Smith , Aryan Kaushik , Alain Mourad , Richard A. Stirling-Gallacher , Jamie Evans Abstract : Integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) is considered a key enabler to support application scenarios such as the Internet-of-Things (IoT) in which both communications and sensing play significant roles. Multi-carrier waveforms, such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), have been considered as good candidates for ISAC due to their high communications data rate and good time ba… ▽ More Integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) is considered a key enabler to support application scenarios such as the Internet-of-Things (IoT) in which both communications and sensing play significant roles. Multi-carrier waveforms, such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), have been considered as good candidates for ISAC due to their high communications data rate and good time bandwidth property for sensing. Nevertheless, their high peak-to-average-power-ratio (PAPR) values lead to either performance degradation or an increase in system complexity. This can make OFDM unsuitable for IoT applications with insufficient resources in terms of power, system complexity, hardware size or cost. This article provides IoT-centric constant modulus waveform designs that leverage the advantage of unit PAPR and thus are more suitable in resource-limited scenarios. More specifically, several single-carrier frequency and/or phase-modulated waveforms are considered. A comprehensive discussion on their radar sensing and communications performance is conducted based on performance metrics, including the radar ambiguity function, the bandwidth property, the data rate, and the communications receiver complexity. △ Less Submitted 26 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. Comments: Submitted for publication to IEEE Communications Standards Magazine arXiv:2506.21078 [ pdf , ps , other ] Constant Modulus Waveforms for IoT-Centric Integrated Sensing and Communications Authors: Tian Han , Shalanika Dayarathna , Rajitha Senanayake , Peter Smith , Aryan Kaushik , Alain Mourad , Richard A. Stirling-Gallacher , Jamie Evans Abstract : Integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) is considered a key enabler to support application scenarios such as the Internet-of-Things (IoT) in which both communications and sensing play significant roles. Multi-carrier waveforms, such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), have been considered as good candidates for ISAC due to their high communications data rate and good time ba… ▽ More Integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) is considered a key enabler to support application scenarios such as the Internet-of-Things (IoT) in which both communications and sensing play significant roles. Multi-carrier waveforms, such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), have been considered as good candidates for ISAC due to their high communications data rate and good time bandwidth property for sensing. Nevertheless, their high peak-to-average-power-ratio (PAPR) values lead to either performance degradation or an increase in system complexity. This can make OFDM unsuitable for IoT applications with insufficient resources in terms of power, system complexity, hardware size or cost. This article provides IoT-centric constant modulus waveform designs that leverage the advantage of unit PAPR and thus are more suitable in resource-limited scenarios. More specifically, several single-carrier frequency and/or phase-modulated waveforms are considered. A comprehensive discussion on their radar sensing and communications performance is conducted based on performance metrics, including the radar ambiguity function, the bandwidth property, the data rate, and the communications receiver complexity. △ Less Submitted 26 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. Comments: Submitted for publication to IEEE Communications Standards Magazine arXiv:2506.16584 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.LG Measuring (a Sufficient) World Model in LLMs: A Variance Decomposition Framework Authors: Nadav Kunievsky , James A. Evans Abstract : Understanding whether large language models (LLMs) possess a world model-a structured understanding of the world that supports generalization beyond surface-level patterns-is central to assessing their reliability, especially in high-stakes applications. We propose a formal framework for evaluating whether an LLM exhibits a sufficiently robust world model, defined as producing consistent outputs a… ▽ More Understanding whether large language models (LLMs) possess a world model-a structured understanding of the world that supports generalization beyond surface-level patterns-is central to assessing their reliability, especially in high-stakes applications. We propose a formal framework for evaluating whether an LLM exhibits a sufficiently robust world model, defined as producing consistent outputs across semantically equivalent prompts while distinguishing between prompts that express different intents. We introduce a new evaluation approach to measure this that decomposes model response variability into three components: variability due to user purpose, user articulation, and model instability. An LLM with a strong world model should attribute most of the variability in its responses to changes in foundational purpose rather than superficial changes in articulation. This approach allows us to quantify how much of a model's behavior is semantically grounded rather than driven by model instability or alternative wording. We apply this framework to evaluate LLMs across diverse domains. Our results show how larger models attribute a greater share of output variability to changes in user purpose, indicating a more robust world model. This improvement is not uniform, however: larger models do not consistently outperform smaller ones across all domains, and their advantage in robustness is often modest. These findings highlight the importance of moving beyond accuracy-based benchmarks toward semantic diagnostics that more directly assess the structure and stability of a model's internal understanding of the world. △ Less Submitted 19 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. MSC Class: 68T50; 68T05 ACM Class: I.2.7; I.2.6; I.5.1 arXiv:2506.16584 [ pdf , ps , other ] Measuring (a Sufficient) World Model in LLMs: A Variance Decomposition Framework Authors: Nadav Kunievsky , James A. Evans Abstract : Understanding whether large language models (LLMs) possess a world model-a structured understanding of the world that supports generalization beyond surface-level patterns-is central to assessing their reliability, especially in high-stakes applications. We propose a formal framework for evaluating whether an LLM exhibits a sufficiently robust world model, defined as producing consistent outputs a… ▽ More Understanding whether large language models (LLMs) possess a world model-a structured understanding of the world that supports generalization beyond surface-level patterns-is central to assessing their reliability, especially in high-stakes applications. We propose a formal framework for evaluating whether an LLM exhibits a sufficiently robust world model, defined as producing consistent outputs across semantically equivalent prompts while distinguishing between prompts that express different intents. We introduce a new evaluation approach to measure this that decomposes model response variability into three components: variability due to user purpose, user articulation, and model instability. An LLM with a strong world model should attribute most of the variability in its responses to changes in foundational purpose rather than superficial changes in articulation. This approach allows us to quantify how much of a model's behavior is semantically grounded rather than driven by model instability or alternative wording. We apply this framework to evaluate LLMs across diverse domains. Our results show how larger models attribute a greater share of output variability to changes in user purpose, indicating a more robust world model. This improvement is not uniform, however: larger models do not consistently outperform smaller ones across all domains, and their advantage in robustness is often modest. These findings highlight the importance of moving beyond accuracy-based benchmarks toward semantic diagnostics that more directly assess the structure and stability of a model's internal understanding of the world. △ Less Submitted 19 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. MSC Class: 68T50; 68T05 ACM Class: I.2.7; I.2.6; I.5.1 arXiv:2506.09276 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Learning The Minimum Action Distance Authors: Lorenzo Steccanella , Joshua B. Evans , Özgür Şimşek , Anders Jonsson Abstract : This paper presents a state representation framework for Markov decision processes (MDPs) that can be learned solely from state trajectories, requiring neither reward signals nor the actions executed by the agent. We propose learning the minimum action distance (MAD), defined as the minimum number of actions required to transition between states, as a fundamental metric that captures the underlyin… ▽ More This paper presents a state representation framework for Markov decision processes (MDPs) that can be learned solely from state trajectories, requiring neither reward signals nor the actions executed by the agent. We propose learning the minimum action distance (MAD), defined as the minimum number of actions required to transition between states, as a fundamental metric that captures the underlying structure of an environment. MAD naturally enables critical downstream tasks such as goal-conditioned reinforcement learning and reward shaping by providing a dense, geometrically meaningful measure of progress. Our self-supervised learning approach constructs an embedding space where the distances between embedded state pairs correspond to their MAD, accommodating both symmetric and asymmetric approximations. We evaluate the framework on a comprehensive suite of environments with known MAD values, encompassing both deterministic and stochastic dynamics, as well as discrete and continuous state spaces, and environments with noisy observations. Empirical results demonstrate that the proposed approach not only efficiently learns accurate MAD representations across these diverse settings but also significantly outperforms existing state representation methods in terms of representation quality. △ Less Submitted 6 October, 2025; v1 submitted 10 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. arXiv:2506.09276 [ pdf , ps , other ] Learning The Minimum Action Distance Authors: Lorenzo Steccanella , Joshua B. Evans , Özgür Şimşek , Anders Jonsson Abstract : This paper presents a state representation framework for Markov decision processes (MDPs) that can be learned solely from state trajectories, requiring neither reward signals nor the actions executed by the agent. We propose learning the minimum action distance (MAD), defined as the minimum number of actions required to transition between states, as a fundamental metric that captures the underlyin… ▽ More This paper presents a state representation framework for Markov decision processes (MDPs) that can be learned solely from state trajectories, requiring neither reward signals nor the actions executed by the agent. We propose learning the minimum action distance (MAD), defined as the minimum number of actions required to transition between states, as a fundamental metric that captures the underlying structure of an environment. MAD naturally enables critical downstream tasks such as goal-conditioned reinforcement learning and reward shaping by providing a dense, geometrically meaningful measure of progress. Our self-supervised learning approach constructs an embedding space where the distances between embedded state pairs correspond to their MAD, accommodating both symmetric and asymmetric approximations. We evaluate the framework on a comprehensive suite of environments with known MAD values, encompassing both deterministic and stochastic dynamics, as well as discrete and continuous state spaces, and environments with noisy observations. Empirical results demonstrate that the proposed approach not only efficiently learns accurate MAD representations across these diverse settings but also significantly outperforms existing state representation methods in terms of representation quality. △ Less Submitted 6 October, 2025; v1 submitted 10 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. arXiv:2506.06287 [ pdf , other ] cs.AI Deep Research Bench: Evaluating AI Web Research Agents Authors: FutureSearch , : , Nikos I. Bosse , Jon Evans , Robert G. Gambee , Daniel Hnyk , Peter Mühlbacher , Lawrence Phillips , Dan Schwarz , Jack Wildman Abstract : Amongst the most common use cases of modern AI is LLM chat with web search enabled. However, no direct evaluations of the quality of web research agents exist that control for the continually-changing web. We introduce Deep Research Bench, consisting of 89 multi-step web research task instances of varying difficulty across 8 diverse task categories, with the answers carefully worked out by skilled… ▽ More Amongst the most common use cases of modern AI is LLM chat with web search enabled. However, no direct evaluations of the quality of web research agents exist that control for the continually-changing web. We introduce Deep Research Bench, consisting of 89 multi-step web research task instances of varying difficulty across 8 diverse task categories, with the answers carefully worked out by skilled humans. We provide a "RetroSearch" environment with a large frozen set of scraped web pages, and demonstrate that offline "RetroSearch" agents perform comparably to "live web" agents, enabling reliable evaluations of models over time. We provide robust agent tooling and scaffolding to benchmark major LLMs as they are released, including "thinking" models like o3 and Gemini 2.5 Pro. We include automated evaluations of the lengthy agent traces to report progress over time in hallucinations, tool use, and forgetting. Finally, we evaluate the major web research products branded as "Deep Research", "Deep Search", "Search", or "Research." Results are available on a public leaderboard at △ Less Submitted 6 May, 2025; originally announced June 2025. arXiv:2506.06287 [ pdf , other ] Deep Research Bench: Evaluating AI Web Research Agents Authors: FutureSearch , : , Nikos I. Bosse , Jon Evans , Robert G. Gambee , Daniel Hnyk , Peter Mühlbacher , Lawrence Phillips , Dan Schwarz , Jack Wildman Abstract : Amongst the most common use cases of modern AI is LLM chat with web search enabled. However, no direct evaluations of the quality of web research agents exist that control for the continually-changing web. We introduce Deep Research Bench, consisting of 89 multi-step web research task instances of varying difficulty across 8 diverse task categories, with the answers carefully worked out by skilled… ▽ More Amongst the most common use cases of modern AI is LLM chat with web search enabled. However, no direct evaluations of the quality of web research agents exist that control for the continually-changing web. We introduce Deep Research Bench, consisting of 89 multi-step web research task instances of varying difficulty across 8 diverse task categories, with the answers carefully worked out by skilled humans. We provide a "RetroSearch" environment with a large frozen set of scraped web pages, and demonstrate that offline "RetroSearch" agents perform comparably to "live web" agents, enabling reliable evaluations of models over time. We provide robust agent tooling and scaffolding to benchmark major LLMs as they are released, including "thinking" models like o3 and Gemini 2.5 Pro. We include automated evaluations of the lengthy agent traces to report progress over time in hallucinations, tool use, and forgetting. Finally, we evaluate the major web research products branded as "Deep Research", "Deep Search", "Search", or "Research." Results are available on a public leaderboard at △ Less Submitted 6 May, 2025; originally announced June 2025. arXiv:2506.04616 [ pdf ] cs.CL stat.AP stat.ML Subjective Perspectives within Learned Representations Predict High-Impact Innovation Authors: Likun Cao , Rui Pan , James Evans Abstract : Existing studies of innovation emphasize the power of social structures to shape innovation capacity. Emerging machine learning approaches, however, enable us to model innovators' personal perspectives and interpersonal innovation opportunities as a function of their prior experience. We theorize and then quantify subjective perspectives and their interaction based on innovator positions within th… ▽ More Existing studies of innovation emphasize the power of social structures to shape innovation capacity. Emerging machine learning approaches, however, enable us to model innovators' personal perspectives and interpersonal innovation opportunities as a function of their prior experience. We theorize and then quantify subjective perspectives and their interaction based on innovator positions within the geometric space of concepts inscribed by dynamic machine-learned language representations. Using data on millions of scientists, inventors, screenplay writers, entrepreneurs, and Wikipedia contributors across their respective creative domains, here we show that measured subjective perspectives predict which ideas individuals and groups will creatively attend to and successfully combine in the future. Across all cases and time periods we examine, when perspective diversity is decomposed as the difference between collaborators' perspectives on their creation, and background diversity as the difference between their experiences, the former consistently anticipates creative achievement while the latter portends its opposite. We analyze a natural experiment and simulate creative collaborations between AI agents designed with various perspective and background diversity, which support our observational findings. We explore mechanisms underlying these findings and identify how successful collaborators leverage common language to weave together diverse experiences obtained through trajectories of prior work. These perspectives converge and provoke one another to innovate. We examine the significance of these findings for team formation and research policy. △ Less Submitted 25 August, 2025; v1 submitted 5 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. Comments: 123 pages, 23 figures arXiv:2506.04616 [ pdf ] Subjective Perspectives within Learned Representations Predict High-Impact Innovation Authors: Likun Cao , Rui Pan , James Evans Abstract : Existing studies of innovation emphasize the power of social structures to shape innovation capacity. Emerging machine learning approaches, however, enable us to model innovators' personal perspectives and interpersonal innovation opportunities as a function of their prior experience. We theorize and then quantify subjective perspectives and their interaction based on innovator positions within th… ▽ More Existing studies of innovation emphasize the power of social structures to shape innovation capacity. Emerging machine learning approaches, however, enable us to model innovators' personal perspectives and interpersonal innovation opportunities as a function of their prior experience. We theorize and then quantify subjective perspectives and their interaction based on innovator positions within the geometric space of concepts inscribed by dynamic machine-learned language representations. Using data on millions of scientists, inventors, screenplay writers, entrepreneurs, and Wikipedia contributors across their respective creative domains, here we show that measured subjective perspectives predict which ideas individuals and groups will creatively attend to and successfully combine in the future. Across all cases and time periods we examine, when perspective diversity is decomposed as the difference between collaborators' perspectives on their creation, and background diversity as the difference between their experiences, the former consistently anticipates creative achievement while the latter portends its opposite. We analyze a natural experiment and simulate creative collaborations between AI agents designed with various perspective and background diversity, which support our observational findings. We explore mechanisms underlying these findings and identify how successful collaborators leverage common language to weave together diverse experiences obtained through trajectories of prior work. These perspectives converge and provoke one another to innovate. We examine the significance of these findings for team formation and research policy. △ Less Submitted 25 August, 2025; v1 submitted 5 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. Comments: 123 pages, 23 figures arXiv:2506.04375 [ pdf , ps , other ] math.NA cs.LG Solving engineering eigenvalue problems with neural networks using the Rayleigh quotient Authors: Conor Rowan , John Evans , Kurt Maute , Alireza Doostan Abstract : From characterizing the speed of a thermal system's response to computing natural modes of vibration, eigenvalue analysis is ubiquitous in engineering. In spite of this, eigenvalue problems have received relatively little treatment compared to standard forward and inverse problems in the physics-informed machine learning literature. In particular, neural network discretizations of solutions to eig… ▽ More From characterizing the speed of a thermal system's response to computing natural modes of vibration, eigenvalue analysis is ubiquitous in engineering. In spite of this, eigenvalue problems have received relatively little treatment compared to standard forward and inverse problems in the physics-informed machine learning literature. In particular, neural network discretizations of solutions to eigenvalue problems have seen only a handful of studies. Owing to their nonlinearity, neural network discretizations prevent the conversion of the continuous eigenvalue differential equation into a standard discrete eigenvalue problem. In this setting, eigenvalue analysis requires more specialized techniques. Using a neural network discretization of the eigenfunction, we show that a variational form of the eigenvalue problem called the "Rayleigh quotient" in tandem with a Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization procedure is a particularly simple and robust approach to find the eigenvalues and their corresponding eigenfunctions. This method is shown to be useful for finding sets of harmonic functions on irregular domains, parametric and nonlinear eigenproblems, and high-dimensional eigenanalysis. We also discuss the utility of harmonic functions as a spectral basis for approximating solutions to partial differential equations. Through various examples from engineering mechanics, the combination of the Rayleigh quotient objective, Gram-Schmidt procedure, and the neural network discretization of the eigenfunction is shown to offer unique advantages for handling continuous eigenvalue problems. △ Less Submitted 4 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. arXiv:2506.04375 [ pdf , ps , other ] Solving engineering eigenvalue problems with neural networks using the Rayleigh quotient Authors: Conor Rowan , John Evans , Kurt Maute , Alireza Doostan Abstract : From characterizing the speed of a thermal system's response to computing natural modes of vibration, eigenvalue analysis is ubiquitous in engineering. In spite of this, eigenvalue problems have received relatively little treatment compared to standard forward and inverse problems in the physics-informed machine learning literature. In particular, neural network discretizations of solutions to eig… ▽ More From characterizing the speed of a thermal system's response to computing natural modes of vibration, eigenvalue analysis is ubiquitous in engineering. In spite of this, eigenvalue problems have received relatively little treatment compared to standard forward and inverse problems in the physics-informed machine learning literature. In particular, neural network discretizations of solutions to eigenvalue problems have seen only a handful of studies. Owing to their nonlinearity, neural network discretizations prevent the conversion of the continuous eigenvalue differential equation into a standard discrete eigenvalue problem. In this setting, eigenvalue analysis requires more specialized techniques. Using a neural network discretization of the eigenfunction, we show that a variational form of the eigenvalue problem called the "Rayleigh quotient" in tandem with a Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization procedure is a particularly simple and robust approach to find the eigenvalues and their corresponding eigenfunctions. This method is shown to be useful for finding sets of harmonic functions on irregular domains, parametric and nonlinear eigenproblems, and high-dimensional eigenanalysis. We also discuss the utility of harmonic functions as a spectral basis for approximating solutions to partial differential equations. Through various examples from engineering mechanics, the combination of the Rayleigh quotient objective, Gram-Schmidt procedure, and the neural network discretization of the eigenfunction is shown to offer unique advantages for handling continuous eigenvalue problems. △ Less Submitted 4 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. arXiv:2506.03813 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG eess.SP Graph Neural Networks for Resource Allocation in Multi-Channel Wireless Networks Authors: Lili Chen , Changyang She , Jingge Zhu , Jamie Evans Abstract : As the number of mobile devices continues to grow, interference has become a major bottleneck in improving data rates in wireless networks. Efficient joint channel and power allocation (JCPA) is crucial for managing interference. In this paper, we first propose an enhanced WMMSE (eWMMSE) algorithm to solve the JCPA problem in multi-channel wireless networks. To reduce the computational complexity… ▽ More As the number of mobile devices continues to grow, interference has become a major bottleneck in improving data rates in wireless networks. Efficient joint channel and power allocation (JCPA) is crucial for managing interference. In this paper, we first propose an enhanced WMMSE (eWMMSE) algorithm to solve the JCPA problem in multi-channel wireless networks. To reduce the computational complexity of iterative optimization, we further introduce JCPGNN-M, a graph neural network-based solution that enables simultaneous multi-channel allocation for each user. We reformulate the problem as a Lagrangian function, which allows us to enforce the total power constraints systematically. Our solution involves combining this Lagrangian framework with GNNs and iteratively updating the Lagrange multipliers and resource allocation scheme. Unlike existing GNN-based methods that limit each user to a single channel, JCPGNN-M supports efficient spectrum reuse and scales well in dense network scenarios. Simulation results show that JCPGNN-M achieves better data rate compared to eWMMSE. Meanwhile, the inference time of JCPGNN-M is much lower than eWMMS, and it can generalize well to larger networks. △ Less Submitted 4 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. arXiv:2506.03813 [ pdf , ps , other ] Graph Neural Networks for Resource Allocation in Multi-Channel Wireless Networks Authors: Lili Chen , Changyang She , Jingge Zhu , Jamie Evans Abstract : As the number of mobile devices continues to grow, interference has become a major bottleneck in improving data rates in wireless networks. Efficient joint channel and power allocation (JCPA) is crucial for managing interference. In this paper, we first propose an enhanced WMMSE (eWMMSE) algorithm to solve the JCPA problem in multi-channel wireless networks. To reduce the computational complexity… ▽ More As the number of mobile devices continues to grow, interference has become a major bottleneck in improving data rates in wireless networks. Efficient joint channel and power allocation (JCPA) is crucial for managing interference. In this paper, we first propose an enhanced WMMSE (eWMMSE) algorithm to solve the JCPA problem in multi-channel wireless networks. To reduce the computational complexity of iterative optimization, we further introduce JCPGNN-M, a graph neural network-based solution that enables simultaneous multi-channel allocation for each user. We reformulate the problem as a Lagrangian function, which allows us to enforce the total power constraints systematically. Our solution involves combining this Lagrangian framework with GNNs and iteratively updating the Lagrange multipliers and resource allocation scheme. Unlike existing GNN-based methods that limit each user to a single channel, JCPGNN-M supports efficient spectrum reuse and scales well in dense network scenarios. Simulation results show that JCPGNN-M achieves better data rate compared to eWMMSE. Meanwhile, the inference time of JCPGNN-M is much lower than eWMMS, and it can generalize well to larger networks. △ Less Submitted 4 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. arXiv:2505.22467 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.MA cs.AI cs.LG Topological Structure Learning Should Be A Research Priority for LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systems Authors: Jiaxi Yang , Mengqi Zhang , Yiqiao Jin , Hao Chen , Qingsong Wen , Lu Lin , Yi He , Srijan Kumar , Weijie Xu , James Evans , Jindong Wang Abstract : Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Systems (MASs) have emerged as a powerful paradigm for tackling complex tasks through collaborative intelligence. However, the topology of these systems--how agents in MASs should be configured, connected, and coordinated--remains largely unexplored. In this position paper, we call for a paradigm shift toward \emph{topology-aware MASs} that explicitly model a… ▽ More Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Systems (MASs) have emerged as a powerful paradigm for tackling complex tasks through collaborative intelligence. However, the topology of these systems--how agents in MASs should be configured, connected, and coordinated--remains largely unexplored. In this position paper, we call for a paradigm shift toward \emph{topology-aware MASs} that explicitly model and dynamically optimize the structure of inter-agent interactions. We identify three fundamental components--agents, communication links, and overall topology--that collectively determine the system's adaptability, efficiency, robustness, and fairness. To operationalize this vision, we introduce a systematic three-stage framework: 1) agent selection, 2) structure profiling, and 3) topology synthesis. This framework not only provides a principled foundation for designing MASs but also opens new research frontiers across language modeling, reinforcement learning, graph learning, and generative modeling to ultimately unleash their full potential in complex real-world applications. We conclude by outlining key challenges and opportunities in MASs evaluation. We hope our framework and perspectives offer critical new insights in the era of agentic AI. △ Less Submitted 16 October, 2025; v1 submitted 28 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2505.22467 [ pdf , ps , other ] Topological Structure Learning Should Be A Research Priority for LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systems Authors: Jiaxi Yang , Mengqi Zhang , Yiqiao Jin , Hao Chen , Qingsong Wen , Lu Lin , Yi He , Srijan Kumar , Weijie Xu , James Evans , Jindong Wang Abstract : Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Systems (MASs) have emerged as a powerful paradigm for tackling complex tasks through collaborative intelligence. However, the topology of these systems--how agents in MASs should be configured, connected, and coordinated--remains largely unexplored. In this position paper, we call for a paradigm shift toward \emph{topology-aware MASs} that explicitly model a… ▽ More Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Systems (MASs) have emerged as a powerful paradigm for tackling complex tasks through collaborative intelligence. However, the topology of these systems--how agents in MASs should be configured, connected, and coordinated--remains largely unexplored. In this position paper, we call for a paradigm shift toward \emph{topology-aware MASs} that explicitly model and dynamically optimize the structure of inter-agent interactions. We identify three fundamental components--agents, communication links, and overall topology--that collectively determine the system's adaptability, efficiency, robustness, and fairness. To operationalize this vision, we introduce a systematic three-stage framework: 1) agent selection, 2) structure profiling, and 3) topology synthesis. This framework not only provides a principled foundation for designing MASs but also opens new research frontiers across language modeling, reinforcement learning, graph learning, and generative modeling to ultimately unleash their full potential in complex real-world applications. We conclude by outlining key challenges and opportunities in MASs evaluation. We hope our framework and perspectives offer critical new insights in the era of agentic AI. △ Less Submitted 16 October, 2025; v1 submitted 28 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2505.18942 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CY cs.CL cs.DL Language Models Surface the Unwritten Code of Science and Society Authors: Honglin Bao , Siyang Wu , Jiwoong Choi , Yingrong Mao , James A. Evans Abstract : This paper calls on the research community not only to investigate how human biases are inherited by large language models (LLMs) but also to explore how these biases in LLMs can be leveraged to make society's "unwritten code" - such as implicit stereotypes and heuristics - visible and accessible for critique. We introduce a conceptual framework through a case study in science: uncovering hidden r… ▽ More This paper calls on the research community not only to investigate how human biases are inherited by large language models (LLMs) but also to explore how these biases in LLMs can be leveraged to make society's "unwritten code" - such as implicit stereotypes and heuristics - visible and accessible for critique. We introduce a conceptual framework through a case study in science: uncovering hidden rules in peer review - the factors that reviewers care about but rarely state explicitly due to normative scientific expectations. The idea of the framework is to push LLMs to speak out their heuristics through generating self-consistent hypotheses - why one paper appeared stronger in reviewer scoring - among paired papers submitted to 45 academic conferences, while iteratively searching deeper hypotheses from remaining pairs where existing hypotheses cannot explain. We observed that LLMs' normative priors about the internal characteristics of good science extracted from their self-talk, e.g., theoretical rigor, were systematically updated toward posteriors that emphasize storytelling about external connections, such as how the work is positioned and connected within and across literatures. Human reviewers tend to explicitly reward aspects that moderately align with LLMs' normative priors (correlation = 0.49) but avoid articulating contextualization and storytelling posteriors in their review comments (correlation = -0.14), despite giving implicit reward to them with positive scores. These patterns are robust across different models and out-of-sample judgments. We discuss the broad applicability of our proposed framework, leveraging LLMs as diagnostic tools to amplify and surface the tacit codes underlying human society, enabling public discussion of revealed values and more precisely targeted responsible AI. △ Less Submitted 8 October, 2025; v1 submitted 24 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2505.18942 [ pdf , ps , other ] Language Models Surface the Unwritten Code of Science and Society Authors: Honglin Bao , Siyang Wu , Jiwoong Choi , Yingrong Mao , James A. Evans Abstract : This paper calls on the research community not only to investigate how human biases are inherited by large language models (LLMs) but also to explore how these biases in LLMs can be leveraged to make society's "unwritten code" - such as implicit stereotypes and heuristics - visible and accessible for critique. We introduce a conceptual framework through a case study in science: uncovering hidden r… ▽ More This paper calls on the research community not only to investigate how human biases are inherited by large language models (LLMs) but also to explore how these biases in LLMs can be leveraged to make society's "unwritten code" - such as implicit stereotypes and heuristics - visible and accessible for critique. We introduce a conceptual framework through a case study in science: uncovering hidden rules in peer review - the factors that reviewers care about but rarely state explicitly due to normative scientific expectations. The idea of the framework is to push LLMs to speak out their heuristics through generating self-consistent hypotheses - why one paper appeared stronger in reviewer scoring - among paired papers submitted to 45 academic conferences, while iteratively searching deeper hypotheses from remaining pairs where existing hypotheses cannot explain. We observed that LLMs' normative priors about the internal characteristics of good science extracted from their self-talk, e.g., theoretical rigor, were systematically updated toward posteriors that emphasize storytelling about external connections, such as how the work is positioned and connected within and across literatures. Human reviewers tend to explicitly reward aspects that moderately align with LLMs' normative priors (correlation = 0.49) but avoid articulating contextualization and storytelling posteriors in their review comments (correlation = -0.14), despite giving implicit reward to them with positive scores. These patterns are robust across different models and out-of-sample judgments. We discuss the broad applicability of our proposed framework, leveraging LLMs as diagnostic tools to amplify and surface the tacit codes underlying human society, enabling public discussion of revealed values and more precisely targeted responsible AI. △ Less Submitted 8 October, 2025; v1 submitted 24 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2505.18676 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT Joint Max-Min Power Control and Clustering in Cell-Free Wireless Networks: Design and Analysis Authors: Achini Jayawardane , Rajitha Senanayake , Erfan Khordad , Jamie Evans Abstract : Cell-free wireless networks have attracted significant interest for their ability to eliminate cell-edge effects and deliver uniformly high service quality through macro-diversity. In this paper, we develop an algorithm to jointly optimize uplink transmit powers and dynamic user-centric access point (AP) clusters in a centralized cell-free network. This approach aims to efficiently mitigate inter-… ▽ More Cell-free wireless networks have attracted significant interest for their ability to eliminate cell-edge effects and deliver uniformly high service quality through macro-diversity. In this paper, we develop an algorithm to jointly optimize uplink transmit powers and dynamic user-centric access point (AP) clusters in a centralized cell-free network. This approach aims to efficiently mitigate inter-user interference and achieve higher max-min signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) targets for users. To this end, we re-purpose an iterative power control algorithm based on non-linear Perron-Frobenius theory and prove its convergence for the maximum ratio combiner (MRC) receiver under various AP subset selection schemes. We further provide analytical results by framing the joint optimization as a conditional eigenvalue problem with power and AP association constraints, and leveraging Perron-Frobenius theory on a centrally constructed matrix. The numerical results highlight that optimizing each user's serving AP cluster is essential to achieving higher max-min SINR targets with the simple MRC receiver. △ Less Submitted 24 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: This paper has been submitted to the IEEE for possible publication arXiv:2505.18676 [ pdf , ps , other ] Joint Max-Min Power Control and Clustering in Cell-Free Wireless Networks: Design and Analysis Authors: Achini Jayawardane , Rajitha Senanayake , Erfan Khordad , Jamie Evans Abstract : Cell-free wireless networks have attracted significant interest for their ability to eliminate cell-edge effects and deliver uniformly high service quality through macro-diversity. In this paper, we develop an algorithm to jointly optimize uplink transmit powers and dynamic user-centric access point (AP) clusters in a centralized cell-free network. This approach aims to efficiently mitigate inter-… ▽ More Cell-free wireless networks have attracted significant interest for their ability to eliminate cell-edge effects and deliver uniformly high service quality through macro-diversity. In this paper, we develop an algorithm to jointly optimize uplink transmit powers and dynamic user-centric access point (AP) clusters in a centralized cell-free network. This approach aims to efficiently mitigate inter-user interference and achieve higher max-min signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) targets for users. To this end, we re-purpose an iterative power control algorithm based on non-linear Perron-Frobenius theory and prove its convergence for the maximum ratio combiner (MRC) receiver under various AP subset selection schemes. We further provide analytical results by framing the joint optimization as a conditional eigenvalue problem with power and AP association constraints, and leveraging Perron-Frobenius theory on a centrally constructed matrix. The numerical results highlight that optimizing each user's serving AP cluster is essential to achieving higher max-min SINR targets with the simple MRC receiver. △ Less Submitted 24 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: This paper has been submitted to the IEEE for possible publication arXiv:2505.16477 [ pdf ] cs.AI Advancing the Scientific Method with Large Language Models: From Hypothesis to Discovery Authors: Yanbo Zhang , Sumeer A. Khan , Adnan Mahmud , Huck Yang , Alexander Lavin , Michael Levin , Jeremy Frey , Jared Dunnmon , James Evans , Alan Bundy , Saso Dzeroski , Jesper Tegner , Hector Zenil Abstract : With recent Nobel Prizes recognising AI contributions to science, Large Language Models (LLMs) are transforming scientific research by enhancing productivity and reshaping the scientific method. LLMs are now involved in experimental design, data analysis, and workflows, particularly in chemistry and biology. However, challenges such as hallucinations and reliability persist. In this contribution,… ▽ More With recent Nobel Prizes recognising AI contributions to science, Large Language Models (LLMs) are transforming scientific research by enhancing productivity and reshaping the scientific method. LLMs are now involved in experimental design, data analysis, and workflows, particularly in chemistry and biology. However, challenges such as hallucinations and reliability persist. In this contribution, we review how Large Language Models (LLMs) are redefining the scientific method and explore their potential applications across different stages of the scientific cycle, from hypothesis testing to discovery. We conclude that, for LLMs to serve as relevant and effective creative engines and productivity enhancers, their deep integration into all steps of the scientific process should be pursued in collaboration and alignment with human scientific goals, with clear evaluation metrics. The transition to AI-driven science raises ethical questions about creativity, oversight, and responsibility. With careful guidance, LLMs could evolve into creative engines, driving transformative breakthroughs across scientific disciplines responsibly and effectively. However, the scientific community must also decide how much it leaves to LLMs to drive science, even when associations with 'reasoning', mostly currently undeserved, are made in exchange for the potential to explore hypothesis and solution regions that might otherwise remain unexplored by human exploration alone. △ Less Submitted 22 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: 45 pages Journal ref: npj Artificial Intelligence, 2025 arXiv:2505.16477 [ pdf ] Advancing the Scientific Method with Large Language Models: From Hypothesis to Discovery Authors: Yanbo Zhang , Sumeer A. Khan , Adnan Mahmud , Huck Yang , Alexander Lavin , Michael Levin , Jeremy Frey , Jared Dunnmon , James Evans , Alan Bundy , Saso Dzeroski , Jesper Tegner , Hector Zenil Abstract : With recent Nobel Prizes recognising AI contributions to science, Large Language Models (LLMs) are transforming scientific research by enhancing productivity and reshaping the scientific method. LLMs are now involved in experimental design, data analysis, and workflows, particularly in chemistry and biology. However, challenges such as hallucinations and reliability persist. In this contribution,… ▽ More With recent Nobel Prizes recognising AI contributions to science, Large Language Models (LLMs) are transforming scientific research by enhancing productivity and reshaping the scientific method. LLMs are now involved in experimental design, data analysis, and workflows, particularly in chemistry and biology. However, challenges such as hallucinations and reliability persist. In this contribution, we review how Large Language Models (LLMs) are redefining the scientific method and explore their potential applications across different stages of the scientific cycle, from hypothesis testing to discovery. We conclude that, for LLMs to serve as relevant and effective creative engines and productivity enhancers, their deep integration into all steps of the scientific process should be pursued in collaboration and alignment with human scientific goals, with clear evaluation metrics. The transition to AI-driven science raises ethical questions about creativity, oversight, and responsibility. With careful guidance, LLMs could evolve into creative engines, driving transformative breakthroughs across scientific disciplines responsibly and effectively. However, the scientific community must also decide how much it leaves to LLMs to drive science, even when associations with 'reasoning', mostly currently undeserved, are made in exchange for the potential to explore hypothesis and solution regions that might otherwise remain unexplored by human exploration alone. △ Less Submitted 22 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: 45 pages Journal ref: npj Artificial Intelligence, 2025 arXiv:2505.12452 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.CY cs.DL cs.IR Automatically Advancing LLM Expertise in Technology Judgment Authors: Siyang Wu , Honglin Bao , Nadav Kunievsky , James A. Evans Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly becoming core tools for science, engineering, and innovation. Their promise lies not just in remembering facts, but in putting knowledge to work. Despite their impressive ability to answer increasingly difficult questions, it remains unclear whether LLMs truly use their knowledge when confronted with new and challenging tasks. We address this question with… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly becoming core tools for science, engineering, and innovation. Their promise lies not just in remembering facts, but in putting knowledge to work. Despite their impressive ability to answer increasingly difficult questions, it remains unclear whether LLMs truly use their knowledge when confronted with new and challenging tasks. We address this question with a patent classification task that requires deep conceptual understanding: distinguishing objectively different but semantically similar patents. To evaluate this approach, we introduce a challenging new benchmark of 1.3 million post-2015 computer science patent pairs, characterized by dense technical jargon and strategically complex writing. We find that LLMs often fail our benchmark and struggle to distinguish among semantically similar patents. To probe this failure, we introduce a novel framework that decomposes model errors into two sources: missing and unused knowledge. Our approach asks models to generate clarifying questions to improve their understanding, and then compares three settings: raw performance, self-answered questions, and externally supplied answers. This decomposition reveals that LLMs often possess the relevant knowledge internally but fail to deploy it, while a smaller share of errors arises from genuine knowledge gaps. We then ask whether the ability of models to construct a task-specific database of questions and answers differs across models. We find that smaller models generate simpler, broadly transferable questions, while larger models propose more complex but less generalizable ones. This suggests new strategies for combining strengths across models. Our findings highlight a critical limitation of current LLMs and their evaluation: models often know more than they can use. LLM evaluation should shift from recall of static facts to application of dynamic knowledge. △ Less Submitted 26 September, 2025; v1 submitted 18 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: We open-source our patent dataset at arXiv:2505.12452 [ pdf , ps , other ] Automatically Advancing LLM Expertise in Technology Judgment Authors: Siyang Wu , Honglin Bao , Nadav Kunievsky , James A. Evans Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly becoming core tools for science, engineering, and innovation. Their promise lies not just in remembering facts, but in putting knowledge to work. Despite their impressive ability to answer increasingly difficult questions, it remains unclear whether LLMs truly use their knowledge when confronted with new and challenging tasks. We address this question with… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly becoming core tools for science, engineering, and innovation. Their promise lies not just in remembering facts, but in putting knowledge to work. Despite their impressive ability to answer increasingly difficult questions, it remains unclear whether LLMs truly use their knowledge when confronted with new and challenging tasks. We address this question with a patent classification task that requires deep conceptual understanding: distinguishing objectively different but semantically similar patents. To evaluate this approach, we introduce a challenging new benchmark of 1.3 million post-2015 computer science patent pairs, characterized by dense technical jargon and strategically complex writing. We find that LLMs often fail our benchmark and struggle to distinguish among semantically similar patents. To probe this failure, we introduce a novel framework that decomposes model errors into two sources: missing and unused knowledge. Our approach asks models to generate clarifying questions to improve their understanding, and then compares three settings: raw performance, self-answered questions, and externally supplied answers. This decomposition reveals that LLMs often possess the relevant knowledge internally but fail to deploy it, while a smaller share of errors arises from genuine knowledge gaps. We then ask whether the ability of models to construct a task-specific database of questions and answers differs across models. We find that smaller models generate simpler, broadly transferable questions, while larger models propose more complex but less generalizable ones. This suggests new strategies for combining strengths across models. Our findings highlight a critical limitation of current LLMs and their evaluation: models often know more than they can use. LLM evaluation should shift from recall of static facts to application of dynamic knowledge. △ Less Submitted 26 September, 2025; v1 submitted 18 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: We open-source our patent dataset at arXiv:2505.11611 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL cs.CR Signal in the Noise: Polysemantic Interference Transfers and Predicts Cross-Model Influence Authors: Bofan Gong , Shiyang Lai , James Evans , Dawn Song Abstract : Polysemanticity is pervasive in language models and remains a major challenge for interpretation and model behavioral control. Leveraging sparse autoencoders (SAEs), we map the polysemantic topology of two small models (Pythia-70M and GPT-2-Small) to identify SAE feature pairs that are semantically unrelated yet exhibit interference within models. We intervene at four loci (prompt, token, feature,… ▽ More Polysemanticity is pervasive in language models and remains a major challenge for interpretation and model behavioral control. Leveraging sparse autoencoders (SAEs), we map the polysemantic topology of two small models (Pythia-70M and GPT-2-Small) to identify SAE feature pairs that are semantically unrelated yet exhibit interference within models. We intervene at four loci (prompt, token, feature, neuron) and measure induced shifts in the next-token prediction distribution, uncovering polysemantic structures that expose a systematic vulnerability in these models. Critically, interventions distilled from counterintuitive interference patterns shared by two small models transfer reliably to larger instruction-tuned models (Llama-3.1-8B/70B-Instruct and Gemma-2-9B-Instruct), yielding predictable behavioral shifts without access to model internals. These findings challenge the view that polysemanticity is purely stochastic, demonstrating instead that interference structures generalize across scale and family. Such generalization suggests a convergent, higher-order organization of internal representations, which is only weakly aligned with intuition and structured by latent regularities, offering new possibilities for both black-box control and theoretical insight into human and artificial cognition. △ Less Submitted 29 September, 2025; v1 submitted 16 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2505.11611 [ pdf , ps , other ] Signal in the Noise: Polysemantic Interference Transfers and Predicts Cross-Model Influence Authors: Bofan Gong , Shiyang Lai , James Evans , Dawn Song Abstract : Polysemanticity is pervasive in language models and remains a major challenge for interpretation and model behavioral control. Leveraging sparse autoencoders (SAEs), we map the polysemantic topology of two small models (Pythia-70M and GPT-2-Small) to identify SAE feature pairs that are semantically unrelated yet exhibit interference within models. We intervene at four loci (prompt, token, feature,… ▽ More Polysemanticity is pervasive in language models and remains a major challenge for interpretation and model behavioral control. Leveraging sparse autoencoders (SAEs), we map the polysemantic topology of two small models (Pythia-70M and GPT-2-Small) to identify SAE feature pairs that are semantically unrelated yet exhibit interference within models. We intervene at four loci (prompt, token, feature, neuron) and measure induced shifts in the next-token prediction distribution, uncovering polysemantic structures that expose a systematic vulnerability in these models. Critically, interventions distilled from counterintuitive interference patterns shared by two small models transfer reliably to larger instruction-tuned models (Llama-3.1-8B/70B-Instruct and Gemma-2-9B-Instruct), yielding predictable behavioral shifts without access to model internals. These findings challenge the view that polysemanticity is purely stochastic, demonstrating instead that interference structures generalize across scale and family. Such generalization suggests a convergent, higher-order organization of internal representations, which is only weakly aligned with intuition and structured by latent regularities, offering new possibilities for both black-box control and theoretical insight into human and artificial cognition. △ Less Submitted 29 September, 2025; v1 submitted 16 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2505.08706 [ pdf , ps , other ] econ.GN cs.AI cs.CY cs.SI stat.AP doi 10.1515/9783111085722-019 Big Data and the Computational Social Science of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Authors: Ningzi Li , Shiyang Lai , James Evans Abstract : As large-scale social data explode and machine-learning methods evolve, scholars of entrepreneurship and innovation face new research opportunities but also unique challenges. This chapter discusses the difficulties of leveraging large-scale data to identify technological and commercial novelty, document new venture origins, and forecast competition between new technologies and commercial forms. I… ▽ More As large-scale social data explode and machine-learning methods evolve, scholars of entrepreneurship and innovation face new research opportunities but also unique challenges. This chapter discusses the difficulties of leveraging large-scale data to identify technological and commercial novelty, document new venture origins, and forecast competition between new technologies and commercial forms. It suggests how scholars can take advantage of new text, network, image, audio, and video data in two distinct ways that advance innovation and entrepreneurship research. First, machine-learning models, combined with large-scale data, enable the construction of precision measurements that function as system-level observatories of innovation and entrepreneurship across human societies. Second, new artificial intelligence models fueled by big data generate 'digital doubles' of technology and business, forming laboratories for virtual experimentation about innovation and entrepreneurship processes and policies. The chapter argues for the advancement of theory development and testing in entrepreneurship and innovation by coupling big data with big models. △ Less Submitted 13 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2505.08706 [ pdf , ps , other ] Big Data and the Computational Social Science of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Authors: Ningzi Li , Shiyang Lai , James Evans Abstract : As large-scale social data explode and machine-learning methods evolve, scholars of entrepreneurship and innovation face new research opportunities but also unique challenges. This chapter discusses the difficulties of leveraging large-scale data to identify technological and commercial novelty, document new venture origins, and forecast competition between new technologies and commercial forms. I… ▽ More As large-scale social data explode and machine-learning methods evolve, scholars of entrepreneurship and innovation face new research opportunities but also unique challenges. This chapter discusses the difficulties of leveraging large-scale data to identify technological and commercial novelty, document new venture origins, and forecast competition between new technologies and commercial forms. It suggests how scholars can take advantage of new text, network, image, audio, and video data in two distinct ways that advance innovation and entrepreneurship research. First, machine-learning models, combined with large-scale data, enable the construction of precision measurements that function as system-level observatories of innovation and entrepreneurship across human societies. Second, new artificial intelligence models fueled by big data generate 'digital doubles' of technology and business, forming laboratories for virtual experimentation about innovation and entrepreneurship processes and policies. The chapter argues for the advancement of theory development and testing in entrepreneurship and innovation by coupling big data with big models. △ Less Submitted 13 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2504.10191 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL cs.AI Localized Cultural Knowledge is Conserved and Controllable in Large Language Models Authors: Veniamin Veselovsky , Berke Argin , Benedikt Stroebl , Chris Wendler , Robert West , James Evans , Thomas L. Griffiths , Arvind Narayanan Abstract : Just as humans display language patterns influenced by their native tongue when speaking new languages, LLMs often default to English-centric responses even when generating in other languages. Nevertheless, we observe that local cultural information persists within the models and can be readily activated for cultural customization. We first demonstrate that explicitly providing cultural context in… ▽ More Just as humans display language patterns influenced by their native tongue when speaking new languages, LLMs often default to English-centric responses even when generating in other languages. Nevertheless, we observe that local cultural information persists within the models and can be readily activated for cultural customization. We first demonstrate that explicitly providing cultural context in prompts significantly improves the models' ability to generate culturally localized responses. We term the disparity in model performance with versus without explicit cultural context the explicit-implicit localization gap, indicating that while cultural knowledge exists within LLMs, it may not naturally surface in multilingual interactions if cultural context is not explicitly provided. Despite the explicit prompting benefit, however, the answers reduce in diversity and tend toward stereotypes. Second, we identify an explicit cultural customization vector, conserved across all non-English languages we explore, which enables LLMs to be steered from the synthetic English cultural world-model toward each non-English cultural world. Steered responses retain the diversity of implicit prompting and reduce stereotypes to dramatically improve the potential for customization. We discuss the implications of explicit cultural customization for understanding the conservation of alternative cultural world models within LLMs, and their controllable utility for translation, cultural customization, and the possibility of making the explicit implicit through soft control for expanded LLM function and appeal. △ Less Submitted 14 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. arXiv:2504.10191 [ pdf , other ] Localized Cultural Knowledge is Conserved and Controllable in Large Language Models Authors: Veniamin Veselovsky , Berke Argin , Benedikt Stroebl , Chris Wendler , Robert West , James Evans , Thomas L. Griffiths , Arvind Narayanan Abstract : Just as humans display language patterns influenced by their native tongue when speaking new languages, LLMs often default to English-centric responses even when generating in other languages. Nevertheless, we observe that local cultural information persists within the models and can be readily activated for cultural customization. We first demonstrate that explicitly providing cultural context in… ▽ More Just as humans display language patterns influenced by their native tongue when speaking new languages, LLMs often default to English-centric responses even when generating in other languages. Nevertheless, we observe that local cultural information persists within the models and can be readily activated for cultural customization. We first demonstrate that explicitly providing cultural context in prompts significantly improves the models' ability to generate culturally localized responses. We term the disparity in model performance with versus without explicit cultural context the explicit-implicit localization gap, indicating that while cultural knowledge exists within LLMs, it may not naturally surface in multilingual interactions if cultural context is not explicitly provided. Despite the explicit prompting benefit, however, the answers reduce in diversity and tend toward stereotypes. Second, we identify an explicit cultural customization vector, conserved across all non-English languages we explore, which enables LLMs to be steered from the synthetic English cultural world-model toward each non-English cultural world. Steered responses retain the diversity of implicit prompting and reduce stereotypes to dramatically improve the potential for customization. We discuss the implications of explicit cultural customization for understanding the conservation of alternative cultural world models within LLMs, and their controllable utility for translation, cultural customization, and the possibility of making the explicit implicit through soft control for expanded LLM function and appeal. △ Less Submitted 14 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. arXiv:2504.02234 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.HC cs.AI cs.CL cs.CY LLM Social Simulations Are a Promising Research Method Authors: Jacy Reese Anthis , Ryan Liu , Sean M. Richardson , Austin C. Kozlowski , Bernard Koch , James Evans , Erik Brynjolfsson , Michael Bernstein Abstract : Accurate and verifiable large language model (LLM) simulations of human research subjects promise an accessible data source for understanding human behavior and training new AI systems. However, results to date have been limited, and few social scientists have adopted this method. In this position paper, we argue that the promise of LLM social simulations can be achieved by addressing five tractab… ▽ More Accurate and verifiable large language model (LLM) simulations of human research subjects promise an accessible data source for understanding human behavior and training new AI systems. However, results to date have been limited, and few social scientists have adopted this method. In this position paper, we argue that the promise of LLM social simulations can be achieved by addressing five tractable challenges. We ground our argument in a review of empirical comparisons between LLMs and human research subjects, commentaries on the topic, and related work. We identify promising directions, including context-rich prompting and fine-tuning with social science datasets. We believe that LLM social simulations can already be used for pilot and exploratory studies, and more widespread use may soon be possible with rapidly advancing LLM capabilities. Researchers should prioritize developing conceptual models and iterative evaluations to make the best use of new AI systems. △ Less Submitted 5 June, 2025; v1 submitted 2 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. Comments: Published at ICML 2025 arXiv:2504.02234 [ pdf , ps , other ] LLM Social Simulations Are a Promising Research Method Authors: Jacy Reese Anthis , Ryan Liu , Sean M. Richardson , Austin C. Kozlowski , Bernard Koch , James Evans , Erik Brynjolfsson , Michael Bernstein Abstract : Accurate and verifiable large language model (LLM) simulations of human research subjects promise an accessible data source for understanding human behavior and training new AI systems. However, results to date have been limited, and few social scientists have adopted this method. In this position paper, we argue that the promise of LLM social simulations can be achieved by addressing five tractab… ▽ More Accurate and verifiable large language model (LLM) simulations of human research subjects promise an accessible data source for understanding human behavior and training new AI systems. However, results to date have been limited, and few social scientists have adopted this method. In this position paper, we argue that the promise of LLM social simulations can be achieved by addressing five tractable challenges. We ground our argument in a review of empirical comparisons between LLMs and human research subjects, commentaries on the topic, and related work. We identify promising directions, including context-rich prompting and fine-tuning with social science datasets. We believe that LLM social simulations can already be used for pilot and exploratory studies, and more widespread use may soon be possible with rapidly advancing LLM capabilities. Researchers should prioritize developing conceptual models and iterative evaluations to make the best use of new AI systems. △ Less Submitted 5 June, 2025; v1 submitted 2 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. Comments: Published at ICML 2025 arXiv:2503.07660 [ pdf , other ] cs.AI cs.CY cs.LG Research on Superalignment Should Advance Now with Parallel Optimization of Competence and Conformity Authors: HyunJin Kim , Xiaoyuan Yi , Jing Yao , Muhua Huang , JinYeong Bak , James Evans , Xing Xie Abstract : The recent leap in AI capabilities, driven by big generative models, has sparked the possibility of achieving Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and further triggered discussions on Artificial Superintelligence (ASI), a system surpassing all humans across all domains. This gives rise to the critical research question of: If we realize ASI, how do we align it with human values, ensuring it benef… ▽ More The recent leap in AI capabilities, driven by big generative models, has sparked the possibility of achieving Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and further triggered discussions on Artificial Superintelligence (ASI), a system surpassing all humans across all domains. This gives rise to the critical research question of: If we realize ASI, how do we align it with human values, ensuring it benefits rather than harms human society, a.k.a., the Superalignment problem. Despite ASI being regarded by many as solely a hypothetical concept, in this paper, we argue that superalignment is achievable and research on it should advance immediately, through simultaneous and alternating optimization of task competence and value conformity. We posit that superalignment is not merely a safeguard for ASI but also necessary for its realization. To support this position, we first provide a formal definition of superalignment rooted in the gap between capability and capacity and elaborate on our argument. Then we review existing paradigms, explore their interconnections and limitations, and illustrate a potential path to superalignment centered on two fundamental principles. We hope this work sheds light on a practical approach for developing the value-aligned next-generation AI, garnering greater benefits and reducing potential harms for humanity. △ Less Submitted 7 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. arXiv:2503.07660 [ pdf , other ] Research on Superalignment Should Advance Now with Parallel Optimization of Competence and Conformity Authors: HyunJin Kim , Xiaoyuan Yi , Jing Yao , Muhua Huang , JinYeong Bak , James Evans , Xing Xie Abstract : The recent leap in AI capabilities, driven by big generative models, has sparked the possibility of achieving Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and further triggered discussions on Artificial Superintelligence (ASI), a system surpassing all humans across all domains. This gives rise to the critical research question of: If we realize ASI, how do we align it with human values, ensuring it benef… ▽ More The recent leap in AI capabilities, driven by big generative models, has sparked the possibility of achieving Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and further triggered discussions on Artificial Superintelligence (ASI), a system surpassing all humans across all domains. This gives rise to the critical research question of: If we realize ASI, how do we align it with human values, ensuring it benefits rather than harms human society, a.k.a., the Superalignment problem. Despite ASI being regarded by many as solely a hypothetical concept, in this paper, we argue that superalignment is achievable and research on it should advance immediately, through simultaneous and alternating optimization of task competence and value conformity. We posit that superalignment is not merely a safeguard for ASI but also necessary for its realization. To support this position, we first provide a formal definition of superalignment rooted in the gap between capability and capacity and elaborate on our argument. Then we review existing paradigms, explore their interconnections and limitations, and illustrate a potential path to superalignment centered on two fundamental principles. We hope this work sheds light on a practical approach for developing the value-aligned next-generation AI, garnering greater benefits and reducing potential harms for humanity. △ Less Submitted 7 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. arXiv:2503.02080 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.CY cs.HC cs.LG Linear Representations of Political Perspective Emerge in Large Language Models Authors: Junsol Kim , James Evans , Aaron Schein Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated the ability to generate text that realistically reflects a range of different subjective human perspectives. This paper studies how LLMs are seemingly able to reflect more liberal versus more conservative viewpoints among other political perspectives in American politics. We show that LLMs possess linear representations of political perspectives withi… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated the ability to generate text that realistically reflects a range of different subjective human perspectives. This paper studies how LLMs are seemingly able to reflect more liberal versus more conservative viewpoints among other political perspectives in American politics. We show that LLMs possess linear representations of political perspectives within activation space, wherein more similar perspectives are represented closer together. To do so, we probe the attention heads across the layers of three open transformer-based LLMs (Llama-2-7b-chat, Mistral-7b-instruct, Vicuna-7b). We first prompt models to generate text from the perspectives of different U.S. lawmakers. We then identify sets of attention heads whose activations linearly predict those lawmakers' DW-NOMINATE scores, a widely-used and validated measure of political ideology. We find that highly predictive heads are primarily located in the middle layers, often speculated to encode high-level concepts and tasks. Using probes only trained to predict lawmakers' ideology, we then show that the same probes can predict measures of news outlets' slant from the activations of models prompted to simulate text from those news outlets. These linear probes allow us to visualize, interpret, and monitor ideological stances implicitly adopted by an LLM as it generates open-ended responses. Finally, we demonstrate that by applying linear interventions to these attention heads, we can steer the model outputs toward a more liberal or conservative stance. Overall, our research suggests that LLMs possess a high-level linear representation of American political ideology and that by leveraging recent advances in mechanistic interpretability, we can identify, monitor, and steer the subjective perspective underlying generated text. △ Less Submitted 2 April, 2025; v1 submitted 3 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. Comments: Published as a conference paper at ICLR 2025 arXiv:2503.02080 [ pdf , other ] Linear Representations of Political Perspective Emerge in Large Language Models Authors: Junsol Kim , James Evans , Aaron Schein Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated the ability to generate text that realistically reflects a range of different subjective human perspectives. This paper studies how LLMs are seemingly able to reflect more liberal versus more conservative viewpoints among other political perspectives in American politics. We show that LLMs possess linear representations of political perspectives withi… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated the ability to generate text that realistically reflects a range of different subjective human perspectives. This paper studies how LLMs are seemingly able to reflect more liberal versus more conservative viewpoints among other political perspectives in American politics. We show that LLMs possess linear representations of political perspectives within activation space, wherein more similar perspectives are represented closer together. To do so, we probe the attention heads across the layers of three open transformer-based LLMs (Llama-2-7b-chat, Mistral-7b-instruct, Vicuna-7b). We first prompt models to generate text from the perspectives of different U.S. lawmakers. We then identify sets of attention heads whose activations linearly predict those lawmakers' DW-NOMINATE scores, a widely-used and validated measure of political ideology. We find that highly predictive heads are primarily located in the middle layers, often speculated to encode high-level concepts and tasks. Using probes only trained to predict lawmakers' ideology, we then show that the same probes can predict measures of news outlets' slant from the activations of models prompted to simulate text from those news outlets. These linear probes allow us to visualize, interpret, and monitor ideological stances implicitly adopted by an LLM as it generates open-ended responses. Finally, we demonstrate that by applying linear interventions to these attention heads, we can steer the model outputs toward a more liberal or conservative stance. Overall, our research suggests that LLMs possess a high-level linear representation of American political ideology and that by leveraging recent advances in mechanistic interpretability, we can identify, monitor, and steer the subjective perspective underlying generated text. △ Less Submitted 2 April, 2025; v1 submitted 3 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. Comments: Published as a conference paper at ICLR 2025 arXiv:2501.05171 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI cs.CY Emergence of human-like polarization among large language model agents Authors: Jinghua Piao , Zhihong Lu , Chen Gao , Fengli Xu , Qinghua Hu , Fernando P. Santos , Yong Li , James Evans Abstract : Rapid advances in large language models (LLMs) have not only empowered autonomous agents to generate social networks, communicate, and form shared and diverging opinions on political issues, but have also begun to play a growing role in shaping human political deliberation. Our understanding of their collective behaviours and underlying mechanisms remains incomplete, however, posing unexpected ris… ▽ More Rapid advances in large language models (LLMs) have not only empowered autonomous agents to generate social networks, communicate, and form shared and diverging opinions on political issues, but have also begun to play a growing role in shaping human political deliberation. Our understanding of their collective behaviours and underlying mechanisms remains incomplete, however, posing unexpected risks to human society. In this paper, we simulate a networked system involving thousands of large language model agents, discovering their social interactions, guided through LLM conversation, result in human-like polarization. We discover that these agents spontaneously develop their own social network with human-like properties, including homophilic clustering, but also shape their collective opinions through mechanisms observed in the real world, including the echo chamber effect. Similarities between humans and LLM agents -- encompassing behaviours, mechanisms, and emergent phenomena -- raise concerns about their capacity to amplify societal polarization, but also hold the potential to serve as a valuable testbed for identifying plausible strategies to mitigate polarization and its consequences. △ Less Submitted 20 May, 2025; v1 submitted 9 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. arXiv:2501.05171 [ pdf , other ] Emergence of human-like polarization among large language model agents Authors: Jinghua Piao , Zhihong Lu , Chen Gao , Fengli Xu , Qinghua Hu , Fernando P. Santos , Yong Li , James Evans Abstract : Rapid advances in large language models (LLMs) have not only empowered autonomous agents to generate social networks, communicate, and form shared and diverging opinions on political issues, but have also begun to play a growing role in shaping human political deliberation. Our understanding of their collective behaviours and underlying mechanisms remains incomplete, however, posing unexpected ris… ▽ More Rapid advances in large language models (LLMs) have not only empowered autonomous agents to generate social networks, communicate, and form shared and diverging opinions on political issues, but have also begun to play a growing role in shaping human political deliberation. Our understanding of their collective behaviours and underlying mechanisms remains incomplete, however, posing unexpected risks to human society. In this paper, we simulate a networked system involving thousands of large language model agents, discovering their social interactions, guided through LLM conversation, result in human-like polarization. We discover that these agents spontaneously develop their own social network with human-like properties, including homophilic clustering, but also shape their collective opinions through mechanisms observed in the real world, including the echo chamber effect. Similarities between humans and LLM agents -- encompassing behaviours, mechanisms, and emergent phenomena -- raise concerns about their capacity to amplify societal polarization, but also hold the potential to serve as a valuable testbed for identifying plausible strategies to mitigate polarization and its consequences. △ Less Submitted 20 May, 2025; v1 submitted 9 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. arXiv:2412.14954 [ pdf ] cs.CV cs.LG Corn Ear Detection and Orientation Estimation Using Deep Learning Authors: Nathan Sprague , John Evans , Michael Mardikes Abstract : Monitoring growth behavior of maize plants such as the development of ears can give key insights into the plant's health and development. Traditionally, the measurement of the angle of ears is performed manually, which can be time-consuming and prone to human error. To address these challenges, this paper presents a computer vision-based system for detecting and tracking ears of corn in an image s… ▽ More Monitoring growth behavior of maize plants such as the development of ears can give key insights into the plant's health and development. Traditionally, the measurement of the angle of ears is performed manually, which can be time-consuming and prone to human error. To address these challenges, this paper presents a computer vision-based system for detecting and tracking ears of corn in an image sequence. The proposed system could accurately detect, track, and predict the ear's orientation, which can be useful in monitoring their growth behavior. This can significantly save time compared to manual measurement and enables additional areas of ear orientation research and potential increase in efficiencies for maize production. Using an object detector with keypoint detection, the algorithm proposed could detect 90 percent of all ears. The cardinal estimation had a mean absolute error (MAE) of 18 degrees, compared to a mean 15 degree difference between two people measuring by hand. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using computer vision techniques for monitoring maize growth and can lead to further research in this area. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024. Comments: 22 pages;15 figures MSC Class: 68T45; 68U10 (Primary) ACM Class: I.2.10; I.4.8; I.5.4 arXiv:2412.14954 [ pdf ] Corn Ear Detection and Orientation Estimation Using Deep Learning Authors: Nathan Sprague , John Evans , Michael Mardikes Abstract : Monitoring growth behavior of maize plants such as the development of ears can give key insights into the plant's health and development. Traditionally, the measurement of the angle of ears is performed manually, which can be time-consuming and prone to human error. To address these challenges, this paper presents a computer vision-based system for detecting and tracking ears of corn in an image s… ▽ More Monitoring growth behavior of maize plants such as the development of ears can give key insights into the plant's health and development. Traditionally, the measurement of the angle of ears is performed manually, which can be time-consuming and prone to human error. To address these challenges, this paper presents a computer vision-based system for detecting and tracking ears of corn in an image sequence. The proposed system could accurately detect, track, and predict the ear's orientation, which can be useful in monitoring their growth behavior. This can significantly save time compared to manual measurement and enables additional areas of ear orientation research and potential increase in efficiencies for maize production. Using an object detector with keypoint detection, the algorithm proposed could detect 90 percent of all ears. The cardinal estimation had a mean absolute error (MAE) of 18 degrees, compared to a mean 15 degree difference between two people measuring by hand. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using computer vision techniques for monitoring maize growth and can lead to further research in this area. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024. Comments: 22 pages;15 figures MSC Class: 68T45; 68U10 (Primary) ACM Class: I.2.10; I.4.8; I.5.4 arXiv:2412.08087 [ pdf , other ] cs.CY cs.DL From Division to Unity: A Large-Scale Study on the Emergence of Computational Social Science, 1990-2021 Authors: Honglin Bao , Jiawei Zhang , Mingxuan Cao , James A. Evans Abstract : We present a comprehensive study on the emergence of Computational Social Science (CSS) - an interdisciplinary field leveraging computational methods to address social science questions - and its impact on adjacent social sciences. We trained a robust CSS classifier using papers from CSS-focused venues and applied it to 11 million papers spanning 1990 to 2021. Our analysis yielded three key findin… ▽ More We present a comprehensive study on the emergence of Computational Social Science (CSS) - an interdisciplinary field leveraging computational methods to address social science questions - and its impact on adjacent social sciences. We trained a robust CSS classifier using papers from CSS-focused venues and applied it to 11 million papers spanning 1990 to 2021. Our analysis yielded three key findings. First, there were two critical inflections in the rise of CSS. The first occurred around 2005 when psychology, politics, and sociology began engaging with CSS. The second emerged in approximately 2014 when economics finally joined the trend. Sociology is currently the most engaged with CSS. Second, using the density of yearly knowledge embeddings constructed by advanced transformer models, we observed that CSS initially lacked a cohesive identity. From the early 2000s to 2014, however, it began to form a distinct cluster, creating boundaries between CSS and other social sciences, particularly in politics and sociology. After 2014, these boundaries faded, and CSS increasingly blended with the social sciences. Third, shared data-driven methods homogenized CSS papers across disciplines, with politics and economics showing the most alignment due to the combined influence of CSS and causal identification. Nevertheless, non-CSS papers in sociology, psychology, and politics became more divergent. Taken together, these findings highlight the dynamics of division and unity as new disciplines emerge within existing knowledge landscapes. A live demo of CSS evolution can be found in △ Less Submitted 15 December, 2024; v1 submitted 10 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024. arXiv:2412.08087 [ pdf , other ] From Division to Unity: A Large-Scale Study on the Emergence of Computational Social Science, 1990-2021 Authors: Honglin Bao , Jiawei Zhang , Mingxuan Cao , James A. Evans Abstract : We present a comprehensive study on the emergence of Computational Social Science (CSS) - an interdisciplinary field leveraging computational methods to address social science questions - and its impact on adjacent social sciences. We trained a robust CSS classifier using papers from CSS-focused venues and applied it to 11 million papers spanning 1990 to 2021. Our analysis yielded three key findin… ▽ More We present a comprehensive study on the emergence of Computational Social Science (CSS) - an interdisciplinary field leveraging computational methods to address social science questions - and its impact on adjacent social sciences. We trained a robust CSS classifier using papers from CSS-focused venues and applied it to 11 million papers spanning 1990 to 2021. Our analysis yielded three key findings. First, there were two critical inflections in the rise of CSS. The first occurred around 2005 when psychology, politics, and sociology began engaging with CSS. The second emerged in approximately 2014 when economics finally joined the trend. Sociology is currently the most engaged with CSS. Second, using the density of yearly knowledge embeddings constructed by advanced transformer models, we observed that CSS initially lacked a cohesive identity. From the early 2000s to 2014, however, it began to form a distinct cluster, creating boundaries between CSS and other social sciences, particularly in politics and sociology. After 2014, these boundaries faded, and CSS increasingly blended with the social sciences. Third, shared data-driven methods homogenized CSS papers across disciplines, with politics and economics showing the most alignment due to the combined influence of CSS and causal identification. Nevertheless, non-CSS papers in sociology, psychology, and politics became more divergent. Taken together, these findings highlight the dynamics of division and unity as new disciplines emerge within existing knowledge landscapes. A live demo of CSS evolution can be found in △ Less Submitted 15 December, 2024; v1 submitted 10 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024. arXiv:2412.07727 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CY Artificial Intelligence Tools Expand Scientists' Impact but Contract Science's Focus (Just accepted by Nature, to be online soon) Authors: Qianyue Hao , Fengli Xu , Yong Li , James Evans Abstract : Development in Artificial Intelligence (AI) has accelerated scientific discovery. Alongside recent AI-oriented Nobel prizes, these trends establish the role of AI tools in science. This advancement raises questions about the potential influences of AI tools on scientists and science as a whole, and highlights a potential conflict between individual and collective benefits. To evaluate, we used a p… ▽ More Development in Artificial Intelligence (AI) has accelerated scientific discovery. Alongside recent AI-oriented Nobel prizes, these trends establish the role of AI tools in science. This advancement raises questions about the potential influences of AI tools on scientists and science as a whole, and highlights a potential conflict between individual and collective benefits. To evaluate, we used a pretrained language model to identify AI-augmented research, with an F1-score of 0.875 in validation against expert-labeled data. Using a dataset of 41.3 million research papers across natural science and covering distinct eras of AI, here we show an accelerated adoption of AI tools among scientists and consistent professional advantages associated with AI usage, but a collective narrowing of scientific focus. Scientists who engage in AI-augmented research publish 3.02 times more papers, receive 4.84 times more citations, and become research project leaders 1.37 years earlier than those who do not. By contrast, AI adoption shrinks the collective volume of scientific topics studied by 4.63% and decreases scientist's engagement with one another by 22.00%. Thereby, AI adoption in science presents a seeming paradox -- an expansion of individual scientists' impact but a contraction in collective science's reach -- as AI-augmented work moves collectively toward areas richest in data. With reduced follow-on engagement, AI tools appear to automate established fields rather than explore new ones, highlighting a tension between personal advancement and collective scientific progress. △ Less Submitted 28 November, 2025; v1 submitted 10 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024. arXiv:2412.07727 [ pdf , ps , other ] Artificial Intelligence Tools Expand Scientists' Impact but Contract Science's Focus (Just accepted by Nature, to be online soon) Authors: Qianyue Hao , Fengli Xu , Yong Li , James Evans Abstract : Development in Artificial Intelligence (AI) has accelerated scientific discovery. Alongside recent AI-oriented Nobel prizes, these trends establish the role of AI tools in science. This advancement raises questions about the potential influences of AI tools on scientists and science as a whole, and highlights a potential conflict between individual and collective benefits. To evaluate, we used a p… ▽ More Development in Artificial Intelligence (AI) has accelerated scientific discovery. Alongside recent AI-oriented Nobel prizes, these trends establish the role of AI tools in science. This advancement raises questions about the potential influences of AI tools on scientists and science as a whole, and highlights a potential conflict between individual and collective benefits. To evaluate, we used a pretrained language model to identify AI-augmented research, with an F1-score of 0.875 in validation against expert-labeled data. Using a dataset of 41.3 million research papers across natural science and covering distinct eras of AI, here we show an accelerated adoption of AI tools among scientists and consistent professional advantages associated with AI usage, but a collective narrowing of scientific focus. Scientists who engage in AI-augmented research publish 3.02 times more papers, receive 4.84 times more citations, and become research project leaders 1.37 years earlier than those who do not. By contrast, AI adoption shrinks the collective volume of scientific topics studied by 4.63% and decreases scientist's engagement with one another by 22.00%. Thereby, AI adoption in science presents a seeming paradox -- an expansion of individual scientists' impact but a contraction in collective science's reach -- as AI-augmented work moves collectively toward areas richest in data. With reduced follow-on engagement, AI tools appear to automate established fields rather than explore new ones, highlighting a tension between personal advancement and collective scientific progress. △ Less Submitted 28 November, 2025; v1 submitted 10 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024. arXiv:2412.05306 [ pdf , ps , other ] eess.SP cs.IT Detection of Signals in Colored Noise: Roy's Largest Root Test for Non-central $F$-matrices Authors: Prathapasinghe Dharmawansa , Saman Atapattu , Jamie Evans , Merouane Debbah Abstract : This paper investigates the signal detection problem in colored noise with an unknown covariance matrix. In particular, we focus on detecting a non-random signal by capitalizing on the leading eigenvalue (a.k.a. Roy's largest root) of the whitened sample covariance matrix as the test statistic. To this end, the whitened sample covariance matrix is constructed via \(m\)-dimensional \(p \) plausible… ▽ More This paper investigates the signal detection problem in colored noise with an unknown covariance matrix. In particular, we focus on detecting a non-random signal by capitalizing on the leading eigenvalue (a.k.a. Roy's largest root) of the whitened sample covariance matrix as the test statistic. To this end, the whitened sample covariance matrix is constructed via \(m\)-dimensional \(p \) plausible signal-bearing samples and \(m\)-dimensional \(n \) noise-only samples. Since the signal is non-random, the whitened sample covariance matrix turns out to have a {\it non-central} \(F\)-distribution with a rank-one non-centrality parameter. Therefore, the performance of the test entails the statistical characterization of the leading eigenvalue of the non-central \(F\)-matrix, which we address by deriving its cumulative distribution function (c.d.f.) in closed-form by leveraging the powerful orthogonal polynomial approach in random matrix theory. This new c.d.f. has been instrumental in analyzing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) of the detector. We also extend our analysis into the high dimensional regime in which \(m,n\), and \(p\) diverge such that \(m/n\) and \(m/p\) remain fixed. It turns out that, when \(m=n\) and fixed, the power of the test improves if the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is of at least \(O(p)\), whereas the corresponding SNR in the high dimensional regime is of at least \(O(p^2)\). Nevertheless, more intriguingly, for \(m<n\) with the SNR of order \(O(p)\), the leading eigenvalue does not have power to detect {\it weak} signals in the high dimensional regime. △ Less Submitted 26 November, 2024; originally announced December 2024. Comments: 42 pages, 8 figures, TIT Journal arXiv:2412.05306 [ pdf , ps , other ] Detection of Signals in Colored Noise: Roy's Largest Root Test for Non-central $F$-matrices Authors: Prathapasinghe Dharmawansa , Saman Atapattu , Jamie Evans , Merouane Debbah Abstract : This paper investigates the signal detection problem in colored noise with an unknown covariance matrix. In particular, we focus on detecting a non-random signal by capitalizing on the leading eigenvalue (a.k.a. Roy's largest root) of the whitened sample covariance matrix as the test statistic. To this end, the whitened sample covariance matrix is constructed via \(m\)-dimensional \(p \) plausible… ▽ More This paper investigates the signal detection problem in colored noise with an unknown covariance matrix. In particular, we focus on detecting a non-random signal by capitalizing on the leading eigenvalue (a.k.a. Roy's largest root) of the whitened sample covariance matrix as the test statistic. To this end, the whitened sample covariance matrix is constructed via \(m\)-dimensional \(p \) plausible signal-bearing samples and \(m\)-dimensional \(n \) noise-only samples. Since the signal is non-random, the whitened sample covariance matrix turns out to have a {\it non-central} \(F\)-distribution with a rank-one non-centrality parameter. Therefore, the performance of the test entails the statistical characterization of the leading eigenvalue of the non-central \(F\)-matrix, which we address by deriving its cumulative distribution function (c.d.f.) in closed-form by leveraging the powerful orthogonal polynomial approach in random matrix theory. This new c.d.f. has been instrumental in analyzing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) of the detector. We also extend our analysis into the high dimensional regime in which \(m,n\), and \(p\) diverge such that \(m/n\) and \(m/p\) remain fixed. It turns out that, when \(m=n\) and fixed, the power of the test improves if the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is of at least \(O(p)\), whereas the corresponding SNR in the high dimensional regime is of at least \(O(p^2)\). Nevertheless, more intriguingly, for \(m<n\) with the SNR of order \(O(p)\), the leading eigenvalue does not have power to detect {\it weak} signals in the high dimensional regime. △ Less Submitted 26 November, 2024; originally announced December 2024. Comments: 42 pages, 8 figures, TIT Journal arXiv:2411.09866 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT Power Allocation for Compute-and-Forward over Fading Channels Authors: Lanwei Zhang , Jamie Evans , Jingge Zhu Abstract : Compute-and-forward (CF) is a relaying strategy which allows the relay to decode a linear combination of the transmitted messages. This work studies the optimal power allocation problem for the CF scheme in fast fading channels for maximizing the symmetric computation rate, which is a non-convex optimization problem with no simple analytical or numerical solutions. In the first part of the paper,… ▽ More Compute-and-forward (CF) is a relaying strategy which allows the relay to decode a linear combination of the transmitted messages. This work studies the optimal power allocation problem for the CF scheme in fast fading channels for maximizing the symmetric computation rate, which is a non-convex optimization problem with no simple analytical or numerical solutions. In the first part of the paper, we investigate the problem when there are finitely many channel states (discrete case). We establish several important properties of the optimal solutions and show that if all users share the same power allocation policy (symmetric policy), the optimal solution takes the form of a water-filling type when the power constraint exceeds a certain threshold. However, if asymmetric policies are allowed, the optimal solution does not take this form for any power constraint. We propose a low-complexity order-based algorithm for both scenarios and compare its performance with baseline algorithms. In the second part of the paper, we state relevant results when the channel coefficients are modelled as continuous random variables (continuous case) and propose a similar low-complexity iterative algorithm for the symmetric policy scenario. Numerical results are provided for both discrete and continuous cases. It is shown that in general our proposed algorithm finds good suboptimal solutions with low complexity, and for some examples considered, finds an exact optimal solution. △ Less Submitted 14 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024. arXiv:2411.09866 [ pdf , ps , other ] Power Allocation for Compute-and-Forward over Fading Channels Authors: Lanwei Zhang , Jamie Evans , Jingge Zhu Abstract : Compute-and-forward (CF) is a relaying strategy which allows the relay to decode a linear combination of the transmitted messages. This work studies the optimal power allocation problem for the CF scheme in fast fading channels for maximizing the symmetric computation rate, which is a non-convex optimization problem with no simple analytical or numerical solutions. In the first part of the paper,… ▽ More Compute-and-forward (CF) is a relaying strategy which allows the relay to decode a linear combination of the transmitted messages. This work studies the optimal power allocation problem for the CF scheme in fast fading channels for maximizing the symmetric computation rate, which is a non-convex optimization problem with no simple analytical or numerical solutions. In the first part of the paper, we investigate the problem when there are finitely many channel states (discrete case). We establish several important properties of the optimal solutions and show that if all users share the same power allocation policy (symmetric policy), the optimal solution takes the form of a water-filling type when the power constraint exceeds a certain threshold. However, if asymmetric policies are allowed, the optimal solution does not take this form for any power constraint. We propose a low-complexity order-based algorithm for both scenarios and compare its performance with baseline algorithms. In the second part of the paper, we state relevant results when the channel coefficients are modelled as continuous random variables (continuous case) and propose a similar low-complexity iterative algorithm for the symmetric policy scenario. Numerical results are provided for both discrete and continuous cases. It is shown that in general our proposed algorithm finds good suboptimal solutions with low complexity, and for some examples considered, finds an exact optimal solution. △ Less Submitted 14 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024. arXiv:2411.05646 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SE The Strength of Weak Ties Between Open-Source Developers Authors: Hongbo Fang , Patrick Park , James Evans , James Herbsleb , Bogdan Vasilescu Abstract : In a real-world social network, weak ties (reflecting low-intensity, infrequent interactions) act as bridges and connect people to different social circles, giving them access to diverse information and opportunities that are not available within one's immediate, close-knit vicinity. Weak ties can be crucial for creativity and innovation, as they introduce ideas and approaches that people can then… ▽ More In a real-world social network, weak ties (reflecting low-intensity, infrequent interactions) act as bridges and connect people to different social circles, giving them access to diverse information and opportunities that are not available within one's immediate, close-knit vicinity. Weak ties can be crucial for creativity and innovation, as they introduce ideas and approaches that people can then combine in novel ways, leading to innovative solutions. Do weak ties facilitate creativity in software in similar ways? This paper suggests that the answer is "yes." Concretely, we study the correlation between developers' knowledge acquisition through three distinct interaction networks on GitHub and the innovativeness of the projects they develop, across over 37,000 Python projects hosted on GitHub. Our findings suggest that the topical diversity of projects in which developers engage, rather than the volume, correlates positively with the innovativeness of their future code. Notably, exposure through weak interactions (e.g., starring) emerges as a stronger predictor of future novelty than via strong ones (e.g., committing) △ Less Submitted 29 October, 2025; v1 submitted 8 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024. Comments: 15 pages, 7 figures arXiv:2411.05646 [ pdf , ps , other ] The Strength of Weak Ties Between Open-Source Developers Authors: Hongbo Fang , Patrick Park , James Evans , James Herbsleb , Bogdan Vasilescu Abstract : In a real-world social network, weak ties (reflecting low-intensity, infrequent interactions) act as bridges and connect people to different social circles, giving them access to diverse information and opportunities that are not available within one's immediate, close-knit vicinity. Weak ties can be crucial for creativity and innovation, as they introduce ideas and approaches that people can then… ▽ More In a real-world social network, weak ties (reflecting low-intensity, infrequent interactions) act as bridges and connect people to different social circles, giving them access to diverse information and opportunities that are not available within one's immediate, close-knit vicinity. Weak ties can be crucial for creativity and innovation, as they introduce ideas and approaches that people can then combine in novel ways, leading to innovative solutions. Do weak ties facilitate creativity in software in similar ways? This paper suggests that the answer is "yes." Concretely, we study the correlation between developers' knowledge acquisition through three distinct interaction networks on GitHub and the innovativeness of the projects they develop, across over 37,000 Python projects hosted on GitHub. Our findings suggest that the topical diversity of projects in which developers engage, rather than the volume, correlates positively with the innovativeness of their future code. Notably, exposure through weak interactions (e.g., starring) emerges as a stronger predictor of future novelty than via strong ones (e.g., committing) △ Less Submitted 29 October, 2025; v1 submitted 8 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024. Comments: 15 pages, 7 figures arXiv:2411.03021 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG stat.AP stat.ME stat.ML Testing Generalizability in Causal Inference Authors: Daniel de Vassimon Manela , Linying Yang , Robin J. Evans Abstract : Ensuring robust model performance in diverse real-world scenarios requires addressing generalizability across domains with covariate shifts. However, no formal procedure exists for statistically evaluating generalizability in machine learning algorithms. Existing predictive metrics like mean squared error (MSE) help to quantify the relative performance between models, but do not directly answer wh… ▽ More Ensuring robust model performance in diverse real-world scenarios requires addressing generalizability across domains with covariate shifts. However, no formal procedure exists for statistically evaluating generalizability in machine learning algorithms. Existing predictive metrics like mean squared error (MSE) help to quantify the relative performance between models, but do not directly answer whether a model can or cannot generalize. To address this gap in the domain of causal inference, we propose a systematic framework for statistically evaluating the generalizability of high-dimensional causal inference models. Our approach uses the frugal parameterization to flexibly simulate from fully and semi-synthetic causal benchmarks, offering a comprehensive evaluation for both mean and distributional regression methods. Grounded in real-world data, our method ensures more realistic evaluations, which is often missing in current work relying on simplified datasets. Furthermore, using simulations and statistical testing, our framework is robust and avoids over-reliance on conventional metrics, providing statistical safeguards for decision making. △ Less Submitted 12 June, 2025; v1 submitted 5 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024. Comments: 17 pages, 10 figures, In Proceedings for UAI 2025 arXiv:2411.03021 [ pdf , ps , other ] Testing Generalizability in Causal Inference Authors: Daniel de Vassimon Manela , Linying Yang , Robin J. Evans Abstract : Ensuring robust model performance in diverse real-world scenarios requires addressing generalizability across domains with covariate shifts. However, no formal procedure exists for statistically evaluating generalizability in machine learning algorithms. Existing predictive metrics like mean squared error (MSE) help to quantify the relative performance between models, but do not directly answer wh… ▽ More Ensuring robust model performance in diverse real-world scenarios requires addressing generalizability across domains with covariate shifts. However, no formal procedure exists for statistically evaluating generalizability in machine learning algorithms. Existing predictive metrics like mean squared error (MSE) help to quantify the relative performance between models, but do not directly answer whether a model can or cannot generalize. To address this gap in the domain of causal inference, we propose a systematic framework for statistically evaluating the generalizability of high-dimensional causal inference models. Our approach uses the frugal parameterization to flexibly simulate from fully and semi-synthetic causal benchmarks, offering a comprehensive evaluation for both mean and distributional regression methods. Grounded in real-world data, our method ensures more realistic evaluations, which is often missing in current work relying on simplified datasets. Furthermore, using simulations and statistical testing, our framework is robust and avoids over-reliance on conventional metrics, providing statistical safeguards for decision making. △ Less Submitted 12 June, 2025; v1 submitted 5 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024. Comments: 17 pages, 10 figures, In Proceedings for UAI 2025 arXiv:2411.01295 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG cs.AI stat.ME stat.ML Marginal Causal Flows for Validation and Inference Authors: Daniel de Vassimon Manela , Laura Battaglia , Robin J. Evans Abstract : Investigating the marginal causal effect of an intervention on an outcome from complex data remains challenging due to the inflexibility of employed models and the lack of complexity in causal benchmark datasets, which often fail to reproduce intricate real-world data patterns. In this paper we introduce Frugal Flows, a novel likelihood-based machine learning model that uses normalising flows to f… ▽ More Investigating the marginal causal effect of an intervention on an outcome from complex data remains challenging due to the inflexibility of employed models and the lack of complexity in causal benchmark datasets, which often fail to reproduce intricate real-world data patterns. In this paper we introduce Frugal Flows, a novel likelihood-based machine learning model that uses normalising flows to flexibly learn the data-generating process, while also directly inferring the marginal causal quantities from observational data. We propose that these models are exceptionally well suited for generating synthetic data to validate causal methods. They can create synthetic datasets that closely resemble the empirical dataset, while automatically and exactly satisfying a user-defined average treatment effect. To our knowledge, Frugal Flows are the first generative model to both learn flexible data representations and also exactly parameterise quantities such as the average treatment effect and the degree of unobserved confounding. We demonstrate the above with experiments on both simulated and real-world datasets. △ Less Submitted 4 December, 2024; v1 submitted 2 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024. Comments: 23 pages, 10 figures, Accepted as a Poster at NeurIPS 2024 arXiv:2411.01295 [ pdf , other ] Marginal Causal Flows for Validation and Inference Authors: Daniel de Vassimon Manela , Laura Battaglia , Robin J. Evans Abstract : Investigating the marginal causal effect of an intervention on an outcome from complex data remains challenging due to the inflexibility of employed models and the lack of complexity in causal benchmark datasets, which often fail to reproduce intricate real-world data patterns. In this paper we introduce Frugal Flows, a novel likelihood-based machine learning model that uses normalising flows to f… ▽ More Investigating the marginal causal effect of an intervention on an outcome from complex data remains challenging due to the inflexibility of employed models and the lack of complexity in causal benchmark datasets, which often fail to reproduce intricate real-world data patterns. In this paper we introduce Frugal Flows, a novel likelihood-based machine learning model that uses normalising flows to flexibly learn the data-generating process, while also directly inferring the marginal causal quantities from observational data. We propose that these models are exceptionally well suited for generating synthetic data to validate causal methods. They can create synthetic datasets that closely resemble the empirical dataset, while automatically and exactly satisfying a user-defined average treatment effect. To our knowledge, Frugal Flows are the first generative model to both learn flexible data representations and also exactly parameterise quantities such as the average treatment effect and the degree of unobserved confounding. We demonstrate the above with experiments on both simulated and real-world datasets. △ Less Submitted 4 December, 2024; v1 submitted 2 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024. Comments: 23 pages, 10 figures, Accepted as a Poster at NeurIPS 2024 arXiv:2410.24190 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL cs.CY Hidden Persuaders: LLMs' Political Leaning and Their Influence on Voters Authors: Yujin Potter , Shiyang Lai , Junsol Kim , James Evans , Dawn Song Abstract : How could LLMs influence our democracy? We investigate LLMs' political leanings and the potential influence of LLMs on voters by conducting multiple experiments in a U.S. presidential election context. Through a voting simulation, we first demonstrate 18 open- and closed-weight LLMs' political preference for a Democratic nominee over a Republican nominee. We show how this leaning towards the Democ… ▽ More How could LLMs influence our democracy? We investigate LLMs' political leanings and the potential influence of LLMs on voters by conducting multiple experiments in a U.S. presidential election context. Through a voting simulation, we first demonstrate 18 open- and closed-weight LLMs' political preference for a Democratic nominee over a Republican nominee. We show how this leaning towards the Democratic nominee becomes more pronounced in instruction-tuned models compared to their base versions by analyzing their responses to candidate-policy related questions. We further explore the potential impact of LLMs on voter choice by conducting an experiment with 935 U.S. registered voters. During the experiments, participants interacted with LLMs (Claude-3, Llama-3, and GPT-4) over five exchanges. The experiment results show a shift in voter choices towards the Democratic nominee following LLM interaction, widening the voting margin from 0.7% to 4.6%, even though LLMs were not asked to persuade users to support the Democratic nominee during the discourse. This effect is larger than many previous studies on the persuasiveness of political campaigns, which have shown minimal effects in presidential elections. Many users also expressed a desire for further political interaction with LLMs. Which aspects of LLM interactions drove these shifts in voter choice requires further study. Lastly, we explore how a safety method can make LLMs more politically neutral, while raising the question of whether such neutrality is truly the path forward. △ Less Submitted 10 November, 2024; v1 submitted 31 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. Comments: EMNLP 2024 Main arXiv:2410.24190 [ pdf , other ] Hidden Persuaders: LLMs' Political Leaning and Their Influence on Voters Authors: Yujin Potter , Shiyang Lai , Junsol Kim , James Evans , Dawn Song Abstract : How could LLMs influence our democracy? We investigate LLMs' political leanings and the potential influence of LLMs on voters by conducting multiple experiments in a U.S. presidential election context. Through a voting simulation, we first demonstrate 18 open- and closed-weight LLMs' political preference for a Democratic nominee over a Republican nominee. We show how this leaning towards the Democ… ▽ More How could LLMs influence our democracy? We investigate LLMs' political leanings and the potential influence of LLMs on voters by conducting multiple experiments in a U.S. presidential election context. Through a voting simulation, we first demonstrate 18 open- and closed-weight LLMs' political preference for a Democratic nominee over a Republican nominee. We show how this leaning towards the Democratic nominee becomes more pronounced in instruction-tuned models compared to their base versions by analyzing their responses to candidate-policy related questions. We further explore the potential impact of LLMs on voter choice by conducting an experiment with 935 U.S. registered voters. During the experiments, participants interacted with LLMs (Claude-3, Llama-3, and GPT-4) over five exchanges. The experiment results show a shift in voter choices towards the Democratic nominee following LLM interaction, widening the voting margin from 0.7% to 4.6%, even though LLMs were not asked to persuade users to support the Democratic nominee during the discourse. This effect is larger than many previous studies on the persuasiveness of political campaigns, which have shown minimal effects in presidential elections. Many users also expressed a desire for further political interaction with LLMs. Which aspects of LLM interactions drove these shifts in voter choice requires further study. Lastly, we explore how a safety method can make LLMs more politically neutral, while raising the question of whether such neutrality is truly the path forward. △ Less Submitted 10 November, 2024; v1 submitted 31 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. Comments: EMNLP 2024 Main arXiv:2410.19238 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CY Designing AI-Agents with Personalities: A Psychometric Approach Authors: Muhua Huang , Xijuan Zhang , Christopher Soto , James Evans Abstract : We introduce a methodology for assigning quantifiable and psychometrically validated personalities to AI-Agents using the Big Five framework. Across three studies, we evaluate its feasibility and limitations. In Study 1, we show that large language models (LLMs) capture semantic similarities among Big Five measures, providing a basis for personality assignment. In Study 2, we create AI-Agents usin… ▽ More We introduce a methodology for assigning quantifiable and psychometrically validated personalities to AI-Agents using the Big Five framework. Across three studies, we evaluate its feasibility and limitations. In Study 1, we show that large language models (LLMs) capture semantic similarities among Big Five measures, providing a basis for personality assignment. In Study 2, we create AI-Agents using prompts designed based on the Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2) in different format, and find that AI-Agents powered by new models align more closely with human responses on the Mini-Markers test, although the finer pattern of results (e.g., factor loading patterns) were sometimes inconsistent. In Study 3, we validate our AI-Agents on risk-taking and moral dilemma vignettes, finding that models prompted with the BFI-2-Expanded format most closely reproduce human personality-decision associations, while safety-aligned models generally inflate 'moral' ratings. Overall, our results show that AI-Agents align with humans in correlations between input Big Five traits and output responses and may serve as useful tools for preliminary research. Nevertheless, discrepancies in finer response patterns indicate that AI-Agents cannot (yet) fully substitute for human participants in precision or high-stakes projects. △ Less Submitted 13 November, 2025; v1 submitted 24 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. arXiv:2410.19238 [ pdf , ps , other ] Designing AI-Agents with Personalities: A Psychometric Approach Authors: Muhua Huang , Xijuan Zhang , Christopher Soto , James Evans Abstract : We introduce a methodology for assigning quantifiable and psychometrically validated personalities to AI-Agents using the Big Five framework. Across three studies, we evaluate its feasibility and limitations. In Study 1, we show that large language models (LLMs) capture semantic similarities among Big Five measures, providing a basis for personality assignment. In Study 2, we create AI-Agents usin… ▽ More We introduce a methodology for assigning quantifiable and psychometrically validated personalities to AI-Agents using the Big Five framework. Across three studies, we evaluate its feasibility and limitations. In Study 1, we show that large language models (LLMs) capture semantic similarities among Big Five measures, providing a basis for personality assignment. In Study 2, we create AI-Agents using prompts designed based on the Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2) in different format, and find that AI-Agents powered by new models align more closely with human responses on the Mini-Markers test, although the finer pattern of results (e.g., factor loading patterns) were sometimes inconsistent. In Study 3, we validate our AI-Agents on risk-taking and moral dilemma vignettes, finding that models prompted with the BFI-2-Expanded format most closely reproduce human personality-decision associations, while safety-aligned models generally inflate 'moral' ratings. Overall, our results show that AI-Agents align with humans in correlations between input Big Five traits and output responses and may serve as useful tools for preliminary research. Nevertheless, discrepancies in finer response patterns indicate that AI-Agents cannot (yet) fully substitute for human participants in precision or high-stakes projects. △ Less Submitted 13 November, 2025; v1 submitted 24 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. arXiv:2409.06110 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT Compute-Forward Multiple Access for Gaussian MIMO Channels Authors: Lanwei Zhang , Jamie Evans , Jingge Zhu Abstract : Compute-forward multiple access (CFMA) is a multiple access transmission scheme based on Compute-and-Forward (CF) which allows the receiver to first decode linear combinations of the transmitted signals and then solve for individual messages. This paper extends the CFMA scheme to a two-user Gaussian multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) multiple access channel (MAC). We propose the CFMA serial cod… ▽ More Compute-forward multiple access (CFMA) is a multiple access transmission scheme based on Compute-and-Forward (CF) which allows the receiver to first decode linear combinations of the transmitted signals and then solve for individual messages. This paper extends the CFMA scheme to a two-user Gaussian multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) multiple access channel (MAC). We propose the CFMA serial coding scheme (SCS) and the CFMA parallel coding scheme (PCS) with nested lattice codes. We first derive the expression of the achievable rate pair for MIMO MAC with CFMA-SCS. We prove a general condition under which CFMA-SCS can achieve the sum capacity of the channel. Furthermore, this result is specialized to single-input multiple-output (SIMO) and $2$-by-$2$ diagonal MIMO multiple access channels, for which more explicit sum capacity-achieving conditions on power and channel matrices are derived. We construct an equivalent SIMO model for CFMA-PCS and also derive the achievable rates. Its sum capacity achieving conditions are then analysed. Numerical results are provided for the performance of CFMA-SCS and CFMA-PCS in different channel conditions. In general, CFMA-PCS has better sum capacity achievability with higher coding complexity. △ Less Submitted 9 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024. Comments: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2305.16047 arXiv:2409.06110 [ pdf , ps , other ] Compute-Forward Multiple Access for Gaussian MIMO Channels Authors: Lanwei Zhang , Jamie Evans , Jingge Zhu Abstract : Compute-forward multiple access (CFMA) is a multiple access transmission scheme based on Compute-and-Forward (CF) which allows the receiver to first decode linear combinations of the transmitted signals and then solve for individual messages. This paper extends the CFMA scheme to a two-user Gaussian multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) multiple access channel (MAC). We propose the CFMA serial cod… ▽ More Compute-forward multiple access (CFMA) is a multiple access transmission scheme based on Compute-and-Forward (CF) which allows the receiver to first decode linear combinations of the transmitted signals and then solve for individual messages. This paper extends the CFMA scheme to a two-user Gaussian multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) multiple access channel (MAC). We propose the CFMA serial coding scheme (SCS) and the CFMA parallel coding scheme (PCS) with nested lattice codes. We first derive the expression of the achievable rate pair for MIMO MAC with CFMA-SCS. We prove a general condition under which CFMA-SCS can achieve the sum capacity of the channel. Furthermore, this result is specialized to single-input multiple-output (SIMO) and $2$-by-$2$ diagonal MIMO multiple access channels, for which more explicit sum capacity-achieving conditions on power and channel matrices are derived. We construct an equivalent SIMO model for CFMA-PCS and also derive the achievable rates. Its sum capacity achieving conditions are then analysed. Numerical results are provided for the performance of CFMA-SCS and CFMA-PCS in different channel conditions. In general, CFMA-PCS has better sum capacity achievability with higher coding complexity. △ Less Submitted 9 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024. 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Houpsigk Poozsigge Saachjroppe En zohfälleje Sigg Neu Sigge Neuste Änderonge Et Neuste Wat es dat hee? Hölp Pooz för Medmaacher Klaaf över de Wikipedia Hölp Jiff de Wikipedia Jeld! Ene neue Zohjang aanmälde Enlogge Jiff de Wikipedia Jeld! Ene neue Zohjang aanmälde Enlogge Wikipedia:Houpsigk Houpsigg Klaaf Lässe! Quelltext anzeigen Väsjohne zeije! Lässe! Quelltext anzeigen Väsjohne zeije! Wat noh heh link Änderonge aan Sigge, wo heh drop jelenk es Permalengk noh heh Övver heh di Sigg Gekürzte URL abrufen QR-Code runterladen Zum Legacy-Parser wechseln E Booch zesamme_ställe Als PDF eronger lahde För ze Dröcke Wikkimehdija Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Mehrsprachige Wikisource Wikispecies Dahtewikki Wikifunctions Wikimania Em Dahtewikki Wikipedia op Ripoarisch Platt Öcher Platt • Bönnsch • Düsseldorwer Platt • Eefelplatt • Kirchröadsj • Kölsch • Nüsser Platt • Stolberjer Platt • Trooßdoorfer Platt Attikel vum Monat August Macke 1913 August (Robert Ludwig) Macke (* 3. Januar 1887 en Meschede , Huhsauerland ; † 26. September 1914 södlich von Perthes-lès-Hurlus , Champagne ) wor e'ne deutsche Moler vom Expressionismus . Sing Neujier aan d'r Molerei wutt schon em älderliche Huß jeweck. De Vatter däät ahle Stesch sammele un Landschaffsbilder mole. Hä wochs en Kölle op, un eß 1900 met singe Äldere noh Bonn jetrocke. En Bonn hätt'e et Realgymnasium besök, un 1902 sing ierschte Aquarelle gemolt. Dier, Landschaffte un Minsche hann imm als Vürlaach jedeent. 1904 hätt'e et ierschte Skezzeboch aanjelaat. Insjesamp hätt'e en singem kuurte Läwe noch 77 Böcher produzeed. Zo dä Zick hätt'e die Bilder vom Arnold Böcklin entdeck un leet sich von dämm singer Molerei beenflusse. Späder fongk'e die Bilder vom Böcklin nimmie jood. Dat Skezzeboch öwer die Reis noh Italië (1905) zeisch stärk vereinfachte Probebilder, die mem Leesch spelle. Sing Bilder uss dä Zick sen düster un met wenisch Färwe jemolt. Attikel lesse ... Schunn jewoß? ... dat de Scheffsschruuvefabrik Ostermann dä Propeller för e Atomscheff gemaht hätt? ... dat Putin chuilo! ze basch schlemmer wie Do Pimmel! es? ... dat et 1-Billion-Mark-Stöck vun de Provinz Wässfale gar nit zom Bezahle wor? ... dat de Schmitze Süül ene ech kölsche Erennerung aan de eetste Mondlandung es? ... dat dä § 175 vum Strofgesetzboch nur Schwule un kein Lesbe en de Knass brenge sollt? ... dat de Ööcher Dom ene Rus es? Et Neuste Akademie för uns kölsche Sproch LVR-Institut für Landeskunde und Regionalgeschichte Dat Portal Podcast „So geht Rheinisch“ Sprachforscherin bringt Bönnsch in die Zukunft (27.04.) Aschihv: 2013 - 2014 - 2015 - 2016 - 2017 - 2018 - 2019 Pooz Pooz-Sigge : • Esse, Drinke, Koche • Städt • Weßßeschaaf & Teschnigk • Rhingland Wikipedia op Platt De Wikipedia es e frei Nokixel em Opbou, en rond 350 Sprooche , wo Ühr jet nohlesse künnt övver: Bejreffe , Usdrök , Bezeischnunge , Wööt , un wat se bedügge, wichtije un berüümpte Lück , etlije Teemekreis , Veedelle , Pläz , Städt , Länder , Flöss , Berje , Burje un wat nidd all , forjange Johr , Püngelle vun anndere Saache. De Wikipedia op ripoarische Sproche hätt jëz 3038 Attikele övver Stechwööt . Aanjefange em Aujußß 2005 als WiKoelsch es se em Aprell 2006 zor Wikipedia jewoode. De Hingerjründ künnt er em Arschiiv nohlese, un hee, wadd esu passeet es . Maach met! Metmaache kann he jede, dä ein vun uns ripoarische Sproche kann, dä Loss am Schrieve hät, un weiß, wie mer för e Nohkixel schrieve deit. Wanns De metmaache wells, kanns De Dich aanmelde unn et och blieve losse . Bei de Hülp kiss De verzallt wie et jeit. Om Spillplatz un dä Spillwiss künnd Er unjstührt eröm probeere, un erussfinge, wie mer et määt. Also, nix wie raan an et Schrieve, un denk emmer draan: Et es wie et es ! Et kütt wie et kütt ! Un et hätt noch emmer joot jejange ! . . . denn kapott maache kanns De nix, et kütt nix fott un mer kann emmer widder holle, wat vürher ens jespeichert woo. Stammdesch Av un aan, su es dat och bei andere Wikipedias, kumme angascheete Metmaacher bei enem Stammdesch zosamme. Dobei künne se nevve däm Klaafe och e Bierche, Wingche oder söns e lecker Jesöffs drenke. Wann ehr ene Vörschlach ze maache hat, dann sid esu jod un dot dat op dr Klaafsigg . Schwesterprojekte De Wikimedia-Stiftung hät noch mieh am loufe: Wikimedia Commons Billder, Töön, unnesujjet Metawiki Projekkrom Affspräsche Wiktionary e Wööterbooch Wikiquote Zitaate un Spröch Wikinews Et Neuste Wikibooks Bööscher Wikisource Quellesammlung Wikispecies Aate-Vozijschnis Wikiversity Fochsche, Liere Wikimedia Incubator Projäkte en neu Sprooche Pöttele Wikipedia op Ripoarisch Platt Öcher Platt • Bönnsch • Düsseldorwer Platt • Eefelplatt • Kirchröadsj • Kölsch • Nüsser Platt • Stolberjer Platt • Trooßdoorfer Platt Wikipedia op Ripoarisch Platt Öcher Platt • Bönnsch • Düsseldorwer Platt • Eefelplatt • Kirchröadsj • Kölsch • Nüsser Platt • Stolberjer Platt • Trooßdoorfer Platt Attikel vum Monat August Macke 1913 August (Robert Ludwig) Macke (* 3. Januar 1887 en Meschede , Huhsauerland ; † 26. September 1914 södlich von Perthes-lès-Hurlus , Champagne ) wor e'ne deutsche Moler vom Expressionismus . Sing Neujier aan d'r Molerei wutt schon em älderliche Huß jeweck. De Vatter däät ahle Stesch sammele un Landschaffsbilder mole. Hä wochs en Kölle op, un eß 1900 met singe Äldere noh Bonn jetrocke. En Bonn hätt'e et Realgymnasium besök, un 1902 sing ierschte Aquarelle gemolt. Dier, Landschaffte un Minsche hann imm als Vürlaach jedeent. 1904 hätt'e et ierschte Skezzeboch aanjelaat. Insjesamp hätt'e en singem kuurte Läwe noch 77 Böcher produzeed. Zo dä Zick hätt'e die Bilder vom Arnold Böcklin entdeck un leet sich von dämm singer Molerei beenflusse. Späder fongk'e die Bilder vom Böcklin nimmie jood. Dat Skezzeboch öwer die Reis noh Italië (1905) zeisch stärk vereinfachte Probebilder, die mem Leesch spelle. Sing Bilder uss dä Zick sen düster un met wenisch Färwe jemolt. Attikel lesse ... Schunn jewoß? ... dat de Scheffsschruuvefabrik Ostermann dä Propeller för e Atomscheff gemaht hätt? ... dat Putin chuilo! ze basch schlemmer wie Do Pimmel! es? ... dat et 1-Billion-Mark-Stöck vun de Provinz Wässfale gar nit zom Bezahle wor? ... dat de Schmitze Süül ene ech kölsche Erennerung aan de eetste Mondlandung es? ... dat dä § 175 vum Strofgesetzboch nur Schwule un kein Lesbe en de Knass brenge sollt? ... dat de Ööcher Dom ene Rus es? Et Neuste Akademie för uns kölsche Sproch LVR-Institut für Landeskunde und Regionalgeschichte Dat Portal Podcast „So geht Rheinisch“ Sprachforscherin bringt Bönnsch in die Zukunft (27.04.) Aschihv: 2013 - 2014 - 2015 - 2016 - 2017 - 2018 - 2019 Pooz Pooz-Sigge : • Esse, Drinke, Koche • Städt • Weßßeschaaf & Teschnigk • Rhingland Wikipedia op Platt De Wikipedia es e frei Nokixel em Opbou, en rond 350 Sprooche , wo Ühr jet nohlesse künnt övver: Bejreffe , Usdrök , Bezeischnunge , Wööt , un wat se bedügge, wichtije un berüümpte Lück , etlije Teemekreis , Veedelle , Pläz , Städt , Länder , Flöss , Berje , Burje un wat nidd all , forjange Johr , Püngelle vun anndere Saache. De Wikipedia op ripoarische Sproche hätt jëz 3038 Attikele övver Stechwööt . Aanjefange em Aujußß 2005 als WiKoelsch es se em Aprell 2006 zor Wikipedia jewoode. De Hingerjründ künnt er em Arschiiv nohlese, un hee, wadd esu passeet es . Maach met! Metmaache kann he jede, dä ein vun uns ripoarische Sproche kann, dä Loss am Schrieve hät, un weiß, wie mer för e Nohkixel schrieve deit. Wanns De metmaache wells, kanns De Dich aanmelde unn et och blieve losse . Bei de Hülp kiss De verzallt wie et jeit. Om Spillplatz un dä Spillwiss künnd Er unjstührt eröm probeere, un erussfinge, wie mer et määt. Also, nix wie raan an et Schrieve, un denk emmer draan: Et es wie et es ! Et kütt wie et kütt ! Un et hätt noch emmer joot jejange ! . . . denn kapott maache kanns De nix, et kütt nix fott un mer kann emmer widder holle, wat vürher ens jespeichert woo. Stammdesch Av un aan, su es dat och bei andere Wikipedias, kumme angascheete Metmaacher bei enem Stammdesch zosamme. Dobei künne se nevve däm Klaafe och e Bierche, Wingche oder söns e lecker Jesöffs drenke. Wann ehr ene Vörschlach ze maache hat, dann sid esu jod un dot dat op dr Klaafsigg . Attikel vum Monat August Macke 1913 August (Robert Ludwig) Macke (* 3. Januar 1887 en Meschede , Huhsauerland ; † 26. September 1914 södlich von Perthes-lès-Hurlus , Champagne ) wor e'ne deutsche Moler vom Expressionismus . Sing Neujier aan d'r Molerei wutt schon em älderliche Huß jeweck. De Vatter däät ahle Stesch sammele un Landschaffsbilder mole. Hä wochs en Kölle op, un eß 1900 met singe Äldere noh Bonn jetrocke. En Bonn hätt'e et Realgymnasium besök, un 1902 sing ierschte Aquarelle gemolt. Dier, Landschaffte un Minsche hann imm als Vürlaach jedeent. 1904 hätt'e et ierschte Skezzeboch aanjelaat. Insjesamp hätt'e en singem kuurte Läwe noch 77 Böcher produzeed. Zo dä Zick hätt'e die Bilder vom Arnold Böcklin entdeck un leet sich von dämm singer Molerei beenflusse. Späder fongk'e die Bilder vom Böcklin nimmie jood. Dat Skezzeboch öwer die Reis noh Italië (1905) zeisch stärk vereinfachte Probebilder, die mem Leesch spelle. Sing Bilder uss dä Zick sen düster un met wenisch Färwe jemolt. Attikel lesse ... Schunn jewoß? ... dat de Scheffsschruuvefabrik Ostermann dä Propeller för e Atomscheff gemaht hätt? ... dat Putin chuilo! ze basch schlemmer wie Do Pimmel! es? ... dat et 1-Billion-Mark-Stöck vun de Provinz Wässfale gar nit zom Bezahle wor? ... dat de Schmitze Süül ene ech kölsche Erennerung aan de eetste Mondlandung es? ... dat dä § 175 vum Strofgesetzboch nur Schwule un kein Lesbe en de Knass brenge sollt? ... dat de Ööcher Dom ene Rus es? Et Neuste Akademie för uns kölsche Sproch LVR-Institut für Landeskunde und Regionalgeschichte Dat Portal Podcast „So geht Rheinisch“ Sprachforscherin bringt Bönnsch in die Zukunft (27.04.) Aschihv: 2013 - 2014 - 2015 - 2016 - 2017 - 2018 - 2019 Pooz Pooz-Sigge : • Esse, Drinke, Koche • Städt • Weßßeschaaf & Teschnigk • Rhingland Attikel vum Monat Attikel vum Monat Attikel vum Monat August Macke 1913 August (Robert Ludwig) Macke (* 3. Januar 1887 en Meschede , Huhsauerland ; † 26. September 1914 södlich von Perthes-lès-Hurlus , Champagne ) wor e'ne deutsche Moler vom Expressionismus . Sing Neujier aan d'r Molerei wutt schon em älderliche Huß jeweck. De Vatter däät ahle Stesch sammele un Landschaffsbilder mole. Hä wochs en Kölle op, un eß 1900 met singe Äldere noh Bonn jetrocke. En Bonn hätt'e et Realgymnasium besök, un 1902 sing ierschte Aquarelle gemolt. Dier, Landschaffte un Minsche hann imm als Vürlaach jedeent. 1904 hätt'e et ierschte Skezzeboch aanjelaat. Insjesamp hätt'e en singem kuurte Läwe noch 77 Böcher produzeed. Zo dä Zick hätt'e die Bilder vom Arnold Böcklin entdeck un leet sich von dämm singer Molerei beenflusse. Späder fongk'e die Bilder vom Böcklin nimmie jood. Dat Skezzeboch öwer die Reis noh Italië (1905) zeisch stärk vereinfachte Probebilder, die mem Leesch spelle. Sing Bilder uss dä Zick sen düster un met wenisch Färwe jemolt. Attikel lesse ... August (Robert Ludwig) Macke (* 3. Januar 1887 en Meschede , Huhsauerland ; † 26. September 1914 södlich von Perthes-lès-Hurlus , Champagne ) wor e'ne deutsche Moler vom Expressionismus . Sing Neujier aan d'r Molerei wutt schon em älderliche Huß jeweck. De Vatter däät ahle Stesch sammele un Landschaffsbilder mole. Hä wochs en Kölle op, un eß 1900 met singe Äldere noh Bonn jetrocke. En Bonn hätt'e et Realgymnasium besök, un 1902 sing ierschte Aquarelle gemolt. Dier, Landschaffte un Minsche hann imm als Vürlaach jedeent. 1904 hätt'e et ierschte Skezzeboch aanjelaat. Insjesamp hätt'e en singem kuurte Läwe noch 77 Böcher produzeed. Zo dä Zick hätt'e die Bilder vom Arnold Böcklin entdeck un leet sich von dämm singer Molerei beenflusse. Späder fongk'e die Bilder vom Böcklin nimmie jood. Dat Skezzeboch öwer die Reis noh Italië (1905) zeisch stärk vereinfachte Probebilder, die mem Leesch spelle. Sing Bilder uss dä Zick sen düster un met wenisch Färwe jemolt. Schunn jewoß? Schunn jewoß? Schunn jewoß? ... dat de Scheffsschruuvefabrik Ostermann dä Propeller för e Atomscheff gemaht hätt? ... dat Putin chuilo! ze basch schlemmer wie Do Pimmel! es? ... dat et 1-Billion-Mark-Stöck vun de Provinz Wässfale gar nit zom Bezahle wor? ... dat de Schmitze Süül ene ech kölsche Erennerung aan de eetste Mondlandung es? ... dat dä § 175 vum Strofgesetzboch nur Schwule un kein Lesbe en de Knass brenge sollt? ... dat de Ööcher Dom ene Rus es? ... dat de Scheffsschruuvefabrik Ostermann dä Propeller för e Atomscheff gemaht hätt? ... dat Putin chuilo! ze basch schlemmer wie Do Pimmel! es? ... dat et 1-Billion-Mark-Stöck vun de Provinz Wässfale gar nit zom Bezahle wor? ... dat de Schmitze Süül ene ech kölsche Erennerung aan de eetste Mondlandung es? ... dat dä § 175 vum Strofgesetzboch nur Schwule un kein Lesbe en de Knass brenge sollt? ... dat de Ööcher Dom ene Rus es? Et Neuste Et Neuste Et Neuste Akademie för uns kölsche Sproch LVR-Institut für Landeskunde und Regionalgeschichte Dat Portal Podcast „So geht Rheinisch“ Sprachforscherin bringt Bönnsch in die Zukunft (27.04.) Aschihv: 2013 - 2014 - 2015 - 2016 - 2017 - 2018 - 2019 Akademie för uns kölsche Sproch LVR-Institut für Landeskunde und Regionalgeschichte Dat Portal Podcast „So geht Rheinisch“ Sprachforscherin bringt Bönnsch in die Zukunft (27.04.) Pooz Pooz Pooz Pooz-Sigge : • Esse, Drinke, Koche • Städt • Weßßeschaaf & Teschnigk • Rhingland Pooz-Sigge : Pooz-Sigge : Pooz-Sigge : • Esse, Drinke, Koche • Städt • Weßßeschaaf & Teschnigk • Rhingland Wikipedia op Platt De Wikipedia es e frei Nokixel em Opbou, en rond 350 Sprooche , wo Ühr jet nohlesse künnt övver: Bejreffe , Usdrök , Bezeischnunge , Wööt , un wat se bedügge, wichtije un berüümpte Lück , etlije Teemekreis , Veedelle , Pläz , Städt , Länder , Flöss , Berje , Burje un wat nidd all , forjange Johr , Püngelle vun anndere Saache. De Wikipedia op ripoarische Sproche hätt jëz 3038 Attikele övver Stechwööt . Aanjefange em Aujußß 2005 als WiKoelsch es se em Aprell 2006 zor Wikipedia jewoode. De Hingerjründ künnt er em Arschiiv nohlese, un hee, wadd esu passeet es . Maach met! Metmaache kann he jede, dä ein vun uns ripoarische Sproche kann, dä Loss am Schrieve hät, un weiß, wie mer för e Nohkixel schrieve deit. Wanns De metmaache wells, kanns De Dich aanmelde unn et och blieve losse . Bei de Hülp kiss De verzallt wie et jeit. Om Spillplatz un dä Spillwiss künnd Er unjstührt eröm probeere, un erussfinge, wie mer et määt. Also, nix wie raan an et Schrieve, un denk emmer draan: Et es wie et es ! Et kütt wie et kütt ! Un et hätt noch emmer joot jejange ! . . . denn kapott maache kanns De nix, et kütt nix fott un mer kann emmer widder holle, wat vürher ens jespeichert woo. Stammdesch Av un aan, su es dat och bei andere Wikipedias, kumme angascheete Metmaacher bei enem Stammdesch zosamme. Dobei künne se nevve däm Klaafe och e Bierche, Wingche oder söns e lecker Jesöffs drenke. Wann ehr ene Vörschlach ze maache hat, dann sid esu jod un dot dat op dr Klaafsigg . Wikipedia op Platt Wikipedia op Platt Wikipedia op Platt De Wikipedia es e frei Nokixel em Opbou, en rond 350 Sprooche , wo Ühr jet nohlesse künnt övver: Bejreffe , Usdrök , Bezeischnunge , Wööt , un wat se bedügge, wichtije un berüümpte Lück , etlije Teemekreis , Veedelle , Pläz , Städt , Länder , Flöss , Berje , Burje un wat nidd all , forjange Johr , Püngelle vun anndere Saache. De Wikipedia op ripoarische Sproche hätt jëz 3038 Attikele övver Stechwööt . Aanjefange em Aujußß 2005 als WiKoelsch es se em Aprell 2006 zor Wikipedia jewoode. De Hingerjründ künnt er em Arschiiv nohlese, un hee, wadd esu passeet es . De Wikipedia es e frei Nokixel em Opbou, en rond 350 Sprooche , wo Ühr jet nohlesse künnt övver: Bejreffe , Usdrök , Bezeischnunge , Wööt , un wat se bedügge, wichtije un berüümpte Lück , etlije Teemekreis , Veedelle , Pläz , Städt , Länder , Flöss , Berje , Burje un wat nidd all , forjange Johr , Püngelle vun anndere Saache. Maach met! Maach met! Maach met! Metmaache kann he jede, dä ein vun uns ripoarische Sproche kann, dä Loss am Schrieve hät, un weiß, wie mer för e Nohkixel schrieve deit. Wanns De metmaache wells, kanns De Dich aanmelde unn et och blieve losse . Bei de Hülp kiss De verzallt wie et jeit. Om Spillplatz un dä Spillwiss künnd Er unjstührt eröm probeere, un erussfinge, wie mer et määt. Also, nix wie raan an et Schrieve, un denk emmer draan: Et es wie et es ! Et kütt wie et kütt ! Un et hätt noch emmer joot jejange ! . . . denn kapott maache kanns De nix, et kütt nix fott un mer kann emmer widder holle, wat vürher ens jespeichert woo. Metmaache kann he jede, dä ein vun uns ripoarische Sproche kann, dä Loss am Schrieve hät, un weiß, wie mer för e Nohkixel schrieve deit. Wanns De metmaache wells, kanns De Dich aanmelde unn et och blieve losse . Bei de Hülp kiss De verzallt wie et jeit. Om Spillplatz un dä Spillwiss künnd Er unjstührt eröm probeere, un erussfinge, wie mer et määt. Also, nix wie raan an et Schrieve, un denk emmer draan: Et es wie et es ! Et kütt wie et kütt ! Un et hätt noch emmer joot jejange ! Stammdesch Stammdesch Stammdesch Av un aan, su es dat och bei andere Wikipedias, kumme angascheete Metmaacher bei enem Stammdesch zosamme. Dobei künne se nevve däm Klaafe och e Bierche, Wingche oder söns e lecker Jesöffs drenke. Wann ehr ene Vörschlach ze maache hat, dann sid esu jod un dot dat op dr Klaafsigg . Av un aan, su es dat och bei andere Wikipedias, kumme angascheete Metmaacher bei enem Stammdesch zosamme. Dobei künne se nevve däm Klaafe och e Bierche, Wingche oder söns e lecker Jesöffs drenke. Schwesterprojekte Schwesterprojekte Schwesterprojekte De Wikimedia-Stiftung hät noch mieh am loufe: Wikimedia Commons Billder, Töön, unnesujjet Metawiki Projekkrom Affspräsche Wiktionary e Wööterbooch Wikiquote Zitaate un Spröch Wikinews Et Neuste Wikibooks Bööscher Wikisource Quellesammlung Wikispecies Aate-Vozijschnis Wikiversity Fochsche, Liere Wikimedia Incubator Projäkte en neu Sprooche Pöttele De Wikimedia-Stiftung hät noch mieh am loufe: De Wikimedia-Stiftung hät noch mieh am loufe: Wikimedia Commons Billder, Töön, unnesujjet Metawiki Projekkrom Affspräsche Wiktionary e Wööterbooch Wikiquote Zitaate un Spröch Wikinews Et Neuste Wikibooks Bööscher Wikisource Quellesammlung Wikispecies Aate-Vozijschnis Wikiversity Fochsche, Liere Wikimedia Incubator Projäkte en neu Sprooche Pöttele Wikimedia Commons Billder, Töön, unnesujjet Metawiki Projekkrom Affspräsche Wiktionary e Wööterbooch Wikiquote Zitaate un Spröch Wikinews Et Neuste Wikibooks Bööscher Wikisource Quellesammlung Wikispecies Aate-Vozijschnis Wikiversity Fochsche, Liere Wikimedia Incubator Projäkte en neu Sprooche Pöttele Wikimedia Commons Billder, Töön, unnesujjet Metawiki Projekkrom Affspräsche Wiktionary e Wööterbooch Wikiquote Zitaate un Spröch Wikinews Et Neuste Wikibooks Bööscher Wikisource Quellesammlung Wikispecies Aate-Vozijschnis Wikiversity Fochsche, Liere Wikimedia Incubator Projäkte en neu Sprooche Pöttele Afrikaans Alemannisch Boarisch Dansk Deutsch English Français Nordfriisk Frysk Latina Lëtzebuergesch Limburgs Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies Nederlands Deitsch Pälzisch Seeltersk West-Vlams Walon Zeêuws Heh di Sigg es et letz aam 5. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History 2 Election 3 Powers 4 Presidential residencies and properties 5 Acting president of Poland 6 Former presidents 7 See also 8 References 9 External links President of Poland العربية Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item This article needs additional citations for verification . 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Find sources: "President of Poland" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( June 2025 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) President of the Republic of Poland Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej ( Polish ) Presidential pennant Incumbent Karol Nawrocki since 6 August 2025 Executive branch of the Polish Government Style Mr. President (informal) His Excellency (diplomatic) Status Head of state Commander-in-chief Member of .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} National Security Council National Development Council National Security Council National Development Council Residence Presidential Palace (current) Belweder (alternative) Appointer Popular vote Term length Five years, renewable once Constituting instrument Constitution of Poland (1997) Precursor Chief of State Formation 11 December 1922 ; 103 years ago ( 1922-12-11 ) 19 July 1989 ; 36 years ago ( 1989-07-19 ) (current form) First holder Gabriel Narutowicz Deputy Marshal of the Sejm Salary 294,000 zł annually [ 1 ] Website Official website Politics of Poland Government Constitution of Poland Law Human rights Constitution of Poland Law Human rights Legislature Parliament of Poland Current Parliament Sejm Marshal Szymon Hołownia ( PL2050 ) Deputy Marshals Senate Marshal Małgorzata Maria Kidawa- Błońska ( PO ) Deputy Marshals Parliament of Poland Current Parliament Sejm Marshal Szymon Hołownia ( PL2050 ) Deputy Marshals Senate Marshal Małgorzata Maria Kidawa- Błońska ( PO ) Deputy Marshals Executive President of Poland Karol Nawrocki ( I ) Prime Minister of Poland Donald Tusk ( PO ) Cabinet Ministries President of Poland Karol Nawrocki ( I ) Prime Minister of Poland Donald Tusk ( PO ) Cabinet Ministries Judiciary Supreme Court of Poland First President Małgorzata Manowska Constitutional Tribunal President Bogdan Święczkowski Supreme Administrative Court State Tribunal Supreme Court of Poland First President Małgorzata Manowska Constitutional Tribunal President Bogdan Święczkowski Supreme Administrative Court State Tribunal Elections Presidential Parliamentary Local Referendums Presidential Parliamentary Local Referendums Political parties Major political parties Law and Justice Civic Platform Other parties Major political parties Law and Justice Civic Platform Other parties Administrative divisions Voivodeship voivodes marshals Counties ( powiat ) Communes ( gmina ) Cities and towns Voivodeship voivodes marshals voivodes marshals Counties ( powiat ) Communes ( gmina ) Cities and towns Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Radosław Sikorski Diplomatic missions of / in Poland Ambassadors Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Radosław Sikorski Diplomatic missions of / in Poland Ambassadors Related topics Economy History ( political ) Armed forces Economy History ( political ) Armed forces Poland portal Other countries Poland portal Other countries .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The president of Poland ( Polish : Prezydent Polski [ˈprɛ.zɘ.dɛnt ˈpɔl.ski] ), officially the president of the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (Prezydent RP) code: pol promoted to code: pl ), is the head of state of Poland . The president's prerogatives and duties are determined in the Constitution of Poland . The president jointly exercises the executive power together with the Council of Ministers headed by the prime minister . The president has a right to dissolve both chambers of parliament in certain cases determined by the constitution, can veto legislation , represents the Republic on the international stage, and is the commander-in-chief of the nation's Armed Forces . History The first president of Poland, Gabriel Narutowicz , was sworn in as president of the Second Polish Republic on 11 December 1922. He was elected by the National Assembly (the Sejm and the Senate ) under the terms of the 1921 March Constitution . Narutowicz was assassinated on 16 December 1922. Previously Józef Piłsudski had been "Chief of State" ( Naczelnik Państwa ) under the provisional Small Constitution of 1919 . In 1926 Piłsudski staged the " May Coup ", overthrew President Stanisław Wojciechowski and had the National Assembly elect a new one, Ignacy Mościcki , thus establishing the " Sanation regime". Before Piłsudski's death, parliament passed a more authoritarian 1935 April Constitution of Poland (not in accord with the amendment procedures of the 1921 March Constitution). [ 2 ] Mościcki continued as president until he resigned in 1939 in the aftermath of the German invasion of Poland . Mościcki and his government went into exile in Romania , where Mościcki was interned. In Angers , France , Władysław Raczkiewicz , at the time the speaker of the Senate, assumed the presidency after Mościcki's resignation on 29 September 1939. [ 3 ] Following the fall of France , the president and the Polish government-in-exile were evacuated to London , United Kingdom . The transfer from Mościcki to Raczkiewicz was in accordance with Article 24 of the 1935 April Constitution. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Raczkiewicz was followed by a succession of presidents in exile, of whom the last one was Ryszard Kaczorowski . In 1945–54, Poland became a part of Soviet -controlled central-eastern Europe . Bolesław Bierut assumed the reins of government and in July 1945 was internationally recognised as the head of state. The Senate was abolished in 1946 by the Polish people's referendum . When the Sejm passed the Small Constitution of 1947 , based in part on the 1921 March Constitution, Bierut was elected president by that body. He served until the Constitution of the Polish People's Republic of 1952 eliminated the office of the president, replacing it with a collective leadership called the Council of State ( Polish : Rada Państwa ). [ 6 ] Following the 1989 amendments to the constitution which restored the presidency, [ 7 ] general Wojciech Jaruzelski , the existing head of state, took office. In Poland's first direct presidential election , Lech Wałęsa won and was sworn in on 22 December 1990. The office of the president was preserved in the Constitution of Poland passed in 1997; the constitution now provides the requirements for, the duties of and the authority of the office. The topic of creation the presidency role as a single-person position was meant to safeguard slow, gentle political change to keep the interests of the ruling party. By March 1989, a compromise regarding the creation of the institution of the presidency was reached between the government and the opposition. In return for a constitutionally defined presidency with various competences, the ruling party agreed to relinquish its position as managing organ within the state. The presidency would be created along with the restoration of a freely elected upper house, the Senate. The president would be elected by a joint session of the lower house (Sejm) and the Senate. By this way, representatives of the opposition, sitting in the Senate, would be involved in the political process of electing the president. [ 8 ] The Small constitution of October 17, 1992 created a parliamentarisation of the political system and while the presidency remained in the active model, it was deprived of far-reaching governing powers. In recent years, newly elected presidents have renounced formal ties with their political party before taking office. Election The president of Poland is elected directly by the people to serve for five years and can be reelected only once. Pursuant to the provisions of the Constitution, the president is elected by an absolute majority. If no candidate succeeds in passing this threshold, a second round of voting is held with the participation of the two candidates with the largest and second largest number of votes respectively. In order to be registered as a candidate in the presidential election, one must be a Polish citizen, be at least 35 years old on the day of the first round of the election, and collect at least 100,000 signatures of registered voters. Powers Article 126 paragraph 1 states that the president is the supreme representative of the state, rather than the people, a privilege reserved for the deputies of the Sejm and senators of the Senate. The constitution confirms for the president the role of securing the continuity of state authority. The position of the presidency has an arbiter function (while not directly mentioned, unlike France or Romania ), with the president playing a major role in the political system, assisted by a set of legal instruments with which they can exert influence on the organs of state authority and the political system. [ 9 ] The president has a free choice in selecting the prime minister , yet in practice they usually give the task of forming a new government to a politician supported by the political party with the majority of seats in the Sejm (usually, though not always, it is the leader of that political party). The president has the right to initiate the legislative process. They also have the opportunity to directly influence it by using their veto to stop a bill; however, a veto can be overruled by a three-fifths majority vote in the presence of at least half of the statutory number of members of the Sejm (230). Before signing a bill into law, the president can also ask the Constitutional Tribunal to verify its compliance with the Constitution, which in practice bears a decisive influence on the legislative process. In their role as supreme representative of the Polish state, the president has the power to ratify and revoke international agreements, nominates and recalls ambassadors, and formally accepts the accreditations of representatives of other states. The president also makes decisions on award of highest academic titles, as well as state distinctions and orders. In addition, they have the right of clemency, viz. they can dismiss final court verdicts (in practice, the president consults such decisions with the minister of justice ). The president is also the commander-in-chief of the armed forces ; they appoint the chief of the general staff and the commanders of all of the service branches; in wartime, they nominate the supreme commander of the Armed Forces and can order a general mobilisation. The president performs their duties with the help of the following offices: the Chancellery of the President , the Office of National Security, and the Body of Advisors to the President. Presidential residencies and properties Several properties are owned by the Office of the President and are used by the head of state as their official residence, private residence, residence for visiting foreign officials etc. The Presidential Palace in Warsaw is the largest palace in Warsaw and the official seat of the president of the Republic of Poland since 1993. The first presidential tenant was Lech Wałęsa when he moved to the Palace from Belweder in 1994. Belweder , in Warsaw, was the official seat of the president until 1993. It is currently owned by the Office of the President as the official residence of the President and is used by the president and the government for ceremonial purposes. The palace also serves as an official residence for heads of state on official visits to Poland and other important guests. The Presidential Castle in Wisła in a château built for the Habsburgs as their hunting cottage. It was rebuilt 1929–1931 and used as recreational residence by Ignacy Mościcki , President 1926–1939. Since 2002 it is again a property of the president, restored and opened in 2005 by President Kwaśniewski . It is today a recreational and conference centre for the president and a hotel. Residence of the President of the Republic of Poland in Lucień Manor House of the President of the Republic of Poland in Ciechocinek Presidential Residence " Jurata-Hel " in Hel , the president's Baltic coastal retreat Summer residence at the Hel Peninsula Presidential Villa in Promnik Presidential Villa in Klarysew Acting president of Poland The constitution states that the president is an elected office, there is no directly elected presidential line of succession. If the president is unable to execute their powers and duties, the marshal of the Sejm will have the powers of a president for a maximum of 60 days until elections are called. On 10 April 2010, a plane carrying Polish president Lech Kaczyński , his wife , and 94 others including many Polish officials crashed near Smolensk North Airport in Russia ; there were no survivors. [ 10 ] Bronisław Komorowski took over acting presidential powers following the incident. On 8 July, Komorowski resigned from the office of Marshal of the Sejm after winning the presidential election. According to the constitution, the acting president then became the marshal of the Senate , Bogdan Borusewicz . In the afternoon Grzegorz Schetyna was elected as a new marshal of the Sejm and he became acting president. Schetyna served as the interim head of state until the swearing-in of Komorowski on 6 August. Former presidents Within Poland, former presidents are entitled to lifetime personal security protection by State Protection Service officers, in addition to receiving a substantial pension and a private office. On 10 April 2010, Lech Kaczyński, president at the time, along with Ryszard Kaczorowski, the last president-in-exile although not internationally recognised as such, died in the crash of a Polish Air Force Tu-154 en route to Russia to mark the 70th anniversary of the Katyn massacre . [ 11 ] See also List of heads of state of Poland List of Polish monarchs Naczelnik Państwa Polish government-in-exile Polish presidential elections of 1990 , 1995 , 2000 , 2005 , 2010 , 2015 , 2020 , 2025 1990 , 1995 , 2000 , 2005 , 2010 , 2015 , 2020 , 2025 Prime Minister of Poland Smolensk air disaster References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Zarobki Prezydenta RP" . 26 May 2025. ^ Garlicki, Andrzej (2001). "Majowa, marcowa, kwietniowa: Kto nam pisał konstytucje (The valley between the March and the April: We who wrote the constitutions)" (in Polish). Polityki Cyfrowej. Archived from the original on 18 October 2007. , which first appeared in Garlicki, Andrzej (2001). "Kto nam pisał konstytucje: majowa, marcowa, kwietniowa". Polityka . 2001 (11): 78, 80, 82. ^ Rojek, Wojciech (2004). "Chapter 4: The government of the Republic of Poland in exile, 1945–92". In Stachura, Peter D. (ed.). The Poles in Britain 1940–2000: from betrayal to assimilation . London: Frank Cass. p. 33 . ISBN 978-0-7146-5562-8 . ^ Garliński, Józef (1985). Poland in the Second World War . Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England: Macmillan. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-333-39258-4 . ^ Jędrzejewicz, Wacław, ed. (1946). Poland in the British Parliament 1939–1945 Volume I: British guarantees to Poland to the Atlantic Charter (March 1939 – August 1941) . New York: Jósef Piłsudski Institute of America for Research in the Modern History of Poland. p. 318. OCLC 312889779 . ^ Simons, William B. (1980). "Constitution of the Polish People's Republic". In Simons, William B. (ed.). The Constitutions of the Communist World . Alphen ann den Rijn, the Netherlands: Sijthoff & Noordhoff. pp. 288–310 . ISBN 978-90-286-0070-6 . ^ "Ustawa z dnia 29 grudnia 1989 r. o zmianie Konstytucji Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (An Act of 29 December 1989 to amend the Constitution of the Polish People's Republic)" . Dz.U. 1989 Nr. 75, pos 444 (in Polish). Sejm, Government of Poland. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. ^ Tomasz Słomka (2021). "How the means of electing the President of Poland acts to distort roles within the country's political system" (PDF) . Studia Politologiczne . Retrieved 18 September 2023 . ^ Tomasz Słomka (2021). "How the means of electing the President of Poland acts to distort roles within the country's political system" (PDF) . Studia Politologiczne . Retrieved 18 September 2023 . ^ " Polish President Lech Kaczynski dies in plane crash ", BBC , 10 April 2010, Retrieved 10 April 2010 ^ Kulish, Nicholas (10 April 2010). "Polish President Dies in Jet Crash in Russia" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 11 April 2010. External links President of Poland Official Website v t e Heads of state of Poland v t e Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918) Provisional Council Regency Council Provisional Council Regency Council Republic of Poland (1918–1939) Józef Piłsudski Gabriel Narutowicz Maciej Rataj Stanisław Wojciechowski Maciej Rataj Ignacy Mościcki Józef Piłsudski Gabriel Narutowicz Maciej Rataj Stanisław Wojciechowski Maciej Rataj Ignacy Mościcki Polish government-in-exile (1939–1990) Władysław Raczkiewicz August Zaleski Stanisław Ostrowski Edward Raczyński Kazimierz Sabbat Ryszard Kaczorowski Władysław Raczkiewicz August Zaleski Stanisław Ostrowski Edward Raczyński Kazimierz Sabbat Ryszard Kaczorowski Polish People's Republic (1944–1989) Bolesław Bierut Franciszek Trąbalski Władysław Kowalski Bolesław Bierut Aleksander Zawadzki Edward Ochab Marian Spychalski Józef Cyrankiewicz Henryk Jabłoński Wojciech Jaruzelski Bolesław Bierut Franciszek Trąbalski Władysław Kowalski Bolesław Bierut Aleksander Zawadzki Edward Ochab Marian Spychalski Józef Cyrankiewicz Henryk Jabłoński Wojciech Jaruzelski Republic of Poland (1990–present) Wojciech Jaruzelski Lech Wałęsa Aleksander Kwaśniewski Lech Kaczyński Bronisław Komorowski Bogdan Borusewicz Grzegorz Schetyna Bronisław Komorowski Andrzej Duda Karol Nawrocki Wojciech Jaruzelski Lech Wałęsa Aleksander Kwaśniewski Lech Kaczyński Bronisław Komorowski Bogdan Borusewicz Grzegorz Schetyna Bronisław Komorowski Andrzej Duda Karol Nawrocki Acting presidents are denoted by italics. • List of Polish monarchs • First Lady of Poland v t e Heads of state of the European Union member states v t e Austria: Van der Bellen Belgium: Philippe Bulgaria: Radev Croatia: Milanović Cyprus: Christodoulides Czech Republic: Pavel Denmark: Frederik X Estonia: Karis Finland: Stubb France: Macron Germany: Steinmeier Greece: Tasoulas Hungary: Sulyok Ireland: Connolly Italy: Mattarella Latvia: Rinkēvičs Lithuania: Nausėda Luxembourg: Guillaume V Malta: Spiteri Debono Netherlands: Willem-Alexander Poland: Nawrocki Portugal: Rebelo de Sousa Romania: Dan Slovakia: Pellegrini Slovenia: Pirc Musar Spain: Felipe VI Sweden: Carl XVI Gustaf Austria: Van der Bellen Belgium: Philippe Bulgaria: Radev Croatia: Milanović Cyprus: Christodoulides Czech Republic: Pavel Denmark: Frederik X Estonia: Karis Finland: Stubb France: Macron Germany: Steinmeier Greece: Tasoulas Hungary: Sulyok Ireland: Connolly Italy: Mattarella Latvia: Rinkēvičs Lithuania: Nausėda Luxembourg: Guillaume V Malta: Spiteri Debono Netherlands: Willem-Alexander Poland: Nawrocki Portugal: Rebelo de Sousa Romania: Dan Slovakia: Pellegrini Slovenia: Pirc Musar Spain: Felipe VI Sweden: Carl XVI Gustaf Italics indicate acting heads of state. v t e Heads of state and government of Europe v t e Heads of state UN members and observers Albania Andorra Armenia 1 Austria Azerbaijan 1 Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus 1 Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia 1 Germany Greece Holy See (Vatican City) Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan 1 Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation 1 San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Sovereign Military Order of Malta Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey 1 Ukraine United Kingdom Partially recognised 2 Abkhazia 1 Kosovo Northern Cyprus 1 South Ossetia 1 Unrecognised states 3 Transnistria UN members and observers Albania Andorra Armenia 1 Austria Azerbaijan 1 Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus 1 Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia 1 Germany Greece Holy See (Vatican City) Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan 1 Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation 1 San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Sovereign Military Order of Malta Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey 1 Ukraine United Kingdom Albania Andorra Armenia 1 Austria Azerbaijan 1 Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus 1 Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia 1 Germany Greece Holy See (Vatican City) Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan 1 Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation 1 San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Sovereign Military Order of Malta Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey 1 Ukraine United Kingdom Partially recognised 2 Abkhazia 1 Kosovo Northern Cyprus 1 South Ossetia 1 Abkhazia 1 Kosovo Northern Cyprus 1 South Ossetia 1 Unrecognised states 3 Transnistria Transnistria Heads of government UN members and observers Albania Andorra Armenia 1 Austria Azerbaijan 1 Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus 1 Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia 1 Germany Greece Holy See (Vatican City) Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan 1 Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation 1 San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Sovereign Military Order of Malta Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey 1 Ukraine United Kingdom Partially recognised 2 Abkhazia 1 Kosovo Northern Cyprus 1 South Ossetia 1 Unrecognised states 3 Transnistria UN members and observers Albania Andorra Armenia 1 Austria Azerbaijan 1 Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus 1 Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia 1 Germany Greece Holy See (Vatican City) Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan 1 Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation 1 San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Sovereign Military Order of Malta Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey 1 Ukraine United Kingdom Albania Andorra Armenia 1 Austria Azerbaijan 1 Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus 1 Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia 1 Germany Greece Holy See (Vatican City) Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan 1 Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation 1 San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Sovereign Military Order of Malta Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey 1 Ukraine United Kingdom Partially recognised 2 Abkhazia 1 Kosovo Northern Cyprus 1 South Ossetia 1 Abkhazia 1 Kosovo Northern Cyprus 1 South Ossetia 1 Unrecognised states 3 Transnistria Transnistria 1. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on geographical definition. 2. Recognised by at least one United Nations member. 3. Not recognised by any United Nations members. 1. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on geographical definition. 2. Recognised by at least one United Nations member. 3. Not recognised by any United Nations members. Authority control databases ISNI GND ISNI GND Presidents by country Presidents of Poland 1922 establishments in Poland CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles needing additional references from June 2025 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from April 2015 Articles containing Polish-language text Articles with hCards Pages with Polish IPA Lang and lang-xx code promoted to ISO 639-1 Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 27 November 2025, at 23:55 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Filmography 2 References 3 External links John Cunningham (actor) Deutsch Español Français Nederlands Türkçe Volapük Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item John Cunningham Born ( 1932-06-22 ) June 22, 1932 Auburn, New York , U.S. Died January 6, 2026 (2026-01-06) (aged 93) Rye, New York , U.S. Occupation Actor Spouse Carolyn Cotton Cunningham John Cunningham (June 22, 1932 – January 6, 2026) was an American actor. Cunningham was born in Auburn, New York , on June 22, 1932. He joined the United States Army and would perform in plays for troops. He was married to Carolyn Cotton Cunningham for almost 70 years. He died at his home in Rye, New York , on January 6, 2026, at the age of 93. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Filmography Search for Tomorrow (1951) Another World (1964) One Life to Live (1968) Matilda (1978) The Big Fix (1978) Lost and Found (1979) Loving (1983) Twisted (1986) Hello Again (1987) Johnny Be Good (1988) Mystic Pizza (1988) Guiding Light (1988) Dead Poets Society (1989) Law & Order (1991–2008) School Ties (1992) For Love or Money (1993) Roommates (1995) Nixon (1995) In & Out (1997) Starship Troopers (1997) The Jackal (1997) Isn't She Great (2000) Shaft (2000) Two Weeks Notice (2002) 30 Rock (2009): " The Natural Order " Blue Bloods (2013) References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Barnes, Mike (January 8, 2026). "John Cunningham, Veteran Broadway Actor, Dies at 93" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 9, 2026 . ^ Evans, Greg (January 9, 2026). "John Cunningham Dies: Prolific Broadway Actor, 'Dead Poets Society' Dad Was 93" . Deadline . Retrieved January 10, 2026 . ^ Stenzel, Wesley (January 9, 2026). "John Cunningham, actor who played Ethan Hawke and Matt Damon's onscreen dad, dies at 93" . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 10, 2026 . External links John Cunningham at IMDb John Cunningham discography at Discogs This article about a United States film actor born in the 1930s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by adding missing information . This article about a United States film actor born in the 1930s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by adding missing information . v t e 1932 births 2026 deaths 20th-century American actors 21st-century American actors American film actor, 1930s birth stubs Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles with hCards All stub articles This page was last edited on 11 January 2026, at 06:22 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–10 of 10 results for author: Mustapha, A Show abstracts Hide abstracts arXiv:2601.10462 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CV ChartComplete: A Taxonomy-based Inclusive Chart Dataset Authors: Ahmad Mustapha , Charbel Toumieh , Mariette Awad Abstract : With advancements in deep learning (DL) and computer vision techniques, the field of chart understanding is evolving rapidly. In particular, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are proving to be efficient and accurate in understanding charts. To accurately measure the performance of MLLMs, the research community has developed multiple datasets to serve as benchmarks. By examining these datase… ▽ More With advancements in deep learning (DL) and computer vision techniques, the field of chart understanding is evolving rapidly. In particular, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are proving to be efficient and accurate in understanding charts. To accurately measure the performance of MLLMs, the research community has developed multiple datasets to serve as benchmarks. By examining these datasets, we found that they are all limited to a small set of chart types. To bridge this gap, we propose the ChartComplete dataset. The dataset is based on a chart taxonomy borrowed from the visualization community, and it covers thirty different chart types. The dataset is a collection of classified chart images and does not include a learning signal. We present the ChartComplete dataset as is to the community to build upon it. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 7 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables, 1 algorithm. Dataset and source code available at ACM Class: I.2.10; I.4.8 arXiv:2601.10462 [ pdf , ps , other ] ChartComplete: A Taxonomy-based Inclusive Chart Dataset Authors: Ahmad Mustapha , Charbel Toumieh , Mariette Awad Abstract : With advancements in deep learning (DL) and computer vision techniques, the field of chart understanding is evolving rapidly. In particular, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are proving to be efficient and accurate in understanding charts. To accurately measure the performance of MLLMs, the research community has developed multiple datasets to serve as benchmarks. By examining these datase… ▽ More With advancements in deep learning (DL) and computer vision techniques, the field of chart understanding is evolving rapidly. In particular, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are proving to be efficient and accurate in understanding charts. To accurately measure the performance of MLLMs, the research community has developed multiple datasets to serve as benchmarks. By examining these datasets, we found that they are all limited to a small set of chart types. To bridge this gap, we propose the ChartComplete dataset. The dataset is based on a chart taxonomy borrowed from the visualization community, and it covers thirty different chart types. The dataset is a collection of classified chart images and does not include a learning signal. We present the ChartComplete dataset as is to the community to build upon it. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 7 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables, 1 algorithm. Dataset and source code available at ACM Class: I.2.10; I.4.8 arXiv:2503.13101 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL Who Wrote This? Identifying Machine vs Human-Generated Text in Hausa Authors: Babangida Sani , Aakansha Soy , Sukairaj Hafiz Imam , Ahmad Mustapha , Lukman Jibril Aliyu , Idris Abdulmumin , Ibrahim Said Ahmad , Shamsuddeen Hassan Muhammad Abstract : The advancement of large language models (LLMs) has allowed them to be proficient in various tasks, including content generation. However, their unregulated usage can lead to malicious activities such as plagiarism and generating and spreading fake news, especially for low-resource languages. Most existing machine-generated text detectors are trained on high-resource languages like English, French… ▽ More The advancement of large language models (LLMs) has allowed them to be proficient in various tasks, including content generation. However, their unregulated usage can lead to malicious activities such as plagiarism and generating and spreading fake news, especially for low-resource languages. Most existing machine-generated text detectors are trained on high-resource languages like English, French, etc. In this study, we developed the first large-scale detector that can distinguish between human- and machine-generated content in Hausa. We scrapped seven Hausa-language media outlets for the human-generated text and the Gemini-2.0 flash model to automatically generate the corresponding Hausa-language articles based on the human-generated article headlines. We fine-tuned four pre-trained Afri-centric models (AfriTeVa, AfriBERTa, AfroXLMR, and AfroXLMR-76L) on the resulting dataset and assessed their performance using accuracy and F1-score metrics. AfroXLMR achieved the highest performance with an accuracy of 99.23% and an F1 score of 99.21%, demonstrating its effectiveness for Hausa text detection. Our dataset is made publicly available to enable further research. △ Less Submitted 17 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. arXiv:2503.13101 [ pdf , other ] Who Wrote This? Identifying Machine vs Human-Generated Text in Hausa Authors: Babangida Sani , Aakansha Soy , Sukairaj Hafiz Imam , Ahmad Mustapha , Lukman Jibril Aliyu , Idris Abdulmumin , Ibrahim Said Ahmad , Shamsuddeen Hassan Muhammad Abstract : The advancement of large language models (LLMs) has allowed them to be proficient in various tasks, including content generation. However, their unregulated usage can lead to malicious activities such as plagiarism and generating and spreading fake news, especially for low-resource languages. Most existing machine-generated text detectors are trained on high-resource languages like English, French… ▽ More The advancement of large language models (LLMs) has allowed them to be proficient in various tasks, including content generation. However, their unregulated usage can lead to malicious activities such as plagiarism and generating and spreading fake news, especially for low-resource languages. Most existing machine-generated text detectors are trained on high-resource languages like English, French, etc. In this study, we developed the first large-scale detector that can distinguish between human- and machine-generated content in Hausa. We scrapped seven Hausa-language media outlets for the human-generated text and the Gemini-2.0 flash model to automatically generate the corresponding Hausa-language articles based on the human-generated article headlines. We fine-tuned four pre-trained Afri-centric models (AfriTeVa, AfriBERTa, AfroXLMR, and AfroXLMR-76L) on the resulting dataset and assessed their performance using accuracy and F1-score metrics. AfroXLMR achieved the highest performance with an accuracy of 99.23% and an F1 score of 99.21%, demonstrating its effectiveness for Hausa text detection. Our dataset is made publicly available to enable further research. △ Less Submitted 17 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. arXiv:2501.00559 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL cs.AI AraSTEM: A Native Arabic Multiple Choice Question Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs Knowledge In STEM Subjects Authors: Ahmad Mustapha , Hadi Al-Khansa , Hadi Al-Mubasher , Aya Mourad , Ranam Hamoud , Hasan El-Husseini , Marwah Al-Sakkaf , Mariette Awad Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities, not only in generating human-like text, but also in acquiring knowledge. This highlights the need to go beyond the typical Natural Language Processing downstream benchmarks and asses the various aspects of LLMs including knowledge and reasoning. Numerous benchmarks have been developed to evaluate LLMs knowledge, but they predominantl… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities, not only in generating human-like text, but also in acquiring knowledge. This highlights the need to go beyond the typical Natural Language Processing downstream benchmarks and asses the various aspects of LLMs including knowledge and reasoning. Numerous benchmarks have been developed to evaluate LLMs knowledge, but they predominantly focus on the English language. Given that many LLMs are multilingual, relying solely on benchmarking English knowledge is insufficient. To address this issue, we introduce AraSTEM, a new Arabic multiple-choice question dataset aimed at evaluating LLMs knowledge in STEM subjects. The dataset spans a range of topics at different levels which requires models to demonstrate a deep understanding of scientific Arabic in order to achieve high accuracy. Our findings show that publicly available models of varying sizes struggle with this dataset, and underscores the need for more localized language models. The dataset is freely accessible on Hugging Face. △ Less Submitted 31 December, 2024; originally announced January 2025. arXiv:2501.00559 [ pdf , other ] AraSTEM: A Native Arabic Multiple Choice Question Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs Knowledge In STEM Subjects Authors: Ahmad Mustapha , Hadi Al-Khansa , Hadi Al-Mubasher , Aya Mourad , Ranam Hamoud , Hasan El-Husseini , Marwah Al-Sakkaf , Mariette Awad Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities, not only in generating human-like text, but also in acquiring knowledge. This highlights the need to go beyond the typical Natural Language Processing downstream benchmarks and asses the various aspects of LLMs including knowledge and reasoning. Numerous benchmarks have been developed to evaluate LLMs knowledge, but they predominantl… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities, not only in generating human-like text, but also in acquiring knowledge. This highlights the need to go beyond the typical Natural Language Processing downstream benchmarks and asses the various aspects of LLMs including knowledge and reasoning. Numerous benchmarks have been developed to evaluate LLMs knowledge, but they predominantly focus on the English language. Given that many LLMs are multilingual, relying solely on benchmarking English knowledge is insufficient. To address this issue, we introduce AraSTEM, a new Arabic multiple-choice question dataset aimed at evaluating LLMs knowledge in STEM subjects. The dataset spans a range of topics at different levels which requires models to demonstrate a deep understanding of scientific Arabic in order to achieve high accuracy. Our findings show that publicly available models of varying sizes struggle with this dataset, and underscores the need for more localized language models. The dataset is freely accessible on Hugging Face. △ Less Submitted 31 December, 2024; originally announced January 2025. arXiv:2412.02072 [ pdf ] cs.CV doi 10.14445/23497157/IJRES-V11I5P113 Performance Comparison of Deep Learning Techniques in Naira Classification Authors: Ismail Ismail Tijjani , Ahmad Abubakar Mustapha , Isma'il Tijjani Idris Abstract : The Naira is Nigeria's official currency in daily transactions. This study presents the deployment and evaluation of Deep Learning (DL) models to classify Currency Notes (Naira) by denomination. Using a diverse dataset of 1,808 images of Naira notes captured under different conditions, trained the models employing different architectures and got the highest accuracy with MobileNetV2, the model ach… ▽ More The Naira is Nigeria's official currency in daily transactions. This study presents the deployment and evaluation of Deep Learning (DL) models to classify Currency Notes (Naira) by denomination. Using a diverse dataset of 1,808 images of Naira notes captured under different conditions, trained the models employing different architectures and got the highest accuracy with MobileNetV2, the model achieved a high accuracy rate of in training of 90.75% and validation accuracy of 87.04% in classification tasks and demonstrated substantial performance across various scenarios. This model holds significant potential for practical applications, including automated cash handling systems, sorting systems, and assistive technology for the visually impaired. The results demonstrate how the model could boost the Nigerian economy's security and efficiency of financial transactions. △ Less Submitted 2 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024. arXiv:2412.02072 [ pdf ] Performance Comparison of Deep Learning Techniques in Naira Classification Authors: Ismail Ismail Tijjani , Ahmad Abubakar Mustapha , Isma'il Tijjani Idris Abstract : The Naira is Nigeria's official currency in daily transactions. This study presents the deployment and evaluation of Deep Learning (DL) models to classify Currency Notes (Naira) by denomination. Using a diverse dataset of 1,808 images of Naira notes captured under different conditions, trained the models employing different architectures and got the highest accuracy with MobileNetV2, the model ach… ▽ More The Naira is Nigeria's official currency in daily transactions. This study presents the deployment and evaluation of Deep Learning (DL) models to classify Currency Notes (Naira) by denomination. Using a diverse dataset of 1,808 images of Naira notes captured under different conditions, trained the models employing different architectures and got the highest accuracy with MobileNetV2, the model achieved a high accuracy rate of in training of 90.75% and validation accuracy of 87.04% in classification tasks and demonstrated substantial performance across various scenarios. This model holds significant potential for practical applications, including automated cash handling systems, sorting systems, and assistive technology for the visually impaired. The results demonstrate how the model could boost the Nigerian economy's security and efficiency of financial transactions. △ Less Submitted 2 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024. arXiv:2207.11839 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV A Deep Dive into Deep Cluster Authors: Ahmad Mustapha , Wael Khreich , Wasim Masr Abstract : Deep Learning has demonstrated a significant improvement against traditional machine learning approaches in different domains such as image and speech recognition. Their success on benchmark datasets is transferred to the real-world through pretrained models by practitioners. Pretraining visual models using supervised learning requires a significant amount of expensive data annotation. To tackle t… ▽ More Deep Learning has demonstrated a significant improvement against traditional machine learning approaches in different domains such as image and speech recognition. Their success on benchmark datasets is transferred to the real-world through pretrained models by practitioners. Pretraining visual models using supervised learning requires a significant amount of expensive data annotation. To tackle this limitation, DeepCluster - a simple and scalable unsupervised pretraining of visual representations - has been proposed. However, the underlying work of the model is not yet well understood. In this paper, we analyze DeepCluster internals and exhaustively evaluate the impact of various hyperparameters over a wide range of values on three different datasets. Accordingly, we propose an explanation of why the algorithm works in practice. We also show that DeepCluster convergence and performance highly depend on the interplay between the quality of the randomly initialized filters of the convolutional layer and the selected number of clusters. Furthermore, we demonstrate that continuous clustering is not critical for DeepCluster convergence. Therefore, early stopping of the clustering phase will reduce the training time and allow the algorithm to scale to large datasets. Finally, we derive plausible hyperparameter selection criteria in a semi-supervised setting. △ Less Submitted 10 October, 2022; v1 submitted 24 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022. arXiv:2207.11839 [ pdf , other ] A Deep Dive into Deep Cluster Authors: Ahmad Mustapha , Wael Khreich , Wasim Masr Abstract : Deep Learning has demonstrated a significant improvement against traditional machine learning approaches in different domains such as image and speech recognition. Their success on benchmark datasets is transferred to the real-world through pretrained models by practitioners. Pretraining visual models using supervised learning requires a significant amount of expensive data annotation. To tackle t… ▽ More Deep Learning has demonstrated a significant improvement against traditional machine learning approaches in different domains such as image and speech recognition. Their success on benchmark datasets is transferred to the real-world through pretrained models by practitioners. Pretraining visual models using supervised learning requires a significant amount of expensive data annotation. To tackle this limitation, DeepCluster - a simple and scalable unsupervised pretraining of visual representations - has been proposed. However, the underlying work of the model is not yet well understood. In this paper, we analyze DeepCluster internals and exhaustively evaluate the impact of various hyperparameters over a wide range of values on three different datasets. Accordingly, we propose an explanation of why the algorithm works in practice. We also show that DeepCluster convergence and performance highly depend on the interplay between the quality of the randomly initialized filters of the convolutional layer and the selected number of clusters. Furthermore, we demonstrate that continuous clustering is not critical for DeepCluster convergence. Therefore, early stopping of the clustering phase will reduce the training time and allow the algorithm to scale to large datasets. Finally, we derive plausible hyperparameter selection criteria in a semi-supervised setting. △ Less Submitted 10 October, 2022; v1 submitted 24 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022. arXiv:2207.11837 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV Inter-model Interpretability: Self-supervised Models as a Case Study Authors: Ahmad Mustapha , Wael Khreich , Wes Masri Abstract : Since early machine learning models, metrics such as accuracy and precision have been the de facto way to evaluate and compare trained models. However, a single metric number doesn't fully capture the similarities and differences between models, especially in the computer vision domain. A model with high accuracy on a certain dataset might provide a lower accuracy on another dataset, without any f… ▽ More Since early machine learning models, metrics such as accuracy and precision have been the de facto way to evaluate and compare trained models. However, a single metric number doesn't fully capture the similarities and differences between models, especially in the computer vision domain. A model with high accuracy on a certain dataset might provide a lower accuracy on another dataset, without any further insights. To address this problem we build on a recent interpretability technique called Dissect to introduce \textit{inter-model interpretability}, which determines how models relate or complement each other based on the visual concepts they have learned (such as objects and materials). Towards this goal, we project 13 top-performing self-supervised models into a Learned Concepts Embedding (LCE) space that reveals proximities among models from the perspective of learned concepts. We further crossed this information with the performance of these models on four computer vision tasks and 15 datasets. The experiment allowed us to categorize the models into three categories and revealed for the first time the type of visual concepts different tasks requires. This is a step forward for designing cross-task learning algorithms. △ Less Submitted 31 July, 2022; v1 submitted 24 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022. Comments: The paper is under consideration at Computer Vision and Image Understanding Journal arXiv:2207.11837 [ pdf , other ] Inter-model Interpretability: Self-supervised Models as a Case Study Authors: Ahmad Mustapha , Wael Khreich , Wes Masri Abstract : Since early machine learning models, metrics such as accuracy and precision have been the de facto way to evaluate and compare trained models. However, a single metric number doesn't fully capture the similarities and differences between models, especially in the computer vision domain. A model with high accuracy on a certain dataset might provide a lower accuracy on another dataset, without any f… ▽ More Since early machine learning models, metrics such as accuracy and precision have been the de facto way to evaluate and compare trained models. However, a single metric number doesn't fully capture the similarities and differences between models, especially in the computer vision domain. A model with high accuracy on a certain dataset might provide a lower accuracy on another dataset, without any further insights. To address this problem we build on a recent interpretability technique called Dissect to introduce \textit{inter-model interpretability}, which determines how models relate or complement each other based on the visual concepts they have learned (such as objects and materials). Towards this goal, we project 13 top-performing self-supervised models into a Learned Concepts Embedding (LCE) space that reveals proximities among models from the perspective of learned concepts. We further crossed this information with the performance of these models on four computer vision tasks and 15 datasets. The experiment allowed us to categorize the models into three categories and revealed for the first time the type of visual concepts different tasks requires. This is a step forward for designing cross-task learning algorithms. △ Less Submitted 31 July, 2022; v1 submitted 24 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022. Comments: The paper is under consideration at Computer Vision and Image Understanding Journal arXiv:2207.08880 [ pdf ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.LG doi 10.1109/ICECCE52056.2021.9514261 Deep Sequence Models for Text Classification Tasks Authors: Saheed Salahudeen Abdullahi , Sun Yiming , Shamsuddeen Hassan Muhammad , Abdulrasheed Mustapha , Ahmad Muhammad Aminu , Abdulkadir Abdullahi , Musa Bello , Saminu Mohammad Aliyu Abstract : The exponential growth of data generated on the Internet in the current information age is a driving force for the digital economy. Extraction of information is the major value in an accumulated big data. Big data dependency on statistical analysis and hand-engineered rules machine learning algorithms are overwhelmed with vast complexities inherent in human languages. Natural Language Processing (… ▽ More The exponential growth of data generated on the Internet in the current information age is a driving force for the digital economy. Extraction of information is the major value in an accumulated big data. Big data dependency on statistical analysis and hand-engineered rules machine learning algorithms are overwhelmed with vast complexities inherent in human languages. Natural Language Processing (NLP) is equipping machines to understand these human diverse and complicated languages. Text Classification is an NLP task which automatically identifies patterns based on predefined or undefined labeled sets. Common text classification application includes information retrieval, modeling news topic, theme extraction, sentiment analysis, and spam detection. In texts, some sequences of words depend on the previous or next word sequences to make full meaning; this is a challenging dependency task that requires the machine to be able to store some previous important information to impact future meaning. Sequence models such as RNN, GRU, and LSTM is a breakthrough for tasks with long-range dependencies. As such, we applied these models to Binary and Multi-class classification. Results generated were excellent with most of the models performing within the range of 80% and 94%. However, this result is not exhaustive as we believe there is room for improvement if machines are to compete with humans. △ Less Submitted 18 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022. ACM Class: I.2.7 Journal ref: In: 2021 International Conference on Electrical, Communication, and Computer Engineering (ICECCE). IEEE, 2021. p. 1-6 arXiv:2207.08880 [ pdf ] Deep Sequence Models for Text Classification Tasks Authors: Saheed Salahudeen Abdullahi , Sun Yiming , Shamsuddeen Hassan Muhammad , Abdulrasheed Mustapha , Ahmad Muhammad Aminu , Abdulkadir Abdullahi , Musa Bello , Saminu Mohammad Aliyu Abstract : The exponential growth of data generated on the Internet in the current information age is a driving force for the digital economy. Extraction of information is the major value in an accumulated big data. Big data dependency on statistical analysis and hand-engineered rules machine learning algorithms are overwhelmed with vast complexities inherent in human languages. Natural Language Processing (… ▽ More The exponential growth of data generated on the Internet in the current information age is a driving force for the digital economy. Extraction of information is the major value in an accumulated big data. Big data dependency on statistical analysis and hand-engineered rules machine learning algorithms are overwhelmed with vast complexities inherent in human languages. Natural Language Processing (NLP) is equipping machines to understand these human diverse and complicated languages. Text Classification is an NLP task which automatically identifies patterns based on predefined or undefined labeled sets. Common text classification application includes information retrieval, modeling news topic, theme extraction, sentiment analysis, and spam detection. In texts, some sequences of words depend on the previous or next word sequences to make full meaning; this is a challenging dependency task that requires the machine to be able to store some previous important information to impact future meaning. Sequence models such as RNN, GRU, and LSTM is a breakthrough for tasks with long-range dependencies. As such, we applied these models to Binary and Multi-class classification. Results generated were excellent with most of the models performing within the range of 80% and 94%. However, this result is not exhaustive as we believe there is room for improvement if machines are to compete with humans. △ Less Submitted 18 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022. ACM Class: I.2.7 Journal ref: In: 2021 International Conference on Electrical, Communication, and Computer Engineering (ICECCE). IEEE, 2021. p. 1-6 arXiv:2012.12578 [ pdf ] cs.DC Soap serialization effect on communication nodes and protocols Authors: Ali Baba Dauda , Mohammed Sani Adam , Muhammad Ahmad Mustapha , Audu Musa Mabu , Suleiman Mustafa Abstract : Although serialization improves the transmission of data through utilization of bandwidth, but its impact at the communication systems is not fully accounted. This research used Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) Web services to exchange serialized and normal messages via Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Java Messaging System (JMS). We implemented two web services as server and client endp… ▽ More Although serialization improves the transmission of data through utilization of bandwidth, but its impact at the communication systems is not fully accounted. This research used Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) Web services to exchange serialized and normal messages via Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Java Messaging System (JMS). We implemented two web services as server and client endpoints and transmitted SOAP messages as payload. We analyzed the effect of unserialized and serialized messages on the computing resources based on the response time and overhead at both server and client endpoints. The analysis identified the reasons for high response time and causes for overhead. We provided some insights on the resources utilization and trade-offs when choosing messaging format or transmission protocol. This study is vital in resource management in edge computing and data centers. △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020. Comments: 13 pages arXiv:2012.12578 [ pdf ] Soap serialization effect on communication nodes and protocols Authors: Ali Baba Dauda , Mohammed Sani Adam , Muhammad Ahmad Mustapha , Audu Musa Mabu , Suleiman Mustafa Abstract : Although serialization improves the transmission of data through utilization of bandwidth, but its impact at the communication systems is not fully accounted. This research used Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) Web services to exchange serialized and normal messages via Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Java Messaging System (JMS). We implemented two web services as server and client endp… ▽ More Although serialization improves the transmission of data through utilization of bandwidth, but its impact at the communication systems is not fully accounted. This research used Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) Web services to exchange serialized and normal messages via Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Java Messaging System (JMS). We implemented two web services as server and client endpoints and transmitted SOAP messages as payload. We analyzed the effect of unserialized and serialized messages on the computing resources based on the response time and overhead at both server and client endpoints. The analysis identified the reasons for high response time and causes for overhead. We provided some insights on the resources utilization and trade-offs when choosing messaging format or transmission protocol. This study is vital in resource management in edge computing and data centers. △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020. Comments: 13 pages arXiv:1903.07001 [ pdf ] cs.DC Effect of Serialized Messaging on Web Services Performance Authors: Ali Baba Dauda , Zerdoumi Saber , Faiz Alotaibi , Muhammad A. Mustapha , Muhamad Taufik Abdullah Abstract : Serialized messages are processed at the server and sent as objects over the network to the client to be consumed. Serialized messages are processed at the server and sent as objects over the network to the client to be consumed. △ Less Submitted 16 March, 2019; originally announced March 2019. Comments: 5 pages arXiv:1903.07001 [ pdf ] Effect of Serialized Messaging on Web Services Performance Authors: Ali Baba Dauda , Zerdoumi Saber , Faiz Alotaibi , Muhammad A. Mustapha , Muhamad Taufik Abdullah Abstract : Serialized messages are processed at the server and sent as objects over the network to the client to be consumed. Serialized messages are processed at the server and sent as objects over the network to the client to be consumed. △ Less Submitted 16 March, 2019; originally announced March 2019. Comments: 5 pages arXiv:1707.03871 [ pdf , ps , other ] math.NA cs.CE Particle Simulation of Fractional Diffusion Equations Authors: S. Allouch , M. Lucchesi , O. P. Le Maître , K. A. Mustapha , O. M. Knio Abstract : This work explores different particle-based approaches to the simulation of one-dimensional fractional subdiffusion equations in unbounded domains. We rely on smooth particle approximations, and consider four methods for estimating the fractional diffusion term. The first method is based on direct differentiation of the particle representation, it follows the Riesz definition of the fractional der… ▽ More This work explores different particle-based approaches to the simulation of one-dimensional fractional subdiffusion equations in unbounded domains. We rely on smooth particle approximations, and consider four methods for estimating the fractional diffusion term. The first method is based on direct differentiation of the particle representation, it follows the Riesz definition of the fractional derivative and results in a non-conservative scheme. The other three methods follow the particle strength exchange (PSE) methodology and are by construction conservative, in the sense that the total particle strength is time invariant. The first PSE algorithm is based on using direct differentiation to estimate the fractional diffusion flux, and exploiting the resulting estimates in an integral representation of the divergence operator. Meanwhile, the second one relies on the regularized Riesz representation of the fractional diffusion term to derive a suitable interaction formula acting directly on the particle representation of the diffusing field. A third PSE construction is considered that exploits the Green's function of the fractional diffusion equation. The performance of all four approaches is assessed for the case of a one-dimensional diffusion equation with constant diffusivity. This enables us to take advantage of known analytical solutions, and consequently conduct a detailed analysis of the performance of the methods. This includes a quantitative study of the various sources of error, namely filtering, quadrature, domain truncation, and time integration, as well as a space and time self-convergence analysis. These analyses are conducted for different values of the order of the fractional derivatives, and computational experiences are used to gain insight that can be used for generalization of the present constructions. △ Less Submitted 12 July, 2017; originally announced July 2017. arXiv:1707.03871 [ pdf , ps , other ] Particle Simulation of Fractional Diffusion Equations Authors: S. Allouch , M. Lucchesi , O. P. Le Maître , K. A. Mustapha , O. M. Knio Abstract : This work explores different particle-based approaches to the simulation of one-dimensional fractional subdiffusion equations in unbounded domains. We rely on smooth particle approximations, and consider four methods for estimating the fractional diffusion term. The first method is based on direct differentiation of the particle representation, it follows the Riesz definition of the fractional der… ▽ More This work explores different particle-based approaches to the simulation of one-dimensional fractional subdiffusion equations in unbounded domains. We rely on smooth particle approximations, and consider four methods for estimating the fractional diffusion term. The first method is based on direct differentiation of the particle representation, it follows the Riesz definition of the fractional derivative and results in a non-conservative scheme. The other three methods follow the particle strength exchange (PSE) methodology and are by construction conservative, in the sense that the total particle strength is time invariant. The first PSE algorithm is based on using direct differentiation to estimate the fractional diffusion flux, and exploiting the resulting estimates in an integral representation of the divergence operator. Meanwhile, the second one relies on the regularized Riesz representation of the fractional diffusion term to derive a suitable interaction formula acting directly on the particle representation of the diffusing field. A third PSE construction is considered that exploits the Green's function of the fractional diffusion equation. The performance of all four approaches is assessed for the case of a one-dimensional diffusion equation with constant diffusivity. This enables us to take advantage of known analytical solutions, and consequently conduct a detailed analysis of the performance of the methods. This includes a quantitative study of the various sources of error, namely filtering, quadrature, domain truncation, and time integration, as well as a space and time self-convergence analysis. These analyses are conducted for different values of the order of the fractional derivatives, and computational experiences are used to gain insight that can be used for generalization of the present constructions. △ Less Submitted 12 July, 2017; originally announced July 2017. About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 United States 2 Europe 3 See also 4 References Administration (government) বাংলা हिन्दी Italiano Simple English Тоҷикӣ اردو Vèneto Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Part of a series on Politics and Political Science Outline Index Category Outline Index Category Primary topics Outline of political science Index of politics articles Politics by country Politics by subdivision Political economy Political history Political history of the world Political philosophy Outline of political science Index of politics articles Politics by country Politics by subdivision Political economy Political history Political history of the world Political philosophy Systems Anarchy City-state Collective leadership Confessional Democracy Dictatorship Directorial Federacy Feudalism Hybrid regime Meritocracy Monarchy Parliamentary Presidential Republic Semi-parliamentary Semi-presidential Theocracy Anarchy City-state Collective leadership Confessional Democracy Dictatorship Directorial Federacy Feudalism Hybrid regime Meritocracy Monarchy Parliamentary Presidential Republic Semi-parliamentary Semi-presidential Theocracy Academic disciplines Political science ( political scientists ) International relations ( theory ) Comparative politics Election science Political analysis Political theory Policy studies Political psychology Political sociology Political science ( political scientists ) International relations ( theory ) Comparative politics Election science Political analysis Political theory Policy studies Political psychology Political sociology Public Administration and Management Bureaucracy ( street-level ) Technocracy Adhocracy Organizational theory Public sector ethics Policy analysis Program evaluation Public budgeting Public finance Human resource management in public administration Nonprofit management Emergency management Budget-maximizing model Bureau-shaping model Public service Civil service Bureaucracy ( street-level ) Technocracy Adhocracy Organizational theory Public sector ethics Policy analysis Program evaluation Public budgeting Public finance Human resource management in public administration Nonprofit management Emergency management Budget-maximizing model Bureau-shaping model Public service Civil service Policy and Public Policy Public policy doctrine Domestic policy Foreign policy Civil society Public interest Public policy doctrine Domestic policy Foreign policy Civil society Public interest Government branches Separation of powers Fusion of powers Legislature Executive Judiciary Election commission Separation of powers Fusion of powers Legislature Executive Judiciary Election commission Political Influence, Advocacy , Ombudsman and Constituent Services Advocacy Lobbying and Government Relations Direct lobbying Grassroots lobbying Policy advocacy Advocacy group Lobby register Public interest law Amicus curiae and Intervention (law) Community organizing Constituent Services Constituency office Constituent Services in the United States Ombudsman Advocacy Lobbying and Government Relations Direct lobbying Grassroots lobbying Policy advocacy Advocacy group Lobby register Public interest law Amicus curiae and Intervention (law) Community organizing Lobbying and Government Relations Direct lobbying Grassroots lobbying Policy advocacy Advocacy group Lobby register Public interest law Amicus curiae and Intervention (law) Community organizing Constituent Services Constituency office Constituent Services in the United States Ombudsman Constituency office Constituent Services in the United States Ombudsman Regulations and Business-to-Government Relationships Regulatory Compliance Regulatory affairs Public-private partnerships Trade association Professional associations Industry self-regulation Government procurement Public sector marketing Regulatory Compliance Regulatory affairs Public-private partnerships Trade association Professional associations Industry self-regulation Government procurement Public sector marketing Subseries and Further Concepts Electoral systems Elections voting Unitarism Federalism Government ( forms / Governance ) Ideology Culture Political campaigning Political parties Sovereignty Polity / State / Country Biology and political orientation Critique of political economy Political censorship Political organisations Theories of political behavior Electoral systems Elections voting voting Unitarism Federalism Government ( forms / Governance ) ( forms / Governance ) Ideology Culture Political campaigning Political parties Sovereignty Polity / State / Country Biology and political orientation Critique of political economy Political censorship Political organisations Theories of political behavior Related subjects Law Economics Social Science Global studies Area studies Public relations ( Strategic communication ) Social work Urban planning ( Urban studies ) Peace and conflict studies Intelligence studies Sociology History Public Health Health Administration Business Administration Environmental studies Law Economics Social Science Global studies Area studies Public relations ( Strategic communication ) Social work Urban planning ( Urban studies ) Peace and conflict studies Intelligence studies Sociology History Public Health Health Administration Business Administration Environmental studies Politics portal .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The term administration , as used in the context of government , differs according to the jurisdiction under which it operates. In general terms, the administration can be described as a decision-making body. [ 1 ] United States In American usage, the term generally refers to the executive branch under a specific president (or governor , mayor , or other local executives); or the term of a particular executive; for example: "President Y's administration" or "Secretary of Defense X during President Y's administration." [ 2 ] It can also mean an executive branch agency headed by an administrator, as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Small Business Administration or the National Archives and Records Administration . The term "administration" has been used to denote the executive branch in presidential systems of government. Europe The term's usage in Europe varies by country. Still, most typically the word "administration" refers to managerial functions in general, which may include local governments, or the hierarchy of national and local government, that applies to a town or district. More specifically, it may refer to public administration , the business of administering public policy as determined by the government. However, outside France and Romania , this usage of the word is uncommon. For the British sense of the word, most countries use the term government , referring to the "administration" of Winston Churchill as the "Churchill government". [ 3 ] This is also true for the non-European members of the Commonwealth of Nations . An older, chiefly Commonwealth usage, is the term "ministry" , as in "Churchill Ministry", which is still in official and academic use in Britain, Australia, and Canada to refer the terms of prime ministers . [ 4 ] The word coalition may be used for a specific government depending on the type of government. In the Netherlands, cabinet is the most-used term (as in "the fourth Balkenende cabinet "). However "coalition" or "government" are also used when one does not refer to a specific coalition (note that the two terms have slightly different meanings). See also Executive (government) References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Decision making and governing body structure for independent regulators" (PDF) . The Governance of Regulators . OECD Best Practice Principles for Regulatory Policy: 67– 78. 2014. doi : 10.1787/9789264209015-en . ISBN 9789264209008 . Retrieved 4 July 2022 . ^ administration noun – definition in American English Dictionary – Cambridge Dictionary Online ^ government noun (GROUP) – definition in British English Dictionary & Thesaurus – Cambridge Dictionary Online ^ Ministry – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary This article about politics is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by adding missing information . This article about politics is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by adding missing information . v t e Government institutions Public administration Politics stubs Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All stub articles This page was last edited on 9 October 2024, at 08:26 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Etymology 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 Antiquity 2.2 Medieval history 2.3 Modern history 2.3.1 British administration 1839–1967 2.3.2 Federation of South Arabia and the Aden Emergency 2.4 Post-independence 2.5 Temporary capital and civil war 2.1 Antiquity 2.2 Medieval history 2.3 Modern history 2.3.1 British administration 1839–1967 2.3.2 Federation of South Arabia and the Aden Emergency 2.3.1 British administration 1839–1967 2.3.2 Federation of South Arabia and the Aden Emergency 2.4 Post-independence 2.5 Temporary capital and civil war 3 Culture Toggle Culture subsection 3.1 Dialects 3.2 Music and poetry 3.3 Sports 3.3.1 Pre-independence 3.4 Post-independence 3.5 Tourist sites 3.1 Dialects 3.2 Music and poetry 3.3 Sports 3.3.1 Pre-independence 3.3.1 Pre-independence 3.4 Post-independence 3.5 Tourist sites 4 Economy and transportation Toggle Economy and transportation subsection 4.1 Transport 4.2 Economy 4.3 Free zone 4.1 Transport 4.2 Economy 4.3 Free zone 5 Geography Toggle Geography subsection 5.1 Landforms 5.2 Climate 5.1 Landforms 5.2 Climate 6 Environment Toggle Environment subsection 6.1 Coasts 6.2 Offshore islands 6.3 Wild and domestic animal diversity 6.1 Coasts 6.2 Offshore islands 6.3 Wild and domestic animal diversity 7 Public services Toggle Public services subsection 7.1 Education 7.2 Health 7.2.1 Endemic areas 7.3 Mail 7.1 Education 7.2 Health 7.2.1 Endemic areas 7.2.1 Endemic areas 7.3 Mail 8 Media Toggle Media subsection 8.1 Journalism 8.2 Radio and television 8.1 Journalism 8.2 Radio and television 9 Notable people 10 See also 11 Footnotes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Toggle External links subsection 14.1 Government 14.1 Government Aden Afrikaans Ænglisc العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego Gĩkũyũ 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 Betawi Batak Mandailing Kumoring Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikivoyage Wikidata item Aden .mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New",Lateef,LateefGR,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Microsoft Uighur","Noto Sans Arabic","Arabic Typesetting",Amiri,"Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","SF Arabic","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Parastoo,Calibri,"Segoe UI","Microsoft Sans Serif","Droid Arabic Naskh",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal} عَدَنْ Temporary capital and city .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}} Mualla District Port of Aden Queen Victoria Statue Crater Khor Maksar .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} Aden Location in Yemen Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 12°48′N 45°02′E / 12.800°N 45.033°E / 12.800; 45.033 Country Yemen Region Aden Region Governorate Aden Governorate First settled [ 1 ] 7th century BC British occupation 19 January 1839 State of Aden within the FSA 18 January 1963 Independence 30 November 1967 Government • Governor Abdulrahman Al-Yafei [ 2 ] • Governing body Aden Local Council • Aden Police Director Maj Gen Mutahar Al-Shuaibi Area • Total 760 km 2 (290 sq mi) Elevation 6 m (20 ft) Population (2017) [ 3 ] • Total 863,000 • Estimate (2023) [ 4 ] 1,079,670 • Density 1,135.52/km 2 (2,941.0/sq mi) Demonym Adeni/Adenies Ethnicities • Majority Arabs • Minorities Afro-Arabs , Indians , Pakistanis , Somalis Languages • Official Arabic MSA ( Education and Government ) • Spoken Adeni Arabic (majority) English [ 5 ] [ 6 ] (widely used) Hindi , [ 7 ] Somali [ 8 ] (minorities) English [ 5 ] [ 6 ] (widely used) Time zone UTC+3 ( AST ) Area code 02 Kingdom of Awsan Himyarite Kingdom Kingdom of Aksum Sasanian Yemen First Islamic state Rashidun Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Ziyadid dynasty Najahid dynasty Sulayhid dynasty Zurayid dynasty Ayyubid dynasty Rasulid dynasty Tahirid Sultanate Mamluk Sultanate Portuguese Aden Yemen Eyalet Qasimid State Yemen Vilayet Qasimid State Sultanate of Lahej 1728–1839 Aden Province 1839–1937 Aden Colony 1937–1963 Aden protectorate 1937–1963 State of Aden within the FSA 1963–1967 South Yemen 1967–1990 Republic of Yemen 1990–1994 Democratic Republic of Yemen 1994 Republic of Yemen 1994–present Kingdom of Awsan Himyarite Kingdom Kingdom of Aksum Sasanian Yemen First Islamic state Rashidun Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Ziyadid dynasty Najahid dynasty Sulayhid dynasty Zurayid dynasty Ayyubid dynasty Rasulid dynasty Tahirid Sultanate Mamluk Sultanate Portuguese Aden Yemen Eyalet Qasimid State Yemen Vilayet Qasimid State Sultanate of Lahej 1728–1839 Aden Province 1839–1937 Aden Colony 1937–1963 Aden protectorate 1937–1963 State of Aden within the FSA 1963–1967 South Yemen 1967–1990 Republic of Yemen 1990–1994 Democratic Republic of Yemen 1994 Republic of Yemen 1994–present Aden ( / ˈ eɪ d ən / ; Arabic : عَدَنْ , romanized : ʿAdan ; .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} IPA: [ʕa.dan] ) is the de facto capital of Yemen since 2014. It is a port city located in the southern part of the Arabian peninsula, on the north coast of the Gulf of Aden , positioned near the eastern approach to the Red Sea . It is situated approximately 170 km (110 mi) east of the Bab-el-Mandeb strait. With its strategic location on the coastline, Aden serves as a gateway between the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea , making it a crucial maritime hub connecting Africa , Asia , and the Middle East . As of September 2025, Aden had a population of approximately 1,154,000 residents, making it one of the largest cities in Yemen. [ 9 ] It is the capital and principal part of Aden Governorate , encompassing eight districts. During the colonial period, the name Aden referred to the area along the north coast of the gulf, encompassing Tawahi , Mualla , Crater , and much of Khor Maksar district. The western harbour peninsula, known as Little Aden , now falls within the Al Buraiqeh district. Before gaining independence, Aden comprised distinct sectors: Crater, the original port; Ma'alla, the modern port; Tawahi, formerly "Steamer Point"; and Gold Mohur resorts. Khormaksar, on the isthmus connecting Aden to the mainland, hosts diplomatic missions, Aden University 's main offices, and Aden International Airport . On the mainland, sectors include Sheikh Othman, an old oasis area; Al-Mansura, a British-planned town; and Madinat ash-Sha'b (formerly Madinat al-Ittihad), the former capital of the South Arabian Federation , now the location of a large power/ desalination facility and additional Aden University faculties. Aden encloses the eastern side of a vast natural harbour that constitutes the modern port. Little Aden was developed as the site of the oil refinery and tanker port. Both were established and operated by British Petroleum until they were turned over to South Yemeni government ownership and control in 1978. Aden used to be the capital of South Yemen until its union with North Yemen on 22 May 1990. It has been the temporary capital of Yemen since the start of the Yemeni civil war , hosting some members of the Cabinet of Yemen mainly in al-Maashiq Palace . It was also the seat of the secessionist Southern Transitional Council from 2018 to 2026. [ 10 ] Etymology Aden is a home and a place for ships, and the word Aden means "reside in the place", so the word "Aden" means resident, and it is said "Aden Al-Balad", meaning the settlement of the country. [ 11 ] Among the sayings of geographers about the city: Yaqut al-Hamwi said: [ 12 ] "It is a famous city on the coast of the Indian Sea, towards the Yemen, and it is poor, with no water or pasture. They drink from a spring between it and Aden, about a distance of about today, and despite that, it is bad, except that this place is the port for Indian ships, and merchants gather there for that reason, as it is a town of trade." And it is added to Abyan , which is the opposite of Aden in its entirety. Ibn Manzur said: [ 13 ] "It is a country on the edge of the sea in the furthest part of Yemen." Ibn Khaldun said: [ 14 ] "This Aden is one of the most fortified cities in Yemen, and it is on the bank of the Indian Sea. It is still a country of trade from the time of the Trabaids, and most of them were built with stones, which is why silk merchants visit it often." History Antiquity Aden is an ancient port and was mentioned by the Greeks under the name ( Ancient Greek : Αραβία Εμπόριον , romanised : Arabia Emporion ), which means an Arabic trade port. [ 15 ] The port's convenient position on the sea route between India and Europe has made Aden desirable to rulers who sought to possess it at various times throughout history. Known as Eudaemon ( Ancient Greek : Ευδαίμων , meaning "blissful, prosperous") in the 1st century BC, it was a transshipping point for the Red Sea trade, but fell on hard times when new shipping practices by-passed it and made the daring direct crossing to India in the 1st century AD, according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea . The same work describes Aden as "a village by the shore", which would well describe the town of Crater while it was still little developed. There is no mention of fortification at this stage. Aden was more an island than a peninsula, as the isthmus (a tombolo ) was not then so developed as it is today. Aden was explicitly mentioned by this name in the Book of Ezekiel , which talks about Jerusalem, and it says: [ 16 ] "The merchants of Sheba and Raamah are your merchants. They set up your markets with the finest perfumes and every precious stone and gold. Harran, Qena, and Aden are the merchants of Sheba, and Assyria and Kilmud are your merchants." "The merchants of Sheba and Raamah are your merchants. They set up your markets with the finest perfumes and every precious stone and gold. Harran, Qena, and Aden are the merchants of Sheba, and Assyria and Kilmud are your merchants." At its beginning, the city was a small peninsula with no significant natural resources, but its location between Egypt and India made it important in the ancient Indian Ocean trade route. The city was the home of the ancient Kingdom of Awsan from the eighth to seventh centuries BC. [ 17 ] In the beginning of the seventh century BC, Karibʾil Watar I , king of the Kingdom of Sheba, launched a campaign against Awsan during which, according to the Sabaean texts, sixteen thousand people were killed, forty thousand people were enslaved, and the kings of Awsan made offerings to the god Almaqah , [ 18 ] according to the inscription that Karibʾil Watar I left in Sirwah , commemorating his victory. [ 19 ] In the second half of the first century BC, the Roman Emperor Augustus Caesar determined to control Arabia Felix and reach the Indian Ocean. Aelius Gallus' Roman expedition to Arabia Felix (26–25 BCE) aimed to capture the Sabaean capital of Marib but failed due to extreme desert conditions, disease, and logistical challenges. After an unsuccessful week-long siege, the army, weakened by illness and dehydration, withdrew, losing most of its ~10,000 troops to environmental factors and disease" [ 20 ] The Himyarites overthrew the Kingdom of Sheba in 275 AD and took control of Aden. [ 21 ] Recent incomplete archaeological studies suggest that the Himyarites were the ones who built the huge water cisterns currently known as the "Cisterns of Aden", which stored approximately 136,382,757 liters of water. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] The Himyarite Kingdom fell in the first quarter of the sixth century AD. Yusuf Dhu Nuwas mentioned Bab al-Mandab in one of his writings. The forces of the Kingdom of Aksum were entering Yemen through it. The Byzantine Emperor Justinian I sent a fleet to fight the Himyarite Jews and support the Kingdom of Aksum and the Christians of Najran. The fleet entered through Aden. Byzantine sources indicate that the Sasanian Empire took control of the city in 571 AD. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] A local legend in Yemen states that Aden may be as old as human history itself. Some also believe that Cain and Abel are buried somewhere in the city. [ 26 ] Medieval history Although the pre-Islamic Himyar civilisation was capable of building large structures, there seems to have been little fortification at this stage. Fortifications at Mareb and other places in Yemen and the Hadhramaut make it clear that both the Himyar and the Sabean cultures were well capable of it. Thus, watchtowers, since destroyed, are possible. However, the Arab historians Ibn al Mujawir and Abu Makhramah attribute the first fortification of Aden to Beni Zuree'a. Abu Makhramah has also included a detailed biography of Muhammad Azim Sultan Qamarbandi Naqsh in his work, Tarikh ul-Yemen. The aim seems to have been twofold: to keep hostile forces out and to maintain revenue by controlling the movement of goods, thereby preventing smuggling. In its original form, some of this work was relatively feeble. With the introduction of Islam to Yemen in the seventh century AD, Aden experienced a period of stagnation that lasted until the ninth century AD. [ 18 ] In the early years of Islam, Aden belonged to the province of Jund (Taiz). [ 27 ] It was controlled by the state of Ziyadid and the Sulayhid . After the death of Ali bin Muhammad Al-Sulayhi , his son took charge of Zurayids , and Aden continued to pay the annual royalty until Queen Arwa bint Ahmed Al-Sulayhi reduced it. [ 28 ] After the fall of the Sulayhid state, the Banu Zurayi became independent in Aden, taking advantage of the Sulayhids' preoccupation with the Khawlan tribes. [ 29 ] The Zurayites continued to rule Aden, Lahj, and Abyan for less than forty years until they fell under the Ayyubids' control of the city. [ 30 ] A major battle took place between Turan Shah bin Ayyub and Yasser bin Bilal al-Muhammadi, Minister of State, and the Zurayiyyah were defeated and al-Muhammadi fled to Taiz. [ 31 ] One of the most important contributors to the defeat of the Zurayids was their ongoing wars with the Bani Mahdi in Tihama and the departure of their army to confront the Ayyubids instead of fortifying themselves in Aden. [ 32 ] After 1175, rebuilding in a more solid form began, and ever since then Aden has been a popular city attracting sailors and merchants from Egypt , Sindh , Gujarat , East Africa and even China . According to Muqaddasi , Persians formed the majority of Aden's population in the 10th century. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] It was visited by the medieval scholar Ibn Battuta in the 14th century, who described Aden's reservoirs, the Cisterns of Tawila , "These reservoirs accumulate rainwater for the sole purpose of drinking for the city's citizens." During the Ayyubid period in Yemen, Sanaa and its environs were more hostile to their presence than other regions. [ 35 ] The Zaidi tribes were able to defeat the Ayyubids in 1226, but Omar bin Rasul, the founder of the Rasulid state , was able to repel them, so he tightened his control over Aden. The city regained its position during the days of the Rasulids, so they dug wells and built schools, and Aden flourished commercially. [ 36 ] The kings of Bani Rasul were also merchants and enacted a number of laws and regulations to codify trade in the city. [ 37 ] The Banu Tahir were able to control Aden after the Banu Rasool, and the Italian traveller Lodovico di Verthama describes it as one of the most powerful cities seen on Earth during the days of the Tahirids . [ 38 ] In 1513, the Portuguese, led by Afonso de Albuquerque , launched an unsuccessful four-day naval siege of Aden . [ 39 ] The Mamluks in Egypt sensed the danger and sent a force led by Hussein al-Kurdi. The victorious King Amer bin Abdul Wahhab provided great aid to the Kurds, but he suffered a heavy defeat in the Battle of Diu. The Mamluks sent a second fleet, but the victorious king refused to cooperate with the Mamluks because he had succeeded in repelling the Portuguese from Aden without their help. [ 40 ] Hussein al-Kurdi became angry and allied with the Zaidi Imam, who was opposed to the Tahirids, al-Mutawakkil Sharaf al-Din, and the Tahirid cities fell successively, with the exception of Aden. [ 41 ] The Ottoman Empire took control of the city in 1538. The Ottomans' goal was to prevent the Portuguese from controlling Aden, so the city witnessed difficult days, in addition to the fact that the port of Mocha gained greater importance at the expense of Aden during the sixteenth century. [ 42 ] The city's population declined and it turned into a small village with a population of no more than 600 people. [ 43 ] While its population was approximately eighty thousand people during the days of the Rasulid state. [ 44 ] In 1421, China's Ming dynasty Yongle Emperor ordered principal envoy grand eunuch Li Xing and grand eunuch Zhou Man of Zheng He 's fleet to convey an imperial edict with hats and robes to bestow on the king of Aden. The envoys boarded three treasure ships and set sail from Sumatra to the port of Aden . This event was recorded in the book Yingyai Shenglan by Ma Huan who accompanied the imperial envoy. [ 45 ] After Ottoman rule, Aden was ruled by the Sultanate of Lahej , under suzerainty of the Zaidi imams of Yemen. The first political intercourse between Lahej and the British took place in 1799, when a naval force was sent from Great Britain, with a detachment of troops from India, to occupy the island of Perim and prevent all communication of the French in Egypt with the Indian Ocean, by way of the Red Sea. The island of Perim was found unsuitable for troops, and the Sultan of Lahej, Ahmed bin Abdul Karim, received the detachment for some time at Aden. He proposed to enter into an alliance and to grant Aden as a permanent station, but the offer was declined. A Treaty was, however, concluded with the Sultan in 1802 by Admiral Sir Home Popham, who was instructed to enter into political and commercial alliances with the chief rulers on the Arabian coast of the Red Sea. [ 46 ] Modern history The situation was different in the north of the country, where the Zaidis did not recognise the authority of the Ottomans and revolted against them many times, the most recent of which was the revolution of Imam Al-Mansur Billah Al-Qasim bin Muhammad bin Al-Qasim , who and his son Al-Mu'ayyad Billah Muhammad were able to unite the tribes and expel the Ottomans. [ 47 ] The imams relied on the revenues from the port of Mocha , and Aden was not as important as the Abadlahs were. At the end of the eighteenth century, Sultan Fadl al-Abdali concluded an alliance with the Yafi tribes to rebel against the Zaidi imams and monopolise Aden's revenues equally among them. [ 48 ] The Sultan of Lahej got rid of the imams, but he did not fulfil his promise to Yafa. The Zaidi imams did not recognise inheritance and saw fighting for the imamate, so the war between Al-Nasir Muhammad bin Ishaq and Al-Mansur Al-Hussein bin Al-Mutawakkil prolonged, so Al-Abdali took the opportunity to declare his independence in Lahej and Aden. [ 49 ] The English had been visiting Aden and Mocha from 1609, led by Sir Henry Middleton , who was imprisoned, his ships confiscated, and eight of his men killed. [ 49 ] The British tried to conclude treaties with the Zaidi imams after the Ottomans were expelled from Aden. They visited Sanaa and Mocha, but they treated the British ambassador poorly and rejected his offer. Things were different when the Abdali gained independence from Lahj and Medina. They signed a treaty with the British in 1802, stipulating that they build a factory in Crater and allocate a special cemetery for British subjects free of charge. The Abdali wanted protection from the tribes. Sultan Fadl bin Ali was killed by Yafi' gunmen, then one of the sheikhs of Al-Hujariya invaded Lahj and besieged it for five months. Al-Awaliq also besieged it with eight thousand fighters, and they did not leave until Sultan Ahmed bin Abdul Karim paid them seven thousand dollars. [ 50 ] Then the Fadl family attacked Aden in 1836. British administration 1839–1967 In 1609 The Ascension was the first English ship to visit Aden, before sailing on to Mocha during the fourth voyage of the East India Company . [ 52 ] British interests in Aden began in 1796 with Napoleon 's invasion of Egypt, after which a British fleet docked at Aden for several months at the invitation of the sultan. The French were defeated in Egypt in 1801, and their privateers were tracked down over the subsequent decade. [ citation needed ] By 1800, Aden was a small village with a population of 600 Arabs, Somalis , Jews, and Indians—housed for the most part in huts of reed matting erected among ruins recalling a vanished era of wealth and prosperity. [ citation needed ] As there was little British trade in the Red Sea, most British politicians until the 1830s had no further interest in the area beyond the suppression of piracy. However, a small number of government officials and the East India Company officials thought that a British base in the area was necessary to prevent another French advance through Egypt or Russian expansion through Persia . The emergence of Muhammad Ali of Egypt as a strong local ruler only increased their concerns. The governor of Bombay from 1834 to 1838, Sir Robert Grant , was one of those who believed that India could only be protected by preemptively seizing "places of strength" to protect the Indian Ocean. [ citation needed ] The Red Sea increased in importance after the steamship Hugh Lindsay sailed from Bombay to the Suez isthmus in 1830, stopping at Aden with the sultan's consent to resupply with coal . Although cargo was still carried around the Cape of Good Hope in sailing ships, a steam route to the Suez could provide a much quicker option for transporting officials and important communications. Grant felt that armed ships steaming regularly between Bombay and Suez would help secure British interests in the region and did all he could to progress his vision. After lengthy negotiations due to the costs of investing in the new technology, the government agreed to pay half the costs for six voyages per year and the East India Company board approved the purchase of two new steamers in 1837. Grant immediately announced that monthly voyages to Suez would take place, despite the fact that no secure coal supplying station had been found. [ 53 ] The British first stationed a coal depot on the island of Socotra in 1834. However, due to the lack of suitable infrastructure there, they quickly lost interest in Socotra and turned towards Aden instead. [ 54 ] : 22 In 1838, under Muhsin bin Fadl, Lahej ceded 194 km 2 (75 sq mi) including Aden to the British . On 19 January 1839, the British East India Company landed Royal Marines at Aden to definitively conquer the territory (the so-called Aden Expedition ) and stop attacks by pirates against British shipping to India. In 1850 it was declared a free trade port, with the liquor, salt, arms, and opium trades developing duties as it won all the coffee trade from Mokha . [ 55 ] The port lies about equidistant from the Suez Canal , Bombay , and Zanzibar , which were all important British possessions . Aden had been an entrepôt and a way-station for ships in the ancient world. There, supplies, particularly water, were replenished, so, in the mid-19th century, it became necessary to replenish coal and boiler water. Thus Aden acquired a coaling station at Steamer Point and Aden was to remain under British control until November 1967. [ citation needed ] Until 1937, Aden was governed as part of British India and was known as the Aden Settlement . [ 56 ] Its original territory was enlarged in 1857 by the 13 km 2 (5.0 sq mi) island of Perim , in 1868 by the 73 km 2 (28 sq mi) Khuriya Muriya Islands , and in 1915 by the 108 km 2 (42 sq mi) island of Kamaran . [ citation needed ] The settlement would become Aden Province in 1935. [ 56 ] In 1937, the settlement was detached from India and became the Colony of Aden , a British Crown colony . The change in government was a step towards the change in the official currency unit. When British India became independent in 1947, Indian rupees (divided into annas ) were replaced in Aden by East African shillings . The hinterland of Aden and Hadhramaut were also loosely tied to Britain as the Aden Protectorate , which was overseen from Aden. Aden's location also made it a useful entrepôt for mail passing between places around the Indian Ocean and Europe. Thus, a ship passing from Suez to Bombay could leave mail for Mombasa at Aden for collection (See Postage stamps and postal history of Aden ). In December 1947, a three-day riot broke out in reaction to the drafting of the Partition Plan for Palestine . The riots and their repression by the Aden Protectorate Levies saw the killing of 76–82 Jews , 33 Arabs, 4 Muslim Indians and 1 Somali, in addition to looting and damaging of property. [ 57 ] After the Suez Crisis in 1956, the British held on to Aden as an outpost in the region for another decade. The British authorities had already decided to further expand its port shortly before the Suez Canal 's 1956 closure. [ 54 ] : 73 Aden sent a team of two to the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Perth, Western Australia . [ citation needed ] Federation of South Arabia and the Aden Emergency In order to stabilise Aden and the surrounding Aden Protectorate from the designs of the Egyptian backed republicans of North Yemen , the British attempted gradually to unite the disparate states of the region in preparation for eventual independence. On 18 January 1963, the Colony of Aden was incorporated into the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South against the wishes of North Yemen. The city became the State of Aden and the Federation was renamed the Federation of South Arabia (FSA). An insurgency against British administration known as the Aden Emergency began with a grenade attack by the communist National Liberation Front (NLF), against the British High Commissioner on 10 December 1963, killing one person and injuring fifty, and a "state of emergency" was declared. [ 58 ] In 1964, Britain announced its intention to grant independence to the FSA in 1968, but that British troops would remain in Aden. The security situation deteriorated as NLF and FLOSY ( Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen ) vied for the upper hand. [ 59 ] In January 1967, there were mass riots between the NLF and their rival FLOSY supporters in the old Arab quarter of Aden town. This conflict continued until mid February, despite the intervention of British troops. On 20 June 1967, 23 British Army soldiers were ambushed and shot dead by members of Aden Police during the Aden Mutiny in the Crater District. During the period there were as many attacks on the British troops by both sides as against each other culminating in the destruction of an Aden Airways DC3 plane in the air with no survivors. [ 60 ] The increased violence was a determining factor in the British ensuring all families were evacuated more quickly than initially intended, as recorded in From Barren Rocks to Living Stones . On 30 November 1967, British troops were evacuated, leaving Aden and the rest of the FSA under NLF control. The Royal Marines , who had been the first British troops to arrive in Aden in 1839, were the last to leave – with the exception of a Royal Engineer detachment ( 10 Airfields Squadron ) who left Aden on 13 December 1967. As part of a larger Royal Navy task force , HMS Albion 's helicopters lifted off the remaining Royal Marine commandos left to secure the airfield. [ 61 ] Post-independence The last British soldier left Aden on 30 November 1967, and the National Liberation Front had the upper hand at the expense of the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen, whose members were divided between joining the National Front or leaving for North Yemen, so Abdullah Al-Asanj and Muhammad Basindwa left for North Yemen. [ 62 ] Qahtan al-Sha'bi assumed the presidency of the new state, and the sheikhdoms of the Eastern Protectorate of Hadramaut and Al-Mahra were annexed to the new state. Al-Shaabi took over a new country with a collapsed economy. Civilian workers and businessmen left, and British support ceased. The closure of the Suez Canal in 1967 played an important role in the country's economy, as it reduced the number of ships crossing Aden by 75%. [ 63 ] The new state was divided into six governorates on 11 December 1967, in order to end the manifestations of tribalism in the state and ignore the tribal borders between the defunct sheikhdoms. [ 64 ] On March 20, 1968, Qahtan dismissed all leftist leaders from the government and party membership. He was able to put down a rebellion led by leftist factions in the army in May of the same year, and faced new rebellions from leftist parties in July, August and December 1968. [ 65 ] This is because all Arab countries welcomed the front. National Liberation received a cold reception. Regimes like Egypt wanted to merge the National Front with the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen , where the leftist section was more numerous than the supporters of the popular Qahtan. [ 66 ] They wanted a regime that would lead the masses and face the great challenges facing the new state, the most important of which was the bankruptcy of the treasury. Qahtan al-Shaabi dismissed Interior Minister Muhammad Ali Haitham on 16 June 1969, but the latter, with his ties to the tribes and the army, reassembled the leftist forces that had been dispersed by President Qahtan al-Shaabi, and they were able to place him under house arrest on 22 June. [ 67 ] A presidential committee was formed from Five people: Salem Rabie Ali, who became president, Muhammad Saleh Al-Awlaki, Ali Antar, Abdel Fattah Ismail, and Muhammad Ali Haitham, who became prime minister. This group took an extreme leftist line, declaring its support for the Palestinians and the Dhofar Revolution, and strengthening its relationship with the Soviet Union. West Germany severed its relationship with the state due to its recognition of East Germany, and the United States also severed its relationship in October 1969. The new powers issued a new constitution, nationalised foreign banks and insurance companies, and changed the name of the country to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen in line with the Marxist–Leninist approach they followed. A centrally planned economy was established. [ 68 ] The port of Aden was the largest source of national income for the Republic of South Yemen, but the closure of the Suez Canal by Egypt between 1967 and 1975 – reduced commercial activities in the port. [ 69 ] Salem Rubaya Ali wanted to adopt a practical approach, so he communicated with the President of North Yemen, Ibrahim al-Hamdi, and made attempts to restore normal relations with Western countries. During his presidency, relations between South Yemen and Saudi Arabia were established in 1976. [ 70 ] President Salmin, as he is known, coveted more Soviet support, so the contract with Saudi Arabia worried him. The Soviets pushed them to increase aid, but relations with Saudi Arabia became strained again in 1977 following the assassination of North Yemeni President Ibrahim al-Hamdi. [ 71 ] It is believed that Salem Rabie Ali orchestrated the assassination of Ahmed Hussein al-Ghashmi in revenge for Ibrahim al-Hamdi. [ 72 ] Salem Rabie Ali was subjected to a quick trial that ended with his execution and Abdel Fattah Ismail assuming the presidency of South Yemen. Relations with North Yemen became tense, due to Fattah's support for the factions opposing Ali Abdullah Saleh, who was more fanatical than his predecessors. Relations with the Soviet Union became active in an unprecedented way, so the Front War broke out in 1978, in which the Soviet Union and the United States intervened. [ 73 ] Ali Nasser Muhammad was able to force Abd al-Fattah Ismail al-Jawfi to resign for "health reasons", and Ismail was exiled to Moscow two years after he assumed the presidency. [ 74 ] Despite the approach of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and its removal of tribal aspects, tribalism remained alive among politicians and the public despite the exposure of its sheikhs. Tribes from their authorities. Tribal and regional favouritism and nepotism remained rife in southern Yemen, as political forces called on their tribal and regional affiliations during crises. [ 75 ] By January 1986, Aden was torn apart by the rivalry of two factions in the ruling Socialist Party, when President Ali Nasser Muhammad's guards launched a surprise attack on the political party's office in Aden on 13 January 1986. This was the beginning of the 1986 civil war in South Yemen. [ 76 ] The basis of the war was regional. Ali Nasser Muhammad was from Abyan Governorate, while most of those killed in the political party office were from Al-Dhalea and Lahj. [ 77 ] Military brigades from those areas bombed Aden from land and sea, forcing Ali Nasser Muhammad to flee and hundreds of thousands of civilians and soldiers to flee to northern Yemen, including Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi . [ 78 ] This was followed by systematic killings and liquidations against the people of Abyan Governorate, on charges that they were collaborating with Ali Nasser Muhammad. Nearly ten thousand people were killed, and thousands migrated towards North Yemen, most of whom were from Abyan and Shabwa. [ 78 ] With the unification of north and south Yemen in 1990, Aden was no longer a national capital but remained the capital of Aden Governorate which covered an area similar to that of the Aden Colony. On 29 December 1992, Al Qaeda conducted its first known terrorist attack in Aden, bombing the Gold Mohur Hotel , where US servicemen were known to have been staying en route to Somalia for Operation Restore Hope . A Yemeni and an Austrian tourist died in the attack. [ 79 ] That war marked the end of the state of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, and Haider Abu Bakr Al-Attas assumed the presidency until May 22, 1990, the unity of South Yemen with North Yemen , and the establishment of the Republic of Yemen. At that time, Ali Salem Al-Baidh was considered Ali Abdullah Saleh 's deputy, and Haider Abu Bakr Al-Attas was considered prime minister , and after the 1993 elections . Conflicts began within the ruling coalition, and Vice President Ali Salem Al-Beidh retreated to Aden in August 1993. The general security situation in the country deteriorated, and the complete integration of the two armies failed. The southern forces, which were transferred to Amran , clashed with the northern forces there, and the forces of the northern giants, which were transferred to Amran, clashed. Abyan with the southern forces, and the political parties signed the 1994 Covenant and Agreement , in the Jordanian capital, on February 20, 1994, in an attempt to end the crisis, and successive events led to the outbreak of the Summer 1994 civil war , and the southern military leaders who fled after the events of 1986 joined the ranks of the forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh, and supported the Unity Army in the war against their former comrades in 1994 in the war against the separatists. [ 80 ] At the forefront of these emerged a group of the brightest officers, such as Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi, who became Minister of Defense at the time; the former Chief of Staff, Major General Abdullah Aliwa; and Major General Salem Qatan, who was assassinated by an Al-Qaeda gunman. After the war, Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi was appointed Vice President of the Republic, and remained in office. He held his position until 2012, when he was elected president of the country. Members of al Qaeda attempted to bomb the US guided-missile destroyer The Sullivans at the port of Aden as part of the 2000 millennium attack plots . The boat that had the explosives in it sank, forcing the planned attack to be aborted. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] [ 83 ] The bombing attack on destroyer USS Cole took place in Aden on 12 October 2000. [ 84 ] In 2007 growing dissatisfaction with unification led to the formation of the secessionist South Yemen Movement . According to The New York Times , the Movement's mainly underground leadership includes socialists, Islamists and individuals desiring a return to the perceived benefits of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen . [ 85 ] Temporary capital and civil war Aden remained in a state of political stagnation for 25 years until President Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi took refuge there and carried out his work from the Republican Palace in Aden. On 7 March 2015, Hadi declared Aden the temporary capital, instead of Sanaa , which he described as occupied by the Houthis. This was after the Houthis took control of Sanaa on 21 September 2014, and imposed a siege on the Republican Palace and the home of President Hadi on 20 January. On 22 January, Hadi submitted his resignation to Parliament; it did not hold a session to accept or reject the resignation, and Hadi remained under house arrest imposed by the Houthis. Until he was able to leave for Aden on 21 February 2015, he retracted his resignation, and gave a statement in which he said: "All decisions taken since September 21 are invalid and have no legitimacy." President Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi fled to Aden, his hometown, in February 2015 after being deposed in the coup d'état that many consider to be the start of the Yemeni civil war . Others consider that the civil war began in September 2014 when Houthi forces took over the capital city Sanaa , which was followed by a rapid Houthi takeover of the government . Hadi declared in Aden that he was still Yemen's legitimate president and called on state institutions and loyal officials to relocate to Aden. [ 86 ] In a televised speech on 21 March 2015, he declared Aden to be Yemen's "economic and temporary capital" while Sanaa is controlled by the Houthis . [ 87 ] Aden was hit by violence in the aftermath of the coup d'état , with forces loyal to Hadi clashing with those loyal to former president Ali Abdullah Saleh in a battle for Aden International Airport on 19 March 2015. [ 88 ] After the airport battle, the entire city became a battleground for the Battle of Aden , which left large parts of the city in ruins and has killed at least 198 people since 25 March 2015. [ 89 ] Some Arab and foreign embassies were transferred to Aden, and Defense Minister Mahmoud Al-Subaihi was able to leave Sanaa for Aden and met with President Hadi. On March 4, 2016, unidentified gunmen stormed the Mother Teresa House in the city and killed sixteen people, including four nuns. A number of the old city's churches have also been destroyed by Islamic extremists since mid-2015. On 14 July 2015, the Saudi Arabian Army launched an offensive to win control of the city. Within three days, the city was cleared of Houthi rebels, ending the Battle of Aden with a coalition victory. [ 90 ] Beginning on 28 January 2018, separatists loyal to the Southern Transitional Council (STC) seized control of the Yemeni government headquarters in Aden in a coup d'état against the Hadi-led government. [ 91 ] [ 92 ] On 30 December 2020, the undersecretary of labour and deputy minister of public works were killed along with between 20 and 30 others at the Aden airport while they conducted an international press briefing about their new arrangements with the STC, which includes the partition of forces inside Aden, as they returned from hiding in the Saudi capital. Prime Minister Maeen Abdulmalik Saeed , his ministers and his entourage were conducted to safety under the barrage of hostile fire. [ 93 ] [ 94 ] Culture Dialects The entry of the Yemenis into Islam contributed to their abandoning their ancient script and replacing it with the late Nabataean alphabet in which the Qur'an was written. [ a ] Today, Yemenis speak Arabic in the Yemeni dialect, which is a developed dialect and closely linked to the ancient language. [ 95 ] It has three dialects with branches: the Sanʽani dialect , the Hadrami dialect , and the Taʽizzi-Adeni dialect , in addition to the Bedouin dialect of the residents of Marib . Al Jawf , Shabwa , and Inner Hadhramaut , and each of these dialects has characteristics and features. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] Music and poetry Adeni art or the Adeniyat is an art of Arabic music. Among the ancient artists of Aden are Iskander Thabet Saleh and Muhammad Murshid Naji, and among the poets are Abdul Rahman Ibrahim Muhammad, Ahmed Ghaleb Muhammad Al-Jabri, Abdullah Abdul Karim Muhammad, Ali Abdullah Jaafar Aman, Farid Muhammad Barakat, Lotfi Jaafar Aman, and Mohsen Ali Brik. [ 98 ] "Adeni music" played a major role in Aden society, and artists in the Aden dialect were called "al-Mutariba", meaning people of music. Adeni music began in 1920 when the army of the Aden Protectorate was formed, and after it the National Guard, where there were teams for those forces and those teams participated On special occasions and weddings. Sports Pre-independence The first beginning of Adenian sports dates back to the year 1902, when the Adeni Tennis Club was established, with its headquarters in the Al-Qatee' neighbourhood in Crater, and Youssef Muhammad Khan founded the "Recreational Club United" in the city of Crater, and it was known as the Yousef Khan Stadium. The city of Aden is considered the first city in which sports were practiced in the Arabian Peninsula, and the first private club in Aden was founded in 1905 under the name "Al-Ittihad Al-Muhammadi Club", as the first sports club in Yemen and the Arab world. He was fighting the occupation army divisions and the fleet divisions coming and passing to the port of Aden. [ 99 ] In 1924, the "Al-Husseini Sports Club" was founded in Crater, and a third club appeared in Tawahi under the name "Al-Bamboot Club" and Sheikh Othman. The 1930s witnessed the emergence of a number of clubs. In 1933, the "Nujoom Al-Layl Club", Al-Aidrousi Club, and Nujoom Al-Sabah Club appeared in Crater, and in Tawahi, the "Al-Ittihad Al-Islami Club" (Al-Mawlada) appeared. [ 99 ] Until that year, football matches were played in a friendly manner between the teams of the Crater, Al-Tawahi, and Sheikh Othman regions, as there were no federations regulating sports activity. In 1934, the occupation authority announced the establishment of a sports association called the "Adeniya Sports Association", after the increasing number of local clubs. Its members were appointed by the Governor-General of Aden, and all of its members were English, headed by the English Governor of Aden, Bernard Reilly, as sponsor. The association's board of directors consists of Hikam Bottom as president, the Indian Rosario as secretary, and two other members. This association began holding the first club tournament, which was the "Rosario Cup Championship". Six clubs participated in the tournament, three from Crater (Al-Ittihad Al-Mohammadi, Al-Husseini, and Nojoom Al-Layl), from Al-Tawahi (Al-Mawalda, and Al-Bamiot), and from Sheikh Othman, Sheikh Othman Club, which includes Players from various small teams in the Sheikh Othman area, and Al-Ittihad Al-Mohammadi Club won this championship. Among the most important tournaments held in Aden before independence were the Rosario Cup, the Riley Cup, the Somali Bassem Al-Nar Cup, the Aramco Cup, and the Kik Muncherji Championship. Post-independence After independence, the "Football Federation" was established on January 18, 1968, on the ruins of the "Adeniya Sports Association". The Federation took a decision regarding the Adeniya clubs, which had numbered about 64 sports clubs, reducing and merging the clubs in Aden and Lahj to only 16 clubs, and the clubs were forced to join or unite with large teams. In February 1968, several sports clubs were abolished, leaving only 12 clubs remaining. In December 1968, Al-Islah Club and Al-Shaab Club were merged into one club under the name of the latter in Al-Tawahi. In 1969, the Al-Ittihad Al-Muhammadi Club and Al-Tadamon Club were united in Crater , under the name Al-Tadamon Al-Muhammadi Club. [ citation needed ] In the "First General Sports Conference" in 1973, the clubs were merged and reduced again, so that their number became only 7 clubs: Al-Ahrar Club, Al-Ahly Club, Shamsan Club, Al-Shaab Club, Al-Hilal Club, United Youth Club, and Aden Tennis Club. On July 18, 1975, the stage of forming urban clubs, and the beginning of the stage of politicisation of the clubs in favour of the National Liberation Front, took place. It was decided to change their names and reduce them to become 5 clubs: Al-Tilal Club, Shamsan Club, Al-Minaa Club, Al-Wahda Club, and Al-Shoula Club. [ citation needed ] On July 18, 1975, the "Al-Tilal Sports Club" appeared, headed by Yassin Saeed Noman, as a new name for the "Al-Ittihad Al-Muhammadi Club", which was founded in 1905, and in 1976 the "Yemeni Football Federation" appeared. Al-Tilal Club participated in the "September 26 Cup Competition" in 1980, as the first football competition in which it participated with teams from northern and southern Yemen, such as the national team of Ibb Governorate, Taiz Governorate, Hadhramaut Governorate, Lahj and Hodeidah, at the Shaheed Al-Dharafi Stadium in Sanaa, and Al-Hilal was crowned champion of the September 26 Cup, after victory over Hodeidah national team by five clean goals. [ 100 ] Football is the most popular sport in Aden. There are 9 stadiums in Aden, including the May 22 International Stadium, and 10 sports clubs. In November 2010, Aden hosted the 2010 Arabian Gulf Football Cup . [ 101 ] Tourist sites Aden has several historical and natural sites of interest to visitors. These include: The historical British churches, one of which lies empty and semi-derelict in 2019. [ 102 ] The Zoroastrian Temple The Cisterns of Tawila —an ancient water-catchment system located in the sub-centre of Crater Sira Fortress The Aden Minaret [ 103 ] Little Ben , a miniature Big Ben Clock Tower overlooking Steamer Point. Built during the colonial period, this was restored in 2012 after 3 decades of neglect since the British withdrawal of 1967. The Landing Pier at Steamer Point is a 19th-century building used by visiting dignitaries during the colonial period, most notably Queen Elizabeth during her 1954 visit to the colony. This building was hit by an airstrike in 2015 and is currently in the process of being restored in 2019. The Crescent Hotel which contained a number of artifacts relating to the Royal Visit of 1954 and which currently remains derelict as a result of a recent airstrike. The Palace of the Sultanate of Lahej /National Museum—The National Museum was founded in 1966 and is located in what used to be the Palace of the Sultanate of Lahej. Northern forces robbed it during the 1994 Civil War, but its collection of pieces remains one of the biggest in Yemen. [ 104 ] [ 105 ] The Aden Military Museum which features a painting depicting the 20 June 1967 ambush by Arab Police Barracks on a British Army unit when a number of the 22 soldiers killed that day were driving in two Land Rovers on Queen Arwa Road, Crater. The Rimbaud House, which opened in 1991, is the two-story house of French poet Arthur Rimbaud who lived in Aden from 1880 to 1891. Rimbaud moved to Aden on his way to Ethiopia in an attempt for a new life. As of the late 1990s, the first floor of the house belonged to the French Consulate, a cultural centre and a library. The house is located in al-Tawahi —the European Quarter of Aden—and is politically and culturally debated for its French nature in an area previously colonised by Britain. [ 106 ] The fortifications of Jebal Hadid and Jebal Shamsan The beaches of Aden and Little Aden—Some of the popular beaches in Aden consist of Lover's Bay Beach, Elephant Beach and Gold Beach. The popular beach in Little Aden is called Blue Beach. [ 104 ] Some beaches are private and some are public, which is subject to change over time due to the changing resort industry. According to the Wall Street Journal, kidnappings on the beaches and the threat of Al Qaeda has caused problems for the resort industry in Aden, which used to be popular among locals and Westerners. [ 107 ] Al-Aidaroos Mosque [ 103 ] Main Pass – now called Al-Aqba Road is the only road into Aden through Crater. Originally an Arched Upper bridge known as Main Gate, it overlooked Aden city and was built during the Ottoman Empire. A painted crest of the 24th British army battalion is still visible on the brickwork adjacent to the Gate site and is believed to be the only remaining army Crest from colonial rule still visible in Aden. In March 1963 the bridge was removed by a British Army controlled explosion to widen the 2 lane roadway to the present 4 lane highway and the only reminder of this bridge is a quarter scale replica built at the end of the Al-Aqba road intersection known as the AdenGate Model roundabout. Economy and transportation The industrial activity in Aden is represented by a group of factories and production units, the forefront of which is the oil refinery. The oil refinery in Aden is considered one of the first refineries to be established in the region, and began operating in 1954 AD. The Aden Refineries Company has facilities such as an oil tanker port, a network of storage tanks, and a centre to supply ships with fuel. [ 108 ] Historically, Aden was a station for importing goods from the African coast and from Europe, the United States, and India. As of 1920, Aden was a major commercial centre for trade in the Arabian Peninsula, and the port exported small quantities of local products to most Arab ports. Aden provided coal and salt to passing ships, and the port was a stopping point for ships when they entered Bab al-Mandab. Transport Historically, the port of Aden was the main transport port in the region. Passenger ships land in Al-Tawahi District, and the city is served by Aden International Airport , which is about 10 kilometres (6 mi) from the city. The airport is the main headquarters of Al-Saeeda Airlines and its operations centre. The airport is considered the second largest airport. In Yemen, after Sanaa International Airport , it is considered the best airport in Yemen in terms of location due to the mountainous nature of Yemen. However, this airport is surrounded by the Arabian Sea in terms of take-off and landing. The establishment of Aden Airport dates back to the year 1927 when the British forces established a military airport in the district. Khor Maksar. After World War II, Britain carried out extensive urban modernisation and built Aden International Airport, known today, next to the military airport. Alyemda Airlines was the official carrier of South Yemen, before unification, and was based in Aden, before merging with Yemen Airways in 1996. Before the Battle of Aden Airport and the 2015 military intervention in Yemen closed this airport along with other airports in Yemen. On 22 July, Aden International Airport was declared fit for operation again after the Houthi forces were driven from the city, and a Saudi plane carrying aid reportedly became the first plane to land in Aden in four months. [ 109 ] The same day, a ship chartered by the World Food Programme carrying fuel docked in Aden's port. [ 110 ] Historically, Aden's harbour has been a major hub of transportation for the region. As of 1920, the harbour was 13 by 6 km (8 by 4 mi) in size. Passenger ships landed at Steamer Point now called Tawahi . [ 111 ] During the British colonial period motor vehicles drove on the left , as in the United Kingdom. On 2 January 1977, Aden, along with the rest of South Yemen, changed to driving on the right, bringing it into line with neighbouring Arab states. [ 112 ] During the early 20th century, Aden was a prominent export centre for coffee grown in the Jubail highlands. And also to export frankincense, wheat, barley, alfalfa and millet, which are produced and exported from Aden. The leaves and stems of clover, millet, and corn produced in Aden were generally used as fodder. Beginning in 1920, Aden was desalinating seawater to produce table salt. Between 1916 and 1917, Aden produced more than 120,000 tons of salt. Aden also produced potash, which was exported to Mumbai. Economy Historically, Aden would import goods from the African coast and from Europe, the United States , and India . [ 111 ] [ 113 ] As of 1920, the British described it as "the chief emporium of Arabian trade, receiving the small quantities of native produce, and supplying the modest wants of the interior and of most of the smaller Arabian ports." At the docks, the city provided coal to passing ships. The only item being produced by the city, as of 1920, was salt . [ 113 ] Also, the port was the stop ships had to take when entering the Bab-el-Mandeb ; this was how cities like Mecca had received goods by ship. Yemen Airlines , the national airline of South Yemen, had its head office in Aden. On 15 May 1996, Yemen Airlines merged with Yemenia . [ 114 ] [ 115 ] During the early 20th century Aden was a notable centre of coffee production. Women processed coffee beans, grown in the Yemen highlands. [ 116 ] Frankincense , wheat , barley , alfalfa , and millet was also produced and exported from Aden. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] The leaves and stalks of the alfalfa, millet and maize produced in Aden were generally used as fodder . [ 118 ] As of 1920, Aden was also gathering salt from salt water . An Italian company called Agostino Burgarella Ajola and Company gathered and process the salt under the name Aden Salt Works. There was also a smaller company from India , called Abdullabhoy and Joomabhoy Lalji & Company that owned a salt production firm in Aden. Both companies exported the salt. Between 1916 and 1917, Aden produced over 120,000 tons of salt. Aden has also produced potash , which was generally exported to Mumbai. [ 119 ] Aden produced jollyboats . Charcoal was produced as well, from acacia , and mainly in the interior of the region. Cigarettes were produced by Jewish and Greek populations in Aden. The tobacco used was imported from Egypt. [ 120 ] Since the outbreak of the Yemeni Civil War spread to Aden in 2015, the city has been struck by constant protests over a range of issues, but especially concerning electricity generation. Aden's power grid is composed solely of diesel generators and is thus heavily dependent on imported fuel. [ 121 ] The main power plant is al-Hasswa diesel power plant, which in June 2021 had only two turbines out of five running, producing up to 50 megawatts (MW) of power in a region where the deficit hovers around 300 MW. Nawfal al-Mojamal, the plant director, said "In its 35 years of existence, al-Hasswa station never had any kind of maintenance, except in 2016 ... when the two turbines were restored". [ 122 ] This electricity shortage led to the development of Yemen's first large-scale solar power plant servicing Aden with a 120 MW capacity, opened in July 2024. [ 123 ] Free zone The free zone, which was opened in 1991, represents Yemen's economic gateway and the meeting point of the continents of Asia and Africa. The free zone gains its strategic importance from the special location of the port of Aden, as it is located directly on the main trade route around the world and from the Middle East to Europe and America, and is distinguished by the possibility of providing transit services. To East Africa, the Red Sea, the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Gulf. The free zone represents a storage and distribution area suitable for Africa, the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf. [ 108 ] Geography Aden is located on the coast of the Gulf of Aden, and is about 363 kilometres from the capital, Sanaa. It is located between latitudes 47 and 12 north of the equator, and at an altitude of 6 metres above sea level. It is surrounded by Lahj Governorate to the north and east, and the Governorate of Abyan is to the northwest. Aden has an airport (Aden International Airport), a seaport (the port of Aden), and has land routes from the north linking it to Hajj, Abyan and Taiz. Landforms Aden is a coastal city; it overlooks the Gulf of Aden, which opens to the Indian Ocean. The shape of the city of Aden in the form of two peninsulas helped this factor to make the city of Aden unique in this particularity, which clearly affected the occurrence of the phenomenon of land and sea breezes. Which occurs due to air exchange between land and water during the day and night. Its location on the water surface also affects the daily and annual temperature range. This does not mean that there are no significant differences in temperatures in summer and winter. [ 124 ] The surface of the city of Aden slopes south, and the highlands appear in the southern part of Aden, represented by the highlands of Jabal Shamsan, whose highest peaks exceed 500 metres, and the highlands of Jabal Ihsan and Jabal Al-Muzalqim in Little Aden, which are lower in height than Jabal Shamsan, and the highlands of Aden do not differ from the rest of the highlands of Yemen in terms of In terms of composition, it is of volcanic origin, and although the mountain highlands occupy large areas of the city, their influence is weak and limited on the climate of the city of Aden. Climate Aden has a hot desert climate (BWh) in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system . Although Aden sees next-to-no precipitation year-round, it is humid throughout the year. Climate data for Aden Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 31.1 (88.0) 31.7 (89.1) 35.0 (95.0) 37.8 (100.0) 41.1 (106.0) 41.1 (106.0) 41.1 (106.0) 42.8 (109.0) 38.3 (100.9) 38.9 (102.0) 35.0 (95.0) 32.8 (91.0) 42.8 (109.0) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 28.5 (83.3) 28.6 (83.5) 30.2 (86.4) 32.2 (90.0) 34.1 (93.4) 36.6 (97.9) 35.9 (96.6) 35.3 (95.5) 35.4 (95.7) 33.0 (91.4) 30.7 (87.3) 28.9 (84.0) 32.4 (90.3) Daily mean °C (°F) 25.7 (78.3) 26.0 (78.8) 27.2 (81.0) 28.9 (84.0) 31.0 (87.8) 32.7 (90.9) 32.1 (89.8) 31.5 (88.7) 31.6 (88.9) 28.9 (84.0) 27.1 (80.8) 26.0 (78.8) 29.1 (84.4) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22.6 (72.7) 23.2 (73.8) 24.0 (75.2) 25.6 (78.1) 27.7 (81.9) 28.8 (83.8) 28.0 (82.4) 27.5 (81.5) 27.8 (82.0) 24.6 (76.3) 23.2 (73.8) 22.9 (73.2) 25.5 (77.9) Record low °C (°F) 15.6 (60.1) 17.2 (63.0) 18.9 (66.0) 18.9 (66.0) 21.1 (70.0) 23.9 (75.0) 22.8 (73.0) 23.3 (73.9) 25.0 (77.0) 18.9 (66.0) 18.3 (64.9) 16.7 (62.1) 15.6 (60.1) Average precipitation mm (inches) 6 (0.2) 3 (0.1) 5 (0.2) 2 (0.1) 1 (0.0) 0 (0) 3 (0.1) 3 (0.1) 5 (0.2) 1 (0.0) 3 (0.1) 5 (0.2) 36 (1.4) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 3 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 20 Average relative humidity (%) 72 72 74 74 72 66 65 65 69 68 70 70 70 Mean monthly sunshine hours 241.8 203.4 217.0 240.0 303.8 282.0 241.8 269.7 270.0 294.5 285.0 257.3 3,106.3 Mean daily sunshine hours 7.8 7.2 7.0 8.0 9.8 9.4 7.8 8.7 9.0 9.5 9.5 8.3 8.5 Source: Deutscher Wetterdienst [ 125 ] Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 25 °C (77 °F) 25 °C (77 °F) 26 °C (79 °F) 27 °C (81 °F) 29 °C (84 °F) 30 °C (86 °F) 29 °C (84 °F) 29 °C (84 °F) 30 °C (86 °F) 28 °C (82 °F) 27 °C (81 °F) 25 °C (77 °F) Environment Coasts Most of the coasts of Aden Governorate along the coastal strip are sandy coasts, and the governorate has coastal beaches, including the Golden Coast in Al-Tawahi District, the coast of Abyan Bakhour Maksar, Al-Ghadeer Beach, and Kud Al-Nimr Beach in Buraiqa. [ 126 ] Offshore islands There are about 21 islands around the peninsulas of Aden, Aden Lesser, and Ras Amran. They are mostly rocky islands, some of which are surrounded by incomplete coral reefs, and most of them are considered fishing areas. A number of islands have many activities, especially on Al-Ummal Island and Sirah Island. Wild and domestic animal diversity Yemen is considered one of the countries rich in bird species in the Middle East due to the availability of many suitable coastal environments that helped attract many migratory birds to wetland sites, coasts and islands. The Aden region (Khor Maksar – Al-Haswah) was registered on the list of important areas of the World Bird Organization as a habitat. The last three species that are globally threatened with extinction are: the great eagle, the gull eagle, and the eastern king eagle. [ 127 ] There are dozens of bird species recorded in the wetlands of Aden and the Caltex swamp area, which are rich in a wide variety of endemic and migratory birds, including birds that are present throughout the year. There are many birds in the area, including great flamingos, dwarf flamingos, and rock egrets. And the spoonbill, the hooked tern and the seagull. [ 127 ] Public services Education There are 95 schools in Aden, including 13 kindergartens, and 82 basic education schools, including 29 schools for boys, 29 schools for girls, and 29 joint schools for boys and girls. There are also 29 secondary schools, including 15 schools for boys and 14 schools for girls, all of which are in a double shift system. Until 2004, the number of male students reached In basic education, there were 57,941 students and 48,081 female students, with a total of 104,622 students. In secondary education, the number of male students reached 11,029 students, and 9,643 female students. [ 128 ] As for vocational, technical and vocational education centres and institutes, their number is 13, with 2,214 students enrolled, including 453 teachers. The health institutes have one institute, with 864 students enrolled, including 147 teachers, according to 2010 statistics. [ 129 ] As for higher education, there is one government university in Aden, which is the University of Aden, which has 9 colleges. More than 29 thousand students are enrolled, according to 2010 statistics. [ 129 ] Health There are 15 hospitals in the economic capital, Aden, including 5 public government hospitals, 6 belonging to the private sector, and 37 health centres. There are 34 facilities in the city that provide maternity and childhood services, and the number of specialised workforce in health facilities is 2,825 specialists. [ 129 ] Endemic areas In June 2015, the International Red Cross team present in conflict areas in Yemen during the events of the Yemeni civil war announced that the cities of Crater, Al-Mualla, Khor Maksar and Al-Tawahi in the Aden Governorate in the south of the country were areas affected by dengue fever . The health authorities in Aden said that this fever had spread remarkably and widely. Since the beginning of May, health services have deteriorated and infrastructure facilities, such as electricity, water, and sanitation, have been damaged as a result of the ongoing fighting in the city for months. [ 130 ] Mail Aden has known mail since June 15, 1839, that is, a year after the British occupation, although the official post office was not inaugurated until 1857. Postage stamps of both Britain and India were used in Aden until it became called the Aden Colony on April 1, 1937, although the stamps of this stage It bears no distinctive sign, but the use of the number 124 as a postal code is attributed to Aden as part of the Indian postal numerical system. Then, when it became a colony in 1937, it had sets of postage stamps containing pictures and the name Aden printed on them. In 1939, a new postage set was issued containing a picture of King George VI, but the Sultans of Hadhramaut – who were under the umbrella of the Aden Protectorate – controlled Britain has had it since the 1880s – they refused to do so, and so Britain issued a separate postal set in 1942, but this time with the inclusion of a phrase and pictures expressing the Kathiri Sultanate in Sayun and the Qu'aiti Sultanate in Shihr and Mukalla, in addition to pictures of the sultans. Media Journalism The weekly Al-Amal newspaper was founded in 1957 in Aden. Its slogan was "Freedom, Bread, and Peace". The British authorities allowed only 1,500 copies to be printed weekly, and the newspaper was banned shortly afterward. [ 131 ] In 1958, Al-Ayyam , an independent daily newspaper in the Arabic language, was established in Aden during the British occupation. The first issue was published on 30 July 1958, and its founder and editor-in-chief was Brigadier General Muhammad Ali Bashraheel. It stopped publishing after independence during the era of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, and then resumed publication. After achieving Yemeni unity, the first issue of the second edition was on 7 November 1990, after a hiatus that lasted more than 23 years. In 1998, Al-Ayyam was the first newspaper in Yemen to be prosecuted by the government under a criminal law. Other cases followed until it became public by the end of the year. 2008, responsible for 73% of the total number of cases filed by the Ministry of Information and the Yemeni government against the press in Yemen. [ 132 ] When the protests and clashes intensified in Aden in April 2009, "Al-Ayyam covered the events extensively, and pictures of blood and injuries were on the cover of the newspaper for days." President Ali Abdullah Saleh sent delegations to the newspaper, asking them to reduce the severity of their coverage, and to stop using pictures of the injured. [ 132 ] On 12 May 2009, security forces launched an attack on the headquarters of Al-Ayyam newspaper in Aden. [ 132 ] Radio and television Radio Aden was established on 17 August 1954, under the name "Aden Radio Station". [ 133 ] It is currently broadcast in two periods, morning and evening. The British occupation opened the Aden Channel on 11 September 1964, following the revolution of 14 October 1963. Television transmission was limited to covering populated neighbourhoods in the city of Aden, especially where soldiers and families of the British forces were present. In January 1979, the television headquarters moved to the "Radio and Television Building" in Tawahi; at that time broadcasts were in black-and-white. In March 1981 the gradual transition to colour broadcasting began, and in June 1981 the channel began broadcasting via satellite. After the Yemeni unification on 22 May 1990, Aden Channel was the second official channel of Yemeni TV. [ 134 ] Notable people Sabah al-Alwani — first woman member of Yemen's Supreme Judicial Council Mukesh Ambani (born 1957) — businessman Amr Gamal (born 1983) — film and theatre director, producer, and writer Eddie Izzard (born 1962) — comedian Shafiqa Zawqari (born 1942) — author Barry Stewart Hunter (born 1973) — author (born in Aden) See also Hadhramaut Mountains History of the Jews in Aden Military history of Britain Postage stamps and postal history of Aden Yemen Ports Authority Footnotes ^ Jawad Ali says: It appears from researchers finding writings written in the Musnad in various places in the Arabian Peninsula, including the coasts of the Arabian Gulf, some of which are ancient and some of which are close to Islam, that the Musnad pen was the authentic and first Arabic pen among the Arabs. All the people of the Arabian Peninsula wrote about it, but the Christian preaching that entered the Arabian Peninsula and spread in various places brought with it the late Armenian pen, the pen of the Eastern churches, and began spreading it among the people. Because it was his sacred pen with which the clerics used to write. Since this pen was easier to write than the musnad, it found widespread followers among those who converted to Christianity and among pagans as well, due to its ease of writing. However, it was not able to eliminate the musnad as people continued to write with it. When Islam came, the scribes wrote the revelation with the pen of the people of Mecca so that the revelation would descend among them. The Mecca pen became the official pen for the Muslims, and Al-Musnad was then sentenced to death. He died and was forgotten by the Arabs, until the Orientalists resurrected him and brought him back to existence again, to translate for us the ordinary writings that were recorded in him. Jawad Ali, Al-Mufassal fi Tarikh al-Arab before Islam, vol. 8, p. 153 References Constructs such as ibid. , loc. cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia's style guide for footnotes , as they are easily broken. Please improve this article by replacing them with named references ( quick guide ), or an abbreviated title. ( March 2025 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Britannica, N.A. 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Garston, J. "Aden: The First Hundred Years", History Today (March 1965) 15#3, pp. 147–158. Covers 1839 to 1939. Norris, H.T.; Penhey, F.W. (1955). "The Historical Development of Aden's defences". The Geographical Journal . CXXI part I (1): 11. Bibcode : 1955GeogJ.121...11N . doi : 10.2307/1791802 . JSTOR 1791802 . Further reading Khalili, Laleh (2020). Sinews of War and Trade: Shipping and Capitalism in the Arabian Peninsula . London: Verso Books. ISBN 9781786634818 . Retrieved 14 January 2021 . External links Media from Commons News from Wikinews Travel information from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Resources in your library Resources in other libraries ArchNet.org. "Aden" . Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT School of Architecture and Planning. Archived from the original on 2 July 2007. Photos of Aden at the American Center of Research Geographic data related to Aden at OpenStreetMap Aden City Profile at the United Nations Human Settlements Programme Government Annual Statistical Book of Aden 2017–2021 – Central Statistical Organization – Yemen .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Aden Governorate v t e Capital: Aden Districts Al Buraiqeh district Al Mansura district Mualla district Sheikh Othman district Tawahi district Crater district Dar Sad district Khormaksar district Al Buraiqeh district Al Mansura district Mualla district Sheikh Othman district Tawahi district Crater district Dar Sad district Khormaksar district v t e Yemeni cities and towns by population v t e 1,000,000 and more Aden Sanaa Aden Sanaa 100,000-999,999 Dhamar Al Hudaydah Ibb Taiz Mukalla Dhamar Al Hudaydah Ibb Taiz Mukalla 10,000-99,999 Abs Ad-Dahi 'Amran Ataq Bajil Bayt al-Faqih Al Bayda' Beihan Dimnat Chadir Al Ghaydah Hais Hajjah Lahej Khamir Al-Mahabischa Al Mahwit Al-Marawi'a Marib Mokha Mudiyah Rada'a Sayyan Seiyun Al-Shihr Socotra Tarim Thula Yarim Zabid Zinjibar Abs Ad-Dahi 'Amran Ataq Bajil Bayt al-Faqih Al Bayda' Beihan Dimnat Chadir Al Ghaydah Hais Hajjah Lahej Khamir Al-Mahabischa Al Mahwit Al-Marawi'a Marib Mokha Mudiyah Rada'a Sayyan Seiyun Al-Shihr Socotra Tarim Thula Yarim Zabid Zinjibar less than 9,999 Dammaj Habban Al Hajjarah Hutayb Jaʽār Jibla Kawkaban Manakhah Mukayras Saada Shaharah Shibam At Tawilah Wadi Dawan Dammaj Habban Al Hajjarah Hutayb Jaʽār Jibla Kawkaban Manakhah Mukayras Saada Shaharah Shibam At Tawilah Wadi Dawan Authority control databases International VIAF 2 GND FAST WorldCat VIAF 2 2 GND FAST WorldCat National United States Japan Czech Republic Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Israel Geographic Pleiades Pleiades Other IdRef NARA İslâm Ansiklopedisi Yale LUX IdRef NARA İslâm Ansiklopedisi Yale LUX Aden Capitals in Asia Capitals of former nations Former colonial capitals Gulf of Aden Installations of the Soviet Navy Populated coastal places in Yemen Populated places in Aden Governorate Port cities and towns in the Arabian Peninsula Port cities and towns of the Red Sea Ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments CS1: unfit URL Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors: missing title CS1 errors: chapter ignored Source attribution Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2015 CS1 maint: archived copy as title CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from September 2024 Articles containing Arabic-language text Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Coordinates on Wikidata Pages with Arabic IPA Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024 Articles with ibid from March 2025 CS1: long volume value This page was last edited on 14 January 2026, at 20:30 (UTC) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden#Government
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Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Computer Science > Artificial Intelligence Title: History Is Not Enough: An Adaptive Dataflow System for Financial Time-Series Synthesis Abstract: In quantitative finance, the gap between training and real-world performance-driven by concept drift and distributional non-stationarity-remains a critical obstacle for building reliable data-driven systems. Models trained on static historical data often overfit, resulting in poor generalization in dynamic markets. The mantra "History Is Not Enough" underscores the need for adaptive data generation that learns to evolve with the market rather than relying solely on past observations. We present a drift-aware dataflow system that integrates machine learning-based adaptive control into the data curation process. The system couples a parameterized data manipulation module comprising single-stock transformations, multi-stock mix-ups, and curation operations, with an adaptive planner-scheduler that employs gradient-based bi-level optimization to control the system. This design unifies data augmentation, curriculum learning, and data workflow management under a single differentiable framework, enabling provenance-aware replay and continuous data quality monitoring. Extensive experiments on forecasting and reinforcement learning trading tasks demonstrate that our framework enhances model robustness and improves risk-adjusted returns. The system provides a generalizable approach to adaptive data management and learning-guided workflow automation for financial data. Subjects: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) ; Trading and Market Microstructure (q-fin.TR) Cite as: arXiv:2601.10143 [cs.AI] (or arXiv:2601.10143v1 [cs.AI] for this version) Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history Access Paper: View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar BibTeX formatted citation Bookmark Bibliographic and Citation Tools Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article Demos Recommenders and Search Tools Author Venue Institution Topic arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs . About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status arXiv Operational Status
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.10143
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Syahan nga Pakli Ganghaan han Komunidad Mga kabag-ohan Bisan ano nga pakli Bulig Mga pinaurog nga pakli Mga Donasyon Himo-a an akawnt Sakob Mga Donasyon Himo-a an akawnt Sakob Syahan nga Pakli Syahan nga Pakli Hiruhimangraw Basaha Kitaa an ginkuhaan Kitaa an kaagi Basaha Kitaa an ginkuhaan Kitaa an kaagi Mga nasumpay dinhi Mga may kalabotan nga binag-o Pagkarga hin file Sumpay nga unob Impormasyon han pakli Ig-cite ini nga pakli Kuhaa an pinahalipot nga URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Paghimo hin libro Ig-download komo PDF Maipapatik nga bersyon Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata item Uswag kamo ha Waray Wikipedia! Amo ini an balay han/san Winaray o Binisaya nga Lineyte-Samarnon nga Wikipedia , an libre ngan gawasnon nga ensayklopedya nga bisan hin-o puyde magliwat o mag-edit. An Wikipedia syahan gintikang ha Iningles nga yinaknan han tuig 2001. Ini nga bersyon Winaray gintikang han ika-25 han Septyembre 2005 ngan ha yana mayda 1,266,852 nga barasahon. Kon karuyag niyo magsari o magprobar, pakadto ha Sandbox . For non-Waray speakers, please proceed here for further assistance. An Winaray nga Wikipedia in inmabot na hin 1 milyon ka mga artikulo han ika-8 han Hunyo 2014. An ika 1,000,000 nga artikulo in Spiraea splendens . Uswag kamo ha Waray Wikipedia! Amo ini an balay han/san Winaray o Binisaya nga Lineyte-Samarnon nga Wikipedia , an libre ngan gawasnon nga ensayklopedya nga bisan hin-o puyde magliwat o mag-edit. An Wikipedia syahan gintikang ha Iningles nga yinaknan han tuig 2001. Ini nga bersyon Winaray gintikang han ika-25 han Septyembre 2005 ngan ha yana mayda 1,266,852 nga barasahon. Kon karuyag niyo magsari o magprobar, pakadto ha Sandbox . For non-Waray speakers, please proceed here for further assistance. An Winaray nga Wikipedia in inmabot na hin 1 milyon ka mga artikulo han ika-8 han Hunyo 2014. 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Mga Wikipedia ha mga Binisaya nga pinulongan: Sinugboanon/Cebuano Mga Wikipedia ha mga tuminongnong o lumad nga pinulongan o yinaknan han Pilipinas: Bicol/Bikol (Bikol Sentral) · Sinugboanon/Cebuano · Chavacano de Zamboanga (Zamboangahanon nga Chavacano) · Ilokano/Iluko · Kapampangan/Capampangan · Pangasinan · Tagalog (Tinag-alog) Mga Wikipedia nga mayda 100,000 nga artikulo: Asturianu (Inasturianu) · Deutsch (Inaleman) · Català (Kinatalan) · Česká (Czech) · English (Ininggles) · Esperanto · Castellano/Español (Kinatsila/Inespanyol) · Suomi (Finnish) · Français (Frinanses) · Italiano (Initalyano) · 日本語 (Hinapon) · Magyar (Hungarian) · Nederlands (Dutch/Inolandes) · Norsk bokmål (Norwego nga Bokmal) · Polski (Pinolako) · Português (Pinortuges) · Română (Romanian) · Русский (Rinuso/Rusyano/Rinusya) · Slovenčina (Slovak) · Svenska (Swedish) · Türkçe (Turkish) · Українська (Ukrainian) · Volapük · Winaray/Binisaya nga Lineyte-Samarnon · 中文 (Mandarin nga Inintsek) Mga Wikipedia nga mayda 10,000 nga artikulo: العربية (Arabo) · Български (Bulgarian) · Dansk (Danish) · Ελληνικά (Griyego) · Eesti (Estonian) · Galego · עברית (Hinebreo) · Hrvatski (Croatian) · Ido · Bahasa Indonesia · 한국어 (Kinoreano) · Lietuvių (Lithuanian) · Bahasa Melayu · Nynorsk (Norwego nga Nynorsk) · Slovenščina (Slovenian) · Српски (Serbian) Mga Wikipedia nga mayda 1,000 nga artikulo: Afrikaans · Alemannisch (Alemmaniko) · Aragonés · Bân-lâm-gú (Min Nan nga Inintsek) · Беларуская (Belarusian) · Bosanski (Bosnian) · Cebuano/Sinugboanon · Corsu (Corsicano) · Чăваш чěлхи (Chuvash) · Cymraeg (Welsh) · Euskara (Vascongado) · فارسی (Persian) · Frysk (Western Frisian) · Gaeilge (Irish/Irlandes) · Gàidhlig (Scots Gaelic) · हिन्दी (Hindi) · Ilokano/Iluko · Interlingua · Íslenska (Icelandic) · Basa Jawa (Javanese) · ქართული (Georgian) · ಕನ್ನಡ(Kannada) · Kapampangan/Capampangan · Kreyòl Ayisyen (Haitiano nga Kreyol) · Kurdî / كوردی (Kurdish) · Latina (Latin/Linatin) · Lëtzebuergesch (Luxembourgish/Luxemburges) · Latviešu (Latvian) · मराठी (Marathi) · Plattdüütsch (Low Saxon) · Occitan/Langue d'oc · Ирон (Ossetic) · संस्कृतम् (Sanskrit) · Scots · Sicilianu · Simple English (Simple nga Iningles) · Shqip (Albanian) · Tagalog (Tinag-alog) · ภาษาไทย (Thai) · Tatarça (Tatar) · Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese) · Walon (Walloon) · ייִדיש (Yiddish) Kumpleto nga talaan · Pagburublig o pintakasi ha mga dirudilain nga mga yinaknan · Paagi pagtikang hin bag-o nga Wikipedia Mga Lakip nga Proyekto An Wikipedia libre ngan gawasnon nga ensayklopedya na igintukod han Wikimedia Foundation , nga katig-uban nga non-profit o diri-negosyo, na nagpapaluyo hin mga proyekto nga multilingguwal o ada ha mga iba nga yinaknan ug libre ngan gawasnon: Wiktionary (en) Diksyunario (pagpurulongan) ngan tesauro Wikiquote (en) Tinirok nga mga darahonon, puplonganon o ginyakan Wikisource Gawasnon nga kuruhaon hin mga dokumento. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Preceding events 2 Suicide 3 Aftermath Toggle Aftermath subsection 3.1 Further Soviet investigations and disinformation 3.1 Further Soviet investigations and disinformation 4 Legacy 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 Informational notes 8 Citations 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 10.1 Books 10.2 Articles 10.1 Books 10.2 Articles Death of Adolf Hitler العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bikol Central Български Čeština Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Front page of the US Armed Forces newspaper Stars and Stripes on 2 May 1945 Date 30 April 1945 ( 1945-04-30 ) Time c. 15:30–15:50 ( CEST , GMT+2 ) Location Führerbunker , Berlin , Germany Coordinates .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 52°30′45″N 13°22′52″E / 52.5125°N 13.381°E / 52.5125; 13.381 Cause Suicide by gunshot This article is part of a series about Adolf Hitler This article is part of a series about Adolf Hitler Personal Family Military career Political views Religious views Health possible monorchism Psychopathography Sexuality Wealth and income Vegetarianism Bodyguard Private library Columbus Globe for State and Industry Leaders Rise to power Naturalization Beer Hall Putsch Reichstag fire Enabling Act of 1933 Führer of Germany Nazi Germany Cabinet Economy German rearmament World War II Anschluss Occupation of Czechoslovakia Western Front Eastern Front Assassination attempts Death alleged doubles conspiracy theories last will and testament Crimes against humanity Nuremberg Laws The Holocaust Final Solution Romani Holocaust Electoral campaigns 1930 March 1932 July 1932 November 1932 March 1933 November 1933 Works Paintings Mein Kampf Hitlers Zweites Buch Speeches Legacy Bibliography Historiography Nazi salute Oaths Hitler Oath Personal standard Cult of personality In popular culture Eponymous streets Killing baby Hitler " Hitler was right " Reductio ad Hitlerum Family Military career Political views Religious views Health possible monorchism possible monorchism Psychopathography Sexuality Wealth and income Vegetarianism Bodyguard Private library Columbus Globe for State and Industry Leaders Naturalization Beer Hall Putsch Reichstag fire Enabling Act of 1933 Nazi Germany Cabinet Economy German rearmament Anschluss Occupation of Czechoslovakia Western Front Eastern Front Assassination attempts Death alleged doubles conspiracy theories last will and testament alleged doubles conspiracy theories last will and testament Nuremberg Laws The Holocaust Final Solution Romani Holocaust Final Solution Romani Holocaust 1930 March 1932 July 1932 November 1932 March 1933 November 1933 Paintings Mein Kampf Hitlers Zweites Buch Speeches Bibliography Historiography Nazi salute Oaths Hitler Oath Hitler Oath Personal standard Cult of personality In popular culture Eponymous streets Killing baby Hitler " Hitler was right " Reductio ad Hitlerum .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e Adolf Hitler , chancellor and dictator of Germany during the Nazi era from 1933 to 1945, committed suicide by gunshot to the head [ a ] [ b ] on 30 April 1945 in the Führerbunker in Berlin after it became clear that Germany would be defeated during the Battle of Berlin , which led to the end of World War II in Europe . His longtime companion and wife of one day, Eva Braun , committed suicide with him, by cyanide poisoning . [ c ] In accordance with Hitler's prior written and verbal instructions , that afternoon their remains were carried up the stairs and through the bunker's emergency exit to the Reich Chancellery garden, where they were doused in petrol and burned. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The news of Hitler's death was announced on German radio the next day, 1 May. [ 3 ] Eyewitnesses who saw Hitler's body immediately after his suicide testified that he died from a self-inflicted gunshot, presumably to the temple . [ d ] [ e ] [ f ] Otto Günsche , Hitler's personal adjutant, who handled both bodies, testified that while Braun's smelled strongly of burnt almonds – an indication of cyanide poisoning – there was no such odour about Hitler's body, which smelled of gunpowder. [ 4 ] Dental remains found in the Chancellery garden were matched with Hitler's dental records in May 1945 [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ g ] and are the only portion of Hitler's body confirmed to have been found. The Soviet Union restricted the release of information and released many conflicting reports about Hitler's death. Historians have largely rejected these as part of a deliberate disinformation campaign by Joseph Stalin to sow confusion regarding Hitler's death, [ 7 ] [ h ] [ i ] [ b ] or have attempted to reconcile them. [ j ] Soviet records allege that the burnt remains of Hitler and Braun were recovered, [ k ] [ l ] despite eyewitness accounts that they were almost completely reduced to ashes. [ m ] In June 1945, the Soviets began promulgating two contradictory narratives: that Hitler died by cyanide [ n ] or that he had survived and fled to another country. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Following extensive review, West Germany issued a death certificate in 1956. [ 11 ] Conspiracy theories about Hitler's death continue to attract interest. .mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none} Preceding events By early 1945, Nazi Germany was on the verge of total military collapse. Poland had fallen to the advancing Soviet Red Army , which was preparing to cross the Oder between Küstrin and Frankfurt-an-der-Oder with the objective of capturing Berlin 82 kilometres (51 mi) to the west. [ 12 ] German forces had recently lost to the Allies in the Ardennes Offensive , with British and Canadian forces crossing the Rhine into the German industrial heartland of the Ruhr . [ 13 ] US forces in the south had captured Lorraine and were advancing towards Mainz , Mannheim , and the Rhine. [ 13 ] German forces in Italy were withdrawing north, as they were pressed by United States and Commonwealth forces as part of the Spring Offensive to advance across the Po and into the foothills of the Alps . [ 14 ] Hitler retreated to the Führerbunker in Berlin on 16 January 1945. It was clear to the Nazi leadership that the Battle of Berlin would be the final battle of the war in Europe. [ 15 ] Some 325,000 soldiers of Germany's Army Group B were surrounded and captured in the Ruhr Pocket on 18 April, leaving the path open for US forces to reach Berlin. By 11 April, the Americans crossed the Elbe , 100 kilometres (62 mi) to the west of the city. [ 16 ] On 16 April, Soviet forces to the east crossed the Oder and commenced the battle for the Seelow Heights , the last major defensive line protecting Berlin on that side. [ 17 ] By 19 April, the Germans were in full retreat from the Seelow Heights, leaving no front line. Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time on 20 April, Hitler's birthday. By the evening of 21 April, Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of the city. [ 18 ] On 21 April, Hitler ordered a special detachment commanded by SS - Obergruppenführer Felix Steiner to counterattack the Soviets. At the next day's afternoon situation conference, Hitler suffered a nervous collapse when he was informed that these orders had not been obeyed. [ 19 ] He launched into a tirade against his generals, calling them treacherous and incompetent, culminating in a declaration – for the first time – that the war was lost. Hitler announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then shoot himself. [ 20 ] Later that day, he asked SS physician Werner Haase about the most reliable method of suicide. Haase suggested the "pistol-and-poison method" of combining a dose of cyanide with a gunshot to the head. [ 21 ] Luftwaffe chief Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring learned about Hitler's admission of defeat and declaration of his intended suicide and sent a telegram to Hitler , asking for permission to take over the leadership of the Reich in accordance with Hitler's 1941 decree naming him as his successor. [ 22 ] Hitler's secretary Martin Bormann convinced Hitler that the letter from Göring was an attempt to overthrow the dictator. [ 23 ] In response, Hitler informed Göring that he would be executed unless he resigned all of his posts. Later that day, he sacked Göring from all of his offices and ordered his arrest. [ 24 ] Hitler also ordered his chief aide and adjutant, Julius Schaub , to destroy safeguarded documents and his personal train . [ 25 ] [ 26 ] By 27 April, Berlin's communication had been all but cut off from the rest of Germany. Secure radio contact with defending units had been lost; the command staff in the Führerbunker had to depend on telephone lines for passing instructions and orders, and on public radio for news and information. [ 27 ] On 28 April, Hitler received a BBC report originating from Reuters : it stated that Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler had offered to surrender to the western Allies. The offer was declined. Himmler had implied to the Allies that he had the authority to negotiate a surrender, which Hitler considered to be treason. That afternoon, Hitler's anger and bitterness escalated into a rage against Himmler. [ 28 ] He ordered Himmler's arrest and had SS- Gruppenführer Hermann Fegelein (Himmler's SS representative at Hitler's headquarters) shot for desertion. [ 29 ] By this time, the Red Army had advanced to the Potsdamer Platz , roughly a kilometre away from the bunker, and all indications were that they were preparing to storm the Reich Chancellery. This report and Himmler's betrayal prompted Hitler to make the last decisions of his life. [ 30 ] Shortly after midnight on 29 April, [ 31 ] [ 32 ] he married Eva Braun in a small civil ceremony in a map room within the Führerbunker . The two then hosted a modest wedding breakfast, after which Hitler took his secretary Traudl Junge to another room and dictated his last will and testament . It left instructions to be carried out immediately following his death, with Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz and Joseph Goebbels assuming Hitler's roles as head of state and chancellor, respectively. [ 33 ] Hitler signed these documents at 04:00 and then went to bed. Some sources say that he dictated the last will and testament immediately before the wedding, but all agree on the timing of the signing. [ o ] [ p ] On the afternoon of 29 April, Hitler learned that his ally, Benito Mussolini , had been summarily executed by Italian partisans. The bodies of Mussolini and his mistress, Clara Petacci , had been strung up by their heels. The corpses were later cut down and thrown into the gutter, where they were mocked by Italian dissidents. These events may have strengthened Hitler's resolve not to allow himself or his wife to be made a "spectacle" of, as he had earlier recorded in his testament. [ 34 ] [ q ] Hitler had been given some capsules of prussic acid by Himmler through SS physician Ludwig Stumpfegger , and initially had intended to use them for his suicide. When he received the news that Himmler had contacted the Allies through a Swedish diplomat to arrange for an end to the war, Hitler was outraged. With this betrayal in his mind, Hitler began to doubt whether the ampoules would be effective. He ordered Haase to test one on his dog Blondi . The capsule worked – the dog died instantly. [ 35 ] Suicide Hitler and Braun lived together as husband and wife in the bunker for less than 40 hours. By 01:00 on 30 April, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel had reported that all of the forces on which Hitler had been depending to rescue Berlin had either been encircled or forced onto the defensive. [ 36 ] At around 02:30, Hitler appeared in the corridor where about twenty people, mostly women, were assembled to give their farewells. He went down the line, shaking hands and speaking with each of them, before retiring to his quarters. [ 37 ] Late in the morning, with the Soviets less than 500 metres (1,600 ft) from the Führerbunker , Hitler had a meeting with General Helmuth Weidling , the commander of the Berlin Defence Area. Weidling told Hitler that the garrison would likely run out of ammunition that night, and that the fighting in Berlin would inevitably come to an end within the next 24 hours. [ 36 ] Weidling asked for permission for a breakout ; this was a request he had unsuccessfully made before. Hitler did not answer, and Weidling went back to his headquarters in the Bendlerblock . At about 13:00, he received Hitler's permission to attempt a breakout that night. [ 38 ] Hitler, two secretaries, and his personal cook then had lunch, after which Hitler and Braun said goodbye to members of the bunker staff and fellow occupants, including Bormann, Goebbels, the secretaries, and several military officers. At around 14:30 Adolf and Eva Hitler went into his personal study. [ 39 ] Hitler's adjutant SS- Sturmbannführer Otto Günsche stood guard outside the study door. [ 40 ] After some time, Hitler's valet, Heinz Linge , entered the antechamber to Hitler's quarters, where he discovered the door closed and allegedly smelled gunpowder smoke. [ 41 ] Linge went back out to the corridor where Bormann was standing, and the two then entered the study together. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Linge later stated that while in the room he immediately noted a scent of burnt almonds, which is a common observation in the presence of hydrogen cyanide . [ 42 ] Linge saw the bodies of Hitler and Braun sitting upright on the sofa, with Hitler to Braun's right. His head was canted to his right. [ 43 ] Günsche entered the study shortly afterwards, later stating that Hitler "sat... sunken over, with blood dripping out of his right temple. He had shot himself with his own pistol." According to Linge, the 7.65-mm weapon was a Walther PP or PPK , while Günsche specified it was the latter. [ 42 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] The gun lay at his feet. [ 42 ] Hitler's dripping blood had made a large stain on the right arm of the sofa and was pooling on the rug. [ 47 ] According to Linge, Braun's body had no visible wounds, and her face showed how she had died – from cyanide poisoning . [ r ] Günsche and SS- Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke stated "unequivocally" that all outsiders and those performing duties and work in the bunker "did not have any access" to Hitler's private living quarters during the time of death (between 15:00 and 16:00). [ 48 ] Günsche left the study and announced that Hitler was dead to a group in the briefing room, which included Goebbels and Generals Hans Krebs and Wilhelm Burgdorf . [ 49 ] These three, in addition to others including Hitler Youth leader Artur Axmann , viewed the bodies. [ 50 ] Linge and another man rolled up Hitler's body in a blanket, [ 51 ] and then, in accordance with Hitler's prior written and verbal instructions, his and Braun's bodies were carried up the stairs and through the bunker's emergency exit to the garden behind the Reich Chancellery, where they were to be burned with petrol . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Although Hitler's corpse was partially covered by the blanket, numerous witnesses testified to recognising him, as the top of his head was not covered, nor were his lower legs and feet. [ 52 ] The bunker telephone operator SS- Oberscharführer Rochus Misch reported Hitler's death to Führerbegleitkommando ( Führer Escort Command) chief Franz Schädle and returned to the switchboard, later recalling someone shouting that Hitler's body was being burned. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] After the first attempts to ignite the petrol did not work, Linge went back inside the bunker and returned with a thick roll of papers. Bormann lit the papers and threw them onto the bodies. As the two corpses caught fire, a group including Bormann, Günsche, Linge, Goebbels, Erich Kempka , Peter Högl , Ewald Lindloff , and Hans Reisser raised their arms in salute as they stood just inside the bunker doorway. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] At around 16:15, Linge ordered SS- Untersturmführer Heinz Krüger and SS- Oberscharführer Werner Schwiedel to roll up the rug in Hitler's study to burn it. Schwiedel later stated that upon entering the study, he saw a pool of blood the size of a "large dinner plate" by the arm-rest of the sofa. Noticing a spent cartridge case, he bent down and picked it up from where it lay on the rug about 1 metre (3 ft) from a 7.65 pistol. [ 45 ] The two men removed the blood-stained rug and carried it up the stairs and outside to the Chancellery garden, where it was placed on the ground and burned. [ 57 ] The Red Army shelled the area in and around the Reich Chancellery on and off during the afternoon. SS guards brought over additional cans of petrol to further burn the corpses. Although the corpses were being burned in the open, where the distribution of heat varies (as opposed to in a crematorium ), according to eyewitnesses, the copious amount of fuel applied from about 16:00 to 18:30 reduced the remains to something between charred bones and piles of ashes which fell apart to the touch. [ 58 ] [ m ] At approximately 18:30, Lindloff (and perhaps Reisser) covered up the ashen remains in a shallow bomb crater. [ 59 ] The shelling and a fire from napalm incendiary bombs continued until 2 May. During this period it was difficult to spend any time in the garden because of the continuous shelling. [ 60 ] Aftermath Krebs met Soviet general Vasily Chuikov just prior to 04:00 on 1 May, giving him the news of Hitler's death, while attempting to negotiate a ceasefire and open "peace negotiations". [ 61 ] [ 62 ] Joseph Stalin was informed of Hitler's suicide around 04:05 Berlin time, thirteen hours after the event. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] He demanded unconditional surrender , which Krebs lacked authorisation to give. [ 65 ] [ 66 ] Stalin wanted confirmation that Hitler was dead and ordered the Red Army's counterespionage unit, SMERSH , to find his corpse. [ 67 ] The first inkling to the outside world that Hitler was dead came from the Germans themselves. On the night of 1 May, the Reichssender Hamburg radio station interrupted their normal program to announce that Hitler had died that afternoon, [ s ] and introduced his successor, Dönitz. [ 3 ] Dönitz called upon the German people to mourn their Führer , whom he stated had died a hero defending the capital of the Reich. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Hoping to save the army and the nation by negotiating a partial surrender to the British and Americans, Dönitz authorised a fighting withdrawal to the west. His tactic was somewhat successful: it enabled about 1.8 million German soldiers to avoid capture by the Soviets, but came at a high cost in bloodshed, as troops continued to fight until 8 May. [ 70 ] In the early morning hours of 2 May, the Soviets captured the Reich Chancellery. [ 73 ] Inside the Führerbunker , Krebs and Burgdorf shot themselves in the head. [ 74 ] In early May, Hitler's and Braun's dental remains were extracted from the soil. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 75 ] [ t ] Stalin was wary of believing Hitler was dead and restricted the release of information to the public. [ 76 ] [ 77 ] By 11 May, dental assistant Käthe Heusermann and dental technician Fritz Echtmann, both of whom had worked for Hitler's dentist Hugo Blaschke , [ u ] identified the dental remains of Hitler and Braun. [ 78 ] [ 79 ] [ g ] Both would spend years in Soviet prisons. [ 80 ] An alleged Soviet autopsy of Hitler made public in 1968 was used by forensic odontologists Reidar F. Sognnaes and Ferdinand Strøm to confirm the authenticity of Hitler's dental remains in 1972. [ 81 ] In 2017, French forensic pathologist Philippe Charlier also found the dental remains in the Soviet archives, including teeth on part of a jawbone, to be in "perfect agreement" with X-rays taken of Hitler in 1944. [ 82 ] Charlier used electron microscopy to examine the tartar , which contained only plant fibres, a detail consistent with Hitler's vegetarianism . [ 83 ] In May 2018, the European Journal of Internal Medicine published a paper co-authored by Charlier and four other researchers, which concluded that these remains "cannot be a fake", citing their significant wear. [ 72 ] No gunpowder residue was detected, indicating that Hitler did not die by a gunshot wound through the mouth, [ 84 ] as Axmann contended. [ 85 ] [ f ] In early June 1945, SMERSH moved the remains of several individuals, including the Goebbels family (Joseph, Magda , and their children ), from Buch to Finow. Hitler and Braun's remains were alleged to have been moved as well, but this is most likely Soviet disinformation. There is no evidence that any bodily remains of Hitler or Braun – with the exception of the dental remains – were found by the Soviets. [ 7 ] [ 86 ] [ 87 ] The remains of the Goebbels family and others were buried in a forest in Brandenburg on 3 June 1945, then exhumed and moved to SMERSH's new facility in Magdeburg , where they were re-buried in February 1946. [ 78 ] [ 88 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] By 1970, the facility was under KGB control and scheduled to be relinquished to East Germany . Concerned that a known Nazi burial site might become a neo-Nazi shrine, KGB director Yuri Andropov authorised an operation to exhume and destroy the decaying remains. On 4 April 1970, a KGB team thoroughly cremated them and cast the ashes into the Biederitz river, a tributary of the nearby Elbe. [ 91 ] [ v ] For politically motivated reasons, the Soviet Union presented various versions of Hitler's fate. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] On 5 June 1945, the Soviets claimed that his body had been examined and that he had died by cyanide poisoning. [ 92 ] At a press conference on 9 June, the Soviets said they had not actually identified the body and that Hitler had likely escaped. [ 93 ] When asked in July how Hitler had died, Stalin said he was living "in Spain or Argentina". [ 94 ] In the years immediately after the war, the Soviets maintained that Hitler was not dead, but had escaped and was either being sheltered by the former western Allies or was in Francoist Spain or South America. [ 8 ] The contentious 1947 American book Who Killed Hitler? suggests that Soviet leadership "[kept] the ghost of Hitler alive" to motivate its Communist forces to continue fighting against fascism. [ 95 ] In November 1945, Dick White , the head of counter-intelligence in the British sector of Berlin, had their agent Hugh Trevor-Roper investigate. His report was expanded and published in 1947 as The Last Days of Hitler . [ 96 ] Until the mid-1950s, the US Federal Bureau of Investigation and Central Intelligence Agency investigated many claims that Hitler might still be alive, while lending none of them credence. [ 97 ] [ 98 ] The documents remained classified until the early 2010s, as authorised by the 1998 Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act . [ 99 ] [ 100 ] The secrecy in which the investigation was shrouded helped fuel fringe theories asserting Hitler's survival. [ 97 ] Presiding judge at the Einsatzgruppen trial at Nuremberg Michael Musmanno considered all such claims contrary to the evidence. [ 101 ] Between 1948 and 1952, amid denazification proceedings in West Germany , legal disputes over Hitler's former property (including The Art of Painting by Johannes Vermeer ) were hindered by the lack of an official death declaration. Beginning in 1952, a federal court in Berchtesgaden interviewed 42 witnesses about Hitler's suicide – behind closed doors to avoid testimonies influencing one another. After four years of extensive review, Judge Heinrich Stephanus concluded: "There can no longer be the slightest doubt that on 30 April 1945 Adolf Hitler put an end to his life in the Chancellery by his own hand, by means of a shot into his right temple." [ 102 ] A death certificate was issued on 25 February 1956, with an attached report of more than 1,500 pages. An 80-page expert criminological report was prepared in mid-1956, focusing on the "substantial discrepancies" between eyewitness testimonies and serving as a springboard for photographic reconstructions. Ballistic experiments were arranged to determine which interpretation of the fatal gunshot was most likely. [ 103 ] [ w ] The declaration became public and legally binding by the year's end. Hitler's demise was entered as an assumption of death on the basis that none of the witnesses had seen his body, which German historian Anton Joachimsthaler points out is incorrect. [ 102 ] The federal court went on to publish a summary of its findings of fact in a 1958 press release. [ 104 ] Further Soviet investigations and disinformation On 11 December 1945, the Soviets allowed a limited investigation of the bunker complex grounds by the other Allied powers (Britain, France, and the US). Two representatives from each nation watched several Germans dig up soil down to the concrete roof of the bunker; the excavation included the bomb crater where Hitler's burnt remains had been buried. Found during the dig were two hats identified as Hitler's, an undergarment with Braun's initials, and some reports to Hitler from Goebbels. The Soviet People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) barred further excavation on the accusation that the representatives had removed documents from the Reich Chancellery. [ 105 ] At the end of 1945, Stalin ordered the NKVD to form a second commission to investigate Hitler's death. [ 106 ] On 30 May 1946, agents of the NKVD's successor, the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), found part of a skull in the crater where Hitler's remains had been exhumed. [ 107 ] The remnant consists of part of the occipital bone and part of both parietal bones . [ 72 ] The nearly complete left parietal bone has a bullet hole, apparently an exit wound. [ 72 ] [ 107 ] This remained uncatalogued until 1975, [ 108 ] and was rediscovered in the Russian State Archives in 1993. [ 109 ] In 2009, University of Connecticut archaeologist and bone specialist Nick Bellantoni examined the skull fragment, [ 110 ] which Soviet officials believed to be Hitler's. [ 111 ] According to Bellantoni, "The bone seemed very thin" for a male, [ 112 ] [ x ] [ y ] and "the sutures where the skull plates come together seemed to correspond to someone under 40". [ 110 ] A small piece detached from the skull was DNA-tested , as was blood from Hitler's sofa. The skull was determined to be that of a woman, while the blood sample contained male DNA. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] [ 112 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] [ z ] In 2025, blood from the sofa was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to the DNA of a relative with shared paternal ancestry. [ 115 ] On 29 December 1949, a secret dossier on Hitler was presented to Stalin, which was based upon the interrogation of Nazis who had been present in the Führerbunker , including Günsche and Linge. [ 116 ] Western historians were allowed into the archives of the former Soviet Union beginning in 1991, but the dossier remained undiscovered for twelve years; in 2005, it was published as The Hitler Book . [ 116 ] In 1968, Soviet journalist Lev Bezymenski published his book, The Death of Adolf Hitler , [ 81 ] which includes previously unreleased photographs of the dental remains. [ 117 ] The book transcribes a purported Soviet forensic examination led by Faust Shkaravsky , which concluded that Hitler committed cyanide poisoning. [ n ] Bezymenski further theorised that Hitler requested a coup de grâce to ensure his quick death, [ 118 ] but later admitted that his work included "deliberate lies", such as the manner of Hitler's death. [ 8 ] In 1978, American journalist James P. O'Donnell corrected the book's claim that cyanide acts instantaneously, saying Hitler could have taken poison and still had enough time to shoot himself. [ 119 ] The book and alleged autopsy have been widely derided by Western historians. Joachimsthaler, in his extensive analysis of the circumstances surrounding Hitler's death, quotes a German pathologist as saying about the purported autopsy: "Bezemensky's report is ridiculous... Any one of my assistants would have done better... the whole thing is a farce... it is intolerably bad work... the transcript of the post-mortem section of 8 [May] 1945 describes anything but Hitler." [ 120 ] Legacy After Hitler's death and the end of World War II in Europe , the occupying Allies divided Germany into four zones. [ 121 ] This led to the start of the Cold War between the Western Bloc , supported by the US, and the Eastern Bloc , supported by the Soviet Union. [ 122 ] From 1961 until 1989, the divide was physically manifested via the Berlin Wall , [ 123 ] followed by Germany's reunification in 1990 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Following Hitler's death, war veteran and future US president John F. Kennedy wrote in his diary that the dictator "had a mystery about him in the way he lived and in the manner of his death that will live and grow after him". [ 124 ] Historian Joachim Fest opines that the almost "traceless" death of Hitler allowed him to stay in the public eye, granting him a "bizarre afterlife"; conspiracy theories – rooted in Soviet disinformation alleging his survival – bolstered continued doubts and speculation, including outlandish tabloid and journalistic reports published into the late 20th century. [ 125 ] Conspiracy theories about Hitler's death and about the Nazi era as a whole still attract interest, with books, TV shows, and films continuing to be produced on the topic. [ 126 ] [ 127 ] Historian Luke Daly-Groves wrote that Hitler's death is not about the death of one man, but carries a greater significance as to the end of the regime and the ideological impact it left behind. [ 128 ] Gallery Joseph Goebbels, his wife Magda, their six children, and Magda's earlier son, Harald Quandt (the only family member to survive the war) Hitler (right) visiting Berlin defenders in early April 1945 with Hermann Göring (centre) and Chief of the OKW Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel (partially hidden) Heinz Linge , Hitler's valet, was one of the first people into Hitler's study after the suicides. Winston Churchill sitting on a damaged chair from the Führerbunker in July 1945 The demolished emergency exit of the Führerbunker in the Reich Chancellery garden (1947) Eyewitness Artur Axmann providing details of Hitler's death in Nuremberg in 1947 See also Führer Headquarters List of Nazi Party leaders and officials Popular culture representations of Hitler after his death Vorbunker The Bunker (1981 film) The Bunker (book) Downfall (2004 film) Hitler: The Last Ten Days – 1973 film Informational notes ^ "... 30 April ... During the afternoon Hitler shot himself..." ( MI5 staff 2011 ). ^ a b "... most Soviet accounts have held that Hitler also [in addition to Braun] ended his life by poison ... there are contradictions in the Soviet story ... these contradictions tend to indicate that the Soviet version of Hitler's suicide has a political colouration." ( Fest 1974 , p. 749). ^ "... her lips puckered from the poison." ( Beevor 2002 , p. 359). ^ "... Günsche stated he entered the study to inspect the bodies, and observed Hitler ... sat ... sunken over, with blood dripping out of his right temple. He had shot himself with his own pistol, a PPK 7.65." ( Fischer 2008 , p. 47). ^ "... blood dripped from a bullet hole in his right temple ..." ( Kershaw 2008 , p. 955). ^ a b "... the version involving a 'shot in the mouth' with secondary injuries to the temples must be rejected ... the overwhelming majority of witnesses saw an entry wound in the temple ... according to all witnesses... there were allegedly no injuries to the back of Hitler's head." ( Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 166). ^ a b "... the only thing to remain of Hitler was a gold bridge with porcelain facets from his upper jaw and the lower jawbone [fragment] with some teeth and two bridges." ( Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 225). ^ "New versions of Hitler's fate were presented by the Soviet Union according to the political needs of the moment." ( Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 288). ^ "The intentionally misleading account of Hitler's death by cyanide poisoning put about by Soviet historians ... can be dismissed." ( Kershaw 2001 , p. 1037). ^ "... we have a fair answer ... to the version of ... Russian author Lev Bezymenski ... Hitler did shoot himself and did bite into the cyanide capsule, just as Professor Haase had clearly and repeatedly instructed ... " ( O'Donnell 2001 , pp. 322–323). ^ "... [the bodies] were deposited ... in an unmarked grave in a forest far to the west of Berlin, reburied in 1946 in a plot of land in Magdeburg." ( Kershaw 2008 , p. 958). ^ "In 1970, the Kremlin finally decided to dispose of the body in absolute secrecy... the body, which had been concealed beneath a Soviet army parade-ground in Magdeburg, was exhumed at night and burned." ( Beevor 2002 , p. 431). ^ a b According to some early historians, bones do not wholly disintegrate even during indoor cremation. ( Trevor-Roper 2002 , p. 182; Bullock 1962 , p. 800). This same conclusion was reached by certain scientific studies. ( Castillo et al. 2013 ; Benecke 2022 ). Moreover, Hitler's dental remains partially comprise intact bone. ( Charlier et al. 2018 ). ^ a b This cannot be verified because no dissection of internal organs was recorded in the autopsy report. ( Petrova & Watson 1995 , p. 81). ^ Using sources available to Trevor-Roper (a World War II MI5 agent and historian/author of The Last Days of Hitler ), MI5 records the marriage as taking place after Hitler had dictated the last will and testament. ( MI5 staff 2011 ). ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 343 records the marriage as taking place before Hitler had dictated the last will and testament. ^ It is unknown how much of this was communicated to Hitler. ( Shirer 1960 , p. 1131). ^ "Cyanide poisoning. Its 'bite' was marked in her features." ( Linge 2009 , p. 199). ^ Hitler had actually died the previous day. ( Shirer 1960 , p. 1137). ^ According to the Soviets, the discovery of the body of a look-alike of Hitler late on 3 May delayed the purported exhumation of the burnt remains of Hitler and Braun from 4 May to the following day. ( Petrova & Watson 1995 , pp. 52–53). ^ Heusermann helped locate Hitler's X-rays and directed the Soviets to Echtmann, who had made Hitler's bridges. ( Petrova & Watson 1995 , pp. 56–57). ^ Beevor states that "... the ashes were flushed into the town [Magdeburg] sewage system." ( Beevor 2002 , p. 431). ^ German historian Anton Joachimsthaler , who cites some of the testimonies in his book on Hitler's death, mentions the ballistic experiments without detailing their results. ( Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 161). ^ Philippe Charlier later stated, "When doing [an examination] of the skull, you have a 55 per cent chance of getting the sex right." ( Lusher 2018 ). ^ According to a scientific article co-authored by Philippe Charlier, the sex is difficult to determine due to two factors: severe heating from burning, which could have reduced the skull's thickness, and the absence of the nuchal crest . ( Charlier et al. 2018 ). ^ This prompted the vice president of the Russian state archive to say, "No one claimed that was Hitler's skull." ( ABC News 2009 ). Citations ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , pp. 954, 956. ^ a b Linge 2009 , pp. 199, 200. ^ a b Shirer 1960 , p. 1137. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 163, 173. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 29, 231–234. ^ a b Lusher 2018 . ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 215–225. ^ a b c d Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 288. ^ a b Kershaw 2001 , p. 1037. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 22, 23. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 11. ^ Horrabin 1946, Vol. X , p. 51. ^ a b Horrabin 1946, Vol. X , p. 53. ^ Horrabin 1946, Vol. X , p. 43. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 139. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1105. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 209–217. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 255–256, 262. ^ Erickson 1983 , pp. 585–586. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 275. ^ O'Donnell 2001 , pp. 230, 323. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1116. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 289. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1118. ^ Hamilton 1984 , p. 168. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 107, 287. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 323. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 943–946. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 946–947. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1194. ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 821. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 278. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 949–950. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1131. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 951–952. ^ a b Erickson 1983 , pp. 603–604. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1132. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 358. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 358–359. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 955. ^ Brisard & Parshina 2018 , pp. 260–261. ^ a b c d Linge 2009 , p. 199. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 154–155. ^ Fischer 2008 , p. 47. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 162. ^ Fest 2004 , p. 116. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 155, 162, 175–176. ^ Fischer 2008 , pp. 47–48. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 154–156. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 156, 180–182. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 192–193. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 180–182. ^ Rosenberg 2009 . ^ Misch 2014 , p. 173. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 200. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 197, 198. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 162, 175. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 210–215. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 216–220. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 224–225. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 367–368. ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005 , pp. 280, 281. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 368. ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 280. ^ Ryan 1994 , p. 364. ^ Misch 2014 , p. 175. ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 281. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 381. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 959. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 961–963. ^ Bezymenski 1968 , p. 45. ^ a b c d Charlier et al. 2018 . ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 387, 388. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 387. ^ Erickson 1983 , p. 435. ^ Kershaw 2001 , pp. 1038, 1039. ^ Dolezal 2004 , pp. 185–186. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 958. ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 282. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 99, 207, 299, 303. ^ a b Senn & Weems 2013 , p. 19. ^ Brisard & Parshina 2018 , pp. 224, 273–274. ^ Brisard & Parshina 2018 , p. 301. ^ Daley 2018 . ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 164. ^ Fest 2004 , pp. 162–164. ^ Felton 2014 , pp. 162–163. ^ Vinogradov et al. 2005 , pp. 111–116. ^ Halpin & Boyes 2009 . ^ Tkachenko 2009 . ^ Vinogradov et al. 2005 , pp. 333, 335–336. ^ Trevor-Roper 2002 , p. liv. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 22. ^ Beschloss 2002 . ^ Moore & Barrett 1947 , p. 136. ^ MI5 staff 2011 . ^ a b Anderson 2015 . ^ CIA Chief of Station, Caracas 1955 . ^ CIA staff 2013 . ^ FBI Records 2011 . ^ Musmanno 1950 , pp. 231–32, 234, 236, 238–39, 242–43. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 8–13. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 11–12, 159–161. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 12. ^ Musmanno 1950 , pp. 233–234. ^ Petrova & Watson 1995 , pp. 81–82, 84–85. ^ a b Eberle & Uhl 2005 , pp. 287, 288. ^ Brisard & Parshina 2018 , pp. 29, 30, 32. ^ Isachenkov 1993 . ^ a b c Goñi 2009 . ^ a b CNN staff 2009 . ^ a b ABC News 2009 . ^ Brisard & Parshina 2018 , pp. 18–22. ^ Associated Press 2009 . ^ Oltermann 2025 . ^ a b Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. xxvi. ^ Bezymenski 1968 , inside jacket. ^ Bezymenski 1968 , pp. 49, 75. ^ O'Donnell 2001 , pp. 322–323. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 252–253. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 969. ^ Daly-Groves 2019 , pp. 26, 68. ^ CNN Editorial Research 2023 . ^ BBC News 2017 . ^ Fest 2004 , pp. 160, 162, 165. ^ Daly-Groves 2019 , pp. 22–25. ^ Barber 2020 . ^ Daly-Groves 2019 , p. 26. Bibliography .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} ABC News (9 December 2009). "DNA Test Sparks Controversy Over Hitler's Remains" . Retrieved 20 December 2020 . {{ cite news }} : CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( link ) Anderson, John (10 November 2015). "One Industry That Capitalizes on America's Hitler Fascination" . Fortune . Retrieved 19 September 2018 . Associated Press (30 September 2009). "Hitler's supposed skull really belongs to a woman" . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 3 November 2025 . Barber, Tony (1 October 2020). "The Hitler Conspiracies – why are Nazi myths flourishing?" . The Financial Times . Retrieved 9 March 2021 . "JFK diary calls Hitler 'stuff of legends' " . BBC News . 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin – The Downfall 1945 . New York: Viking-Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5 . Benecke, Mark (12 December 2022) [2003]. "The Hunt for Hitler's Teeth" . Bizarre . Retrieved 4 March 2024 – via Dr. Mark Benecke. Beschloss, Michael (December 2002). "Dividing the Spoils" . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 5 September 2018 . Bezymenski, Lev (1968). The Death of Adolf Hitler (1st ed.). New York: Harcourt, Brace & World . Brisard, Jean-Christophe and Parshina, Lana (2018). The Death of Hitler . Boston: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0306922589 . Bullock, Alan (1962) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . New York: Konecky & Konecky. OCLC 33389757 . Castillo, Rafael Fernández; Ubelaker, Douglas H.; Acosta, José Antonio Lorente; Cañadas de la Fuente, Guillermo A. (10 March 2013). "Effects of temperature on bone tissue. Histological study of the changes in the bone matrix" . Forensic Science International . 226 (1): 33– 37. doi : 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.11.012 . hdl : 10481/91826 . ISSN 0379-0738 . PMID 23287528 . Charlier, Philippe ; Weil, Raphael; Rainsard, P.; Poupon, Joël; Brisard, J.C. (1 May 2018). "The remains of Adolf Hitler: A biomedical analysis and definitive identification" . European Journal of Internal Medicine . 54 : e10 – e12 . doi : 10.1016/j.ejim.2018.05.014 . 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ISBN 0-7621-0523-2 . Eberle, Henrik ; Uhl, Matthias, eds. (2005). The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin from the Interrogations of Hitler's Personal Aides . New York: Public Affairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-366-1 . Erickson, John (1983). The Road to Berlin: Stalin's War with Germany: Volume 2 . London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson . ISBN 978-0-297-77238-5 . Felton, Mark (2014). Guarding Hitler: The Secret World of the Führer . London: Pen and Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-78159-305-9 . Fest, Joachim C. (1974). Hitler . New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-141650-9 . Fest, Joachim (2004). Inside Hitler's Bunker: The Last Days of the Third Reich . New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-13577-5 . Fischer, Thomas (2008). Soldiers of the Leibstandarte . Winnipeg: J.J. Fedorowicz . ISBN 978-0-921991-91-5 . Goñi, Uki (27 September 2009). "Tests on skull fragment cast doubt on Adolf Hitler suicide story" . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Halpin, Tony and Boyes, Roger (9 December 2009). "Battle of Hitler's skull prompts Russia to reveal all" . The Times . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Hamilton, Charles (1984). Leaders and Personalities of the Third Reich: Their Biographies, Portraits, and Autographs . San Jose, CA: R. James Bender Publishing. ISBN 0-912138-27-0 . Horrabin, J.F. (1946). Vol. X: May 1944 – August 1945 . An Atlas-History of the Second Great War. Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson & Sons. OCLC 464378076 . Isachenkov, Vladimir (20 February 1993). "Russians say they have bones from Hitler's skull" . Gadsen Times . The AP . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999) [1995]. The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, The Evidence, The Truth . Translated by Helmut Bölger. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8 . Kershaw, Ian (2001) [2000]. Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis . London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-027239-0 . Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography . New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6 . Linge, Heinz (2009) [1980]. With Hitler to the End . Frontline Books–Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-804-7 . Lusher, Adam (20 May 2018). "Adolf Hitler really is dead: scientific study debunks conspiracy theories that he escaped to South America" . The Independent . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . MI5 staff (2011). "Hitler's last days" . London: The Security Service. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link ) Misch, Rochus (2014) [2008]. Hitler's Last Witness: The Memoirs of Hitler's Bodyguard . London: Frontline Books-Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-1-848-32749-8 . Moore, Herbert; Barrett, James W., eds. (1947). Who Killed Hitler? . W. F. Heimlich (foreword). New York: The Booktab Press. Musmanno, Michael A. (1950). Ten Days to Die . Garden City, NY: Doubleday . O'Donnell, James P. (2001) [1978]. The Bunker . Boston: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80958-3 . Oltermann, Philip (13 November 2025). "Did Hitler really have a 'micropenis'? The dubious documentary analysing the dictator's DNA" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 November 2025 . Petrova, Ada and Watson, Peter (1995). The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives . W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-03914-6 . Rosenberg, Steven (3 September 2009). "I was in Hitler's suicide bunker" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Ryan, Cornelius (1994) [1966]. The Last Battle . New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-439-12701-8 . Senn, David R. and Weems, Richard A. (2013). Manual of Forensic Odontology . Boca Raton: CRC Press . ISBN 978-1-439-85134-0 . Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . New York: Simon & Schuster. LCCN 60-6729 . Tkachenko, Maxim (11 December 2009). "Official: KGB chief ordered Hitler's remains destroyed" . CNN . Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Trevor-Roper, Hugh (2002) [1947]. The Last Days of Hitler (7th ed.). London: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-330-49060-3 . US Federal Bureau of Investigation (10 April 2011). "Adolf Hitler" . FBI Records: The Vault . Archived from the original on 10 April 2011 . Retrieved 8 January 2019 . Vinogradov, V. K.; Pogonyi, J. F.; Teptzov, N. V. (2005). Hitler's Death: Russia's Last Great Secret from the Files of the KGB . London: Chaucer Press. ISBN 978-1-904449-13-3 . Further reading Books Galante, Pierre; Silianoff, Eugene (1989). Voices From the Bunker . New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-3991-3404-3 . Gardner, Dave (2001). The Last of the Hitlers: The story of Adolf Hitler's British Nephew and the Amazing Pact to Make Sure his Genes Die Out . Worcester, UK: BMM. ISBN 978-0-9541544-0-0 . Lehmann, Armin D. (2004). In Hitler's Bunker: A Boy Soldier's Eyewitness Account of the Führer's Last Days . Guilford, CT: Lyon's Press. ISBN 978-1-59228-578-5 . Rzhevskaya, Elena (1965). Берлин, май 1945. Записки военного переводчика [ Berlin 1945: Memoirs of a Wartime Interpreter ] (in Russian). Waite, Robert G. L. (1993) [1977]. The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler . New York: DaCapo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80514-1 . Articles "Russia displays 'Hitler skull fragment' " . BBC News . 26 April 2000. Cosgrove, Ben (15 April 2014). "After the Fall: Photos of Hitler's Bunker and the Ruins of Berlin" . Life . Marchetti, Daniela; Boschi, Ilaria; Polacco, Matteo; Rainio, Juha (2005). "The Death of Adolf Hitler—Forensic Aspects" . Journal of Forensic Sciences . 50 (5): 1147– 1153. doi : 10.1520/JFS2004314 . PMID 16225223 . JFS2004314. Petrova, Ada; Watson, Peter (1995). "The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives" . The Washington Post . Sognnaes, Reidar F. ; Ström, Ferdinand (1973). "The odontological identification of Adolf Hitler" . Acta Odontologica Scandinavica . 31 (1): 47. doi : 10.3109/00016357309004612 . PMID 4575430 . v t e Adolf Hitler v t e Politics Führer Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Führer Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Events Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories conspiracy theories Places of residence Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Personal life Health possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Health possible monorchism possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Personal belongings Hitler's Globe Private library Hitler's Globe Private library Perceptions Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Family Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Other Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Category Category v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) v t e 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller Heinrich Müller Death of Adolf Hitler 1945 deaths 1945 suicides Adolf Hitler April 1945 in Europe Battle of Berlin Deaths by person in Germany Male suicides People declared dead in absentia Suicides by firearm in Germany Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles containing German-language text Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Good articles Use British English from November 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from August 2020 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French-language text CS1 maint: ref duplicates default CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list Commons category link from Wikidata CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) Pages using the Kartographer extension This page was last edited on 15 November 2025, at 15:13 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 Other awards 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Dustin Lance Black العربية Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Svenska 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Dustin Lance Black Black at the 2019 British Podcast Awards Born ( 1974-06-10 ) June 10, 1974 (age 51) [ 1 ] Sacramento County, California , U.S. Education University of California, Los Angeles ( BA ), Pasadena City College Occupations Screenwriter, film director, film producer Years active 2000–present Notable work Big Love (2006–09) Milk (2008) 8 (2011) Board member of American Foundation for Equal Rights Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Tom Daley ( m. 2017) Children 2 Signature Dustin Lance Black (born June 10, 1974) [ 1 ] is an American screenwriter, director, producer, and LGBTQ rights activist. He is known for writing the film Milk , for which he won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay in 2009. He also wrote the screenplay for the film J. Edgar and the 2022 crime miniseries Under the Banner of Heaven . Black is a founding board member of the American Foundation for Equal Rights [ 2 ] and writer of 8 , a staged re-enactment of the federal trial that led to a federal court's overturn of California's Proposition 8 . [ 3 ] Early life Black's father walked out on his mother, who had polio , [ 4 ] Roseanna, and his two brothers, Marcus Raul and Todd Bryant, when he was young. They grew up in a Mormon household, [ 5 ] [ 6 ] first in San Antonio, Texas , before moving to Salinas, California . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Growing up in his family's Mormon culture and living on military bases , Black worried about his sexuality. When he found himself attracted to a boy in his neighborhood at the age of six or seven, he told himself "I'm going to hell. And if I ever admit it, I'll be hurt, and I'll be brought down". [ 7 ] He says that his "acute awareness" of his sexuality made him shy and at times suicidal. He came out in his senior year of college. [ 7 ] While attending North Salinas High School , Black began to work in theater at The Western Stage in Salinas [ 7 ] and later worked on productions including Bare at Hollywood's Hudson Main Stage Theater. [ 9 ] Black graduated from Pasadena City College in 1994 [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] before transferring to University of California, Los Angeles, School of Theater, Film, and Television ( UCLA ) while apprenticing with stage directors, taking acting jobs, and working on theater lighting crews. [ 13 ] He graduated with honors in 1996. Career In 2000, Black wrote and directed The Journey of Jared Price , a gay romance film, and Something Close to Heaven , a gay coming-of-age short film. In 2001, he directed and was a subject in the documentary On the Bus about a Nevada road trip and adventure at Burning Man taken by six gay men. [ 6 ] Raised as Mormon , he was hired as the only such writer on the HBO drama series Big Love about a polygamous family. He served on season one as a staff writer, executive story editor in season two, and was promoted again, to co-producer, for season three. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Black first visited San Francisco in the early 1990s, while AIDS was devastating the city's gay community. Black said that, "Hearing about Harvey was about the only hopeful story there was at the time." [ 16 ] He had first viewed Rob Epstein 's documentary The Times of Harvey Milk when he was in college, and thought, "I just want to do something with this, why hasn't someone done something with this?" [ 7 ] Researching Milk's life for three years, [ 13 ] Black met with Milk's former aides Cleve Jones and Anne Kronenberg , as well as former San Francisco Mayor Art Agnos , [ 16 ] and began to write a feature film screenplay encompassing the events of Milk's life. [ 7 ] The screenplay was written on spec , [ 17 ] but Black showed the script to Jones, who passed it on to his friend Gus Van Sant , who signed on to direct the feature. [ 16 ] Black is an old friend of Milk producer Dan Jinks , who signed on to the biopic after he called Black to congratulate him and discovered that the project did not have a confirmed producer. [ 18 ] Black's film Pedro , profiling the life of AIDS activist and reality television personality Pedro Zamora , premiered at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival . On February 22, 2009, Black won the Oscar for Best Original Screenplay for Milk at the 81st Academy Awards . He wore a White Knot to the ceremony as a symbol of solidarity with the marriage equality movement . [ 19 ] On October 11, 2009, Black marched in the National Equality March and delivered a speech in front of the United States Capitol to an estimated crowd of 200,000 LGBT rights activists. [ 20 ] In 2010, Black directed his own script Virginia , starring Jennifer Connelly . [ 21 ] Also in 2010, Black narrated 8: The Mormon Proposition , a documentary about the involvement of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) in California's Proposition 8 . Black accepted the award for best documentary for 8: The Mormon Proposition at the GLAAD Media awards in San Francisco and spoke out on discrimination in the LDS Church and meeting with the church to make it more LGBT-inclusive. [ 8 ] [ 22 ] Black wrote the screenplay for J. Edgar , a biographical drama released November 11, 2011, directed by Clint Eastwood and starring Leonardo DiCaprio . [ 23 ] In 2011, Black wrote the play 8 , which portrays the actual events in the Hollingsworth v. Perry trial and the testimony which led to the overturn of California's Proposition 8 . He created the play in response to the federal court's refusal to allow release of video recordings from the trial and to give the public a true account of what transpired in the courtroom. [ 24 ] It is written and performed using original transcripts from the trial and journalist records, along with first-hand interviews of the people involved. 8 first opened at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre in New York City on September 19, 2011, and later broadcast to a worldwide audience on YouTube from the Ebell of Los Angeles Theatre on March 3, 2012. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] The American Foundation for Equal Rights (AFER) and Broadway Impact, sponsors of 8 , have released and licensed the play for readings nationwide on college campuses and in community theaters free of charge. [ 3 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Black appears as himself in the documentary film Hollywood to Dollywood (originally released in 2011). [ 30 ] Black published his autobiography Mama's Boy: A Story From Our Americas in 2019. [ 31 ] Paris Barclay was slated to direct Black's screenplay A Life Like Mine in 2009. [ 32 ] From 2007 to 2011, Gus Van Sant was set to direct a film adaptation of Tom Wolfe 's book The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test , for a time working with Black. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Personal life Black was the top entry on a list of openly gay influential people in The Advocate ' s "Forty under 40" issue of June/July 2009 and was featured on the cover of the magazine. [ 35 ] He was one of the Official Grand Marshals in the 2009 NYC LGBT Pride March , produced by Heritage of Pride joining Anne Kronenberg and Cleve Jones . [ 36 ] Black's brother, Marcus, died of cancer in January 2012. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] Black started a relationship with the British Olympic and World champion diver Tom Daley in spring 2013. [ 39 ] The couple lived in the London Borough of Southwark [ 40 ] but moved to LA in 2024. [ 41 ] They were engaged in October 2015 and married at Bovey Castle in Devon in May 2017. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] In February 2018, Black and Daley announced they were expecting their first child and subsequently announced the birth of a son by surrogacy in June 2018. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] Facing criticism for their choice of surrogacy, Black and Daley started a podcast in which they discussed the ethical issues surrounding surrogacy and the experience as a whole. [ 46 ] The couple do not share pictures of their child's face online due to privacy concerns. Daley said, "That might change in the future, but for right now, we wanted to enjoy the first year with him." [ 47 ] Daley and Black's second son was born in March 2023. [ 48 ] In 2014, Black was one of eight potential commencement speakers invited by Pasadena City College , and he accepted. After school officials learned nude pictures of Black engaged in unprotected sex were leaked online five years prior, the college announced Black had not been officially invited and the unofficial invitation was "an honest error". [ 49 ] After talks between attorneys for Black and PCC, the college board of trustees apologized and formally invited him. [ 50 ] In 2023, Black pleaded not guilty to a charge of assault. The charges were later dismissed by the presiding judge due to inconsistencies and weakness in evidence from the accuser. [ 51 ] Filmography Year Title Role Notes 2000 Something Close to Heaven Writer–director Short film The Journey of Jared Price Writer–director 2001 On the Bus Director, producer, editor, cinematographer Documentary 2003 Faking It USA Director Producer (4 episodes): "Toolbelt to Toile" "Polo to Wrangler" "Six Pack to Chardonnay" "Drag Racer to Drag Queen" Producer (4 episodes): "Toolbelt to Toile" "Polo to Wrangler" "Six Pack to Chardonnay" "Drag Racer to Drag Queen" My Life with Count Dracula Director, producer and editor Documentary The President's Memorial Award Kiss and Tell Editor Short film The Singing Forest Editor and actor as Bill 2004 Faking It (UK series) Director (1 episode): "Sheep Shearer to Hair Stylist" "Sheep Shearer to Hair Stylist" 2006–2009 Big Love As writer (5 episodes): " The Baptism " (1x10) " Reunion " (2x03) " Kingdom Come " (2x08) " Oh, Pioneers " (2x12) " Empire " (3x02; story and screenplay) As co-producer (5 episodes): " Block Party " (3x01) "Empire" (3x02) " Prom Queen " (3x03) " On Trial " (3x04) " For Better or Worse " (3x05) " The Baptism " (1x10) " Reunion " (2x03) " Kingdom Come " (2x08) " Oh, Pioneers " (2x12) " Empire " (3x02; story and screenplay) As co-producer (5 episodes): " Block Party " (3x01) "Empire" (3x02) " Prom Queen " (3x03) " On Trial " (3x04) " For Better or Worse " (3x05) 2008 Pedro Story and screenplay Nominated– Writers Guild of America Award for Television Long Form – Original Nominated– Humanitas Prize for 90 Minute Category Milk Writer Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Screenplay Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Independent Spirit Award for Best First Screenplay San Francisco Film Critics Circle Award for Best Original Screenplay Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay Hollywood Film Festival for Screenwriter of the Year PEN Center USA Literary Award for Screenplay Nominated– BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay Nominated– Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Writer Nominated– Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Original Screenplay Nominated– Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Original Screenplay Nominated– Satellite Award for Best Original Screenplay Nominated– Humanitas Prize for Feature Film Category 2010 Virginia Writer–director 2011 8 Writer J. Edgar Writer 2015 "Songs I Can't Listen To" by Neon Trees Actor Music video 2017 When We Rise Creator, writer, producer Director (2 episodes) Miniseries about the LGBT civil rights movement in the United States [ 52 ] 2022 Under the Banner of Heaven Creator and executive producer Director (1 episode): "One Mighty and Strong" Writer (4 episodes): "When God Was Love" "Rightful Place" "Surrender" "Blood Atonement" Director (1 episode): "One Mighty and Strong" Writer (4 episodes): "When God Was Love" "Rightful Place" "Surrender" "Blood Atonement" Crime drama television miniseries 2023 Rustin Writer and executive producer Other awards Cinema for Peace Award for Most Valuable Movie of The Year 2009 UCLA's Distinguished Achievement in Screenwriting award, "UCLA Festival 2009: New Creative Work," School of Theater, Film and Television , June 10, 2009, Freud Playhouse [ 53 ] Distinguished Service to the LGBT Community by a UCLA Alumnus Award, 2009 UCLA LGBT Graduation Ceremony, June 13, 2009 [ 54 ] Bonham Centre Award, for contribution to awareness and education around issues of sexual diversity , Media.utoronto.ca , The Mark S. Bonham Centre for Sexual Diversity Studies, University of Toronto, September 27, 2011 Human Rights Campaign, Visibility Award September 15, 2012 [ 55 ] Equality Arizona , The Barry Goldwater Human Rights Individual Award Sept. 2013 [ 56 ] Writers Guild of America West , 2018 Valentine Davies Award for Civil and Human Rights Efforts, February 11, 2018 [ 57 ] References ^ a b Black 2019 , pp. 66–67. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "About: Board of Directors" . American Foundation For Equal Rights. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012 . Retrieved March 4, 2012 . ^ a b "About "8" the play" . "8" official website. Archived from the original on February 27, 2017 . Retrieved March 4, 2012 . ^ Kors, Joshua (August 26, 2010). "Oscar Winner Dustin Lance Black on Mormonism, Prop 8, Sarah Palin and the Challenges of Being Gay" . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on March 12, 2017 . Retrieved March 10, 2017 . ^ "Meet Mr. Black: Oscar-winning Milk screenwriter Dustin Lance Black refuses to settle for anything less than full LGBT equality.: Feature Story section: Metro Weekly magazine" . Metroweekly.com. January 21, 2010. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013 . Retrieved December 4, 2013 . ^ a b Kim, Chuck (June 25, 2002). "Sex, guys, and videotape: "reality" filmmaker Dustin Lance Black talks about turning the camera on himself—and on five young gay men out for fun—in On the Bus ". The Advocate . ^ a b c d e f Lamble, David (February 21, 2008). "How he got Milk " . Bay Area Reporter . Archived from the original on January 27, 2011 . Retrieved July 24, 2008 . ^ a b "Cast & Crew: Dustin Lance Black" . Focus Features . Archived from the original on December 7, 2008 . Retrieved November 15, 2008 . ^ Martinez, Julio (October 25, 2000). "Theater Review: Bare " . Variety . Archived from the original on September 21, 2008 . Retrieved July 25, 2008 . ^ "Dustin Lance Black tells his story at Pasadena college ceremony" . Los Angeles Times . May 11, 2014 . Retrieved January 7, 2026 . ^ "Dustin Lance Black to Deliver 89th Commencement Address at Pasadena City College – Pasadena Now" . pasadenanow.com . Retrieved January 7, 2026 . ^ "Dustin Lance Black has a few choice words on Pasadena college payout" . Los Angeles Times . October 16, 2014 . Retrieved January 7, 2026 . ^ a b c Nichols, Larry (October 2, 2008). " Milk -ing the Silver Screen" . Metro Weekly . Archived from the original on June 8, 2011 . Retrieved November 15, 2008 . ^ Frei, Darren (June 6, 2006). "Polygamy, gays, and TV". The Advocate (964): 4. ^ Ferber, Lawrence. "Love To Love You, Chloe" . Genre . Archived from the original on May 16, 2008 . Retrieved July 25, 2008 . ^ a b c Winn, Steven (January 30, 2008). "Picturing Harvey Milk: Filming of movie evokes memories, emotions in the Castro" . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on August 5, 2011 . Retrieved July 25, 2008 . ^ Goldstein, Patrick (June 11, 2008). "A passion project gets beaten to the punch" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 22, 2012 . Retrieved July 25, 2008 . ^ Garrett, Diane (November 18, 2007). "Van Sant's 'Milk' pours first" . Variety . Archived from the original on September 19, 2008 . Retrieved July 25, 2008 . ^ Finke, Nikki. "White Knot Oscars And Spirit Awards Lists" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 21, 2013 . Retrieved December 4, 2013 . ^ " 'Obama, I know you are listening': Gay rights activists march in D.C. - CNN.com" . CNN . Archived from the original on March 2, 2019 . Retrieved March 1, 2019 . ^ Virginia (DVD). Port Washington, New York: E One Entertainment. 2012. ISBN 9781417237753 . OCLC 797209121 . EOE-DV-7241. ^ "GLAAD Media Awards: See Dustin Lance Black, Naya Rivera and Mario Lopez at the San Francisco event" . May 17, 2011. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011 . Retrieved May 25, 2011 . ^ J. Edgar (DVD). Burbank, California: Warner Bros. Entertainment. 2011. ISBN 9780780685017 . OCLC 777386709 . 3000042353. ^ "Rick Santorum Has Lied on Gay Rights, Dustin Lance Black Claims" . On Top . Archived from the original on March 17, 2012. ^ Ng, David (March 4, 2012). "George Clooney, Brad Pitt lead all-star Prop. 8 play reading" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 6, 2012 . Retrieved March 11, 2012 . ^ Cohen, Sandy (March 4, 2012). "Brad Pitt, George Clooney, Martin Sheen headline West Coast premiere of marriage-rights play" . Global News . Associated Press . Retrieved November 10, 2025 . ^ Riel, Elizabeth; Hersh, Brandon (February 15, 2012). "Complete All-Star Cast for West Coast Premiere of Dustin Lance Black's "8" Announced" (Press release). American Foundation for Equal Rights . Archived from the original on March 3, 2012 . Retrieved March 4, 2012 . ^ Kennedy, Mark (January 17, 2012). " '8,' Dustin Lance Black Gay Marriage Play, Goes National During 2012" . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on March 8, 2012 . Retrieved March 11, 2012 . ^ Hernandez, Greg (January 17, 2012). "Dustin Lance Black's Prop. 8 play set for U.S. colleges: At least 40 schools will put on productions of 8 this year" . Gay Star News . gaystarnews.com. Archived from the original on August 3, 2012 . Retrieved March 11, 2012 . ^ Hollywood to Dollywood (DVD). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Breaking Glass Pictures. 2012. OCLC 813327724 . BGP342. ^ Black 2019 . ^ Foad, Lisa (August 12, 2009). "Gossip roundup: Dustin Lance Black, Katy Perry, Perez Hilton, Black Eyed Peas" . Xtra . Retrieved November 10, 2025 . ^ Lyttelton, Oliver (September 16, 2011). "Gus Van Sant Says He's Still Working Out How To Make 'The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test' " . IndieWire . Retrieved October 19, 2022 . ^ "Gus Van Sant to Direct Adaptation of The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test" . First Showing . June 11, 2007 . Retrieved October 19, 2022 . ^ Karpel, Ari (June 2009). "Forty Under 40: Dustin Lance Black" . The Advocate . Archived from the original on May 9, 2009. ^ "Gay Pride Events - NYC Pride - Heritage of Pride" . Archived from the original on February 27, 2012. ^ "2012 January" . Dustin Lance Black. Archived from the original on December 6, 2013 . Retrieved December 4, 2013 . ^ Hernandez, Greg (January 30, 2012). "Condolences to Dustin Lance Black & his family" . Greginhollywood.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013 . Retrieved December 4, 2013 . ^ "Tom Daley Talks 'Crazy' Attention On His Relationship With Dustin Lance Black" . The Huffington Post . May 2, 2014. Archived from the original on May 4, 2014. ^ Malec, Brett (May 2, 2014). "Tom Daley and Boyfriend Dustin Lance Black Move in Together in London" . E! Online . Archived from the original on May 5, 2014 . Retrieved May 4, 2014 . ^ Moore, Matthew (May 30, 2025). "Exclusive: Tom Daley reveals one wish for sons Robbie and Phoenix" . Hello! Magazine . Retrieved October 24, 2025 . ^ Khomami, Nadia (October 1, 2015). "Tom Daley announces engagement to film-maker Dustin Lance Black" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Archived from the original on March 1, 2016 . Retrieved March 1, 2016 . ^ "Tom Daley and Dustin Lance Black marry at Devon hotel" . BBC News . May 7, 2017. Archived from the original on May 1, 2018 . Retrieved June 22, 2018 . ^ "Tom Daley reveals he's going to be a father" . The Independent . February 14, 2018. Archived from the original on March 30, 2018 . Retrieved February 20, 2018 . ^ "Tom Daley and husband have baby son by surrogate" . The Times . Archived from the original on June 30, 2018. ^ Williams, Zoe (December 10, 2018). " 'We meet hate with curiosity': Dustin Lance Black on Tom Daley, babies and the ethics of surrogacy" . The Guardian . Retrieved March 30, 2020 . ^ Turner, Charlotte (May 5, 2019). "The reason why you won't see Tom Daley's son's face" . Plymouth Live . Retrieved March 20, 2020 . ^ Juneau, Jen (April 5, 2023). "Tom Daley and Dustin Lance Black Welcome Second Baby, Son Phoenix Rose" . People . Retrieved April 5, 2023 . ^ Abcarian, Robin (April 21, 2014). "Pasadena college sorry for rescinding Dustin Lance Black invitation" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 10, 2016 . Retrieved March 1, 2016 . ^ Abcarian, Robin (May 1, 2014). "College that spurned Dustin Lance Black over sex tape wants him backl" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 24, 2016 . Retrieved March 1, 2016 . ^ Cho, Winston (November 2023). "Judge Dismisses Dustin Lance Black Assault Case Tied to London Nightclub Fracas" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 30, 2025 . ^ Wenger, Daniel (March 2, 2017). "Dustin Lance Black, the Screenwriter Behind "Milk" and "When We Rise," on Coming Out As a Gay Activist" . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on October 10, 2018 . Retrieved May 30, 2018 . ^ Bond, Teri (June 4, 2009). "Oscar-winning 'Milk' screenwriter to be honored at UCLA film festival event" . UCLA Newsroom . Archived from the original on June 12, 2009. ^ LGBT Graduation 2009 - Distinguished Service Award, Dustin Lance Black, UCLA on YouTube ^ "Nominees & Winners for the 81st Academy Awards | Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences" . Oscars.org. August 24, 2012. Archived from the original on March 27, 2014 . Retrieved December 4, 2013 . ^ Gullickson, Glenn. "Equality Arizona goes Hollywood with awards dinner" . Echo Magazine . Archived from the original on December 3, 2013 . Retrieved December 4, 2013 . ^ "Screenwriter and LGBTQ Activist Dustin Lance Black to Receive WGAW's 2018 Valentine Davies Award for Civil and Human Rights Efforts" . www.wga.org . Retrieved July 17, 2020 . Bibliography Black, Dustin Lance (2019). Mama's Boy: A Story from Our Americas . London: John Murray . ISBN 978-1-473-66544-6 . External links Dustin Lance Black at IMDb American Foundation for Equal Rights "8" (the play) Official website "8": A Play about the Fight for Marriage Equality on YouTube Dustin Lance Black: Telling The Story Of 'J. Edgar' : radio interview on Fresh Air (21 mins; 2012) Awards for Dustin Lance Black .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay 1940–1975 Preston Sturges (1940) Herman J. Mankiewicz and Orson Welles (1941) Michael Kanin and Ring Lardner Jr. (1942) Norman Krasna (1943) Lamar Trotti (1944) Richard Schweizer (1945) Muriel Box and Sydney Box (1946) Sidney Sheldon (1947) No award (1948) Robert Pirosh (1949) Charles Brackett , D. M. Marshman Jr. , and Billy Wilder (1950) Alan Jay Lerner (1951) T. E. B. Clarke (1952) Charles Brackett , Richard L. Breen , and Walter Reisch (1953) Budd Schulberg (1954) Sonya Levien and William Ludwig (1955) Albert Lamorisse (1956) George Wells (1957) Nathan E. Douglas and Harold Jacob Smith (1958) Clarence Greene , Maurice Richlin , Russell Rouse , and Stanley Shapiro (1959) I. A. L. Diamond and Billy Wilder (1960) William Inge (1961) Ennio De Concini , Pietro Germi , and Alfredo Giannetti (1962) James Webb (1963) S. H. Barnett , Peter Stone and Frank Tarloff (1964) Frederic Raphael (1965) Claude Lelouch and Pierre Uytterhoeven (1966) William Rose (1967) Mel Brooks (1968) William Goldman (1969) Francis Ford Coppola and Edmund H. North (1970) Paddy Chayefsky (1971) Jeremy Larner (1972) David S. Ward (1973) Robert Towne (1974) Frank Pierson (1975) 1976–2000 Paddy Chayefsky (1976) Woody Allen and Marshall Brickman (1977) Robert C. Jones , Waldo Salt , and Nancy Dowd (1978) Steve Tesich (1979) Bo Goldman (1980) Colin Welland (1981) John Briley (1982) Horton Foote (1983) Robert Benton (1984) William Kelley , Pamela Wallace , and Earl W. Wallace (1985) Woody Allen (1986) John Patrick Shanley (1987) Ronald Bass and Barry Morrow (1988) Tom Schulman (1989) Bruce Joel Rubin (1990) Callie Khouri (1991) Neil Jordan (1992) Jane Campion (1993) Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary (1994) Christopher McQuarrie (1995) Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (1996) Ben Affleck and Matt Damon (1997) Marc Norman and Tom Stoppard (1998) Alan Ball (1999) Cameron Crowe (2000) 2001–present Julian Fellowes (2001) Pedro Almodóvar (2002) Sofia Coppola (2003) Pierre Bismuth , Michel Gondry and Charlie Kaufman (2004) Paul Haggis and Bobby Moresco (2005) Michael Arndt (2006) Diablo Cody (2007) Dustin Lance Black (2008) Mark Boal (2009) David Seidler (2010) Woody Allen (2011) Quentin Tarantino (2012) Spike Jonze (2013) Alejandro G. Iñárritu , Nicolás Giacobone , Alexander Dinelaris Jr. , and Armando Bo (2014) Tom McCarthy and Josh Singer (2015) Kenneth Lonergan (2016) Jordan Peele (2017) Nick Vallelonga , Brian Currie and Peter Farrelly (2018) Bong Joon-ho and Han Jin-won (2019) Emerald Fennell (2020) Kenneth Branagh (2021) Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert (2022) Justine Triet and Arthur Harari (2023) Sean Baker (2024) v t e Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Screenplay Screenplay (1980–2021) Bo Goldman (1980) André Gregory and Wallace Shawn (1981) Barry Levinson (1982) Éric Rohmer (1983) Alex Cox (1984) Woody Allen (1985) Woody Allen (1986) James L. Brooks (1987) Ron Shelton (1988) Woody Allen (1989) Nicholas Kazan (1990) David Cronenberg (1991) Neil Jordan (1992) Robert Altman and Frank Barhydt (1993) Roger Avary and Quentin Tarantino (1994) Emma Thompson (1995) Joseph Tropiano and Stanley Tucci (1996) Curtis Hanson and Brian Helgeland (1997) Scott Frank (1998) Charlie Kaufman (1999) Cameron Crowe / Steve Kloves (2000) Christopher Nolan (2001) Charlie and Donald Kaufman (2002) Shari Springer Berman and Robert Pulcini (2003) Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor (2004) Dan Futterman (2005) William Monahan (2006) Brad Bird (2007) Dustin Lance Black (2008) Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (2009) Aaron Sorkin (2010) Steven Zaillian and Aaron Sorkin (2011) Tony Kushner (2012) Nicole Holofcener (2013) Alejandro G. Iñárritu , Nicolás Giacobone , Alexander Dinelaris Jr. , and Armando Bo / Richard Linklater (2014) Tom McCarthy and Josh Singer (2015) Kenneth Lonergan (2016) Greta Gerwig (2017) Nicole Holofcener and Jeff Whitty (2018) Quentin Tarantino (2019) Charlie Kaufman (2020) Ryusuke Hamaguchi and Takamasa Oe (2021) Original Screenplay (2022–present) Martin McDonagh (2022) David Hemingson (2023) Sean Baker (2024) Robert Kaplow (2025) Adapted Screenplay (2022–present) Kogonada (2022) Jonathan Glazer (2023) RaMell Ross and Joslyn Barnes (2024) Paul Thomas Anderson (2025) v t e Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay Michael Blake (1990) Callie Khouri (1991) David Webb Peoples (1992) Steven Zaillian (1993) Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary (1994) Christopher McQuarrie (1995) Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (1996) Brian Helgeland and Curtis Hanson (1997) Andrew Niccol (1998) Alan Ball (1999) Cameron Crowe (2000) Akiva Goldsman (2001) Charlie Kaufman and Donald Kaufman (2002) Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Peter Jackson (2003) Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor (2004) Larry McMurtry and Diana Ossana (2005) Michael Arndt (2006) Diablo Cody (2007) Dustin Lance Black (2008) Jason Reitman and Sheldon Turner (2009) Aaron Sorkin (2010) Alexander Payne , Nat Faxon , and Jim Rash (2011) Mark Boal (2012) John Ridley (2013) Alejandro G. Iñárritu , Nicolás Giacobone , Alexander Dinelaris Jr. , and Armando Bó (2014) Tom McCarthy and Josh Singer (2015) Kenneth Lonergan (2016) Greta Gerwig (2017) Deborah Davis and Tony McNamara (2018) Noah Baumbach (2019) Emerald Fennell (2020) Jane Campion (2021) Martin McDonagh (2022) David Hemingson (2023) Brady Corbet and Mona Fastvold (2024) Paul Thomas Anderson (2025) v t e Independent Spirit Award for Best First Screenplay 1990s David O. Russell (1994) Paul Auster (1995) Joseph Tropiano and Stanley Tucci (1996) Neil LaBute (1997) Darren Aronofsky (1998) Charlie Kaufman (1999) 2000s Gina Prince-Bythewood (2000) Daniel Clowes (2001) Erin Cressida Wilson (2002) Tom McCarthy (2003) Joshua Marston (2004) Duncan Tucker (2005) Michael Arndt (2006) Diablo Cody (2007) Dustin Lance Black (2008) Geoffrey S. Fletcher (2009) 2010s Lena Dunham (2010) Will Reiser (2011) Derek Connolly (2012) Bob Nelson (2013) Justin Simien (2014) Emma Donoghue (2015) Robert Eggers (2016) Emily V. Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani (2017) Bo Burnham (2018) Fredrica Bailey and Stefon Bristol (2019) 2020s Andy Siara (2020) Michael Sarnoski and Vanessa Block (2021) John Patton Ford (2022) Samy Burch and Alex Mechanik (2023) Sean Wang (2024) v t e President's Memorial Award Time Bandits (1982) Roger Corman (1984) Jack Arnold (1985) Woody Allen (1986) The Purple Rose of Cairo (1986) Joseph Stefano (1987) Marshall Brickman (1987) The Manhattan Project (1987) Mike Jittlov (1988) The Wizard of Speed and Time (1988) Carrie Fisher (1990) Batman (1991) Robert Shaye (1992) Gale Anne Hurd (1993) Steven Spielberg (1994) Bryan Singer (1996) Robert Wise (1996) Billy Bob Thornton (1997) James Cameron (1998) Gods and Monsters (1998) William Friedkin (1999) David Shepard (1999) Richard Donner (2000) Dustin Lance Black (2001) Sherry Lansing (2002) James Cameron (2003) Gale Anne Hurd (2004) Steven E. de Souza Elsa Lanchester Guillermo del Toro (2018) v t e San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle Award for Best Original Screenplay Rian Johnson (2006) Tamara Jenkins (2007) Dustin Lance Black (2008) Quentin Tarantino (2009) David Seidler (2010) J. C. Chandor (2011) Mark Boal (2012) Eric Warren Singer and David O. Russell (2013) Alejandro G. Iñárritu , Nicolás Giacobone , Alexander Dinelaris, Jr. and Armando Bo (2014) Michael Alan Lerner and Oren Moverman (2015) Barry Jenkins / Kenneth Lonergan (2016) Jordan Peele (2017) Paul Schrader (2018) Bong Joon-ho and Han Jin-won (2019) Lee Isaac Chung (2020) Mike Mills (2021) Todd Field (2022) Celine Song (2023) Sean Baker (2024) Eskil Vogt and Joachim Trier (2025) v t e Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay Original Drama (1969–1983) William Goldman (1969) Francis Ford Coppola & Edmund H. North (1970) Penelope Gilliatt (1971) Jeremy Larner (1972) Steve Shagan (1973) Robert Towne (1974) Frank Pierson (1975) Paddy Chayefsky (1976) Arthur Laurents (1977) Nancy Dowd , Robert C. Jones & Waldo Salt (1978) Mike Gray , T. S. Cook & James Bridges (1979) Bo Goldman (1980) Warren Beatty & Trevor Griffiths (1981) Melissa Mathison (1982) Horton Foote (1983) Original Comedy (1969–1983) Paul Mazursky & Larry Tucker (1969) Neil Simon (1970) Paddy Chayefsky (1971) Peter Bogdanovich , Buck Henry , David Newman & Robert Benton (1972) Melvin Frank & Jack Rose (1973) Mel Brooks , Norman Steinberg , Andrew Bergman , Richard Pryor & Alan Uger (1974) Robert Towne & Warren Beatty (1975) Bill Lancaster (1976) Woody Allen & Marshall Brickman (1977) Larry Gelbart & Sheldon Keller (1978) Steve Tesich (1979) Nancy Meyers , Harvey Miller & Charles Shyer (1980) Steve Gordon (1981) Don McGuire , Larry Gelbart & Murray Schisgal (1982) Lawrence Kasdan & Barbara Benedek (1983) Original Screenplay (1984–present) Woody Allen (1984) William Kelley & Earl W. Wallace (1985) Woody Allen (1986) John Patrick Shanley (1987) Ron Shelton (1988) Woody Allen (1989) Barry Levinson (1990) Callie Khouri (1991) Neil Jordan (1992) Jane Campion (1993) Richard Curtis (1994) Randall Wallace (1995) Joel Coen & Ethan Coen (1996) James L. Brooks & Mark Andrus (1997) Marc Norman & Tom Stoppard (1998) Alan Ball (1999) Kenneth Lonergan (2000) Julian Fellowes (2001) Michael Moore (2002) Sofia Coppola (2003) Pierre Bismuth , Michel Gondry , & Charlie Kaufman (2004) Paul Haggis & Bobby Moresco (2005) Michael Arndt (2006) Diablo Cody (2007) Dustin Lance Black (2008) Mark Boal (2009) Christopher Nolan (2010) Woody Allen (2011) Mark Boal (2012) Spike Jonze (2013) Wes Anderson & Hugo Guinness (2014) Tom McCarthy & Josh Singer (2015) Barry Jenkins & Tarell Alvin McCraney (2016) Jordan Peele (2017) Bo Burnham (2018) Bong Joon-ho & Han Jin-won (2019) Emerald Fennell (2020) Adam McKay & David Sirota (2021) Daniel Kwan & Daniel Scheinert (2022) David Hemingson (2023) Sean Baker (2024) v t e Paul Selvin Award Alison Cross (1989) Michael Lazarou (1990) George Stevens Jr. (1991) Cynthia Whitcomb (1992) Gary Ross (1993) Thomas Baum , Priscilla Prestwidge & Keith Pierce (1994) David E. Kelley (1995) Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski (1996) Gregory Poirier (1997) Frank Military (1998) Eric Roth and Michael Mann (1999) Doug Wright (2000) Timothy J. Sexton (2001) John Wierick and Jacob Krueger (2002) Jason Horwitch (2003) Don Payne (2004) George Clooney and Grant Heslov (2005) No award (2006) Robert Eisele and Jeffrey Porro (2007) Dustin Lance Black (2008) Anthony Peckham (2009) Jez Butterworth & John-Henry Butterworth (2010) Tate Taylor (2011) Tony Kushner (2012) Alex Gibney (2013) Margaret Nagle (2014) John McNamara (2015) Susannah Grant (2016) Liz Hannah and Josh Singer (2017) Adam McKay (2018) Charles Randolph (2019) Will Berson , Shaka King , Kenny and Keith Lucas (2020) Barry Jenkins (2021) Rebecca Lenkiewicz (2022) Cord Jefferson (2023) RaMell Ross & Joslyn Barnes (2024) v t e Valentine Davies Award 1960s Mary C. McCall Jr. (1962) Allen Rivkin (1963) Morgan Cox (1964) James R. Webb (1965) Leonard Spigelgass (1966) Edmund H. North (1967) George Seaton (1968) Dore Schary (1969) 1970s Richard Murphy (1970) Dan Taradash (1971) Michael Blankfort & Norman Corwin (1972) William Ludwig (1973) Ray Bradbury & Philip Dunne (1974) Fay Kanin (1975) Winston Miller (1976) Carl Foreman (1977) Norman Lear (1978) Melville Shavelson (1979) 1980s David W. Rintels (1980) Arthur Orloff (1981) Mort R. Lewis (1982) Hal Kanter (1983) Jerome Lawrence & Robert E. Lee (1984) Charles Champlin (1985) Ronald Austin (1986) William Froug (1987) Lois Peyser (1988) Michael Kanin & Garson Kanin (1989) 1990s John Furia Jr. (1990) Frank Pierson (1991) Allan Burns (1992) True Boardman (1993) Phil Alden Robinson (1994) Garry Marshall (1995) Mike Farrell (1996) Jonathan Estrin & Shelley List (1997) Gary David Goldberg (1998) Barry Kemp (1999) 2000s Alan Alda (2000) Paul Haggis (2001) David Angell (2002) Aaron Ruben (2003) Neal Baer (2004) Irma Kalish (2005) Not presented (2006) Larry Gelbart (2007) Tom Schulman (2008) Carl Reiner & Victoria Riskin (2009) 2010s Not Presented (2010) Seth Freeman & Susannah Grant (2011) Philip Rosenthal (2012) Sam Simon (2013) Ben Affleck (2014) Not Presented (2015) John August (2016) Richard Curtis (2017) Dustin Lance Black (2018) Not Presented (2019) 2020s Brad Falchuk (2020) Not Presented (2021–2025) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay v t e 1940–1975 Preston Sturges (1940) Herman J. Mankiewicz and Orson Welles (1941) Michael Kanin and Ring Lardner Jr. (1942) Norman Krasna (1943) Lamar Trotti (1944) Richard Schweizer (1945) Muriel Box and Sydney Box (1946) Sidney Sheldon (1947) No award (1948) Robert Pirosh (1949) Charles Brackett , D. M. Marshman Jr. , and Billy Wilder (1950) Alan Jay Lerner (1951) T. E. B. Clarke (1952) Charles Brackett , Richard L. Breen , and Walter Reisch (1953) Budd Schulberg (1954) Sonya Levien and William Ludwig (1955) Albert Lamorisse (1956) George Wells (1957) Nathan E. Douglas and Harold Jacob Smith (1958) Clarence Greene , Maurice Richlin , Russell Rouse , and Stanley Shapiro (1959) I. A. L. Diamond and Billy Wilder (1960) William Inge (1961) Ennio De Concini , Pietro Germi , and Alfredo Giannetti (1962) James Webb (1963) S. H. Barnett , Peter Stone and Frank Tarloff (1964) Frederic Raphael (1965) Claude Lelouch and Pierre Uytterhoeven (1966) William Rose (1967) Mel Brooks (1968) William Goldman (1969) Francis Ford Coppola and Edmund H. North (1970) Paddy Chayefsky (1971) Jeremy Larner (1972) David S. Ward (1973) Robert Towne (1974) Frank Pierson (1975) Preston Sturges (1940) Herman J. Mankiewicz and Orson Welles (1941) Michael Kanin and Ring Lardner Jr. (1942) Norman Krasna (1943) Lamar Trotti (1944) Richard Schweizer (1945) Muriel Box and Sydney Box (1946) Sidney Sheldon (1947) No award (1948) Robert Pirosh (1949) Charles Brackett , D. M. Marshman Jr. , and Billy Wilder (1950) Alan Jay Lerner (1951) T. E. B. Clarke (1952) Charles Brackett , Richard L. Breen , and Walter Reisch (1953) Budd Schulberg (1954) Sonya Levien and William Ludwig (1955) Albert Lamorisse (1956) George Wells (1957) Nathan E. Douglas and Harold Jacob Smith (1958) Clarence Greene , Maurice Richlin , Russell Rouse , and Stanley Shapiro (1959) I. A. L. Diamond and Billy Wilder (1960) William Inge (1961) Ennio De Concini , Pietro Germi , and Alfredo Giannetti (1962) James Webb (1963) S. H. Barnett , Peter Stone and Frank Tarloff (1964) Frederic Raphael (1965) Claude Lelouch and Pierre Uytterhoeven (1966) William Rose (1967) Mel Brooks (1968) William Goldman (1969) Francis Ford Coppola and Edmund H. North (1970) Paddy Chayefsky (1971) Jeremy Larner (1972) David S. Ward (1973) Robert Towne (1974) Frank Pierson (1975) 1976–2000 Paddy Chayefsky (1976) Woody Allen and Marshall Brickman (1977) Robert C. Jones , Waldo Salt , and Nancy Dowd (1978) Steve Tesich (1979) Bo Goldman (1980) Colin Welland (1981) John Briley (1982) Horton Foote (1983) Robert Benton (1984) William Kelley , Pamela Wallace , and Earl W. Wallace (1985) Woody Allen (1986) John Patrick Shanley (1987) Ronald Bass and Barry Morrow (1988) Tom Schulman (1989) Bruce Joel Rubin (1990) Callie Khouri (1991) Neil Jordan (1992) Jane Campion (1993) Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary (1994) Christopher McQuarrie (1995) Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (1996) Ben Affleck and Matt Damon (1997) Marc Norman and Tom Stoppard (1998) Alan Ball (1999) Cameron Crowe (2000) Paddy Chayefsky (1976) Woody Allen and Marshall Brickman (1977) Robert C. Jones , Waldo Salt , and Nancy Dowd (1978) Steve Tesich (1979) Bo Goldman (1980) Colin Welland (1981) John Briley (1982) Horton Foote (1983) Robert Benton (1984) William Kelley , Pamela Wallace , and Earl W. Wallace (1985) Woody Allen (1986) John Patrick Shanley (1987) Ronald Bass and Barry Morrow (1988) Tom Schulman (1989) Bruce Joel Rubin (1990) Callie Khouri (1991) Neil Jordan (1992) Jane Campion (1993) Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary (1994) Christopher McQuarrie (1995) Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (1996) Ben Affleck and Matt Damon (1997) Marc Norman and Tom Stoppard (1998) Alan Ball (1999) Cameron Crowe (2000) 2001–present Julian Fellowes (2001) Pedro Almodóvar (2002) Sofia Coppola (2003) Pierre Bismuth , Michel Gondry and Charlie Kaufman (2004) Paul Haggis and Bobby Moresco (2005) Michael Arndt (2006) Diablo Cody (2007) Dustin Lance Black (2008) Mark Boal (2009) David Seidler (2010) Woody Allen (2011) Quentin Tarantino (2012) Spike Jonze (2013) Alejandro G. Iñárritu , Nicolás Giacobone , Alexander Dinelaris Jr. , and Armando Bo (2014) Tom McCarthy and Josh Singer (2015) Kenneth Lonergan (2016) Jordan Peele (2017) Nick Vallelonga , Brian Currie and Peter Farrelly (2018) Bong Joon-ho and Han Jin-won (2019) Emerald Fennell (2020) Kenneth Branagh (2021) Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert (2022) Justine Triet and Arthur Harari (2023) Sean Baker (2024) Julian Fellowes (2001) Pedro Almodóvar (2002) Sofia Coppola (2003) Pierre Bismuth , Michel Gondry and Charlie Kaufman (2004) Paul Haggis and Bobby Moresco (2005) Michael Arndt (2006) Diablo Cody (2007) Dustin Lance Black (2008) Mark Boal (2009) David Seidler (2010) Woody Allen (2011) Quentin Tarantino (2012) Spike Jonze (2013) Alejandro G. Iñárritu , Nicolás Giacobone , Alexander Dinelaris Jr. , and Armando Bo (2014) Tom McCarthy and Josh Singer (2015) Kenneth Lonergan (2016) Jordan Peele (2017) Nick Vallelonga , Brian Currie and Peter Farrelly (2018) Bong Joon-ho and Han Jin-won (2019) Emerald Fennell (2020) Kenneth Branagh (2021) Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert (2022) Justine Triet and Arthur Harari (2023) Sean Baker (2024) v t e Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Screenplay v t e Screenplay (1980–2021) Bo Goldman (1980) André Gregory and Wallace Shawn (1981) Barry Levinson (1982) Éric Rohmer (1983) Alex Cox (1984) Woody Allen (1985) Woody Allen (1986) James L. Brooks (1987) Ron Shelton (1988) Woody Allen (1989) Nicholas Kazan (1990) David Cronenberg (1991) Neil Jordan (1992) Robert Altman and Frank Barhydt (1993) Roger Avary and Quentin Tarantino (1994) Emma Thompson (1995) Joseph Tropiano and Stanley Tucci (1996) Curtis Hanson and Brian Helgeland (1997) Scott Frank (1998) Charlie Kaufman (1999) Cameron Crowe / Steve Kloves (2000) Christopher Nolan (2001) Charlie and Donald Kaufman (2002) Shari Springer Berman and Robert Pulcini (2003) Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor (2004) Dan Futterman (2005) William Monahan (2006) Brad Bird (2007) Dustin Lance Black (2008) Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (2009) Aaron Sorkin (2010) Steven Zaillian and Aaron Sorkin (2011) Tony Kushner (2012) Nicole Holofcener (2013) Alejandro G. Iñárritu , Nicolás Giacobone , Alexander Dinelaris Jr. , and Armando Bo / Richard Linklater (2014) Tom McCarthy and Josh Singer (2015) Kenneth Lonergan (2016) Greta Gerwig (2017) Nicole Holofcener and Jeff Whitty (2018) Quentin Tarantino (2019) Charlie Kaufman (2020) Ryusuke Hamaguchi and Takamasa Oe (2021) Bo Goldman (1980) André Gregory and Wallace Shawn (1981) Barry Levinson (1982) Éric Rohmer (1983) Alex Cox (1984) Woody Allen (1985) Woody Allen (1986) James L. Brooks (1987) Ron Shelton (1988) Woody Allen (1989) Nicholas Kazan (1990) David Cronenberg (1991) Neil Jordan (1992) Robert Altman and Frank Barhydt (1993) Roger Avary and Quentin Tarantino (1994) Emma Thompson (1995) Joseph Tropiano and Stanley Tucci (1996) Curtis Hanson and Brian Helgeland (1997) Scott Frank (1998) Charlie Kaufman (1999) Cameron Crowe / Steve Kloves (2000) Christopher Nolan (2001) Charlie and Donald Kaufman (2002) Shari Springer Berman and Robert Pulcini (2003) Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor (2004) Dan Futterman (2005) William Monahan (2006) Brad Bird (2007) Dustin Lance Black (2008) Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (2009) Aaron Sorkin (2010) Steven Zaillian and Aaron Sorkin (2011) Tony Kushner (2012) Nicole Holofcener (2013) Alejandro G. Iñárritu , Nicolás Giacobone , Alexander Dinelaris Jr. , and Armando Bo / Richard Linklater (2014) Tom McCarthy and Josh Singer (2015) Kenneth Lonergan (2016) Greta Gerwig (2017) Nicole Holofcener and Jeff Whitty (2018) Quentin Tarantino (2019) Charlie Kaufman (2020) Ryusuke Hamaguchi and Takamasa Oe (2021) Original Screenplay (2022–present) Martin McDonagh (2022) David Hemingson (2023) Sean Baker (2024) Robert Kaplow (2025) Martin McDonagh (2022) David Hemingson (2023) Sean Baker (2024) Robert Kaplow (2025) Adapted Screenplay (2022–present) Kogonada (2022) Jonathan Glazer (2023) RaMell Ross and Joslyn Barnes (2024) Paul Thomas Anderson (2025) Kogonada (2022) Jonathan Glazer (2023) RaMell Ross and Joslyn Barnes (2024) Paul Thomas Anderson (2025) v t e Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay v t e Michael Blake (1990) Callie Khouri (1991) David Webb Peoples (1992) Steven Zaillian (1993) Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary (1994) Christopher McQuarrie (1995) Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (1996) Brian Helgeland and Curtis Hanson (1997) Andrew Niccol (1998) Alan Ball (1999) Cameron Crowe (2000) Akiva Goldsman (2001) Charlie Kaufman and Donald Kaufman (2002) Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Peter Jackson (2003) Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor (2004) Larry McMurtry and Diana Ossana (2005) Michael Arndt (2006) Diablo Cody (2007) Dustin Lance Black (2008) Jason Reitman and Sheldon Turner (2009) Aaron Sorkin (2010) Alexander Payne , Nat Faxon , and Jim Rash (2011) Mark Boal (2012) John Ridley (2013) Alejandro G. Iñárritu , Nicolás Giacobone , Alexander Dinelaris Jr. , and Armando Bó (2014) Tom McCarthy and Josh Singer (2015) Kenneth Lonergan (2016) Greta Gerwig (2017) Deborah Davis and Tony McNamara (2018) Noah Baumbach (2019) Emerald Fennell (2020) Jane Campion (2021) Martin McDonagh (2022) David Hemingson (2023) Brady Corbet and Mona Fastvold (2024) Paul Thomas Anderson (2025) Michael Blake (1990) Callie Khouri (1991) David Webb Peoples (1992) Steven Zaillian (1993) Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary (1994) Christopher McQuarrie (1995) Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (1996) Brian Helgeland and Curtis Hanson (1997) Andrew Niccol (1998) Alan Ball (1999) Cameron Crowe (2000) Akiva Goldsman (2001) Charlie Kaufman and Donald Kaufman (2002) Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Peter Jackson (2003) Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor (2004) Larry McMurtry and Diana Ossana (2005) Michael Arndt (2006) Diablo Cody (2007) Dustin Lance Black (2008) Jason Reitman and Sheldon Turner (2009) Aaron Sorkin (2010) Alexander Payne , Nat Faxon , and Jim Rash (2011) Mark Boal (2012) John Ridley (2013) Alejandro G. Iñárritu , Nicolás Giacobone , Alexander Dinelaris Jr. , and Armando Bó (2014) Tom McCarthy and Josh Singer (2015) Kenneth Lonergan (2016) Greta Gerwig (2017) Deborah Davis and Tony McNamara (2018) Noah Baumbach (2019) Emerald Fennell (2020) Jane Campion (2021) Martin McDonagh (2022) David Hemingson (2023) Brady Corbet and Mona Fastvold (2024) Paul Thomas Anderson (2025) v t e Independent Spirit Award for Best First Screenplay v t e 1990s David O. Russell (1994) Paul Auster (1995) Joseph Tropiano and Stanley Tucci (1996) Neil LaBute (1997) Darren Aronofsky (1998) Charlie Kaufman (1999) David O. Russell (1994) Paul Auster (1995) Joseph Tropiano and Stanley Tucci (1996) Neil LaBute (1997) Darren Aronofsky (1998) Charlie Kaufman (1999) 2000s Gina Prince-Bythewood (2000) Daniel Clowes (2001) Erin Cressida Wilson (2002) Tom McCarthy (2003) Joshua Marston (2004) Duncan Tucker (2005) Michael Arndt (2006) Diablo Cody (2007) Dustin Lance Black (2008) Geoffrey S. Fletcher (2009) Gina Prince-Bythewood (2000) Daniel Clowes (2001) Erin Cressida Wilson (2002) Tom McCarthy (2003) Joshua Marston (2004) Duncan Tucker (2005) Michael Arndt (2006) Diablo Cody (2007) Dustin Lance Black (2008) Geoffrey S. Fletcher (2009) 2010s Lena Dunham (2010) Will Reiser (2011) Derek Connolly (2012) Bob Nelson (2013) Justin Simien (2014) Emma Donoghue (2015) Robert Eggers (2016) Emily V. Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani (2017) Bo Burnham (2018) Fredrica Bailey and Stefon Bristol (2019) Lena Dunham (2010) Will Reiser (2011) Derek Connolly (2012) Bob Nelson (2013) Justin Simien (2014) Emma Donoghue (2015) Robert Eggers (2016) Emily V. Gordon and Kumail Nanjiani (2017) Bo Burnham (2018) Fredrica Bailey and Stefon Bristol (2019) 2020s Andy Siara (2020) Michael Sarnoski and Vanessa Block (2021) John Patton Ford (2022) Samy Burch and Alex Mechanik (2023) Sean Wang (2024) Andy Siara (2020) Michael Sarnoski and Vanessa Block (2021) John Patton Ford (2022) Samy Burch and Alex Mechanik (2023) Sean Wang (2024) v t e President's Memorial Award v t e Time Bandits (1982) Roger Corman (1984) Jack Arnold (1985) Woody Allen (1986) The Purple Rose of Cairo (1986) Joseph Stefano (1987) Marshall Brickman (1987) The Manhattan Project (1987) Mike Jittlov (1988) The Wizard of Speed and Time (1988) Carrie Fisher (1990) Batman (1991) Robert Shaye (1992) Gale Anne Hurd (1993) Steven Spielberg (1994) Bryan Singer (1996) Robert Wise (1996) Billy Bob Thornton (1997) James Cameron (1998) Gods and Monsters (1998) William Friedkin (1999) David Shepard (1999) Richard Donner (2000) Dustin Lance Black (2001) Sherry Lansing (2002) James Cameron (2003) Gale Anne Hurd (2004) Steven E. de Souza Elsa Lanchester Guillermo del Toro (2018) Time Bandits (1982) Roger Corman (1984) Jack Arnold (1985) Woody Allen (1986) The Purple Rose of Cairo (1986) Joseph Stefano (1987) Marshall Brickman (1987) The Manhattan Project (1987) Mike Jittlov (1988) The Wizard of Speed and Time (1988) Carrie Fisher (1990) Batman (1991) Robert Shaye (1992) Gale Anne Hurd (1993) Steven Spielberg (1994) Bryan Singer (1996) Robert Wise (1996) Billy Bob Thornton (1997) James Cameron (1998) Gods and Monsters (1998) William Friedkin (1999) David Shepard (1999) Richard Donner (2000) Dustin Lance Black (2001) Sherry Lansing (2002) James Cameron (2003) Gale Anne Hurd (2004) Steven E. de Souza Elsa Lanchester Guillermo del Toro (2018) v t e San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle Award for Best Original Screenplay v t e Rian Johnson (2006) Tamara Jenkins (2007) Dustin Lance Black (2008) Quentin Tarantino (2009) David Seidler (2010) J. C. Chandor (2011) Mark Boal (2012) Eric Warren Singer and David O. Russell (2013) Alejandro G. Iñárritu , Nicolás Giacobone , Alexander Dinelaris, Jr. and Armando Bo (2014) Michael Alan Lerner and Oren Moverman (2015) Barry Jenkins / Kenneth Lonergan (2016) Jordan Peele (2017) Paul Schrader (2018) Bong Joon-ho and Han Jin-won (2019) Lee Isaac Chung (2020) Mike Mills (2021) Todd Field (2022) Celine Song (2023) Sean Baker (2024) Eskil Vogt and Joachim Trier (2025) Rian Johnson (2006) Tamara Jenkins (2007) Dustin Lance Black (2008) Quentin Tarantino (2009) David Seidler (2010) J. C. Chandor (2011) Mark Boal (2012) Eric Warren Singer and David O. Russell (2013) Alejandro G. Iñárritu , Nicolás Giacobone , Alexander Dinelaris, Jr. and Armando Bo (2014) Michael Alan Lerner and Oren Moverman (2015) Barry Jenkins / Kenneth Lonergan (2016) Jordan Peele (2017) Paul Schrader (2018) Bong Joon-ho and Han Jin-won (2019) Lee Isaac Chung (2020) Mike Mills (2021) Todd Field (2022) Celine Song (2023) Sean Baker (2024) Eskil Vogt and Joachim Trier (2025) v t e Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay v t e Original Drama (1969–1983) William Goldman (1969) Francis Ford Coppola & Edmund H. North (1970) Penelope Gilliatt (1971) Jeremy Larner (1972) Steve Shagan (1973) Robert Towne (1974) Frank Pierson (1975) Paddy Chayefsky (1976) Arthur Laurents (1977) Nancy Dowd , Robert C. Jones & Waldo Salt (1978) Mike Gray , T. S. Cook & James Bridges (1979) Bo Goldman (1980) Warren Beatty & Trevor Griffiths (1981) Melissa Mathison (1982) Horton Foote (1983) William Goldman (1969) Francis Ford Coppola & Edmund H. North (1970) Penelope Gilliatt (1971) Jeremy Larner (1972) Steve Shagan (1973) Robert Towne (1974) Frank Pierson (1975) Paddy Chayefsky (1976) Arthur Laurents (1977) Nancy Dowd , Robert C. Jones & Waldo Salt (1978) Mike Gray , T. S. Cook & James Bridges (1979) Bo Goldman (1980) Warren Beatty & Trevor Griffiths (1981) Melissa Mathison (1982) Horton Foote (1983) Original Comedy (1969–1983) Paul Mazursky & Larry Tucker (1969) Neil Simon (1970) Paddy Chayefsky (1971) Peter Bogdanovich , Buck Henry , David Newman & Robert Benton (1972) Melvin Frank & Jack Rose (1973) Mel Brooks , Norman Steinberg , Andrew Bergman , Richard Pryor & Alan Uger (1974) Robert Towne & Warren Beatty (1975) Bill Lancaster (1976) Woody Allen & Marshall Brickman (1977) Larry Gelbart & Sheldon Keller (1978) Steve Tesich (1979) Nancy Meyers , Harvey Miller & Charles Shyer (1980) Steve Gordon (1981) Don McGuire , Larry Gelbart & Murray Schisgal (1982) Lawrence Kasdan & Barbara Benedek (1983) Paul Mazursky & Larry Tucker (1969) Neil Simon (1970) Paddy Chayefsky (1971) Peter Bogdanovich , Buck Henry , David Newman & Robert Benton (1972) Melvin Frank & Jack Rose (1973) Mel Brooks , Norman Steinberg , Andrew Bergman , Richard Pryor & Alan Uger (1974) Robert Towne & Warren Beatty (1975) Bill Lancaster (1976) Woody Allen & Marshall Brickman (1977) Larry Gelbart & Sheldon Keller (1978) Steve Tesich (1979) Nancy Meyers , Harvey Miller & Charles Shyer (1980) Steve Gordon (1981) Don McGuire , Larry Gelbart & Murray Schisgal (1982) Lawrence Kasdan & Barbara Benedek (1983) Original Screenplay (1984–present) Woody Allen (1984) William Kelley & Earl W. Wallace (1985) Woody Allen (1986) John Patrick Shanley (1987) Ron Shelton (1988) Woody Allen (1989) Barry Levinson (1990) Callie Khouri (1991) Neil Jordan (1992) Jane Campion (1993) Richard Curtis (1994) Randall Wallace (1995) Joel Coen & Ethan Coen (1996) James L. Brooks & Mark Andrus (1997) Marc Norman & Tom Stoppard (1998) Alan Ball (1999) Kenneth Lonergan (2000) Julian Fellowes (2001) Michael Moore (2002) Sofia Coppola (2003) Pierre Bismuth , Michel Gondry , & Charlie Kaufman (2004) Paul Haggis & Bobby Moresco (2005) Michael Arndt (2006) Diablo Cody (2007) Dustin Lance Black (2008) Mark Boal (2009) Christopher Nolan (2010) Woody Allen (2011) Mark Boal (2012) Spike Jonze (2013) Wes Anderson & Hugo Guinness (2014) Tom McCarthy & Josh Singer (2015) Barry Jenkins & Tarell Alvin McCraney (2016) Jordan Peele (2017) Bo Burnham (2018) Bong Joon-ho & Han Jin-won (2019) Emerald Fennell (2020) Adam McKay & David Sirota (2021) Daniel Kwan & Daniel Scheinert (2022) David Hemingson (2023) Sean Baker (2024) Woody Allen (1984) William Kelley & Earl W. Wallace (1985) Woody Allen (1986) John Patrick Shanley (1987) Ron Shelton (1988) Woody Allen (1989) Barry Levinson (1990) Callie Khouri (1991) Neil Jordan (1992) Jane Campion (1993) Richard Curtis (1994) Randall Wallace (1995) Joel Coen & Ethan Coen (1996) James L. Brooks & Mark Andrus (1997) Marc Norman & Tom Stoppard (1998) Alan Ball (1999) Kenneth Lonergan (2000) Julian Fellowes (2001) Michael Moore (2002) Sofia Coppola (2003) Pierre Bismuth , Michel Gondry , & Charlie Kaufman (2004) Paul Haggis & Bobby Moresco (2005) Michael Arndt (2006) Diablo Cody (2007) Dustin Lance Black (2008) Mark Boal (2009) Christopher Nolan (2010) Woody Allen (2011) Mark Boal (2012) Spike Jonze (2013) Wes Anderson & Hugo Guinness (2014) Tom McCarthy & Josh Singer (2015) Barry Jenkins & Tarell Alvin McCraney (2016) Jordan Peele (2017) Bo Burnham (2018) Bong Joon-ho & Han Jin-won (2019) Emerald Fennell (2020) Adam McKay & David Sirota (2021) Daniel Kwan & Daniel Scheinert (2022) David Hemingson (2023) Sean Baker (2024) v t e Paul Selvin Award v t e Alison Cross (1989) Michael Lazarou (1990) George Stevens Jr. (1991) Cynthia Whitcomb (1992) Gary Ross (1993) Thomas Baum , Priscilla Prestwidge & Keith Pierce (1994) David E. Kelley (1995) Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski (1996) Gregory Poirier (1997) Frank Military (1998) Eric Roth and Michael Mann (1999) Doug Wright (2000) Timothy J. Sexton (2001) John Wierick and Jacob Krueger (2002) Jason Horwitch (2003) Don Payne (2004) George Clooney and Grant Heslov (2005) No award (2006) Robert Eisele and Jeffrey Porro (2007) Dustin Lance Black (2008) Anthony Peckham (2009) Jez Butterworth & John-Henry Butterworth (2010) Tate Taylor (2011) Tony Kushner (2012) Alex Gibney (2013) Margaret Nagle (2014) John McNamara (2015) Susannah Grant (2016) Liz Hannah and Josh Singer (2017) Adam McKay (2018) Charles Randolph (2019) Will Berson , Shaka King , Kenny and Keith Lucas (2020) Barry Jenkins (2021) Rebecca Lenkiewicz (2022) Cord Jefferson (2023) RaMell Ross & Joslyn Barnes (2024) Alison Cross (1989) Michael Lazarou (1990) George Stevens Jr. (1991) Cynthia Whitcomb (1992) Gary Ross (1993) Thomas Baum , Priscilla Prestwidge & Keith Pierce (1994) David E. Kelley (1995) Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski (1996) Gregory Poirier (1997) Frank Military (1998) Eric Roth and Michael Mann (1999) Doug Wright (2000) Timothy J. Sexton (2001) John Wierick and Jacob Krueger (2002) Jason Horwitch (2003) Don Payne (2004) George Clooney and Grant Heslov (2005) No award (2006) Robert Eisele and Jeffrey Porro (2007) Dustin Lance Black (2008) Anthony Peckham (2009) Jez Butterworth & John-Henry Butterworth (2010) Tate Taylor (2011) Tony Kushner (2012) Alex Gibney (2013) Margaret Nagle (2014) John McNamara (2015) Susannah Grant (2016) Liz Hannah and Josh Singer (2017) Adam McKay (2018) Charles Randolph (2019) Will Berson , Shaka King , Kenny and Keith Lucas (2020) Barry Jenkins (2021) Rebecca Lenkiewicz (2022) Cord Jefferson (2023) RaMell Ross & Joslyn Barnes (2024) v t e Valentine Davies Award v t e 1960s Mary C. McCall Jr. (1962) Allen Rivkin (1963) Morgan Cox (1964) James R. Webb (1965) Leonard Spigelgass (1966) Edmund H. North (1967) George Seaton (1968) Dore Schary (1969) Mary C. McCall Jr. (1962) Allen Rivkin (1963) Morgan Cox (1964) James R. Webb (1965) Leonard Spigelgass (1966) Edmund H. North (1967) George Seaton (1968) Dore Schary (1969) 1970s Richard Murphy (1970) Dan Taradash (1971) Michael Blankfort & Norman Corwin (1972) William Ludwig (1973) Ray Bradbury & Philip Dunne (1974) Fay Kanin (1975) Winston Miller (1976) Carl Foreman (1977) Norman Lear (1978) Melville Shavelson (1979) Richard Murphy (1970) Dan Taradash (1971) Michael Blankfort & Norman Corwin (1972) William Ludwig (1973) Ray Bradbury & Philip Dunne (1974) Fay Kanin (1975) Winston Miller (1976) Carl Foreman (1977) Norman Lear (1978) Melville Shavelson (1979) 1980s David W. Rintels (1980) Arthur Orloff (1981) Mort R. Lewis (1982) Hal Kanter (1983) Jerome Lawrence & Robert E. Lee (1984) Charles Champlin (1985) Ronald Austin (1986) William Froug (1987) Lois Peyser (1988) Michael Kanin & Garson Kanin (1989) David W. Rintels (1980) Arthur Orloff (1981) Mort R. Lewis (1982) Hal Kanter (1983) Jerome Lawrence & Robert E. Lee (1984) Charles Champlin (1985) Ronald Austin (1986) William Froug (1987) Lois Peyser (1988) Michael Kanin & Garson Kanin (1989) 1990s John Furia Jr. (1990) Frank Pierson (1991) Allan Burns (1992) True Boardman (1993) Phil Alden Robinson (1994) Garry Marshall (1995) Mike Farrell (1996) Jonathan Estrin & Shelley List (1997) Gary David Goldberg (1998) Barry Kemp (1999) John Furia Jr. (1990) Frank Pierson (1991) Allan Burns (1992) True Boardman (1993) Phil Alden Robinson (1994) Garry Marshall (1995) Mike Farrell (1996) Jonathan Estrin & Shelley List (1997) Gary David Goldberg (1998) Barry Kemp (1999) 2000s Alan Alda (2000) Paul Haggis (2001) David Angell (2002) Aaron Ruben (2003) Neal Baer (2004) Irma Kalish (2005) Not presented (2006) Larry Gelbart (2007) Tom Schulman (2008) Carl Reiner & Victoria Riskin (2009) Alan Alda (2000) Paul Haggis (2001) David Angell (2002) Aaron Ruben (2003) Neal Baer (2004) Irma Kalish (2005) Not presented (2006) Larry Gelbart (2007) Tom Schulman (2008) Carl Reiner & Victoria Riskin (2009) 2010s Not Presented (2010) Seth Freeman & Susannah Grant (2011) Philip Rosenthal (2012) Sam Simon (2013) Ben Affleck (2014) Not Presented (2015) John August (2016) Richard Curtis (2017) Dustin Lance Black (2018) Not Presented (2019) Not Presented (2010) Seth Freeman & Susannah Grant (2011) Philip Rosenthal (2012) Sam Simon (2013) Ben Affleck (2014) Not Presented (2015) John August (2016) Richard Curtis (2017) Dustin Lance Black (2018) Not Presented (2019) 2020s Brad Falchuk (2020) Not Presented (2021–2025) Brad Falchuk (2020) Not Presented (2021–2025) v t e Works by Dustin Lance Black v t e Films written and directed The Journey of Jared Price (2000) Virginia (2010) The Journey of Jared Price (2000) Virginia (2010) Films written Pedro (2008) Milk (2008) J. Edgar (2011) Rustin (2023) Pedro (2008) Milk (2008) J. Edgar (2011) Rustin (2023) TV series created When We Rise (2017) Under the Banner of Heaven (2022) When We Rise (2017) Under the Banner of Heaven (2022) Plays 8 (2011) 8 (2011) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND WorldCat National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Spain Norway Poland Israel United States France BnF data Czech Republic Spain Norway Poland Israel Academics CiNii CiNii Artists FID FID Other IdRef SNAC Yale LUX IdRef SNAC Yale LUX 1974 births 21st-century American LGBTQ people 21st-century American male writers 21st-century American screenwriters American expatriates in England American film editors American gay writers American LGBTQ dramatists and playwrights American LGBTQ film directors American LGBTQ screenwriters American male dramatists and playwrights American male screenwriters American male television writers Best First Screenplay Independent Spirit Award winners Best Original Screenplay Academy Award winners GLAAD Media Awards winners Film directors from California Film directors from Texas Film producers from California Film producers from Texas Former Latter Day Saints LGBTQ Latter Day Saints LGBTQ people from California LGBTQ people from Texas LGBTQ rights activists from California Living people People from Salinas, California Screenwriters from Texas Television producers from California Television producers from Texas Television writers from California UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television alumni Writers Guild of America Award winners Writers from Sacramento, California Writers from San Antonio North Salinas High School alumni Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from March 2020 Use American English from October 2023 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Biography with signature Articles with hCards Commons link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 7 January 2026, at 16:39 (UTC) . 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Olupapula Olukulu Embuga Ebyakakyuusibwa Nondera olupapula muwawa Nyamba Empapula enjawule Tonera Wikipediya Tondawo akaawunti Yingiramu Tonera Wikipediya Tondawo akaawunti Yingiramu Olupapula Olusooka Olupapula Olusinga Omugaso Emboozi Soma View source Ennanda ya fayiro eno Soma View source Ennanda ya fayiro eno Empapula ezikuggusa ku luno Ebikyusiddwa ebyekuusa ku lupapula luno Teekayo fayiro Kolawo enyunzi egguka ku lupapula luno nga bwe lufaanana ku ssaawa eno Ebikwata ku lupapula Juliza olupapula luno Funa URL ennyimpimpi Wanula koodi ya QR Switch to legacy parser Create a book Wanula nga PDF Entereeza eyanguya okukubisa Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata item Tukusanyukidde ku Wikipediya Omukutu guno gwa bwereere era buli muntu asobola okuteekako obubaka n'ebirowoozo ku nsonga ez'enjawulo Kakaano mulimu ebiwandiiko 4,452 mu Luganda Guno gwe muko ogusooka ogwa Wikipedia y'O luganda . Kaakano, Wikipedia eno erina abagikozesa batono, naye bw'oba ng'omanyi era ng'oyagala Oluganda, osobola okuyamba okuwandiika mu Wikipedia eno. Osobola okuwandiika empapula, oba okuvvuunula ezo eziri mu nnimi endala okuzizza mu Luganda, Osuubirwa okukyusa ebiwandiiko byonna ebiri mu Wikipedia y'Olungereza mu butuufu bwabyo. Ekiwandiiko ky'olunaku Omweso guyinza okuba nga gwe gumu ku mizannyo gy'omu Uganda egy'edda ennyo egy'okwewummulizaako. Amawanga mangi gafaanana okuba nga gamaze emyaka bikumi na bikumi nga baguzannya. Omweso gye gwatandikira tewali amanyiddeyo ddala newankubadde nga waliwo abantu abawa ebirowoozo byabwe ku nsibuko yaagwo. Ebirowoozo ebyo tebinnafuna bibikakasa mu ngeri ematiza buli muntu. Abatambuze n'abayizi b'ebifa ku mpisa z'abantu ez'obuwangwa, omweso bagusanga ne mu nsi zino eziri ku nkingi za Uganda: Kenya, Sudan, Congo,Rwanda, Tanzania, n'okweyongerayo mu Africa eya wakati. Abantu abamu bagamba nti omweso gwava mu nsi z'ebweru ne guyingira mu Uganda. Okusoma ebisingawo... Ekifaananyi ky'olunaku ... Okulaba ebifaananyi ebirala ebirondeddwa... Ebiwandiiko ebirala ebinyuma Other Featured articles Akafuba - Ekibalangulo - Amaanyi - Amaanyi g’Enjuba - Amambulugga - Amazzi - Boda-boda - Bakitiiriya - Barbara Kaija - Bbuulwe - Buganda - Bulungibwansi - Esigalyakagolo - Kampala - Katonga - Kilimanjaro - Mbazzi - Mowzey Radio - Nakasigirwa - Nakasigirwa - Obuwakatirwa - Okuwuga Selected Biographies Allen Kagina - Amelia Kyambadde - Betty Nambooze - Amini Cishugi - Ingrid Turinawe - Jens Galschiøt - Michael Ezra - Rema Namakula - Specioza Kazibwe - Winnie Kiiza Healthcare Ekirwadde ky’ebola - Ekirwadde kya Cholera - Endwadde y’omutima - Enkaka - Ennima ey'obutonde - Enziku - Kookolo w'Ekibumba - Kookolo w’omu lubuto - Obulemu ku maaso - Obulwadde bw'Okwebaka - Okuggyamu olubuto - Omusujja gw'ensiri - Siriimu Selected Countries Angola - Benin - Burkina Faso - Burundi - Cameroon - Central African Republic - Democratic Republic of Congo - Egypt - Ethiopia - Ghana - Guinea - Kenya - Liberiya - Malawi - Mali - Nigeria - Rwanda - Senegal - Selected Educational articles Aligebbula - Akaziba ka Kaboni - Akaziba ka Keriyamu - Amasoboza - Amateeka ga Newton Ag'Okuva - Ekibalangulo - Ekinonoozo Obuwangaaliro Pulojekiti za Wikipedia mu nnimi z'Afrika Afrikaans · Akan · አማርኛ · Bamanankan · Chi-Chewa · chiShona · chiTumbuka · Ɛʋɛ · Fulfude · Gĩkũyũ · هَوُسَ · Ìgbo · isiXhosa · Kinyarwanda · Kirundi · Kiswahili · Kongo · Lingala · Xitsonga · Malagasy · Oromoo · Sängö · seSotho · sePedi · Setswana · SiSwati · Soomaaliga · ትግርኛ · Tshivenda · Twi · Wolof · Yorùbá · Zulu · (Okulaba pulojekiti za Wikipedia mu nnimi endala, koona ku nnimi eziragiddwa ku kkono) Ekibanja kya Wikipedia kimu ku ebyo ebitwalibwa ( Wikimedia Foundation ), ekitongole eky'obwannakyewa ekitwala ne pulojekiti endala eziwerako: Commons Free media repository MediaWiki Wiki software development Meta-Wiki Wikimedia project coordination Wikibooks Free textbooks and manuals Wikidata Free knowledge base Wikinews Free-content news Wikiquote Collection of quotations Wikisource Free-content library Wikispecies Directory of species Wikiversity Free learning materials and activities Wikivoyage Free travel guide Wiktionary Dictionary and thesaurus Tukusanyukidde ku Wikipediya Omukutu guno gwa bwereere era buli muntu asobola okuteekako obubaka n'ebirowoozo ku nsonga ez'enjawulo Kakaano mulimu ebiwandiiko 4,452 mu Luganda Ekiwandiiko ky'olunaku Omweso guyinza okuba nga gwe gumu ku mizannyo gy'omu Uganda egy'edda ennyo egy'okwewummulizaako. Amawanga mangi gafaanana okuba nga gamaze emyaka bikumi na bikumi nga baguzannya. Omweso gye gwatandikira tewali amanyiddeyo ddala newankubadde nga waliwo abantu abawa ebirowoozo byabwe ku nsibuko yaagwo. Ebirowoozo ebyo tebinnafuna bibikakasa mu ngeri ematiza buli muntu. Abatambuze n'abayizi b'ebifa ku mpisa z'abantu ez'obuwangwa, omweso bagusanga ne mu nsi zino eziri ku nkingi za Uganda: Kenya, Sudan, Congo,Rwanda, Tanzania, n'okweyongerayo mu Africa eya wakati. Abantu abamu bagamba nti omweso gwava mu nsi z'ebweru ne guyingira mu Uganda. Okusoma ebisingawo... Ekifaananyi ky'olunaku ... Okulaba ebifaananyi ebirala ebirondeddwa... Ekiwandiiko ky'olunaku Ekiwandiiko ky'olunaku Ekiwandiiko ky'olunaku Omweso guyinza okuba nga gwe gumu ku mizannyo gy'omu Uganda egy'edda ennyo egy'okwewummulizaako. Amawanga mangi gafaanana okuba nga gamaze emyaka bikumi na bikumi nga baguzannya. Omweso gye gwatandikira tewali amanyiddeyo ddala newankubadde nga waliwo abantu abawa ebirowoozo byabwe ku nsibuko yaagwo. Ebirowoozo ebyo tebinnafuna bibikakasa mu ngeri ematiza buli muntu. Abatambuze n'abayizi b'ebifa ku mpisa z'abantu ez'obuwangwa, omweso bagusanga ne mu nsi zino eziri ku nkingi za Uganda: Kenya, Sudan, Congo,Rwanda, Tanzania, n'okweyongerayo mu Africa eya wakati. Abantu abamu bagamba nti omweso gwava mu nsi z'ebweru ne guyingira mu Uganda. Okusoma ebisingawo... Omweso guyinza okuba nga gwe gumu ku mizannyo gy'omu Uganda egy'edda ennyo egy'okwewummulizaako. Amawanga mangi gafaanana okuba nga gamaze emyaka bikumi na bikumi nga baguzannya. Omweso gye gwatandikira tewali amanyiddeyo ddala newankubadde nga waliwo abantu abawa ebirowoozo byabwe ku nsibuko yaagwo. Ebirowoozo ebyo tebinnafuna bibikakasa mu ngeri ematiza buli muntu. Abatambuze n'abayizi b'ebifa ku mpisa z'abantu ez'obuwangwa, omweso bagusanga ne mu nsi zino eziri ku nkingi za Uganda: Kenya, Sudan, Congo,Rwanda, Tanzania, n'okweyongerayo mu Africa eya wakati. Abantu abamu bagamba nti omweso gwava mu nsi z'ebweru ne guyingira mu Uganda. Ekifaananyi ky'olunaku Ekifaananyi ky'olunaku Ekifaananyi ky'olunaku ... Okulaba ebifaananyi ebirala ebirondeddwa... ... Okulaba ebifaananyi ebirala ebirondeddwa... ... Ebiwandiiko ebirala ebinyuma Other Featured articles Akafuba - Ekibalangulo - Amaanyi - Amaanyi g’Enjuba - Amambulugga - Amazzi - Boda-boda - Bakitiiriya - Barbara Kaija - Bbuulwe - Buganda - Bulungibwansi - Esigalyakagolo - Kampala - Katonga - Kilimanjaro - Mbazzi - Mowzey Radio - Nakasigirwa - Nakasigirwa - Obuwakatirwa - Okuwuga Selected Biographies Allen Kagina - Amelia Kyambadde - Betty Nambooze - Amini Cishugi - Ingrid Turinawe - Jens Galschiøt - Michael Ezra - Rema Namakula - Specioza Kazibwe - Winnie Kiiza Healthcare Ekirwadde ky’ebola - Ekirwadde kya Cholera - Endwadde y’omutima - Enkaka - Ennima ey'obutonde - Enziku - Kookolo w'Ekibumba - Kookolo w’omu lubuto - Obulemu ku maaso - Obulwadde bw'Okwebaka - Okuggyamu olubuto - Omusujja gw'ensiri - Siriimu Selected Countries Angola - Benin - Burkina Faso - Burundi - Cameroon - Central African Republic - Democratic Republic of Congo - Egypt - Ethiopia - Ghana - Guinea - Kenya - Liberiya - Malawi - Mali - Nigeria - Rwanda - Senegal - Selected Educational articles Aligebbula - Akaziba ka Kaboni - Akaziba ka Keriyamu - Amasoboza - Amateeka ga Newton Ag'Okuva - Ekibalangulo - Ekinonoozo Obuwangaaliro Ebiwandiiko ebirala ebinyuma Ebiwandiiko ebirala ebinyuma Ebiwandiiko ebirala ebinyuma Other Featured articles Akafuba - Ekibalangulo - Amaanyi - Amaanyi g’Enjuba - Amambulugga - Amazzi - Boda-boda - Bakitiiriya - Barbara Kaija - Bbuulwe - Buganda - Bulungibwansi - Esigalyakagolo - Kampala - Katonga - Kilimanjaro - Mbazzi - Mowzey Radio - Nakasigirwa - Nakasigirwa - Obuwakatirwa - Okuwuga Selected Biographies Allen Kagina - Amelia Kyambadde - Betty Nambooze - Amini Cishugi - Ingrid Turinawe - Jens Galschiøt - Michael Ezra - Rema Namakula - Specioza Kazibwe - Winnie Kiiza Healthcare Ekirwadde ky’ebola - Ekirwadde kya Cholera - Endwadde y’omutima - Enkaka - Ennima ey'obutonde - Enziku - Kookolo w'Ekibumba - Kookolo w’omu lubuto - Obulemu ku maaso - Obulwadde bw'Okwebaka - Okuggyamu olubuto - Omusujja gw'ensiri - Siriimu Selected Countries Angola - Benin - Burkina Faso - Burundi - Cameroon - Central African Republic - Democratic Republic of Congo - Egypt - Ethiopia - Ghana - Guinea - Kenya - Liberiya - Malawi - Mali - Nigeria - Rwanda - Senegal - Selected Educational articles Aligebbula - Akaziba ka Kaboni - Akaziba ka Keriyamu - Amasoboza - Amateeka ga Newton Ag'Okuva - Ekibalangulo - Ekinonoozo Obuwangaaliro Other Featured articles Akafuba - Ekibalangulo - Amaanyi - Amaanyi g’Enjuba - Amambulugga - Amazzi - Boda-boda - Bakitiiriya - Barbara Kaija - Bbuulwe - Buganda - Bulungibwansi - Esigalyakagolo - Kampala - Katonga - Kilimanjaro - Mbazzi - Mowzey Radio - Nakasigirwa - Nakasigirwa - Obuwakatirwa - Okuwuga Selected Biographies Allen Kagina - Amelia Kyambadde - Betty Nambooze - Amini Cishugi - Ingrid Turinawe - Jens Galschiøt - Michael Ezra - Rema Namakula - Specioza Kazibwe - Winnie Kiiza Healthcare Ekirwadde ky’ebola - Ekirwadde kya Cholera - Endwadde y’omutima - Enkaka - Ennima ey'obutonde - Enziku - Kookolo w'Ekibumba - Kookolo w’omu lubuto - Obulemu ku maaso - Obulwadde bw'Okwebaka - Okuggyamu olubuto - Omusujja gw'ensiri - Siriimu Selected Countries Angola - Benin - Burkina Faso - Burundi - Cameroon - Central African Republic - Democratic Republic of Congo - Egypt - Ethiopia - Ghana - Guinea - Kenya - Liberiya - Malawi - Mali - Nigeria - Rwanda - Senegal - Selected Educational articles Aligebbula - Akaziba ka Kaboni - Akaziba ka Keriyamu - Amasoboza - Amateeka ga Newton Ag'Okuva - Ekibalangulo - Ekinonoozo Obuwangaaliro Other Featured articles Akafuba - Ekibalangulo - Amaanyi - Amaanyi g’Enjuba - Amambulugga - Amazzi - Boda-boda - Bakitiiriya - Barbara Kaija - Bbuulwe - Buganda - Bulungibwansi - Esigalyakagolo - Kampala - Katonga - Kilimanjaro - Mbazzi - Mowzey Radio - Nakasigirwa - Nakasigirwa - Obuwakatirwa - Okuwuga Akafuba - Ekibalangulo - Amaanyi - Amaanyi g’Enjuba - Amambulugga - Amazzi - Boda-boda - Bakitiiriya - Barbara Kaija - Bbuulwe - Buganda - Bulungibwansi - Esigalyakagolo - Kampala - Katonga - Kilimanjaro - Mbazzi - Mowzey Radio - Nakasigirwa - Nakasigirwa - Obuwakatirwa - Okuwuga Selected Biographies Allen Kagina - Amelia Kyambadde - Betty Nambooze - Amini Cishugi - Ingrid Turinawe - Jens Galschiøt - Michael Ezra - Rema Namakula - Specioza Kazibwe - Winnie Kiiza Allen Kagina - Amelia Kyambadde - Betty Nambooze - Amini Cishugi - Ingrid Turinawe - Jens Galschiøt - Michael Ezra - Rema Namakula - Specioza Kazibwe - Winnie Kiiza Healthcare Ekirwadde ky’ebola - Ekirwadde kya Cholera - Endwadde y’omutima - Enkaka - Ennima ey'obutonde - Enziku - Kookolo w'Ekibumba - Kookolo w’omu lubuto - Obulemu ku maaso - Obulwadde bw'Okwebaka - Okuggyamu olubuto - Omusujja gw'ensiri - Siriimu Ekirwadde ky’ebola - Ekirwadde kya Cholera - Endwadde y’omutima - Enkaka - Ennima ey'obutonde - Enziku - Kookolo w'Ekibumba - Kookolo w’omu lubuto - Obulemu ku maaso - Obulwadde bw'Okwebaka - Okuggyamu olubuto - Omusujja gw'ensiri - Siriimu Selected Countries Angola - Benin - Burkina Faso - Burundi - Cameroon - Central African Republic - Democratic Republic of Congo - Egypt - Ethiopia - Ghana - Guinea - Kenya - Liberiya - Malawi - Mali - Nigeria - Rwanda - Senegal - Angola - Benin - Burkina Faso - Burundi - Cameroon - Central African Republic - Democratic Republic of Congo - Egypt - Ethiopia - Ghana - Guinea - Kenya - Liberiya - Malawi - Mali - Nigeria - Rwanda - Senegal - Selected Educational articles Aligebbula - Akaziba ka Kaboni - Akaziba ka Keriyamu - Amasoboza - Amateeka ga Newton Ag'Okuva - Ekibalangulo - Ekinonoozo Obuwangaaliro Aligebbula - Akaziba ka Kaboni - Akaziba ka Keriyamu - Amasoboza - Amateeka ga Newton Ag'Okuva - Ekibalangulo - Ekinonoozo Obuwangaaliro Afrikaans · Akan · አማርኛ · Bamanankan · Chi-Chewa · chiShona · chiTumbuka · Ɛʋɛ · Fulfude · Gĩkũyũ · هَوُسَ · Ìgbo · isiXhosa · Kinyarwanda · Kirundi · Kiswahili · Kongo · Lingala · Xitsonga · Malagasy · Oromoo · Sängö · seSotho · sePedi · Setswana · SiSwati · Soomaaliga · ትግርኛ · Tshivenda · Twi · Wolof · Yorùbá · Zulu · Commons Free media repository MediaWiki Wiki software development Meta-Wiki Wikimedia project coordination Wikibooks Free textbooks and manuals Wikidata Free knowledge base Wikinews Free-content news Wikiquote Collection of quotations Wikisource Free-content library Wikispecies Directory of species Wikiversity Free learning materials and activities Wikivoyage Free travel guide Wiktionary Dictionary and thesaurus Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. 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Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Computer Science > Artificial Intelligence Title: DecisionLLM: Large Language Models for Long Sequence Decision Exploration Abstract: Long-sequence decision-making, which is usually addressed through reinforcement learning (RL), is a critical component for optimizing strategic operations in dynamic environments, such as real-time bidding in computational advertising. The Decision Transformer (DT) introduced a powerful paradigm by framing RL as an autoregressive sequence modeling problem. Concurrently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success in complex reasoning and planning tasks. This inspires us whether LLMs, which share the same Transformer foundation, but operate at a much larger scale, can unlock new levels of performance in long-horizon sequential decision-making problem. This work investigates the application of LLMs to offline decision making tasks. A fundamental challenge in this domain is the LLMs' inherent inability to interpret continuous values, as they lack a native understanding of numerical magnitude and order when values are represented as text strings. To address this, we propose treating trajectories as a distinct modality. By learning to align trajectory data with natural language task descriptions, our model can autoregressively predict future decisions within a cohesive framework we term DecisionLLM. We establish a set of scaling laws governing this paradigm, demonstrating that performance hinges on three factors: model scale, data volume, and data quality. In offline experimental benchmarks and bidding scenarios, DecisionLLM achieves strong performance. Specifically, DecisionLLM-3B outperforms the traditional Decision Transformer (DT) by 69.4 on Maze2D umaze-v1 and by 0.085 on AuctionNet. It extends the AIGB paradigm and points to promising directions for future exploration in online bidding. Subjects: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) Cite as: arXiv:2601.10148 [cs.AI] (or arXiv:2601.10148v1 [cs.AI] for this version) Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history Access Paper: View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar BibTeX formatted citation Bookmark Bibliographic and Citation Tools Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article Demos Recommenders and Search Tools Author Venue Institution Topic arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs . About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status arXiv Operational Status
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.10148
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background 2 Electoral system 3 Candidates 4 Conduct Toggle Conduct subsection 4.1 Campaign 4.2 Challenges and criticisms 4.3 Observers 4.1 Campaign 4.2 Challenges and criticisms 4.3 Observers 5 Results Toggle Results subsection 5.1 President 5.1 President 6 References 7 External links 2025 Central African general election Bislama Català Español Français Português کوردی Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item ← 2020–21 28 December 2025 Presidential election Registered 2,398,158 [ 1 ] Turnout 52.42% 17.17pp Candidate Faustin-Archange Touadéra Anicet-Georges Dologuélé Party MCU URCA Popular vote 894,556 172,209 Percentage 76.15% 14.66% Candidate Faustin-Archange Touadéra Anicet-Georges Dologuélé Party MCU URCA Popular vote 894,556 172,209 Percentage 76.15% 14.66% President before election Faustin-Archange Touadéra MCU Elected President Faustin-Archange Touadéra MCU President before election Faustin-Archange Touadéra MCU Faustin-Archange Touadéra MCU Elected President Faustin-Archange Touadéra MCU Faustin-Archange Touadéra MCU Politics of the Central African Republic Constitution Human rights LGBT rights Human rights LGBT rights Government President Faustin-Archange Touadéra Vice President Not appointed Prime Minister Félix Moloua Council of Ministers President Faustin-Archange Touadéra Vice President Not appointed Prime Minister Félix Moloua Council of Ministers Parliament National Assembly President : Simplice Sarandji National Assembly President : Simplice Sarandji Administrative divisions Prefectures Sub-prefectures Prefectures Sub-prefectures Prefectures Sub-prefectures Elections Recent elections General: 2020–21 2025 Political parties Recent elections General: 2020–21 2025 General: 2020–21 2025 Political parties Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister : Sylvie Baïpo-Temon Diplomatic missions of / in the Central African Republic Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister : Sylvie Baïpo-Temon Diplomatic missions of / in the Central African Republic Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Central African Republic portal Other countries Other countries .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e General elections were held in the Central African Republic on 28 December 2025. Incumbent president Faustin-Archange Touadéra was eligible for re-election after presidential term limits were removed by the 2023 Central African constitutional referendum , and was seeking his third term in office. The ruling United Hearts Movement , led by Touadéra, has been accused of repressing political opposition in the Central African Republic (CAR), and attempting to use the powers of the state to prevent opposition candidates from contesting in the election. [ 2 ] Background President Faustin-Archange Touadéra was initially limited to two terms, by term limits set in the constitution; however, he put forward revisions to the constitution that would remove term limits and extend presidential terms from 5 years, to 7. In 2023, a referendum was called to ratify these changes. Danièle Darlan , head of the Constitutional Court, ruled that the proposed referendum was illegal, but she was replaced by Touadéra. [ 3 ] Opposition parties boycotted the referendum but it was approved with 95% of the vote. The Wagner Group provided security and logistical support for the conduct of referendum. [ 4 ] Opposition leaders, such as Dominique Yandocka, were imprisoned despite their immunity as members of Parliament and opposition parties were banned from holding rallies. [ 5 ] 570,000 voters were registered by MINUSCA . [ 6 ] By February 2025, 98% of the voter registration centres in the CAR were open, although 58 were still closed due to violence, and voter list revisions were done in 11 out of 20 prefectures. [ 7 ] Human Rights Watch expressed concerns about the conduct of the election. [ 2 ] Electoral system The President of the Central African Republic is elected by a two-round system for a seven-year term, renewable. The candidate who receives an absolute majority of the votes cast in the first ballot is elected. If no majority is secured, a runoff is held between the top two candidates to decide the winner. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] In July 2025, officials announced that elections for local and municipal offices, which were due to be held in August 2025 after a nearly 40-year hiatus, were to instead be held concurrently with the presidential election. [ 10 ] On 7 August, the CAR's electoral commission announced that the election would be held on 28 December 2025. [ 11 ] In the event of a runoff in the presidential race, a second round of voting will be held in February 2026, while a runoff for parliamentary seats will be held on 5 April 2026. [ 12 ] Candidates On 14 November 2025, the Constitutional Court of the CAR approved seven and rejected three candidates for president. The candidates were: [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Faustin-Archange Touadéra , a member of the United Hearts Movement and the incumbent president. [ 15 ] Anicet-Georges Dologuélé a member of the Union for Central African Renewal . [ 16 ] Henri-Marie Dondra , a member of Republican Unity (UNIR). Serge Gislan Djory, an independent candidate . Aristide Brian Ribois, an independent candidate. Eddy Simforian Kabarkuti, an independent candidate. Marcelin Yalimende, an independent candidate. Conduct Preparations for the election faced scrutiny regarding institutional readiness and security. The National Authority of Elections (ANE) worked to finalise voter lists and logistics under difficult conditions, with support from international partners and domestic observer groups. The United Nations called for reforms to strengthen the independence and capacity of electoral institutions, noting that the process is taking place amid fragile security and limited resources. [ 17 ] Campaign Campaigning began on 13 December 2025. [ 18 ] Both Georges Dologuélé and Henri-Marie Dondra accused authorities of hindering their campaign activities through travel restrictions and preventing related events, which was denied by officials of the United Hearts Movement. [ 19 ] Challenges and criticisms Observers and opposition figures raised concerns about the credibility of the upcoming elections. Reports highlight logistical delays, incomplete voter rolls, and the closure of registration centres in conflict-affected areas. [ 20 ] The 2023 constitutional referendum, which allowed President Touadéra to seek a third term, also drew criticism for being conducted in a restricted political environment. Security conditions and limited funding continue to pose challenges that could affect the transparency and inclusiveness of the December 2025 vote. [ 21 ] In October 2025, the CAR's main opposition bloc, the Republican Bloc for the Defense of the Constitution, said it will boycott the election, citing an unequal political environment. [ 22 ] Observers More than 1,700 local and international observers were accredited to monitor the election. [ 23 ] The African Union (AU) observer mission sent monitors to three of the CAR's 20 prefectures. Bernard Makuza , an AU delegation representative, said that elections were held peacefully except in Haut-Mbomou , and complied with the legal framework in force, which he said was an improvement over the 2016 and 2020 elections. [ 24 ] Results Provisional results announced on 6 January by the ANE showed that Faustin-Archange Touadéra was re-elected for a third term with 76.15% of the vote. [ 25 ] Anicet-Georges Dologuélé came second, receiving 14.66% of the vote. [ 26 ] Former prime minister Henri-Marie Dondra came third, receiving 3.19% of the vote. [ 27 ] Turnout among registered voters was 52.42%. [ 28 ] Both Dologuélé and Dondra disputed the results, citing alleged malpractice by the ANE and widespread electoral fraud. [ 29 ] Dologuélé declared himself the winner of the presidential election. [ 26 ] President Candidate Party Votes % Faustin-Archange Touadéra United Hearts Movement 894,556 76.15 Anicet-Georges Dologuélé Union for Central African Renewal 172,209 14.66 Henri-Marie Dondra Republican Unity 37,525 3.19 Marcelin Yalemende Independent 25,068 2.13 Serge Ghislain Djorie Collective for Political Change for a New Central Africa 21,989 1.87 Eddy Symphorien Kparekouti Party of Unity and Reconstruction 12,227 1.04 Aristide Briand Reboas Christian Democratic Party 11,185 0.95 Total 1,174,759 100.00 Valid votes 1,174,759 93.65 Invalid votes 40,231 3.21 Blank votes 39,386 3.14 Total votes 1,254,376 100.00 Registered voters/turnout 2,392,946 52.42 References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Naili, Latifa (25 August 2025). "Central African Republic: Official Publication of Final Electoral Roll" . AL24 News . Retrieved 9 October 2025 . ^ a b "Central African Republic: Concerns Over Crucial Election" . Human Rights Watch. 28 November 2025. Archived from the original on 7 January 2026. ^ Siegle, Joseph; Wahila, Hany (13 January 2025). "Africa's 2025 Elections: A Test of Credibility to Uphold Democratic Norms" . Africa Center for Strategic Studies . Archived from the original on 25 June 2025. ^ Valade, Carol (9 August 2023). "Central African Republic's new constitution makes permanent Touadéra presidency possible" . Le Monde . Archived from the original on 11 July 2024. ^ Siegle & Wahila 2025 . ^ "Signs of 'Historic Progress' towards Peace Emerge, Central African Republic's Delegate Tells Security Council, Requesting Donor Support for 2025 Elections" . United Nations . 20 February 2025. Archived from the original on 25 June 2025. ^ "Central African Republic faces ongoing challenges ahead of elections" . United Nations . 20 February 2025. Archived from the original on 25 June 2025. ^ "Proposition de Constitution de la Republique Centrafricaine" (PDF) . Sangonet (in French). March 2015 . Retrieved 18 August 2020 . ^ "Code électoral de 2019" (PDF) . Droit-afrique (in French). 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2025 . Retrieved 29 December 2020 . ^ "Forty years and counting: CAR once again postpones local elections" . Africanews . 13 July 2025 . Retrieved 13 July 2025 . ^ Wabwireh, Dominic (8 August 2025). "Central African Republic sets 28 December 2025 for pivotal general elections" . Africanews . Archived from the original on 10 January 2026 . Retrieved 9 August 2025 . ^ Kouam, Joel (28 December 2025). "CAR general election gets underway as Touadéra seeks controversial third term" . Africanews . Archived from the original on 29 December 2025 . Retrieved 28 December 2025 . ^ "Central African Republic leader cleared for third term in key vote followed closely by Russia" . AP News . 17 November 2025 . Retrieved 17 November 2025 . ^ "Seven Candidates in the Presidential Race in the Central African Republic" . afrocen.org . Retrieved 12 December 2025 . ^ "Central African President Touadéra launches third-term bid" . Africanews . 3 October 2025 . Retrieved 3 October 2025 . ^ "Dologuelé enters presidential race despite opposition calls for a boycott" . Africanews . 9 October 2025 . Retrieved 9 October 2025 . ^ "Central African Republic: UN Expert calls for urgent institutional reform of electoral authority ahead of 2025 elections" . OHCHR . Retrieved 12 October 2025 . ^ "Campaigning starts in Central African Republic quadruple election" . France 24 . 13 December 2025 . Retrieved 14 December 2025 . ^ "Campaign constraints cloud Central African Republic elections" . Africanews . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ "Central African Republic's president eyes third term" . DW . Retrieved 12 October 2025 . ^ Law, Hannah Fang (28 June 2025). "UN rights expert urges reform of Central African Republic electoral authority ahead of 2025 elections" . Jurist . Retrieved 12 October 2025 . ^ "Central African Republic's incumbent president, a Russian ally, eyes a third term in key elections" . AP News . Retrieved 28 December 2025 . ^ "Central African Republic president seeks third term in election" . France 24 . Retrieved 28 December 2025 . ^ "AU observers praise 'peaceful' Central African Republic polls" . France 24 . Retrieved 31 December 2025 . ^ "Central African Republic President Touadéra wins third term: provisional results" . Africanews . 6 January 2026. Archived from the original on 6 January 2026 . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ^ a b Koena, Jean-Fernand; Adetayo, Ope (6 January 2026). "Central African Republic President Faustin Archange Touadéra reelected, provisional results show" . AP News . Archived from the original on 6 January 2026 . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ^ "Central African Republic President Touadera wins re-election, results show" . Radio France Internationale . 6 January 2026. Archived from the original on 6 January 2026 . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ^ "Central African Republic's Touadera wins third presidential term" . France24 . 6 January 2026. Archived from the original on 6 January 2026 . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ^ Muia, Wycliffe (6 January 2026). "Central African Republic president wins third term by landslide" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 6 January 2026 . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ^ "Facebook post by Autorité Nationale des Elections -ANE" (in French). Autorité Nationale des Elections. 6 January 2026 – via Facebook. External links CAR opposition mulls strategy ahead of polls , Africa Intelligence, 27 February 2025 (requires free registration) v t e Elections and referendums in the Central African Republic v t e Presidential elections 1964 1981 1992 1993 1999 2005 2011 2015–16 2020–21 2025 1964 1981 1992 1993 1999 2005 2011 2015–16 2020–21 2025 Parliamentary elections 1946 1952 1957 1959 1964 1987 1992 1993 1998 2005 2011 2015–16 2020–21 2025 1946 1952 1957 1959 1964 1987 1992 1993 1998 2005 2011 2015–16 2020–21 2025 Local elections 1988 2021–22 1988 2021–22 French elections 1945 1946 (Jun) 1946 (Nov) 1951 1956 1945 1946 (Jun) 1946 (Nov) 1951 1956 Referendums 1945 1946 (May) 1946 (Oct) 1958 1981 1986 1994 2004 2015 2023 1945 1946 (May) 1946 (Oct) 1958 1981 1986 1994 2004 2015 2023 2025 elections in Africa December 2025 in the Central African Republic Parliamentary elections in the Central African Republic Presidential elections in the Central African Republic CS1 French-language sources (fr) Articles with short description Short description with empty Wikidata description Use dmy dates from December 2025 Pages using embedded infobox templates with the title parameter This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 13:22 (UTC) . 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Otitikowin Kaskina mamo awik Waskapiwin Ka ki meckotcitakaniwoki Nakowepitaman Witcihici E pakitinikaniwok Masinahotiso Posi E pakitinikaniwok Masinahotiso Posi Otitikowin Otitikowin Ka ici arimowaniwok Tapwatcike Voir le texte source E pe isparik Tapwatcike Voir le texte source E pe isparik Kaskina ickwemakina ka witci acteki Nosineta masinahikana e mamowapiketik Matakan pamikicikwepitcikanik Tipatcimo masinahikan Wita ohwe ka masinatek Obtenir l'URL raccourcie Télécharger le code QR Utiliser l'ancien analyseur Ocita wapatcikan Natcipata kinokepitcikanik otci mitowi PDF Wi orowipitamone Wikimedia Commons Fondation Wikimédia MediaWiki Méta-Wiki Sensibilisation Wikimédia Wikisource multilingue Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata ka apatak Witamowikok aka wiskat eki otci pakitinamokw kitaskino, nama wiskat ki otci atawanano, nama wiskat ki otci meckotonenano, nama kaie wiskat ki otci pitoc irakonenano Kitaskino. — Cesar Newashish Adélard Niquay . Nantokiskeritcikatek Kitotakan . Ekote e ici petakok ka tipatcimonaniwok matci kaie e kitotakaniwok. Kitotakanatikw apitan kitci ki petakok matci kaie ka kitotakiwokaniwok tekerep mitowi. Kaskina wiec aicinakon nehe kitotakan ka apicacik nac ka micak. Irapatcitcikan ka piwapiskowok kitci matci petakok kitotakan . Matciactan nehe ka petakok icpimik pa mactan ekote tca e otci katcitcipitak niheriw kitci ki petakotatc kitotakanik mikiwamik ka actek. Mitowi Manawan Kitotakan ki isparik. Masinawapiskahikana kitaskinak Pamatohowin Tapiskwan Sipi Kokom Eren au bord d'un lac. Bureau de poste de Sanmaur vers 1978. Pamatohowin Tapiskwan Sipi 2019 Asekaniwon Simon Pineshish-Ottawa et Joséphine Moar. Awacic petapiw Louis Néwashish, 1906 Ocki tipatcimowin Mikomin Pisimw : Pow-wow Manawan Otatakon Pisimw : Pow-wow Wemotaci Kakone Pisimw : Pow-wow Opitciwan E icinakok Wikipetcia Wikipetcia Atikamekw Nehiromowin mekwa neta ici actew ke ici actain itewin kaki matcekatek nehiromo masionahikan Wikimedia. Si vous avez des questions ou besoin d'aide, rendez vous sur Taci ke ici aimihitonaniwok ou visitez le groupe Facebook . Nitaskinan : « Notre terre » Projets Wiki Médias Atikamekw Wikiversité Atikamekw Wiktionnaire Atikamekw Tutoriels Ajouter une photo Créer un article Comment traduire en Atikamekw un mot dans le Wiktionnaire Autres pages Page d'aide et des règles de Wikipetcia Atikamekw Nehiromowin - Orocowewin Liste des articles écrits en Atikamekw Projet pédagogique Wikipetcia Atikamekw Groupe Facebook du projet Wikipetcia Atikamekw Nehiromowin Witcihici:Miro pe ica (Message de bienvenue aux nouveaux) Nantokiskeritcikatek Kitotakan . Ekote e ici petakok ka tipatcimonaniwok matci kaie e kitotakaniwok. Kitotakanatikw apitan kitci ki petakok matci kaie ka kitotakiwokaniwok tekerep mitowi. Kaskina wiec aicinakon nehe kitotakan ka apicacik nac ka micak. Irapatcitcikan ka piwapiskowok kitci matci petakok kitotakan . Matciactan nehe ka petakok icpimik pa mactan ekote tca e otci katcitcipitak niheriw kitci ki petakotatc kitotakanik mikiwamik ka actek. Mitowi Manawan Kitotakan ki isparik. Nantokiskeritcikatek Kitotakan . Ekote e ici petakok ka tipatcimonaniwok matci kaie e kitotakaniwok. Kitotakanatikw apitan kitci ki petakok matci kaie ka kitotakiwokaniwok tekerep mitowi. Kaskina wiec aicinakon nehe kitotakan ka apicacik nac ka micak. Irapatcitcikan ka piwapiskowok kitci matci petakok kitotakan . Matciactan nehe ka petakok icpimik pa mactan ekote tca e otci katcitcipitak niheriw kitci ki petakotatc kitotakanik mikiwamik ka actek. Mitowi Manawan Kitotakan ki isparik. Masinawapiskahikana kitaskinak Pamatohowin Tapiskwan Sipi Kokom Eren au bord d'un lac. Bureau de poste de Sanmaur vers 1978. Pamatohowin Tapiskwan Sipi 2019 Asekaniwon Simon Pineshish-Ottawa et Joséphine Moar. Awacic petapiw Louis Néwashish, 1906 Masinawapiskahikana kitaskinak Pamatohowin Tapiskwan Sipi Kokom Eren au bord d'un lac. Bureau de poste de Sanmaur vers 1978. Pamatohowin Tapiskwan Sipi 2019 Asekaniwon Simon Pineshish-Ottawa et Joséphine Moar. Awacic petapiw Louis Néwashish, 1906 Ocki tipatcimowin Mikomin Pisimw : Pow-wow Manawan Otatakon Pisimw : Pow-wow Wemotaci Kakone Pisimw : Pow-wow Opitciwan Ocki tipatcimowin Mikomin Pisimw : Pow-wow Manawan Otatakon Pisimw : Pow-wow Wemotaci Kakone Pisimw : Pow-wow Opitciwan E icinakok Wikipetcia Wikipetcia Atikamekw Nehiromowin mekwa neta ici actew ke ici actain itewin kaki matcekatek nehiromo masionahikan Wikimedia. Si vous avez des questions ou besoin d'aide, rendez vous sur Taci ke ici aimihitonaniwok ou visitez le groupe Facebook . Nitaskinan : « Notre terre » E icinakok Wikipetcia Wikipetcia Atikamekw Nehiromowin mekwa neta ici actew ke ici actain itewin kaki matcekatek nehiromo masionahikan Wikimedia. Si vous avez des questions ou besoin d'aide, rendez vous sur Taci ke ici aimihitonaniwok ou visitez le groupe Facebook . Nitaskinan : « Notre terre » Projets Wiki Médias Atikamekw Wikiversité Atikamekw Wiktionnaire Atikamekw Tutoriels Ajouter une photo Créer un article Comment traduire en Atikamekw un mot dans le Wiktionnaire Autres pages Page d'aide et des règles de Wikipetcia Atikamekw Nehiromowin - Orocowewin Liste des articles écrits en Atikamekw Projet pédagogique Wikipetcia Atikamekw Groupe Facebook du projet Wikipetcia Atikamekw Nehiromowin Witcihici:Miro pe ica (Message de bienvenue aux nouveaux) Projets Wiki Médias Atikamekw Wikiversité Atikamekw Wiktionnaire Atikamekw Ajouter une photo Créer un article Comment traduire en Atikamekw un mot dans le Wiktionnaire Page d'aide et des règles de Wikipetcia Atikamekw Nehiromowin - Orocowewin Liste des articles écrits en Atikamekw Projet pédagogique Wikipetcia Atikamekw Groupe Facebook du projet Wikipetcia Atikamekw Nehiromowin Witcihici:Miro pe ica (Message de bienvenue aux nouveaux) Pages utilisant l’extension Kartographer Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. 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